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devoid of doors, window frames, appliances, clothes, and furniture. The looting has resulted in the opening of what are called "Hargeisa markets" throughout the region, including
Mogadishu and Ethiopia, were former residents have spotted their possessions. One observer remarked that Hargeisa is being dismantled piece by piece. We were told that long lines of trucks heavily laden with Hargeisa goods could be seen leaving the city, heading south towards Mogadishu after the heavy fighting had stopped.
320:
27:
153:
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Somalia: expanding crisis in the Horn of Africa : joint hearing before the
Subcommittee on Africa, Global Human Rights, and International Operations and the Subcommittee on International Terrorism and Nonproliferation of the Committee on International Relations, House of Representatives, One
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Hargeisa, the second largest city in
Somalia, has suffered extensive damage from artillery and aerial shelling. The most extensive damage appeared to be in the residential areas where the concentration of civilians was highest, in the marketplace, and in public buildings in the downtown area. The
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Much of
Hargeisa appears to be a "ghost town," and many homes and building are virtually empty. Extensive looting has taken place even though the military has controlled the city since late July 1988. We were told that private property was taken from homes by the military in Hargeisa. Homes are
237:
confirmed the large-scale targeting and killing of civilian population by Somali government troops. The campaign had completely destroyed
Hargeisa, causing its population of 500,000 to flee across the border and the city was "reduced to a ghost town with 14,000 buildings destroyed and a further
208:
The civil war left
Hargeisa in ruins: 80 percent of the building in the town were destroyed, many of them by the aerial bombardment of General Siad Barre's Zimbabwean mercenary pilots. The view from the air is of a town without roofs. The exposed pale green and blue plaster walls reflect the
225:
focused his wrath (and
American-supported military might) against his Northern opposition. Hargeisa, Somalia's second city and the former capital of British Somaliland was bombed, strafed and rocketed. Some 50,000 people are believed to have lost their lives there as a result of
268:
The report also stated that the city was without electricity or a functioning water system, and that the Somali government was "actively soliciting multilateral and bilateral donors for reconstruction assistance" of cities primarily destroyed by the government's own forces.
263:
residents. Observers believe that
Hargeisa is now composed largely of dependents of the military, which has a substantial, visible presence in Hargeisa, a significant number of Ogadeni refugees, and squatters who are using the properties of those who fled.
412:
230:, aerial bombardments and ground attacks. The city itself was destroyed. Streams of refugees fleeing the devastation were not spared by government planes. The term "genocide" came to be used more and more frequently by human rights observers.
195:, on a daily basis, aiming particularly at civilian population targets. Reports from eye witnesses speak of the town of Hargeisa as mere rubble, devastated to the point that it is barely recognizable even to its inhabitants.
718:
Reported
Massacres and Indiscriminate Killings in Somalia: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Africa of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundredth Congress, Second Session, July 14,
258:
The
Governor of Hargeisa estimates the present population to be around 70,000, down from a pre-conflict population figure of 370,000. However, the current residents of Hargeisa are not believed to be the former
420:
214:
Many of the houses are boarded up because of the small anti-personnel mines scattered by Gen Siad Barre's forces when tens of thousands of Hargeisa residents fled. What was not destroyed was looted.
495:
657:
Operations, United States Congress House Committee on International Relations Subcommittee on Africa, Global Human Rights, and International (2006-01-01).
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Mburu, Chris; Rights, United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human; Office, United Nations Development Programme Somalia Country (2002-01-01).
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685:
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413:"State-sponsored violence and conflict under Mahamed Siyad Barre: the emergence of path dependent patterns of violence | Reinventing Peace"
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U.S. Embassy estimated that 70 percent of the city has been damaged or destroyed. Our rough visual inspection confirms this estimate.
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The scale of destruction was unprecedented, up to 90 percent of the city (then the second largest city in Somalia) was destroyed, (
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In 2020, Hargeisa war memorial monument at the center of the city will be rebuilt to a more appealing standard and architecture.
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Artillery shelling of Hargeisa started on the third day of the fighting in late May 1988, and was accompanied by large-scale
846:
605:
383:
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Somalia: Observations Regarding the Northern Conflict and Resulting Conditions : Report to Congressional Requesters
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Past human rights abuses in Somalia: report of a preliminary study conducted for the United Nations (OHCHR/UNDP-Somalia)
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In an attempt to dislodge the SNM, the government is using artillery and air bombardment, especially Hargeisa and
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496:"Close Residents of Somaliland sit under a war memorial of a MiG fighter jet in the centre of town in Hargeisa"
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Africa, United States Congress House Committee on Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on (1989-01-01).
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team noted the extent to which residential districts were especially targeted by the army:
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embassy estimated 70 percent of the city was damaged or destroyed). The testimony of
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Summary of World Broadcasts. Part 4, The Middle East, Africa, and Latin America: SWB
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Lonely Planet; Jean-Bernard Carillet; Tim Bewer; Stuart Butler (1 May 2013).
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Victims of the indiscriminate aerial bombardment of the city, part of the
593:. Monitoring Service of the British Broadcasting Corporation. 1993-01-01.
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The memorial is located in Hargeisa's Freedom Square. It consists of a
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Observations Regarding the Northern Conflict and Resulting Conditiond
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Monument commemorating the independence day of Hargeisa in Somaliland
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and then turned around to make repeated bombing runs on the city."
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War-damaged houses in Hargeysa, a major city in Somaliland, 1991.
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847:"Somaliland: Hargeisa War Plane Monument to Receive an Uplift"
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134:, and is a symbol of struggle for the people of Somaliland.
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Other descriptions of what took place in Hargeisa include:
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Congressional Record , October 26, 1999 to November 3 1999
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Me Against My Brother: At War in Somalia, Sudan and Rwanda
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Hundred Ninth Congress, second session, June 29, 2006
809:. United States General Accounting Office. May 1989.
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471:Lonely Planet Ethiopia, Djibouti & Somaliland
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527:Somalia: A Government at War With Its Own People
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122:: النصب التذكاري لحرب هرجيسا) is a monument in
204:reported the scale of destruction as follows:
130:. The memorial was set up to commemorate the
684:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
733:P, Biles (31 October 1991). "The Guardian".
238:12,000 heavily damaged." The Congressional
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636:. Government Printing Office. 2017-04-10.
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168:(SAF) aircraft, which "took off from the
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533:. Human Rights Watch. 1990. p. 144.
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284:underneath shows a woman holding the
78:Freedom Square, Independence Avenue,
31:A newly rebuilt Hargeisa War Memorial
878:Buildings and structures in Hargeisa
441:Stuart Butler; Dean Starnes (2009).
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820:Badawi, Zeinab (26 January 2011).
791:
774:The A to Z of Civil Wars in Africa
722:. U.S. Government Printing Office.
607:Contested States in World Politics
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744:Cutter, Charles H. (2005-01-01).
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419:. 22 October 2013. Archived from
288:looking towards the sky in hope.
105:conducted by the Somali dictator
474:. Lonely Planet. pp. 513–.
447:. Lonely Planet. pp. 276–.
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144:Somaliland War of Independence
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750:. Stryker-Post Publications.
604:Geldenhuys, D. (2009-04-22).
502:. 19 May 2013. Archived from
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59:9.5615°N 44.0653°E
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400:References
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209:sunlight.
128:Somaliland
107:Siad Barre
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826:BBC News
343:See also
337:At night
124:Hargeisa
93:Monument
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325:Mural
261:Issak
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752:ISBN
719:1988
686:link
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