Haplogroup U - Knowledge

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Africa and North Africa. Two possible scenarios for the first U6 haplotype (bearing mutations 3348 and 16172) can be advanced: i) these mutations aroused in the founder region but did not leave any genetic legacy in current human populations there; ii) they originated probably somewhere in North Africa, after the arrival of the U6 founder haplotype. Within North Africa U6 is only significantly frequent at its western edge (as well as in South-western Europe). More importantly, all the most basal branches are virtually restricted to that region (U6b, U6c and U6d), what could indicate its western origin. Nevertheless, it cannot be excluded the major sub-clade U6a, which shows a richness of sub-clades in Northwest Africa although a few of derivative branches also include sequences from East African and the Middle Eastern populations (e.g. U6a2).

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U5b2a2a1 in Poles) and dated as arising between 12–18 kya It is also remarkable that within U5b2a1a, a Mediterranean branch precedes subcluster U5b2a1a1, which is characteristic of central and eastern European populations (Figure 1). Another U5b subcluster, U5b3, has its most likely homeland in the Italian Peninsula, from where it expanded in the Holocene along the Mediterranean coasts . Hence, in general one may conclude that an initial diversification of U5b occurred in southern and central Europe, followed by the spread of a particular U5b subclusters into eastern Europe.

4290:"Individuals carrying haplogroup U possibly spread westward from Western Asia around 39–52 ky, reaching Europe as signaled by haplogroup U5, and North Africa signaled by haplogroup U6, which likely represents a genetic signal of a EUP return of Homo sapiens from Eurasia to North Africa. The time of the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) for U6 was estimated to 35.3 (24.6–46.4) ky BP. Our estimates of the haplogroup U6 TMRCA that incorporate ancient genomes (including PM1) set the formation of the U6 lineage back to 49.6 ky BP (95% HPD: 42–58 ky)" 1042:

restricted to West Africa, had more localized expansions. U6b probably reached the Iberian Peninsula during the Capsian diffusion in North Africa. Two autochthonous derivatives of these clades (U6b1 and U6c1) indicate the arrival of North African settlers to the Canarian Archipelago in prehistoric times, most probably due to the Saharan desiccation. The absence of these Canarian lineages nowadays in Africa suggests important demographic movements in the western area of this Continent.

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The U2 subclades are: U2a, U2b, U2c, U2d, and U2e. With the India-specific subclades U2a, U2b, and U2c collectively referred to as U2i, the Eurasian haplogroup U2d appears to be a sister clade with the Indian haplogroup U2c, while U2e is considered a European-specific subclade but also found in South

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but is also found in low frequency in Central and West Asia, as well as in Europe as U2e (the European variety of U2 is named U2e). The overall frequency of U2 in South Asia is largely accounted for by the group U2i in India whereas haplogroup U2e, common in Europe, is rare; given that these lineages

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Haplogroup U is found in 15% of Indian caste and 8% of Indian tribal populations. Haplogroup U is found in approximately 11% of native Europeans and is held as the oldest maternal haplogroup found in that region. In a 2013 study, all but one of the ancient modern human sequences from Europe belonged

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Subcluster U5b2a is characterized by a predominantly central European distribution, since a large number of U5b samples from Poland, Slovakia and the Czech Republic fall into this subcluster. For instance, subcluster U5b2a2 is frequent in central Europe (with the highest frequency of its subcluster

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Usually U6 genetic history is envisioned as a migration from southwest Asia through North Africa. This hypothesis is based on the general origin of haplogroup U sub-clades in Southwest Asia, which is also the center of the geographical distribution of U sub-clades: Europe, India, Central Asia, East

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Shinde, V; Narasimhan, VM; Rohland, N; Mallick, S; Mah, M; Lipson, M; Nakatsuka, N; Adamski, N; Broomandkhoshbacht, N; Ferry, M; Lawson, AM; Michel, M; Oppenheimer, J; Stewardson, K; Jadhav, N; Kim, YJ; Chatterjee, M; Munshi, A; Panyam, A; Waghmare, P; Yadav, Y; Patel, H; Kaushik, A; Thangaraj, K;

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U4 has been found in ancient DNA, and it is relatively rare in modern populations, although it is found in substantial ratios in certain indigenous populations of Northern Asia and Northern Europe, being associated with the remnants of ancient European hunting-gatherers preserved in the indigenous

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prehistoric site. In spite of the highest diversity of Iberian U6, Maca-Meyer argues for a Near East origin of this clade based on the highest diversity of subclade U6a in that region, where it would have arrived from West Asia, with the Iberian incidence primarily representing migration from the

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area approximately 30,000 years ago. In modern populations, U7 occurs at low frequency in the Caucasus, the western Siberian tribes, West Asia (about 4% in the Near East, while peaking with 10% in Iranians), South Asia (about 12% in Gujarat, the westernmost state of India, while for the whole of

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Subclades U2, U3, U4, U7, U8 and U9 are now thought to be monophyletic, their common ancestor "U2'3'4'7'8'9" defined by mutation A1811G, arising between about 42,000 and 48,000 years ago (Behar et al., 2012). Within U2'3'4'7'8'9, U4 and U9 may be monophyletic, as "U4'9" (mutations T195C!, G499A,

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archaeological site in Middle Egypt, dated to the 1st millennium BC, 13 of the 90 mummies bearing haplgroup U (U carriers all of the late period) and various subclades of it, U, U1,U3,U5,U6,U7 and U8. and in a separate study, DNA extracted from a tooth the mummified head of a much older mummy of

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origin (Quintana-Murci et al. 2004). Regardless of which coast of the Arabian Sea may have been the origin of U9, its Ethiopian–southern Arabian–Indus Basin distribution hints that the subclade's diversification from U4 may have occurred in regions far away from the current area of the highest

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Subgroup U6a reflects the first African expansion from the Maghreb returning to the east. Derivative clade U6a1 signals a posterior movement from East Africa back to the Maghreb and the Near East. This migration coincides with the probable Afroasiatic linguistic expansion. U6b and U6c clades,

1525:, together with some Indian-specific M lineages in the Yemeni sample, points to gene flow along the coast of the Arabian Sea. Haplogroups U9 and U4 share two common mutations at the root of their phylogeny. It is interesting that, in Pakistan, U9 occurs frequently only among the so-called 1159:

diverged approximately 50,000-years-ago, these data have been interpreted as indicating very low maternal-line gene-flow between South Asia and Europe throughout this period. Approximately one half of the U mtDNAs in India belong to the Indian-specific branches of haplogroup U2 (U2i: U2a,

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Coalescence age for U3a is estimated as 18,000 to 26,000-years-ago while the coalescence age for U3b is estimated as 18,000 to 24,000-years-ago. U3a is found in Europe, the Near East, the Caucasus and North Africa. The almost-entirely European distributed subclade, U3a1, dated at 4000 to

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shows a more patched and western distribution. In the Iberian peninsula, U6b is more frequent in the north, whereas U6a is more common in the south. It has also been found at low frequencies in Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Nigeria. Estimated age: 8,500-24,500 BP. It has one subclade:

1505:, which is estimated to date to between 30,000 and 22,000 years ago. Haplogroup K makes up a sizeable fraction of European and West Asian mtDNA lineages. It is now known it is actually a subclade of haplogroup U8b'K, and is believed to have first arisen in northeastern Italy. 971:) dated to 35,000 years ago. Hervella et al. (2016) take this find as evidence for Paleolithic back-migration of Homo sapiens from Eurasia into Africa. The discovery of basal U6* in ancient DNA contributed to setting back the estimated age of U6 to around 46,000 years ago. 182:

prehistoric sites. Among the Taforalt individuals, around 13% of the observed haplotypes belonged to various U subclades, including U4a2b (1/24; 4%), U4c1 (1/24; 4%), and U6d3 (1/24; 4%). A further 41% of the analysed haplotypes could be assigned to either haplogroup U or

404:. However, it is spread widely at lower levels throughout Europe. This distribution, and the age of the haplogroup, indicate individuals belonging to this clade were part of the initial expansion tracking the retreat of ice sheets from Europe around 10,000 years ago. 283:

Haplogroup U1 estimated to have arisen between 26,000 and 37,000 years ago. It is found at very low frequency throughout Europe. It is more often observed in eastern Europe, Anatolia and the Near East. It is also found at low frequencies in India. U1 is found in the

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According to Hernández et al. 2015 "the estimated entrance of the North African U6 lineages into Iberia at 10 ky correlates well with other L African clades, indicating that U6 and some L lineages moved together from Africa to Iberia in the Early

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U5 was the main haplogroup of mesolithic European hunter gatherers. U haplogroups were present at 83% in European hunter gatherers before influx of Middle Eastern farmer and steppe Indo-European ancestry decreased its frequency to less than 21%.

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in Europe for the mitochondrial haplogroup U8a. This is a rare subgroup of U8, placing the Basque origin of this lineage in the Upper Palaeolithic. The lack of U8a lineages in Africa suggests that their ancestors may have originated from West

223:, which have been radiocarbon-dated to between the 7th and 11th centuries CE. All of the clade-bearing individuals were inhumed at the Tenerife site, with these specimens found to belong to the U6b1a (4/7; 57%) and U6b (1/7; 14%) subclades. 1239:

mtDNA from the Caucasus. U3b is widespread across the Middle East and the Caucasus, and it is found especially in Iran, Iraq and Yemen, with a minor European subclade, U3b1b, dated at 2000 to 3000-years-ago. Haplogroup U3 is defined by the

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Additionally, haplogroup U5 is found in small frequencies and at much lower diversity in the Near East and parts of northern Africa (areas with sizable U6 concentrations), suggesting back-migration of people from Europe toward the south.

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Germany, and in 2,000-year-old human remains from Bøgebjerggård in Southern Denmark. However, haplogroup U2 is rare in present-day Scandinavians. The remains of a 2,000-year-old West Eurasian male of haplogroup U2e1 was found in the

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U5 has been found in human remains dating from the Mesolithic in England, Germany, Lithuania, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Sweden, France and Spain. Neolithic skeletons (~7,000 years old) that were excavated from the Avellaner cave in

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Kefi R, Hechmi M, Naouali C, Jmel H, Hsouna S, Bouzaid E, et al. (January 2018). "On the origin of Iberomaurusians: new data based on ancient mitochondrial DNA and phylogenetic analysis of Afalou and Taforalt populations".

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region of Georgia at 4.2%. Subclade U1a is found from India to Europe, but is extremely rare among the northern and Atlantic fringes of Europe including the British Isles and Scandinavia. In India, U1a has been found in the

1441:"princely burials" included haplogroup U7. Haplogroup U7 was reported to have been found in 1200-year-old human remains (dating to around 834), in a woman believed to be from a royal clan who was buried with the Viking 154:

classified as belonging to the U* mitochondrial haplogroup has been recovered from human skeletal remains found in Western Siberia, which have been dated to c. 45,000 years ago. The mitogenome (33-fold coverage) of the

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in Morocco, which have been dated to around 5,000 BCE, have also been found to carry the U6a subhaplogroup. These ancient individuals bore an autochthonous Northwest African genomic component that peaks among modern

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subclade is the most widespread, stretching from the Canary Islands and Iberian Peninsula to the Horn of Africa and Near East. The subhaplogroup has its highest diversity in Northeast Africa. Ancient DNA analysis of

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is a subclade of U8. The old age has led to a wide distribution of the descendant subgroups across Western Eurasia, North Africa, and South Asia. Some subclades of haplogroup U have a more specific geographic range.

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has been found in Saami of Scandinavia, Finnish and the Berbers of North Africa, which were found to share an extremely young branch, aged merely ~9,000 years. U5b1b was also found in Fulbe and Papel people in

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U6a, U6b and U6d share a common basal mutation (16219) that is not present in U6c, whereas U6c has 11 unique mutations. U6b and U6d share a mutation (16311) not shared by U6a, which has three unique mutations.

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arose between 17,000 and 23,000 years ago and has polymorphisms in 1721 13637( + U5b polymorphisms). The clade has been found in remains dating from prehistoric times in Europe, such as the subclade U5b2c1 of

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Héctor DZ, María NC, Juan MC (April 2017). "A Mainly Circum Mediterranean Origin for West Eurasian and North African mtDNAs in Puerto Rico with Strong Contributions from the Canary Islands and West Africa".

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in Norway. Haplogroup U7 was found in 1000-year-old human remains (dating to around AD 1000-1250) in a Christian cemetery is Kongemarken Denmark. However, U7 is rare among present-day ethnic Scandinavians.

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of the very end of the 11th or early 12th Dynasty who belonged to mtDNA haplogroup U5b2b5 (with no exact matches found in a modern population of U5 carriers) from a 2018 article by Odile Loreille et al.

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Hervella et al. (2016) "Individuals carrying haplogroup U possibly spread westward from Western Asia around 39–52 ky, reaching Europe as signaled by haplogroup U5, and North Africa signaled by haplogroup

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between 12,000 and 17,000 years ago. The clade was notably linked to Neve, who, at the time of her discovery, was the oldest identified female infant burial in Europe, carbon-dated to around 10,000 years

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to maternal haplogroup U, thus confirming previous findings that haplogroup U was the dominant type of Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in Europe before the spread of agriculture into Europe from the Near East.

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Van Oven and Kayser (2009) proposed subclades "U2'3'4'7'8" and "U4'9". Behar et al. (2012) amended this by grouping "U4'9" as subordinate to "U2'3'4'7'8" for a new intermediate subclade "U2'3'4'7'8'9".

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Loreille, O.; Ratnayake, S.; Bazinet, A. L.; Stockwell, T. B.; Sommer, D. D.; Rohland, N.; Mallick, S.; Johnson, P. L.; Skoglund, P.; Onorato, A. J.; Bergman, N. H.; Reich, D.; Irwin, J. A. (2018).

1006:, including the rare Canarian branch. This suggests that the ancient U6 clade bearers may have inhabited or passed through the Chad Basin on their way westward toward the Canary Islands. 3853: 1069:, which have been dated to the Later Stone Age between 15,100 and 13,900 ybp, observed the U6a subclade among most of the fossils (6/7; ~86%). Fossils at the Early Neolithic site of 920:

this subclade is likely similarly western Mediterranean/Ibero-Italic in origin but spread to parts of northwestern and middle Europe through Roman expansion, with samples found in

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Rudbeck L, Gilbert MT, Willerslev E, Hansen AJ, Lynnerup N, Christensen T, Dissing J (October 2005). "mtDNA analysis of human remains from an early Danish Christian cemetery".

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Stevanovitch A, Gilles A, Bouzaid E, Kefi R, Paris F, Gayraud RP, et al. (January 2004). "Mitochondrial DNA sequence diversity in a sedentary population from Egypt".

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Coudray C, Olivieri A, Achilli A, Pala M, Melhaoui M, Cherkaoui M, et al. (March 2009). "The complex and diversified mitochondrial gene pool of Berber populations".

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mtDNA branch of the phylogenetic tree. The defining mutations (A11467G, A12308G, G12372A) are estimated to have arisen between 43,000 and 50,000 years ago, in the early

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Melchior L, Gilbert MT, Kivisild T, Lynnerup N, Dissing J (February 2008). "Rare mtDNA haplogroups and genetic differences in rich and poor Danish Iron-Age villages".

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Lee EJ, Makarewicz C, Renneberg R, Harder M, Krause-Kyora B, Müller S, Ostritz S, Fehren-Schmitz L, Schreiber S, Müller J, von Wurmb-Schwark N, Nebel A (August 2012).

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Soares, Pedro; Achilli, Alessandro; Semino, Ornella; Davies, William; Macaulay, Vincent; Bandelt, Hans-Jürgen; Torroni, Antonio; Richards, Martin B. (2010-02-23).

3798: 3544: 2774:"Abstract Book of the IUAES Inter-Congress 2016 - A community divided? Revealing the community genome(s) of Medieval Kulubnarti using next- generation sequencing" 1419:

of Sri Lanka where it reaches it highest frequency of 13.33% (subclade U7a). One third of the West Eurasian-specific mtDNAs found in India are in haplogroups U7,

6026:"Mitochondrial genome diversity in arctic Siberians, with particular reference to the evolutionary history of Beringia and Pleistocenic peopling of the Americas" 5650:

Kujanová M, Pereira L, Fernandes V, Pereira JB, Cerný V (October 2009). "Near eastern neolithic genetic input in a small oasis of the Egyptian Western Desert".

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Deguilloux MF, Soler L, Pemonge MH, Scarre C, Joussaume R, Laporte L (January 2011). "News from the west: ancient DNA from a French megalithic burial chamber".

2288:"Biological Sexing of a 4000-Year-Old Egyptian Mummy Head to Assess the Potential of Nuclear DNA Recovery from the Most Damaged and Limited Forensic Specimens" 6400: 3484: 1517:

Haplogroup U9 is a rare clade in mtDNA phylogeny, characterized only recently in a few populations of Pakistan (Quintana-Murci et al. 2004). Its presence in

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Brandstätter, Anita; Zimmermann, Bettina; Wagner, Janine; Göbel, Tanja; Röck, Alexander W.; Salas, Antonio; Carracedo, Angel; Parson, Walther (2008-07-04).

4819:"Most of the extant mtDNA boundaries in south and southwest Asia were likely shaped during the initial settlement of Eurasia by anatomically modern humans" 2794:

Rai N, Taher N, Singh M, Chaubey G, Jha AN, Singh L, Thangaraj K (January 2014). "Relic excavated in western India is probably of Georgian Queen Ketevan".

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and surrounding regions. Since the genetic analysis corroborates archaeological and literary evidence, it is believed that the excavated remains belong to

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The Young Man of Byrsa specimen dates from the late 6th century BCE, and his lineage is believed to represent early gene flow from Iberia to the Maghreb.

2829: 2594: 763:, matching with samples from Senegambia and northern Cameroon indicating its presence as a product of early colonization and enslavement of Senegambians. 370:

culture. Approximately 11% of Europeans (10% of European-Americans) have some variant of haplogroup U5. The haplogroup most likely originated in Europe.

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population. In this particular population, lineages specific to parts of Eastern Africa occur as frequently as 39%, which suggests that U9 lineages in

3885:"An infant burial from Arma Veirana in northwestern Italy provides insights into funerary practices and female personhood in early Mesolithic Europe" 799: 6876: 967:

Haplogroup U6 was dated to between 31,000 and 43,000 years ago by Behar et al. (2012). Basal U6* was found in a Romanian specimen of ancient DNA (

339: 323:, located in the southwestern desert of Egypt. 21 of the Kellis burials have been radiocarbon-dated to around 80-445 AD, a timeframe within the 6657: 4132: 4301: 3861: 4042: 3420: 2723:"Complete Mitochondrial Genome Sequencing of a Burial from a Romano-Christian Cemetery in the Dakhleh Oasis, Egypt: Preliminary Indications" 1320:

period. Haplogroup U3 was already present in the West Eurasian gene pool around 6,000-years-ago and probably also its subclade U3a as well.

1352:(28.9%) of the Yenisei River. It is found in Europe with highest concentrations in Scandinavia and the Baltic states. and is found in the 6524:"Mitochondrial DNA history of Sri Lankan ethnic people: their relations within the island and with the Indian subcontinental populations" 6626: 1394:

include haplogroup U4 with 16179T in its HVR1 indicative of subclade U4c1. 2 out of 9 1700-year-old remains in the extreme southwest of

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in the west. Mitochondrial DNA recovered from 3,500 to 3,300-year-old remains at the Bredtoftegård site in Denmark associated with the

96:. Its various subclades (labelled U1–U9, diverging over the course of the Upper Paleolithic) are found widely distributed across 293:

region. U1b has a similar spread but is rarer than U1a. A variety of subclade U1b1 with the mutations G14070A! and A3426G is found in

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Malyarchuk BA, Grzybowski T, Derenko MV, Czarny J, Miścicka-Sliwka D (March 2006). "Mitochondrial DNA diversity in the Polish Roma".

1382:, which flourished 5200 to 4300 years ago in Eastern and Central Europe and encompassed most of continental northern Europe from the 5431: 4408:"New insights into the Lake Chad Basin population structure revealed by high-throughput genotyping of mitochondrial DNA coding SNPs" 3959: 187:. Among the Afalou individuals, 44% of the analysed haplotypes could be assigned to either haplogroup U or haplogroup H (3/9; 33%). 891:

The subclade likely originates in the Italian peninsula; it is at its highest distribution in southwestern Europe, peaking amongst

5795: 5730:"Linking the sub-Saharan and West Eurasian gene pools: maternal and paternal heritage of the Tuareg nomads from the African Sahel" 1078:, indicating that they were ancestral to populations in the area. U6a's estimated age is 24-27,500 BP. It has one major subclade: 2449: 2339:"Genomic Analyses of Pre-European Conquest Human Remains from the Canary Islands Reveal Close Affinity to Modern North Africans" 1370:

Haplogroup U4 is associated with ancient European hunter-gatherers and has been found in 7,200 to 6,000-year-old remains of the

6377: 6102: 6073: 4873:"Distribution of mitochondrial DNA macrohaplogroup N in India with special reference to haplogroup R and its sub-haplogroup U." 4480:"The history of the North African mitochondrial DNA haplogroup U6 gene flow into the African, Eurasian and American continents" 2128:"The history of the North African mitochondrial DNA haplogroup U6 gene flow into the African, Eurasian and American continents" 6466: 3940: 3833: 3814: 2620: 2433: 670: 5231:"Emerging genetic patterns of the European Neolithic: perspectives from a late Neolithic Bell Beaker burial site in Germany" 1235:

or later) expansion of these lineages in Europe. There is a minor U3c subclade (derived from U3a), represented by a single

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arose about 6600 years ago. U5b1e is mainly seen in central Europe among Czechs, Slovaks, Hungarians and southern Russians.

17: 6132: 163:(35 ky cal BP) has been identified as the basal haplogroup U6* not previously found in any ancient or present-day humans. 5113:

Malyarchuk B, Derenko M, Perkova M, Vanecek T (October 2008). "Mitochondrial haplogroup U2d phylogeny and distribution".

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Haplogroup U3 has been found in some of the 6400-year-old remains (U3a) discovered in the caves at Wadi El-Makkukh near

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and U2c). Haplogroup U2b2 has been found in the remains of a 4500 year old female excavated from the Rakhigarhi site of

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most closely related to U6b. Localized in the Maghreb, with a presence in Europe. It arose between 10,000 and 13,000 BP.

3795: 3552: 1609: 85: 5870:"Ancient DNA reveals prehistoric gene-flow from siberia in the complex human population history of North East Europe" 4906: 4539:"Early Holocenic and Historic mtDNA African Signatures in the Iberian Peninsula: The Andalusian Region as a Paradigm" 4133:"Mitochondrial haplogroup U5b3: a distant echo of the epipaleolithic in Italy and the legacy of the early Sardinians" 4043:"Mitochondrial haplogroup U5b3: a distant echo of the epipaleolithic in Italy and the legacy of the early Sardinians" 710:

arose between 19,000 and 26,000 years ago and has polymorphisms in 150 7768 14182 ( + U5 polymorphisms). Found among

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Haplogroup U5 and its subclades U5a and U5b today form the highest population concentrations in the far north, among

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Matisoo-Smith EA, Gosling AL, Boocock J, Kardailsky O, Kurumilian Y, Roudesli-Chebbi S, et al. (May 25, 2016).

3375:(6466). Washington D.C.: American Association for the Advancement of Science (published November 8, 2019): 708–714. 6947: 1960:"Carriers of mitochondrial DNA macrohaplogroup R colonized Eurasia and Australasia from a southeast Asia core area" 6794:

Behar DM, van Oven M, Rosset S, Metspalu M, Loogväli EL, Silva NM, Kivisild T, Torroni A, Villems R (April 2012).

4647:"Ancient genomes from North Africa evidence prehistoric migrations to the Maghreb from both the Levant and Europe" 3481: 1356:

population of the Scandinavian peninsula (although, U5b has a higher representation). U4 is also preserved in the

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Malyarchuk B, Derenko M, Grzybowski T, Perkova M, Rogalla U, Vanecek T, et al. (April 2010). Gilbert (ed.).

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Rodríguez-Varela R, Günther T, Krzewińska M, Storå J, Gillingwater TH, MacCallum M, et al. (November 2017).

998:, where it has the highest diversity (10 out of 19 sublineages are only found in this region and not in Africa), 4707:

Genetic Patterns of Y-chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Variation, with Implications to the Peopling of the Sudan

959: 6881: 4302:"Joining the pillars of Hercules: mtDNA sequences show multidirectional gene flow in the western Mediterranean" 4244:"The mitogenome of a 35,000-year-old Homo sapiens from Europe supports a Palaeolithic back-migration to Africa" 3434:"Ancient mitochondrial lineages support the prehistoric maternal root of Basques in Northern Iberian Peninsula" 3292: 2070:"The mitogenome of a 35,000-year-old Homo sapiens from Europe supports a Palaeolithic back-migration to Africa" 1458: 1009:

U6 is thought to have entered North Africa from the Near East around 30,000 years ago. It has been found among

5796:"Ancient mtdna sequences and radiocarbon dating of human bones from the chalcolithic caves of wadi el-makkukh" 3314:

Hendrickson SL, Hutcheson HB, Ruiz-Pesini E, Poole JC, Lautenberger J, Sezgin E, et al. (November 2008).

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Malyarchuk B, Grzybowski T, Derenko M, Perkova M, Vanecek T, Lazur J, Gomolcak P, Tsybovsky I (August 2008).

4915: 2863:"Timing and deciphering mitochondrial DNA macro-haplogroup R0 variability in Central Europe and Middle East" 665:

arose around 6000 years ago. It has been found in an ancient Mesolithic sample (6000-5000 cal BCE) from the

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Behar et al. (2012), note the revised estimate of 42–58 key based on ancient DNA by Hervella et al. (2016).

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Haplogroup U4 has its origin between 21,000 and 14,000 years ago. Its distribution is associated with the

6165: 6151: 3039:"Ancient DNA reveals lack of continuity between neolithic hunter-gatherers and contemporary Scandinavians" 2231:"Ancient Egyptian mummy genomes suggest an increase of Sub-Saharan African ancestry in post-Roman periods" 1406:

Haplogroup U7 is considered a West Eurasian–specific mtDNA haplogroup, believed to have originated in the

1167:, in present day state of Haryana, India. While U2 is typically found in India, it is also present in the 6418:"Slavicization of the Uralic speakers Volga-Oka interfluve. Languages & genes from Iron Age to Slavs" 4596:

van de Loosdrecht M, Bouzouggar A, Humphrey L, Posth C, Barton N, Aximu-Petri A, et al. (May 2018).

3981:"A European Mitochondrial Haplotype Identified in Ancient Phoenician Remains from Carthage, North Africa" 4645:

Fregel R, Méndez FL, Bokbot Y, Martín-Socas D, Camalich-Massieu MD, Santana J, et al. (June 2018).

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Palencia-Madrid L, Cardoso S, Keyser C, López-Quintana JC, Guenaga-Lizasu A, de Pancorbo MM (May 2017).

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Sánchez-Quinto F, Schroeder H, Ramirez O, Avila-Arcos MC, Pybus M, Olalde I, et al. (August 2012).

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Molto JE, Loreille O, Mallott EK, Malhi RS, Fast S, Daniels-Higginbotham J, et al. (October 2017).

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The U1a1a subclade has been observed in an ancient individual excavated at the Kellis 2 cemetery in the

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Volodko NV, Starikovskaya EB, Mazunin IO, Eltsov NP, Naidenko PV, Wallace DC, et al. (May 2008).

6848: 5919:

Haak W, Balanovsky O, Sanchez JJ, Koshel S, Zaporozhchenko V, Adler CJ, et al. (November 2010).

5868:

Der Sarkissian C, Balanovsky O, Brandt G, Khartanovich V, Buzhilova A, Koshel S, et al. (2013).

5593:"Reconstructing the Indian origin and dispersal of the European Roma: a maternal genetic perspective" 1420: 1198:

Haplogroup U2 has been found in the remains of a 37,000 and 30,000-year-old hunter-gatherer from the

1164: 1139: 1138:

U2'3'4'7'8'9 was found in the remains of two 32,000 years old Ancient North Siberians (ANS) from the

350:

have also revealed the unique mtDNA subclade U1b. This sublineage is absent in India, but present in

6773:"My Full Mitochondrial Sequence, Heteroplasmy and Comparing mtDNA designations at FTDNA and 23andMe" 6661: 6442: 5977:"Traces of early Eurasians in the Mansi of northwest Siberia revealed by mitochondrial DNA analysis" 4432: 1427:. It is speculated that large-scale immigration carried these mitochondrial haplogroups into India. 806:

site in Spain). U5b2 is rare among French Basques (2.5%) and more frequent in the Spanish Basques.

6917: 6899: 6746: 3037:

Malmström H, Gilbert MT, Thomas MG, Brandström M, Storå J, Molnar P, et al. (November 2009).

6911: 4083: 2929: 1070: 374: 6594:"An ancient DNA perspective on the Iron Age "princely burials" from Baden-Wiirttemberg, Germany" 5501:"Where west meets east: the complex mtDNA landscape of the southwest and Central Asian corridor" 5368:

Derenko M, Malyarchuk B, Bahmanimehr A, Denisova G, Perkova M, Farjadian S, et al. (2013).

5307:"A western Eurasian male is found in 2000-year-old elite Xiongnu cemetery in Northeast Mongolia" 4131:

Pala M, Achilli A, Olivieri A, Hooshiar Kashani B, Perego UA, Sanna D, et al. (June 2009).

4041:

Pala M, Achilli A, Olivieri A, Hooshiar Kashani B, Perego UA, Sanna D, et al. (June 2009).

366:

The age of U5 is estimated at between 25,000 and 35,000 years old, roughly corresponding to the

4817:

Metspalu M, Kivisild T, Metspalu E, Parik J, Hudjashov G, Kaldma K, et al. (August 2004).

4598:"Pleistocene North African genomes link Near Eastern and sub-Saharan African human populations" 4427: 4242:

Hervella M, Svensson EM, Alberdi A, Günther T, Izagirre N, Munters AR, et al. (May 2016).

2977:

Bramanti B, Thomas MG, Haak W, Unterlaender M, Jores P, Tambets K, et al. (October 2009).

2068:

Hervella M, Svensson EM, Alberdi A, Günther T, Izagirre N, Munters AR, et al. (May 2016).

324: 265: 6684:"Ethiopian mitochondrial DNA heritage: tracking gene flow across and around the gate of tears" 4357:"Mitochondrial DNA transit between West Asia and North Africa inferred from U6 phylogeography" 2011:"Carriers of human mitochondrial DNA macrohaplogroup M colonized India from southeastern Asia" 1267:

region (about 4.2% of the population) and among Lithuanian Romani, Polish Romani, and Spanish

6905: 6634: 4537:

Hernández CL, Soares P, Dugoujon JM, Novelletto A, Rodríguez JN, Rito T, et al. (2015).

3977:

Matisoo-Smith EA, Gosling AL, Boocock J, Kardailsky O, Kurumilian Y, Roudesli-Chebbi S, et al

3297: 2773: 1839: 1834: 1801: 1708: 1686: 1681: 1676: 1665: 1657: 1652: 1575: 1329: 1244: 453: 6682:

Kivisild T, Reidla M, Metspalu E, Rosa A, Brehm A, Pennarun E, et al. (November 2004).

5499:

Quintana-Murci L, Chaix R, Wells RS, Behar DM, Sayar H, Scozzari R, et al. (May 2004).

4966:

Bermisheva MA, Kutuev IA, Korshunova TI, Dubova NA, Villems R, Khusnutdinova EK (2004). "".

4737: 4478:

Secher B, Fregel R, Larruga JM, Cabrera VM, Endicott P, Pestano JJ, et al. (May 2014).

2126:

Secher B, Fregel R, Larruga JM, Cabrera VM, Endicott P, Pestano JJ, González AM (May 2014).

1374:

in Gotland Sweden and in 4,400 to 3,800-year-old remains from the Damsbo site of the Danish

6289: 6255: 5810: 5604: 5381: 5169: 4760: 4752: 4658: 4609: 4550: 4491: 4419: 4255: 4196: 3992: 3896: 3745: 3586: 3376: 3202: 3145: 3050: 2990: 2941: 2874: 2672: 2488: 2350: 2242: 2229:

Schuenemann VJ, Peltzer A, Welte B, van Pelt WP, Molak M, Wang CC, et al. (May 2017).

2139: 2081: 2022: 1971: 1866: 1861: 1856: 1851: 1844: 1827: 1819: 1796: 1791: 1781: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1759: 1751: 1746: 1741: 1736: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1698: 1693: 1502: 1496: 1424: 249: 236: 184: 137: 89: 57: 6592:

Lee EJ, Steffen C, Harder M, Krause-Kyora B, Von Wurmb-Schwark N, Nebel A (January 2012).

6522:

Ranaweera L, Kaewsutthi S, Win Tun A, Boonyarit H, Poolsuwan S, Lertrit P (January 2014).

5591:

Mendizabal I, Valente C, Gusmão A, Alves C, Gomes V, Goios A, et al. (January 2011).

4996:

Derbeneva OA, Starikovskaia EB, Volod'ko NV, Wallace DC, Sukernik RI (November 2002). "".

4300:

Plaza S, Calafell F, Helal A, Bouzerna N, Lefranc G, Bertranpetit J, Comas D (July 2003).

3632:

Achilli A, Rengo C, Battaglia V, Pala M, Olivieri A, Fornarino S, et al. (May 2005).

968: 8: 5921:"Ancient DNA from European early neolithic farmers reveals their near eastern affinities" 5472: 5430:

Richards M, Macaulay V, Hickey E, Vega E, Sykes B, Guida V, et al. (November 2000).

3189:

Lacan M, Keyser C, Ricaut FX, Brucato N, Tarrús J, Bosch A, et al. (November 2011).

2979:"Genetic discontinuity between local hunter-gatherers and central Europe's first farmers" 1590: 1379: 1371: 1107:

found only in the Canary Islands and in the Iberian peninsula. Estimated age: c. 6000 BP.

145: 6293: 5814: 5728:

Pereira L, Cerný V, Cerezo M, Silva NM, Hájek M, Vasíková A, et al. (August 2010).

5608: 5385: 5211: 5173: 4756: 4662: 4613: 4554: 4495: 4423: 4259: 4200: 3996: 3900: 3749: 3590: 3380: 3206: 3149: 3054: 2994: 2945: 2878: 2676: 2492: 2354: 2246: 2143: 2085: 2026: 1975: 6929: 6923: 6820: 6795: 6708: 6683: 6553: 6312: 6277: 6050: 6025: 5947: 5920: 5896: 5869: 5818: 5754: 5729: 5710: 5627: 5592: 5573: 5525: 5500: 5459: 5404: 5369: 5193: 5138: 4943: 4916:"An Ancient Harappan Genome Lacks Ancestry from Steppe Pastoralists or Iranian Farmers" 4895: 4786: 4681: 4646: 4573: 4538: 4514: 4479: 4452: 4407: 4355:

Maca-Meyer N, González AM, Pestano J, Flores C, Larruga JM, Cabrera VM (October 2003).

4332: 4276: 4243: 4219: 4184: 4160: 4070: 4015: 3980: 3917: 3884: 3768: 3733: 3707: 3658: 3633: 3609: 3575:"Y-chromosomal diversity in the population of Guinea-Bissau: a multiethnic perspective" 3574: 3525: 3458: 3433: 3397: 3364: 3340: 3315: 3248: 3225: 3190: 3171: 3076: 3016: 2905: 2862: 2749: 2722: 2695: 2660: 2659:

Bekada A, Arauna LR, Deba T, Calafell F, Benhamamouch S, Comas D (September 24, 2015).

2567: 2540: 2509: 2476: 2314: 2287: 2263: 2230: 2211: 2162: 2127: 2102: 2069: 2045: 2010: 1994: 1959: 1940: 1361: 355: 6893: 6887: 6871: 6656:

Farrell JJ, Al-Ali AK, Farrer LA, Al-Nafaie AN, Al-Rubaish AM, Melista E, et al.

6001: 5976: 5794:

Salamon M, Tzur S, Arensburg B, Zias J, Nagar Y, Weiner S, Boaretto E (January 2010).

5450: 5157: 4845: 4818: 4383: 4356: 2541:"The mitochondrial lineage U8a reveals a Paleolithic settlement in the Basque country" 327:

period. Haplogroup U1 has also been found among specimens at the mainland cemetery in

156: 6825: 6713: 6545: 6504: 6358: 6317: 6055: 6006: 5952: 5901: 5777: 5759: 5702: 5698: 5667: 5632: 5565: 5561: 5530: 5464: 5409: 5329: 5287: 5252: 5197: 5185: 5130: 5005: 4975: 4948: 4850: 4790: 4778: 4686: 4627: 4578: 4519: 4457: 4388: 4324: 4320: 4281: 4224: 4165: 4110:

GENETIC LEGACY OF SEPHARDIC JEWS: PATERNAL AND MATERNAL LINEAGES OF CHUETA POPULATION

4075: 4020: 3922: 3773: 3699: 3663: 3614: 3517: 3513: 3463: 3402: 3345: 3230: 3163: 3111: 3068: 3020: 3008: 2959: 2910: 2892: 2811: 2754: 2700: 2616: 2572: 2514: 2453: 2429: 2378: 2319: 2268: 2203: 2167: 2107: 2050: 1999: 1932: 1911:"Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation" 1810: 1621: 1580: 1434: 1391: 995: 900: 412: 351: 141: 93: 6557: 6385: 6110: 6081: 5837:"Neolithic pots and potters in Europe: the end of 'demic diffusion' migratory model" 5714: 5306: 4899: 4336: 3711: 3529: 3191:"Ancient DNA suggests the leading role played by men in the Neolithic dissemination" 3175: 2475:

Fu Q, Mittnik A, Johnson PL, Bos K, Lari M, Bollongino R, et al. (April 2013).

1944: 280:

The U1 subclades are: U1a (with deep-subclades U1a1, U1a1a, U1a1a1, U1a1b) and U1b.

6815: 6807: 6703: 6695: 6605: 6535: 6496: 6470: 6348: 6307: 6297: 6045: 6037: 5996: 5988: 5942: 5932: 5891: 5881: 5848: 5749: 5741: 5694: 5659: 5622: 5612: 5557: 5520: 5512: 5454: 5446: 5399: 5389: 5321: 5279: 5242: 5177: 5142: 5122: 4938: 4930: 4891: 4887: 4840: 4830: 4770: 4676: 4666: 4617: 4568: 4558: 4509: 4499: 4447: 4437: 4378: 4368: 4316: 4271: 4263: 4214: 4204: 4155: 4147: 4065: 4057: 4010: 4000: 3912: 3904: 3763: 3753: 3691: 3653: 3645: 3604: 3594: 3509: 3453: 3445: 3392: 3384: 3335: 3327: 3220: 3210: 3153: 3103: 3080: 3058: 2998: 2949: 2900: 2882: 2803: 2744: 2734: 2690: 2680: 2562: 2552: 2504: 2496: 2368: 2358: 2309: 2299: 2258: 2250: 2215: 2195: 2157: 2147: 2097: 2089: 2040: 2030: 1989: 1979: 1922: 1188: 999: 979: 896: 5577: 5305:

Kim K, Brenner CH, Mair VH, Lee KH, Kim JH, Gelegdorj E, et al. (July 2010).

3695: 2199: 6302: 5937: 5886: 5617: 5394: 4563: 4442: 4005: 3966: 3947: 3840: 3821: 3802: 3758: 3488: 3331: 2685: 1430:

The U7 subclades are U7a (with deep-subclades U7a1, U7a2, U7a2a, U7a2b) and U7b.

1341: 1275: 1202:

in Central-South European Russia., in 4800 to 4000-year-old human remains from a

1180: 983: 903:(1.09%). According to another study, U5b3 occurs at a frequency of 2.53% amongst 97: 3266: 2477:"A revised timescale for human evolution based on ancient mitochondrial genomes" 1002:

and occasionally in other locations. U6 is also found at low frequencies in the

6811: 6796:"A "Copernican" reassessment of the human mitochondrial DNA tree from its root" 6256:"Prehistoric European DNA - mtDNA & Y-DNA Haplogroup Frequencies by Period" 6041: 5126: 4934: 4651:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

4189:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

4151: 4061: 3908: 3195:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

2807: 2636: 1395: 1375: 1203: 1058: 1014: 1010: 987: 933: 929: 313: 309: 294: 220: 171: 167: 125: 121: 101: 6417: 5778:"Forensic and phylogeographic characterisation of mtDNA lineages from Somalia" 4774: 3158: 3063: 3038: 2954: 2500: 2363: 2338: 2035: 1984: 666: 6941: 4504: 2896: 2152: 1639: 1506: 1357: 1298: 1268: 1184: 937: 737: 269: 191: 179: 6353: 6336: 5181: 4671: 4622: 4597: 4209: 3599: 3388: 3215: 3003: 2978: 2887: 2557: 6829: 6717: 6549: 6508: 6362: 6321: 6059: 6010: 5956: 5905: 5763: 5706: 5671: 5636: 5569: 5534: 5468: 5413: 5333: 5291: 5256: 5189: 5134: 5009: 4979: 4952: 4854: 4835: 4782: 4690: 4631: 4582: 4523: 4461: 4392: 4373: 4328: 4285: 4228: 4169: 4079: 4024: 3926: 3777: 3703: 3667: 3618: 3521: 3467: 3406: 3349: 3234: 3167: 3115: 3072: 3012: 2963: 2914: 2815: 2758: 2704: 2576: 2518: 2382: 2323: 2272: 2207: 2171: 2111: 2054: 2003: 1936: 1786: 1555: 1548: 1442: 1416: 1364:

of Pakistan where U4 (subclade U4a1) attains its highest frequency of 34%.

1345: 1317: 1256: 1236: 1143: 941: 921: 320: 212: 200: 117: 109: 105: 6276:

Melchior L, Lynnerup N, Siegismund HR, Kivisild T, Dissing J (July 2010).

5867: 3431: 1958:

Larruga JM, Marrero P, Abu-Amero KK, Golubenko MV, Cabrera VM (May 2017).

1538:

diversity and frequency of haplogroup U4—East Europe and western Siberia.

1135:

T5999C) arising between 31,000 and 43,000 years ago (Behar et al., 2012).

6540: 6523: 5745: 4995: 3734:"The peopling of Europe from the mitochondrial haplogroup U5 perspective" 3449: 3128: 2739: 2419: 2304: 1509:

shows some evidence of being highly protective against AIDS progression.

1383: 1353: 1260: 1172: 1115:

only found in Morocco and Canary Islands. Estimated age: 6,000-17,500 BP.

1089: 963:

Projected frequencies for haplogroup U6 (top left) and several subclades.

760: 393: 151: 4595: 2254: 803: 6610: 6593: 6500: 5663: 5325: 5283: 5247: 5230: 3107: 1927: 1910: 1562: 1349: 1176: 1155: 1003: 892: 715: 367: 328: 113: 5975:

Derbeneva OA, Starikovskaya EB, Wallace DC, Sukernik RI (April 2002).

4738:"The population history of northeastern Siberia since the Pleistocene" 4267: 2373: 2336: 2093: 6658:"The Saudi Arabian Genome Reveals a Two Step Out-of-Africa Migration" 5974: 4185:"Early modern humans from the Pestera Muierii, Baia de Fier, Romania" 3978: 1471: 1407: 1282: 1252: 1211: 1207: 991: 925: 870: 401: 382: 297:. Subclades U1a and U1b appear in equal frequency in eastern Europe. 6443:"The Oseberg women and the Gokstad man retain their genetic secrets" 5853: 5836: 5367: 3365:"Ancient Rome: A genetic crossroads of Europe and the Mediterranean" 3313: 1171:, descendants of various Mongolic and Turkic tribes, who formed the 6699: 6521: 5992: 5516: 4765: 4130: 4040: 3649: 3131:"Genomic affinities of two 7,000-year-old Iberian hunter-gatherers" 1530: 1518: 1438: 1412: 1232: 1084:

similar distribution to U6a parent clade; found particularly among

1062: 1031: 1018: 908: 874: 285: 216: 208: 175: 6334: 6275: 5432:"Tracing European founder lineages in the Near Eastern mtDNA pool" 5158:"Genomic structure in Europeans dating back at least 36,200 years" 3731: 812:

between 12,000 and 19,000 years ago, prevalent in Central Europe.

6865: 6428: 6023: 5547: 4536: 2860: 2285: 2009:

Marrero P, Abu-Amero KK, Larruga JM, Cabrera VM (November 2016).

1313: 1306: 1290: 1278: 1264: 1216: 1075: 1066: 1023: 904: 759:

A principal element in the maternal western eurasian lineages in

745: 711: 457: 408: 301: 160: 4965: 3036: 1957: 5649: 5269: 5112: 4354: 3573:

Rosa A, Ornelas C, Jobling MA, Brehm A, Villems R (July 2007).

2772:

Sirak K, Frenandes D, Novak M, Van Gerven D, Pinhasi R (2016).

2228: 1534: 1478:

Haplogroup U8b: This clade has been found in Italy and Jordan.

1450: 1248: 1168: 911: 741: 415:

possess almost exclusively U5b lineages (U5b1f, U5b1c1, U5b2).

290: 195: 6486: 4912: 4644: 4241: 2976: 2067: 2008: 1378:. Remains identified as subclade U4a2 are associated with the 5498: 4816: 2771: 1526: 1522: 1387: 1302: 1286: 1085: 978:

Haplogroup U6 is common (with a prevalence of around 10%) in

878: 674: 461: 397: 386: 347: 332: 6591: 6378:"Ancient Western Eurasian DNA of the Copper and Bronze Ages" 5590: 5228: 4914:

Meyer, M; Patterson, N; Rai, N; Reich, D (17 October 2019).

3854:"Earliest modern female human infant burial found in Europe" 3093: 2538: 1602: 1437:

from Baden-Württemberg Germany considered to be examples of

6854: 6793: 6660:. American Society of Human Genetics (ASHG). Archived from 5918: 4735: 3363:

Antonio, Margaret L.; Gao, Ziyue; M. Moots, Hannah (2019).

1294: 1241: 695:

Found at the Mesolithic Huseby Klev site in western Sweden.

427: 426:

infected individuals displaying accelerated progression to

422:

Mitochondrial haplogroup U5a has also been associated with

335:, which date from the Early Christian period (AD 550-800). 305: 6681: 6337:"Mitochondrial DNA phylogeny in Eastern and Western Slavs" 5429: 4477: 4299: 3499: 3316:"Mitochondrial DNA haplogroups influence AIDS progression" 2539:

González AM, García O, Larruga JM, Cabrera VM (May 2006).

2125: 6143: 4405: 3634:"Saami and Berbers--an unexpected mitochondrial DNA link" 3631: 2927: 2720: 1360:(current population size 3,700) a unique tribe among the 423: 343: 6655: 6124: 5793: 3188: 2658: 207:

Additionally, haplogroup U has been observed in ancient

144:(around 46,530 ± 3,290 years before present, with a 95% 6461: 6459: 5727: 3572: 452:

arose between 14,000 and 20,000 years ago. Found in an

5494: 5492: 4710:(Ph.D. thesis). University of Khartoum. Archived from 4406:

Cerezo M, Černý V, Carracedo Á, Salas A (April 2011).

1340:

populations of Siberia. U4 is found in the endangered

1297:(1.08%-1.25%). The rare U3a subclade occurs among the 1227:

Haplogroup U3 falls into two subclades:: U3a and U3b.

235:

Haplogroup U has various subclades numbered U1 to U9.

4182: 3939:

Age: 12,651.1 ± 5,668.2; CI=95% (Behar et al., 2012)

3832:

Age: 14,676.9 ± 2,716.6; CI=95% (Behar et al., 2012)

2661:"Genetic Heterogeneity in Algerian Human Populations" 2184: 264:

Basal U was found in the 26,000 years old remains of

6456: 6278:"Genetic diversity among ancient Nordic populations" 3419:

Age: 1,398.1 ± 1,872.3; CI=95% (Behar et al., 2012)

2793: 1481:

Haplogroup U8b'K: This clade may be synonymous with

1470:

Haplogroup U8a: The Basques have the most ancestral

1433:

Genetic analysis of individuals associated with the

1259:(about 1% of the population). U3 is present in the 6482: 6480: 5489: 2474: 1231:7000-years-ago, suggests a relatively recent (late 1026:and not persistence of a European root population. 5370:"Complete mitochondrial DNA diversity in Iranians" 5156:A. Seguin-Orlando; et al. (6 November 2014). 4870: 3727: 3725: 3723: 3721: 3362: 990:(18% on average with a peak frequency of 50.1% in 6435: 6271: 6269: 6017: 5361: 5304: 5155: 4183:Soficaru A, Dobos A, Trinkaus E (November 2006). 338:DNA analysis of excavated remains now located at 6939: 6477: 6158: 5425: 5423: 3813:14,938.0 ± 3,656.4; CI=95% (Behar et al., 2012) 3794:20,040.2 ± 3,208.6; CI=95% (Behar et al., 2012) 3480:22,794.0 ± 3,590.3; CI=95% (Behar et al., 2012) 2789: 2787: 2613:The Maternal Genetic Lineages of Ashkenazic Jews 1818: 1815: 1661: 6585: 6248: 6095: 3958:4,015.9 ± 3,898.7; CI=95% (Behar et al., 2012) 3718: 3680: 2849:30,248.3 ± 5,330.5; CI=95% (Behar et al., 2012) 1411:India its frequency stays around 2%, and 5% in 1247:A16343G. It is found at low levels throughout 6744: 6569: 6567: 6266: 2778:Abstract Book of the Iuaes Inter-Congress 2016 1908: 1367:The U4 subclades are: U4a, U4b, U4c, and U4d. 6627:"Viking woman had roots near the Black Sea -" 6515: 6369: 5828: 5420: 5345: 5343: 4350: 4348: 4346: 2784: 2716: 2714: 2654: 2652: 2650: 2629: 2588: 2586: 2402:Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup R in India 1501:The haplogroup U8b's most common subclade is 6649: 6392: 5684: 4871:Maji S, Krithika S, Vasulu TS (March 2008). 4293: 1449:The U7a subclade is especially common among 488:arose around between 600 and 6,000 years ago 389:included a specimen carrying haplogroup U5. 6564: 5970: 5968: 5966: 5721: 4991: 4989: 4866: 4864: 4812: 4810: 4808: 4806: 4804: 4802: 4800: 3356: 2615:. Academic Studies Press. p. 100-101. 2534: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2468: 1610:human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups 724:arose between 11,000 and 20,000 years ago. 373:U5 was the predominant mtDNA of mesolithic 6747:"The Moment Magazine Great DNA Experiment" 6066: 5803:Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry 5584: 5340: 4343: 3267:"Basque Genetics: Abstracts and Summaries" 2711: 2647: 2583: 190:Haplogroup U has also been observed among 6819: 6745:Nadine Epstein (September–October 2012). 6707: 6609: 6598:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 6539: 6489:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 6467:"U7 Haplogroup Mitochondrial DNA Project" 6352: 6328: 6311: 6301: 6049: 6000: 5946: 5936: 5895: 5885: 5852: 5789: 5787: 5753: 5652:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 5626: 5616: 5524: 5458: 5403: 5393: 5314:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 5272:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 5246: 5235:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 4942: 4844: 4834: 4764: 4680: 4670: 4621: 4572: 4562: 4513: 4503: 4473: 4471: 4451: 4441: 4431: 4382: 4372: 4275: 4218: 4208: 4159: 4069: 4014: 4004: 3916: 3767: 3757: 3657: 3608: 3598: 3457: 3396: 3339: 3224: 3214: 3157: 3096:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 3062: 3002: 2953: 2904: 2886: 2748: 2738: 2694: 2684: 2566: 2556: 2508: 2394: 2392: 2372: 2362: 2313: 2303: 2262: 2161: 2151: 2101: 2044: 2034: 1993: 1983: 1926: 1904: 1902: 531:arose between 6,000 and 11,000 years ago 507:arose between 7,000 and 14,000 years ago 476:arose between 3,000 and 11,000 years ago 470:arose between 8,000 and 16,000 years ago 446:arose around 17,000 and 27,000 years ago 6624: 6080:. Oxford Ancestors. 2013. Archived from 5963: 5298: 5263: 5222: 5204: 4986: 4959: 4861: 4797: 4106: 4100: 3882: 3851: 3032: 3030: 2525: 2178: 958: 537:arose between 5,000 and 9,000 years ago 6734:. Season 1. Episode 8. 2012-05-06. PBS. 5106: 4880:International Journal of Human Genetics 3625: 3309: 3307: 2061: 563:arose between 3,000 and 7,000 years ago 14: 6940: 6130: 5784: 5088: 5070: 5052: 5034: 5016: 4468: 2398: 2389: 1909:van Oven M, Kayser M (February 2009). 1899: 1750: 1702: 1669: 1664: 1646: 1643: 1630: 1620: 982:(with a maximum of 29% in an Algerian 869:less than 8,000 years ago. Found in a 300:The rare U1 clade is also found among 6770: 6573: 6398: 6375: 6236: 6230: 6218: 6212: 6200: 6194: 6182: 6176: 6170:A blog dedicated to the U4 Haplogroup 6149: 5834: 5349: 5094: 5076: 5058: 5040: 5022: 4124: 3282: 3280: 3241: 3027: 2610: 2592: 2418: 1697: 1692: 1092:(10.4%). Estimated age: 15-20,000 BP. 899:people (1.56%) and northern mainland 6401:"A Comprehensive hg U Mutation List" 5912: 5861: 4736:Sikora, Martin; et al. (2019). 4729: 4034: 3566: 3304: 3259: 2408:(M.Sc. thesis). University of Tartu. 1843: 1838: 1833: 1823: 1808: 1805: 1800: 1795: 1790: 1785: 1780: 1773: 1768: 1763: 1758: 1755: 1745: 1740: 1735: 1732: 1727: 1722: 1717: 1712: 1707: 1685: 1680: 1675: 1672: 1656: 1651: 1638: 1633: 1617: 1255:(about 2.5% of the population), and 1183:, the indigenous inhabitants of the 863:between 7,000 and 18,000 years ago. 340:ruins of the Church of St. Augustine 248:Subclades are labelled U1–U9; 6675: 4703: 824:between 7,000 and 14,000 years ago, 748:. It arose around 11000 years ago. 24: 6800:American Journal of Human Genetics 6786: 6688:American Journal of Human Genetics 6030:American Journal of Human Genetics 5981:American Journal of Human Genetics 5734:European Journal of Human Genetics 5505:American Journal of Human Genetics 5439:American Journal of Human Genetics 5212:"DNA analysed from early European" 4140:American Journal of Human Genetics 4050:American Journal of Human Genetics 3852:Metcalfe, Tom (14 December 2021). 3638:American Journal of Human Genetics 3438:European Journal of Human Genetics 3277: 2452:. Oxford Ancestors. Archived from 2428:. London; New York: Bantam Press. 1251:(about 1% of the population), the 1175:. Both U2 and U4 are found in the 836:between 1,000 and 10,000 years ago 830:between 3,000 and 14,000 years ago 818:between 9,000 and 18,000 years ago 166:Haplogroup U has been found among 86:human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup 27:Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup 25: 6959: 6838: 2279: 1558:is a member of haplogroup U5a1a1. 1541: 1274:The U3 clade is also found among 6764: 6738: 6724: 6633:. Aftenposten.no. Archived from 6618: 6410: 5699:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2003.00057.x 5562:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00222.x 4321:10.1046/j.1469-1809.2003.00039.x 4118:Universitat de les Illes Balears 3542:Age: 15,529.7 ± 4,889.9; CI=95% 3514:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2008.00493.x 1512: 1464: 1401: 1344:of the Taymyr Peninsula, in the 1323: 1222: 1219:Cemetery of Northeast Mongolia. 1154:Haplogroup U2 is most common in 1149: 954: 513:arose less than 5,400 years ago 361: 275: 6341:Molecular Biology and Evolution 5770: 5678: 5643: 5149: 4697: 4638: 4589: 4530: 4399: 4235: 4176: 3971: 3952: 3933: 3876: 3845: 3826: 3807: 3788: 3674: 3536: 3493: 3474: 3425: 3413: 3182: 3122: 3087: 2970: 2930:"The Archaeogenetics of Europe" 2921: 2854: 2822: 2765: 2604: 2442: 2412: 2330: 1129: 575:arose less than 5,000 years ago 569:arose less than 5,000 years ago 557:arose less than 8,000 years ago 519:arose less than 3,400 years ago 499:arose less than 4,300 years ago 482:arose less than 6,000 years ago 456:individual (700-600 B.C.) from 259: 226: 136:Haplogroup U descends from the 6133:"Safeguarding Kalash heritage" 4892:10.1080/09723757.2008.11886022 2222: 2119: 1951: 1889: 1880: 543:arose between 2,500 and 7,500 88:(mtDNA). The clade arose from 13: 1: 6631:Aftenposten - News in English 5451:10.1016/S0002-9297(07)62954-1 3696:10.13110/humanbiology.89.2.04 2637:"mtDNA haplogroup U1 project" 2200:10.1080/24701394.2016.1258406 1874: 1565:belongs to haplogroup U5b1b2. 773:arose about 13,000 years ago. 659:arose around 14000 years ago 622:arose around 19000 years ago 6625:Berglund N (26 March 2007). 6303:10.1371/journal.pone.0011898 5938:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000536 5887:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003296 5618:10.1371/journal.pone.0015988 5395:10.1371/journal.pone.0080673 4564:10.1371/journal.pone.0139784 4443:10.1371/journal.pone.0018682 4006:10.1371/journal.pone.0155046 3759:10.1371/journal.pone.0010285 3551:. 2016-06-06. Archived from 3332:10.1097/QAD.0b013e32831940bb 2836:. 2016-06-06. Archived from 2686:10.1371/journal.pone.0138453 1586:Human mitochondrial genetics 1457:of maternal lineages in the 1037:U6 has four main subclades: 689:arose around 13000 years ago 243: 7: 6900:U4 mtDNA Haplogroup Project 6894:U3 mtDNA Haplogroup Project 1569: 1285:in the El-Hayez (2.9%) and 994:). It is also found in the 848:less than 12,000 years ago. 683:arose around 8000 years ago 10: 6964: 6812:10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.03.002 6771:Moore, CeCe (2010-12-31). 6042:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.03.019 5127:10.3378/1534-6617-80.5.565 4935:10.1016/j.cell.2019.08.048 4152:10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.05.004 4062:10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.05.004 3909:10.1038/s41598-021-02804-z 2808:10.1016/j.mito.2013.12.002 2611:Brook, Kevin Alan (2022). 2425:The Seven Daughters of Eve 1605: 1597:The Seven Daughters of Eve 1494: 1200:Kostyonki, Voronezh Oblast 1013:specimens dating from the 170:specimens dating from the 131: 92:, likely during the early 6528:Journal of Human Genetics 5835:Budja M (December 2013). 4775:10.1038/s41586-019-1279-z 4107:Farragut SJ (June 2017). 3288:"The Genographic Project" 3159:10.1016/j.cub.2012.06.005 3064:10.1016/j.cub.2009.09.017 2955:10.1016/j.cub.2009.11.054 2501:10.1016/j.cub.2013.02.044 2364:10.1016/j.cub.2017.09.059 2036:10.1186/s12862-016-0816-8 1985:10.1186/s12862-017-0964-5 1165:Indus Valley civilisation 842:less than 2,600 years ago 549:less than 4,000 years ago 194:mummies excavated at the 148:per Behar et al., 2012). 71: 63: 53: 45: 37: 32: 6777:Your Genetic Genealogist 6239:"Phylogeny of mt-hg U4d" 6221:"Phylogeny of mt-hg U4c" 6203:"Phylogeny of mt-hg U4b" 6185:"Phylogeny of mt-hg U4a" 6152:"U4a1 Genbank Sequences" 5687:Annals of Human Genetics 5550:Annals of Human Genetics 5097:"Phylogeny of mt-hg U2e" 5079:"Phylogeny of mt-hg U2d" 5061:"Phylogeny of mt-hg U2c" 5043:"Phylogeny of mt-hg U2b" 5025:"Phylogeny of mt-hg U2a" 4968:Molekuliarnaia Biologiia 4505:10.1186/1471-2148-14-109 4484:BMC Evolutionary Biology 4309:Annals of Human Genetics 3883:Hodgkins, Jamie (2021). 3579:BMC Evolutionary Biology 3502:Annals of Human Genetics 2867:BMC Evolutionary Biology 2188:Mitochondrial DNA Part A 2153:10.1186/1471-2148-14-109 2132:BMC Evolutionary Biology 2015:BMC Evolutionary Biology 1964:BMC Evolutionary Biology 1865: 1860: 1855: 1850: 1826: 1061:skeletal remains at the 375:Western Hunter Gatherers 159:1 individual (PM1) from 67:U1, U5, U6, U2'3'4'7'8'9 46:Possible place of origin 41:46,500 ± 3,300 years ago 6948:Human mtDNA haplogroups 6576:"Phylogeny of mt-hg U7" 5841:Documenta Praehistorica 5352:"Phylogeny of mt-hg U3" 5182:10.1126/science.aaa0114 4672:10.1073/pnas.1800851115 4623:10.1126/science.aar8380 4210:10.1073/pnas.0608443103 3600:10.1186/1471-2148-7-124 3545:"mtDNA Haplogroup U5b1" 3389:10.1126/science.aay6826 3216:10.1073/pnas.1113061108 3004:10.1126/science.1176869 2888:10.1186/1471-2148-8-191 2595:"Phylogeny of mt-hg U3" 2558:10.1186/1471-2164-7-124 1551:carries haplogroup U2c. 744:people of northeastern 38:Possible time of origin 6877:Spread of Haplogroup U 6849:Mitochondrial DNA Site 6450:Kulturhistorisk Museum 4836:10.1186/1471-2156-5-26 4374:10.1186/1471-2156-4-15 1453:, constituting around 1435:Late Hallstatt culture 1050: 964: 308:(0.83%-1.08%) and the 266:Ancient North Eurasian 199:about 4,000 years ago 6452:. University of Oslo. 6354:10.1093/molbev/msn114 2235:Nature Communications 1608:Phylogenetic tree of 1576:Genealogical DNA test 1495:Further information: 1330:population bottleneck 1281:(10.59%), as well as 1271:populations (36-56%) 1039: 962: 895:(3.84%), followed by 252:is a subclade of U8. 211:fossils excavated in 6541:10.1038/jhg.2013.112 6107:Oxford Ancestors Ltd 6074:"The clan of Ulrike" 5746:10.1038/ejhg.2010.21 3864:on December 14, 2021 3450:10.1038/ejhg.2017.24 2740:10.3390/genes8100262 2349:(21): 3396–3402.e5. 2305:10.3390/genes9030135 1561:Genetic genealogist 1497:Haplogroup K (mtDNA) 1348:(16.3%), and in the 1334:Last Glacial Maximum 1316:associated with the 1263:population from the 1071:Ifri n'Amr or Moussa 358:, queen of Georgia. 18:Haplogroup U (mtDNA) 6924:U8 mtDNA Haplogroup 6918:U7 mtDNA Haplogroup 6882:National Geographic 6294:2010PLoSO...511898M 6103:"Maternal Ancestry" 5815:2010MAA....10....1S 5609:2011PLoSO...615988M 5386:2013PLoSO...880673D 5174:2014Sci...346.1113S 5168:(6213): 1113–1118. 4757:2019Natur.570..182S 4717:on 10 November 2020 4663:2018PNAS..115.6774F 4614:2018Sci...360..548V 4555:2015PLoSO..1039784H 4496:2014BMCEE..14..109S 4424:2011PLoSO...618682C 4260:2016NatSR...625501H 4201:2006PNAS..10317196S 3997:2016PLoSO..1155046M 3901:2021NatSR..1123735H 3858:National Geographic 3750:2010PLoSO...510285M 3591:2007BMCEE...7..124R 3381:2019Sci...366..708A 3293:National Geographic 3207:2011PNAS..10818255L 3150:2012CBio...22.1494S 3055:2009CBio...19.1758M 2995:2009Sci...326..137B 2946:2010CBio...20.R174S 2879:2008BMCEE...8..191B 2677:2015PLoSO..1038453B 2493:2013CBio...23..553F 2450:"Maternal Ancestry" 2355:2017CBio...27E3396R 2255:10.1038/ncomms15694 2247:2017NatCo...815694S 2144:2014BMCEE..14..109S 2086:2016NatSR...625501H 2027:2016BMCEE..16..246M 1976:2017BMCEE..17..115L 1591:Population genetics 1386:in the east to the 1380:Corded Ware culture 1372:Pitted Ware culture 667:Cave of Santimamiñe 146:confidence interval 75:11467, 12308, 12372 6932:at Family Tree DNA 6926:at Family Tree DNA 6920:at Family Tree DNA 6914:at Family Tree DNA 6908:at Family Tree DNA 6902:at Family Tree DNA 6896:at Family Tree DNA 6890:at Family Tree DNA 6853:Mannis van Oven's 6732:Finding Your Roots 6611:10.1002/ajpa.22033 6501:10.1002/ajpa.20294 6382:Ancestral Journeys 5664:10.1002/ajpa.21078 5326:10.1002/ajpa.21242 5284:10.1002/ajpa.20721 5248:10.1002/ajpa.22074 4929:(3): 729–735.e10. 4248:Scientific Reports 3965:2017-09-06 at the 3946:2017-12-28 at the 3889:Scientific Reports 3839:2017-07-27 at the 3820:2017-06-17 at the 3801:2017-06-17 at the 3487:2017-10-11 at the 3300:on April 13, 2005. 3108:10.1002/ajpa.21376 2074:Scientific Reports 1928:10.1002/humu.20921 1554:Political analyst 1362:Indo-Aryan peoples 1305:(3.23%) and among 1289:oases (2.9%), and 965: 907:and 0.96% amongst 873:individual from a 356:Ketevan the Martyr 72:Defining mutations 6420:. 22 January 2023 6131:Bashir M (2012). 6078:Maternal Ancestry 5556:(Pt 2): 195–206. 4751:(7760): 182–188. 4657:(26): 6774–6779. 4608:(6388): 548–552. 4268:10.1038/srep25501 4195:(46): 17196–201. 2622:978-1-64469-984-3 2435:978-0-393-02018-2 2399:Karmin M (2005). 2094:10.1038/srep25501 1872: 1871: 1813: 1622:Mitochondrial Eve 1581:Genetic genealogy 1392:Nordic Bronze Age 996:Iberian peninsula 969:Peștera Muierilor 938:German Palatinate 142:Upper Paleolithic 94:Upper Paleolithic 79: 78: 16:(Redirected from 6955: 6930:U9 mtDNA Project 6912:U6 mtDNA Project 6906:U5 mtDNA Project 6888:U1 mtDNA Project 6833: 6823: 6781: 6780: 6768: 6762: 6761: 6759: 6758: 6742: 6736: 6735: 6728: 6722: 6721: 6711: 6679: 6673: 6672: 6670: 6669: 6653: 6647: 6646: 6644: 6642: 6622: 6616: 6615: 6613: 6589: 6583: 6582: 6580: 6574:Scott R (2010). 6571: 6562: 6561: 6543: 6519: 6513: 6512: 6484: 6475: 6474: 6469:. Archived from 6463: 6454: 6453: 6447: 6439: 6433: 6432: 6426: 6425: 6414: 6408: 6407: 6405: 6399:Scott R (2010). 6396: 6390: 6389: 6384:. Archived from 6376:Manco J (2009). 6373: 6367: 6366: 6356: 6332: 6326: 6325: 6315: 6305: 6273: 6264: 6263: 6252: 6246: 6245: 6243: 6237:Scott R (2010). 6234: 6228: 6227: 6225: 6219:Scott R (2011). 6216: 6210: 6209: 6207: 6201:Scott R (2011). 6198: 6192: 6191: 6189: 6183:Scott R (2011). 6180: 6174: 6173: 6162: 6156: 6155: 6150:Logan I (2014). 6147: 6141: 6140: 6128: 6122: 6121: 6119: 6118: 6109:. Archived from 6099: 6093: 6092: 6090: 6089: 6070: 6064: 6063: 6053: 6021: 6015: 6014: 6004: 5972: 5961: 5960: 5950: 5940: 5931:(11): e1000536. 5916: 5910: 5909: 5899: 5889: 5865: 5859: 5858: 5856: 5832: 5826: 5825: 5823: 5817:. Archived from 5800: 5791: 5782: 5781: 5774: 5768: 5767: 5757: 5725: 5719: 5718: 5682: 5676: 5675: 5647: 5641: 5640: 5630: 5620: 5588: 5582: 5581: 5545: 5539: 5538: 5528: 5496: 5487: 5486: 5484: 5483: 5477: 5471:. Archived from 5462: 5436: 5427: 5418: 5417: 5407: 5397: 5365: 5359: 5358: 5356: 5350:Scott R (2010). 5347: 5338: 5337: 5311: 5302: 5296: 5295: 5267: 5261: 5260: 5250: 5226: 5220: 5219: 5208: 5202: 5201: 5153: 5147: 5146: 5110: 5104: 5103: 5101: 5095:Scott R (2010). 5092: 5086: 5085: 5083: 5077:Scott R (2009). 5074: 5068: 5067: 5065: 5059:Scott R (2009). 5056: 5050: 5049: 5047: 5041:Scott R (2010). 5038: 5032: 5031: 5029: 5023:Scott R (2009). 5020: 5014: 5013: 4993: 4984: 4983: 4963: 4957: 4956: 4946: 4920: 4910: 4904: 4903: 4877: 4868: 4859: 4858: 4848: 4838: 4814: 4795: 4794: 4768: 4742: 4733: 4727: 4726: 4724: 4722: 4716: 4701: 4695: 4694: 4684: 4674: 4642: 4636: 4635: 4625: 4593: 4587: 4586: 4576: 4566: 4549:(10): e0139784. 4534: 4528: 4527: 4517: 4507: 4475: 4466: 4465: 4455: 4445: 4435: 4403: 4397: 4396: 4386: 4376: 4352: 4341: 4340: 4315:(Pt 4): 312–28. 4306: 4297: 4291: 4289: 4279: 4239: 4233: 4232: 4222: 4212: 4180: 4174: 4173: 4163: 4137: 4128: 4122: 4121: 4115: 4104: 4098: 4097: 4095: 4094: 4088: 4082:. Archived from 4073: 4047: 4038: 4032: 4031: 4018: 4008: 3975: 3969: 3956: 3950: 3937: 3931: 3930: 3920: 3880: 3874: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3860:. Archived from 3849: 3843: 3830: 3824: 3811: 3805: 3792: 3786: 3785: 3771: 3761: 3729: 3716: 3715: 3678: 3672: 3671: 3661: 3629: 3623: 3622: 3612: 3602: 3570: 3564: 3563: 3561: 3560: 3540: 3534: 3533: 3497: 3491: 3478: 3472: 3471: 3461: 3429: 3423: 3417: 3411: 3410: 3400: 3360: 3354: 3353: 3343: 3311: 3302: 3301: 3296:. Archived from 3284: 3275: 3274: 3263: 3257: 3256: 3245: 3239: 3238: 3228: 3218: 3186: 3180: 3179: 3161: 3135: 3126: 3120: 3119: 3091: 3085: 3084: 3066: 3034: 3025: 3024: 3006: 2989:(5949): 137–40. 2974: 2968: 2967: 2957: 2940:(4): R174–R183. 2925: 2919: 2918: 2908: 2890: 2858: 2852: 2851: 2846: 2845: 2826: 2820: 2819: 2791: 2782: 2781: 2769: 2763: 2762: 2752: 2742: 2718: 2709: 2708: 2698: 2688: 2656: 2645: 2644: 2633: 2627: 2626: 2608: 2602: 2601: 2599: 2593:Scott R (2010). 2590: 2581: 2580: 2570: 2560: 2536: 2523: 2522: 2512: 2472: 2466: 2465: 2463: 2461: 2446: 2440: 2439: 2416: 2410: 2409: 2407: 2396: 2387: 2386: 2376: 2366: 2334: 2328: 2327: 2317: 2307: 2283: 2277: 2276: 2266: 2226: 2220: 2219: 2182: 2176: 2175: 2165: 2155: 2123: 2117: 2115: 2105: 2065: 2059: 2058: 2048: 2038: 2007: 1997: 1987: 1955: 1949: 1948: 1930: 1906: 1897: 1893: 1887: 1884: 1809: 1603: 1459:Eastern Province 1189:Taymyr Peninsula 1181:Nganasan peoples 1048: 1000:Northeast Africa 980:Northwest Africa 458:southern Etruria 325:Romano-Christian 192:ancient Egyptian 30: 29: 21: 6963: 6962: 6958: 6957: 6956: 6954: 6953: 6952: 6938: 6937: 6841: 6836: 6789: 6787:Further reading 6784: 6769: 6765: 6756: 6754: 6751:Moment Magazine 6743: 6739: 6730: 6729: 6725: 6680: 6676: 6667: 6665: 6654: 6650: 6640: 6638: 6623: 6619: 6590: 6586: 6578: 6572: 6565: 6520: 6516: 6485: 6478: 6473:on 2 June 2014. 6465: 6464: 6457: 6445: 6441: 6440: 6436: 6423: 6421: 6416: 6415: 6411: 6403: 6397: 6393: 6374: 6370: 6333: 6329: 6274: 6267: 6254: 6253: 6249: 6241: 6235: 6231: 6223: 6217: 6213: 6205: 6199: 6195: 6187: 6181: 6177: 6164: 6163: 6159: 6148: 6144: 6129: 6125: 6116: 6114: 6101: 6100: 6096: 6087: 6085: 6072: 6071: 6067: 6036:(5): 1084–100. 6022: 6018: 5973: 5964: 5917: 5913: 5880:(2): e1003296. 5866: 5862: 5854:10.4312/dp.40.5 5833: 5829: 5821: 5798: 5792: 5785: 5776: 5775: 5771: 5726: 5722: 5693:(Pt 1): 23–39. 5683: 5679: 5648: 5644: 5589: 5585: 5546: 5542: 5497: 5490: 5481: 5479: 5475: 5434: 5428: 5421: 5366: 5362: 5354: 5348: 5341: 5309: 5303: 5299: 5268: 5264: 5227: 5223: 5210: 5209: 5205: 5154: 5150: 5111: 5107: 5099: 5093: 5089: 5081: 5075: 5071: 5063: 5057: 5053: 5045: 5039: 5035: 5027: 5021: 5017: 5004:(11): 1554–60. 4994: 4987: 4964: 4960: 4918: 4911: 4907: 4875: 4869: 4862: 4815: 4798: 4740: 4734: 4730: 4720: 4718: 4714: 4702: 4698: 4643: 4639: 4594: 4590: 4535: 4531: 4476: 4469: 4433:10.1.1.291.8871 4404: 4400: 4353: 4344: 4304: 4298: 4294: 4240: 4236: 4181: 4177: 4135: 4129: 4125: 4113: 4105: 4101: 4092: 4090: 4086: 4045: 4039: 4035: 3991:(5): e0155046. 3976: 3972: 3967:Wayback Machine 3957: 3953: 3948:Wayback Machine 3938: 3934: 3881: 3877: 3867: 3865: 3850: 3846: 3841:Wayback Machine 3831: 3827: 3822:Wayback Machine 3812: 3808: 3803:Wayback Machine 3793: 3789: 3730: 3719: 3679: 3675: 3630: 3626: 3571: 3567: 3558: 3556: 3543: 3541: 3537: 3498: 3494: 3489:Wayback Machine 3479: 3475: 3430: 3426: 3418: 3414: 3361: 3357: 3326:(18): 2429–39. 3312: 3305: 3286: 3285: 3278: 3265: 3264: 3260: 3249:"Haplogroup U5" 3247: 3246: 3242: 3201:(45): 18255–9. 3187: 3183: 3138:Current Biology 3133: 3127: 3123: 3092: 3088: 3049:(20): 1758–62. 3043:Current Biology 3035: 3028: 2975: 2971: 2934:Current Biology 2926: 2922: 2859: 2855: 2843: 2841: 2830:"Haplogroup U5" 2828: 2827: 2823: 2792: 2785: 2770: 2766: 2719: 2712: 2671:(9): e0138453. 2657: 2648: 2635: 2634: 2630: 2623: 2609: 2605: 2597: 2591: 2584: 2537: 2526: 2481:Current Biology 2473: 2469: 2459: 2457: 2456:on 15 July 2017 2448: 2447: 2443: 2436: 2417: 2413: 2405: 2397: 2390: 2343:Current Biology 2335: 2331: 2284: 2280: 2227: 2223: 2183: 2179: 2124: 2120: 2066: 2062: 1956: 1952: 1907: 1900: 1894: 1890: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1572: 1544: 1515: 1499: 1467: 1404: 1342:Nganasan people 1326: 1225: 1152: 1132: 1049: 1047:Maca-Meyer 2003 1046: 957: 385:, northeastern 364: 278: 262: 246: 229: 196:Abusir el-Meleq 157:Peştera Muierii 134: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6961: 6951: 6950: 6936: 6935: 6934: 6933: 6927: 6921: 6915: 6909: 6903: 6897: 6891: 6885: 6874: 6868: 6864:YFull MTree's 6859: 6858: 6857: 6851: 6840: 6839:External links 6837: 6835: 6834: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6782: 6763: 6737: 6723: 6700:10.1086/425161 6674: 6648: 6617: 6584: 6563: 6514: 6476: 6455: 6434: 6409: 6391: 6388:on 2017-01-22. 6368: 6327: 6265: 6247: 6229: 6211: 6193: 6175: 6157: 6142: 6137:Pakistan Today 6123: 6094: 6065: 6016: 5993:10.1086/339524 5987:(4): 1009–14. 5962: 5911: 5860: 5827: 5824:on 2016-03-03. 5783: 5769: 5720: 5677: 5642: 5583: 5540: 5517:10.1086/383236 5488: 5445:(5): 1251–76. 5419: 5380:(11): e80673. 5360: 5339: 5297: 5262: 5221: 5203: 5148: 5105: 5087: 5069: 5051: 5033: 5015: 4985: 4958: 4905: 4886:(1–2): 85–96. 4860: 4796: 4766:10.1101/448829 4728: 4696: 4637: 4588: 4529: 4467: 4398: 4342: 4292: 4234: 4175: 4123: 4099: 4033: 3970: 3960:haplogroup.org 3951: 3941:haplogroup.org 3932: 3875: 3844: 3834:haplogroup.org 3825: 3815:haplogroup.org 3806: 3796:haplogroup.org 3787: 3717: 3690:(2): 125–155. 3673: 3650:10.1086/430073 3624: 3565: 3549:haplogroup.org 3535: 3508:(2): 196–214. 3492: 3482:haplogroup.org 3473: 3444:(5): 631–636. 3424: 3421:haplogroup.org 3412: 3355: 3303: 3276: 3258: 3240: 3181: 3144:(16): 1494–9. 3121: 3086: 3026: 2969: 2920: 2853: 2834:haplogroup.org 2821: 2783: 2764: 2710: 2646: 2628: 2621: 2603: 2582: 2524: 2487:(7): 553–559. 2467: 2441: 2434: 2411: 2388: 2329: 2278: 2221: 2194:(1): 147–157. 2177: 2118: 2060: 1950: 1921:(2): E386-94. 1915:Human Mutation 1898: 1888: 1878: 1876: 1873: 1870: 1869: 1864: 1859: 1854: 1848: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1831: 1830: 1825: 1822: 1817: 1814: 1807: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1778: 1777: 1772: 1767: 1762: 1757: 1754: 1749: 1744: 1739: 1734: 1731: 1726: 1721: 1716: 1711: 1705: 1704: 1701: 1696: 1690: 1689: 1684: 1679: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1663: 1660: 1655: 1649: 1648: 1645: 1642: 1636: 1635: 1632: 1629: 1619: 1615: 1614: 1601: 1600: 1593: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1571: 1568: 1567: 1566: 1559: 1552: 1543: 1542:Famous members 1540: 1514: 1511: 1493: 1492: 1491: 1490: 1476: 1466: 1463: 1403: 1400: 1396:Ivanovo Region 1376:Beaker culture 1325: 1322: 1224: 1221: 1208:Late Neolithic 1204:Beaker culture 1187:basin and the 1151: 1148: 1131: 1128: 1123: 1122: 1116: 1110: 1109: 1108: 1095: 1094: 1093: 1059:Iberomaurusian 1044: 1015:Epipaleolithic 1011:Iberomaurusian 988:Canary Islands 956: 953: 952: 951: 950: 949: 948: 947: 946: 945: 922:Crete (Greece) 886: 885: 884: 883: 882: 858: 851: 850: 849: 843: 837: 831: 825: 819: 802:(found at the 792: 791: 790: 785: 779: 774: 768: 767: 766: 765: 764: 730: 705: 704: 703: 702: 701: 696: 690: 684: 678: 671:Basque Country 654: 653: 652: 647: 642: 641: 640: 639: 638: 628: 617: 616: 615: 610: 600: 599: 598: 593: 588: 587: 586: 581: 576: 570: 564: 558: 552: 551: 550: 526: 525: 524: 523: 522: 521: 520: 502: 501: 500: 494: 489: 483: 363: 360: 310:Reguibat tribe 295:Ashkenazi Jews 277: 274: 261: 258: 245: 242: 228: 225: 221:Canary Islands 172:Epipaleolithic 168:Iberomaurusian 133: 130: 126:Canary Islands 122:Horn of Africa 102:Eastern Europe 77: 76: 73: 69: 68: 65: 61: 60: 55: 51: 50: 47: 43: 42: 39: 35: 34: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6960: 6949: 6946: 6945: 6943: 6931: 6928: 6925: 6922: 6919: 6916: 6913: 6910: 6907: 6904: 6901: 6898: 6895: 6892: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6883: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6869: 6867: 6863: 6862: 6861:Haplogroup U 6860: 6856: 6852: 6850: 6846: 6845: 6843: 6842: 6831: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6813: 6809: 6806:(4): 675–84. 6805: 6801: 6797: 6792: 6791: 6778: 6774: 6767: 6752: 6748: 6741: 6733: 6727: 6719: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6701: 6697: 6694:(5): 752–70. 6693: 6689: 6685: 6678: 6664:on 2016-09-13 6663: 6659: 6652: 6637:on 2010-08-26 6636: 6632: 6628: 6621: 6612: 6607: 6603: 6599: 6595: 6588: 6577: 6570: 6568: 6559: 6555: 6551: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6533: 6529: 6525: 6518: 6510: 6506: 6502: 6498: 6494: 6490: 6483: 6481: 6472: 6468: 6462: 6460: 6451: 6444: 6438: 6430: 6419: 6413: 6402: 6395: 6387: 6383: 6379: 6372: 6364: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6347:(8): 1651–8. 6346: 6342: 6338: 6331: 6323: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6299: 6295: 6291: 6288:(7): e11898. 6287: 6283: 6279: 6272: 6270: 6261: 6257: 6251: 6240: 6233: 6222: 6215: 6204: 6197: 6186: 6179: 6171: 6167: 6161: 6153: 6146: 6138: 6134: 6127: 6113:on 2017-07-15 6112: 6108: 6104: 6098: 6084:on 2017-07-15 6083: 6079: 6075: 6069: 6061: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6043: 6039: 6035: 6031: 6027: 6020: 6012: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5971: 5969: 5967: 5958: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5930: 5926: 5922: 5915: 5907: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5874:PLOS Genetics 5871: 5864: 5855: 5850: 5846: 5842: 5838: 5831: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5797: 5790: 5788: 5779: 5773: 5765: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5747: 5743: 5740:(8): 915–23. 5739: 5735: 5731: 5724: 5716: 5712: 5708: 5704: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5688: 5681: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5661: 5658:(2): 336–46. 5657: 5653: 5646: 5638: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5610: 5606: 5603:(1): e15988. 5602: 5598: 5594: 5587: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5544: 5536: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5511:(5): 827–45. 5510: 5506: 5502: 5495: 5493: 5478:on 2009-03-04 5474: 5470: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5433: 5426: 5424: 5415: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5364: 5353: 5346: 5344: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5320:(3): 429–40. 5319: 5315: 5308: 5301: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5278:(2): 206–15. 5277: 5273: 5266: 5258: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5225: 5217: 5213: 5207: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5152: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5121:(5): 565–71. 5120: 5116: 5115:Human Biology 5109: 5098: 5091: 5080: 5073: 5062: 5055: 5044: 5037: 5026: 5019: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4992: 4990: 4981: 4977: 4974:(4): 617–24. 4973: 4969: 4962: 4954: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4917: 4909: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4874: 4867: 4865: 4856: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4813: 4811: 4809: 4807: 4805: 4803: 4801: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4739: 4732: 4713: 4709: 4708: 4700: 4692: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4641: 4633: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4592: 4584: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4533: 4525: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4474: 4472: 4463: 4459: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4418:(4): e18682. 4417: 4413: 4409: 4402: 4394: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4375: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4351: 4349: 4347: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4303: 4296: 4287: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4238: 4230: 4226: 4221: 4216: 4211: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4179: 4171: 4167: 4162: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4146:(6): 814–21. 4145: 4141: 4134: 4127: 4119: 4112: 4111: 4103: 4089:on 2018-07-22 4085: 4081: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4056:(6): 814–21. 4055: 4051: 4044: 4037: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4017: 4012: 4007: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3974: 3968: 3964: 3961: 3955: 3949: 3945: 3942: 3936: 3928: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3879: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3848: 3842: 3838: 3835: 3829: 3823: 3819: 3816: 3810: 3804: 3800: 3797: 3791: 3784: 3779: 3775: 3770: 3765: 3760: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3744:(4): e10285. 3743: 3739: 3735: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3684:Human Biology 3677: 3669: 3665: 3660: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3628: 3620: 3616: 3611: 3606: 3601: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3569: 3555:on 2017-03-22 3554: 3550: 3546: 3539: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3496: 3490: 3486: 3483: 3477: 3469: 3465: 3460: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3428: 3422: 3416: 3408: 3404: 3399: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3359: 3351: 3347: 3342: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3310: 3308: 3299: 3295: 3294: 3289: 3283: 3281: 3272: 3268: 3262: 3254: 3250: 3244: 3236: 3232: 3227: 3222: 3217: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3185: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3160: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3132: 3125: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3102:(1): 108–18. 3101: 3097: 3090: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3065: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3033: 3031: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3005: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2973: 2965: 2961: 2956: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2924: 2916: 2912: 2907: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2889: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2857: 2850: 2840:on 2017-07-03 2839: 2835: 2831: 2825: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2796:Mitochondrion 2790: 2788: 2780:. IUAES: 115. 2779: 2775: 2768: 2760: 2756: 2751: 2746: 2741: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2717: 2715: 2706: 2702: 2697: 2692: 2687: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2642: 2641:FamilyTreeDNA 2638: 2632: 2624: 2618: 2614: 2607: 2596: 2589: 2587: 2578: 2574: 2569: 2564: 2559: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2529: 2520: 2516: 2511: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2471: 2455: 2451: 2445: 2437: 2431: 2427: 2426: 2421: 2415: 2404: 2403: 2395: 2393: 2384: 2380: 2375: 2370: 2365: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2333: 2325: 2321: 2316: 2311: 2306: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2282: 2274: 2270: 2265: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2225: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2181: 2173: 2169: 2164: 2159: 2154: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2122: 2113: 2109: 2104: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2064: 2056: 2052: 2047: 2042: 2037: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2005: 2001: 1996: 1991: 1986: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1954: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1929: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1905: 1903: 1892: 1883: 1879: 1868: 1863: 1858: 1853: 1849: 1846: 1841: 1836: 1832: 1829: 1821: 1812: 1803: 1798: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1779: 1776: 1771: 1766: 1761: 1753: 1748: 1743: 1738: 1730: 1725: 1720: 1715: 1710: 1706: 1700: 1695: 1691: 1688: 1683: 1678: 1667: 1659: 1654: 1650: 1641: 1637: 1627: 1623: 1616: 1613: 1612: 1611: 1604: 1599: 1598: 1594: 1592: 1589: 1587: 1584: 1582: 1579: 1577: 1574: 1573: 1564: 1560: 1557: 1553: 1550: 1546: 1545: 1539: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1513:Haplogroup U9 1510: 1508: 1507:Haplogroup UK 1504: 1498: 1488: 1487:Haplogroup UK 1484: 1480: 1479: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1468: 1465:Haplogroup U8 1462: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1447: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1431: 1428: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1409: 1402:Haplogroup U7 1399: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1368: 1365: 1363: 1359: 1358:Kalash people 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1337: 1335: 1331: 1324:Haplogroup U4 1321: 1319: 1315: 1310: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1277: 1272: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1243: 1238: 1234: 1228: 1223:Haplogroup U3 1220: 1218: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1196: 1192: 1190: 1186: 1185:Yenisei River 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1157: 1150:Haplogroup U2 1147: 1145: 1141: 1140:Yana RHS Site 1136: 1127: 1120: 1117: 1114: 1111: 1106: 1103: 1102: 1099: 1096: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1080: 1079: 1077: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1055: 1052: 1051: 1043: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1027: 1025: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1007: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 976: 972: 970: 961: 955:Haplogroup U6 943: 939: 935: 931: 930:Central Italy 927: 923: 919: 916: 915: 913: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 887: 880: 876: 872: 868: 865: 864: 862: 859: 855: 852: 847: 844: 841: 838: 835: 832: 829: 826: 823: 820: 817: 814: 813: 811: 808: 807: 805: 801: 796: 793: 789: 786: 783: 780: 778: 775: 772: 769: 762: 758: 755: 754: 753: 750: 749: 747: 743: 739: 738:Guinea-Bissau 734: 731: 729: 726: 725: 723: 720: 719: 717: 713: 709: 706: 700: 697: 694: 691: 688: 685: 682: 679: 676: 672: 668: 664: 661: 660: 658: 655: 651: 648: 646: 643: 637: 634: 633: 632: 629: 627: 624: 623: 621: 618: 614: 611: 609: 606: 605: 604: 601: 597: 594: 592: 589: 585: 582: 580: 577: 574: 571: 568: 565: 562: 559: 556: 553: 548: 545: 544: 542: 539: 538: 536: 533: 532: 530: 527: 518: 515: 514: 512: 509: 508: 506: 503: 498: 495: 493: 490: 487: 484: 481: 478: 477: 475: 472: 471: 469: 466: 465: 463: 459: 455: 451: 448: 447: 445: 442: 441: 440: 437: 436: 435: 431: 429: 425: 420: 416: 414: 410: 405: 403: 399: 395: 390: 388: 384: 378: 376: 371: 369: 362:Haplogroup U5 359: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 336: 334: 330: 326: 322: 317: 315: 311: 307: 303: 298: 296: 292: 287: 281: 276:Haplogroup U1 273: 271: 267: 257: 253: 251: 241: 238: 233: 224: 222: 218: 214: 210: 205: 202: 197: 193: 188: 186: 181: 177: 173: 169: 164: 162: 158: 153: 149: 147: 143: 139: 129: 127: 123: 119: 116:, as well as 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 83: 74: 70: 66: 62: 59: 56: 52: 48: 44: 40: 36: 31: 19: 6880: 6872:Haplogroup U 6866:Haplogroup U 6847:Ian Logan's 6803: 6799: 6776: 6766: 6755:. Retrieved 6753:. p. 45 6750: 6740: 6731: 6726: 6691: 6687: 6677: 6666:. Retrieved 6662:the original 6651: 6639:. Retrieved 6635:the original 6630: 6620: 6601: 6597: 6587: 6534:(1): 28–36. 6531: 6527: 6517: 6495:(2): 424–9. 6492: 6488: 6471:the original 6449: 6437: 6427:– via 6422:. Retrieved 6412: 6394: 6386:the original 6381: 6371: 6344: 6340: 6330: 6285: 6281: 6259: 6250: 6232: 6214: 6196: 6178: 6169: 6166:"The Kalash" 6160: 6145: 6136: 6126: 6115:. Retrieved 6111:the original 6106: 6097: 6086:. Retrieved 6082:the original 6077: 6068: 6033: 6029: 6019: 5984: 5980: 5928: 5925:PLOS Biology 5924: 5914: 5877: 5873: 5863: 5844: 5840: 5830: 5819:the original 5806: 5802: 5772: 5737: 5733: 5723: 5690: 5686: 5680: 5655: 5651: 5645: 5600: 5596: 5586: 5553: 5549: 5543: 5508: 5504: 5480:. 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1004:Chad Basin 986:) and the 901:Portuguese 893:Sardinians 881:, Tunisia. 879:Byrsa Hill 871:Phoenician 716:Siwa Oasis 368:Gravettian 329:Kulubnarti 270:Mal'ta boy 124:, and the 114:South Asia 49:West Asia, 6855:Phylotree 5847:: 38–56. 5198:206632421 4791:174809069 4428:CiteSeerX 4367:(1): 15. 4254:: 25501. 4120:(Thesis). 3021:206521424 2897:1471-2148 2241:: 15694. 2080:: 25501. 1472:phylogeny 1408:Black Sea 1291:Algerians 1283:Egyptians 1253:Near East 1212:Kromsdorf 1142:on river 992:La Gomera 984:Mozabites 905:Majorcans 402:Estonians 383:Catalonia 316:(0.93%). 302:Algerians 244:Subclades 6942:Category 6844:General 6830:22482806 6718:15457403 6641:11 April 6558:41185629 6550:24196378 6509:15838837 6363:18477584 6322:20689597 6282:PLOS ONE 6060:18452887 6011:11845409 5957:21085689 5906:23459685 5764:20234393 5715:44901197 5707:14748828 5672:19425100 5637:21264345 5597:PLOS ONE 5570:16626330 5535:15077202 5469:11032788 5414:24244704 5374:PLOS ONE 5334:20091844 5292:18046774 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