Haplogroup U - Knowledge

964:

Africa and North Africa. Two possible scenarios for the first U6 haplotype (bearing mutations 3348 and 16172) can be advanced: i) these mutations aroused in the founder region but did not leave any genetic legacy in current human populations there; ii) they originated probably somewhere in North Africa, after the arrival of the U6 founder haplotype. Within North Africa U6 is only significantly frequent at its western edge (as well as in South-western Europe). More importantly, all the most basal branches are virtually restricted to that region (U6b, U6c and U6d), what could indicate its western origin. Nevertheless, it cannot be excluded the major sub-clade U6a, which shows a richness of sub-clades in Northwest Africa although a few of derivative branches also include sequences from East African and the Middle Eastern populations (e.g. U6a2).

949: 3772:

U5b2a2a1 in Poles) and dated as arising between 12–18 kya It is also remarkable that within U5b2a1a, a Mediterranean branch precedes subcluster U5b2a1a1, which is characteristic of central and eastern European populations (Figure 1). Another U5b subcluster, U5b3, has its most likely homeland in the Italian Peninsula, from where it expanded in the Holocene along the Mediterranean coasts . Hence, in general one may conclude that an initial diversification of U5b occurred in southern and central Europe, followed by the spread of a particular U5b subclusters into eastern Europe.

4279:"Individuals carrying haplogroup U possibly spread westward from Western Asia around 39–52 ky, reaching Europe as signaled by haplogroup U5, and North Africa signaled by haplogroup U6, which likely represents a genetic signal of a EUP return of Homo sapiens from Eurasia to North Africa. The time of the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) for U6 was estimated to 35.3 (24.6–46.4) ky BP. Our estimates of the haplogroup U6 TMRCA that incorporate ancient genomes (including PM1) set the formation of the U6 lineage back to 49.6 ky BP (95% HPD: 42–58 ky)" 1031:

restricted to West Africa, had more localized expansions. U6b probably reached the Iberian Peninsula during the Capsian diffusion in North Africa. Two autochthonous derivatives of these clades (U6b1 and U6c1) indicate the arrival of North African settlers to the Canarian Archipelago in prehistoric times, most probably due to the Saharan desiccation. The absence of these Canarian lineages nowadays in Africa suggests important demographic movements in the western area of this Continent.

1183:

The U2 subclades are: U2a, U2b, U2c, U2d, and U2e. With the India-specific subclades U2a, U2b, and U2c collectively referred to as U2i, the Eurasian haplogroup U2d appears to be a sister clade with the Indian haplogroup U2c, while U2e is considered a European-specific subclade but also found in South

1147:

but is also found in low frequency in Central and West Asia, as well as in Europe as U2e (the European variety of U2 is named U2e). The overall frequency of U2 in South Asia is largely accounted for by the group U2i in India whereas haplogroup U2e, common in Europe, is rare; given that these lineages

220:

Haplogroup U is found in 15% of Indian caste and 8% of Indian tribal populations. Haplogroup U is found in approximately 11% of native Europeans and is held as the oldest maternal haplogroup found in that region. In a 2013 study, all but one of the ancient modern human sequences from Europe belonged

3771:

Subcluster U5b2a is characterized by a predominantly central European distribution, since a large number of U5b samples from Poland, Slovakia and the Czech Republic fall into this subcluster. For instance, subcluster U5b2a2 is frequent in central Europe (with the highest frequency of its subcluster

963:

Usually U6 genetic history is envisioned as a migration from southwest Asia through North Africa. This hypothesis is based on the general origin of haplogroup U sub-clades in Southwest Asia, which is also the center of the geographical distribution of U sub-clades: Europe, India, Central Asia, East

4902:

Shinde, V; Narasimhan, VM; Rohland, N; Mallick, S; Mah, M; Lipson, M; Nakatsuka, N; Adamski, N; Broomandkhoshbacht, N; Ferry, M; Lawson, AM; Michel, M; Oppenheimer, J; Stewardson, K; Jadhav, N; Kim, YJ; Chatterjee, M; Munshi, A; Panyam, A; Waghmare, P; Yadav, Y; Patel, H; Kaushik, A; Thangaraj, K;

1328:

U4 has been found in ancient DNA, and it is relatively rare in modern populations, although it is found in substantial ratios in certain indigenous populations of Northern Asia and Northern Europe, being associated with the remnants of ancient European hunting-gatherers preserved in the indigenous

1010:

prehistoric site. In spite of the highest diversity of Iberian U6, Maca-Meyer argues for a Near East origin of this clade based on the highest diversity of subclade U6a in that region, where it would have arrived from West Asia, with the Iberian incidence primarily representing migration from the

1399:

area approximately 30,000 years ago. In modern populations, U7 occurs at low frequency in the Caucasus, the western Siberian tribes, West Asia (about 4% in the Near East, while peaking with 10% in Iranians), South Asia (about 12% in Gujarat, the westernmost state of India, while for the whole of

1123:

Subclades U2, U3, U4, U7, U8 and U9 are now thought to be monophyletic, their common ancestor "U2'3'4'7'8'9" defined by mutation A1811G, arising between about 42,000 and 48,000 years ago (Behar et al., 2012). Within U2'3'4'7'8'9, U4 and U9 may be monophyletic, as "U4'9" (mutations T195C!, G499A,

187:

archaeological site in Middle Egypt, dated to the 1st millennium BC, 13 of the 90 mummies bearing haplgroup U (U carriers all of the late period) and various subclades of it, U, U1,U3,U5,U6,U7 and U8. and in a separate study, DNA extracted from a tooth the mummified head of a much older mummy of

1526:

origin (Quintana-Murci et al. 2004). Regardless of which coast of the Arabian Sea may have been the origin of U9, its Ethiopian–southern Arabian–Indus Basin distribution hints that the subclade's diversification from U4 may have occurred in regions far away from the current area of the highest

1030:

Subgroup U6a reflects the first African expansion from the Maghreb returning to the east. Derivative clade U6a1 signals a posterior movement from East Africa back to the Maghreb and the Near East. This migration coincides with the probable Afroasiatic linguistic expansion. U6b and U6c clades,

1514:, together with some Indian-specific M lineages in the Yemeni sample, points to gene flow along the coast of the Arabian Sea. Haplogroups U9 and U4 share two common mutations at the root of their phylogeny. It is interesting that, in Pakistan, U9 occurs frequently only among the so-called 1148:

diverged approximately 50,000-years-ago, these data have been interpreted as indicating very low maternal-line gene-flow between South Asia and Europe throughout this period. Approximately one half of the U mtDNAs in India belong to the Indian-specific branches of haplogroup U2 (U2i: U2a,

1219:

Coalescence age for U3a is estimated as 18,000 to 26,000-years-ago while the coalescence age for U3b is estimated as 18,000 to 24,000-years-ago. U3a is found in Europe, the Near East, the Caucasus and North Africa. The almost-entirely European distributed subclade, U3a1, dated at 4000 to

1089:

shows a more patched and western distribution. In the Iberian peninsula, U6b is more frequent in the north, whereas U6a is more common in the south. It has also been found at low frequencies in Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Nigeria. Estimated age: 8,500-24,500 BP. It has one subclade:

1494:, which is estimated to date to between 30,000 and 22,000 years ago. Haplogroup K makes up a sizeable fraction of European and West Asian mtDNA lineages. It is now known it is actually a subclade of haplogroup U8b'K, and is believed to have first arisen in northeastern Italy. 960:) dated to 35,000 years ago. Hervella et al. (2016) take this find as evidence for Paleolithic back-migration of Homo sapiens from Eurasia into Africa. The discovery of basal U6* in ancient DNA contributed to setting back the estimated age of U6 to around 46,000 years ago. 171:

prehistoric sites. Among the Taforalt individuals, around 13% of the observed haplotypes belonged to various U subclades, including U4a2b (1/24; 4%), U4c1 (1/24; 4%), and U6d3 (1/24; 4%). A further 41% of the analysed haplotypes could be assigned to either haplogroup U or

393:. However, it is spread widely at lower levels throughout Europe. This distribution, and the age of the haplogroup, indicate individuals belonging to this clade were part of the initial expansion tracking the retreat of ice sheets from Europe around 10,000 years ago. 272:

Haplogroup U1 estimated to have arisen between 26,000 and 37,000 years ago. It is found at very low frequency throughout Europe. It is more often observed in eastern Europe, Anatolia and the Near East. It is also found at low frequencies in India. U1 is found in the

1018:

According to Hernández et al. 2015 "the estimated entrance of the North African U6 lineages into Iberia at 10 ky correlates well with other L African clades, indicating that U6 and some L lineages moved together from Africa to Iberia in the Early

422:

U5 was the main haplogroup of mesolithic European hunter gatherers. U haplogroups were present at 83% in European hunter gatherers before influx of Middle Eastern farmer and steppe Indo-European ancestry decreased its frequency to less than 21%.

1463:

in Europe for the mitochondrial haplogroup U8a. This is a rare subgroup of U8, placing the Basque origin of this lineage in the Upper Palaeolithic. The lack of U8a lineages in Africa suggests that their ancestors may have originated from West

212:, which have been radiocarbon-dated to between the 7th and 11th centuries CE. All of the clade-bearing individuals were inhumed at the Tenerife site, with these specimens found to belong to the U6b1a (4/7; 57%) and U6b (1/7; 14%) subclades. 1228:

mtDNA from the Caucasus. U3b is widespread across the Middle East and the Caucasus, and it is found especially in Iran, Iraq and Yemen, with a minor European subclade, U3b1b, dated at 2000 to 3000-years-ago. Haplogroup U3 is defined by the

407:

Additionally, haplogroup U5 is found in small frequencies and at much lower diversity in the Near East and parts of northern Africa (areas with sizable U6 concentrations), suggesting back-migration of people from Europe toward the south.

1203:

Germany, and in 2,000-year-old human remains from Bøgebjerggård in Southern Denmark. However, haplogroup U2 is rare in present-day Scandinavians. The remains of a 2,000-year-old West Eurasian male of haplogroup U2e1 was found in the

369:

U5 has been found in human remains dating from the Mesolithic in England, Germany, Lithuania, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Sweden, France and Spain. Neolithic skeletons (~7,000 years old) that were excavated from the Avellaner cave in

2174:

Kefi R, Hechmi M, Naouali C, Jmel H, Hsouna S, Bouzaid E, et al. (January 2018). "On the origin of Iberomaurusians: new data based on ancient mitochondrial DNA and phylogenetic analysis of Afalou and Taforalt populations".

277:

region of Georgia at 4.2%. Subclade U1a is found from India to Europe, but is extremely rare among the northern and Atlantic fringes of Europe including the British Isles and Scandinavia. In India, U1a has been found in the

1430:"princely burials" included haplogroup U7. Haplogroup U7 was reported to have been found in 1200-year-old human remains (dating to around 834), in a woman believed to be from a royal clan who was buried with the Viking 143:

classified as belonging to the U* mitochondrial haplogroup has been recovered from human skeletal remains found in Western Siberia, which have been dated to c. 45,000 years ago. The mitogenome (33-fold coverage) of the

1062:

in Morocco, which have been dated to around 5,000 BCE, have also been found to carry the U6a subhaplogroup. These ancient individuals bore an autochthonous Northwest African genomic component that peaks among modern

1045:

subclade is the most widespread, stretching from the Canary Islands and Iberian Peninsula to the Horn of Africa and Near East. The subhaplogroup has its highest diversity in Northeast Africa. Ancient DNA analysis of

228:

is a subclade of U8. The old age has led to a wide distribution of the descendant subgroups across Western Eurasia, North Africa, and South Asia. Some subclades of haplogroup U have a more specific geographic range.

4861: 724:

has been found in Saami of Scandinavia, Finnish and the Berbers of North Africa, which were found to share an extremely young branch, aged merely ~9,000 years. U5b1b was also found in Fulbe and Papel people in

1114:

U6a, U6b and U6d share a common basal mutation (16219) that is not present in U6c, whereas U6c has 11 unique mutations. U6b and U6d share a mutation (16311) not shared by U6a, which has three unique mutations.

786:

arose between 17,000 and 23,000 years ago and has polymorphisms in 1721 13637( + U5b polymorphisms). The clade has been found in remains dating from prehistoric times in Europe, such as the subclade U5b2c1 of

3670:

Héctor DZ, María NC, Juan MC (April 2017). "A Mainly Circum Mediterranean Origin for West Eurasian and North African mtDNAs in Puerto Rico with Strong Contributions from the Canary Islands and West Africa".

1434:

in Norway. Haplogroup U7 was found in 1000-year-old human remains (dating to around AD 1000-1250) in a Christian cemetery is Kongemarken Denmark. However, U7 is rare among present-day ethnic Scandinavians.

192:

of the very end of the 11th or early 12th Dynasty who belonged to mtDNA haplogroup U5b2b5 (with no exact matches found in a modern population of U5 carriers) from a 2018 article by Odile Loreille et al.

1884:

Hervella et al. (2016) "Individuals carrying haplogroup U possibly spread westward from Western Asia around 39–52 ky, reaching Europe as signaled by haplogroup U5, and North Africa signaled by haplogroup

845:

between 12,000 and 17,000 years ago. The clade was notably linked to Neve, who, at the time of her discovery, was the oldest identified female infant burial in Europe, carbon-dated to around 10,000 years

221:

to maternal haplogroup U, thus confirming previous findings that haplogroup U was the dominant type of Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in Europe before the spread of agriculture into Europe from the Near East.

244:

Van Oven and Kayser (2009) proposed subclades "U2'3'4'7'8" and "U4'9". Behar et al. (2012) amended this by grouping "U4'9" as subordinate to "U2'3'4'7'8" for a new intermediate subclade "U2'3'4'7'8'9".

2275:

Loreille, O.; Ratnayake, S.; Bazinet, A. L.; Stockwell, T. B.; Sommer, D. D.; Rohland, N.; Mallick, S.; Johnson, P. L.; Skoglund, P.; Onorato, A. J.; Bergman, N. H.; Reich, D.; Irwin, J. A. (2018).

995:, including the rare Canarian branch. This suggests that the ancient U6 clade bearers may have inhabited or passed through the Chad Basin on their way westward toward the Canary Islands. 3842: 1058:, which have been dated to the Later Stone Age between 15,100 and 13,900 ybp, observed the U6a subclade among most of the fossils (6/7; ~86%). Fossils at the Early Neolithic site of 909:

this subclade is likely similarly western Mediterranean/Ibero-Italic in origin but spread to parts of northwestern and middle Europe through Roman expansion, with samples found in

6476:

Rudbeck L, Gilbert MT, Willerslev E, Hansen AJ, Lynnerup N, Christensen T, Dissing J (October 2005). "mtDNA analysis of human remains from an early Danish Christian cemetery".

3951: 4700: 5674:

Stevanovitch A, Gilles A, Bouzaid E, Kefi R, Paris F, Gayraud RP, et al. (January 2004). "Mitochondrial DNA sequence diversity in a sedentary population from Egypt".

3489:

Coudray C, Olivieri A, Achilli A, Pala M, Melhaoui M, Cherkaoui M, et al. (March 2009). "The complex and diversified mitochondrial gene pool of Berber populations".

129:

mtDNA branch of the phylogenetic tree. The defining mutations (A11467G, A12308G, G12372A) are estimated to have arisen between 43,000 and 50,000 years ago, in the early

3932: 3825: 3806: 5259:

Melchior L, Gilbert MT, Kivisild T, Lynnerup N, Dissing J (February 2008). "Rare mtDNA haplogroups and genetic differences in rich and poor Danish Iron-Age villages".

5218:

Lee EJ, Makarewicz C, Renneberg R, Harder M, Krause-Kyora B, Müller S, Ostritz S, Fehren-Schmitz L, Schreiber S, Müller J, von Wurmb-Schwark N, Nebel A (August 2012).

4694: 4097: 2917:

Soares, Pedro; Achilli, Alessandro; Semino, Ornella; Davies, William; Macaulay, Vincent; Bandelt, Hans-Jürgen; Torroni, Antonio; Richards, Martin B. (2010-02-23).

3787: 3533: 2763:"Abstract Book of the IUAES Inter-Congress 2016 - A community divided? Revealing the community genome(s) of Medieval Kulubnarti using next- generation sequencing" 1408:

of Sri Lanka where it reaches it highest frequency of 13.33% (subclade U7a). One third of the West Eurasian-specific mtDNAs found in India are in haplogroups U7,

6015:"Mitochondrial genome diversity in arctic Siberians, with particular reference to the evolutionary history of Beringia and Pleistocenic peopling of the Americas" 5639:

Kujanová M, Pereira L, Fernandes V, Pereira JB, Cerný V (October 2009). "Near eastern neolithic genetic input in a small oasis of the Egyptian Western Desert".

3083:

Deguilloux MF, Soler L, Pemonge MH, Scarre C, Joussaume R, Laporte L (January 2011). "News from the west: ancient DNA from a French megalithic burial chamber".

2277:"Biological Sexing of a 4000-Year-Old Egyptian Mummy Head to Assess the Potential of Nuclear DNA Recovery from the Most Damaged and Limited Forensic Specimens" 6389: 3473: 1506:

Haplogroup U9 is a rare clade in mtDNA phylogeny, characterized only recently in a few populations of Pakistan (Quintana-Murci et al. 2004). Its presence in

2850:

Brandstätter, Anita; Zimmermann, Bettina; Wagner, Janine; Göbel, Tanja; Röck, Alexander W.; Salas, Antonio; Carracedo, Angel; Parson, Walther (2008-07-04).

4808:"Most of the extant mtDNA boundaries in south and southwest Asia were likely shaped during the initial settlement of Eurasia by anatomically modern humans" 2783:

Rai N, Taher N, Singh M, Chaubey G, Jha AN, Singh L, Thangaraj K (January 2014). "Relic excavated in western India is probably of Georgian Queen Ketevan".

343:

and surrounding regions. Since the genetic analysis corroborates archaeological and literary evidence, it is believed that the excavated remains belong to

6227: 6209: 6191: 6173: 5085: 5067: 5049: 5031: 5013: 6564: 5340: 4018:

The Young Man of Byrsa specimen dates from the late 6th century BCE, and his lineage is believed to represent early gene flow from Iberia to the Maghreb.

2818: 2583: 752:, matching with samples from Senegambia and northern Cameroon indicating its presence as a product of early colonization and enslavement of Senegambians. 359:

culture. Approximately 11% of Europeans (10% of European-Americans) have some variant of haplogroup U5. The haplogroup most likely originated in Europe.

1518:

population. In this particular population, lineages specific to parts of Eastern Africa occur as frequently as 39%, which suggests that U9 lineages in

3874:"An infant burial from Arma Veirana in northwestern Italy provides insights into funerary practices and female personhood in early Mesolithic Europe" 788: 6865: 956:

Haplogroup U6 was dated to between 31,000 and 43,000 years ago by Behar et al. (2012). Basal U6* was found in a Romanian specimen of ancient DNA (

328: 312:, located in the southwestern desert of Egypt. 21 of the Kellis burials have been radiocarbon-dated to around 80-445 AD, a timeframe within the 6646: 4121: 4290: 3850: 4031: 3409: 2712:"Complete Mitochondrial Genome Sequencing of a Burial from a Romano-Christian Cemetery in the Dakhleh Oasis, Egypt: Preliminary Indications" 1309:

period. Haplogroup U3 was already present in the West Eurasian gene pool around 6,000-years-ago and probably also its subclade U3a as well.

1341:(28.9%) of the Yenisei River. It is found in Europe with highest concentrations in Scandinavia and the Baltic states. and is found in the 6513:"Mitochondrial DNA history of Sri Lankan ethnic people: their relations within the island and with the Indian subcontinental populations" 6615: 1383:

include haplogroup U4 with 16179T in its HVR1 indicative of subclade U4c1. 2 out of 9 1700-year-old remains in the extreme southwest of

3276: 1379:

in the west. Mitochondrial DNA recovered from 3,500 to 3,300-year-old remains at the Bredtoftegård site in Denmark associated with the

85:. Its various subclades (labelled U1–U9, diverging over the course of the Upper Paleolithic) are found widely distributed across 282:

region. U1b has a similar spread but is rarer than U1a. A variety of subclade U1b1 with the mutations G14070A! and A3426G is found in

5537:

Malyarchuk BA, Grzybowski T, Derenko MV, Czarny J, Miścicka-Sliwka D (March 2006). "Mitochondrial DNA diversity in the Polish Roma".

1371:, which flourished 5200 to 4300 years ago in Eastern and Central Europe and encompassed most of continental northern Europe from the 5420: 4397:"New insights into the Lake Chad Basin population structure revealed by high-throughput genotyping of mitochondrial DNA coding SNPs" 3948: 176:. Among the Afalou individuals, 44% of the analysed haplotypes could be assigned to either haplogroup U or haplogroup H (3/9; 33%). 880:

The subclade likely originates in the Italian peninsula; it is at its highest distribution in southwestern Europe, peaking amongst

5784: 5719:"Linking the sub-Saharan and West Eurasian gene pools: maternal and paternal heritage of the Tuareg nomads from the African Sahel" 1067:, indicating that they were ancestral to populations in the area. U6a's estimated age is 24-27,500 BP. It has one major subclade: 2438: 2328:"Genomic Analyses of Pre-European Conquest Human Remains from the Canary Islands Reveal Close Affinity to Modern North Africans" 1359:

Haplogroup U4 is associated with ancient European hunter-gatherers and has been found in 7,200 to 6,000-year-old remains of the

6366: 6091: 6062: 4862:"Distribution of mitochondrial DNA macrohaplogroup N in India with special reference to haplogroup R and its sub-haplogroup U." 4469:"The history of the North African mitochondrial DNA haplogroup U6 gene flow into the African, Eurasian and American continents" 2117:"The history of the North African mitochondrial DNA haplogroup U6 gene flow into the African, Eurasian and American continents" 6455: 3929: 3822: 3803: 2609: 2422: 659: 5220:"Emerging genetic patterns of the European Neolithic: perspectives from a late Neolithic Bell Beaker burial site in Germany" 1224:

or later) expansion of these lineages in Europe. There is a minor U3c subclade (derived from U3a), represented by a single

773:

arose about 6600 years ago. U5b1e is mainly seen in central Europe among Czechs, Slovaks, Hungarians and southern Russians.

6121: 152:(35 ky cal BP) has been identified as the basal haplogroup U6* not previously found in any ancient or present-day humans. 5102:

Malyarchuk B, Derenko M, Perkova M, Vanecek T (October 2008). "Mitochondrial haplogroup U2d phylogeny and distribution".

6761: 1301:

Haplogroup U3 has been found in some of the 6400-year-old remains (U3a) discovered in the caves at Wadi El-Makkukh near

1152:

and U2c). Haplogroup U2b2 has been found in the remains of a 4500 year old female excavated from the Rakhigarhi site of

1110:

most closely related to U6b. Localized in the Maghreb, with a presence in Europe. It arose between 10,000 and 13,000 BP.

3784: 3541: 1598: 74: 5859:"Ancient DNA reveals prehistoric gene-flow from siberia in the complex human population history of North East Europe" 4895: 4528:"Early Holocenic and Historic mtDNA African Signatures in the Iberian Peninsula: The Andalusian Region as a Paradigm" 4122:"Mitochondrial haplogroup U5b3: a distant echo of the epipaleolithic in Italy and the legacy of the early Sardinians" 4032:"Mitochondrial haplogroup U5b3: a distant echo of the epipaleolithic in Italy and the legacy of the early Sardinians" 699:

arose between 19,000 and 26,000 years ago and has polymorphisms in 150 7768 14182 ( + U5 polymorphisms). Found among

381:

Haplogroup U5 and its subclades U5a and U5b today form the highest population concentrations in the far north, among

3968:

Matisoo-Smith EA, Gosling AL, Boocock J, Kardailsky O, Kurumilian Y, Roudesli-Chebbi S, et al. (May 25, 2016).

3364:(6466). Washington D.C.: American Association for the Advancement of Science (published November 8, 2019): 708–714. 6936: 1949:"Carriers of mitochondrial DNA macrohaplogroup R colonized Eurasia and Australasia from a southeast Asia core area" 6783:

Behar DM, van Oven M, Rosset S, Metspalu M, Loogväli EL, Silva NM, Kivisild T, Torroni A, Villems R (April 2012).

4636:"Ancient genomes from North Africa evidence prehistoric migrations to the Maghreb from both the Levant and Europe" 3470: 1345:

population of the Scandinavian peninsula (although, U5b has a higher representation). U4 is also preserved in the

5530: 3721:

Malyarchuk B, Derenko M, Grzybowski T, Perkova M, Rogalla U, Vanecek T, et al. (April 2010). Gilbert (ed.).

2389: 2326:

Rodríguez-Varela R, Günther T, Krzewińska M, Storå J, Gillingwater TH, MacCallum M, et al. (November 2017).

987:, where it has the highest diversity (10 out of 19 sublineages are only found in this region and not in Africa), 4696:

Genetic Patterns of Y-chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Variation, with Implications to the Peopling of the Sudan

948: 6870: 4291:"Joining the pillars of Hercules: mtDNA sequences show multidirectional gene flow in the western Mediterranean" 4233:"The mitogenome of a 35,000-year-old Homo sapiens from Europe supports a Palaeolithic back-migration to Africa" 3423:"Ancient mitochondrial lineages support the prehistoric maternal root of Basques in Northern Iberian Peninsula" 3281: 2059:"The mitogenome of a 35,000-year-old Homo sapiens from Europe supports a Palaeolithic back-migration to Africa" 1447: 998:

U6 is thought to have entered North Africa from the Near East around 30,000 years ago. It has been found among

5785:"Ancient mtdna sequences and radiocarbon dating of human bones from the chalcolithic caves of wadi el-makkukh" 3303:

Hendrickson SL, Hutcheson HB, Ruiz-Pesini E, Poole JC, Lautenberger J, Sezgin E, et al. (November 2008).

2826: 6324:

Malyarchuk B, Grzybowski T, Derenko M, Perkova M, Vanecek T, Lazur J, Gomolcak P, Tsybovsky I (August 2008).

4904: 2852:"Timing and deciphering mitochondrial DNA macro-haplogroup R0 variability in Central Europe and Middle East" 654:

arose around 6000 years ago. It has been found in an ancient Mesolithic sample (6000-5000 cal BCE) from the

1875:

Behar et al. (2012), note the revised estimate of 42–58 key based on ancient DNA by Hervella et al. (2016).

1574: 1322: 1317:

Haplogroup U4 has its origin between 21,000 and 14,000 years ago. Its distribution is associated with the

6154: 6140: 3028:"Ancient DNA reveals lack of continuity between neolithic hunter-gatherers and contemporary Scandinavians" 2220:"Ancient Egyptian mummy genomes suggest an increase of Sub-Saharan African ancestry in post-Roman periods" 1395:

Haplogroup U7 is considered a West Eurasian–specific mtDNA haplogroup, believed to have originated in the

1156:, in present day state of Haryana, India. While U2 is typically found in India, it is also present in the 6407:"Slavicization of the Uralic speakers Volga-Oka interfluve. Languages & genes from Iron Age to Slavs" 4585:

van de Loosdrecht M, Bouzouggar A, Humphrey L, Posth C, Barton N, Aximu-Petri A, et al. (May 2018).

3970:"A European Mitochondrial Haplotype Identified in Ancient Phoenician Remains from Carthage, North Africa" 4634:

Fregel R, Méndez FL, Bokbot Y, Martín-Socas D, Camalich-Massieu MD, Santana J, et al. (June 2018).

3421:

Palencia-Madrid L, Cardoso S, Keyser C, López-Quintana JC, Guenaga-Lizasu A, de Pancorbo MM (May 2017).

3119: 3118:

Sánchez-Quinto F, Schroeder H, Ramirez O, Avila-Arcos MC, Pybus M, Olalde I, et al. (August 2012).

2710:

Molto JE, Loreille O, Mallott EK, Malhi RS, Fast S, Daniels-Higginbotham J, et al. (October 2017).

308:

The U1a1a subclade has been observed in an ancient individual excavated at the Kellis 2 cemetery in the

2412: 1614: 1585: 1188: 6013:

Volodko NV, Starikovskaya EB, Mazunin IO, Eltsov NP, Naidenko PV, Wallace DC, et al. (May 2008).

6837: 5908:

Haak W, Balanovsky O, Sanchez JJ, Koshel S, Zaporozhchenko V, Adler CJ, et al. (November 2010).

5857:

Der Sarkissian C, Balanovsky O, Brandt G, Khartanovich V, Buzhilova A, Koshel S, et al. (2013).

5582:"Reconstructing the Indian origin and dispersal of the European Roma: a maternal genetic perspective" 1409: 1187:

Haplogroup U2 has been found in the remains of a 37,000 and 30,000-year-old hunter-gatherer from the

1153: 1128: 1127:

U2'3'4'7'8'9 was found in the remains of two 32,000 years old Ancient North Siberians (ANS) from the

339:

have also revealed the unique mtDNA subclade U1b. This sublineage is absent in India, but present in

6762:"My Full Mitochondrial Sequence, Heteroplasmy and Comparing mtDNA designations at FTDNA and 23andMe" 6650: 6431: 5966:"Traces of early Eurasians in the Mansi of northwest Siberia revealed by mitochondrial DNA analysis" 4421: 1416:. It is speculated that large-scale immigration carried these mitochondrial haplogroups into India. 795:

site in Spain). U5b2 is rare among French Basques (2.5%) and more frequent in the Spanish Basques.

6906: 6888: 6735: 3026:

Malmström H, Gilbert MT, Thomas MG, Brandström M, Storå J, Molnar P, et al. (November 2009).

6900: 4072: 2918: 1059: 363: 6583:"An ancient DNA perspective on the Iron Age "princely burials" from Baden-Wiirttemberg, Germany" 5490:"Where west meets east: the complex mtDNA landscape of the southwest and Central Asian corridor" 5357:

Derenko M, Malyarchuk B, Bahmanimehr A, Denisova G, Perkova M, Farjadian S, et al. (2013).

5296:"A western Eurasian male is found in 2000-year-old elite Xiongnu cemetery in Northeast Mongolia" 4120:

Pala M, Achilli A, Olivieri A, Hooshiar Kashani B, Perego UA, Sanna D, et al. (June 2009).

4030:

Pala M, Achilli A, Olivieri A, Hooshiar Kashani B, Perego UA, Sanna D, et al. (June 2009).

355:

The age of U5 is estimated at between 25,000 and 35,000 years old, roughly corresponding to the

4806:

Metspalu M, Kivisild T, Metspalu E, Parik J, Hudjashov G, Kaldma K, et al. (August 2004).

4587:"Pleistocene North African genomes link Near Eastern and sub-Saharan African human populations" 4416: 4231:

Hervella M, Svensson EM, Alberdi A, Günther T, Izagirre N, Munters AR, et al. (May 2016).

2966:

Bramanti B, Thomas MG, Haak W, Unterlaender M, Jores P, Tambets K, et al. (October 2009).

2057:

Hervella M, Svensson EM, Alberdi A, Günther T, Izagirre N, Munters AR, et al. (May 2016).

313: 254: 6673:"Ethiopian mitochondrial DNA heritage: tracking gene flow across and around the gate of tears" 4346:"Mitochondrial DNA transit between West Asia and North Africa inferred from U6 phylogeography" 2000:"Carriers of human mitochondrial DNA macrohaplogroup M colonized India from southeastern Asia" 1256:

region (about 4.2% of the population) and among Lithuanian Romani, Polish Romani, and Spanish

6894: 6623: 4526:

Hernández CL, Soares P, Dugoujon JM, Novelletto A, Rodríguez JN, Rito T, et al. (2015).

3966:

Matisoo-Smith EA, Gosling AL, Boocock J, Kardailsky O, Kurumilian Y, Roudesli-Chebbi S, et al

3286: 2762: 1828: 1823: 1790: 1697: 1675: 1670: 1665: 1654: 1646: 1641: 1564: 1318: 1233: 442: 6671:

Kivisild T, Reidla M, Metspalu E, Rosa A, Brehm A, Pennarun E, et al. (November 2004).

5488:

Quintana-Murci L, Chaix R, Wells RS, Behar DM, Sayar H, Scozzari R, et al. (May 2004).

4955:

Bermisheva MA, Kutuev IA, Korshunova TI, Dubova NA, Villems R, Khusnutdinova EK (2004). "".

4726: 4467:

Secher B, Fregel R, Larruga JM, Cabrera VM, Endicott P, Pestano JJ, et al. (May 2014).

2115:

Secher B, Fregel R, Larruga JM, Cabrera VM, Endicott P, Pestano JJ, González AM (May 2014).

1363:

in Gotland Sweden and in 4,400 to 3,800-year-old remains from the Damsbo site of the Danish

6278: 6244: 5799: 5593: 5370: 5158: 4749: 4741: 4647: 4598: 4539: 4480: 4408: 4244: 4185: 3981: 3885: 3734: 3575: 3365: 3191: 3134: 3039: 2979: 2930: 2863: 2661: 2477: 2339: 2231: 2218:

Schuenemann VJ, Peltzer A, Welte B, van Pelt WP, Molak M, Wang CC, et al. (May 2017).

2128: 2070: 2011: 1960: 1855: 1850: 1845: 1840: 1833: 1816: 1808: 1785: 1780: 1770: 1763: 1758: 1753: 1748: 1740: 1735: 1730: 1725: 1717: 1712: 1707: 1702: 1687: 1682: 1491: 1485: 1413: 238: 225: 173: 126: 78: 46: 6581:

Lee EJ, Steffen C, Harder M, Krause-Kyora B, Von Wurmb-Schwark N, Nebel A (January 2012).

6511:

Ranaweera L, Kaewsutthi S, Win Tun A, Boonyarit H, Poolsuwan S, Lertrit P (January 2014).

5580:

Mendizabal I, Valente C, Gusmão A, Alves C, Gomes V, Goios A, et al. (January 2011).

4985:

Derbeneva OA, Starikovskaia EB, Volod'ko NV, Wallace DC, Sukernik RI (November 2002). "".

4289:

Plaza S, Calafell F, Helal A, Bouzerna N, Lefranc G, Bertranpetit J, Comas D (July 2003).

3621:

Achilli A, Rengo C, Battaglia V, Pala M, Olivieri A, Fornarino S, et al. (May 2005).

957: 8: 5910:"Ancient DNA from European early neolithic farmers reveals their near eastern affinities" 5461: 5419:

Richards M, Macaulay V, Hickey E, Vega E, Sykes B, Guida V, et al. (November 2000).

3178:

Lacan M, Keyser C, Ricaut FX, Brucato N, Tarrús J, Bosch A, et al. (November 2011).

2968:"Genetic discontinuity between local hunter-gatherers and central Europe's first farmers" 1579: 1368: 1360: 1096:

found only in the Canary Islands and in the Iberian peninsula. Estimated age: c. 6000 BP.

134: 6282: 5803: 5717:

Pereira L, Cerný V, Cerezo M, Silva NM, Hájek M, Vasíková A, et al. (August 2010).

5597: 5374: 5200: 5162: 4745: 4651: 4602: 4543: 4484: 4412: 4248: 4189: 3985: 3889: 3738: 3579: 3369: 3195: 3138: 3043: 2983: 2934: 2867: 2665: 2481: 2343: 2235: 2132: 2074: 2015: 1964: 6918: 6912: 6809: 6784: 6697: 6672: 6542: 6301: 6266: 6039: 6014: 5936: 5909: 5885: 5858: 5807: 5743: 5718: 5699: 5616: 5581: 5562: 5514: 5489: 5448: 5393: 5358: 5182: 5127: 4932: 4905:"An Ancient Harappan Genome Lacks Ancestry from Steppe Pastoralists or Iranian Farmers" 4884: 4775: 4670: 4635: 4562: 4527: 4503: 4468: 4441: 4396: 4344:

Maca-Meyer N, González AM, Pestano J, Flores C, Larruga JM, Cabrera VM (October 2003).

4321: 4265: 4232: 4208: 4173: 4149: 4059: 4004: 3969: 3906: 3873: 3757: 3722: 3696: 3647: 3622: 3598: 3564:"Y-chromosomal diversity in the population of Guinea-Bissau: a multiethnic perspective" 3563: 3514: 3447: 3422: 3386: 3353: 3329: 3304: 3237: 3214: 3179: 3160: 3065: 3005: 2894: 2851: 2738: 2711: 2684: 2649: 2648:

Bekada A, Arauna LR, Deba T, Calafell F, Benhamamouch S, Comas D (September 24, 2015).

2556: 2529: 2498: 2465: 2303: 2276: 2252: 2219: 2200: 2151: 2116: 2091: 2058: 2034: 1999: 1983: 1948: 1929: 1350: 344: 6882: 6876: 6860: 6645:

Farrell JJ, Al-Ali AK, Farrer LA, Al-Nafaie AN, Al-Rubaish AM, Melista E, et al.

5990: 5965: 5783:

Salamon M, Tzur S, Arensburg B, Zias J, Nagar Y, Weiner S, Boaretto E (January 2010).

5439: 5146: 4834: 4807: 4372: 4345: 2530:"The mitochondrial lineage U8a reveals a Paleolithic settlement in the Basque country" 316:

period. Haplogroup U1 has also been found among specimens at the mainland cemetery in

145: 6814: 6702: 6534: 6493: 6347: 6306: 6044: 5995: 5941: 5890: 5766: 5748: 5691: 5687: 5656: 5621: 5554: 5550: 5519: 5453: 5398: 5318: 5276: 5241: 5186: 5174: 5119: 4994: 4964: 4937: 4839: 4779: 4767: 4675: 4616: 4567: 4508: 4446: 4377: 4313: 4309: 4270: 4213: 4154: 4099:

GENETIC LEGACY OF SEPHARDIC JEWS: PATERNAL AND MATERNAL LINEAGES OF CHUETA POPULATION

4064: 4009: 3911: 3762: 3688: 3652: 3603: 3506: 3502: 3452: 3391: 3334: 3219: 3152: 3100: 3057: 3009: 2997: 2948: 2899: 2881: 2800: 2743: 2689: 2605: 2561: 2503: 2442: 2418: 2367: 2308: 2257: 2192: 2156: 2096: 2039: 1988: 1921: 1900:"Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation" 1799: 1610: 1569: 1423: 1380: 984: 889: 401: 340: 130: 82: 6546: 6374: 6099: 6070: 5826:"Neolithic pots and potters in Europe: the end of 'demic diffusion' migratory model" 5703: 5295: 4888: 4325: 3700: 3518: 3180:"Ancient DNA suggests the leading role played by men in the Neolithic dissemination" 3164: 2464:

Fu Q, Mittnik A, Johnson PL, Bos K, Lari M, Bollongino R, et al. (April 2013).

1933: 269:

The U1 subclades are: U1a (with deep-subclades U1a1, U1a1a, U1a1a1, U1a1b) and U1b.

6804: 6796: 6692: 6684: 6594: 6524: 6485: 6459: 6337: 6296: 6286: 6034: 6026: 5985: 5977: 5931: 5921: 5880: 5870: 5837: 5738: 5730: 5683: 5648: 5611: 5601: 5546: 5509: 5501: 5443: 5435: 5388: 5378: 5310: 5268: 5231: 5166: 5131: 5111: 4927: 4919: 4880: 4876: 4829: 4819: 4759: 4665: 4655: 4606: 4557: 4547: 4498: 4488: 4436: 4426: 4367: 4357: 4305: 4260: 4252: 4203: 4193: 4144: 4136: 4054: 4046: 3999: 3989: 3901: 3893: 3752: 3742: 3680: 3642: 3634: 3593: 3583: 3498: 3442: 3434: 3381: 3373: 3324: 3316: 3209: 3199: 3142: 3092: 3069: 3047: 2987: 2938: 2889: 2871: 2792: 2733: 2723: 2679: 2669: 2551: 2541: 2493: 2485: 2357: 2347: 2298: 2288: 2247: 2239: 2204: 2184: 2146: 2136: 2086: 2078: 2029: 2019: 1978: 1968: 1911: 1177: 988: 968: 885: 5566: 5294:

Kim K, Brenner CH, Mair VH, Lee KH, Kim JH, Gelegdorj E, et al. (July 2010).

3684: 2188: 6291: 5926: 5875: 5606: 5383: 4552: 4431: 3994: 3955: 3936: 3829: 3810: 3791: 3747: 3477: 3320: 2674: 1419:

The U7 subclades are U7a (with deep-subclades U7a1, U7a2, U7a2a, U7a2b) and U7b.

1330: 1264: 1191:

in Central-South European Russia., in 4800 to 4000-year-old human remains from a

1169: 972: 892:(1.09%). According to another study, U5b3 occurs at a frequency of 2.53% amongst 86: 3255: 2466:"A revised timescale for human evolution based on ancient mitochondrial genomes" 991:

and occasionally in other locations. U6 is also found at low frequencies in the

6800: 6785:"A "Copernican" reassessment of the human mitochondrial DNA tree from its root" 6245:"Prehistoric European DNA - mtDNA & Y-DNA Haplogroup Frequencies by Period" 6030: 5115: 4923: 4640:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

4178:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

4140: 4050: 3897: 3184:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

2796: 2625: 1384: 1364: 1192: 1047: 1003: 999: 976: 922: 918: 302: 298: 283: 209: 160: 156: 114: 110: 90: 6406: 5767:"Forensic and phylogeographic characterisation of mtDNA lineages from Somalia" 4763: 3147: 3052: 3027: 2943: 2489: 2352: 2327: 2024: 1973: 655: 6930: 4493: 2885: 2141: 1628: 1495: 1346: 1287: 1257: 1173: 926: 726: 258: 180: 168: 6342: 6325: 5170: 4660: 4611: 4586: 4198: 3588: 3377: 3204: 2992: 2967: 2876: 2546: 6818: 6706: 6538: 6497: 6351: 6310: 6048: 5999: 5945: 5894: 5752: 5695: 5660: 5625: 5558: 5523: 5457: 5402: 5322: 5280: 5245: 5178: 5123: 4998: 4968: 4941: 4843: 4824: 4771: 4679: 4620: 4571: 4512: 4450: 4381: 4362: 4317: 4274: 4217: 4158: 4068: 4013: 3915: 3766: 3692: 3656: 3607: 3510: 3456: 3395: 3338: 3223: 3156: 3104: 3061: 3001: 2952: 2903: 2804: 2747: 2693: 2565: 2507: 2371: 2312: 2261: 2196: 2160: 2100: 2043: 1992: 1925: 1775: 1544: 1537: 1431: 1405: 1353:

of Pakistan where U4 (subclade U4a1) attains its highest frequency of 34%.

1334: 1306: 1245: 1225: 1132: 930: 910: 309: 201: 189: 106: 98: 94: 6265:

Melchior L, Lynnerup N, Siegismund HR, Kivisild T, Dissing J (July 2010).

5856: 3420: 1947:

Larruga JM, Marrero P, Abu-Amero KK, Golubenko MV, Cabrera VM (May 2017).

1527:

diversity and frequency of haplogroup U4—East Europe and western Siberia.

1124:

T5999C) arising between 31,000 and 43,000 years ago (Behar et al., 2012).

6529: 6512: 5734: 4984: 3723:"The peopling of Europe from the mitochondrial haplogroup U5 perspective" 3438: 3117: 2728: 2408: 2293: 1498:

shows some evidence of being highly protective against AIDS progression.

1372: 1342: 1249: 1161: 1104:

only found in Morocco and Canary Islands. Estimated age: 6,000-17,500 BP.

1078: 952:

Projected frequencies for haplogroup U6 (top left) and several subclades.

749: 382: 140: 4584: 2243: 792: 6599: 6582: 6489: 5652: 5314: 5272: 5236: 5219: 3096: 1916: 1899: 1551: 1338: 1165: 1144: 992: 881: 704: 356: 317: 102: 5964:

Derbeneva OA, Starikovskaya EB, Wallace DC, Sukernik RI (April 2002).

4727:"The population history of northeastern Siberia since the Pleistocene" 4256: 2362: 2325: 2082: 6647:"The Saudi Arabian Genome Reveals a Two Step Out-of-Africa Migration" 5963: 4174:"Early modern humans from the Pestera Muierii, Baia de Fier, Romania" 3967: 1460: 1396: 1271: 1241: 1200: 1196: 980: 914: 859: 390: 371: 286:. Subclades U1a and U1b appear in equal frequency in eastern Europe. 6432:"The Oseberg women and the Gokstad man retain their genetic secrets" 5842: 5825: 5356: 3354:"Ancient Rome: A genetic crossroads of Europe and the Mediterranean" 3302: 1160:, descendants of various Mongolic and Turkic tribes, who formed the 6688: 6510: 5981: 5505: 4754: 4119: 4029: 3638: 3120:"Genomic affinities of two 7,000-year-old Iberian hunter-gatherers" 1519: 1507: 1427: 1401: 1221: 1073:

similar distribution to U6a parent clade; found particularly among

1051: 1020: 1007: 897: 863: 274: 205: 197: 164: 6323: 6264: 5421:"Tracing European founder lineages in the Near Eastern mtDNA pool" 5147:"Genomic structure in Europeans dating back at least 36,200 years" 3720: 801:

between 12,000 and 19,000 years ago, prevalent in Central Europe.

6854: 6417: 6012: 5536: 4525: 2849: 2274: 1998:

Marrero P, Abu-Amero KK, Larruga JM, Cabrera VM (November 2016).

1302: 1295: 1279: 1267: 1253: 1205: 1064: 1055: 1012: 893: 748:

A principal element in the maternal western eurasian lineages in

734: 700: 446: 397: 290: 149: 4954: 3025: 1946: 5638: 5258: 5101: 4343: 3562:

Rosa A, Ornelas C, Jobling MA, Brehm A, Villems R (July 2007).

2761:

Sirak K, Frenandes D, Novak M, Van Gerven D, Pinhasi R (2016).

2217: 1523: 1467:

Haplogroup U8b: This clade has been found in Italy and Jordan.

1439: 1237: 1157: 900: 730: 404:

possess almost exclusively U5b lineages (U5b1f, U5b1c1, U5b2).

279: 184: 6475: 4901: 4633: 4230: 2965: 2056: 1997: 1367:. Remains identified as subclade U4a2 are associated with the 5487: 4805: 2760: 1515: 1511: 1376: 1291: 1275: 1074: 967:

Haplogroup U6 is common (with a prevalence of around 10%) in

867: 663: 450: 386: 375: 336: 321: 6580: 6367:"Ancient Western Eurasian DNA of the Copper and Bronze Ages" 5579: 5217: 4903:

Meyer, M; Patterson, N; Rai, N; Reich, D (17 October 2019).

3843:"Earliest modern female human infant burial found in Europe" 3082: 2527: 1591: 1426:

from Baden-Württemberg Germany considered to be examples of

6843: 6782: 6649:. American Society of Human Genetics (ASHG). Archived from 5907: 4724: 3352:

Antonio, Margaret L.; Gao, Ziyue; M. Moots, Hannah (2019).

1283: 1230: 684:

Found at the Mesolithic Huseby Klev site in western Sweden.

416: 415:

infected individuals displaying accelerated progression to

411:

Mitochondrial haplogroup U5a has also been associated with

324:, which date from the Early Christian period (AD 550-800). 294: 6670: 6326:"Mitochondrial DNA phylogeny in Eastern and Western Slavs" 5418: 4466: 4288: 3488: 3305:"Mitochondrial DNA haplogroups influence AIDS progression" 2528:

González AM, García O, Larruga JM, Cabrera VM (May 2006).

2114: 6132: 4394: 3623:"Saami and Berbers--an unexpected mitochondrial DNA link" 3620: 2916: 2709: 1349:(current population size 3,700) a unique tribe among the 412: 332: 6644: 6113: 5782: 3177: 2647: 196:

Additionally, haplogroup U has been observed in ancient

133:(around 46,530 ± 3,290 years before present, with a 95% 6450: 6448: 5716: 3561: 441:

arose between 14,000 and 20,000 years ago. Found in an

5483: 5481: 4699:(Ph.D. thesis). University of Khartoum. Archived from 4395:

Cerezo M, Černý V, Carracedo Á, Salas A (April 2011).

1329:

populations of Siberia. U4 is found in the endangered

1286:(1.08%-1.25%). The rare U3a subclade occurs among the 1216:

Haplogroup U3 falls into two subclades:: U3a and U3b.

224:

Haplogroup U has various subclades numbered U1 to U9.

4171: 3928:

Age: 12,651.1 ± 5,668.2; CI=95% (Behar et al., 2012)

3821:

Age: 14,676.9 ± 2,716.6; CI=95% (Behar et al., 2012)

2650:"Genetic Heterogeneity in Algerian Human Populations" 2173: 253:

Basal U was found in the 26,000 years old remains of

6445: 6267:"Genetic diversity among ancient Nordic populations" 3408:

Age: 1,398.1 ± 1,872.3; CI=95% (Behar et al., 2012)

2782: 1470:

Haplogroup U8b'K: This clade may be synonymous with

1459:

Haplogroup U8a: The Basques have the most ancestral

1422:

Genetic analysis of individuals associated with the

1248:(about 1% of the population). U3 is present in the 6471: 6469: 5478: 2463: 1220:7000-years-ago, suggests a relatively recent (late 1015:and not persistence of a European root population. 5359:"Complete mitochondrial DNA diversity in Iranians" 5145:A. Seguin-Orlando; et al. (6 November 2014). 4859: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3710: 3351: 979:(18% on average with a peak frequency of 50.1% in 6424: 6260: 6258: 6006: 5350: 5293: 5144: 4172:Soficaru A, Dobos A, Trinkaus E (November 2006). 327:DNA analysis of excavated remains now located at 6928: 6466: 6147: 5414: 5412: 3802:14,938.0 ± 3,656.4; CI=95% (Behar et al., 2012) 3783:20,040.2 ± 3,208.6; CI=95% (Behar et al., 2012) 3469:22,794.0 ± 3,590.3; CI=95% (Behar et al., 2012) 2778: 2776: 2602:The Maternal Genetic Lineages of Ashkenazic Jews 1807: 1804: 1650: 6574: 6237: 6084: 3947:4,015.9 ± 3,898.7; CI=95% (Behar et al., 2012) 3707: 3669: 2838:30,248.3 ± 5,330.5; CI=95% (Behar et al., 2012) 1400:India its frequency stays around 2%, and 5% in 1236:A16343G. It is found at low levels throughout 6733: 6558: 6556: 6255: 2767:Abstract Book of the Iuaes Inter-Congress 2016 1897: 1356:The U4 subclades are: U4a, U4b, U4c, and U4d. 6616:"Viking woman had roots near the Black Sea -" 6504: 6358: 5817: 5409: 5334: 5332: 4339: 4337: 4335: 2773: 2705: 2703: 2643: 2641: 2639: 2618: 2577: 2575: 2391:Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup R in India 1490:The haplogroup U8b's most common subclade is 6638: 6381: 5673: 4860:Maji S, Krithika S, Vasulu TS (March 2008). 4282: 1438:The U7a subclade is especially common among 477:arose around between 600 and 6,000 years ago 378:included a specimen carrying haplogroup U5. 6553: 5959: 5957: 5955: 5710: 4980: 4978: 4855: 4853: 4801: 4799: 4797: 4795: 4793: 4791: 4789: 3345: 2604:. Academic Studies Press. p. 100-101. 2523: 2521: 2519: 2517: 2457: 1599:human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups 713:arose between 11,000 and 20,000 years ago. 362:U5 was the predominant mtDNA of mesolithic 6736:"The Moment Magazine Great DNA Experiment" 6055: 5792:Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry 5573: 5329: 4332: 3256:"Basque Genetics: Abstracts and Summaries" 2700: 2636: 2572: 179:Haplogroup U has also been observed among 6808: 6734:Nadine Epstein (September–October 2012). 6696: 6598: 6587:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 6528: 6478:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 6456:"U7 Haplogroup Mitochondrial DNA Project" 6341: 6317: 6300: 6290: 6038: 5989: 5935: 5925: 5884: 5874: 5841: 5778: 5776: 5742: 5641:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 5615: 5605: 5513: 5447: 5392: 5382: 5303:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 5261:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 5235: 5224:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 4931: 4833: 4823: 4753: 4669: 4659: 4610: 4561: 4551: 4502: 4492: 4462: 4460: 4440: 4430: 4420: 4371: 4361: 4264: 4207: 4197: 4148: 4058: 4003: 3993: 3905: 3756: 3746: 3646: 3597: 3587: 3446: 3385: 3328: 3213: 3203: 3146: 3085:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 3051: 2991: 2942: 2893: 2875: 2737: 2727: 2683: 2673: 2555: 2545: 2497: 2383: 2381: 2361: 2351: 2302: 2292: 2251: 2150: 2140: 2090: 2033: 2023: 1982: 1972: 1915: 1893: 1891: 520:arose between 6,000 and 11,000 years ago 496:arose between 7,000 and 14,000 years ago 465:arose between 3,000 and 11,000 years ago 459:arose between 8,000 and 16,000 years ago 435:arose around 17,000 and 27,000 years ago 6613: 6069:. Oxford Ancestors. 2013. Archived from 5952: 5287: 5252: 5211: 5193: 4975: 4948: 4850: 4786: 4095: 4089: 3871: 3840: 3021: 3019: 2514: 2167: 947: 526:arose between 5,000 and 9,000 years ago 6723:. Season 1. Episode 8. 2012-05-06. PBS. 5095: 4869:International Journal of Human Genetics 3614: 3298: 3296: 2050: 552:arose between 3,000 and 7,000 years ago 6929: 6119: 5773: 5077: 5059: 5041: 5023: 5005: 4457: 2387: 2378: 1898:van Oven M, Kayser M (February 2009). 1888: 1739: 1691: 1658: 1653: 1635: 1632: 1619: 1609: 971:(with a maximum of 29% in an Algerian 858:less than 8,000 years ago. Found in a 289:The rare U1 clade is also found among 6759: 6562: 6387: 6364: 6225: 6219: 6207: 6201: 6189: 6183: 6171: 6165: 6159:A blog dedicated to the U4 Haplogroup 6138: 5823: 5338: 5083: 5065: 5047: 5029: 5011: 4113: 3271: 3269: 3230: 3016: 2599: 2581: 2407: 1686: 1681: 1081:(10.4%). Estimated age: 15-20,000 BP. 888:people (1.56%) and northern mainland 6390:"A Comprehensive hg U Mutation List" 5901: 5850: 4725:Sikora, Martin; et al. (2019). 4718: 4023: 3555: 3293: 3248: 2397:(M.Sc. thesis). University of Tartu. 1832: 1827: 1822: 1812: 1797: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1762: 1757: 1752: 1747: 1744: 1734: 1729: 1724: 1721: 1716: 1711: 1706: 1701: 1696: 1674: 1669: 1664: 1661: 1645: 1640: 1627: 1622: 1606: 1244:(about 2.5% of the population), and 1172:, the indigenous inhabitants of the 852:between 7,000 and 18,000 years ago. 329:ruins of the Church of St. Augustine 237:Subclades are labelled U1–U9; 6664: 4692: 813:between 7,000 and 14,000 years ago, 737:. It arose around 11000 years ago. 13: 6789:American Journal of Human Genetics 6775: 6677:American Journal of Human Genetics 6019:American Journal of Human Genetics 5970:American Journal of Human Genetics 5723:European Journal of Human Genetics 5494:American Journal of Human Genetics 5428:American Journal of Human Genetics 5201:"DNA analysed from early European" 4129:American Journal of Human Genetics 4039:American Journal of Human Genetics 3841:Metcalfe, Tom (14 December 2021). 3627:American Journal of Human Genetics 3427:European Journal of Human Genetics 3266: 2441:. Oxford Ancestors. Archived from 2417:. London; New York: Bantam Press. 1240:(about 1% of the population), the 1164:. Both U2 and U4 are found in the 825:between 1,000 and 10,000 years ago 819:between 3,000 and 14,000 years ago 807:between 9,000 and 18,000 years ago 155:Haplogroup U has been found among 75:human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup 16:Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup 14: 6948: 6827: 2268: 1547:is a member of haplogroup U5a1a1. 1530: 1263:The U3 clade is also found among 6753: 6727: 6713: 6622:. Aftenposten.no. Archived from 6607: 6399: 5688:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2003.00057.x 5551:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00222.x 4310:10.1046/j.1469-1809.2003.00039.x 4107:Universitat de les Illes Balears 3531:Age: 15,529.7 ± 4,889.9; CI=95% 3503:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2008.00493.x 1501: 1453: 1390: 1333:of the Taymyr Peninsula, in the 1312: 1211: 1208:Cemetery of Northeast Mongolia. 1143:Haplogroup U2 is most common in 1138: 943: 502:arose less than 5,400 years ago 350: 264: 6330:Molecular Biology and Evolution 5759: 5667: 5632: 5138: 4686: 4627: 4578: 4519: 4388: 4224: 4165: 3960: 3941: 3922: 3865: 3834: 3815: 3796: 3777: 3663: 3525: 3482: 3463: 3414: 3402: 3171: 3111: 3076: 2959: 2919:"The Archaeogenetics of Europe" 2910: 2843: 2811: 2754: 2593: 2431: 2401: 2319: 1118: 564:arose less than 5,000 years ago 558:arose less than 5,000 years ago 546:arose less than 8,000 years ago 508:arose less than 3,400 years ago 488:arose less than 4,300 years ago 471:arose less than 6,000 years ago 445:individual (700-600 B.C.) from 248: 215: 125:Haplogroup U descends from the 6122:"Safeguarding Kalash heritage" 4881:10.1080/09723757.2008.11886022 2211: 2108: 1940: 1878: 1869: 532:arose between 2,500 and 7,500 77:(mtDNA). The clade arose from 1: 6620:Aftenposten - News in English 5440:10.1016/S0002-9297(07)62954-1 3685:10.13110/humanbiology.89.2.04 2626:"mtDNA haplogroup U1 project" 2189:10.1080/24701394.2016.1258406 1863: 1554:belongs to haplogroup U5b1b2. 762:arose about 13,000 years ago. 648:arose around 14000 years ago 611:arose around 19000 years ago 6614:Berglund N (26 March 2007). 6292:10.1371/journal.pone.0011898 5927:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000536 5876:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003296 5607:10.1371/journal.pone.0015988 5384:10.1371/journal.pone.0080673 4553:10.1371/journal.pone.0139784 4432:10.1371/journal.pone.0018682 3995:10.1371/journal.pone.0155046 3748:10.1371/journal.pone.0010285 3540:. 2016-06-06. Archived from 3321:10.1097/QAD.0b013e32831940bb 2825:. 2016-06-06. Archived from 2675:10.1371/journal.pone.0138453 1575:Human mitochondrial genetics 1446:of maternal lineages in the 1026:U6 has four main subclades: 678:arose around 13000 years ago 232: 7: 6889:U4 mtDNA Haplogroup Project 6883:U3 mtDNA Haplogroup Project 1558: 1274:in the El-Hayez (2.9%) and 983:). It is also found in the 837:less than 12,000 years ago. 672:arose around 8000 years ago 10: 6953: 6801:10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.03.002 6760:Moore, CeCe (2010-12-31). 6031:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.03.019 5116:10.3378/1534-6617-80.5.565 4924:10.1016/j.cell.2019.08.048 4141:10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.05.004 4051:10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.05.004 3898:10.1038/s41598-021-02804-z 2797:10.1016/j.mito.2013.12.002 2600:Brook, Kevin Alan (2022). 2414:The Seven Daughters of Eve 1594: 1586:The Seven Daughters of Eve 1483: 1189:Kostyonki, Voronezh Oblast 1002:specimens dating from the 159:specimens dating from the 120: 81:, likely during the early 6517:Journal of Human Genetics 5824:Budja M (December 2013). 4764:10.1038/s41586-019-1279-z 4096:Farragut SJ (June 2017). 3277:"The Genographic Project" 3148:10.1016/j.cub.2012.06.005 3053:10.1016/j.cub.2009.09.017 2944:10.1016/j.cub.2009.11.054 2490:10.1016/j.cub.2013.02.044 2353:10.1016/j.cub.2017.09.059 2025:10.1186/s12862-016-0816-8 1974:10.1186/s12862-017-0964-5 1154:Indus Valley civilisation 831:less than 2,600 years ago 538:less than 4,000 years ago 183:mummies excavated at the 137:per Behar et al., 2012). 60: 52: 42: 34: 26: 21: 6766:Your Genetic Genealogist 6228:"Phylogeny of mt-hg U4d" 6210:"Phylogeny of mt-hg U4c" 6192:"Phylogeny of mt-hg U4b" 6174:"Phylogeny of mt-hg U4a" 6141:"U4a1 Genbank Sequences" 5676:Annals of Human Genetics 5539:Annals of Human Genetics 5086:"Phylogeny of mt-hg U2e" 5068:"Phylogeny of mt-hg U2d" 5050:"Phylogeny of mt-hg U2c" 5032:"Phylogeny of mt-hg U2b" 5014:"Phylogeny of mt-hg U2a" 4957:Molekuliarnaia Biologiia 4494:10.1186/1471-2148-14-109 4473:BMC Evolutionary Biology 4298:Annals of Human Genetics 3872:Hodgkins, Jamie (2021). 3568:BMC Evolutionary Biology 3491:Annals of Human Genetics 2856:BMC Evolutionary Biology 2177:Mitochondrial DNA Part A 2142:10.1186/1471-2148-14-109 2121:BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004:BMC Evolutionary Biology 1953:BMC Evolutionary Biology 1854: 1849: 1844: 1839: 1815: 1050:skeletal remains at the 364:Western Hunter Gatherers 148:1 individual (PM1) from 56:U1, U5, U6, U2'3'4'7'8'9 35:Possible place of origin 30:46,500 ± 3,300 years ago 6937:Human mtDNA haplogroups 6565:"Phylogeny of mt-hg U7" 5830:Documenta Praehistorica 5341:"Phylogeny of mt-hg U3" 5171:10.1126/science.aaa0114 4661:10.1073/pnas.1800851115 4612:10.1126/science.aar8380 4199:10.1073/pnas.0608443103 3589:10.1186/1471-2148-7-124 3534:"mtDNA Haplogroup U5b1" 3378:10.1126/science.aay6826 3205:10.1073/pnas.1113061108 2993:10.1126/science.1176869 2877:10.1186/1471-2148-8-191 2584:"Phylogeny of mt-hg U3" 2547:10.1186/1471-2164-7-124 1540:carries haplogroup U2c. 733:people of northeastern 27:Possible time of origin 6866:Spread of Haplogroup U 6838:Mitochondrial DNA Site 6439:Kulturhistorisk Museum 4825:10.1186/1471-2156-5-26 4363:10.1186/1471-2156-4-15 1442:, constituting around 1424:Late Hallstatt culture 1039: 953: 297:(0.83%-1.08%) and the 255:Ancient North Eurasian 188:about 4,000 years ago 6441:. University of Oslo. 6343:10.1093/molbev/msn114 2224:Nature Communications 1597:Phylogenetic tree of 1565:Genealogical DNA test 1484:Further information: 1319:population bottleneck 1270:(10.59%), as well as 1260:populations (36-56%) 1028: 951: 884:(3.84%), followed by 241:is a subclade of U8. 200:fossils excavated in 6530:10.1038/jhg.2013.112 6096:Oxford Ancestors Ltd 6063:"The clan of Ulrike" 5735:10.1038/ejhg.2010.21 3853:on December 14, 2021 3439:10.1038/ejhg.2017.24 2729:10.3390/genes8100262 2338:(21): 3396–3402.e5. 2294:10.3390/genes9030135 1550:Genetic genealogist 1486:Haplogroup K (mtDNA) 1337:(16.3%), and in the 1323:Last Glacial Maximum 1305:associated with the 1252:population from the 1060:Ifri n'Amr or Moussa 347:, queen of Georgia. 6913:U8 mtDNA Haplogroup 6907:U7 mtDNA Haplogroup 6871:National Geographic 6283:2010PLoSO...511898M 6092:"Maternal Ancestry" 5804:2010MAA....10....1S 5598:2011PLoSO...615988M 5375:2013PLoSO...880673D 5163:2014Sci...346.1113S 5157:(6213): 1113–1118. 4746:2019Natur.570..182S 4706:on 10 November 2020 4652:2018PNAS..115.6774F 4603:2018Sci...360..548V 4544:2015PLoSO..1039784H 4485:2014BMCEE..14..109S 4413:2011PLoSO...618682C 4249:2016NatSR...625501H 4190:2006PNAS..10317196S 3986:2016PLoSO..1155046M 3890:2021NatSR..1123735H 3847:National Geographic 3739:2010PLoSO...510285M 3580:2007BMCEE...7..124R 3370:2019Sci...366..708A 3282:National Geographic 3196:2011PNAS..10818255L 3139:2012CBio...22.1494S 3044:2009CBio...19.1758M 2984:2009Sci...326..137B 2935:2010CBio...20.R174S 2868:2008BMCEE...8..191B 2666:2015PLoSO..1038453B 2482:2013CBio...23..553F 2439:"Maternal Ancestry" 2344:2017CBio...27E3396R 2244:10.1038/ncomms15694 2236:2017NatCo...815694S 2133:2014BMCEE..14..109S 2075:2016NatSR...625501H 2016:2016BMCEE..16..246M 1965:2017BMCEE..17..115L 1580:Population genetics 1375:in the east to the 1369:Corded Ware culture 1361:Pitted Ware culture 656:Cave of Santimamiñe 135:confidence interval 64:11467, 12308, 12372 6921:at Family Tree DNA 6915:at Family Tree DNA 6909:at Family Tree DNA 6903:at Family Tree DNA 6897:at Family Tree DNA 6891:at Family Tree DNA 6885:at Family Tree DNA 6879:at Family Tree DNA 6842:Mannis van Oven's 6721:Finding Your Roots 6600:10.1002/ajpa.22033 6490:10.1002/ajpa.20294 6371:Ancestral Journeys 5653:10.1002/ajpa.21078 5315:10.1002/ajpa.21242 5273:10.1002/ajpa.20721 5237:10.1002/ajpa.22074 4918:(3): 729–735.e10. 4237:Scientific Reports 3954:2017-09-06 at the 3935:2017-12-28 at the 3878:Scientific Reports 3828:2017-07-27 at the 3809:2017-06-17 at the 3790:2017-06-17 at the 3476:2017-10-11 at the 3289:on April 13, 2005. 3097:10.1002/ajpa.21376 2063:Scientific Reports 1917:10.1002/humu.20921 1543:Political analyst 1351:Indo-Aryan peoples 1294:(3.23%) and among 1278:oases (2.9%), and 954: 896:and 0.96% amongst 862:individual from a 345:Ketevan the Martyr 61:Defining mutations 6409:. 22 January 2023 6120:Bashir M (2012). 6067:Maternal Ancestry 5545:(Pt 2): 195–206. 4740:(7760): 182–188. 4646:(26): 6774–6779. 4597:(6388): 548–552. 4257:10.1038/srep25501 4184:(46): 17196–201. 2611:978-1-64469-984-3 2424:978-0-393-02018-2 2388:Karmin M (2005). 2083:10.1038/srep25501 1861: 1860: 1802: 1611:Mitochondrial Eve 1570:Genetic genealogy 1381:Nordic Bronze Age 985:Iberian peninsula 958:Peștera Muierilor 927:German Palatinate 131:Upper Paleolithic 83:Upper Paleolithic 68: 67: 6944: 6919:U9 mtDNA Project 6901:U6 mtDNA Project 6895:U5 mtDNA Project 6877:U1 mtDNA Project 6822: 6812: 6770: 6769: 6757: 6751: 6750: 6748: 6747: 6731: 6725: 6724: 6717: 6711: 6710: 6700: 6668: 6662: 6661: 6659: 6658: 6642: 6636: 6635: 6633: 6631: 6611: 6605: 6604: 6602: 6578: 6572: 6571: 6569: 6563:Scott R (2010). 6560: 6551: 6550: 6532: 6508: 6502: 6501: 6473: 6464: 6463: 6458:. Archived from 6452: 6443: 6442: 6436: 6428: 6422: 6421: 6415: 6414: 6403: 6397: 6396: 6394: 6388:Scott R (2010). 6385: 6379: 6378: 6373:. Archived from 6365:Manco J (2009). 6362: 6356: 6355: 6345: 6321: 6315: 6314: 6304: 6294: 6262: 6253: 6252: 6241: 6235: 6234: 6232: 6226:Scott R (2010). 6223: 6217: 6216: 6214: 6208:Scott R (2011). 6205: 6199: 6198: 6196: 6190:Scott R (2011). 6187: 6181: 6180: 6178: 6172:Scott R (2011). 6169: 6163: 6162: 6151: 6145: 6144: 6139:Logan I (2014). 6136: 6130: 6129: 6117: 6111: 6110: 6108: 6107: 6098:. Archived from 6088: 6082: 6081: 6079: 6078: 6059: 6053: 6052: 6042: 6010: 6004: 6003: 5993: 5961: 5950: 5949: 5939: 5929: 5920:(11): e1000536. 5905: 5899: 5898: 5888: 5878: 5854: 5848: 5847: 5845: 5821: 5815: 5814: 5812: 5806:. Archived from 5789: 5780: 5771: 5770: 5763: 5757: 5756: 5746: 5714: 5708: 5707: 5671: 5665: 5664: 5636: 5630: 5629: 5619: 5609: 5577: 5571: 5570: 5534: 5528: 5527: 5517: 5485: 5476: 5475: 5473: 5472: 5466: 5460:. Archived from 5451: 5425: 5416: 5407: 5406: 5396: 5386: 5354: 5348: 5347: 5345: 5339:Scott R (2010). 5336: 5327: 5326: 5300: 5291: 5285: 5284: 5256: 5250: 5249: 5239: 5215: 5209: 5208: 5197: 5191: 5190: 5142: 5136: 5135: 5099: 5093: 5092: 5090: 5084:Scott R (2010). 5081: 5075: 5074: 5072: 5066:Scott R (2009). 5063: 5057: 5056: 5054: 5048:Scott R (2009). 5045: 5039: 5038: 5036: 5030:Scott R (2010). 5027: 5021: 5020: 5018: 5012:Scott R (2009). 5009: 5003: 5002: 4982: 4973: 4972: 4952: 4946: 4945: 4935: 4909: 4899: 4893: 4892: 4866: 4857: 4848: 4847: 4837: 4827: 4803: 4784: 4783: 4757: 4731: 4722: 4716: 4715: 4713: 4711: 4705: 4690: 4684: 4683: 4673: 4663: 4631: 4625: 4624: 4614: 4582: 4576: 4575: 4565: 4555: 4538:(10): e0139784. 4523: 4517: 4516: 4506: 4496: 4464: 4455: 4454: 4444: 4434: 4424: 4392: 4386: 4385: 4375: 4365: 4341: 4330: 4329: 4304:(Pt 4): 312–28. 4295: 4286: 4280: 4278: 4268: 4228: 4222: 4221: 4211: 4201: 4169: 4163: 4162: 4152: 4126: 4117: 4111: 4110: 4104: 4093: 4087: 4086: 4084: 4083: 4077: 4071:. Archived from 4062: 4036: 4027: 4021: 4020: 4007: 3997: 3964: 3958: 3945: 3939: 3926: 3920: 3919: 3909: 3869: 3863: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3849:. Archived from 3838: 3832: 3819: 3813: 3800: 3794: 3781: 3775: 3774: 3760: 3750: 3718: 3705: 3704: 3667: 3661: 3660: 3650: 3618: 3612: 3611: 3601: 3591: 3559: 3553: 3552: 3550: 3549: 3529: 3523: 3522: 3486: 3480: 3467: 3461: 3460: 3450: 3418: 3412: 3406: 3400: 3399: 3389: 3349: 3343: 3342: 3332: 3300: 3291: 3290: 3285:. Archived from 3273: 3264: 3263: 3252: 3246: 3245: 3234: 3228: 3227: 3217: 3207: 3175: 3169: 3168: 3150: 3124: 3115: 3109: 3108: 3080: 3074: 3073: 3055: 3023: 3014: 3013: 2995: 2978:(5949): 137–40. 2963: 2957: 2956: 2946: 2929:(4): R174–R183. 2914: 2908: 2907: 2897: 2879: 2847: 2841: 2840: 2835: 2834: 2815: 2809: 2808: 2780: 2771: 2770: 2758: 2752: 2751: 2741: 2731: 2707: 2698: 2697: 2687: 2677: 2645: 2634: 2633: 2622: 2616: 2615: 2597: 2591: 2590: 2588: 2582:Scott R (2010). 2579: 2570: 2569: 2559: 2549: 2525: 2512: 2511: 2501: 2461: 2455: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2435: 2429: 2428: 2405: 2399: 2398: 2396: 2385: 2376: 2375: 2365: 2355: 2323: 2317: 2316: 2306: 2296: 2272: 2266: 2265: 2255: 2215: 2209: 2208: 2171: 2165: 2164: 2154: 2144: 2112: 2106: 2104: 2094: 2054: 2048: 2047: 2037: 2027: 1996: 1986: 1976: 1944: 1938: 1937: 1919: 1895: 1886: 1882: 1876: 1873: 1798: 1592: 1448:Eastern Province 1178:Taymyr Peninsula 1170:Nganasan peoples 1037: 989:Northeast Africa 969:Northwest Africa 447:southern Etruria 314:Romano-Christian 181:ancient Egyptian 19: 18: 6952: 6951: 6947: 6946: 6945: 6943: 6942: 6941: 6927: 6926: 6830: 6825: 6778: 6776:Further reading 6773: 6758: 6754: 6745: 6743: 6740:Moment Magazine 6732: 6728: 6719: 6718: 6714: 6669: 6665: 6656: 6654: 6643: 6639: 6629: 6627: 6612: 6608: 6579: 6575: 6567: 6561: 6554: 6509: 6505: 6474: 6467: 6462:on 2 June 2014. 6454: 6453: 6446: 6434: 6430: 6429: 6425: 6412: 6410: 6405: 6404: 6400: 6392: 6386: 6382: 6363: 6359: 6322: 6318: 6263: 6256: 6243: 6242: 6238: 6230: 6224: 6220: 6212: 6206: 6202: 6194: 6188: 6184: 6176: 6170: 6166: 6153: 6152: 6148: 6137: 6133: 6118: 6114: 6105: 6103: 6090: 6089: 6085: 6076: 6074: 6061: 6060: 6056: 6025:(5): 1084–100. 6011: 6007: 5962: 5953: 5906: 5902: 5869:(2): e1003296. 5855: 5851: 5843:10.4312/dp.40.5 5822: 5818: 5810: 5787: 5781: 5774: 5765: 5764: 5760: 5715: 5711: 5682:(Pt 1): 23–39. 5672: 5668: 5637: 5633: 5578: 5574: 5535: 5531: 5486: 5479: 5470: 5468: 5464: 5423: 5417: 5410: 5355: 5351: 5343: 5337: 5330: 5298: 5292: 5288: 5257: 5253: 5216: 5212: 5199: 5198: 5194: 5143: 5139: 5100: 5096: 5088: 5082: 5078: 5070: 5064: 5060: 5052: 5046: 5042: 5034: 5028: 5024: 5016: 5010: 5006: 4993:(11): 1554–60. 4983: 4976: 4953: 4949: 4907: 4900: 4896: 4864: 4858: 4851: 4804: 4787: 4729: 4723: 4719: 4709: 4707: 4703: 4691: 4687: 4632: 4628: 4583: 4579: 4524: 4520: 4465: 4458: 4422:10.1.1.291.8871 4393: 4389: 4342: 4333: 4293: 4287: 4283: 4229: 4225: 4170: 4166: 4124: 4118: 4114: 4102: 4094: 4090: 4081: 4079: 4075: 4034: 4028: 4024: 3980:(5): e0155046. 3965: 3961: 3956:Wayback Machine 3946: 3942: 3937:Wayback Machine 3927: 3923: 3870: 3866: 3856: 3854: 3839: 3835: 3830:Wayback Machine 3820: 3816: 3811:Wayback Machine 3801: 3797: 3792:Wayback Machine 3782: 3778: 3719: 3708: 3668: 3664: 3619: 3615: 3560: 3556: 3547: 3545: 3532: 3530: 3526: 3487: 3483: 3478:Wayback Machine 3468: 3464: 3419: 3415: 3407: 3403: 3350: 3346: 3315:(18): 2429–39. 3301: 3294: 3275: 3274: 3267: 3254: 3253: 3249: 3238:"Haplogroup U5" 3236: 3235: 3231: 3190:(45): 18255–9. 3176: 3172: 3127:Current Biology 3122: 3116: 3112: 3081: 3077: 3038:(20): 1758–62. 3032:Current Biology 3024: 3017: 2964: 2960: 2923:Current Biology 2915: 2911: 2848: 2844: 2832: 2830: 2819:"Haplogroup U5" 2817: 2816: 2812: 2781: 2774: 2759: 2755: 2708: 2701: 2660:(9): e0138453. 2646: 2637: 2624: 2623: 2619: 2612: 2598: 2594: 2586: 2580: 2573: 2526: 2515: 2470:Current Biology 2462: 2458: 2448: 2446: 2445:on 15 July 2017 2437: 2436: 2432: 2425: 2406: 2402: 2394: 2386: 2379: 2332:Current Biology 2324: 2320: 2273: 2269: 2216: 2212: 2172: 2168: 2113: 2109: 2055: 2051: 1945: 1941: 1896: 1889: 1883: 1879: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1561: 1533: 1504: 1488: 1456: 1393: 1331:Nganasan people 1315: 1214: 1141: 1121: 1038: 1036:Maca-Meyer 2003 1035: 946: 374:, northeastern 353: 267: 251: 235: 218: 185:Abusir el-Meleq 146:Peştera Muierii 123: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6950: 6940: 6939: 6925: 6924: 6923: 6922: 6916: 6910: 6904: 6898: 6892: 6886: 6880: 6874: 6863: 6857: 6853:YFull MTree's 6848: 6847: 6846: 6840: 6829: 6828:External links 6826: 6824: 6823: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6771: 6752: 6726: 6712: 6689:10.1086/425161 6663: 6637: 6606: 6573: 6552: 6503: 6465: 6444: 6423: 6398: 6380: 6377:on 2017-01-22. 6357: 6316: 6254: 6236: 6218: 6200: 6182: 6164: 6146: 6131: 6126:Pakistan Today 6112: 6083: 6054: 6005: 5982:10.1086/339524 5976:(4): 1009–14. 5951: 5900: 5849: 5816: 5813:on 2016-03-03. 5772: 5758: 5709: 5666: 5631: 5572: 5529: 5506:10.1086/383236 5477: 5434:(5): 1251–76. 5408: 5369:(11): e80673. 5349: 5328: 5286: 5251: 5210: 5192: 5137: 5094: 5076: 5058: 5040: 5022: 5004: 4974: 4947: 4894: 4875:(1–2): 85–96. 4849: 4785: 4755:10.1101/448829 4717: 4685: 4626: 4577: 4518: 4456: 4387: 4331: 4281: 4223: 4164: 4112: 4088: 4022: 3959: 3949:haplogroup.org 3940: 3930:haplogroup.org 3921: 3864: 3833: 3823:haplogroup.org 3814: 3804:haplogroup.org 3795: 3785:haplogroup.org 3776: 3706: 3679:(2): 125–155. 3662: 3639:10.1086/430073 3613: 3554: 3538:haplogroup.org 3524: 3497:(2): 196–214. 3481: 3471:haplogroup.org 3462: 3433:(5): 631–636. 3413: 3410:haplogroup.org 3401: 3344: 3292: 3265: 3247: 3229: 3170: 3133:(16): 1494–9. 3110: 3075: 3015: 2958: 2909: 2842: 2823:haplogroup.org 2810: 2772: 2753: 2699: 2635: 2617: 2610: 2592: 2571: 2513: 2476:(7): 553–559. 2456: 2430: 2423: 2400: 2377: 2318: 2267: 2210: 2183:(1): 147–157. 2166: 2107: 2049: 1939: 1910:(2): E386-94. 1904:Human Mutation 1887: 1877: 1867: 1865: 1862: 1859: 1858: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1837: 1836: 1831: 1826: 1820: 1819: 1814: 1811: 1806: 1803: 1796: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1778: 1773: 1767: 1766: 1761: 1756: 1751: 1746: 1743: 1738: 1733: 1728: 1723: 1720: 1715: 1710: 1705: 1700: 1694: 1693: 1690: 1685: 1679: 1678: 1673: 1668: 1663: 1660: 1657: 1652: 1649: 1644: 1638: 1637: 1634: 1631: 1625: 1624: 1621: 1618: 1608: 1604: 1603: 1590: 1589: 1582: 1577: 1572: 1567: 1560: 1557: 1556: 1555: 1548: 1541: 1532: 1531:Famous members 1529: 1503: 1500: 1482: 1481: 1480: 1479: 1465: 1455: 1452: 1392: 1389: 1385:Ivanovo Region 1365:Beaker culture 1314: 1311: 1213: 1210: 1197:Late Neolithic 1193:Beaker culture 1176:basin and the 1140: 1137: 1120: 1117: 1112: 1111: 1105: 1099: 1098: 1097: 1084: 1083: 1082: 1048:Iberomaurusian 1033: 1004:Epipaleolithic 1000:Iberomaurusian 977:Canary Islands 945: 942: 941: 940: 939: 938: 937: 936: 935: 934: 911:Crete (Greece) 875: 874: 873: 872: 871: 847: 840: 839: 838: 832: 826: 820: 814: 808: 791:(found at the 781: 780: 779: 774: 768: 763: 757: 756: 755: 754: 753: 719: 694: 693: 692: 691: 690: 685: 679: 673: 667: 660:Basque Country 643: 642: 641: 636: 631: 630: 629: 628: 627: 617: 606: 605: 604: 599: 589: 588: 587: 582: 577: 576: 575: 570: 565: 559: 553: 547: 541: 540: 539: 515: 514: 513: 512: 511: 510: 509: 491: 490: 489: 483: 478: 472: 352: 349: 299:Reguibat tribe 284:Ashkenazi Jews 266: 263: 250: 247: 234: 231: 217: 214: 210:Canary Islands 161:Epipaleolithic 157:Iberomaurusian 122: 119: 115:Canary Islands 111:Horn of Africa 91:Eastern Europe 66: 65: 62: 58: 57: 54: 50: 49: 44: 40: 39: 36: 32: 31: 28: 24: 23: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6949: 6938: 6935: 6934: 6932: 6920: 6917: 6914: 6911: 6908: 6905: 6902: 6899: 6896: 6893: 6890: 6887: 6884: 6881: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6872: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6858: 6856: 6852: 6851: 6850:Haplogroup U 6849: 6845: 6841: 6839: 6835: 6834: 6832: 6831: 6820: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6802: 6798: 6795:(4): 675–84. 6794: 6790: 6786: 6781: 6780: 6767: 6763: 6756: 6741: 6737: 6730: 6722: 6716: 6708: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6690: 6686: 6683:(5): 752–70. 6682: 6678: 6674: 6667: 6653:on 2016-09-13 6652: 6648: 6641: 6626:on 2010-08-26 6625: 6621: 6617: 6610: 6601: 6596: 6592: 6588: 6584: 6577: 6566: 6559: 6557: 6548: 6544: 6540: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6522: 6518: 6514: 6507: 6499: 6495: 6491: 6487: 6483: 6479: 6472: 6470: 6461: 6457: 6451: 6449: 6440: 6433: 6427: 6419: 6408: 6402: 6391: 6384: 6376: 6372: 6368: 6361: 6353: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6336:(8): 1651–8. 6335: 6331: 6327: 6320: 6312: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6284: 6280: 6277:(7): e11898. 6276: 6272: 6268: 6261: 6259: 6250: 6246: 6240: 6229: 6222: 6211: 6204: 6193: 6186: 6175: 6168: 6160: 6156: 6150: 6142: 6135: 6127: 6123: 6116: 6102:on 2017-07-15 6101: 6097: 6093: 6087: 6073:on 2017-07-15 6072: 6068: 6064: 6058: 6050: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6032: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6016: 6009: 6001: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5960: 5958: 5956: 5947: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5919: 5915: 5911: 5904: 5896: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5863:PLOS Genetics 5860: 5853: 5844: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5820: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5786: 5779: 5777: 5768: 5762: 5754: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5736: 5732: 5729:(8): 915–23. 5728: 5724: 5720: 5713: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5670: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5647:(2): 336–46. 5646: 5642: 5635: 5627: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5599: 5595: 5592:(1): e15988. 5591: 5587: 5583: 5576: 5568: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5533: 5525: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5500:(5): 827–45. 5499: 5495: 5491: 5484: 5482: 5467:on 2009-03-04 5463: 5459: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5422: 5415: 5413: 5404: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5353: 5342: 5335: 5333: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5309:(3): 429–40. 5308: 5304: 5297: 5290: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5267:(2): 206–15. 5266: 5262: 5255: 5247: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5214: 5206: 5202: 5196: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5141: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5110:(5): 565–71. 5109: 5105: 5104:Human Biology 5098: 5087: 5080: 5069: 5062: 5051: 5044: 5033: 5026: 5015: 5008: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4981: 4979: 4970: 4966: 4963:(4): 617–24. 4962: 4958: 4951: 4943: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4906: 4898: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4863: 4856: 4854: 4845: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4802: 4800: 4798: 4796: 4794: 4792: 4790: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4728: 4721: 4702: 4698: 4697: 4689: 4681: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4630: 4622: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4581: 4573: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4522: 4514: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4463: 4461: 4452: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4407:(4): e18682. 4406: 4402: 4398: 4391: 4383: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4340: 4338: 4336: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4292: 4285: 4276: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4227: 4219: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4168: 4160: 4156: 4151: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4135:(6): 814–21. 4134: 4130: 4123: 4116: 4108: 4101: 4100: 4092: 4078:on 2018-07-22 4074: 4070: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4045:(6): 814–21. 4044: 4040: 4033: 4026: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3963: 3957: 3953: 3950: 3944: 3938: 3934: 3931: 3925: 3917: 3913: 3908: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3868: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3837: 3831: 3827: 3824: 3818: 3812: 3808: 3805: 3799: 3793: 3789: 3786: 3780: 3773: 3768: 3764: 3759: 3754: 3749: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3733:(4): e10285. 3732: 3728: 3724: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3711: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3673:Human Biology 3666: 3658: 3654: 3649: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3617: 3609: 3605: 3600: 3595: 3590: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3558: 3544:on 2017-03-22 3543: 3539: 3535: 3528: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3485: 3479: 3475: 3472: 3466: 3458: 3454: 3449: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3417: 3411: 3405: 3397: 3393: 3388: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3348: 3340: 3336: 3331: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3299: 3297: 3288: 3284: 3283: 3278: 3272: 3270: 3261: 3257: 3251: 3243: 3239: 3233: 3225: 3221: 3216: 3211: 3206: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3174: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3149: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3121: 3114: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3091:(1): 108–18. 3090: 3086: 3079: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3054: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3022: 3020: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2994: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2962: 2954: 2950: 2945: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2913: 2905: 2901: 2896: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2878: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2846: 2839: 2829:on 2017-07-03 2828: 2824: 2820: 2814: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2785:Mitochondrion 2779: 2777: 2769:. IUAES: 115. 2768: 2764: 2757: 2749: 2745: 2740: 2735: 2730: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2706: 2704: 2695: 2691: 2686: 2681: 2676: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2644: 2642: 2640: 2631: 2630:FamilyTreeDNA 2627: 2621: 2613: 2607: 2603: 2596: 2585: 2578: 2576: 2567: 2563: 2558: 2553: 2548: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2518: 2509: 2505: 2500: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2460: 2444: 2440: 2434: 2426: 2420: 2416: 2415: 2410: 2404: 2393: 2392: 2384: 2382: 2373: 2369: 2364: 2359: 2354: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2322: 2314: 2310: 2305: 2300: 2295: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2271: 2263: 2259: 2254: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2214: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2170: 2162: 2158: 2153: 2148: 2143: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2111: 2102: 2098: 2093: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2053: 2045: 2041: 2036: 2031: 2026: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1994: 1990: 1985: 1980: 1975: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1943: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1918: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1894: 1892: 1881: 1872: 1868: 1857: 1852: 1847: 1842: 1838: 1835: 1830: 1825: 1821: 1818: 1810: 1801: 1792: 1787: 1782: 1777: 1772: 1768: 1765: 1760: 1755: 1750: 1742: 1737: 1732: 1727: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1695: 1689: 1684: 1680: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1656: 1648: 1643: 1639: 1630: 1626: 1616: 1612: 1605: 1602: 1601: 1600: 1593: 1588: 1587: 1583: 1581: 1578: 1576: 1573: 1571: 1568: 1566: 1563: 1562: 1553: 1549: 1546: 1542: 1539: 1535: 1534: 1528: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1502:Haplogroup U9 1499: 1497: 1496:Haplogroup UK 1493: 1487: 1477: 1476:Haplogroup UK 1473: 1469: 1468: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1457: 1454:Haplogroup U8 1451: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1436: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1398: 1391:Haplogroup U7 1388: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1357: 1354: 1352: 1348: 1347:Kalash people 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1326: 1324: 1320: 1313:Haplogroup U4 1310: 1308: 1304: 1299: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1266: 1261: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1232: 1227: 1223: 1217: 1212:Haplogroup U3 1209: 1207: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1185: 1181: 1179: 1175: 1174:Yenisei River 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1146: 1139:Haplogroup U2 1136: 1134: 1130: 1129:Yana RHS Site 1125: 1116: 1109: 1106: 1103: 1100: 1095: 1092: 1091: 1088: 1085: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1069: 1068: 1066: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1044: 1041: 1040: 1032: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1016: 1014: 1009: 1005: 1001: 996: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 965: 961: 959: 950: 944:Haplogroup U6 932: 928: 924: 920: 919:Central Italy 916: 912: 908: 905: 904: 902: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 876: 869: 865: 861: 857: 854: 853: 851: 848: 844: 841: 836: 833: 830: 827: 824: 821: 818: 815: 812: 809: 806: 803: 802: 800: 797: 796: 794: 790: 785: 782: 778: 775: 772: 769: 767: 764: 761: 758: 751: 747: 744: 743: 742: 739: 738: 736: 732: 728: 727:Guinea-Bissau 723: 720: 718: 715: 714: 712: 709: 708: 706: 702: 698: 695: 689: 686: 683: 680: 677: 674: 671: 668: 665: 661: 657: 653: 650: 649: 647: 644: 640: 637: 635: 632: 626: 623: 622: 621: 618: 616: 613: 612: 610: 607: 603: 600: 598: 595: 594: 593: 590: 586: 583: 581: 578: 574: 571: 569: 566: 563: 560: 557: 554: 551: 548: 545: 542: 537: 534: 533: 531: 528: 527: 525: 522: 521: 519: 516: 507: 504: 503: 501: 498: 497: 495: 492: 487: 484: 482: 479: 476: 473: 470: 467: 466: 464: 461: 460: 458: 455: 454: 452: 448: 444: 440: 437: 436: 434: 431: 430: 429: 426: 425: 424: 420: 418: 414: 409: 405: 403: 399: 394: 392: 388: 384: 379: 377: 373: 367: 365: 360: 358: 351:Haplogroup U5 348: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 325: 323: 319: 315: 311: 306: 304: 300: 296: 292: 287: 285: 281: 276: 270: 265:Haplogroup U1 262: 260: 256: 246: 242: 240: 230: 227: 222: 213: 211: 207: 203: 199: 194: 191: 186: 182: 177: 175: 170: 166: 162: 158: 153: 151: 147: 142: 138: 136: 132: 128: 118: 116: 112: 108: 105:, as well as 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 80: 76: 72: 63: 59: 55: 51: 48: 45: 41: 37: 33: 29: 25: 20: 6869: 6861:Haplogroup U 6855:Haplogroup U 6836:Ian Logan's 6792: 6788: 6765: 6755: 6744:. Retrieved 6742:. p. 45 6739: 6729: 6720: 6715: 6680: 6676: 6666: 6655:. Retrieved 6651:the original 6640: 6628:. Retrieved 6624:the original 6619: 6609: 6590: 6586: 6576: 6523:(1): 28–36. 6520: 6516: 6506: 6484:(2): 424–9. 6481: 6477: 6460:the original 6438: 6426: 6416:– via 6411:. Retrieved 6401: 6383: 6375:the original 6370: 6360: 6333: 6329: 6319: 6274: 6270: 6248: 6239: 6221: 6203: 6185: 6167: 6158: 6155:"The Kalash" 6149: 6134: 6125: 6115: 6104:. Retrieved 6100:the original 6095: 6086: 6075:. Retrieved 6071:the original 6066: 6057: 6022: 6018: 6008: 5973: 5969: 5917: 5914:PLOS Biology 5913: 5903: 5866: 5862: 5852: 5833: 5829: 5819: 5808:the original 5795: 5791: 5761: 5726: 5722: 5712: 5679: 5675: 5669: 5644: 5640: 5634: 5589: 5585: 5575: 5542: 5538: 5532: 5497: 5493: 5469:. Retrieved 5462:the original 5431: 5427: 5366: 5362: 5352: 5306: 5302: 5289: 5264: 5260: 5254: 5230:(4): 571–9. 5227: 5223: 5213: 5204: 5195: 5154: 5150: 5140: 5107: 5103: 5097: 5079: 5061: 5043: 5025: 5007: 4990: 4986: 4960: 4956: 4950: 4915: 4911: 4897: 4872: 4868: 4815: 4812:BMC Genetics 4811: 4737: 4733: 4720: 4708:. Retrieved 4701:the original 4695: 4693:Mohamed HY. 4688: 4643: 4639: 4629: 4594: 4590: 4580: 4535: 4531: 4521: 4476: 4472: 4404: 4400: 4390: 4353: 4350:BMC Genetics 4349: 4301: 4297: 4284: 4240: 4236: 4226: 4181: 4177: 4167: 4132: 4128: 4115: 4106: 4098: 4091: 4080:. Retrieved 4073:the original 4042: 4038: 4025: 4017: 3977: 3973: 3962: 3943: 3924: 3884:(1): 23735. 3881: 3877: 3867: 3855:. Retrieved 3851:the original 3846: 3836: 3817: 3798: 3779: 3770: 3730: 3726: 3676: 3672: 3665: 3633:(5): 883–6. 3630: 3626: 3616: 3571: 3567: 3557: 3546:. Retrieved 3542:the original 3537: 3527: 3494: 3490: 3484: 3465: 3430: 3426: 3416: 3404: 3361: 3357: 3347: 3312: 3308: 3287:the original 3280: 3259: 3250: 3241: 3232: 3187: 3183: 3173: 3130: 3126: 3113: 3088: 3084: 3078: 3035: 3031: 2975: 2971: 2961: 2926: 2922: 2912: 2859: 2855: 2845: 2837: 2831:. Retrieved 2827:the original 2822: 2813: 2788: 2784: 2766: 2756: 2719: 2715: 2657: 2653: 2629: 2620: 2601: 2595: 2537: 2534:BMC Genomics 2533: 2473: 2469: 2459: 2447:. Retrieved 2443:the original 2433: 2413: 2403: 2390: 2335: 2331: 2321: 2284: 2280: 2270: 2227: 2223: 2213: 2180: 2176: 2169: 2124: 2120: 2110: 2066: 2062: 2052: 2007: 2003: 1956: 1952: 1942: 1907: 1903: 1880: 1871: 1596: 1595: 1584: 1545:Linda Chavez 1538:Sanjay Gupta 1522:may have an 1505: 1492:haplogroup K 1489: 1475: 1472:Haplogroup K 1471: 1443: 1437: 1432:Oseberg Ship 1421: 1418: 1406:Vedda people 1394: 1358: 1355: 1327: 1316: 1307:Chalcolithic 1300: 1262: 1246:Central Asia 1218: 1215: 1195:site of the 1186: 1182: 1149: 1142: 1126: 1122: 1119:U2'3'4'7'8'9 1113: 1107: 1101: 1093: 1086: 1077:(27.6%) and 1070: 1042: 1029: 1025: 1017: 997: 966: 962: 955: 906: 877: 855: 849: 842: 834: 828: 822: 816: 810: 804: 798: 789:La Braña man 783: 776: 770: 765: 759: 745: 740: 721: 716: 710: 701:Siwa Berbers 696: 687: 681: 675: 669: 651: 645: 638: 633: 624: 619: 614: 608: 601: 596: 591: 584: 579: 572: 567: 561: 555: 549: 543: 535: 529: 523: 517: 505: 499: 493: 485: 480: 474: 468: 462: 456: 438: 432: 427: 421: 410: 406: 395: 380: 368: 361: 354: 326: 310:Dakleh Oasis 307: 288: 271: 268: 252: 249:Haplogroup U 243: 239:Haplogroup K 236: 226:Haplogroup K 223: 219: 216:Distribution 202:Gran Canaria 195: 190:Djehutynakht 178: 174:haplogroup H 154: 139: 127:haplogroup R 124: 107:North Africa 79:haplogroup R 71:Haplogroup U 70: 69: 22:Haplogroup U 3857:16 December 2722:(10): 262. 1404:), and the 1387:were U4c1. 1373:Volga River 1321:due to the 1290:inhabiting 1162:Nogai Horde 750:Puerto Rico 419:and death. 402:Cantabrians 396:The modern 141:Ancient DNA 53:Descendants 6859:MITOMAP's 6746:2024-03-07 6657:2016-05-12 6413:2023-08-31 6106:2013-02-07 6077:2013-02-07 5798:(2): 1–4. 5471:2007-03-19 4479:(1): 109. 4082:2009-09-02 3574:(1): 124. 3548:2017-07-13 2862:(1): 191. 2833:2017-07-13 2791:(1): 1–6. 2540:(1): 124. 2449:7 February 2363:2164/13526 2287:(3): 135. 2127:(1): 109. 2010:(1): 246. 1959:(1): 115. 1864:References 1552:CeCe Moore 1339:Ket people 1234:transition 1145:South Asia 993:Chad Basin 975:) and the 890:Portuguese 882:Sardinians 870:, Tunisia. 868:Byrsa Hill 860:Phoenician 705:Siwa Oasis 357:Gravettian 318:Kulubnarti 259:Mal'ta boy 113:, and the 103:South Asia 38:West Asia, 6844:Phylotree 5836:: 38–56. 5187:206632421 4780:174809069 4417:CiteSeerX 4356:(1): 15. 4243:: 25501. 4109:(Thesis). 3010:206521424 2886:1471-2148 2230:: 15694. 2069:: 25501. 1461:phylogeny 1397:Black Sea 1280:Algerians 1272:Egyptians 1242:Near East 1201:Kromsdorf 1131:on river 981:La Gomera 973:Mozabites 894:Majorcans 391:Estonians 372:Catalonia 305:(0.93%). 291:Algerians 233:Subclades 6931:Category 6833:General 6819:22482806 6707:15457403 6630:11 April 6547:41185629 6539:24196378 6498:15838837 6352:18477584 6311:20689597 6271:PLOS ONE 6049:18452887 6000:11845409 5946:21085689 5895:23459685 5753:20234393 5704:44901197 5696:14748828 5661:19425100 5626:21264345 5586:PLOS ONE 5559:16626330 5524:15077202 5458:11032788 5403:24244704 5363:PLOS ONE 5323:20091844 5281:18046774 5246:22552938 5205:BBC News 5179:25378462 5124:19341323 4999:12500682 4987:Genetika 4969:15456133 4942:31495572 4889:14231815 4844:15339343 4772:31168093 4710:17 April 4680:29895688 4621:29545507 4572:26509580 4532:PLOS ONE 4513:24885141 4451:21533064 4401:PLOS ONE 4382:14563219 4326:11201992 4318:12914566 4275:27195518 4218:17085588 4159:19500771 4069:19500771 4014:27224451 3974:PLOS ONE 3952:Archived 3933:Archived 3916:34907203 3826:Archived 3807:Archived 3788:Archived 3767:20422015 3727:PLOS ONE 3701:21941155 3693:29299964 3657:15791543 3608:17662131 3519:21826485 3511:19053990 3474:Archived 3457:28272540 3396:31699931 3339:19005266 3260:Kazharia 3224:22042855 3165:14913530 3157:22748318 3105:20717990 3062:19781941 3002:19729620 2953:20178764 2904:18601722 2805:24355295 2748:28984839 2694:26402429 2654:PLOS ONE 2566:16719915 2508:23523248 2411:(2001). 2372:29107554 2313:29494531 2262:28556824 2197:28034339 2161:24885141 2101:27195518 2044:27832758 1993:28535779 1934:27566749 1926:18853457 1559:See also 1520:Pakistan 1508:Ethiopia 1428:Iron Age 1402:Pakistan 1298:(1.6%). 1265:Mozabite 1222:Holocene 1054:site in 1052:Taforalt 1034:— 1021:Holocene 1008:Taforalt 898:Sephardi 886:Balearic 866:tomb in 864:Carthage 793:La Braña 562:U5a1b1c2 556:U5a1b1c1 536:U5a1b1a1 506:U5a1a2a1 443:Etruscan 275:Svanetia 206:Tenerife 165:Taforalt 87:Northern 43:Ancestor 6868:, from 6810:3322232 6698:1182106 6593:: 190. 6418:YouTube 6302:2912848 6279:Bibcode 6249:Eupedia 6040:2427195 5937:2976717 5886:3573127 5800:Bibcode 5744:2987384 5617:3018485 5594:Bibcode 5515:1181978 5449:1288566 5394:3828245 5371:Bibcode 5207:. 2010. 5159:Bibcode 5151:Science 5132:9447306 4933:6800651 4750:bioRxiv 4742:Bibcode 4671:6042094 4648:Bibcode 4599:Bibcode 4591:Science 4563:4624789 4540:Bibcode 4504:4062890 4481:Bibcode 4442:3080428 4409:Bibcode 4266:4872530 4245:Bibcode 4209:1859909 4186:Bibcode 4150:2694970 4060:2694970 4005:4880306 3982:Bibcode 3907:8671481 3886:Bibcode 3758:2858207 3735:Bibcode 3648:1199377 3599:1976131 3576:Bibcode 3448:5437903 3387:7093155 3366:Bibcode 3358:Science 3330:2699618 3242:Eupedia 3215:3215063 3192:Bibcode 3135:Bibcode 3070:9487217 3040:Bibcode 2980:Bibcode 2972:Science 2931:Bibcode 2895:2491632 2864:Bibcode 2739:5664112 2685:4581715 2662:Bibcode 2557:1523212 2499:5036973 2478:Bibcode 2409:Sykes B 2340:Bibcode 2304:5867856 2253:5459999 2232:Bibcode 2205:4490910 2152:4062890 2129:Bibcode 2092:4872530 2071:Bibcode 2035:5105315 2012:Bibcode 1984:5442693 1961:Bibcode 1813: 1805: 1795: 1745: 1722: 1692: 1662: 1659: 1651: 1636: 1623: 1620: 1607: 1524:African 1516:Makrani 1303:Jericho 1296:Somalis 1268:Berbers 1254:Svaneti 1206:Xiongnu 1184:India. 1065:Berbers 1056:Morocco 1013:Maghreb 1006:at the 931:Bohemia 923:England 901:Chuetas 746:U5b1b1b 735:Siberia 703:of the 658:in the 625:U5a1d2a 573:U5a1b1e 568:U5a1b1d 550:U5a1b1c 544:U5a1b1b 530:U5a1b1a 500:U5a1a2a 486:U5a1a1d 481:U5a1a1c 475:U5a1a1b 469:U5a1a1a 398:Basques 366:(WHG). 341:Georgia 303:Sahrawi 301:of the 261:(MA1). 208:on the 198:Guanche 163:at the 150:Romania 121:Origins 99:Western 95:Central 6817: 6807: 6705: 6695: 6545: 6537: 6496: 6350: 6309: 6299: 6047: 6037: 5998: 5991:379094 5988: 5944: 5934: 5893: 5883: 5751: 5741: 5702: 5694: 5659: 5624: 5614: 5567:662278 5565: 5557: 5522: 5512: 5456: 5446: 5401: 5391: 5321: 5279: 5244: 5185: 5177: 5130: 5122: 4997: 4967: 4940: 4930: 4887: 4842: 4835:516768 4832: 4818:: 26. 4778: 4770: 4752: 4734:Nature 4678: 4668: 4619: 4570: 4560: 4511: 4501: 4449: 4439: 4419: 4380: 4373:270091 4370: 4324: 4316: 4273: 4263: 4216: 4206: 4157: 4147: 4067: 4057: 4012: 4002: 3914: 3904: 3765: 3755: 3699: 3691: 3655: 3645: 3606: 3596: 3517: 3509: 3455: 3445: 3394: 3384: 3337: 3327: 3222: 3212: 3163: 3155: 3103: 3068: 3060: 3008: 3000: 2951: 2902: 2892: 2884: 2803: 2746: 2736: 2692: 2682: 2608: 2564: 2554: 2506: 2496: 2421: 2370: 2311: 2301: 2260: 2250: 2203: 2195: 2159: 2149: 2099: 2089: 2042: 2032: 1991: 1981: 1932: 1924: 1800:pre-JT 1440:Saudis 1288:Tuareg 1258:Romani 1238:Europe 1158:Nogais 929:, and 925:, the 907:U5b3b: 856:U5b2c1 835:U5b2a6 829:U5b2a5 823:U5b2a4 817:U5b2a3 811:U5b2a2 805:U5b2a1 741:U5b1b1 731:Yakuts 722:U5b1b: 620:U5a1d2 615:U5a1d1 602:U5a1c2 597:U5a1c1 585:U5a1b3 580:U5a1b2 524:U5a1b1 494:U5a1a2 463:U5a1a1 389:, and 280:Kerala 169:Afalou 109:, the 6568:(PDF) 6543:S2CID 6435:(PDF) 6393:(PDF) 6231:(PDF) 6213:(PDF) 6195:(PDF) 6177:(PDF) 5811:(PDF) 5788:(PDF) 5700:S2CID 5563:S2CID 5465:(PDF) 5424:(PDF) 5344:(PDF) 5299:(PDF) 5183:S2CID 5128:S2CID 5089:(PDF) 5071:(PDF) 5053:(PDF) 5035:(PDF) 5017:(PDF) 4908:(PDF) 4885:S2CID 4865:(PDF) 4776:S2CID 4730:(PDF) 4704:(PDF) 4322:S2CID 4294:(PDF) 4125:(PDF) 4103:(PDF) 4076:(PDF) 4035:(PDF) 3697:S2CID 3515:S2CID 3161:S2CID 3123:(PDF) 3066:S2CID 3006:S2CID 2716:Genes 2587:(PDF) 2395:(PDF) 2281:Genes 2201:S2CID 1930:S2CID 1633:L1–6 1512:Yemen 1464:Asia. 1377:Rhine 1335:Mansi 1292:Niger 1276:Gurna 1226:Azeri 1094:U6b1: 1075:Copts 1071:U6a1: 915:Spain 878:U5b3: 850:U5b2c 843:U5b2b 799:U5b2a 777:U5b1g 771:U5b1e 766:U5b1d 760:U5b1c 717:U5b1a 688:U5a2e 682:U5a2d 676:U5a2c 670:U5a2b 664:Spain 652:U5a2a 639:U5a1f 634:U5a1e 609:U5a1d 592:U5a1c 518:U5a1b 457:U5a1a 451:Italy 387:Finns 376:Spain 337:India 322:Sudan 73:is a 6815:PMID 6703:PMID 6632:2010 6535:PMID 6494:PMID 6348:PMID 6307:PMID 6045:PMID 5996:PMID 5942:PMID 5891:PMID 5749:PMID 5692:PMID 5657:PMID 5622:PMID 5555:PMID 5520:PMID 5454:PMID 5399:PMID 5319:PMID 5277:PMID 5242:PMID 5175:PMID 5120:PMID 4995:PMID 4965:PMID 4938:PMID 4912:Cell 4840:PMID 4768:PMID 4712:2016 4676:PMID 4617:PMID 4568:PMID 4509:PMID 4447:PMID 4378:PMID 4314:PMID 4271:PMID 4214:PMID 4155:PMID 4065:PMID 4010:PMID 3912:PMID 3859:2021 3763:PMID 3689:PMID 3653:PMID 3604:PMID 3507:PMID 3453:PMID 3392:PMID 3335:PMID 3309:AIDS 3220:PMID 3153:PMID 3101:PMID 3058:PMID 2998:PMID 2949:PMID 2900:PMID 2882:ISSN 2801:PMID 2744:PMID 2690:PMID 2606:ISBN 2562:PMID 2504:PMID 2451:2013 2419:ISBN 2368:PMID 2309:PMID 2258:PMID 2193:PMID 2157:PMID 2097:PMID 2040:PMID 1989:PMID 1922:PMID 1536:Dr. 1510:and 1474:and 1412:and 1343:Sami 1284:Oran 1250:Svan 1231:HVR1 1168:and 1133:Yana 1108:U6d: 1102:U6c: 1087:U6b: 1079:Beja 1043:U6a: 846:ago. 784:U5b2 729:and 711:U5b1 646:U5a2 439:U5a1 417:AIDS 400:and 383:Sami 295:Oran 204:and 167:and 101:and 89:and 6805:PMC 6797:doi 6693:PMC 6685:doi 6595:doi 6591:147 6525:doi 6486:doi 6482:128 6338:doi 6297:PMC 6287:doi 6035:PMC 6027:doi 5986:PMC 5978:doi 5932:PMC 5922:doi 5881:PMC 5871:doi 5838:doi 5739:PMC 5731:doi 5684:doi 5649:doi 5645:140 5612:PMC 5602:doi 5547:doi 5510:PMC 5502:doi 5444:PMC 5436:doi 5389:PMC 5379:doi 5311:doi 5307:142 5269:doi 5265:135 5232:doi 5228:148 5167:doi 5155:346 5112:doi 4928:PMC 4920:doi 4916:179 4877:doi 4830:PMC 4820:doi 4760:doi 4738:570 4666:PMC 4656:doi 4644:115 4607:doi 4595:360 4558:PMC 4548:doi 4499:PMC 4489:doi 4437:PMC 4427:doi 4368:PMC 4358:doi 4306:doi 4261:PMC 4253:doi 4204:PMC 4194:doi 4182:103 4145:PMC 4137:doi 4055:PMC 4047:doi 4000:PMC 3990:doi 3902:PMC 3894:doi 3753:PMC 3743:doi 3681:doi 3643:PMC 3635:doi 3594:PMC 3584:doi 3499:doi 3443:PMC 3435:doi 3382:PMC 3374:doi 3362:366 3325:PMC 3317:doi 3210:PMC 3200:doi 3188:108 3143:doi 3093:doi 3089:144 3048:doi 2988:doi 2976:326 2939:doi 2890:PMC 2872:doi 2793:doi 2734:PMC 2724:doi 2680:PMC 2670:doi 2552:PMC 2542:doi 2494:PMC 2486:doi 2358:hdl 2348:doi 2299:PMC 2289:doi 2248:PMC 2240:doi 2185:doi 2147:PMC 2137:doi 2087:PMC 2079:doi 2030:PMC 2020:doi 1979:PMC 1969:doi 1912:doi 1885:U6" 1444:30% 1282:in 1199:in 1166:Ket 1150:U2b 1023:." 697:U5b 433:U5a 413:HIV 333:Goa 331:in 293:in 6933:: 6813:. 6803:. 6793:90 6791:. 6787:. 6764:. 6738:. 6701:. 6691:. 6681:75 6679:. 6675:. 6618:. 6589:. 6585:. 6555:^ 6541:. 6533:. 6521:59 6519:. 6515:. 6492:. 6480:. 6468:^ 6447:^ 6437:. 6369:. 6346:. 6334:25 6332:. 6328:. 6305:. 6295:. 6285:. 6273:. 6269:. 6257:^ 6247:. 6157:. 6124:. 6094:. 6065:. 6043:. 6033:. 6023:82 6021:. 6017:. 5994:. 5984:. 5974:70 5972:. 5968:. 5954:^ 5940:. 5930:. 5916:. 5912:. 5889:. 5879:. 5865:. 5861:. 5834:40 5832:. 5828:. 5796:10 5794:. 5790:. 5775:^ 5747:. 5737:. 5727:18 5725:. 5721:. 5698:. 5690:. 5680:68 5678:. 5655:. 5643:. 5620:. 5610:. 5600:. 5588:. 5584:. 5561:. 5553:. 5543:70 5541:. 5518:. 5508:. 5498:74 5496:. 5492:. 5480:^ 5452:. 5442:. 5432:67 5430:. 5426:. 5411:^ 5397:. 5387:. 5377:. 5365:. 5361:. 5331:^ 5317:. 5305:. 5301:. 5275:. 5263:. 5240:. 5226:. 5222:. 5203:. 5181:. 5173:. 5165:. 5153:. 5149:. 5126:. 5118:. 5108:80 5106:. 4991:38 4989:. 4977:^ 4961:38 4959:. 4936:. 4926:. 4914:. 4910:. 4883:. 4871:. 4867:. 4852:^ 4838:. 4828:. 4814:. 4810:. 4788:^ 4774:. 4766:. 4758:. 4748:. 4736:. 4732:. 4674:. 4664:. 4654:. 4642:. 4638:. 4615:. 4605:. 4593:. 4589:. 4566:. 4556:. 4546:. 4536:10 4534:. 4530:. 4507:. 4497:. 4487:. 4477:14 4475:. 4471:. 4459:^ 4445:. 4435:. 4425:. 4415:. 4403:. 4399:. 4376:. 4366:. 4352:. 4348:. 4334:^ 4320:. 4312:. 4302:67 4300:. 4296:. 4269:. 4259:. 4251:. 4239:. 4235:. 4212:. 4202:. 4192:. 4180:. 4176:. 4153:. 4143:. 4133:84 4131:. 4127:. 4105:. 4063:. 4053:. 4043:84 4041:. 4037:. 4016:. 4008:. 3998:. 3988:. 3978:11 3976:. 3972:. 3910:. 3900:. 3892:. 3882:11 3880:. 3876:. 3845:. 3769:. 3761:. 3751:. 3741:. 3729:. 3725:. 3709:^ 3695:. 3687:. 3677:89 3675:. 3651:. 3641:. 3631:76 3629:. 3625:. 3602:. 3592:. 3582:. 3570:. 3566:. 3536:. 3513:. 3505:. 3495:73 3493:. 3451:. 3441:. 3431:25 3429:. 3425:. 3390:. 3380:. 3372:. 3360:. 3356:. 3333:. 3323:. 3313:22 3311:. 3307:. 3295:^ 3279:. 3268:^ 3258:. 3240:. 3218:. 3208:. 3198:. 3186:. 3182:. 3159:. 3151:. 3141:. 3131:22 3129:. 3125:. 3099:. 3087:. 3064:. 3056:. 3046:. 3036:19 3034:. 3030:. 3018:^ 3004:. 2996:. 2986:. 2974:. 2970:. 2947:. 2937:. 2927:20 2925:. 2921:. 2898:. 2888:. 2880:. 2870:. 2858:. 2854:. 2836:. 2821:. 2799:. 2789:14 2787:. 2775:^ 2765:. 2742:. 2732:. 2718:. 2714:. 2702:^ 2688:. 2678:. 2668:. 2658:10 2656:. 2652:. 2638:^ 2628:. 2574:^ 2560:. 2550:. 2536:. 2532:. 2516:^ 2502:. 2492:. 2484:. 2474:23 2472:. 2468:. 2380:^ 2366:. 2356:. 2346:. 2336:27 2334:. 2330:. 2307:. 2297:. 2283:. 2279:. 2256:. 2246:. 2238:. 2226:. 2222:. 2199:. 2191:. 2181:29 2179:. 2155:. 2145:. 2135:. 2125:14 2123:. 2119:. 2095:. 2085:. 2077:. 2065:. 2061:. 2038:. 2028:. 2018:. 2008:16 2006:. 2002:. 1987:. 1977:. 1967:. 1957:17 1955:. 1951:. 1928:. 1920:. 1908:30 1906:. 1902:. 1890:^ 1829:JT 1824:HV 1791:R0 1698:CZ 1676:L6 1671:L5 1666:L4 1655:L3 1647:L2 1642:L1 1629:L0 1617:) 1450:. 1410:R2 1325:. 1180:. 1135:. 921:, 917:, 913:, 903:. 707:. 662:, 453:. 449:, 428:U5 385:, 335:, 320:, 257:, 117:. 97:, 93:, 6821:. 6799:: 6768:. 6749:. 6709:. 6687:: 6660:. 6634:. 6603:. 6597:: 6570:. 6549:. 6527:: 6500:. 6488:: 6420:. 6395:. 6354:. 6340:: 6313:. 6289:: 6281:: 6275:5 6251:. 6233:. 6215:. 6197:. 6179:. 6161:. 6143:. 6128:. 6109:. 6080:. 6051:. 6029:: 6002:. 5980:: 5948:. 5924:: 5918:8 5897:. 5873:: 5867:9 5846:. 5840:: 5802:: 5769:. 5755:. 5733:: 5706:. 5686:: 5663:. 5651:: 5628:. 5604:: 5596:: 5590:6 5569:. 5549:: 5526:. 5504:: 5474:. 5438:: 5405:. 5381:: 5373:: 5367:8 5346:. 5325:. 5313:: 5283:. 5271:: 5248:. 5234:: 5189:. 5169:: 5161:: 5134:. 5114:: 5091:. 5073:. 5055:. 5037:. 5019:. 5001:. 4971:. 4944:. 4922:: 4891:. 4879:: 4873:8 4846:. 4822:: 4816:5 4782:. 4762:: 4744:: 4714:. 4682:. 4658:: 4650:: 4623:. 4609:: 4601:: 4574:. 4550:: 4542:: 4515:. 4491:: 4483:: 4453:. 4429:: 4411:: 4405:6 4384:. 4360:: 4354:4 4328:. 4308:: 4277:. 4255:: 4247:: 4241:6 4220:. 4196:: 4188:: 4161:. 4139:: 4085:. 4049:: 3992:: 3984:: 3918:. 3896:: 3888:: 3861:. 3745:: 3737:: 3731:5 3703:. 3683:: 3659:. 3637:: 3610:. 3586:: 3578:: 3572:7 3551:. 3521:. 3501:: 3459:. 3437:: 3398:. 3376:: 3368:: 3341:. 3319:: 3262:. 3244:. 3226:. 3202:: 3194:: 3167:. 3145:: 3137:: 3107:. 3095:: 3072:. 3050:: 3042:: 3012:. 2990:: 2982:: 2955:. 2941:: 2933:: 2906:. 2874:: 2866:: 2860:8 2807:. 2795:: 2750:. 2726:: 2720:8 2696:. 2672:: 2664:: 2632:. 2614:. 2589:. 2568:. 2544:: 2538:7 2510:. 2488:: 2480:: 2453:. 2427:. 2374:. 2360:: 2350:: 2342:: 2315:. 2291:: 2285:9 2264:. 2242:: 2234:: 2228:8 2207:. 2187:: 2163:. 2139:: 2131:: 2105:. 2103:. 2081:: 2073:: 2067:6 2046:. 2022:: 2014:: 1995:. 1971:: 1963:: 1936:. 1914:: 1856:T 1851:J 1846:V 1841:H 1834:K 1817:U 1809:P 1786:F 1781:B 1776:Z 1771:C 1764:Y 1759:X 1754:W 1749:I 1741:R 1736:S 1731:A 1726:O 1718:Q 1713:G 1708:E 1703:D 1688:N 1683:M 1615:L 1613:( 1478:. 1414:W 933:. 666:. 47:R

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index