1725:
6639:, and many other international institutions. Pinyin assigns some Latin letters sound values which are quite different from those of most languages. This has drawn some criticism as it may lead to confusion when uninformed speakers apply either native or English assumed pronunciations to words. However, this problem is not limited only to pinyin, since many languages that use the Latin alphabet natively also assign different values to the same letters. A recent study on Chinese writing and literacy concluded, "By and large, pinyin represents the Chinese sounds better than the Wade–Giles system, and does so with fewer extra marks."
9198:. Hanyu Pinyin is also used as the romanization system to teach Mandarin Chinese at schools. While adoption has been mostly successful in government communication, placenames, and businesses established in the 1980s and onward, it continues to be unpopular in some areas, most notably for personal names and vocabulary borrowed from other varieties of Chinese already established in the local vernacular. In these situations, romanization continues to be based on the Chinese language variety it originated from, especially the three largest Chinese varieties traditionally spoken in Singapore:
4093:
5054:
1737:
9177:, Tongyong, aboriginal, or pinyin. Official use of pinyin is controversial, as when pinyin use for a metro line in 2017 provoked protests, despite government responses that "The romanization used on road signs and at transportation stations is intended for foreigners... Every foreigner learning Mandarin learns Hanyu pinyin, because it is the international standard...The decision has nothing to do with the nation's self-determination or any ideologies, because the key point is to ensure that foreigners can read signs."
14679:
9019:
3112:
13278:
5692:
15329:
1902:, Lu Zhiwei and Zhou Youguang. A revised Pinyin scheme was proposed by Wang Li, Lu Zhiwei and Li Jinxi, and became the main focus of discussion among the group of Chinese linguists in June 1956, forming the basis of Pinyin standard later after incorporating a wide range of feedback and further revisions. The first edition of Hanyu Pinyin was approved and officially adopted at the Fifth Session of the
9160:(KMT) party resisted its adoption, preferring the system by then used in mainland China and internationally. Romanization preferences quickly became associated with issues of national identity. Preferences split along party lines: the KMT and its affiliated parties in the Pan-Blue Coalition supported the use of Hanyu Pinyin while the
9033:
Families outside of Taiwan who speak
Mandarin as a mother tongue use pinyin to help children associate characters with spoken words which they already know. Chinese families outside of Taiwan who speak some other language as their mother tongue use the system to teach children Mandarin pronunciation
9113:
Chinese text can be sorted by its pinyin representation, which is often useful for looking up words whose pronunciations are known, but not whose character forms are not known. Chinese characters and words can be sorted for convenient lookup by their Pinyin expressions alphabetically, according to
1920:
outside of China was regarded as a political statement or identification with the mainland
Chinese government. Beginning in the early 1980s, Western publications addressing mainland China began using the Hanyu Pinyin romanization system instead of earlier romanization systems; this change followed
9083:
standard—essentially the 26 Latin letters, 10 digits, and punctuation marks—long provided a convincing argument for using unaccented pinyin instead of diacritical pinyin or
Chinese characters. Today, however, most computer systems are able to display characters from Chinese and many other writing
1965:). This is distinct from the concept of consonant and vowel sounds as basic units in traditional (and most other phonetic systems used to describe the Chinese language). Every syllable in Standard Chinese can be described as a pair of one initial and one final, except for the special syllable
9172:
and other systems. Attempts to make Hanyu Pinyin standard in Taiwan have had uneven success, with most place and proper names remaining unaffected, including all major cities. Personal names on
Taiwanese passports honor the choices of Taiwanese citizens, who can choose Wade–Giles, Hakka,
1860:(1906–2017), an economist by trade, as part of a Chinese government project in the 1950s. Zhou, often called "the father of pinyin", worked as a banker in New York when he decided to return to China to help rebuild the country after the People's Republic was established. Initially,
6607:. Mair claims that proponents of Chinese characters in the educational bureaucracy "became alarmed that word-based pinyin was becoming a de facto alternative to Chinese characters as a script for writing Mandarin and demanded that all pinyin syllables be written separately."
8535:
in
Unicode respectively, thus some fonts (e.g. SimSun) that adhere to GBK include both characters in the Private Use Areas, and some input methods (e.g. Sogou Pinyin) also outputs the Private Use Areas code point instead of the original character. As the superset
9156:, a domestic modification of Hanyu Pinyin, as its official romanization system. Thereafter, it began to promote the use of Hanyu Pinyin instead. Tongyong Pinyin was designed to romanize varieties spoken on the island in addition to Standard Chinese. The ruling
1895:(1918). "I'm not the father of pinyin", Zhou said years later; "I'm the son of pinyin. It's a long tradition from the later years of the Qing dynasty down to today. But we restudied the problem and revisited it and made it more perfect."
4094:
9167:
Today, many street signs in Taiwan use
Tongyong Pinyin or derived romanizations, but some use Hanyu Pinyin–derived romanizations. It is not unusual to see spellings on street signs and buildings derived from the older Wade–Giles,
9268:) are used to approximate the non-Han language in question as closely as possible. This results in spellings that are different from both the customary spelling of the place name, and the pinyin spelling of the name in Chinese:
5055:
6650:, the standard written language prior to the early 1900s. In particular, Chinese characters retain semantic cues that help distinguish differently pronounced words in the ancient classical language that are now
5707:. In the pinyin system, four main tones of Mandarin are shown by diacritics: ā, á, ǎ, and à. There is no symbol or diacritic for the neutral tone: a. The diacritic is placed over the letter that represents the
6141:, and so this takes the diacritic. However, when the coda is a vowel, it is the coda rather than the medial which takes the diacritic in the absence of a written nucleus. This occurs with syllables ending in
1805:
syllabaries and
Western learning during his visits to Japan. While Song did not himself propose a transliteration system for Chinese, his discussion ultimately led to a proliferation of proposed schemes. The
9048:. Books containing both Chinese characters and pinyin are often used by foreign learners of Chinese. Pinyin's role in teaching pronunciation to foreigners and children is similar in some respects to
12604:
1618:. Its use has become common when transliterating Standard Chinese mostly regardless of region, though it is less ubiquitous in Taiwan. It is used to teach Standard Chinese, normally written with
6661:
other than
Standard Chinese, which is based on the phonological system of Beijing Mandarin. Other romanization schemes have been devised to transcribe those other Chinese varieties, such as
8106:; thus Unicode includes all the common accented characters from pinyin. Other punctuation mark and symbols in Chinese are to use the equivalent symbol in English noted in to GB 15834.
3284:(IPA) transcription, the second indicates pinyin for a standalone (no-initial) form, and the third indicates pinyin for a combination with an initial. Other than finals modified by an
6584:
words. Like in other writing systems using the Latin alphabet, spacing in pinyin is officially based on word boundaries. However, there are often ambiguities in partitioning a word.
10435:... mainland Chinese Braille for standard Mandarin, and Taiwanese Braille for Taiwanese Mandarin are phonetically based ... tone (generally omitted for Mandarin systems)
9874:
In the Cold War era, the use of this system outside China was typically regarded as a political statement, or a deliberate identification with the
Chinese communist regime. (p390)
5621:
1922:
5620:). Previously, the practice varied among different passport issuing offices, with some transcribing as "LV" and "NV" while others used "LU" and "NU". On 10 July 2012, the
10726:
Rohsenow, John S. (2004). "Fifty Years of Script and
Written Language Reform in the P.R.C.: The Genesis of the Language Law of 2001". In Zhou, Minglang; Sun, Hongkai (eds.).
13557:
6173:). That is, in the absence of a written nucleus the finals have priority for receiving the tone marker, as long as they are vowels; if not, the medial takes the diacritic.
14102:
6588:
were put into effect in 1988 by the National Educational and National Language commissions. These rules became a GB recommendation in 1996, and were last updated in 2012.
1788:)) in Hangzhou. Neither book had any influence among the contemporary Chinese literati, and the romanizations they introduced primarily were useful for Westerners.
9114:
their inherited order originating with the ancient Phoenicians. Identical syllables are then further sorted by tone number, ascending, with neutral tones placed last.
6604:
1869:
1906:
on 11 February 1958. It was then introduced to primary schools as a way to teach Standard Chinese pronunciation and used to improve the literacy rate among adults.
14064:
9026:
The spelling of Chinese geographical or personal names in pinyin has become the most common way to transcribe them in English. Pinyin has also become the dominant
8548:, this has caused an issue where the input methods and font files use different encoding standards, and thus the input and output of both characters are mixed up.
1864:
considered the development of a new writing system for Chinese that only used the Latin alphabet, but during his first official visit to the Soviet Union in 1949,
9677:
915:
9256:
are also officially transcribed using pinyin in a system adopted by the State Administration of Surveying and Mapping and Geographical Names Committee known as
14804:
13586:
10047:
Wang, Qiuying; Andrews, Jean F. (2021). "Chinese Pinyin: Overview, History and Use in Language Learning for Young Deaf and Hard of Hearing Students in China".
8495:
indicate that there are no single Unicode character for that letter; the character shown here uses Combining Diacritical Mark characters to display the letter.
9888:
894:
10418:
9844:
1562:
14611:
14601:
12116:
10693:
9044:
Pinyin has become a tool for many foreigners to learn Mandarin pronunciation, and is used to explain both the grammar and spoken Mandarin coupled with
6596:
805:
14606:
14365:
13913:
2099:
In each cell below, the pinyin letters assigned to each initial are accompanied by their phonetic realizations in brackets, notated according to the
2056:. Often these medials are treated as separate from the finals rather than as part of them; this convention is followed in the chart of finals below.
14520:
12111:
10186:
9913:
9071:
system, which is similar to pinyin, but meant for blind readers. This results in some degree of ambiguity as to which words are being represented.
3891:
without a following vowel are finals, not medials, and therefore take the tone marks, but they are more concisely displayed as above. In addition,
12333:
1649:, each of which is represented by one or more letters. Initials are initial consonants, whereas finals are all possible combinations of medials (
12121:
11616:
10994:
5855:. Each tone can be denoted with its numeral the order listed above. The neutral tone can either be denoted with no numeral, with 0, or with 5.
1705:
9194:
implemented Hanyu Pinyin as the official romanization system for Mandarin in the public sector starting in the 1980s, in conjunction with the
2855:
10019:
9041:
as well, making it easier for formerly illiterate people] to continue with self-study after a short period of pinyin literacy instruction.
8109:
According to GB 16159, all accented letters are required to have both uppercase and lowercase characters as per their normal counterparts.
1712:
in 1982, and the United Nations began using it in 1986. Taiwan adopted Hanyu Pinyin as its official romanization system in 2009, replacing
1089:
2012:
are pronounced with such tight openings at the beginning of a final that some native Chinese speakers (especially when singing) pronounce
15356:
14687:
13925:
11838:
9858:
9443:
1899:
1044:
10611:
9959:
13314:
9186:
6654:
in Mandarin. Thus, Chinese characters remain indispensable for recording and transmitting the corpus of Chinese writing from the past.
1791:
During the late Qing, the reformer Song Shu (1862–1910) proposed that China adopt a phonetic writing system. A student of the scholars
1529:
12808:
12913:
12833:
12624:
12619:
12465:
3265:
2572:
9067:
The tone-marking diacritics are commonly omitted in popular news stories and even in scholarly works, as well as in the traditional
5375:⟩ when necessary in order to represent the sound . This is necessary in order to distinguish the front high rounded vowel in
13889:
13877:
12631:
6623:. The ISO adopted pinyin as the standard romanization for modern Chinese in 1982 (ISO 7098:1982, superseded by ISO 7098:2015). The
1555:
13901:
13393:
10985:
10098:
Chang, Yufen (9 October 2018). "How pinyin tone formats and character orthography influence Chinese learners' tone acquisition".
9143:
3307:. A Chinese syllable ending with any other consonant either is from a non-Mandarin language (a southern Chinese language such as
1534:
1049:
10634:] (in Chinese). National Standards of the People's Republic of China. 29 June 2012. GB/T 16159-2012 – via pinyin.info.
9990:
6240:
The above can be summarized as the following table. The vowel letter taking the tone mark is indicated by the fourth-tone mark.
1824:(1892). It was popular, and was used in English-language publications outside China until 1979. In 1943, the US military tapped
14985:
13164:
11354:
5552:
This also presents a problem in transcribing names for use on passports, affecting people with names that consist of the sound
1832:
intended for pilots flying over China—much more than previous systems, the result appears very similar to modern Hanyu Pinyin.
908:
10156:
6125:), and there is both a medial and a coda, the nucleus may be dropped from writing. In this case, when the coda is a consonant
14224:
11526:
10927:
10904:
10853:
10830:
10811:
10735:
10682:
10472:
10341:
9897:
9575:
9538:
9504:
9458:
3034:
1506:
1159:
15035:
13233:
13034:
12557:
11940:
11531:
11501:
10531:
9565:
9528:
1394:
1148:
9494:
5799:. When a neutral tone syllable has an alternative pronunciation in another tone, a combination of tone marks may be used:
14877:
12878:
12208:
12005:
2999:
2750:
2696:
2564:
2266:
2240:
1913:. In the 1980s, students were trained in pinyin from an early age, learning it in tandem with characters or even before.
1548:
3315:), or indicates the use of a non-pinyin romanization system, such as one that uses final consonants to indicate tones.
3312:
15361:
11329:
9125:
5711:, unless that letter is missing. Tones are used in Hanyu Pinyin symbols, and they do not appear in Chinese characters.
2295:
12405:
11429:
10876:
10756:
10716:
9852:
9818:
9774:
1903:
1876:
assigned him the task of developing a new romanization system, despite the fact that he was not a linguist by trade.
1701:
1079:
5513:
in input methods is difficult because it is not present as a simple key on many keyboard layouts. For these reasons
12969:
12141:
11985:
6106:, where the nucleus of the syllable is a consonant: there, the diacritic will be carried by a written dummy vowel.
2820:
1982:
Even though most initials contain a consonant, finals are not always simple vowels, especially in compound finals (
1820:
1280:
14957:
6517:
or ,—so this is an intuitive convention. See below for a few finals which are abbreviated after a consonant plus
3281:
3070:
2456:
2280:
2100:
1471:
787:
1929:, providing a legal basis for applying pinyin. The current specification of the orthography is GB/T 16159–2012.
13664:
13307:
13064:
13059:
12818:
12766:
10944:
9468:
8061:
5266:
2342:
1034:
670:
464:
336:
9638:
9088:
editor. Alternatively, some touchscreen devices allow users to input characters graphically by writing with a
6449:(see below). They are spelled differently when there is no initial consonant in order to mark a new syllable:
15273:
14727:
12858:
12188:
11701:
11349:
9234:
Regulation of Phonetic Transcription in Hanyu Pinyin Letters of Place Names in Minority Nationality Languages
6591:
In practice, however, published materials in China now often space pinyin syllable by syllable. According to
3258:
2847:
2785:
2777:
2261:
2235:
1917:
1829:
1741:
1614:
literally means 'spelled sounds'. Pinyin is the official system used in China, Singapore, Taiwan, and by the
1230:
1210:
1153:
1064:
878:
442:
8090:
Based on the "Chinese Romanization" section of ISO 7098:2015, pinyin tone marks should use the symbols from
6595:, this practice became widespread after the Script Reform Committee, previously under direct control of the
1979:). The latter case, though a common practice in some sub-dialects, is rarely used in official publications.
1868:
convinced him to maintain the existing system. Zhou became an economics professor in Shanghai, and when the
1774:; 'Miracle of Western Letters') and published in Beijing in 1605. Twenty years later, fellow Jesuit
15332:
15243:
14767:
9161:
6636:
4056:
2972:
2918:
2320:
2314:
2290:
2256:
2230:
1448:
863:
17:
9117:
Words of multiple characters can be sorted in two different ways, either per character, as is used in the
7974:
7969:
7964:
7959:
7954:
7639:
7634:
7629:
7624:
7619:
7614:
7609:
7604:
7599:
7594:
7589:
7584:
7579:
7574:
7569:
7564:
7559:
7554:
7549:
7329:
7324:
7319:
7314:
7309:
7304:
7299:
7294:
7289:
7284:
7279:
7274:
7269:
7034:
7029:
7024:
7019:
7014:
7009:
7004:
6999:
6994:
6989:
6984:
6979:
6974:
6969:
6964:
6959:
6760:
6755:
6750:
6745:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6720:
6715:
6710:
6705:
6700:
6695:
6103:
6057:
6009:
5973:
5937:
5903:
5546:
5372:
5368:
5364:
3198:
3184:
3176:
3167:
3159:
3147:
3138:
3129:
3121:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2027:
2023:
801:
797:
15371:
15248:
15120:
15045:
14702:
13203:
12681:
10978:
10554:
9079:
Simple computer systems, sometimes only able to use simple character systems for text, such as the 7-bit
8135:
8091:
5414:
used in the other contexts where it could represent a front high rounded vowel, namely after the letters
5297:
4415:
2883:
2661:
2285:
1999:
925:
851:
560:
10198:
9099:
Pinyin with accents can be entered with the use of special keyboard layouts or various other utilities.
15290:
15263:
15140:
15052:
14799:
14779:
12863:
12771:
12721:
12480:
11813:
11808:
11207:
6658:
3026:
2483:
2375:
2323:
2179:
2174:
2153:
2148:
1501:
982:
966:
955:
930:
818:
628:
294:
10947:—The official standard GB/T 28039–2011 in Chinese. PDF version from the Chinese Ministry of Education
14842:
13540:
13300:
13129:
13074:
12853:
12838:
12096:
11516:
11012:
9108:
6600:
6110:
5295:
5264:
4728:
4413:
4054:
3032:
3024:
2997:
2970:
2943:
2916:
2881:
2853:
2845:
2818:
2810:
2783:
2775:
2748:
2721:
2694:
2659:
2653:
2651:
2624:
2597:
2570:
2562:
2535:
2508:
2481:
2454:
2427:
2400:
2373:
2300:
2126:
2005:
1997:
1724:
1669:
found in Standard Chinese, though these are often omitted in various contexts, such as when spelling
1138:
1069:
649:
315:
10510:基進黨台南市東區市議員參選人李宗霖今天指出，台南市路名牌拼音未統一、音譯錯誤等，建議統一採用通用拼音。對此，台南市政府交通局回應，南市已實施通用拼音多年，將全面檢視路名牌，依現行音譯方式進行校對改善。
15381:
15376:
15216:
15201:
15191:
14905:
13177:
13084:
12873:
12848:
12060:
12055:
9463:
9453:
9448:
9068:
9022:
A slogan written on a school wall featuring pinyin annotations without tonal marks or word grouping
8520:
8095:
4730:
3251:
2007:
1476:
1123:
1002:
834:
10263:
1766:
missionary in China, wrote the first book that used the Latin alphabet to write Chinese, entitled
15228:
13467:
12731:
12273:
12263:
12258:
11833:
11818:
11758:
11192:
11187:
11147:
10620:] (in Chinese). Chinese Script Reform Committee. 1982 . ISO 7098:1982 – via Wikisource.
9195:
9093:
6628:
2599:
2345:
2188:
2162:
1909:
Despite its formal promulgation, pinyin did not become widely used until after the tumult of the
1697:
1059:
698:
364:
31:
15221:
15070:
10025:
15366:
15162:
15005:
13603:
13281:
13049:
13039:
12168:
11586:
11167:
10971:
10239:
9227:
9123:, or by the whole word's string, which is only then sorted by tone. This method is used in the
1631:
1143:
1039:
783:
712:
378:
9835:
15157:
15080:
14794:
14772:
13527:
13360:
12470:
11980:
11202:
11172:
11065:
11055:
11016:
11008:
9967:
9722:
9685:
9257:
9219:
5534:
3066:
2537:
2429:
2065:
1642:
1414:
10328:
14925:
14893:
14722:
13847:
13342:
13228:
13134:
12868:
12843:
12686:
12527:
12278:
11965:
11768:
11641:
11424:
9119:
9027:
8508:
6505:. Some Mandarin speakers do pronounce a or sound at the beginning of such words—that is,
6176:
An algorithm to find the correct vowel letter (when there is more than one) is as follows:
1635:
1627:
1185:
10806:. Studies in Written Language and Literacy. Vol. 14 (Rev. ed.). John Benjamins.
8:
15169:
15135:
14970:
14937:
14784:
14712:
14629:
14470:
14465:
14219:
14029:
13535:
13069:
10489:
9438:
6632:
6616:
5517:
is sometimes used instead by convention. For example, it is common for cellphones to use
2945:
2812:
2723:
2626:
2510:
2402:
2339:
2249:
2169:
1910:
1811:
1646:
5786:
The fifth tone (neutral tone) is represented by a normal vowel without any accent mark:
3968:. However, this shorthand is rarely used due to difficulty of entering it on computers.
1925:
between the United States and China in 1979. In 2001, the Chinese government issued the
1486:
172:
15285:
15152:
15115:
15000:
14898:
14832:
14827:
14717:
14707:
14333:
14311:
14204:
14012:
14007:
13930:
13918:
13906:
13894:
13882:
13406:
13014:
12949:
11289:
10123:
10080:
9245:
9045:
5888:
5836:
5727:
5714:
Tones are written on the finals of Chinese pinyin. If the tone mark is written over an
5615:
5603:
5591:
5579:
5360:
2116:
1841:
1736:
1696:, who has been called the "father of pinyin". They based their work in part on earlier
1677:
1666:
1619:
1298:
943:
920:
734:
726:
400:
392:
10953:
10653:
9843:. Proceedings of the International Conference on Chinese Studies 2004 漢學研究國際學術研討會論文集.
6666:
1872:
created the Committee for the Reform of the Chinese Written Language in 1955, Premier
1389:
1118:
754:
419:
15196:
15186:
15065:
15030:
14885:
14837:
14789:
14556:
14409:
14343:
14199:
14184:
13855:
13832:
13786:
13711:
13637:
13517:
13485:
13439:
13378:
13368:
13333:
11843:
10923:
10900:
10872:
10849:
10826:
10807:
10779:
10752:
10731:
10712:
10678:
10640:
10468:
10337:
10290:
10115:
10084:
10072:
10064:
9996:
9921:
9893:
9848:
9814:
9661:
9571:
9534:
9500:
8532:
6112:
5704:
5048:
4087:
1884:
1250:
1205:
1133:
950:
858:
612:
604:
278:
270:
10641:"Language Planning in Singapore: On Pragmatism, Communitarianism and Personal Names"
10467:] (in Chinese) (3rd ed.). Beijing: The Commercial Press. pp. 183–207.
10369:
10127:
9164:(DPP) and its allies in the Pan-Green Coalition favored the use of Tongyong Pinyin.
5795:
In dictionaries, neutral tone may be indicated by a dot preceding the syllable—e.g.
15302:
14822:
14697:
14561:
14551:
14536:
14482:
14404:
14355:
14316:
14265:
14179:
14131:
14115:
13995:
13955:
13950:
13837:
13791:
13737:
13732:
13722:
13716:
13545:
13490:
13475:
13351:
13323:
12577:
12318:
11646:
10963:
10771:
10282:
10164:
10107:
10056:
9599:
9253:
6647:
6643:
5708:
5538:
2307:
2223:
2143:
2111:
1775:
1654:
1587:
1330:
1305:
1284:
1270:
1084:
1074:
825:
503:
199:
164:
144:
9064:(directly analogous to bopomofo) in Japanese, or fully vocalised texts in Arabic.
6082:
instead. Pinyin tone marks appear primarily above the syllable nucleus—e.g. as in
5835:
Before the advent of computers, many typewriter fonts did not contain vowels with
3288:, which are omitted, the following is an exhaustive table of all possible finals.
2757:
Alveolo-palatal, unaspirated. No direct equivalent in English, but similar to the
2703:
Alveolo-palatal, unaspirated. No direct equivalent in English, but similar to the
1996:), i.e. when a "medial" is placed in front of the final. For example, the medials
1937:
Chinese phonology is generally described in terms of sound pairs of two initials (
1676:
Hanyu Pinyin was developed in the 1950s by a group of Chinese linguists including
15351:
15253:
15233:
15130:
15090:
15075:
14814:
14664:
14654:
14634:
14591:
14586:
14452:
14416:
14399:
14389:
14328:
14146:
14082:
14024:
13972:
13967:
13869:
13765:
13760:
13669:
13616:
13611:
13591:
13576:
13571:
13512:
13507:
13497:
13480:
13452:
13424:
13401:
13187:
12908:
12813:
12567:
12495:
12490:
12485:
11970:
11933:
11928:
11923:
11918:
11913:
11908:
11903:
10746:
10711:. China: History, Philosophy, Economics. Vol. 23 (2nd ed.). Routledge.
10706:
10220:
9249:
9203:
9174:
9153:
9147:
9038:
8003:
7710:
7382:
7096:
6816:
5451:
2195:
1880:
1825:
1713:
1441:
1357:
1173:
1128:
1054:
888:
868:
846:
590:
256:
10523:
10243:
9030:
in mainland China, in contrast to Taiwan, where bopomofo is most commonly used.
5567:
2730:
Alveolo-palatal, aspirated. No direct equivalent in English, but similar to the
477:
474:
471:
455:
452:
449:
15307:
15297:
15268:
15258:
14975:
14947:
14659:
14644:
14546:
14497:
14492:
14477:
14421:
14360:
14242:
14214:
14194:
14141:
14110:
14087:
14077:
14072:
14034:
14017:
13962:
13827:
13809:
13727:
13701:
13642:
13562:
13550:
13502:
13457:
13447:
13373:
12475:
12223:
12035:
11898:
11888:
11883:
11878:
11873:
11868:
11863:
11858:
11853:
11222:
11212:
10775:
10625:
9678:"Obituary: Zhou Youguang, Architect of a Bridge Between Languages, Dies at 111"
9223:
8016:
7750:
7404:
7109:
6823:
6624:
6620:
6592:
6469:. With this convention, an apostrophe only needs to be used to mark an initial
2205:
2200:
1916:
During the height of the Cold War the use of pinyin system over Wade–Giles and
1807:
1623:
1615:
1524:
1496:
1481:
1382:
1309:
1274:
883:
873:
574:
240:
120:
14678:
9892:. A Pacific Basin Institute book. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe. pp. 632–633.
15345:
15108:
14920:
14915:
14487:
14431:
14426:
14394:
14381:
14257:
14209:
14136:
14092:
13982:
13819:
13742:
13581:
13429:
13416:
13263:
13238:
13223:
13159:
13154:
13149:
13144:
13139:
12984:
12929:
12898:
12888:
12751:
12741:
12711:
12706:
12656:
12636:
12614:
12599:
12552:
12517:
12460:
12455:
12445:
12323:
12268:
12243:
12238:
12218:
12091:
11631:
11070:
11040:
10783:
10524:"Taiwan passport can now include names in Hoklo, Hakka, indigenous languages"
10496:
10294:
10119:
10111:
10068:
9925:
9810:
9779:
1879:
Hanyu Pinyin incorporated different aspects from existing systems, including
1865:
1857:
1815:
1693:
1658:
1405:
1348:
642:
308:
67:
10751:. Blackwell Handbooks of Developmental Psychology. Vol. 17. Blackwell.
9018:
1840:
Hanyu Pinyin was designed by a group of mostly Chinese linguists, including
14980:
14930:
14306:
14189:
14162:
13706:
13696:
13124:
13094:
12954:
12298:
12293:
12156:
12151:
12146:
12065:
12010:
11960:
11893:
11848:
11823:
11753:
11748:
11743:
11738:
11733:
11691:
11656:
11566:
11561:
11389:
11197:
10248:
10225:
10076:
9335:
9085:
6581:
6016:
5994:
5924:
5772:
5742:
3981:
3940:
1853:
1796:
1759:
1689:
1670:
1583:
1369:
1223:
744:
510:
409:
206:
10060:
5474:), this ambiguity does not arise with pinyin, so the more convenient form
1744:
in Taiwan with writing using traditional characters, English, Wade–Giles (
15125:
15099:
14995:
14965:
14942:
14910:
14649:
14639:
14443:
14338:
14323:
14286:
14234:
14055:
14046:
13942:
13781:
13656:
13383:
13099:
12796:
12791:
12786:
12370:
12287:
11259:
9643:
9313:
6619:, and replaced bopomofo as the method of Chinese phonetic instruction in
6569:
5844:
5830:
5659:
should be used instead. However, some Chinese input methods support both
4292:
1607:
1321:
1243:
1198:
1102:
1013:
995:
6497:
when these occur without an initial consonant, so that they are written
3947:; for example, pinyin defines the names of several pinyin letters using
3111:
14541:
14515:
14281:
14247:
13752:
13679:
13089:
12994:
12701:
12676:
12440:
12395:
12131:
11788:
11601:
11494:
11489:
11484:
11444:
11419:
11294:
11050:
10694:"Zhou Youguang, Who Made Writing Chinese as Simple as ABC, Dies at 111"
10419:"Braille's invention still a boon to visually impaired Chinese readers"
9157:
8103:
6037:
1873:
1861:
1650:
1180:
975:
621:
287:
9084:
systems as well, and have them entered with a Latin keyboard using an
5572:), a fairly common surname, particularly compared to the surnames
14990:
14741:
14732:
14460:
14350:
14002:
13990:
13801:
13632:
13258:
13253:
13248:
13243:
13218:
13208:
13169:
13119:
13114:
13109:
13104:
13009:
13004:
12999:
12989:
12979:
12964:
12944:
12939:
12934:
12883:
12828:
12823:
12803:
12781:
12761:
12716:
12696:
12651:
12646:
12641:
12609:
12572:
12562:
12547:
12542:
12537:
12522:
12507:
12502:
12430:
12425:
12420:
12400:
12390:
12385:
12380:
12365:
12360:
12308:
12303:
12283:
12253:
12228:
12213:
12183:
12136:
12126:
12106:
12101:
12086:
12081:
11995:
11716:
11711:
11606:
11252:
11247:
11242:
11237:
11232:
11140:
11135:
11130:
11125:
10823:
Kingdom of Characters: The Language Revolution That Made China Modern
9207:
9191:
6651:
6438:
5700:
3944:
3308:
2333:
2275:
2218:
2121:
1888:
1845:
1729:
1681:
1662:
1432:
1263:
1022:
663:
329:
112:
10848:] (in Chinese). Beijing: Contemporary Chinese Publishing House.
10791:
Wipperman, Dorothea. "Transcription Systems: Hànyǔ pīnyīn 漢語拼音". In
6615:
Pinyin superseded older romanization systems such as Wade–Giles and
5691:
5399:; 'oven'). Tonal markers are placed above the umlaut, as in
1700:. The system was originally promulgated at the Fifth Session of the
1641:
In pinyin, each Chinese syllable is spelled in terms of an optional
15280:
14866:
14507:
13688:
13292:
12893:
12671:
12375:
12203:
12040:
12030:
12015:
11990:
11975:
11950:
11945:
11828:
11803:
11798:
11783:
11778:
11773:
11763:
11728:
11723:
11706:
11686:
11681:
11676:
11671:
11666:
11661:
11651:
11636:
11626:
11621:
11611:
11596:
11591:
11581:
11576:
11571:
11556:
11551:
11546:
11541:
11536:
11521:
11506:
11479:
11474:
11469:
11464:
11459:
11454:
11449:
11439:
11434:
11414:
11409:
11399:
11394:
11384:
11379:
11369:
11364:
11359:
11334:
11324:
11217:
11120:
11115:
11110:
11105:
11100:
11095:
11090:
11085:
11080:
9285:
9056:
9050:
8537:
8038:
7949:
7814:
7544:
7447:
7264:
7149:
6954:
6848:
6690:
6662:
5867:
5771:
The fourth tone (falling or high-falling tone) is represented by a
2890:
Retroflex. No direct equivalent in English, but varies between the
2358:
2069:
1892:
1849:
1685:
1491:
1029:
793:
684:
524:
350:
220:
52:
15312:
1778:
published 'Aid to the Eyes and Ears of Western Literati' (
15179:
14859:
14746:
14575:
14171:
13182:
12974:
12959:
12756:
12746:
12736:
12512:
12328:
12173:
12161:
11319:
11314:
11309:
11304:
11299:
11284:
11279:
11274:
11269:
11264:
11227:
11182:
11177:
11162:
11157:
11152:
10577:
10575:
9406:
9199:
8099:
6670:
6599:, had its power greatly weakened in 1985 when it was renamed the
5533:
in the transliteration of their names. The drawback is a lack of
2138:
1111:
751:
416:
10387:
10336:(14.0 ed.). Mountain View, CA: Unicode. 2021. p. 297.
15040:
13044:
13029:
13024:
13019:
12691:
12666:
12594:
12450:
12435:
12415:
12410:
12355:
12348:
12343:
12338:
12233:
12198:
12045:
11511:
11075:
9381:
9360:
9089:
8098:
in bopomofo. Lowercase letters with tone marks are included in
5624:
standardized the practice to use "LYU" and "NYU" in passports.
3304:
1792:
1763:
128:
10572:
5741:
The second tone (rising or high-rising tone) is denoted by an
4390:
in English. Can also be pronounced depending on the speaker.
14751:
13079:
13054:
12776:
12661:
12532:
12313:
12178:
12050:
12025:
12020:
12000:
11374:
11344:
11339:
11060:
11045:
11035:
11030:
9807:
The Chinese Computer: a Global History of the Information Age
9244:) promulgated in 1976, place names in non-Han languages like
9080:
9061:
5958:
5840:
5757:
5726:
The first tone (flat or high-level tone) is represented by a
5458:. Whereas Wade–Giles needs the umlaut to distinguish between
2131:
1975:
1923:
Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations
1704:
in 1958, and has seen several rounds of revisions since. The
1421:
1364:
1337:
759:
424:
104:
10161:
Qingdao Vocational and Technical College of Hotel Management
6586:
The Basic Rules of the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet Orthography
6102:
is the coda. There is an exception for syllabic nasals like
5446:. This practice is opposed to Wade–Giles, which always uses
5184:. Varies between and depending on the speaker (spelled as
5137:
interjection) is pronounced shorter and lighter (spelled as
4816:
interjection) is pronounced shorter and lighter (spelled as
1732:, Henan, with writing using simplified characters and pinyin
12726:
12589:
12582:
12248:
12193:
11793:
11404:
10871:] (in Chinese). Hong Kong: Peace Book. pp. 27–28.
10308:
9530:
Journey to the East: The Jesuit Mission to China, 1579–1724
9169:
6575:
5756:
The third tone (falling-rising or low tone) is marked by a
3291:
The only syllable-final consonants in Standard Chinese are
1801:
10945:
Chinese phonetic alphabet spelling rules for Chinese names
10287:
Chinese Librarianship: An International Electronic Journal
10157:"Basic Rules of the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet Orthography"
10134:
9604:
Chinese Librarianship: An International Electronic Journal
5501:
Many fonts or output methods do not support an umlaut for
3964:
13213:
12903:
11955:
6070:
Briefly, tone marks should always be placed in the order
5430:. For example, the sound of the word for 'fish' (
731:
717:
703:
689:
675:
397:
383:
369:
355:
341:
10632:
Basic rules of the Chinese phonetic alphabet orthography
10440:
10399:
10189:
Basic Rules of the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet Orthography
6627:
followed suit in 1986. It has also been accepted by the
5387:; 'donkey') from the back high rounded vowel in
2090: zh ch sh r
1973:
is considered part of a syllable (a phenomenon known as
633:
299:
10768:
Encyclopedia of Chinese Language and Linguistics Online
6646:, it is not designed to replace characters for writing
9939:
9740:
9704:
9702:
9659:
Simon, Alan (21–27 January 2011). "Father of Pinyin".
6610:
10804:
Writing and Literacy in Chinese, Korean, and Japanese
10555:"Groups protest use of Hanyu pinyin for new MRT line"
9889:
How Asia got rich: Japan, China and the Asian miracle
5843:
diacritics. Tones were thus represented by placing a
2081: d t n l
2078: b p m f
609:
595:
579:
565:
529:
515:
275:
261:
245:
225:
211:
10993:
10821:
Tsu, Jing (2022). "When "Peking" Became "Beijing"".
10639:
Bockhorst-Heng, Wendy; Lee, Lionel (November 2007).
9845:
National Yunlin University of Science and Technology
6236:, in which case the second vowel takes the tone mark
4009:
is a buzzed continuation of the consonant following
792:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
10920:
Chinese romanization: pronunciation and orthography
10587:
9837:
Purpose and effect in the transcription of Mandarin
9699:
9152:Between October 2002 and January 2009, Taiwan used
5367:⟩ when it occurs after the initials ⟨
2044:; 'to enclose'), officially pronounced
654:
320:
10675:The Routledge Encyclopedia of the Chinese Language
8512:does not include pinyin with that specific letter.
6642:As pinyin is a phonetic writing system for modern
3081:
1590:. In official documents, it is referred to as the
10728:Language Policy in the People’s Republic of China
10638:
10581:
10363:
10361:
10359:
10357:
10355:
10353:
10244:Words in Mandarin: twin kle twin kle lit tle star
9621:
9619:
9617:
8695:Other symbols are used in pinyin are as follows:
8102:and their uppercase counterparts are included in
5847:at the end of individual syllables. For example,
4705:. Varies between and depending on the speaker.
4592:. Varies between and depending on the speaker.
4365:. Varies between and depending on the speaker.
3303:, the last of which is attached as a grammatical
3280:In each cell below, the first line indicates the
1898:An initial draft was authored in January 1956 by
15343:
9752:
6572:is not ordinarily reflected in pinyin spelling.
4505:interjection) is pronounced shorter and lighter
2074:
2022:; 'clothes'), officially pronounced
1830:another romanization system for Mandarin Chinese
806:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
9570:. Columbia University Press. pp. 303–304.
9034:when learning vocabulary in elementary school.
8929:Neutral tone marker placed before the syllable
6202:Otherwise, the second vowel takes the tone mark
4114:, but not as open). Pronounced as a sequence .
10745:Snowling, Margaret J.; Hulme, Charles (2005).
10350:
10283:"History and Prospect of Chinese Romanization"
9614:
9600:"History and Prospect of Chinese Romanization"
1706:International Organization for Standardization
1610:language'—that is, the Chinese language—while
13308:
10979:
10744:
10393:
9260:. The pinyin letters (26 Roman letters, plus
9037:Since 1958, pinyin has been actively used in
6218:, it will take the tone mark; in the case of
5498:, which are then distinguished by an umlaut.
3259:
1556:
469:
447:
169:
15107:
10801:
10314:
10261:
9800:
9798:
8911:
6426:
6424:
4107:a back, unrounded vowel (similar to English
10846:Writing System Reform in Contemporary China
10163:(in Chinese). 10 April 2014. Archived from
10046:
9444:Comparison of Chinese transcription systems
15328:
15098:
13315:
13301:
10986:
10972:
10802:Taylor, Insup; Taylor, M. Martin (2014) .
10624:
10521:
10197:(in Chinese). 20 July 2012. Archived from
10140:
9945:
9914:"Times Due To Revise Its Chinese Spelling"
9769:
9767:
9187:Chinese language romanization in Singapore
8488:
8085:
4037:. In all other cases, -i has the sound of
3266:
3252:
1563:
1549:
10913:
10863:Wang Ning (王寧) Zou Xiaoli (鄒曉麗) (2003).
10825:. New York: Riverhead. pp. 171–213.
10790:
10221:First grade science card: Pinyin degraded
9833:
9795:
9563:
9533:. Harvard University Press. p. 261.
9496:Confucianism, Chinese History and Society
6421:
6414:
6412:
6410:
6408:
6406:
6404:
6402:
6400:
6398:
6065:
5525:. Additionally, some stores in China use
5438:) is transcribed in pinyin simply as
10914:Yin Binyong (尹斌庸) Felley, Mary (1990).
10725:
10651:
10618:Scheme for the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet
10151:
10149:
9960:"Pinyin / Ting - The Chinese Experience"
9804:
9746:
9708:
9559:
9557:
9017:
8499:
6576:Spacing, capitalization, and punctuation
5695:Relative pitch changes of the four tones
5690:
5651:are not correct according to the rules;
3956:Scheme for the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet
2093: z c s
2087: j q x
2084: g k h
1735:
1723:
1622:, to students already familiar with the
437:Scheme for the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet
27:Romanization scheme for Standard Chinese
15023:
10862:
10792:
10765:
10465:Essentials of Modern Chinese Characters
10446:
10289:(4). Internet Chinese Librarians Club.
9764:
9720:
9564:Chan, Wing-tsit; Adler, Joseph (2013).
9526:
9144:Chinese language romanization in Taiwan
6078:, where the tone mark is placed on the
5560:, particularly people with the surname
5482:. Genuine ambiguities only happen with
4358:and ends with the velar nasal sound in
1746:
14:
15344:
10897:Pinyin shorthand: a bilingual handbook
6395:
5047:
4302:in some dialects of American English)
4086:
3962:can be abbreviated with the shorthand
1799:, Song had observed the effect of the
735:[hɔ̄ːn.y̬ːpʰēŋ.jɐ́mfɔ́ːŋ.ɔ̄ːn]
733:
611:
399:
277:
13296:
10967:
10704:
10405:
10146:
10100:Chinese as a Second Language Research
10097:
9885:
9675:
9658:
9554:
9459:Transcription into Chinese characters
9102:
8958:Hyphenation of abbreviated compounds
6657:Pinyin is not designed to transcribe
6383:
6378:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6347:
6337:
6325:
6320:
6313:
6308:
6304:
6292:
6280:
6275:
6272:
6049:
6044:
6029:
6024:
6001:
5986:
5965:
5950:
5916:
5895:
5880:
5718:, then it replaces the tittle, as in
5505:or cannot place tone marks on top of
3331:
3108:
489:scheme of spelled Han language sounds
13322:
10839:
10672:
10652:Branigan, Tania (21 February 2008).
10593:
10522:Everington, Keoni (15 August 2019).
10488:Liu Wanjun (劉婉君) (15 October 2018).
10195:China Education and Research Network
9758:
6676:
6133:, the only vowel left is the medial
5309:approximately as in British English
796:. For the distinction between ,
10894:
10820:
10691:
10645:Current Issues in Language Planning
10552:
10487:
10255:
9625:
9492:
8059:
8037:
7877:
7813:
7492:
7446:
7203:
7148:
6896:
6847:
6611:Comparison with other orthographies
24:
15357:Writing systems introduced in 1958
10887:
10534:from the original on 1 August 2020
10458:
10280:
10264:"Official challenges romanization"
10187:"Release of the National Standard
9721:Hessler, Peter (8 February 2004).
9597:
9003:
8994:
8965:
8936:
8904:
8860:
8816:
8753:
8684:
8675:
8645:
8618:
8591:
6233:
6229:
6219:
6192:
6170:
6166:
6162:
6158:
6154:
6150:
6146:
6142:
6083:
6075:
6071:
5852:
5848:
5796:
5719:
5557:
5553:
5471:
5463:
5439:
5400:
5388:
5376:
3332:-e / -o / -ê
25:
15393:
10938:
10692:Fox, Margalit (14 January 2017).
9988:
9074:
8853:Division of clauses mid-sentence
8113:Accent alphabets in Hanyu Pinyin
6245:Placement of the pinyin tone mark
5699:The pinyin system also uses four
5316:; the lips are much more rounded
1814:in 1859, and further improved by
1626:. Pinyin is also used by various
15327:
14805:Literary and colloquial readings
14677:
13277:
13276:
10281:Ao, Benjamin (1 December 1997).
9957:
9864:from the original on 2 June 2013
9676:Dwyer, Colin (14 January 2017).
9665:. Hong Kong. Xinhua. p. 20.
9499:. World Scientific. p. 72.
9213:
6074:, with the only exception being
5350:
4283:(Starts with the vowel sound in
3110:
1281:Hainanese Transliteration Scheme
10582:Bockhorst-Heng & Lee (2007)
10546:
10515:
10481:
10452:
10411:
10367:
10330:Unicode 14.0 Core Specification
10320:
10274:
10262:Lin Mei-chun (8 October 2000).
10238:Mair, Victor (15 August 2012).
10232:
10219:Mair, Victor (11 April 2019). "
10213:
10179:
10091:
10040:
10011:
9982:
9951:
9920:. 4 February 1979. p. 10.
9906:
9879:
9827:
8897:Redaction of part of a passage
8861:shūniǔ bùfèn — zhōngyāng dàtīng
6481:(one syllable: ). In addition,
5809:) may be pronounced either
4350:starts with the vowel sound in
3313:final consonants in Old Chinese
3282:International Phonetic Alphabet
2101:International Phonetic Alphabet
1472:Character-based General Chinese
788:International Phonetic Alphabet
760:
732:
718:
704:
690:
676:
655:
634:
425:
398:
384:
370:
356:
342:
321:
300:
10603:
10017:
9775:"Hanyu Pinyin system turns 50"
9714:
9669:
9631:
9591:
9527:Brockey, Liam Matthew (2009).
9520:
9486:
9469:Chinese word-segmented writing
9423:
9418:
9414:
9398:
9393:
9389:
9373:
9352:
9347:
9343:
9327:
9322:
9318:
9302:
9297:
9293:
9241:
9237:
9126:ABC Chinese–English Dictionary
8671:
8667:
8641:
8637:
8614:
8610:
8587:
8583:
6564:
5817:
5811:
5801:
5614:
5602:
5590:
5578:
5566:
5435:
5431:
5396:
5392:
5384:
5380:
5133:where the e (compare with the
5086:with rounded lips; spelled as
4186:is much more audible than the
3900:
3896:
2041:
2037:
2032:
2014:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1938:
1904:1st National People's Congress
1835:
1784:
1779:
1771:
1728:A facade of a kindergarten in
1702:1st National People's Congress
1665:are used to indicate the four
1603:
1599:
691:Hon3 jyu5 ping3 jam1 fong1 on3
610:
596:
580:
566:
531:
530:
516:
470:
448:
276:
262:
246:
227:
226:
212:
170:
13:
1:
10553:Lin, Sean (11 January 2017).
9474:
5766:ǎ ě ê̌ ǐ ǒ ǔ ǚ Ǎ Ě Ê̌ Ǐ Ǒ Ǔ Ǚ
5736:ā ē ê̄ ī ō ū ǖ Ā Ē Ê̄ Ī Ō Ū Ǖ
5537:and limited font support for
4206:as in North American English
2862:Retroflex, unaspirated. Like
2792:Retroflex, unaspirated. Like
1754:
1742:Taichung Port railway station
1231:Kienning Colloquial Romanized
1211:Fuzhou Transliteration Scheme
1134:Habhunwe Latinxua Sin Bhundzi
1065:S. L. Wong (phonetic symbols)
15333:List of varieties of Chinese
10730:. Springer. pp. 21–43.
10024:(in Chinese). Archived from
9995:(in Chinese). Archived from
9805:Mullaney, Thomas S. (2024).
9567:Sources of Chinese Tradition
9479:
9180:
9162:Democratic Progressive Party
9132:
8058:
8036:
7876:
7812:
7491:
7445:
7202:
7147:
6895:
6846:
6637:American Library Association
6188:, it will take the tone mark
1932:
1927:National Common Language Law
1661:(final vowel or consonant).
1653:coming before the vowel), a
864:Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II
781: This article contains
7:
10766:Sybesma, Rint, ed. (2015).
10673:Chan, Sin-Wai, ed. (2016).
10459:Su Peicheng (苏培成) (2014).
10394:Snowling & Hulme (2005)
10049:American Annals of the Deaf
9432:
8136:Combining Diacritical Marks
8094:, as opposed by the use of
8092:Combining Diacritical Marks
6489:are added to fully vocalic
5789:a e ê i o u ü A E Ê I O U Ü
5781:à è ề ì ò ù ǜ À È Ề Ì Ò Ù Ǜ
5751:á é ế í ó ú ǘ Á É Ế Í Ó Ú Ǘ
5733:added to the pinyin vowel:
5622:Ministry of Public Security
2827:Retroflex, aspirated. Like
2059:
1708:propagated Hanyu Pinyin as
10:
15398:
15291:Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols
10776:10.1163/2210-7363-ecll-all
10315:Taylor & Taylor (2014)
9834:Wiedenhof, Jeroen (2004).
9217:
9184:
9141:
9106:
9060:letters written alongside
8523:has mapped two characters
8481:
6580:Standard Chinese has many
6228:Otherwise, the vowels are
5828:
5824:
1821:Chinese–English Dictionary
1719:
1507:Transcription into Chinese
1502:Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols
983:Romanization of Wu Chinese
956:Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz
819:Transliteration of Chinese
29:
15362:Chinese words and phrases
15325:
15209:
15178:
15089:
15014:
14956:
14876:
14851:
14813:
14760:
14686:
14675:
14622:
14574:
14529:
14506:
14451:
14442:
14380:
14299:
14274:
14256:
14233:
14170:
14161:
14124:
14101:
14063:
14054:
14045:
13981:
13941:
13868:
13846:
13818:
13800:
13774:
13751:
13687:
13678:
13655:
13625:
13602:
13526:
13466:
13438:
13415:
13392:
13359:
13350:
13341:
13330:
13272:
13196:
12922:
12074:
11023:
11005:
10708:Education in Modern China
9368:
9137:
9109:Pinyin alphabetical order
9092:, with concurrent online
8999:
8990:
8961:
8932:
8900:
8856:
8812:
8749:
8680:
8552:Shorthand pinyin letters
8427:
8373:
8368:
8263:
8158:
8153:
8134:
8117:
8015:
8002:
7994:
7991:
7988:
7980:
7973:
7968:
7963:
7958:
7953:
7948:
7749:
7709:
7701:
7695:
7689:
7686:
7680:
7674:
7668:
7650:
7645:
7638:
7633:
7628:
7623:
7618:
7613:
7608:
7603:
7598:
7593:
7588:
7583:
7578:
7573:
7568:
7563:
7558:
7553:
7548:
7543:
7403:
7381:
7376:
7373:
7370:
7361:
7358:
7346:
7343:
7340:
7335:
7328:
7323:
7318:
7313:
7308:
7303:
7298:
7293:
7288:
7283:
7278:
7273:
7268:
7263:
7108:
7095:
7090:
7087:
7084:
7081:
7072:
7069:
7066:
7063:
7060:
7057:
7054:
7051:
7048:
7045:
7040:
7033:
7028:
7023:
7018:
7013:
7008:
7003:
6998:
6993:
6988:
6983:
6978:
6973:
6968:
6963:
6958:
6953:
6822:
6815:
6810:
6807:
6804:
6801:
6798:
6795:
6792:
6789:
6786:
6783:
6780:
6777:
6774:
6771:
6766:
6759:
6754:
6749:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6729:
6724:
6719:
6714:
6709:
6704:
6699:
6694:
6689:
6601:State Language Commission
6387:
6374:
6343:
6334:
6331:
6300:
6296:
6288:
6269:
6264:
6261:
6258:
6255:
6252:
6015:
5979:
5943:
5909:
5873:
5866:
5863:
5860:
5806:
5609:
5597:
5585:
5573:
5561:
5253:
5028:
4709:
4394:
4076:, but a bit more fronted
3936:
3932:
3924:
3920:
3912:
3908:
3881:
3840:
3827:
3802:
3746:
3694:
3669:
3665:
3585:
3559:
3534:
3366:
3361:
3358:
3355:
3352:
3349:
3346:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3334:
3328:
3059:
3049:es—or when followed by a
2337:
2332:
2306:
2274:
2217:
2194:
2137:
2108:
2019:
1592:Chinese Phonetic Alphabet
1530:Romanization in Singapore
1525:Romanization in Hong Kong
1449:Romanized General Chinese
1070:S. L. Wong (romanization)
779:
775:
771:
750:
743:
725:
711:
697:
683:
669:
662:
648:
641:
627:
620:
603:
589:
573:
559:
523:
509:
502:
497:
493:
485:
463:
441:
436:
415:
408:
391:
377:
363:
349:
335:
328:
314:
307:
293:
286:
269:
255:
239:
219:
205:
198:
193:
189:
181:
171:
163:
158:
154:
150:
140:
97:
75:
60:
47:
41:
10915:
10895:Gao, Johnson K. (2005).
10864:
10841:
10626:
10612:
10509:
10490:
10460:
10423:South China Morning Post
10370:"The Type—Wǒ ài pīnyīn!"
10112:10.1515/caslar-2018-0008
10021:"吕"拼音到怎么写？ 公安部称应拼写成"LYU"
10020:
9991:
9493:Sin, Kiong Wong (2012).
9464:Two-cell Chinese Braille
9454:Romanization of Japanese
9449:Cyrillization of Chinese
9069:Mainland Chinese Braille
9013:
8540:changed the mappings of
8096:Spacing Modifier Letters
7259:Non-sibilant consonants
5686:
4383:Similar to the sound in
1331:Nanchang-Duchang dialect
1124:Modern Literal Taiwanese
1003:Wenzhounese romanization
835:Modern Standard Mandarin
635:Hoe nyiu phin in faon oe
465:Traditional Chinese
10840:Wang Jun (王均) (1995).
10327:"Chapter 7: Europe-I".
9662:China Daily Asia Weekly
9196:Speak Mandarin Campaign
9094:handwriting recognition
8086:Typography and encoding
6629:government of Singapore
6222:, the mark goes on the
5082:(pronounced as English
3067:Standard Chinese vowels
1810:system was produced by
784:phonetic transcriptions
761:Hàn-gú pheng-im hong-àn
582:Han-yü Pʻin-yin Fang-an
443:Simplified Chinese
32:Pinyin (disambiguation)
10748:The Science of Reading
9992:公安部最新规定 护照上的"ü"规范成"YU"
9228:Guangdong Romanization
9023:
8987:Syllable segmentation
6631:, the United States's
6477:(two syllables: ) vs.
6437:are equivalent to the
6066:Placement and omission
5696:
5535:precomposed characters
5029:Finals beginning with
4710:Finals beginning with
4395:Finals beginning with
3903:) and syllabic nasals
2925:Unaspirated. Like the
2680:in Scottish English lo
1751:
1733:
1673:in non-Chinese texts.
1535:Romanization in Taiwan
1466:Other transliterations
1144:Daighi tongiong pingim
1040:Guangdong Romanization
909:Late imperial Mandarin
677:Honyúh Pingyām Fōng'on
656:Hon ngi pin im fong on
597:Hàn-yǔ Pin-yin Fang-àn
10705:Price, R. F. (2005).
10447:Wang & Zou (2003)
10061:10.1353/aad.2021.0038
9886:Terry, Edith (2002).
9686:National Public Radio
9657:Reprinted in part as
9598:Ao, Benjamin (1997).
9258:SASM/GNC romanization
9232:In accordance to the
9220:SASM/GNC romanization
9021:
8728:IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP
6605:Ministry of Education
6603:and placed under the
5829:Further information:
5694:
5371:⟩ and ⟨
4229:like British English
2066:lexicographical order
1870:Ministry of Education
1739:
1727:
1582:, is the most common
1080:Standard Romanization
916:Morrison romanization
705:Honyue Pingyam Fongon
567:Hannyeu Pinin Fangann
9847:. pp. 387–402.
9120:Xiandai Hanyu Cidian
9028:Chinese input method
8509:Xiandai Hanyu Cidian
7539:Sibilant consonants
6206:Worded differently,
6109:When the nucleus is
5454:, which always uses
5363:is added to ⟨
4175:approximately as in
4135:, but a bit lighter
2952:Aspirated. Like the
1698:romanization systems
1636:Chinese dictionaries
1630:on computers and to
1045:Hong Kong Government
852:Spelling conventions
719:Honyu Pingyem Fongon
517:Hànyǔ Pīnyīn Fāng'àn
30:For other uses, see
10922:]. Sinolingua.
10408:, pp. 206–208.
10396:, pp. 320–322.
9439:Combining character
8893:HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS
8878:HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS
8809:Connecting clauses
8700:
8553:
8460:m̀ (U+006D U+0300)
8406:M̀ (U+004D U+0300)
8114:
7945:
7540:
7260:
6950:
6686:
6633:Library of Congress
6617:postal romanization
6465:(and equivalent to
6418:for Taipei Mandarin
6247:
6199:takes the tone mark
5643:are not ambiguous,
5478:is used instead of
4236:, but more central
2668:Varies between the
2633:Strongly aspirated
2610:, like in English s
2517:Strongly aspirated
2494:, like in English s
2409:Strongly aspirated
2386:, like in English s
1969:or when a trailing
1911:Cultural Revolution
1606:) literally means '
926:Postal romanization
713:Canton Romanization
379:Canton Romanization
15372:Phonetic alphabets
15286:Cantonese Bopomofo
15153:Chinese characters
15081:Written Sichuanese
13665:Zhangjiakou–Hohhot
10999:by standard number
10698:The New York Times
10654:"Sound Principles"
10491:路牌改通用拼音？ 南市府：已採用多年
9918:The New York Times
9783:. 11 February 2008
9639:"Father of pinyin"
9238:少数民族语地名汉语拼音字母音译转写法
9103:Sorting techniques
9054:-based books with
9046:Chinese characters
9024:
8699:Symbol comparison
8698:
8683:can be spelled as
8674:can be spelled as
8644:can be spelled as
8617:can be spelled as
8590:can be spelled as
8551:
8468:n̄ (U+006E U+0304)
8457:m̌ (U+006D U+030C)
8451:m̄ (U+006D U+0304)
8440:ê̌ (U+00EA U+030C)
8434:ê̄ (U+00EA U+0304)
8414:N̄ (U+004E U+0304)
8403:M̌ (U+004D U+030C)
8397:M̄ (U+004D U+0304)
8386:Ê̌ (U+00CA U+030C)
8380:Ê̄ (U+00CA U+0304)
8112:
8062:Chinese characters
7941:
7538:
7258:
6945:
6681:
6665:for Cantonese and
6243:
5697:
5509:. Likewise, using
4812:(compare with the
4501:(compare with the
2637:, like in English
2521:, like in English
2413:, like in English
1918:Yale romanizations
1752:
1734:
1632:categorize entries
1620:Chinese characters
921:Legge romanization
15339:
15338:
15321:
15320:
15148:
15147:
15066:Written Cantonese
15061:
15060:
14843:Classical grammar
14838:Cantonese grammar
14673:
14672:
14570:
14569:
14376:
14375:
14295:
14294:
14157:
14156:
13864:
13863:
13651:
13650:
13541:Chengdu–Chongqing
13334:Sinitic languages
13290:
13289:
11013:ISO romanizations
10929:978-7-80052-148-5
10906:978-1-599-71251-2
10855:978-7-80092-298-5
10832:978-0-7352-1472-9
10813:978-90-272-1794-3
10737:978-1-4020-8038-8
10684:978-1-317-38249-2
10474:978-7-100-10440-1
10449:, pp. 26–27.
10343:978-1-936213-29-0
10252:. 15 August 2012.
10167:on 19 August 2014
10141:GB/T 16159 (2012)
9964:hua.umf.maine.edu
9946:GB/T 16159 (2012)
9899:978-0-7656-0355-5
9809:. Cambridge, MA:
9577:978-0-231-51799-7
9540:978-0-674-02881-4
9506:978-981-4374-47-7
9430:
9429:
9266:⟨ê⟩
9262:⟨ü⟩
9242:少數民族語地名漢語拼音字母音譯寫法
9011:
9010:
8788:IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA
8693:
8692:
8546:⟨ǹ⟩
8542:⟨ḿ⟩
8533:Private Use Areas
8529:⟨ǹ⟩
8525:⟨ḿ⟩
8518:
8517:
8083:
8082:
7939:
7938:
7536:
7535:
7256:
7255:
6943:
6942:
6677:Comparison charts
6391:
6390:
6098:the nucleus, and
6063:
6062:
5776:⟨ˋ⟩
5761:⟨ˇ⟩
5746:⟨ˊ⟩
5731:⟨ˉ⟩
5705:tones of Mandarin
5539:combining accents
5348:
5347:
3954:According to the
3885:
3884:
3276:
3275:
3208:
3207:
3203:
3189:
3181:
3173:
3165:
3153:
3144:
3135:
3127:
3057:
3056:
2350:
2349:
2097:
2096:
2064:The conventional
1885:Latinxua Sin Wenz
1573:
1572:
1415:Chang–Yi dialects
1251:Hinghwa Romanized
1206:Foochow Romanized
1035:Yale romanization
951:Sichuanese Pinyin
879:Yale romanization
859:Latinxua Sin Wenz
813:
812:
767:
766:
671:Yale Romanization
504:Standard Mandarin
432:
431:
337:Yale Romanization
200:Standard Mandarin
64:Pinyin Committee
16:(Redirected from
15389:
15331:
15330:
15303:Taiwanese Hangul
15192:Mainland Chinese
15105:
15104:
15096:
15095:
15021:
15020:
14698:Standard Chinese
14681:
14449:
14448:
14168:
14167:
14061:
14060:
14052:
14051:
13934:
13922:
13910:
13898:
13886:
13685:
13684:
13357:
13356:
13348:
13347:
13324:Chinese language
13317:
13310:
13303:
13294:
13293:
13280:
13279:
11000:
10988:
10981:
10974:
10965:
10964:
10958:
10950:
10933:
10910:
10882:
10859:
10836:
10817:
10796:
10787:
10762:
10741:
10722:
10701:
10688:
10669:
10667:
10665:
10648:
10635:
10621:
10597:
10591:
10585:
10579:
10570:
10569:
10567:
10565:
10550:
10544:
10543:
10541:
10539:
10519:
10513:
10512:
10507:
10505:
10485:
10479:
10478:
10456:
10450:
10444:
10438:
10437:
10432:
10430:
10425:. 5 January 2018
10415:
10409:
10403:
10397:
10391:
10385:
10384:
10382:
10380:
10365:
10348:
10347:
10335:
10324:
10318:
10312:
10306:
10305:
10303:
10301:
10278:
10272:
10271:
10259:
10253:
10236:
10230:
10217:
10211:
10210:
10208:
10206:
10183:
10177:
10176:
10174:
10172:
10153:
10144:
10138:
10132:
10131:
10095:
10089:
10088:
10044:
10038:
10037:
10035:
10033:
10015:
10009:
10008:
10006:
10004:
9986:
9980:
9979:
9977:
9975:
9966:. Archived from
9955:
9949:
9943:
9937:
9936:
9934:
9932:
9910:
9904:
9903:
9883:
9877:
9876:
9871:
9869:
9863:
9842:
9831:
9825:
9824:
9802:
9793:
9792:
9790:
9788:
9771:
9762:
9756:
9750:
9744:
9738:
9737:
9735:
9733:
9718:
9712:
9706:
9697:
9696:
9694:
9692:
9673:
9667:
9666:
9656:
9654:
9652:
9635:
9629:
9623:
9612:
9611:
9595:
9589:
9588:
9586:
9584:
9561:
9552:
9551:
9549:
9547:
9524:
9518:
9517:
9515:
9513:
9490:
9425:
9420:
9416:
9400:
9395:
9391:
9375:
9370:
9354:
9349:
9345:
9329:
9324:
9320:
9304:
9299:
9295:
9271:
9270:
9267:
9263:
9243:
9239:
9007:
9001:
8992:
8984:
8981:
8978:
8976:
8968:
8963:
8955:
8952:
8949:
8947:
8939:
8934:
8926:
8923:
8920:
8918:
8907:
8902:
8894:
8891:
8888:
8886:
8879:
8876:
8873:
8871:
8863:
8858:
8850:
8847:
8844:
8842:
8835:
8832:
8829:
8827:
8819:
8814:
8806:
8803:
8800:
8798:
8789:
8786:
8783:
8781:
8775:
8772:
8769:
8767:
8756:
8751:
8746:End of sentence
8743:
8740:
8737:
8735:
8729:
8726:
8723:
8721:
8701:
8697:
8682:
8673:
8669:
8658:Abbreviation of
8643:
8639:
8631:Abbreviation of
8616:
8612:
8604:Abbreviation of
8589:
8585:
8577:Abbreviation of
8554:
8550:
8547:
8543:
8530:
8526:
8505:
8502:
8494:
8491:
8115:
8111:
7976:
7971:
7966:
7961:
7956:
7946:
7940:
7641:
7636:
7631:
7626:
7621:
7616:
7611:
7606:
7601:
7596:
7591:
7586:
7581:
7576:
7571:
7566:
7561:
7556:
7551:
7541:
7537:
7331:
7326:
7321:
7316:
7311:
7306:
7301:
7296:
7291:
7286:
7281:
7276:
7271:
7261:
7257:
7036:
7031:
7026:
7021:
7016:
7011:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6951:
6944:
6762:
6757:
6752:
6747:
6742:
6737:
6732:
6727:
6722:
6717:
6712:
6707:
6702:
6697:
6687:
6680:
6648:Literary Chinese
6644:Standard Chinese
6558:
6428:
6419:
6416:
6385:
6380:
6368:
6363:
6358:
6353:
6349:
6339:
6327:
6322:
6315:
6310:
6306:
6294:
6282:
6277:
6248:
6246:
6242:
6116:
6105:
6090:is the initial,
6072:a, o, e, i, u, ü
6059:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6034:
6031:
6026:
6011:
6003:
5998:
5991:
5988:
5975:
5967:
5962:
5955:
5952:
5939:
5928:
5921:
5918:
5905:
5897:
5892:
5885:
5882:
5858:
5857:
5819:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5777:
5762:
5747:
5732:
5709:syllable nucleus
5618:
5611:
5606:
5599:
5594:
5587:
5582:
5575:
5570:
5563:
5548:
5437:
5433:
5398:
5394:
5386:
5382:
5374:
5370:
5366:
5354:
5301:
5270:
5059:
5058:
5057:
5051:
4963:; as in English
4901:, as in English
4867:, as in English
4734:
4419:
4291:and ends in the
4098:
4097:
4096:
4090:
4060:
3971:
3970:
3938:
3934:
3926:
3922:
3914:
3910:
3902:
3898:
3318:
3317:
3268:
3261:
3254:
3201:
3200:
3187:
3186:
3179:
3178:
3171:
3169:
3163:
3161:
3151:
3149:
3142:
3140:
3133:
3131:
3125:
3123:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3082:
3041:Either like the
3038:
3030:
3003:
2976:
2949:
2922:
2887:
2859:
2851:
2824:
2816:
2789:
2781:
2754:
2727:
2700:
2665:
2657:
2630:
2603:
2576:
2568:
2541:
2514:
2487:
2460:
2433:
2406:
2379:
2352:
2351:
2106:
2105:
2075:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2003:
1994:
1989:
1985:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1887:(1931), and the
1786:
1781:
1776:Nicolas Trigault
1773:
1748:
1605:
1601:
1588:Standard Chinese
1565:
1558:
1551:
1487:ʼPhags-pa script
1306:Romanized Shaowu
1285:Wenchang dialect
1271:Hainan Romanized
1160:Comparison chart
1091:Comparison chart
1075:Cantonese Pinyin
1050:Macau Government
895:Comparison chart
815:
814:
809:
803:
799:
763:
762:
739:
738:
737:
721:
720:
707:
706:
693:
692:
679:
678:
658:
657:
637:
636:
616:
615:
614:
599:
598:
585:
584:
583:
569:
568:
555:
554:
553:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
519:
518:
495:
494:
481:
480:
459:
458:
428:
427:
404:
403:
402:
387:
386:
373:
372:
359:
358:
345:
344:
324:
323:
303:
302:
282:
281:
280:
265:
264:
251:
250:
249:
235:
234:
233:
231:
215:
214:
191:
190:
177:
176:
175:
145:Standard Chinese
133:
125:
117:
109:
89:
83:11 February 1958
39:
38:
21:
15397:
15396:
15392:
15391:
15390:
15388:
15387:
15386:
15382:Ruby characters
15377:Phonetic guides
15342:
15341:
15340:
15335:
15317:
15254:Tongyong Pinyin
15234:Gwoyeu Romatzyh
15222:Dungan Cyrillic
15205:
15174:
15144:
15085:
15076:Written Hokkien
15057:
15016:
15010:
14986:Middle Mandarin
14952:
14872:
14847:
14809:
14756:
14689:
14682:
14669:
14618:
14566:
14525:
14502:
14438:
14372:
14291:
14270:
14252:
14229:
14153:
14120:
14097:
14041:
13977:
13937:
13928:
13916:
13904:
13892:
13880:
13860:
13842:
13814:
13796:
13770:
13747:
13674:
13647:
13621:
13598:
13522:
13462:
13434:
13411:
13388:
13337:
13326:
13321:
13291:
13286:
13268:
13192:
12918:
12070:
11019:
11001:
10998:
10992:
10956:
10948:
10941:
10936:
10930:
10917:
10907:
10890:
10888:Further reading
10885:
10879:
10869:Reference Books
10866:
10856:
10843:
10833:
10814:
10759:
10738:
10719:
10685:
10663:
10661:
10628:
10614:
10610:
10606:
10601:
10600:
10592:
10588:
10580:
10573:
10563:
10561:
10551:
10547:
10537:
10535:
10520:
10516:
10511:
10503:
10501:
10492:
10486:
10482:
10475:
10462:
10457:
10453:
10445:
10441:
10428:
10426:
10417:
10416:
10412:
10404:
10400:
10392:
10388:
10378:
10376:
10366:
10351:
10344:
10333:
10326:
10325:
10321:
10313:
10309:
10299:
10297:
10279:
10275:
10260:
10256:
10237:
10233:
10218:
10214:
10204:
10202:
10201:on 28 July 2014
10185:
10184:
10180:
10170:
10168:
10155:
10154:
10147:
10139:
10135:
10096:
10092:
10045:
10041:
10031:
10029:
10022:
10016:
10012:
10002:
10000:
9999:on 14 July 2014
9993:
9987:
9983:
9973:
9971:
9970:on 12 June 2010
9958:Shea, Marilyn.
9956:
9952:
9944:
9940:
9930:
9928:
9912:
9911:
9907:
9900:
9884:
9880:
9867:
9865:
9861:
9855:
9840:
9832:
9828:
9821:
9803:
9796:
9786:
9784:
9773:
9772:
9765:
9757:
9753:
9747:Rohsenow (2004)
9745:
9741:
9731:
9729:
9719:
9715:
9709:Branigan (2008)
9707:
9700:
9690:
9688:
9674:
9670:
9650:
9648:
9647:. 26 March 2009
9637:
9636:
9632:
9624:
9615:
9596:
9592:
9582:
9580:
9578:
9562:
9555:
9545:
9543:
9541:
9525:
9521:
9511:
9509:
9507:
9491:
9487:
9482:
9477:
9435:
9277:Official pinyin
9265:
9261:
9230:
9216:
9189:
9183:
9154:Tongyong Pinyin
9150:
9148:Tongyong Pinyin
9140:
9135:
9111:
9105:
9077:
9039:adult education
9016:
8997:
8982:
8979:
8974:
8973:
8964:
8953:
8950:
8945:
8944:
8935:
8924:
8921:
8916:
8915:
8903:
8892:
8889:
8884:
8883:
8877:
8874:
8869:
8868:
8859:
8848:
8845:
8840:
8839:
8833:
8830:
8825:
8824:
8815:
8804:
8801:
8796:
8795:
8792:
8787:
8784:
8779:
8778:
8774:FULLWIDTH COMMA
8773:
8770:
8765:
8764:
8752:
8741:
8738:
8733:
8732:
8727:
8724:
8719:
8718:
8689:
8545:
8541:
8528:
8524:
8503:
8492:
8154:Common letters
8088:
8004:Tongyong Pinyin
7711:Tongyong Pinyin
7383:Tongyong Pinyin
7097:Tongyong Pinyin
6817:Tongyong Pinyin
6679:
6613:
6578:
6567:
6562:
6561:
6429:
6422:
6417:
6396:
6244:
6210:If there is an
6191:If there is an
6180:If there is an
6068:
6054:
6035:
6032:
6006:
5992:
5989:
5970:
5956:
5953:
5934:
5922:
5919:
5900:
5886:
5883:
5833:
5827:
5775:
5760:
5745:
5730:
5689:
5452:Tongyong Pinyin
5357:
5352:
5053:
5052:
4586:; like English
4462:; like English
4328:above but with
4281:
4092:
4091:
3879:
3869:
3866:
3856:
3853:
3843:
3838:
3828:
3825:
3815:
3812:
3798:
3788:
3785:
3775:
3772:
3762:
3759:
3749:
3744:
3734:
3731:
3721:
3718:
3708:
3705:
3695:
3692:
3682:
3679:
3663:
3653:
3650:
3640:
3637:
3627:
3624:
3614:
3611:
3601:
3598:
3588:
3583:
3573:
3570:
3560:
3557:
3547:
3544:
3530:
3523:
3520:
3510:
3507:
3497:
3494:
3484:
3481:
3471:
3468:
3458:
3455:
3445:
3442:
3432:
3429:
3419:
3416:
3406:
3403:
3393:
3390:
3380:
3377:
3370:
3326:
3323:
3278:
3277:
3272:
3210:
3209:
3204:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3182:
3174:
3156:
3154:
3145:
3136:
3079:
3062:
2831:in English chur
2707:in English chur
2127:Alveolo-palatal
2062:
1935:
1881:Gwoyeu Romatzyh
1838:
1826:Yale University
1818:, presented in
1757:
1722:
1714:Tongyong Pinyin
1569:
1540:
1539:
1520:
1512:
1511:
1467:
1454:
1453:
1444:
1442:General Chinese
1427:
1426:
1417:
1400:
1399:
1385:
1375:
1374:
1360:
1358:Meixian dialect
1343:
1342:
1333:
1316:
1315:
1301:
1291:
1290:
1266:
1256:
1255:
1246:
1236:
1235:
1226:
1216:
1215:
1201:
1191:
1190:
1176:
1166:
1165:
1139:Bbánlám pìngyīm
1129:Phofsit Daibuun
1114:
1097:
1096:
1025:
1008:
1007:
998:
988:
987:
978:
961:
960:
946:
936:
935:
911:
901:
900:
889:Simplified Wade
869:Tongyong Pinyin
847:Gwoyeu Romatzyh
837:
780:
591:Tongyong Pinyin
581:
561:Gwoyeu Romatzyh
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
486:Literal meaning
257:Tongyong Pinyin
247:
229:
182:Literal meaning
136:
131:
123:
115:
107:
98:Official script
93:
92:
87:
55:
43:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
15395:
15385:
15384:
15379:
15374:
15369:
15364:
15359:
15354:
15337:
15336:
15326:
15323:
15322:
15319:
15318:
15316:
15315:
15310:
15305:
15300:
15298:Taiwanese kana
15295:
15294:
15293:
15288:
15278:
15277:
15276:
15271:
15269:Lessing-Othmer
15266:
15261:
15256:
15251:
15246:
15241:
15236:
15226:
15225:
15224:
15213:
15211:
15207:
15206:
15204:
15199:
15194:
15189:
15184:
15182:
15176:
15175:
15173:
15172:
15167:
15166:
15165:
15160:
15149:
15146:
15145:
15143:
15138:
15133:
15128:
15123:
15118:
15113:
15111:
15102:
15093:
15087:
15086:
15084:
15083:
15078:
15073:
15071:Written Dungan
15068:
15062:
15059:
15058:
15056:
15055:
15050:
15049:
15048:
15043:
15038:
15027:
15025:
15018:
15012:
15011:
15009:
15008:
15003:
14998:
14993:
14988:
14983:
14978:
14976:Middle Chinese
14973:
14968:
14962:
14960:
14954:
14953:
14951:
14950:
14945:
14943:Wubi (Wang Ma)
14940:
14935:
14934:
14933:
14928:
14923:
14913:
14908:
14903:
14902:
14901:
14891:
14888:
14882:
14880:
14874:
14873:
14871:
14870:
14863:
14855:
14853:
14849:
14848:
14846:
14845:
14840:
14835:
14830:
14825:
14819:
14817:
14811:
14810:
14808:
14807:
14802:
14797:
14792:
14787:
14782:
14777:
14776:
14775:
14764:
14762:
14758:
14757:
14755:
14754:
14749:
14744:
14739:
14738:
14737:
14736:
14735:
14730:
14720:
14715:
14710:
14705:
14694:
14692:
14684:
14683:
14676:
14674:
14671:
14670:
14668:
14667:
14662:
14660:Xiangnan Tuhua
14657:
14652:
14647:
14645:Shaozhou Tuhua
14642:
14637:
14632:
14626:
14624:
14620:
14619:
14617:
14616:
14615:
14614:
14609:
14604:
14596:
14595:
14594:
14589:
14580:
14578:
14572:
14571:
14568:
14567:
14565:
14564:
14559:
14554:
14549:
14544:
14539:
14533:
14531:
14527:
14526:
14524:
14523:
14518:
14512:
14510:
14504:
14503:
14501:
14500:
14495:
14490:
14485:
14480:
14475:
14474:
14473:
14468:
14457:
14455:
14446:
14440:
14439:
14437:
14436:
14435:
14434:
14429:
14424:
14414:
14413:
14412:
14402:
14397:
14392:
14386:
14384:
14378:
14377:
14374:
14373:
14371:
14370:
14369:
14368:
14363:
14358:
14348:
14347:
14346:
14336:
14331:
14326:
14321:
14320:
14319:
14314:
14303:
14301:
14297:
14296:
14293:
14292:
14290:
14289:
14284:
14278:
14276:
14272:
14271:
14269:
14268:
14262:
14260:
14254:
14253:
14251:
14250:
14245:
14239:
14237:
14231:
14230:
14228:
14227:
14222:
14217:
14212:
14207:
14202:
14197:
14192:
14187:
14182:
14176:
14174:
14165:
14159:
14158:
14155:
14154:
14152:
14151:
14150:
14149:
14144:
14134:
14128:
14126:
14122:
14121:
14119:
14118:
14113:
14107:
14105:
14099:
14098:
14096:
14095:
14090:
14085:
14080:
14075:
14069:
14067:
14058:
14049:
14043:
14042:
14040:
14039:
14038:
14037:
14027:
14022:
14021:
14020:
14015:
14010:
14000:
13999:
13998:
13987:
13985:
13979:
13978:
13976:
13975:
13970:
13965:
13960:
13959:
13958:
13947:
13945:
13939:
13938:
13936:
13935:
13923:
13911:
13899:
13887:
13874:
13872:
13866:
13865:
13862:
13861:
13859:
13858:
13852:
13850:
13844:
13843:
13841:
13840:
13835:
13830:
13824:
13822:
13816:
13815:
13813:
13812:
13806:
13804:
13798:
13797:
13795:
13794:
13789:
13784:
13778:
13776:
13772:
13771:
13769:
13768:
13763:
13757:
13755:
13749:
13748:
13746:
13745:
13740:
13735:
13730:
13725:
13720:
13714:
13709:
13704:
13699:
13693:
13691:
13682:
13676:
13675:
13673:
13672:
13667:
13661:
13659:
13653:
13652:
13649:
13648:
13646:
13645:
13640:
13635:
13629:
13627:
13623:
13622:
13620:
13619:
13614:
13608:
13606:
13600:
13599:
13597:
13596:
13595:
13594:
13584:
13579:
13574:
13569:
13568:
13567:
13566:
13565:
13558:Renshou–Fushun
13555:
13554:
13553:
13543:
13532:
13530:
13524:
13523:
13521:
13520:
13515:
13510:
13505:
13500:
13495:
13494:
13493:
13483:
13478:
13472:
13470:
13468:Central Plains
13464:
13463:
13461:
13460:
13455:
13450:
13444:
13442:
13436:
13435:
13433:
13432:
13427:
13421:
13419:
13413:
13412:
13410:
13409:
13404:
13398:
13396:
13390:
13389:
13387:
13386:
13381:
13376:
13371:
13365:
13363:
13354:
13345:
13339:
13338:
13331:
13328:
13327:
13320:
13319:
13312:
13305:
13297:
13288:
13287:
13285:
13284:
13273:
13270:
13269:
13267:
13266:
13261:
13256:
13251:
13246:
13241:
13236:
13231:
13226:
13221:
13216:
13211:
13206:
13200:
13198:
13194:
13193:
13191:
13190:
13185:
13180:
13175:
13172:
13167:
13162:
13157:
13152:
13147:
13142:
13137:
13132:
13127:
13122:
13117:
13112:
13107:
13102:
13097:
13092:
13087:
13082:
13077:
13072:
13067:
13062:
13057:
13052:
13047:
13042:
13037:
13032:
13027:
13022:
13017:
13012:
13007:
13002:
12997:
12992:
12987:
12982:
12977:
12972:
12967:
12962:
12957:
12952:
12947:
12942:
12937:
12932:
12926:
12924:
12920:
12919:
12917:
12916:
12911:
12906:
12901:
12896:
12891:
12886:
12881:
12876:
12871:
12866:
12861:
12856:
12851:
12846:
12841:
12836:
12831:
12826:
12821:
12816:
12811:
12806:
12801:
12800:
12799:
12794:
12784:
12779:
12774:
12769:
12764:
12759:
12754:
12749:
12744:
12739:
12734:
12729:
12724:
12719:
12714:
12709:
12704:
12699:
12694:
12689:
12684:
12679:
12674:
12669:
12664:
12659:
12654:
12649:
12644:
12639:
12634:
12629:
12628:
12627:
12617:
12612:
12607:
12602:
12597:
12592:
12587:
12586:
12585:
12580:
12570:
12565:
12560:
12555:
12550:
12545:
12540:
12535:
12530:
12525:
12520:
12515:
12510:
12505:
12500:
12499:
12498:
12493:
12488:
12483:
12478:
12473:
12468:
12463:
12458:
12448:
12443:
12438:
12433:
12428:
12423:
12418:
12413:
12408:
12403:
12398:
12393:
12388:
12383:
12378:
12373:
12368:
12363:
12358:
12353:
12352:
12351:
12346:
12336:
12331:
12326:
12321:
12316:
12311:
12306:
12301:
12296:
12291:
12281:
12276:
12271:
12266:
12261:
12256:
12251:
12246:
12241:
12236:
12231:
12226:
12221:
12216:
12211:
12206:
12201:
12196:
12191:
12186:
12181:
12176:
12171:
12166:
12165:
12164:
12159:
12154:
12149:
12144:
12134:
12129:
12124:
12119:
12114:
12109:
12104:
12099:
12094:
12089:
12084:
12078:
12076:
12072:
12071:
12069:
12068:
12063:
12058:
12053:
12048:
12043:
12038:
12033:
12028:
12023:
12018:
12013:
12008:
12003:
11998:
11993:
11988:
11983:
11978:
11973:
11968:
11963:
11958:
11953:
11948:
11943:
11938:
11937:
11936:
11931:
11926:
11921:
11916:
11911:
11906:
11901:
11896:
11891:
11886:
11881:
11876:
11871:
11866:
11861:
11856:
11846:
11841:
11836:
11831:
11826:
11821:
11816:
11811:
11806:
11801:
11796:
11791:
11786:
11781:
11776:
11771:
11766:
11761:
11756:
11751:
11746:
11741:
11736:
11731:
11726:
11721:
11720:
11719:
11709:
11704:
11699:
11694:
11689:
11684:
11679:
11674:
11669:
11664:
11659:
11654:
11649:
11644:
11639:
11634:
11629:
11624:
11619:
11614:
11609:
11604:
11599:
11594:
11589:
11584:
11579:
11574:
11569:
11564:
11559:
11554:
11549:
11544:
11539:
11534:
11529:
11524:
11519:
11514:
11509:
11504:
11499:
11498:
11497:
11492:
11487:
11477:
11472:
11467:
11462:
11457:
11452:
11447:
11442:
11437:
11432:
11427:
11422:
11417:
11412:
11407:
11402:
11397:
11392:
11387:
11382:
11377:
11372:
11367:
11362:
11357:
11352:
11347:
11342:
11337:
11332:
11327:
11322:
11317:
11312:
11307:
11302:
11297:
11292:
11287:
11282:
11277:
11272:
11267:
11262:
11257:
11256:
11255:
11250:
11245:
11240:
11235:
11225:
11220:
11215:
11210:
11205:
11200:
11195:
11190:
11185:
11180:
11175:
11170:
11165:
11160:
11155:
11150:
11145:
11144:
11143:
11138:
11133:
11128:
11123:
11118:
11113:
11108:
11103:
11098:
11093:
11088:
11083:
11073:
11068:
11063:
11058:
11053:
11048:
11043:
11038:
11033:
11027:
11025:
11021:
11020:
11006:
11003:
11002:
10991:
10990:
10983:
10976:
10968:
10962:
10961:
10960:
10959:
10940:
10939:External links
10937:
10935:
10934:
10928:
10911:
10905:
10891:
10889:
10886:
10884:
10883:
10877:
10860:
10854:
10837:
10831:
10818:
10812:
10799:
10798:
10797:
10793:Sybesma (2015)
10763:
10757:
10742:
10736:
10723:
10717:
10702:
10689:
10683:
10670:
10649:
10636:
10622:
10607:
10605:
10602:
10599:
10598:
10596:, p. 485.
10586:
10571:
10545:
10514:
10480:
10473:
10451:
10439:
10410:
10398:
10386:
10349:
10342:
10319:
10317:, p. 124.
10307:
10273:
10254:
10231:
10212:
10178:
10145:
10133:
10106:(2): 195–219.
10090:
10055:(4): 446–461.
10039:
10028:on 28 May 2013
10010:
9981:
9950:
9938:
9905:
9898:
9878:
9853:
9826:
9819:
9794:
9763:
9751:
9739:
9727:The New Yorker
9723:"Oracle Bones"
9713:
9698:
9668:
9630:
9613:
9590:
9576:
9553:
9539:
9519:
9505:
9484:
9483:
9481:
9478:
9476:
9473:
9472:
9471:
9466:
9461:
9456:
9451:
9446:
9441:
9434:
9431:
9428:
9427:
9412:
9409:
9403:
9402:
9387:
9384:
9378:
9377:
9366:
9363:
9357:
9356:
9341:
9338:
9332:
9331:
9316:
9311:
9307:
9306:
9291:
9288:
9282:
9281:
9278:
9275:
9224:Tibetan pinyin
9215:
9212:
9182:
9179:
9139:
9136:
9134:
9131:
9107:Main article:
9104:
9101:
9076:
9075:Computer input
9073:
9015:
9012:
9009:
9008:
8988:
8985:
8970:
8969:
8959:
8956:
8941:
8940:
8930:
8927:
8913:
8909:
8908:
8898:
8895:
8881:
8865:
8864:
8854:
8851:
8837:
8821:
8820:
8810:
8807:
8793:
8791:
8790:
8776:
8761:
8758:
8757:
8747:
8744:
8730:
8715:
8714:
8711:
8708:
8705:
8691:
8690:
8688:
8687:
8678:
8664:
8662:
8656:
8653:
8649:
8648:
8635:
8629:
8626:
8622:
8621:
8608:
8602:
8599:
8595:
8594:
8581:
8575:
8572:
8568:
8567:
8564:
8561:
8558:
8516:
8515:
8514:
8513:
8506:indicate that
8496:
8479:
8478:
8475:
8472:
8469:
8466:
8462:
8461:
8458:
8455:
8452:
8449:
8445:
8444:
8441:
8438:
8435:
8432:
8429:
8425:
8424:
8421:
8418:
8415:
8412:
8408:
8407:
8404:
8401:
8398:
8395:
8391:
8390:
8387:
8384:
8381:
8378:
8375:
8371:
8370:
8366:
8365:
8362:
8359:
8356:
8353:
8349:
8348:
8345:
8342:
8339:
8336:
8332:
8331:
8328:
8325:
8322:
8319:
8315:
8314:
8311:
8308:
8305:
8302:
8298:
8297:
8294:
8291:
8288:
8285:
8281:
8280:
8277:
8274:
8271:
8268:
8265:
8261:
8260:
8257:
8254:
8251:
8248:
8244:
8243:
8240:
8237:
8234:
8231:
8227:
8226:
8223:
8220:
8217:
8214:
8210:
8209:
8206:
8203:
8200:
8197:
8193:
8192:
8189:
8186:
8183:
8180:
8176:
8175:
8172:
8169:
8166:
8163:
8160:
8156:
8155:
8151:
8150:
8147:
8144:
8141:
8138:
8132:
8131:
8128:
8125:
8122:
8119:
8087:
8084:
8081:
8080:
8077:
8074:
8071:
8068:
8065:
8057:
8056:
8053:
8050:
8047:
8044:
8041:
8035:
8034:
8031:
8028:
8025:
8022:
8019:
8013:
8012:
8009:
8006:
8000:
7999:
7996:
7993:
7990:
7987:
7984:
7978:
7977:
7972:
7967:
7962:
7957:
7952:
7937:
7936:
7933:
7930:
7927:
7924:
7921:
7918:
7915:
7912:
7909:
7906:
7903:
7900:
7897:
7894:
7891:
7888:
7885:
7882:
7879:
7875:
7874:
7871:
7868:
7865:
7862:
7859:
7856:
7853:
7850:
7847:
7844:
7841:
7838:
7835:
7832:
7829:
7826:
7823:
7820:
7817:
7811:
7810:
7807:
7804:
7801:
7798:
7795:
7792:
7789:
7786:
7783:
7780:
7777:
7774:
7771:
7768:
7765:
7762:
7759:
7756:
7753:
7747:
7746:
7743:
7740:
7737:
7734:
7731:
7728:
7725:
7722:
7719:
7716:
7713:
7707:
7706:
7703:
7700:
7697:
7694:
7691:
7688:
7685:
7682:
7679:
7676:
7673:
7670:
7667:
7664:
7661:
7658:
7655:
7652:
7649:
7643:
7642:
7637:
7632:
7627:
7622:
7617:
7612:
7607:
7602:
7597:
7592:
7587:
7582:
7577:
7572:
7567:
7562:
7557:
7552:
7547:
7534:
7533:
7530:
7527:
7524:
7521:
7518:
7515:
7512:
7509:
7506:
7503:
7500:
7497:
7494:
7490:
7489:
7486:
7483:
7480:
7477:
7474:
7471:
7468:
7465:
7462:
7459:
7456:
7453:
7450:
7444:
7443:
7440:
7437:
7434:
7431:
7428:
7425:
7422:
7419:
7416:
7413:
7410:
7407:
7401:
7400:
7397:
7394:
7391:
7388:
7385:
7379:
7378:
7375:
7372:
7369:
7366:
7363:
7360:
7357:
7354:
7351:
7348:
7345:
7342:
7339:
7333:
7332:
7327:
7322:
7317:
7312:
7307:
7302:
7297:
7292:
7287:
7282:
7277:
7272:
7267:
7254:
7253:
7250:
7247:
7244:
7241:
7238:
7235:
7232:
7229:
7226:
7223:
7220:
7217:
7214:
7211:
7208:
7205:
7201:
7200:
7197:
7194:
7191:
7188:
7185:
7182:
7179:
7176:
7173:
7170:
7167:
7164:
7161:
7158:
7155:
7152:
7146:
7145:
7142:
7139:
7136:
7133:
7130:
7127:
7124:
7121:
7118:
7115:
7112:
7106:
7105:
7102:
7099:
7093:
7092:
7089:
7086:
7083:
7080:
7077:
7074:
7071:
7068:
7065:
7062:
7059:
7056:
7053:
7050:
7047:
7044:
7038:
7037:
7032:
7027:
7022:
7017:
7012:
7007:
7002:
6997:
6992:
6987:
6982:
6977:
6972:
6967:
6962:
6957:
6941:
6940:
6937:
6934:
6931:
6928:
6925:
6922:
6919:
6916:
6913:
6910:
6907:
6904:
6901:
6898:
6894:
6893:
6890:
6887:
6884:
6881:
6878:
6875:
6872:
6869:
6866:
6863:
6860:
6857:
6854:
6851:
6845:
6844:
6841:
6838:
6835:
6832:
6829:
6826:
6820:
6819:
6813:
6812:
6809:
6806:
6803:
6800:
6797:
6794:
6791:
6788:
6785:
6782:
6779:
6776:
6773:
6770:
6764:
6763:
6758:
6753:
6748:
6743:
6738:
6733:
6728:
6723:
6718:
6713:
6708:
6703:
6698:
6693:
6678:
6675:
6625:United Nations
6621:mainland China
6612:
6609:
6593:Victor H. Mair
6577:
6574:
6566:
6563:
6560:
6559:
6420:
6393:
6392:
6389:
6388:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6372:
6371:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6345:
6341:
6340:
6335:
6333:
6329:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6316:
6311:
6302:
6298:
6297:
6295:
6290:
6286:
6285:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6271:
6267:
6266:
6263:
6260:
6257:
6254:
6251:
6238:
6237:
6226:
6204:
6203:
6200:
6189:
6067:
6064:
6061:
6060:
6055:
6053:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6027:
6021:
6019:
6013:
6012:
6007:
6005:
6004:
5999:
5983:
5981:
5977:
5976:
5971:
5969:
5968:
5963:
5947:
5945:
5941:
5940:
5935:
5933:
5932:
5929:
5913:
5911:
5907:
5906:
5901:
5899:
5898:
5893:
5877:
5875:
5871:
5870:
5865:
5862:
5826:
5823:
5793:
5792:
5791:
5790:
5784:
5783:
5782:
5769:
5768:
5767:
5754:
5753:
5752:
5739:
5738:
5737:
5688:
5685:
5541:on the letter
5356:
5349:
5346:
5345:
5331:
5326:
5324:
5318:
5317:
5307:
5302:
5293:
5287:
5286:
5276:
5271:
5262:
5256:
5255:
5254:Interjections
5251:
5250:
5217:
5212:
5210:
5204:
5203:
5170:
5165:
5163:
5157:
5156:
5119:
5114:
5112:
5106:
5105:
5065:
5060:
5045:
5039:
5038:
5026:
5025:
5011:
5006:
5004:
4998:
4997:
4983:
4978:
4976:
4970:
4969:
4949:
4944:
4942:
4936:
4935:
4921:
4916:
4914:
4908:
4907:
4887:
4882:
4880:
4874:
4873:
4853:
4848:
4846:
4840:
4839:
4794:
4789:
4787:
4777:
4776:
4762:
4757:
4755:
4749:
4748:
4740:
4735:
4726:
4720:
4719:
4707:
4706:
4691:
4686:
4684:
4678:
4677:
4663:
4658:
4656:
4650:
4649:
4635:
4630:
4628:
4622:
4621:
4607:
4602:
4600:
4594:
4593:
4576:
4571:
4569:
4563:
4562:
4548:
4543:
4541:
4535:
4534:
4520:
4515:
4513:
4507:
4506:
4483:
4478:
4476:
4470:
4469:
4448:
4443:
4441:
4435:
4434:
4425:
4420:
4411:
4405:
4404:
4392:
4391:
4381:
4376:
4373:
4367:
4366:
4348:
4343:
4340:
4334:
4333:
4318:
4313:
4311:
4305:
4304:
4274:
4269:
4267:
4261:
4260:
4251:
4246:
4244:
4238:
4237:
4227:
4222:
4220:
4214:
4213:
4204:
4199:
4197:
4191:
4190:
4173:
4168:
4166:
4160:
4159:
4150:
4145:
4143:
4137:
4136:
4129:
4124:
4122:
4116:
4115:
4105:
4100:
4084:
4078:
4077:
4066:
4061:
4052:
4046:
4045:
4004:
3997:
3994:
3988:
3987:
3984:
3978:
3975:
3939:) are used as
3883:
3882:
3880:
3878:
3877:
3874:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3864:
3861:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3851:
3848:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3837:
3836:
3833:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3823:
3820:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3810:
3807:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3796:
3793:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3783:
3780:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3770:
3767:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3757:
3754:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3743:
3742:
3739:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3729:
3726:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3716:
3713:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3700:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3690:
3687:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3677:
3674:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3662:
3661:
3658:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3648:
3645:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3635:
3632:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3622:
3619:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3609:
3606:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3596:
3593:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3582:
3581:
3578:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3568:
3565:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3552:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3539:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3528:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3518:
3515:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3505:
3502:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3492:
3489:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3479:
3476:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3466:
3463:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3453:
3450:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3440:
3437:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3427:
3424:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3411:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3401:
3398:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3388:
3385:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3375:
3371:
3368:
3364:
3363:
3360:
3357:
3354:
3351:
3348:
3345:
3342:
3339:
3336:
3333:
3330:
3327:
3324:
3321:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3270:
3263:
3256:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3238:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3227:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3216:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3206:
3205:
3197:
3183:
3175:
3158:
3146:
3137:
3120:
3115:
3109:
3107:
3101:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3039:
3022:
3016:
3015:
3004:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2977:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2950:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2923:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2902:in English mea
2898:educe and the
2888:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2860:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2825:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2790:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2755:
2746:
2740:
2739:
2734:in English pun
2728:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2701:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2666:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2631:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2604:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2577:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2542:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2515:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2488:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2461:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2434:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2407:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2380:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2361:
2356:
2348:
2347:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2317:
2312:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2226:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2095:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2061:
2058:
1951:) and finals (
1934:
1931:
1837:
1834:
1756:
1753:
1721:
1718:
1624:Latin alphabet
1616:United Nations
1571:
1570:
1568:
1567:
1560:
1553:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1497:Taiwanese kana
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1445:
1440:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1418:
1413:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1386:
1383:Sixian dialect
1381:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1367:
1361:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1334:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1310:Shaowu dialect
1302:
1299:Shao–Jiang Min
1297:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1278:
1275:Haikou dialect
1267:
1262:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1247:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1227:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1208:
1202:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1177:
1172:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1115:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1026:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1010:
1009:
1006:
1005:
999:
994:
993:
990:
989:
986:
985:
979:
974:
973:
970:
969:
963:
962:
959:
958:
953:
947:
942:
941:
938:
937:
934:
933:
928:
923:
918:
912:
907:
906:
903:
902:
899:
898:
891:
886:
884:Lessing-Othmer
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
855:
854:
844:
838:
833:
832:
829:
828:
822:
821:
811:
810:
804:⟩, see
777:
776:
773:
772:
769:
768:
765:
764:
757:
748:
747:
741:
740:
729:
723:
722:
715:
709:
708:
701:
695:
694:
687:
681:
680:
673:
667:
666:
664:Yue: Cantonese
660:
659:
652:
646:
645:
639:
638:
631:
625:
624:
618:
617:
607:
601:
600:
593:
587:
586:
577:
571:
570:
563:
557:
556:
527:
521:
520:
513:
507:
506:
500:
499:
498:Transcriptions
491:
490:
487:
483:
482:
467:
461:
460:
445:
439:
438:
434:
433:
430:
429:
422:
413:
412:
406:
405:
395:
389:
388:
381:
375:
374:
367:
361:
360:
353:
347:
346:
339:
333:
332:
330:Yue: Cantonese
326:
325:
318:
312:
311:
305:
304:
297:
291:
290:
284:
283:
273:
267:
266:
259:
253:
252:
243:
237:
236:
223:
217:
216:
209:
203:
202:
196:
195:
194:Transcriptions
187:
186:
185:spelled sounds
183:
179:
178:
167:
161:
160:
156:
155:
152:
151:
148:
147:
142:
138:
137:
135:
134:
126:
121:United Nations
118:
110:
101:
99:
95:
94:
91:
90:
84:
80:
79:
77:
73:
72:
71:
70:
62:
58:
57:
51:
49:
45:
44:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
15394:
15383:
15380:
15378:
15375:
15373:
15370:
15368:
15367:ISO standards
15365:
15363:
15360:
15358:
15355:
15353:
15350:
15349:
15347:
15334:
15324:
15314:
15311:
15309:
15306:
15304:
15301:
15299:
15296:
15292:
15289:
15287:
15284:
15283:
15282:
15279:
15275:
15272:
15270:
15267:
15265:
15262:
15260:
15257:
15255:
15252:
15250:
15247:
15245:
15242:
15240:
15237:
15235:
15232:
15231:
15230:
15227:
15223:
15220:
15219:
15218:
15217:Cyrillization
15215:
15214:
15212:
15208:
15203:
15200:
15198:
15195:
15193:
15190:
15188:
15185:
15183:
15181:
15177:
15171:
15168:
15164:
15161:
15159:
15156:
15155:
15154:
15151:
15150:
15142:
15139:
15137:
15134:
15132:
15129:
15127:
15124:
15122:
15119:
15117:
15114:
15112:
15110:
15109:Script styles
15106:
15103:
15101:
15097:
15094:
15092:
15088:
15082:
15079:
15077:
15074:
15072:
15069:
15067:
15064:
15063:
15054:
15051:
15047:
15044:
15042:
15039:
15037:
15034:
15033:
15032:
15029:
15028:
15026:
15022:
15019:
15013:
15007:
15004:
15002:
14999:
14997:
14994:
14992:
14989:
14987:
14984:
14982:
14979:
14977:
14974:
14972:
14969:
14967:
14964:
14963:
14961:
14959:
14955:
14949:
14946:
14944:
14941:
14939:
14936:
14932:
14929:
14927:
14924:
14922:
14919:
14918:
14917:
14914:
14912:
14909:
14907:
14904:
14900:
14897:
14896:
14895:
14892:
14889:
14887:
14884:
14883:
14881:
14879:
14875:
14869:
14868:
14864:
14862:
14861:
14857:
14856:
14854:
14850:
14844:
14841:
14839:
14836:
14834:
14831:
14829:
14826:
14824:
14821:
14820:
14818:
14816:
14812:
14806:
14803:
14801:
14798:
14796:
14793:
14791:
14788:
14786:
14783:
14781:
14778:
14774:
14771:
14770:
14769:
14766:
14765:
14763:
14759:
14753:
14750:
14748:
14745:
14743:
14740:
14734:
14731:
14729:
14726:
14725:
14724:
14721:
14719:
14716:
14714:
14711:
14709:
14706:
14704:
14701:
14700:
14699:
14696:
14695:
14693:
14691:
14685:
14680:
14666:
14663:
14661:
14658:
14656:
14653:
14651:
14648:
14646:
14643:
14641:
14638:
14636:
14633:
14631:
14628:
14627:
14625:
14621:
14613:
14610:
14608:
14605:
14603:
14600:
14599:
14597:
14593:
14590:
14588:
14585:
14584:
14582:
14581:
14579:
14577:
14573:
14563:
14560:
14558:
14555:
14553:
14550:
14548:
14545:
14543:
14540:
14538:
14535:
14534:
14532:
14528:
14522:
14519:
14517:
14514:
14513:
14511:
14509:
14505:
14499:
14496:
14494:
14491:
14489:
14486:
14484:
14481:
14479:
14476:
14472:
14469:
14467:
14464:
14463:
14462:
14459:
14458:
14456:
14454:
14450:
14447:
14445:
14441:
14433:
14430:
14428:
14425:
14423:
14420:
14419:
14418:
14415:
14411:
14408:
14407:
14406:
14403:
14401:
14398:
14396:
14393:
14391:
14388:
14387:
14385:
14383:
14379:
14367:
14364:
14362:
14359:
14357:
14354:
14353:
14352:
14349:
14345:
14342:
14341:
14340:
14337:
14335:
14332:
14330:
14327:
14325:
14322:
14318:
14315:
14313:
14310:
14309:
14308:
14305:
14304:
14302:
14298:
14288:
14285:
14283:
14280:
14279:
14277:
14273:
14267:
14264:
14263:
14261:
14259:
14255:
14249:
14246:
14244:
14241:
14240:
14238:
14236:
14232:
14226:
14223:
14221:
14218:
14216:
14213:
14211:
14208:
14206:
14203:
14201:
14198:
14196:
14193:
14191:
14188:
14186:
14183:
14181:
14178:
14177:
14175:
14173:
14169:
14166:
14164:
14160:
14148:
14145:
14143:
14140:
14139:
14138:
14135:
14133:
14130:
14129:
14127:
14123:
14117:
14114:
14112:
14109:
14108:
14106:
14104:
14100:
14094:
14091:
14089:
14086:
14084:
14081:
14079:
14076:
14074:
14071:
14070:
14068:
14066:
14062:
14059:
14057:
14053:
14050:
14048:
14044:
14036:
14033:
14032:
14031:
14028:
14026:
14023:
14019:
14016:
14014:
14011:
14009:
14006:
14005:
14004:
14001:
13997:
13994:
13993:
13992:
13989:
13988:
13986:
13984:
13980:
13974:
13971:
13969:
13966:
13964:
13961:
13957:
13954:
13953:
13952:
13949:
13948:
13946:
13944:
13940:
13932:
13927:
13924:
13920:
13915:
13912:
13908:
13903:
13900:
13896:
13891:
13888:
13884:
13879:
13876:
13875:
13873:
13871:
13867:
13857:
13854:
13853:
13851:
13849:
13845:
13839:
13836:
13834:
13831:
13829:
13826:
13825:
13823:
13821:
13817:
13811:
13808:
13807:
13805:
13803:
13799:
13793:
13790:
13788:
13785:
13783:
13780:
13779:
13777:
13773:
13767:
13764:
13762:
13759:
13758:
13756:
13754:
13750:
13744:
13741:
13739:
13736:
13734:
13731:
13729:
13726:
13724:
13721:
13718:
13715:
13713:
13710:
13708:
13705:
13703:
13700:
13698:
13695:
13694:
13692:
13690:
13686:
13683:
13681:
13677:
13671:
13668:
13666:
13663:
13662:
13660:
13658:
13654:
13644:
13641:
13639:
13636:
13634:
13631:
13630:
13628:
13624:
13618:
13615:
13613:
13610:
13609:
13607:
13605:
13601:
13593:
13590:
13589:
13588:
13585:
13583:
13580:
13578:
13575:
13573:
13570:
13564:
13561:
13560:
13559:
13556:
13552:
13549:
13548:
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12988:
12986:
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12827:
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12812:
12810:
12807:
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12798:
12795:
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12780:
12778:
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12434:
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12427:
12424:
12422:
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12414:
12412:
12409:
12407:
12404:
12402:
12399:
12397:
12394:
12392:
12389:
12387:
12384:
12382:
12379:
12377:
12374:
12372:
12369:
12367:
12364:
12362:
12359:
12357:
12354:
12350:
12347:
12345:
12342:
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12340:
12337:
12335:
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12327:
12325:
12322:
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12317:
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12312:
12310:
12307:
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12280:
12277:
12275:
12272:
12270:
12267:
12265:
12262:
12260:
12257:
12255:
12252:
12250:
12247:
12245:
12242:
12240:
12237:
12235:
12232:
12230:
12227:
12225:
12222:
12220:
12217:
12215:
12212:
12210:
12207:
12205:
12202:
12200:
12197:
12195:
12192:
12190:
12187:
12185:
12182:
12180:
12177:
12175:
12172:
12170:
12167:
12163:
12160:
12158:
12155:
12153:
12150:
12148:
12145:
12143:
12140:
12139:
12138:
12135:
12133:
12130:
12128:
12125:
12123:
12120:
12118:
12115:
12113:
12110:
12108:
12105:
12103:
12100:
12098:
12095:
12093:
12090:
12088:
12085:
12083:
12080:
12079:
12077:
12073:
12067:
12064:
12062:
12059:
12057:
12054:
12052:
12049:
12047:
12044:
12042:
12039:
12037:
12034:
12032:
12029:
12027:
12024:
12022:
12019:
12017:
12014:
12012:
12009:
12007:
12004:
12002:
11999:
11997:
11994:
11992:
11989:
11987:
11984:
11982:
11979:
11977:
11974:
11972:
11969:
11967:
11964:
11962:
11959:
11957:
11954:
11952:
11949:
11947:
11944:
11942:
11939:
11935:
11932:
11930:
11927:
11925:
11922:
11920:
11917:
11915:
11912:
11910:
11907:
11905:
11902:
11900:
11897:
11895:
11892:
11890:
11887:
11885:
11882:
11880:
11877:
11875:
11872:
11870:
11867:
11865:
11862:
11860:
11857:
11855:
11852:
11851:
11850:
11847:
11845:
11842:
11840:
11837:
11835:
11832:
11830:
11827:
11825:
11822:
11820:
11817:
11815:
11812:
11810:
11807:
11805:
11802:
11800:
11797:
11795:
11792:
11790:
11787:
11785:
11782:
11780:
11777:
11775:
11772:
11770:
11767:
11765:
11762:
11760:
11757:
11755:
11752:
11750:
11747:
11745:
11742:
11740:
11737:
11735:
11732:
11730:
11727:
11725:
11722:
11718:
11715:
11714:
11713:
11710:
11708:
11705:
11703:
11700:
11698:
11695:
11693:
11690:
11688:
11685:
11683:
11680:
11678:
11675:
11673:
11670:
11668:
11665:
11663:
11660:
11658:
11655:
11653:
11650:
11648:
11645:
11643:
11640:
11638:
11635:
11633:
11630:
11628:
11625:
11623:
11620:
11618:
11615:
11613:
11610:
11608:
11605:
11603:
11600:
11598:
11595:
11593:
11590:
11588:
11585:
11583:
11580:
11578:
11575:
11573:
11570:
11568:
11565:
11563:
11560:
11558:
11555:
11553:
11550:
11548:
11545:
11543:
11540:
11538:
11535:
11533:
11530:
11528:
11525:
11523:
11520:
11518:
11515:
11513:
11510:
11508:
11505:
11503:
11500:
11496:
11493:
11491:
11488:
11486:
11483:
11482:
11481:
11478:
11476:
11473:
11471:
11468:
11466:
11463:
11461:
11458:
11456:
11453:
11451:
11448:
11446:
11443:
11441:
11438:
11436:
11433:
11431:
11428:
11426:
11423:
11421:
11418:
11416:
11413:
11411:
11408:
11406:
11403:
11401:
11398:
11396:
11393:
11391:
11388:
11386:
11383:
11381:
11378:
11376:
11373:
11371:
11368:
11366:
11363:
11361:
11358:
11356:
11353:
11351:
11348:
11346:
11343:
11341:
11338:
11336:
11333:
11331:
11328:
11326:
11323:
11321:
11318:
11316:
11313:
11311:
11308:
11306:
11303:
11301:
11298:
11296:
11293:
11291:
11288:
11286:
11283:
11281:
11278:
11276:
11273:
11271:
11268:
11266:
11263:
11261:
11258:
11254:
11251:
11249:
11246:
11244:
11241:
11239:
11236:
11234:
11231:
11230:
11229:
11226:
11224:
11221:
11219:
11216:
11214:
11211:
11209:
11206:
11204:
11201:
11199:
11196:
11194:
11191:
11189:
11186:
11184:
11181:
11179:
11176:
11174:
11171:
11169:
11166:
11164:
11161:
11159:
11156:
11154:
11151:
11149:
11146:
11142:
11139:
11137:
11134:
11132:
11129:
11127:
11124:
11122:
11119:
11117:
11114:
11112:
11109:
11107:
11104:
11102:
11099:
11097:
11094:
11092:
11089:
11087:
11084:
11082:
11079:
11078:
11077:
11074:
11072:
11069:
11067:
11064:
11062:
11059:
11057:
11054:
11052:
11049:
11047:
11044:
11042:
11039:
11037:
11034:
11032:
11029:
11028:
11026:
11022:
11018:
11017:IEC standards
11014:
11010:
11009:ISO standards
11004:
10996:
10989:
10984:
10982:
10977:
10975:
10970:
10969:
10966:
10955:
10952:
10951:
10946:
10943:
10942:
10931:
10925:
10921:
10912:
10908:
10902:
10898:
10893:
10892:
10880:
10878:962-238-363-7
10874:
10870:
10861:
10857:
10851:
10847:
10838:
10834:
10828:
10824:
10819:
10815:
10809:
10805:
10800:
10794:
10789:
10788:
10785:
10781:
10777:
10773:
10769:
10764:
10760:
10758:1-4051-1488-6
10754:
10750:
10749:
10743:
10739:
10733:
10729:
10724:
10720:
10718:0-415-36167-2
10714:
10710:
10709:
10703:
10699:
10695:
10690:
10686:
10680:
10677:. Routledge.
10676:
10671:
10659:
10655:
10650:
10646:
10642:
10637:
10633:
10629:
10623:
10619:
10615:
10609:
10608:
10595:
10590:
10583:
10578:
10576:
10560:
10556:
10549:
10533:
10529:
10525:
10518:
10499:
10498:
10497:Liberty Times
10493:
10484:
10476:
10470:
10466:
10455:
10448:
10443:
10436:
10424:
10420:
10414:
10407:
10402:
10395:
10390:
10375:
10371:
10368:Liu, Eric Q.
10364:
10362:
10360:
10358:
10356:
10354:
10345:
10339:
10332:
10331:
10323:
10316:
10311:
10296:
10292:
10288:
10284:
10277:
10269:
10265:
10258:
10251:
10250:
10245:
10241:
10235:
10228:
10227:
10222:
10216:
10200:
10196:
10192:
10190:
10182:
10166:
10162:
10158:
10152:
10150:
10142:
10137:
10129:
10125:
10121:
10117:
10113:
10109:
10105:
10101:
10094:
10086:
10082:
10078:
10074:
10070:
10066:
10062:
10058:
10054:
10050:
10043:
10027:
10023:
10014:
9998:
9994:
9989:Huang, Rong.
9985:
9969:
9965:
9961:
9954:
9947:
9942:
9927:
9923:
9919:
9915:
9909:
9901:
9895:
9891:
9890:
9882:
9875:
9860:
9856:
9854:986-00-4011-7
9850:
9846:
9839:
9838:
9830:
9822:
9820:9780262047517
9816:
9812:
9811:The MIT Press
9808:
9801:
9799:
9782:
9781:
9780:Straits Times
9776:
9770:
9768:
9760:
9755:
9749:, p. 23.
9748:
9743:
9728:
9724:
9717:
9710:
9705:
9703:
9687:
9683:
9679:
9672:
9664:
9663:
9646:
9645:
9640:
9634:
9627:
9622:
9620:
9618:
9609:
9605:
9601:
9594:
9579:
9573:
9569:
9568:
9560:
9558:
9542:
9536:
9532:
9531:
9523:
9508:
9502:
9498:
9497:
9489:
9485:
9470:
9467:
9465:
9462:
9460:
9457:
9455:
9452:
9450:
9447:
9445:
9442:
9440:
9437:
9436:
9426:
9413:
9410:
9408:
9405:
9404:
9401:
9388:
9385:
9383:
9380:
9379:
9376:
9367:
9364:
9362:
9359:
9358:
9355:
9342:
9339:
9337:
9334:
9333:
9330:
9317:
9315:
9312:
9309:
9308:
9305:
9292:
9289:
9287:
9284:
9283:
9279:
9276:
9273:
9272:
9269:
9259:
9255:
9251:
9247:
9235:
9229:
9225:
9221:
9214:Special names
9211:
9209:
9205:
9201:
9197:
9193:
9188:
9178:
9176:
9171:
9165:
9163:
9159:
9155:
9149:
9145:
9130:
9128:
9127:
9122:
9121:
9115:
9110:
9100:
9097:
9095:
9091:
9087:
9082:
9072:
9070:
9065:
9063:
9059:
9058:
9053:
9052:
9047:
9042:
9040:
9035:
9031:
9029:
9020:
9005:
8998:(compared to
8996:
8989:
8986:
8972:
8971:
8967:
8960:
8957:
8943:
8942:
8938:
8931:
8928:
8914:
8910:
8906:
8899:
8896:
8882:
8867:
8866:
8862:
8855:
8852:
8838:
8823:
8822:
8818:
8811:
8808:
8794:
8777:
8763:
8762:
8760:
8759:
8755:
8748:
8745:
8731:
8717:
8716:
8712:
8709:
8706:
8703:
8702:
8696:
8686:
8679:
8677:
8666:
8665:
8663:
8661:
8657:
8654:
8651:
8650:
8647:
8636:
8634:
8630:
8627:
8624:
8623:
8620:
8609:
8607:
8603:
8600:
8597:
8596:
8593:
8582:
8580:
8576:
8573:
8570:
8569:
8565:
8562:
8559:
8556:
8555:
8549:
8539:
8534:
8522:
8511:
8510:
8501:
8497:
8490:
8486:
8485:
8484:
8480:
8476:
8473:
8470:
8467:
8464:
8463:
8459:
8456:
8453:
8450:
8447:
8446:
8442:
8439:
8436:
8433:
8430:
8426:
8422:
8419:
8416:
8413:
8410:
8409:
8405:
8402:
8399:
8396:
8393:
8392:
8388:
8385:
8382:
8379:
8376:
8372:
8369:Rare letters
8367:
8363:
8360:
8357:
8354:
8351:
8350:
8346:
8343:
8340:
8337:
8334:
8333:
8329:
8326:
8323:
8320:
8317:
8316:
8312:
8309:
8306:
8303:
8300:
8299:
8295:
8292:
8289:
8286:
8283:
8282:
8278:
8275:
8272:
8269:
8266:
8262:
8258:
8255:
8252:
8249:
8246:
8245:
8241:
8238:
8235:
8232:
8229:
8228:
8224:
8221:
8218:
8215:
8212:
8211:
8207:
8204:
8201:
8198:
8195:
8194:
8190:
8187:
8184:
8181:
8178:
8177:
8173:
8170:
8167:
8164:
8161:
8157:
8152:
8148:
8145:
8142:
8139:
8137:
8133:
8129:
8126:
8123:
8120:
8116:
8110:
8107:
8105:
8101:
8097:
8093:
8078:
8075:
8072:
8069:
8066:
8063:
8054:
8051:
8048:
8045:
8042:
8040:
8032:
8029:
8026:
8023:
8020:
8018:
8014:
8010:
8007:
8005:
8001:
7997:
7985:
7983:
7979:
7951:
7947:
7944:
7934:
7931:
7928:
7925:
7922:
7919:
7916:
7913:
7910:
7907:
7904:
7901:
7898:
7895:
7892:
7889:
7886:
7883:
7880:
7872:
7869:
7866:
7863:
7860:
7857:
7854:
7851:
7848:
7845:
7842:
7839:
7836:
7833:
7830:
7827:
7824:
7821:
7818:
7816:
7808:
7805:
7802:
7799:
7796:
7793:
7790:
7787:
7784:
7781:
7778:
7775:
7772:
7769:
7766:
7763:
7760:
7757:
7754:
7752:
7748:
7744:
7741:
7738:
7735:
7732:
7729:
7726:
7723:
7720:
7717:
7714:
7712:
7708:
7704:
7698:
7692:
7683:
7677:
7671:
7665:
7662:
7659:
7656:
7653:
7648:
7644:
7546:
7542:
7531:
7528:
7525:
7522:
7519:
7516:
7513:
7510:
7507:
7504:
7501:
7498:
7495:
7487:
7484:
7481:
7478:
7475:
7472:
7469:
7466:
7463:
7460:
7457:
7454:
7451:
7449:
7441:
7438:
7435:
7432:
7429:
7426:
7423:
7420:
7417:
7414:
7411:
7408:
7406:
7402:
7398:
7395:
7392:
7389:
7386:
7384:
7380:
7367:
7364:
7355:
7352:
7349:
7338:
7334:
7266:
7262:
7251:
7248:
7245:
7242:
7239:
7236:
7233:
7230:
7227:
7224:
7221:
7218:
7215:
7212:
7209:
7206:
7198:
7195:
7192:
7189:
7186:
7183:
7180:
7177:
7174:
7171:
7168:
7165:
7162:
7159:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7143:
7140:
7137:
7134:
7131:
7128:
7125:
7122:
7119:
7116:
7113:
7111:
7107:
7103:
7100:
7098:
7094:
7078:
7075:
7043:
7039:
6956:
6952:
6949:
6938:
6935:
6932:
6929:
6926:
6923:
6920:
6917:
6914:
6911:
6908:
6905:
6902:
6899:
6891:
6888:
6885:
6882:
6879:
6876:
6873:
6870:
6867:
6864:
6861:
6858:
6855:
6852:
6850:
6842:
6839:
6836:
6833:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6821:
6818:
6814:
6769:
6765:
6692:
6688:
6685:
6674:
6672:
6668:
6664:
6660:
6655:
6653:
6649:
6645:
6640:
6638:
6634:
6630:
6626:
6622:
6618:
6608:
6606:
6602:
6598:
6597:State Council
6594:
6589:
6587:
6583:
6573:
6571:
6556:
6552:
6548:
6544:
6540:
6536:
6532:
6528:
6524:
6520:
6516:
6512:
6508:
6504:
6500:
6496:
6492:
6488:
6484:
6480:
6476:
6472:
6468:
6464:
6460:
6456:
6452:
6448:
6444:
6440:
6436:
6432:
6427:
6425:
6415:
6413:
6411:
6409:
6407:
6405:
6403:
6401:
6399:
6394:
6382:
6377:
6373:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6355:
6346:
6342:
6336:
6330:
6324:
6319:
6317:
6312:
6303:
6299:
6291:
6287:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6268:
6250:
6249:
6241:
6235:
6231:
6227:
6225:
6221:
6217:
6213:
6209:
6208:
6207:
6201:
6198:
6194:
6190:
6187:
6183:
6179:
6178:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6168:
6164:
6160:
6156:
6152:
6148:
6144:
6140:
6136:
6132:
6128:
6124:
6120:
6114:
6107:
6101:
6097:
6093:
6089:
6085:
6081:
6077:
6073:
6056:
6048:
6043:
6039:
6028:
6023:
6022:
6020:
6018:
6014:
6008:
6000:
5996:
5985:
5984:
5982:
5978:
5972:
5964:
5960:
5949:
5948:
5946:
5942:
5936:
5930:
5926:
5915:
5914:
5912:
5908:
5902:
5894:
5890:
5879:
5878:
5876:
5872:
5869:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5850:
5846:
5842:
5838:
5832:
5822:
5820:
5814:
5804:
5798:
5788:
5787:
5785:
5780:
5779:
5774:
5770:
5765:
5764:
5759:
5755:
5750:
5749:
5744:
5740:
5735:
5734:
5729:
5725:
5724:
5723:
5721:
5717:
5712:
5710:
5706:
5702:
5693:
5684:
5682:
5678:
5674:
5670:
5666:
5662:
5658:
5654:
5650:
5646:
5642:
5638:
5634:
5630:
5625:
5623:
5619:
5617:
5607:
5605:
5595:
5593:
5583:
5581:
5571:
5569:
5559:
5555:
5550:
5544:
5540:
5536:
5532:
5528:
5524:
5520:
5516:
5512:
5508:
5504:
5499:
5497:
5493:
5489:
5485:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5469:
5465:
5461:
5457:
5453:
5449:
5445:
5441:
5429:
5425:
5421:
5417:
5413:
5409:
5406:However, the
5404:
5402:
5390:
5378:
5362:
5344:
5343:
5338:
5337:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5319:
5315:
5313:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5299:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5268:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5257:
5252:
5248:
5244:
5240:
5236:
5235:
5230:
5229:
5224:
5223:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5205:
5201:
5197:
5193:
5189:
5188:
5183:
5182:
5177:
5176:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5158:
5154:
5150:
5146:
5142:
5141:
5136:
5132:
5131:
5126:
5125:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5107:
5103:
5099:
5095:
5091:
5090:
5085:
5081:
5079:
5073:
5071:
5067:as in German
5066:
5064:
5061:
5056:
5050:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5040:
5036:
5032:
5027:
5024:
5023:
5018:
5017:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4999:
4996:
4995:
4990:
4989:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4971:
4968:
4967:
4962:
4961:
4956:
4955:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4937:
4934:
4933:
4928:
4927:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4909:
4906:
4905:
4900:
4899:
4894:
4893:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4875:
4872:
4871:
4866:
4865:
4860:
4859:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4841:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4820:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4806:
4801:
4800:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4786:
4782:
4779:
4778:
4775:
4774:
4769:
4768:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4750:
4747:
4746:
4742:like English
4741:
4739:
4736:
4732:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4721:
4717:
4713:
4708:
4704:
4703:
4698:
4697:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4679:
4676:
4675:
4670:
4669:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4651:
4648:
4647:
4642:
4641:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4623:
4620:
4619:
4614:
4613:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4595:
4591:
4590:
4585:
4581:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4564:
4561:
4560:
4555:
4554:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4536:
4533:
4532:
4527:
4526:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4495:
4490:
4489:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4461:
4460:
4455:
4454:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4427:like English
4426:
4424:
4421:
4417:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4393:
4389:
4388:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4368:
4364:
4363:
4357:
4355:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4300:
4294:
4290:
4288:
4279:
4276:as in German
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4239:
4235:
4234:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4215:
4212:
4211:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4180:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4158:
4157:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4138:
4134:
4131:like English
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4117:
4113:
4112:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4095:
4089:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4079:
4075:
4073:
4068:like English
4067:
4065:
4062:
4058:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4047:
4043:
4042:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4005:
4002:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3985:
3983:
3979:
3976:
3973:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3966:
3961:
3957:
3952:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3941:interjections
3930:
3918:
3906:
3894:
3890:
3887:Technically,
3875:
3872:
3871:
3868:
3862:
3859:
3858:
3855:
3849:
3846:
3845:
3842:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3814:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3801:
3794:
3791:
3790:
3787:
3781:
3778:
3777:
3774:
3768:
3765:
3764:
3761:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3748:
3740:
3737:
3736:
3733:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3720:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3707:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3681:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3668:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3652:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3639:
3633:
3630:
3629:
3626:
3620:
3617:
3616:
3613:
3607:
3604:
3603:
3600:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3587:
3579:
3576:
3575:
3572:
3566:
3563:
3562:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3546:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3533:
3526:
3525:
3522:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3509:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3496:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3483:
3477:
3474:
3473:
3470:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3457:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3444:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3431:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3418:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3405:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3392:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3369:
3365:
3320:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:, reflecting
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3289:
3287:
3283:
3269:
3264:
3262:
3257:
3255:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3196:
3193:
3166: •
3157:
3128: •
3119:
3118:
3113:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3083:
3078:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3053:, see below.
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3028:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2959:
2956:in English ba
2955:
2951:
2947:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2932:
2929:in English pi
2928:
2924:
2920:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2849:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2814:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2779:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2764:
2761:in English pu
2760:
2756:
2752:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2655:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2566:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2346:
2343:
2340:
2335:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:derived from
2067:
2057:
2035:
2017:
2009:
2001:
1995:
1980:
1978:
1977:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1950:
1930:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1912:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1866:Joseph Stalin
1863:
1859:
1858:Zhou Youguang
1856:, as well as
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1822:
1817:
1816:Herbert Giles
1813:
1809:
1804:
1803:
1798:
1794:
1789:
1787:
1777:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1750:), and pinyin
1749:
1743:
1738:
1731:
1726:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1694:Zhou Youguang
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1674:
1672:
1671:Chinese names
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1639:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1628:input methods
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1597:
1593:
1589:
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1581:
1577:
1566:
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1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1477:Cyrillization
1475:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1457:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1443:
1438:
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1423:
1420:
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1416:
1411:
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1407:
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1396:
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1368:
1366:
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1359:
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1327:
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1323:
1320:
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1307:
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1303:
1300:
1295:
1294:
1286:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1260:
1259:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1245:
1240:
1239:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1225:
1220:
1219:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1195:
1194:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1175:
1170:
1169:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1108:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1019:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1004:
1001:
1000:
997:
992:
991:
984:
981:
980:
977:
972:
971:
968:
965:
964:
957:
954:
952:
949:
948:
945:
940:
939:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
913:
910:
905:
904:
897:
896:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
853:
850:
849:
848:
845:
843:
840:
839:
836:
831:
830:
827:
824:
823:
820:
817:
816:
807:
795:
791:
789:
785:
778:
774:
770:
758:
756:
753:
749:
746:
742:
736:
730:
728:
724:
716:
714:
710:
702:
700:
696:
688:
686:
682:
674:
672:
668:
665:
661:
653:
651:
647:
644:
640:
632:
630:
626:
623:
619:
613:
608:
606:
602:
594:
592:
588:
578:
576:
572:
564:
562:
558:
528:
526:
522:
514:
512:
508:
505:
501:
496:
492:
488:
484:
479:
476:
473:
468:
466:
462:
457:
454:
451:
446:
444:
440:
435:
423:
421:
418:
414:
411:
407:
401:
396:
394:
390:
382:
380:
376:
368:
366:
362:
354:
352:
348:
340:
338:
334:
331:
327:
319:
317:
313:
310:
306:
298:
296:
292:
289:
285:
279:
274:
272:
268:
260:
258:
254:
244:
242:
238:
224:
222:
218:
210:
208:
204:
201:
197:
192:
188:
184:
180:
174:
168:
166:
162:
157:
153:
149:
146:
143:
139:
130:
127:
122:
119:
114:
111:
106:
103:
102:
100:
96:
85:
82:
81:
78:
74:
69:
68:Zhou Youguang
66:
65:
63:
59:
54:
50:
46:
40:
37:
33:
19:
15239:Hanyu Pinyin
15238:
15229:Romanization
15136:Semi-cursive
14981:Old Mandarin
14938:Stroke count
14865:
14858:
14780:Old National
14623:Unclassified
13528:Southwestern
13361:Northeastern
13343:Major groups
13332:
13135:27000 series
11696:
10957:(in Chinese)
10954:HTML version
10949:(in Chinese)
10919:
10899:. Jack Sun.
10896:
10868:
10845:
10822:
10803:
10767:
10747:
10727:
10707:
10697:
10674:
10664:20 September
10662:. Retrieved
10658:The Guardian
10657:
10644:
10631:
10617:
10589:
10584:, p. 3.
10562:. Retrieved
10559:Taipei Times
10558:
10548:
10536:. Retrieved
10527:
10517:
10502:. Retrieved
10500:(in Chinese)
10495:
10483:
10464:
10454:
10442:
10434:
10427:. Retrieved
10422:
10413:
10406:Price (2005)
10401:
10389:
10377:. Retrieved
10373:
10329:
10322:
10310:
10300:20 September
10298:. Retrieved
10286:
10276:
10268:Taipei Times
10267:
10257:
10249:Language Log
10247:
10234:
10226:Language Log
10224:
10215:
10203:. Retrieved
10199:the original
10194:
10188:
10181:
10169:. Retrieved
10165:the original
10160:
10136:
10103:
10099:
10093:
10052:
10048:
10042:
10030:. Retrieved
10026:the original
10018:Li, Zhiyan.
10013:
10001:. Retrieved
9997:the original
9984:
9972:. Retrieved
9968:the original
9963:
9953:
9941:
9929:. Retrieved
9917:
9908:
9887:
9881:
9873:
9866:. Retrieved
9836:
9829:
9806:
9787:20 September
9785:. Retrieved
9778:
9754:
9742:
9730:. Retrieved
9726:
9716:
9689:. Retrieved
9681:
9671:
9660:
9649:. Retrieved
9642:
9633:
9607:
9603:
9593:
9581:. Retrieved
9566:
9544:. Retrieved
9529:
9522:
9510:. Retrieved
9495:
9488:
9422:
9397:
9372:
9351:
9326:
9301:
9233:
9231:
9190:
9166:
9151:
9124:
9118:
9116:
9112:
9098:
9086:input method
9078:
9066:
9055:
9049:
9043:
9036:
9032:
9025:
8954:HYPHEN-MINUS
8694:
8659:
8632:
8605:
8578:
8519:
8507:
8500:
8493:Yellow cells
8489:
8482:
8130:Fourth tone
8108:
8089:
7981:
7942:
7646:
7336:
7041:
6947:
6767:
6683:
6656:
6641:
6614:
6590:
6585:
6582:polysyllabic
6579:
6568:
6554:
6550:
6546:
6542:
6538:
6534:
6530:
6526:
6522:
6518:
6514:
6510:
6506:
6502:
6498:
6494:
6490:
6486:
6482:
6478:
6474:
6470:
6466:
6462:
6458:
6454:
6450:
6446:
6442:
6434:
6430:
6239:
6223:
6215:
6211:
6205:
6196:
6185:
6181:
6175:
6138:
6134:
6130:
6126:
6122:
6118:
6108:
6099:
6095:
6094:the medial,
6091:
6087:
6079:
6069:
5995:grave accent
5925:acute accent
5834:
5816:
5810:
5800:
5794:
5773:grave accent
5743:acute accent
5715:
5713:
5703:to mark the
5698:
5680:
5676:
5672:
5668:
5664:
5660:
5656:
5652:
5648:
5644:
5640:
5636:
5632:
5628:
5626:
5613:
5601:
5589:
5577:
5565:
5551:
5542:
5530:
5526:
5522:
5518:
5514:
5510:
5506:
5502:
5500:
5495:
5491:
5487:
5483:
5479:
5475:
5467:
5459:
5455:
5447:
5443:
5427:
5423:
5419:
5415:
5411:
5407:
5405:
5358:
5341:
5340:
5335:
5334:
5328:
5321:
5311:
5310:
5304:
5290:
5281:
5279:
5273:
5259:
5246:
5242:
5238:
5233:
5232:
5231:(spelled as
5227:
5226:
5221:
5220:
5214:
5207:
5199:
5195:
5191:
5186:
5185:
5180:
5179:
5174:
5173:
5167:
5160:
5152:
5148:
5144:
5139:
5138:
5134:
5129:
5128:
5123:
5122:
5116:
5109:
5101:
5097:
5093:
5088:
5087:
5083:
5077:
5075:
5069:
5068:
5062:
5042:
5034:
5030:
5021:
5020:
5015:
5014:
5008:
5001:
4993:
4992:
4987:
4986:
4980:
4973:
4965:
4964:
4959:
4958:
4953:
4952:
4946:
4939:
4931:
4930:
4925:
4924:
4918:
4911:
4903:
4902:
4897:
4896:
4891:
4890:
4884:
4877:
4869:
4868:
4863:
4862:
4857:
4856:
4850:
4843:
4835:
4831:
4827:
4823:
4818:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4804:
4803:
4798:
4797:
4791:
4784:
4780:
4772:
4771:
4766:
4765:
4759:
4752:
4744:
4743:
4737:
4723:
4715:
4711:
4701:
4700:
4695:
4694:
4688:
4681:
4673:
4672:
4667:
4666:
4660:
4653:
4645:
4644:
4639:
4638:
4632:
4625:
4617:
4616:
4611:
4610:
4604:
4597:
4588:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4573:
4566:
4558:
4557:
4552:
4551:
4545:
4538:
4530:
4529:
4524:
4523:
4517:
4510:
4502:
4498:
4493:
4492:
4487:
4486:
4480:
4473:
4464:
4463:
4458:
4457:
4452:
4451:
4445:
4438:
4430:
4428:
4422:
4408:
4400:
4396:
4386:
4384:
4378:
4370:
4361:
4359:
4353:
4351:
4345:
4337:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4315:
4308:
4298:
4296:
4286:
4284:
4282:
4277:
4271:
4264:
4256:
4254:
4248:
4241:
4232:
4230:
4224:
4217:
4209:
4207:
4201:
4194:
4187:
4183:
4178:
4176:
4170:
4163:
4155:
4153:
4147:
4140:
4132:
4126:
4119:
4110:
4108:
4102:
4081:
4071:
4069:
4063:
4049:
4040:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4000:
3991:
3986:Explanation
3982:zero initial
3963:
3959:
3955:
3953:
3948:
3928:
3916:
3904:
3892:
3888:
3886:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3290:
3285:
3279:
3241:
3230:
3219:
3194:
3191:
3155:
3104:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3074:
3065:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3019:
3011:
3007:
2992:
2984:
2980:
2965:
2957:
2953:
2938:
2930:
2926:
2911:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2875:
2867:
2863:
2840:
2832:
2828:
2805:
2797:
2793:
2770:
2762:
2758:
2743:
2735:
2731:
2716:
2708:
2704:
2689:
2681:
2677:
2676:at, and the
2673:
2669:
2646:
2638:
2634:
2619:
2611:
2607:
2606:Unaspirated
2592:
2584:
2580:
2557:
2549:
2545:
2530:
2522:
2518:
2503:
2495:
2491:
2490:Unaspirated
2476:
2468:
2464:
2449:
2441:
2437:
2422:
2414:
2410:
2395:
2387:
2383:
2382:Unaspirated
2368:
2363:Description
2098:
2063:
2031:
2013:
1991:
1981:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1960:
1946:
1936:
1926:
1915:
1908:
1897:
1878:
1854:Luo Changpei
1839:
1819:
1800:
1797:Zhang Taiyan
1790:
1785:Xīrú ěrmù zī
1783:
1767:
1760:Matteo Ricci
1758:
1745:
1709:
1690:Luo Changpei
1675:
1640:
1611:
1595:
1591:
1584:romanization
1579:
1578:, or simply
1576:Hanyu Pinyin
1575:
1574:
1370:Hagfa Pinyim
1224:Northern Min
1158:
1090:
1085:Barnett–Chao
893:
842:Hanyu Pinyin
841:
800:and ⟨
782:
745:Southern Min
650:Romanization
629:Romanization
511:Hanyu Pinyin
410:Southern Min
316:Romanization
295:Romanization
207:Hanyu Pinyin
159:Chinese name
56:romanization
42:Hanyu Pinyin
36:
18:Hanyu pinyin
15308:Xiao'erjing
15170:Punctuation
15163:Traditional
15116:Oracle bone
15100:Logographic
14996:Proto-Hakka
14971:Eastern Han
14966:Old Chinese
14828:Classifiers
14795:Northern Wu
14723:Singaporean
13929: [
13917: [
13905: [
13893: [
13881: [
12923:20000–29999
12075:10000–19999
10627:汉语拼音正词法基本规则
10604:Works cited
10594:Chan (2016)
10528:Taiwan News
9974:21 December
9759:Wang (1995)
9691:20 December
9644:China Daily
9280:Characters
8817:Nǐ, hǎo ma?
8477:ǹ (U+01F9)
8443:ề (U+1EC1)
8423:Ǹ (U+01F8)
8389:Ề (U+1EC0)
8364:ǜ (U+01DC)
8347:ù (U+00F9)
8330:ò (U+00F2)
8313:ì (U+00EC)
8296:è (U+00E8)
8279:à (U+00E0)
8259:Ǜ (U+01DB)
8242:Ù (U+00D9)
8225:Ò (U+00D2)
8208:Ì (U+00CC)
8191:È (U+00C8)
8174:À (U+00C0)
8149:̀ (U+0300)
8124:Second tone
7776:chʻih
7761:chʻin
6570:Tone sandhi
6565:Tone sandhi
6195:, then the
5851:is written
5845:tone number
5831:Tone number
5639:written as
5631:written as
5529:instead of
5521:instead of
5049:[y]
4293:velar nasal
4088:[ɤ]
3045:in English
3010:in English
2983:in English
2894:in English
2796:in English
2672:in English
2583:in English
2548:in English
2467:in English
2440:in English
2224:unaspirated
2144:unaspirated
1836:Development
1828:to develop
1812:Thomas Wade
1740:A sign for
1657:vowel, and
1586:system for
1482:Xiao'erjing
1390:Pha̍k-fa-sṳ
1244:Pu-Xian Min
1055:Meyer–Wempe
996:Wenzhounese
132:(from 2009)
124:(from 1982)
116:(from 1980)
108:(from 1958)
48:Script type
15346:Categories
15259:Wade–Giles
15158:Simplified
15053:Vernacular
15046:in Vietnam
14899:Simplified
14886:Biaoxingma
14833:Honorifics
14768:Historical
14713:Philippine
14703:Sichuanese
14630:Badong Yao
14334:Shao–Jiang
14205:Philippine
14013:Xiangxiang
14008:Shuangfeng
13753:Taizhou Wu
13536:Sichuanese
12702:16949 (TS)
12299:11941 (TR)
10997:standards
9626:Fox (2017)
9475:References
9218:See also:
9185:See also:
9158:Kuomintang
9142:See also:
8983:APOSTROPHE
8925:MIDDLE DOT
8857:枢纽部分——中央大厅
8655:ŋ (U+014B)
8652:Ŋ (U+014A)
8628:ẑ (U+1E91)
8625:Ẑ (U+1E90)
8601:ŝ (U+015D)
8598:Ŝ (U+015C)
8574:ĉ (U+0109)
8571:Ĉ (U+0108)
8504:Grey cells
8474:ň (U+0148)
8471:ń (U+0144)
8454:ḿ (U+1E3F)
8437:ế (U+1EBF)
8431:ê (U+00EA)
8420:Ň (U+0147)
8417:Ń (U+0143)
8400:Ḿ (U+1E3E)
8383:Ế (U+1EBE)
8377:Ê (U+00CA)
8361:ǚ (U+01DA)
8358:ǘ (U+01D8)
8355:ǖ (U+01D6)
8352:ü (U+00FC)
8344:ǔ (U+01D4)
8341:ú (U+00FA)
8338:ū (U+016B)
8327:ǒ (U+01D2)
8324:ó (U+00F3)
8321:ō (U+014D)
8310:ǐ (U+01D0)
8307:í (U+00ED)
8304:ī (U+012B)
8293:ě (U+011B)
8290:é (U+00E9)
8287:ē (U+0113)
8276:ǎ (U+01CE)
8273:á (U+00E1)
8270:ā (U+0101)
8256:Ǚ (U+01D9)
8253:Ǘ (U+01D7)
8250:Ǖ (U+01D5)
8247:Ü (U+00DC)
8239:Ǔ (U+01D3)
8236:Ú (U+00DA)
8233:Ū (U+016A)
8222:Ǒ (U+01D1)
8219:Ó (U+00D3)
8216:Ō (U+014C)
8205:Ǐ (U+01CF)
8202:Í (U+00CD)
8199:Ī (U+012A)
8188:Ě (U+011A)
8185:É (U+00C9)
8182:Ē (U+0112)
8171:Ǎ (U+01CD)
8168:Á (U+00C1)
8165:Ā (U+0100)
8146:̌ (U+030C)
8143:́ (U+0301)
8140:̄ (U+0304)
8127:Third tone
8121:First tone
8104:JIS X 0212
8017:Wade–Giles
7803:tzʻŭ
7800:tsʻê
7773:chʻê
7751:Wade–Giles
7405:Wade–Giles
7110:Wade–Giles
6824:Wade–Giles
6667:Pe̍h-ōe-jī
6652:homophones
6467:*fang-uan)
6038:middle dot
5701:diacritics
5608:) and
5074:or French
4808:where the
4497:where the
3980:Form with
3945:neologisms
1889:diacritics
1874:Zhou Enlai
1862:Mao Zedong
1808:Wade–Giles
1755:Background
1663:Diacritics
1651:semivowels
1433:Polylectal
1199:Fuzhounese
1186:Pe̍h-ūe-jī
1119:Pe̍h-ōe-jī
1060:Sidney Lau
976:General Wu
944:Sichuanese
874:Wade–Giles
699:Sidney Lau
575:Wade–Giles
365:Sidney Lau
357:ping3 jam1
241:Wade–Giles
88:(ISO 7098)
15197:Taiwanese
15187:Cantonese
15031:Classical
14991:Proto-Min
14926:Microsoft
14785:Cantonese
14761:Phonology
14742:Cantonese
14733:Singdarin
14718:Malaysian
14708:Taiwanese
14612:Rongjiang
14602:Yongjiang
14598:Southern
14583:Northern
14557:Luo–Guang
14466:Hong Kong
14461:Guangzhou
14417:Taiwanese
14410:Changting
14344:Zhanjiang
14258:Zhongshan
14225:Malaysian
14220:Singapore
14185:Zhangzhou
14137:Zhongshan
14030:Yong–Quan
13926:Jing-Zhan
13856:Xuancheng
13833:Jiangshan
13712:Changzhou
13633:Junjiahua
13486:Guanzhong
13369:Changchun
12657:15926 WIP
12021:9592/9593
11946:9000/9001
11834:8805/8806
10842:当代中國的文字改革
10784:2210-7363
10770:. Brill.
10295:1089-4667
10205:11 August
10171:11 August
10120:2193-2263
10085:247010548
10069:1543-0375
10032:23 August
10003:29 August
9926:0362-4331
9480:Citations
9424:Qíqíhā'ěr
9374:Hūhéhàotè
9274:Customary
9246:Mongolian
9208:Cantonese
9192:Singapore
9181:Singapore
9133:By region
8966:gōng-guān
8742:FULL STOP
8560:Lowercase
8557:Uppercase
8428:Lowercase
8374:Uppercase
8264:Lowercase
8159:Uppercase
8060:example (
7439:kʻo
7427:tʻê
6659:varieties
6439:semivowel
6157:) and in
6117:(written
5627:Although
5442:, not as
4332:appended
3309:Cantonese
3220:Close-mid
3006:Like the
2979:Like the
2579:Like the
2544:Like the
2463:Like the
2436:Like the
2334:Semivowel
2276:Fricative
2250:aspirated
2219:Affricate
2170:aspirated
2122:Retroflex
1933:Syllables
1900:Ye Laishi
1846:Lu Zhiwei
1768:Xizi Qiji
1730:Zhengzhou
1682:Lu Zhiwei
1264:Hainanese
1023:Cantonese
141:Languages
113:Singapore
76:Published
15281:Bopomofo
15210:Phonetic
15202:Two-cell
15131:Clerical
15041:in Japan
15036:Adoption
15024:Official
15015:Literary
14890:Boshiamy
14867:Xiehouyu
14823:Numerals
14800:Mandarin
14728:Standard
14688:Standard
14562:Qin–Lian
14552:Yong–Xun
14537:Gao–Yang
14483:Jiujiang
14471:Malaysia
14405:Tingzhou
14356:Wenchang
14317:Jianyang
14307:Northern
14266:Sanxiang
14180:Quanzhou
14163:Southern
14132:Manjiang
13996:Changsha
13956:Nanchang
13951:Chang–Du
13848:Xuanzhou
13838:Qingtian
13792:Wencheng
13738:Jiangyin
13733:Jinxiang
13723:Shaoxing
13717:Hangzhou
13697:Shanghai
13638:Qinjiang
13546:Minjiang
13518:Xinjiang
13476:Dongping
13440:Jiaoliao
13379:Shenyang
13352:Mandarin
13282:Category
11007:List of
10916:汉语拼音和正词法
10660:. London
10532:Archived
10374:The Type
10128:57998920
10077:35185033
9859:Archived
9732:17 March
9433:See also
9328:Wūlǔmùqí
9286:Shigatse
9057:hiragana
9051:furigana
8890:…
8875:…
8846:—
8831:—
8785:、
8771:，
8725:。
8713:Example
8566:Example
8538:GB 18030
8039:Bopomofo
7878:example
7815:Bopomofo
7493:example
7448:Bopomofo
7412:pʻ
7204:example
7150:Bopomofo
6897:example
6849:Bopomofo
6663:Jyutping
6525:medial:
6475:o: Xi'an
6463:fang-wan
6457:, while
6455:fan-guan
6441:medials
6086:, where
5864:Examples
5667:(typing
5547:v̄v́v̌v̀
5470:(pinyin
5462:(pinyin
3951:finals.
3231:Open-mid
2117:Alveolar
2070:bopomofo
2060:Initials
1893:bopomofo
1883:(1928),
1850:Li Jinxi
1747:Taichung
1710:ISO 7098
1686:Li Jinxi
1634:in some
1519:By place
1492:Bopomofo
1459:See also
1030:Jyutping
826:Mandarin
798:/ /
794:Help:IPA
685:Jyutping
525:Bopomofo
426:pheng-im
351:Jyutping
248:pʻin-yin
221:Bopomofo
53:Alphabet
15180:Braille
15141:Cursive
15091:Scripts
14958:History
14948:ZhengMa
14894:Cangjie
14860:Chengyu
14815:Grammar
14790:Hokkien
14747:Hokkien
14655:Waxiang
14635:Danzhou
14607:Guandao
14592:Younian
14587:Tongdao
14576:Pinghua
14516:Taishan
14432:Raoping
14400:Huizhou
14390:Meixian
14366:Banqiao
14339:Leizhou
14329:Pu–Xian
14324:Central
14312:Jian'ou
14287:Longyan
14235:Teochew
14172:Hokkien
14147:Nanlang
14103:Fu–Ning
14083:Changle
14065:Houguan
14056:Eastern
14003:Loushao
13991:Changyi
13973:Da–Tong
13968:Ying–Yi
13914:Yanzhou
13782:Wenzhou
13775:Oujiang
13766:Tiantai
13761:Taizhou
13670:Zhi–Yan
13617:Nantong
13612:Nanjing
13587:Gui–Liu
13577:Nanping
13572:Kunming
13498:Luoyang
13453:Qingdao
13425:Tianjin
13402:Beijing
13394:Beijing
13183:29199-2
13055:23094-2
13050:23094-1
13040:23090-3
12909:19794-5
12904:19775-1
12692:16612-2
12682:16355-1
12371:13406-2
12329:12234-2
12097:10118-3
10564:20 July
10538:20 July
10504:28 July
10461:现代汉字学纲要
10429:2 March
10240:Comment
10143:, §7.3.
9868:18 July
9651:12 July
9583:13 July
9546:13 July
9512:13 July
9411:Qiqihar
9407:Qiqihar
9399:Gé'ěrmù
9310:Urumchi
9254:Tibetan
9204:Teochew
9200:Hokkien
8849:EM DASH
8834:EM DASH
8754:Nǐ hǎo.
8704:Chinese
8100:GB 2312
6948:i, u, y
6946:Vowels
6684:a, e, o
6682:Vowels
6671:Hokkien
6459:fangwan
6451:fanguan
6017:Neutral
5825:Numbers
5802:zhī·dào
5596:),
5584:),
4295:; like
3889:i, u, ü
3093:Central
2139:Plosive
1993:fùyùnmǔ
1948:shēngmǔ
1842:Wang Li
1720:History
1678:Wang Li
1655:nucleus
1643:initial
1181:Peng'im
1174:Teochew
1112:Hokkien
786:in the
752:Hokkien
417:Hokkien
385:pingyem
371:pingyam
343:pingyām
301:phin in
263:pin-yin
165:Chinese
61:Creator
15352:Pinyin
15249:Postal
15244:MPS II
15121:Bronze
15001:Ba–Shu
14921:Google
14916:Pinyin
14852:Idioms
14665:Yeheni
14547:Wu–Hua
14542:Goulou
14521:Xinhui
14498:Dapeng
14493:Weitou
14478:Xiguan
14453:Yuehai
14422:Sixian
14361:Haikou
14351:Hainan
14282:Zhenan
14248:Haklau
14243:Swatow
14215:Penang
14200:Taiwan
14195:Chawan
14142:Longdu
14111:Ningde
14088:Gutian
14078:Fuqing
14073:Fuzhou
14035:Qiyang
14018:Wugang
13963:Yi–Liu
13890:Xiu-Yi
13878:Ji-She
13828:Quzhou
13820:Chu–Qu
13810:Jinhua
13802:Wuzhou
13787:Rui'an
13728:Ningbo
13702:Suzhou
13592:Wuming
13563:Zigong
13551:Leshan
13513:Lanyin
13508:Dungan
13503:Xuzhou
13481:Gangou
13458:Weihai
13448:Dalian
13407:Taiwan
13374:Harbin
13197:30000+
12036:9797-1
11844:8820-5
11789:8501-1
11345:1073-2
11340:1073-1
11024:1–9999
10926:
10903:
10875:
10852:
10829:
10810:
10782:
10755:
10734:
10715:
10681:
10613:汉语拼音方案
10471:
10379:4 June
10340:
10293:
10126:
10118:
10083:
10075:
10067:
9931:9 July
9924:
9896:
9851:
9817:
9574:
9537:
9503:
9386:Golmud
9382:Golmud
9365:Hohhot
9361:Hohhot
9314:Ürümqi
9303:Rìkāzé
9290:Xigazê
9252:, and
9250:Uyghur
9226:, and
9206:, and
9138:Taiwan
9090:stylus
8980:'
8977:
8975:U+0027
8951:-
8948:
8946:U+002D
8922:·
8919:
8917:U+00B7
8887:
8885:U+2026
8872:
8870:U+2026
8843:
8841:U+2014
8828:
8826:U+2014
8802:,
8799:
8797:U+002C
8782:
8780:U+3001
8768:
8766:U+FF0C
8739:.
8736:
8734:U+002E
8722:
8720:U+3002
8707:Pinyin
8118:Letter
7982:Pinyin
7758:chiung
7647:Pinyin
7337:Pinyin
7042:Pinyin
6768:Pinyin
6635:, the
6549:, and
6501:, and
6499:yi, wu
6493:, and
6445:, and
6184:or an
6161:(from
6145:(from
6033:
5990:
5954:
5920:
5889:macron
5884:
5837:macron
5818:zhīdao
5812:zhīdào
5728:macron
5675:) and
5635:, and
5466:) and
5450:, and
5426:, and
5391:(e.g.
5379:(e.g.
5361:umlaut
5278:as in
5237:after
5190:after
5143:after
5092:after
4822:after
4346:(weng)
4253:as in
4182:; the
4152:as in
3974:Pinyin
3943:or in
3876:-iong
3795:-uang
3660:-iang
3325:Medial
3305:suffix
3299:, and
3170:
3162:
3150:
3141:
3132:
3124:
3075:Pinyin
3069:(with
3060:Finals
3014:ater.
2711:yard.
2355:Pinyin
2344:and w
2308:Liquid
2112:Labial
2054:/wuěi/
1793:Yu Yue
1764:Jesuit
1645:and a
1612:pinyin
1580:pinyin
1154:Tâi-lô
802:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
322:pin im
230:
213:pīnyīn
129:Taiwan
15313:Nüshu
15017:forms
14931:Sogou
14878:Input
14752:Hakka
14690:forms
14530:Other
14488:Shiqi
14427:Hailu
14395:Wuhua
14382:Hakka
14300:Other
14275:Other
14210:Pedan
14125:Other
14116:Fu'an
14093:Matsu
14025:Ji–Xu
13983:Xiang
13933:]
13921:]
13909:]
13902:Qi-De
13897:]
13885:]
13743:Shadi
13689:Taihu
13643:Gyami
13626:Other
13582:Wuhan
13491:Xi'an
13430:Jinan
13264:80000
13259:56000
13254:55000
13249:50001
13244:45001
13239:42010
13234:40500
13229:39075
13224:38500
13219:37001
13214:32000
13209:31000
13204:30170
13188:29500
13178:29148
13174:29110
13170:28000
13165:27729
13160:27006
13155:27005
13150:27002
13145:27001
13140:27000
13130:26324
13125:26300
13120:26262
13115:26000
13110:25964
13105:25178
13100:24728
13095:24707
13090:24617
13085:24613
13080:24517
13075:23941
13070:23360
13065:23271
13060:23270
13045:23092
13035:23009
13030:23008
13025:23003
13020:23000
13015:22537
13010:22395
13005:22301
13000:22300
12995:22275
12990:22000
12985:21827
12980:21500
12975:21122
12970:21047
12965:21001
12960:21000
12955:20830
12950:20802
12945:20400
12940:20121
12935:20022
12930:20000
12914:19831
12899:19770
12894:19757
12889:19752
12884:19600
12879:19510
12874:19509
12869:19508
12864:19507
12859:19506
12854:19505
12849:19503
12844:19502
12839:19501
12834:19500
12829:19439
12824:19407
12819:19136
12814:19125
12809:19115
12804:19114
12787:19092
12782:19011
12777:19005
12772:18916
12767:18629
12762:18245
12757:18181
12752:18014
12747:18004
12742:17799
12737:17506
12732:17442
12727:17369
12722:17203
12717:17100
12712:17025
12707:17024
12697:16750
12687:16485
12677:16262
12672:16023
12667:15938
12662:15930
12652:15926
12647:15924
12642:15919
12637:15897
12632:15707
12620:15706
12615:15693
12610:15686
12605:15511
12600:15504
12595:15438
12590:15445
12573:15444
12568:15408
12563:15398
12558:15291
12553:15288
12548:15189
12543:15022
12538:14971
12533:14882
12528:14764
12523:14698
12518:14651
12513:14649
12508:14644
12503:14617
12451:14496
12446:14443
12441:14396
12436:14289
12431:14224
12426:14031
12421:14000
12416:13818
12411:13816
12406:13616
12401:13584
12396:13568
12391:13567
12386:13490
12381:13485
12376:13450
12366:13399
12361:13250
12356:13216
12339:13211
12334:12620
12324:12207
12319:12182
12314:12052
12309:12006
12304:11992
12294:11941
12284:11940
12279:11898
12274:11889
12269:11801
12264:11785
12259:11784
12254:11783
12249:11544
12244:11404
12239:11179
12234:11172
12229:11170
12224:11073
12219:10967
12214:10962
12209:10957
12204:10861
12199:10746
12194:10664
12189:10646
12184:10628
12179:10589
12174:10585
12169:10383
12137:10303
12132:10279
12127:10218
12122:10206
12117:10179
12112:10165
12107:10161
12102:10160
12092:10116
12087:10007
12082:10006
10918:[
10867:[
10844:[
10630:[
10616:[
10463:[
10334:(PDF)
10124:S2CID
10081:S2CID
9862:(PDF)
9841:(PDF)
9340:Lhasa
9336:Lhasa
9175:Hoklo
9081:ASCII
9062:kanji
9014:Usage
8995:Xī'ān
8880:(×2)
8836:(×2)
8813:你，好吗？
8805:COMMA
8710:Usage
8483:Notes
7965:ma˨˩˦
7943:Tones
7764:hsüan
7755:chien
7721:syuan
7715:jyong
7654:jiong
7560:tɕʰin
7555:tɕjʊŋ
7550:tɕjɛn
7104:wong
6513:or ,
6509:or ,
6473:, or
6214:, or
6137:, or
5974:ma˨˩˦
5959:caron
5841:caron
5758:caron
5687:Tones
5355:sound
5314:ffice
5300:]
5296:[
5269:]
5265:[
5002:(ong)
4733:]
4729:[
4418:]
4414:[
4320:like
4059:]
4055:[
3863:-üan
3809:-ü-
3782:-ong
3769:-uan
3741:-uai
3676:-u-
3647:-ing
3634:-ian
3608:-iao
3541:-i-
3517:-ang
3504:-eng
3359:-ang
3356:-eng
3353:-an
3341:-ai
3105:Close
3088:Front
3037:]
3033:[
3029:]
3025:[
3002:]
2998:[
2975:]
2971:[
2948:]
2944:[
2921:]
2917:[
2906:ure.
2886:]
2882:[
2870:irt.
2858:]
2854:[
2850:]
2846:[
2823:]
2819:[
2815:]
2811:[
2800:ack.
2788:]
2784:[
2780:]
2776:[
2753:]
2749:[
2726:]
2722:[
2699:]
2695:[
2664:]
2660:[
2656:]
2652:[
2641:iss.
2629:]
2625:[
2614:ill.
2602:]
2598:[
2575:]
2571:[
2567:]
2563:[
2540:]
2536:[
2525:ake.
2513:]
2509:[
2486:]
2482:[
2471:air.
2459:]
2455:[
2432:]
2428:[
2405:]
2401:[
2390:ark.
2378:]
2374:[
2196:Nasal
2132:Velar
2050:/wěi/
2048:, as
2046:/uěi/
2026:, as
2010:]
2006:[
2002:]
1998:[
1976:erhua
1962:yùnmǔ
1891:from
1780:西儒耳目資
1667:tones
1647:final
1596:Hanyu
1422:Pinfa
1406:Xiang
1365:Pinfa
1349:Hakka
1338:Pinfa
790:(IPA)
643:Hakka
309:Hakka
105:China
86:1982
15274:Yale
15264:EFEO
15126:Seal
14911:Dayi
14508:Siyi
14190:Amoy
13707:Wuxi
13604:Huai
13417:Jilu
12162:-238
12066:9995
12061:9985
12056:9984
12051:9945
12046:9899
12041:9897
12031:9660
12026:9594
12016:9564
12011:9529
12006:9506
12001:9496
11996:9407
11991:9362
11986:9314
11981:9293
11976:9241
11971:9227
11966:9141
11961:9126
11956:9075
11951:9036
11941:8879
11894:-8-I
11849:8859
11839:8807
11829:8691
11824:8652
11819:8651
11814:8632
11809:8613
11804:8601
11799:8583
11794:8571
11784:8373
11779:8217
11774:8178
11769:8093
11764:8000
11759:7942
11754:7816
11749:7813
11744:7812
11739:7811
11734:7810
11729:7736
11724:7637
11712:7498
11707:7200
11702:7185
11697:7098
11692:7064
11687:7027
11682:7010
11677:7002
11672:7001
11667:6943
11662:6709
11657:6523
11652:6438
11647:6429
11642:6425
11637:6385
11632:6373
11627:6346
11622:6344
11617:6166
11612:5964
11607:5807
11602:5800
11597:5776
11592:5775
11587:5725
11582:5428
11577:5427
11572:5426
11567:5218
11562:4909
11557:4217
11552:4165
11547:4157
11542:4031
11537:3977
11532:3950
11527:3901
11522:3864
11517:3602
11512:3601
11507:3307
11502:3297
11480:3166
11475:3103
11470:3029
11465:2921
11460:2852
11455:2848
11450:2788
11445:2720
11440:2711
11435:2709
11430:2533
11425:2281
11420:2240
11415:2146
11410:2145
11405:2108
11400:2047
11395:2033
11390:2022
11385:2015
11380:2014
11375:1989
11370:1745
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6915:黑
6912:艾
6909:俄
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6903:喔
6900:阿
6886:ㄥ
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6880:ㄣ
6877:ㄢ
6874:ㄡ
6871:ㄠ
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6862:ㄜ
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6701:ɔ
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