278:
169:
403:
22:
542:
387:
sp. The specific spectral characteristics are a result of the composition of its subunits. B-PE is composed of at least three subunits and sometimes more. The chromophore distribution is as follows: α subunit with 2 phycoerythrobilins (PEB), β subunit with 3 PEB, and the γ subunit with 2 PEB and
374:
Because of its high quantum yield, B-PE is considered the world's brightest fluorophore. It is compatible with commonly available lasers and gives exceptional results in flow cytometry, Luminex and immunofluorescent staining. B-PE is also less "sticky" than common synthetic fluorophores and
526:
Allophycocyanin can be isolated from various species of red or blue-green algae, each producing slightly different forms of the molecule. It is composed of two different subunits (α and β) in which each subunit has one phycocyanobilin (PCB) chromophore. The subunit structure for APC has been
872:
Camara-Artigas A, Bacarizo J, Andujar-Sanchez M, Ortiz-Salmeron E, Mesa-Valle C, Cuadri C, Martin-Garcia JM, Martinez-Rodriguez S, Mazzuca-Sobczuk T, Ibañez MJ, Allen JP (October 2012). "pH-dependent structural conformations of B-phycoerythrin from
Porphyridium cruentum".
756:
Contreras-Martel C, Martinez-Oyanedel J, Bunster M, Legrand P, Piras C, Vernede X, Fontecilla-Camps JC (January 2001). "Crystallization and 2.2 A resolution structure of R-phycoerythrin from
Gracilaria chilensis: a case of perfect hemihedral twinning".
254:
R-phycoerythrin is also produced by certain red algae. The protein is made up of at least three different subunits and varies according to the species of algae that produces it. The subunit structure of the most common R-PE is
517:
Many applications and instruments were developed specifically for allophycocyanin. It is commonly used in immunoassays such as flow cytometry and high-throughput screening. It is also a common acceptor dye for FRET assays.
944:
617:
259:γ. The α subunit has two phycoerythrobilins (PEB), the β subunit has 2 or 3 PEBs and one phycourobilin (PUB), while the different gamma subunits are reported to have 3 PEB and 2 PUB (γ
246:
Many applications and instruments were developed specifically for R-phycoerythrin. It is commonly used in immunoassays such as FACS, flow cytometry, multimer/tetramer applications.
574:
Phycobiliproteins demonstrate superior fluorescent properties compared to small organic fluorophores, especially when high sensitivity or multicolor detection required :
951:
917:"MicroPlate Detection comparison between SureLight P-3L, other fluorophores and enzymatic detection Table 1: Comparison of honeypot with other detection methods"
614:
1064:
86:
1023:
58:
595:
65:
105:
39:
1239:
613:
Phycobiliproteins allow very high detection sensitivity, and can be used in various fluorescence based techniques
72:
1244:
1092:
977:"Cyanobacterial stabilized phycobilisomes as fluorochromes for extracellular antigen detection by flow cytometry"
43:
54:
1057:
205:
1254:
511:
Excited by He/Ne laser; double labeling with Sulfo-Rhodamine 101 or any other equivalent fluorochrome.
628:
858:
742:
1050:
598:) with conventional chromophores (i.e. PE and FITC, or APC and SR101 with the same light source).
32:
817:
705:
484:
Accepts the fluorescence for R-PE; Its red fluorescence can be transmitted to
Allophycocyanin
79:
1196:
845:
729:
547:
411:
1087:
534:
395:
270:
8:
681:
648:
975:
Telford, William G; Moss, Mark W; Morseman, John P; Allnutt, F.C.Thomas (August 2001).
898:
782:
992:
1128:
1102:
1004:
996:
890:
886:
774:
704:
Contreras-Martel, C.; Legrand, P.; Piras, C.; Vernede, X.; et al. (2000-05-09).
686:
668:
591:
Excitation and emission spectra do not overlap compared to conventional organic dyes.
416:
291:
138:
902:
581:
Very intense emission of light: 10-20 times brighter than small organic fluorophores
1164:
1159:
1154:
988:
976:
929:
924:
916:
882:
871:
825:
766:
709:
703:
676:
660:
335:. One fragment of γ chain is red, second one white because it is not considered as
190:
786:
1112:
1097:
621:
492:
649:"Traditional and new trend strategies to enhance pigment contents in microalgae"
1249:
1133:
755:
664:
146:
770:
277:
1233:
1191:
1186:
1000:
672:
348:
221:
199:
162:
126:
1008:
894:
778:
690:
585:
829:
713:
561:
168:
1211:
1201:
465:
336:
161:(the light-capturing part). They are most important constituents of the
158:
142:
134:
1138:
558:
402:
286:
154:
130:
803:
388:
2 phycourobilins (PUB). The quaternary structure is reported as (αβ)
1216:
407:
282:
1024:"Encasing algae triples the efficiency of artificial photosynthesis"
21:
1169:
1107:
295:
150:
149:. Phycobiliproteins are formed of a complex between proteins and
1179:
1174:
1073:
122:
383:
B-phycoerythrin (B-PE) is produced by certain red algae such as
631:, limited by the relatively low conversion efficiency of 4-5%.
818:"Crystal Structure of the B-phycoerythrin from the red algae
1042:
578:
Broad and high absorption of light suits many light sources
974:
141:). They capture light energy, which is then passed on to
647:
Aizpuru, Aitor; González-Sánchez, Armando (2024-07-20).
545:
Allophycocyanin dodekamer + 12 phycocyanobilin (green),
706:"Crystal structure of R-phycoerythrin at 2.2 angstroms"
646:
588:
gives low background, and allows multicolor detections.
541:
46:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
815:
1231:
749:
653:World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
865:
406:The crystal structure of B-phycoerythrin from
375:therefore gives less background interference.
281:The crystal structure of R-phycoerythrin from
1058:
430:on the left and assumed biological molecule (
594:Can be used in tandem (simultaneous use by
1065:
1051:
176:
928:
680:
312:(so called asymmetric unit). It contains
106:Learn how and when to remove this message
798:
796:
540:
401:
276:
167:
535:(Phycobiliprotein overview information)
396:(Phycobiliprotein overview information)
271:(Phycobiliprotein overview information)
1232:
1021:
809:
697:
627:They are under development for use in
1046:
793:
601:Longer fluorescence retention period.
556:
339:despite identical aminoacid sequence.
44:adding citations to reliable sources
15:
806:(Molecular Visualization Software).
13:
569:
231:498.546.566 nm / 576 nm
14:
1266:
816:Camara-Artigas, A. (2011-12-16).
624:, FISH and multicolor detection.
419:ID: 3V57 ). The asymmetric unit (
981:Journal of Immunological Methods
887:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08730.x
824:. RCSB Protein Data Bank (PDB).
708:. RCSB Protein Data Bank (PDB).
514:Applications for Allophycocyanin
371:Applications for B-Phycoerythrin
243:Applications for R-Phycoerythrin
20:
1093:Post-translational modification
1015:
608:
31:needs additional citations for
968:
937:
909:
640:
615:fluorimetric microplate assays
358:546.566 nm / 576 nm
1:
993:10.1016/s0022-1759(01)00367-2
634:
263:) or 1 or 2 PEB and 1 PUB (γ
240:Can be excited by Kr/Ar laser
1072:
930:10.7717/peerj-cs.350/table-1
7:
1022:Lavars, Nick (2021-10-19).
522:Structural Characteristics
180:
10:
1271:
1134:Protein structural domains
665:10.1007/s11274-024-04070-3
502:651 nm / 662 nm
475:620 nm / 642 nm
379:Structural Characteristics
250:Structural Characteristics
1147:
1121:
1080:
771:10.1107/S0907444900015274
629:artificial photosynthesis
759:Acta Crystallographica D
1240:Photosynthetic pigments
177:Major phycobiliproteins
172:Phycobilisome structure
1245:Cyanobacteria proteins
853:Cite journal requires
737:Cite journal requires
562:PhycoBiliProteins data
551:
457:
366:(563 nm) 2.33 10
340:
206:Extinction Coefficient
173:
1197:Photoreceptor protein
820:Porphyridium cruentum
604:High water solubility
548:Gloeobacter violaceus
544:
412:Porphyridium cruentum
405:
364:(545 nm) 2.4 10
280:
171:
1088:Protein biosynthesis
921:Columbia Biosciences
318:biliverdine IX alpha
287:Gracilaria chilensis
40:improve this article
830:10.2210/pdb3v57/pdb
802:Image created with
714:10.2210/pdb1eyx/pdb
447:N-methyl asparagine
326:N-methyl asparagine
294:ID: 1EYX ) - basic
129:and certain algae (
1255:Bacterial proteins
620:2018-03-18 at the
552:
527:determined as (αβ)
458:
341:
196:Ex (nm) / Em (nm)
174:
121:are water-soluble
55:"Phycobiliprotein"
1227:
1226:
1129:Protein structure
1103:Protein targeting
881:(19): 3680–3691.
567:
566:
443:phycoerythrobilin
139:glaucocystophytes
119:Phycobiliproteins
116:
115:
108:
90:
1262:
1207:Phycobiliprotein
1165:Globular protein
1160:Membrane protein
1155:List of proteins
1067:
1060:
1053:
1044:
1043:
1038:
1037:
1035:
1034:
1019:
1013:
1012:
972:
966:
965:
963:
962:
956:
950:. Archived from
949:
945:"Flow Cytometry"
941:
935:
934:
932:
913:
907:
906:
875:The FEBS Journal
869:
863:
862:
856:
851:
849:
841:
839:
837:
813:
807:
800:
791:
790:
753:
747:
746:
740:
735:
733:
725:
723:
721:
701:
695:
694:
684:
644:
455:
448:
444:
436:
433:
425:
422:
334:
327:
323:
319:
315:
307:
304:
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185:Phycobiliprotein
181:
111:
104:
100:
97:
91:
89:
48:
24:
16:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1261:
1260:
1259:
1230:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1187:Fibrous protein
1143:
1117:
1113:Protein methods
1098:Protein folding
1076:
1071:
1041:
1032:
1030:
1020:
1016:
973:
969:
960:
958:
954:
947:
943:
942:
938:
915:
914:
910:
905:. PDB ID: 3V57.
870:
866:
854:
852:
843:
842:
835:
833:
814:
810:
801:
794:
789:. PDB ID: 1EYX.
765:(Pt 1): 52–60.
754:
750:
738:
736:
727:
726:
719:
717:
702:
698:
645:
641:
637:
622:Wayback Machine
611:
584:Relative large
572:
570:Characteristics
530:
512:
493:Allophycocyanin
454:
450:
446:
442:
440:
434:
431:
429:
423:
420:
391:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
314:phycocyanobilin
313:
311:
305:
302:
299:
266:
262:
258:
241:
179:
112:
101:
95:
92:
49:
47:
37:
25:
12:
11:
5:
1268:
1258:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
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1220:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1199:
1194:
1189:
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1183:
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1177:
1172:
1162:
1157:
1151:
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1145:
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1141:
1136:
1131:
1125:
1123:
1119:
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1115:
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1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1077:
1070:
1069:
1062:
1055:
1047:
1040:
1039:
1014:
987:(1–2): 13–30.
967:
936:
908:
864:
855:|journal=
832:. PDB ID: 3V57
808:
792:
748:
739:|journal=
716:. PDB ID: 1EYX
696:
638:
636:
633:
610:
607:
606:
605:
602:
599:
592:
589:
582:
579:
571:
568:
565:
564:
554:
553:
538:
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509:
506:
503:
500:
497:
488:
487:
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482:
479:
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460:
459:
452:
441:. It contains
438:
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389:
368:
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343:
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331:
309:
274:
264:
260:
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175:
163:phycobilisomes
147:photosynthesis
114:
113:
28:
26:
19:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1215:
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1198:
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1192:Chromoprotein
1190:
1188:
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1163:
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1101:
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1056:
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1045:
1029:
1025:
1018:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
971:
957:on 2018-03-18
953:
946:
940:
931:
926:
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393:
386:
381:
380:
376:
372:
369:
367:
363:
360:
357:
354:
352:
350:
349:Phycoerythrin
345:
344:
338:
322:phycourobilin
297:
293:
289:
288:
284:
279:
275:
273:
272:
268:
252:
251:
247:
244:
239:
236:
233:
230:
227:
225:
223:
222:Phycoerythrin
218:
217:
213:
210:
207:
203:
201:
200:Quantum yield
198:
195:
192:
188:
186:
183:
182:
170:
166:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
127:cyanobacteria
124:
120:
110:
107:
99:
96:December 2009
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71:
67:
64:
60:
57: –
56:
52:
51:Find sources:
45:
41:
35:
34:
29:This article
27:
23:
18:
17:
1206:
1031:. Retrieved
1027:
1017:
984:
980:
970:
959:. Retrieved
952:the original
939:
920:
911:
878:
874:
867:
846:cite journal
834:. Retrieved
819:
811:
762:
758:
751:
730:cite journal
718:. Retrieved
699:
656:
652:
642:
626:
612:
609:Applications
586:Stokes shift
573:
546:
533:
525:
521:
520:
516:
513:
491:
463:
410:
394:
384:
382:
378:
377:
373:
370:
365:
346:
285:
269:
253:
249:
248:
245:
242:
219:
184:
159:chromophores
157:that act as
143:chlorophylls
135:cryptomonads
118:
117:
102:
93:
83:
76:
69:
62:
50:
38:Please help
33:verification
30:
1212:Phytochrome
1202:Biliprotein
466:Phycocyanin
337:alpha helix
155:phycobilins
131:rhodophytes
125:present in
1234:Categories
1139:Proteasome
1122:Structures
1033:2021-10-24
961:2014-06-07
836:12 October
720:11 October
659:(9): 272.
635:References
559:FluoProbes
151:covalently
66:newspapers
1217:Lipocalin
1081:Processes
1028:New Atlas
1001:0022-1759
673:1573-0972
408:red algae
283:red algae
1170:Globulin
1108:Proteome
1074:Proteins
1009:11406150
923:. 2010.
903:31253970
895:22863205
779:11134927
691:39030303
682:11271434
618:Archived
481:1.54 10
385:Rhodella
296:oligomer
237:1.53 10
211:Comment
123:proteins
1180:Albumin
1175:Edestin
822:at pH8"
508:7.3 10
145:during
80:scholar
1007:
999:
901:
893:
804:RasTop
787:216930
785:
777:
689:
679:
671:
351:(B-PE)
224:(R-PE)
214:Image
208:(Mcm)
204:Molar
153:bound
82:
75:
68:
61:
53:
1250:Algae
1148:Types
955:(PDF)
948:(PDF)
899:S2CID
783:S2CID
505:0,68
495:(APC)
478:0,81
468:(CPC)
361:0,98
234:0,84
87:JSTOR
73:books
1005:PMID
997:ISSN
891:PMID
859:help
838:2012
775:PMID
743:help
722:2012
687:PMID
669:ISSN
596:FRET
557:↑ =
499:105
472:232
449:and
355:240
255:(αβ)
228:240
189:MW (
59:news
989:doi
985:254
925:doi
883:doi
879:279
826:doi
767:doi
710:doi
677:PMC
661:doi
417:PDB
392:γ.
292:PDB
267:).
191:kDa
42:by
1236::
1026:.
1003:.
995:.
983:.
979:.
919:.
897:.
889:.
877:.
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763:57
761:.
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728:{{
685:.
675:.
667:.
657:40
655:.
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531:.
464:C-
451:SO
445:,
347:B-
330:SO
328:,
324:,
320:,
316:,
220:R-
193:)
165:.
137:,
133:,
1066:e
1059:t
1052:v
1036:.
1011:.
991::
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933:.
927::
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861:)
857:(
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828::
769::
745:)
741:(
724:.
712::
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663::
529:3
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453:4
439:3
437:)
435:β
432:α
428:2
426:)
424:β
421:α
415:(
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332:4
310:2
308:)
306:γ
303:β
300:α
298:(
290:(
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261:1
257:6
109:)
103:(
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94:(
84:·
77:·
70:·
63:·
36:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
