Allergic rhinitis - Knowledge

407: 60: 837:. There have been two SNPs in CTLA-4 that were found to be significantly associated with childhood allergic rhinitis. Both SNPs most likely affect the associated protein's shape and function, causing the body to exhibit an overactive immune response to the posed allergen. The polymorphisms in both genes are only beginning to be examined, therefore more research is needed to determine the severity of the impact of polymorphisms in the respective genes. 866: 6447: 1234:), thereby inducing specific long-term tolerance. Allergen immunotherapy is the only treatment that alters the disease mechanism. Immunotherapy can be administered orally (as sublingual tablets or sublingual drops), or by injections under the skin (subcutaneous). Subcutaneous immunotherapy is the most common form and has the largest body of evidence supporting its effectiveness. 857:

repress parts of the body's immune and inflammatory responses, thus contributing to the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis and other autoimmune disorders. There are many miRNAs that have been deemed potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of allergic rhinitis by many different researchers, with the most widely studied being miR-133, miR-155, miR-205, miR-498, and let-7e.

1066:, relief from symptoms is experienced within 15 minutes allowing for a more immediate 'as-needed' approach to dosage. There is not enough evidence of antihistamine efficacy as an add-on therapy with nasal steroids in the management of intermittent or persistent allergic rhinitis in children, so its adverse effects and additional costs must be considered. 280:, red, itchy, and watery eyes, and swelling around the eyes. The fluid from the nose is usually clear. Symptom onset is often within minutes following allergen exposure, and can affect sleep and the ability to work or study. Some people may develop symptoms only during specific times of the year, often as a result of 3451: 1250:

is not supported by available evidence. While some evidence shows that acupuncture is effective for rhinitis, specifically targeting the sphenopalatine ganglion acupoint, these trials are still limited. Overall, the quality of evidence for complementary-alternative medicine is not strong enough to be

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Allergic rhinitis may also be classified as mild-intermittent, moderate-severe intermittent, mild-persistent, and moderate-severe persistent. Intermittent is when the symptoms occur <4 days per week or <4 consecutive weeks. Persistent is when symptoms occur >4 days/week and >4 consecutive

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Allergic rhinitis may be seasonal, perennial, or episodic. Seasonal allergic rhinitis occurs in particular during pollen seasons. It does not usually develop until after 6 years of age. Perennial allergic rhinitis occurs throughout the year. This type of allergic rhinitis is commonly seen in younger

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Allergy testing is not definitive. At times, these tests can reveal positive results for certain allergens that are not actually causing symptoms, and can also not pick up allergens that do cause an individual's symptoms. The intradermal allergy test is more sensitive than the skin prick test, but is

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to determine if a particular substance is causing the rhinitis, or an intradermal, scratch, or other test. Less commonly, the suspected allergen is dissolved and dropped onto the lower eyelid as a means of testing for allergies. This test should be done only by a physician, since it can be harmful if

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occurs. For example, people allergic to birch pollen may also find that they have an allergic reaction to the skin of apples or potatoes. A clear sign of this is the occurrence of an itchy throat after eating an apple or sneezing when peeling potatoes or apples. This occurs because of similarities in

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With respect to what is termed the exciting cause of the disease, since the attention of the public has been turned to the subject an idea has very generally prevailed, that it is produced by the effluvium from new hay, and it has hence obtained the popular name of hay fever. the effluvium from hay

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have been found to play a role in the body's immune and inflammatory responses to allergens. miRNAs are housed and packaged inside of exosomes until they are ready to be released into the section of the cell that they are coded to reside and act. Repressing the translation of proteins can ultimately

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Prevention often focuses on avoiding specific allergens that cause an individual's symptoms. These methods include not having pets, not having carpets or upholstered furniture in the home, and keeping the home dry. Specific anti-allergy zippered covers on household items like pillows and mattresses

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The symptoms of local allergic rhinitis are the same as the symptoms of allergic rhinitis, including symptoms in the eyes. Just as with allergic rhinitis, people can have either seasonal or perennial local allergic rhinitis. The symptoms of local allergic rhinitis can be mild, moderate, or severe.

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of the T cells. As mentioned earlier, T cells contribute to the body's inflammatory response in a variety of ways, so any changes to the cells' structure and function can have potentially deleterious effects on the body's inflammatory response to allergens. To date, one SNP in the PTPN22 gene has

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is also indicated for vasomotor rhinitis. It is used only when nasal congestion is present and can be used with antihistamines. In the United States, oral decongestants containing pseudoephedrine must be purchased behind the pharmacy counter in an effort to prevent the manufacturing of

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of the IL-33 gene and their link to allergic rhinitis within the Han Chinese population, researchers found that five SNPs specifically contributed to the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis, with three of those five SNPs previously identified as genetic determinants for asthma.

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weeks. The symptoms are considered mild with normal sleep, no impairment of daily activities, no impairment of work or school, and if symptoms are not troublesome. Severe symptoms result in sleep disturbance, impairment of daily activities, and impairment of school or work.

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been found to be significantly associated with allergic rhinitis onset in children. On the other hand, CTLA-4 is an immune-checkpoint protein that helps mediate and control the body's immune response to prevent overactivation. It is expressed only in T cells as a

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Baumann R, Rabaszowski M, Stenin I, Tilgner L, Gaertner-Akerboom M, Scheckenbach K, Wiltfang J, Chaker A, Schipper J, Wagenmann M (2013). "Nasal Levels of Soluble IL-33R ST2 and IL-16 in Allergic Rhinitis: Inverse Correlation Trends with Disease Severity".

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and had a higher concentration of ST2 serum in nasal passageways following their exposure to pollen and other allergens, indicating that this gene and its associated receptor are expressed at a higher rate in allergic rhinitis patients. In a 2020 study on

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that affects the greatest number of people. In Western countries, between 10 and 30% of people are affected in a given year. It is most common between the ages of twenty and forty. The first accurate description is from the 10th-century physician

754:(GWAS) have identified a number of different loci and genetic pathways that seem to mediate the body's response to allergens and promote the development of allergic rhinitis, with some of the most promising results coming from studies involving 1221:

Nasal saline irrigation (a practice where salt water is poured into the nostrils), may have benefits in both adults and children in relieving the symptoms of allergic rhinitis and it is unlikely to be associated with adverse effects.

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Suojalehto H, Toskala E, Kilpeläinen M, Majuri ML, Mitts C, Lindström I, Puustinen A, Plosila T, Sipilä J, Wolff H, Alenius H (2013). "MicroRNA Profiles in Nasal Mucosa of Patients with Allergic and Nonallergic Rhinitis and Asthma".

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the proteins of the pollen and the food. There are many cross-reacting substances. Hay fever is not a true fever, meaning it does not cause a core body temperature in the fever over 37.5–38.3 °C (99.5–100.9 °F).

598:). In northern latitudes, birch is considered to be the most common allergenic tree pollen, with an estimated 15–20% of people with hay fever sensitive to birch pollen grains. A major antigen in these is a protein called 496:

season. However, it is possible to have allergic rhinitis throughout the year. The pollen that causes hay fever varies between individuals and from region to region; in general, the tiny, hardly visible pollens of

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Studies in young children have shown that there is higher risk of allergic rhinitis in those who have early exposure to foods or formula or heavy exposure to cigarette smoking within the first year of life.

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are effective and safe, and may be effective without oral antihistamines. They take several days to act and so must be taken continually for several weeks, as their therapeutic effect builds up with time.

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pathogenesis, and because of the pathological linkage between asthma and rhinitis, the experimental focus of IL-33 has now turned to its role in the development of allergic rhinitis in humans and mouse

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Passalacqua G, Bousquet PJ, Carlsen KH, Kemp J, Lockey RF, Niggemann B, et al. (May 2006). "ARIA update: I—Systematic review of complementary and alternative medicine for rhinitis and asthma".

370:, is often effective. The allergen can be given as an injection under the skin or as a tablet under the tongue. Treatment typically lasts three to five years, after which benefits may be prolonged. 3247:

Karaki M, Akiyama K, Mori N (June 2013). "Efficacy of intranasal steroid spray (mometasone furoate) on treatment of patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis: comparison with oral corticosteroids".

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There can also be behavioral signs; in order to relieve the irritation or flow of mucus, people may wipe or rub their nose with the palm of their hand in an upward motion: an action known as the "

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may also be helpful in reducing symptoms such as nasal congestion, but should not be used for long periods, as stopping them after protracted use can lead to a rebound nasal congestion called

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As of 2014, local allergenic rhinitis had mostly been investigated in Europe; in the United States, the nasal provocation testing necessary to diagnose the condition was not widely available.

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that affects the greatest number of people. In Western countries, between 10 and 30 percent of people are affected in a given year. It is most common between the ages of twenty and forty.

442:, and middle ear effusion. Nasal endoscopy may show findings such as pale and boggy inferior turbinates from mucosal edema, stringy mucus throughout the nasal cavities, and cobblestoning. 2722: 1020:

The goal of rhinitis treatment is to prevent or reduce the symptoms caused by the inflammation of affected tissues. Measures that are effective include avoiding the allergen. Intranasal

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Allergen immunotherapy, also called desensitization, treatment involves administering doses of allergens to accustom the body to substances that are generally harmless (pollen,

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and environmental exposures contribute to the development of allergies. Growing up on a farm and having multiple siblings decreases this risk. The underlying mechanism involves

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Witt CM, Brinkhaus B (October 2010). "Efficacy, effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of acupuncture for allergic rhinitis – An overview about previous and ongoing studies".

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Rondón C, Campo P, Galindo L, Blanca-López N, Cassinello MS, Rodriguez-Bada JL, et al. (October 2012). "Prevalence and clinical relevance of local allergic rhinitis".

319:. It causes mucous membranes in the nose, eyes and throat to become inflamed and itchy as they work to eject the allergen. Diagnosis is typically based on a combination of 3758: 742:

The causes and pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis are hypothesized to be affected by both genetic and environmental factors, with many recent studies focusing on specific

5100: 4108: 1165:) injection are effective at reducing nasal inflammation, but their use is limited by their short duration of effect and the side-effects of prolonged steroid therapy. 3215: 366:. Oftentimes, medications do not completely control symptoms, and they may also have side effects. Exposing people to larger and larger amounts of allergen, known as 875:

Allergy testing may reveal the specific allergens to which an individual is sensitive. Skin testing is the most common method of allergy testing. This may include a

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Predisposing factors to allergic rhinitis include eczema (atopic dermatitis) and asthma. These three conditions can often occur together which is referred to as the

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with hay is accurate, as peak hay-harvesting season overlaps with peak pollen season, and hay-harvesting work puts people in close contact with seasonal allergens.

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with hay checks out, as peak hay-harvesting season overlaps with peak pollen season, and hay-harvesting work puts people in close contact with seasonal allergens.

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There are no forms of complementary or alternative medicine that are evidence-based for allergic rhinitis. Therapeutic efficacy of alternative treatments such as

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oral tablets for the treatment of people with seasonal allergic rhinitis and found that the two have virtually equivalent effects on nasal symptoms in people.

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were found to actually have local allergic rhinitis. Steroid nasal sprays and oral antihistamines have been found to be effective for local allergic rhinitis.

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came about due to an early (and incorrect) theory that the symptoms were brought about by the smell of new hay. Although the scent per se is irrelevant, the

453:". This may result in a crease running across the nose (or above each nostril if only one side of the nose is wiped at a time), commonly referred to as the " 394:

came about due to an early (and incorrect) theory that the symptoms were brought about by the smell of new hay. Although the scent per se is irrelevant, the

1516: 774:, on these cells bind to the ligand IL-33 protein. This IL-33/ST2 signaling pathway has been found to be one of the main genetic determinants in bronchial 2343:

Kamekura R, Kojima T, Takano K, Go M, Sawada N, Himi T (2012). "The Role of IL-33 and Its Receptor ST2 in Human Nasal Epithelium with Allergic Rhinitis".

1483: 6472: 1327: 1252: 480:. Additionally, environmental exposures such as air pollution and maternal tobacco smoking can increase an individual's chances of developing allergies. 3586:"Effectiveness of Acupuncturing at the Sphenopalatine Ganglion Acupoint Alone for Treatment of Allergic Rhinitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" 3415:

Van Overtvelt L, Batard T, Fadel R, Moingeon P (December 2006). "Mécanismes immunologiques de l'immunothérapie sublinguale spécifique des allergènes".

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Ohlander BO, Hansson RE, Karlsson KE (1980). "A comparison of three injectable corticosteroids for the treatment of patients with seasonal hay fever".

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It is best to take oral antihistamine medication before exposure, especially for seasonal allergic rhinitis. In the case of nasal antihistamines like

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or blood tests for allergen-specific IgE antibodies. These tests, however, can give false positives. The symptoms of allergies resemble those of the

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Xiao L, Jiang L, Hu Q, Li Y. "MicroRNA-133b Ameliorates Allergic Inflammation and Symptom in Murine Model of Allergic Rhinitis by Targeting NIrp3".

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Studies have shown that growing up on a farm and having many older siblings can decrease an individual's risk for developing allergic rhinitis.

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Song SH, Wang XQ, Shen Y, Hong SL, Ke, X. "Association between PTPN22/CTLA-4 Gene Polymorphism and Allergic Rhinitis with Asthma in Children".

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In one study, about 25% of people with rhinitis had local allergic rhinitis. In several studies, over 40% of people having been diagnosed with

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are the preferred medical treatment for persistent symptoms, with other options if this is not effective. Second line therapies include

4094: 804:) gene can be associated with childhood allergic rhinitis and allergic asthma. The encoded PTPN22 protein, which is found primarily in 5319: 4670: 4665: 4266: 3044:

Akhouri S, House SA. Allergic Rhinitis. . In: StatPearls . Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020 Jan-. Available from:

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Czaja-Bulsa G, Bachórska J (December 1998). "" [Food allergy in children with pollinosis in the Western sea coast region].

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Ziade, Georges K.; Karami, Reem A.; Fakhri, Ghina B.; Alam, Elie S.; Hamdan, Abdul latif; Mourad, Marc M.; Hadi, Usama M. (2016).

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alterations and associations are of particular interest to the study and ultimate treatment of allergic rhinitis. Specifically,

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Rondón C, Canto G, Blanca M (February 2010). "Local allergic rhinitis: a new entity, characterization and further studies".

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Another study focusing on Han Chinese children found that certain SNPs in the protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor 22 (

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Exposure to animals early in life might reduce the risk of developing these specific allergies. Several different types of

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corticosteroids are used to control symptoms associated with sneezing, rhinorrhea, itching, and nasal congestion. Steroid

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plants are too large to remain airborne and pose no risk. Examples of plants commonly responsible for hay fever include:

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drugs can be taken orally and nasally to control symptoms such as sneezing, rhinorrhea, itching, and conjunctivitis.

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May JR, Smith PH (2008). "Allergic Rhinitis". In DiPiro JT, Talbert RL, Yee GC, Matzke G, Wells B, Posey LM (eds.).

2858: 1077:) are used for conjunctivitis, while intranasal forms are used mainly for sneezing, rhinorrhea, and nasal pruritus. 6477: 6278: 5807: 4297: 2076: 1563: 1037: 770:. Th2 cells contribute to the body's inflammatory response to allergens, and specific ST2 receptors, also known as 359: 233: 1651: 5510: 4479: 4341: 1182: 1093: 849: 755: 751: 4433: 3327:"Oxymetazoline adds to the effectiveness of fluticasone furoate in the treatment of perennial allergic rhinitis" 1524: 5781: 5247: 4705: 1491: 1085: 4336: 1335: 6226: 5355: 4559: 1112: 473:

Pollen is often considered as a cause of allergic rhinitis, hence called hay fever (See sub-section below).

331:; however, they often last for more than two weeks and, despite the common name, typically do not include a 6238: 6118: 5554: 5505: 5338: 5276: 4616: 3916: 3794: 1456: 954:

Local allergic rhinitis is an allergic reaction in the nose to an allergen, without systemic allergies. So

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done improperly. In some individuals not able to undergo skin testing (as determined by the doctor), the

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for allergies, they may still have allergic rhinitis, from a local allergy in the nose. This is called

762:(IL-33) gene. The IL-33 protein that is encoded by the IL-33 gene is part of the interleukin family of 299:

Allergic rhinitis is typically triggered by environmental allergens such as pollen, pet hair, dust, or

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Flint PW, Haughey BH, Robbins KT, Thomas JR, Niparko JK, Lund VJ, Lesperance MM (November 28, 2014).

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that attach to an allergen, and subsequently result in the release of inflammatory chemicals such as

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and repression of translation in their mRNA complement. Both miRNAs and their common carrier vessel

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Bousquet J, Reid J, van Weel C, Baena Cagnani C, Canonica GW, Demoly P, et al. (August 2008).

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regulator by removing phosphate groups from targeted proteins. Importantly, PTPN22 can affect the

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of specific seasonal plants is commonly known as "hay fever", because it is most prevalent during

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Zhang XH, Zhang YN, Liu Z (2014). "MicroRNA in Chronic Rhinosinusitis and Allergic Rhinitis".

1931: 1795: 848:(miRNA) are hypothesized to be imperative to the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis due to the 4866: 4838: 2816: 2127:

Yamamoto T, Asakura K, Shirasaki H, Himi T, Ogasawara H, Narita S, Kataura A (October 2005).

1844: 1731: 461: 1070: 6467: 5992: 5968: 5836: 5483: 5435: 5423: 5237: 5195: 4794: 4655: 4650: 4634: 4544: 4474: 4331: 4243: 4086: 3829: 2212:"Urticaria, Angioedema, and Allergic Rhinitis." 'Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 2168:

Malandain H (September 2003). "" [Allergies associated with both food and pollen].

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Head K, Snidvongs K, Glew S, Scadding G, Schilder AG, Philpott C, Hopkins C (June 2018).

1959:"Reliability assessment of the endoscopic examination in patients with allergic rhinitis" 1284: 387: 339: 97: 85: 4677: 3066:"Allergic rhinitis: definition, epidemiology, pathophysiology, detection, and diagnosis" 2015: 1958: 6077: 5609: 5474: 5430: 5262: 5183: 5110: 4980: 4682: 4564: 4554: 4448: 4374: 4346: 4326: 4163: 4121: 3885: 3852: 3775: 3660: 3612: 3585: 3499: 3474: 3392: 3367: 3307: 3161: 3136: 2958: 2915: 2790: 2669: 2642: 2623: 2559: 2526: 2502: 2477: 2458: 2414: 2368: 2048: 1991: 1410: 1385: 817: 809: 603: 124: 1811: 6365: 6163: 5731: 4975: 4765: 4697: 4384: 4379: 4179: 4075: 3991: 3964: 3847: 3652: 3617: 3566: 3539: 3504: 3397: 3348: 3299: 3264: 3223: 3194: 3166: 3087: 2983: 2950: 2907: 2902: 2885: 2828: 2782: 2674: 2615: 2564: 2546: 2507: 2450: 2406: 2360: 2356: 2266: 2215: 2177: 2150: 2109: 2080: 2053: 2035: 1996: 1978: 1900: 1850: 1737: 1695: 1631: 1605: 1415: 971: 955: 896: 853: 747: 293: 174: 167: 112: 73: 6337: 3664: 3311: 2962: 2919: 2817:"Local allergic rhinitis: concept, clinical manifestations, and diagnostic approach" 2627: 2462: 2418: 2372: 2031: 5674: 5667: 5531: 5452: 5291: 5227: 5076: 4428: 4279: 4274: 4215: 4142: 4117: 4001: 3814: 3644: 3607: 3597: 3531: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3424: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3338: 3291: 3256: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3077: 2942: 2897: 2794: 2774: 2664: 2654: 2607: 2554: 2538: 2497: 2489: 2442: 2398: 2352: 2140: 2043: 2027: 1986: 1970: 1807: 1597: 1405: 1397: 1280: 1231: 1186: 1041: 963: 743: 599: 439: 383: 379: 103: 79: 6405: 1080:

Antihistamine drugs can have undesirable side-effects, the most notable one being

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Calderon MA, Alves B, Jacobson M, Hurwitz B, Sheikh A, Durham S (January 2007).

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also more often positive in people that do not have symptoms to that allergen.

830: 826: 780: 759: 731: 626: 308: 91: 6408: 3260: 2402: 6461: 6208: 6092: 6056: 6041: 5973: 5909: 5904: 5726: 5440: 5151: 4628: 4220: 4070: 4006: 3946: 3712: 2659: 2550: 2039: 1982: 1765: 1207: 1162: 1139: 1056: 1029: 634: 528: 347: 269: 221: 6322: 3082: 3065: 6082: 5997: 5983: 5874: 5827: 5823: 5663: 5616: 5001: 4953: 4822: 4523: 4313: 4195: 4184: 4060: 3981: 3971: 3941: 3931: 3926: 3656: 3621: 3602: 3570: 3543: 3508: 3444:"Subcutaneous immunotherapy for allergic disease: Indications and efficacy" 3401: 3352: 3268: 3227: 3170: 3091: 2954: 2911: 2832: 2786: 2678: 2619: 2568: 2511: 2454: 2410: 2364: 2181: 2154: 2113: 2057: 2000: 1974: 1904: 1609: 1419: 1174: 1097: 885: 822: 3303: 2542: 2493: 1796:"Dr. Marshall Hall on Diseases of the Respiratory System; III. Hay Asthma" 1401: 685:). An estimated 90% of people with hay fever are allergic to grass pollen. 6389: 6061: 6051: 6012: 5924: 5919: 5899: 5879: 5869: 5854: 5761: 5708: 5691: 5686: 5639: 5594: 5445: 5393: 5360: 5232: 4961: 4893: 4856: 4811: 4746: 4210: 4190: 4174: 3996: 3936: 3893: 2131:[Relationship between Pollen Allergy and Oral Allergy Syndrome]. 2129:"[Relationship between pollen allergy and oral allergy syndrome]" 1292: 1243: 1127: 716: 513: 509: 423: 395: 386:

identified pollen as the cause. In 1906, the mechanism was determined by

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Ran, He; Xiao, Hua; Zhou, Xing; Guo, Lijun; Lu, Shuang (November 2020).

907:. Specialized testing is necessary to diagnose local allergic rhinitis. 884:

may be helpful in determining specific allergen sensitivity. Peripheral

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Baroody FM, Brown D, Gavanescu L, DeTineo M, Naclerio RM (April 2011).

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Fu Q, Zhang L, Liu Y, Li X, Yang Y, Dai M, Zhang Q (March 12, 2019).

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Terr AI (2004). "Unproven and controversial forms of immunotherapy".

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Illustration depicting inflammation associated with allergic rhinitis

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have also proven to be effective in preventing dust mite allergies.

457:", and can lead to permanent physical deformity if repeated enough. 5949: 5771: 5656: 5056: 4789: 1588:

Dykewicz MS, Hamilos DL (February 2010). "Rhinitis and sinusitis".

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George Clinton Andrews; Anthony Nicholas Domonkos (July 1, 1998).

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The first accurate description is from the 10th century physician

937:): Caused by allergens present throughout the year (e.g., dander). 865: 6153: 5009: 4885: 4133: 3767: 3475:"Allergen injection immunotherapy for seasonal allergic rhinitis" 3134: 2883: 1694:(4th ed.). Philadelphia, Pa.: W. B. Saunders. p. 1065. 1264: 707: 689: 670: 638: 576: 552: 374: 6348: 3414: 2821:

Journal of Investigational Allergology & Clinical Immunology

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are the predominant cause. The study of the dispersion of these

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in the air. Signs and symptoms include a runny or stuffy nose,

159: 68: 3521: 2932: 1849:. Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers. 2014. p. 62. 766:

that interact with T-helper 2 (Th2) cells, a specific type of

4927: 4469: 4137: 3135:

Nasser M, Fedorowicz Z, Aljufairi H, McKerrow W (July 2010).

722: 630: 602:. Olive pollen is most predominant in Mediterranean regions. 588: 570: 540: 522: 501: 477: 434:, lower eyelid venous stasis (rings under the eyes known as " 332: 4116: 3472: 3324: 2126: 923:): Caused by seasonal peaks in the airborne load of pollens. 4876: 2288:

Denver Medical Times: Utah Medical Journal. Nevada Medicine

1045: 661: 607: 594: 300: 2814: 3365: 3193:(7th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 1565–75. 2975: 2641:

Sastre B, Cañas JA, Rodrigo-Muñoz JM, del Pozo V (2017).

1288: 966:

antibodies produced in the nose that react to a specific

653: 493: 391: 3417:

Revue Française d'Allergologie et d'Immunologie Clinique

2214:(20th ed.). NY: McGraw-Hill. pp. Chapter 345. 800:) gene and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 ( 3281: 3214:

Craun, Kari L.; Patel, Preeti; Schury, Mark P. (2024),

284:

exposure. Many people with allergic rhinitis also have

4727: 2342: 2014:

La Mantia, Ignazio; Andaloro, Claudio (October 2017).

414:

The characteristic symptoms of allergic rhinitis are:

6435: 3590:

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

2016:"Cobblestone Appearance of the Nasopharyngeal Mucosa" 1956: 1173:

Other measures that may be used second line include:

734:, which is in various fragrances and other products. 6295: 2979:

Cummings Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery E-Book

2886:"Allergic rhinitis management pocket reference 2008" 2590: 2317:

Diseases of the Skin: For Practitioners and Students

2099: 1733:

Advice to the young physician on the art of medicine

5993:

mast cell stabilizer (some are also antihistamines)

2719:"American Academy of Allergy Asthma and Immunology" 730:Allergic rhinitis may also be caused by allergy to 71:

grains from a variety of common plants: sunflower (

2767:Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2336: 2170:European Annals of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 1766:"John Bostock: The man who 'discovered' hay fever" 1253:American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology 3246: 2815:Rondón C, Fernandez J, Canto G, Blanca M (2010). 2764: 2584:Iranian Journal of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology 2575: 2425: 2013: 6459: 4588:Transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease 3213: 2634: 2384: 2382: 2263:The Daily Telegraph: Complete Guide to Allergies 1763: 1279:. Pollen was identified as the cause in 1859 by 30:"Hay fever" redirects here. For other uses, see 3222:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, 1929: 1587: 3524:The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 3331:The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 3070:The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2685: 2524: 2475: 1590:The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 1443: 1441: 1439: 1437: 1435: 1433: 1431: 1429: 1383: 27:Nasal inflammation due to allergens in the air 5808: 4713: 4102: 3805:Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis 3752: 3634: 3284:The Journal of International Medical Research 3046:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538186/ 2469: 2388: 2379: 2260: 1789: 1787: 1628:Current Diagnosis & Treatment: Pediatrics 1478: 1476: 1474: 888:can be seen in differential leukocyte count. 816:of T cell responses, and thus the subsequent 3583: 3318: 3191:Pharmacotherapy: A Pathophysiologic Approach 2600:International Forum of Allergy and Rhinology 2581: 1550: 1548: 1546: 1544: 1542: 1322: 1320: 904: 3479:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3372:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3184: 3182: 3180: 3141:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2476:Ran H, Xiao H, Zhou X, Guo L, Lu S (2020). 1683: 1681: 1679: 1677: 1556:"Immunotherapy for Environmental Allergies" 1511: 1509: 1426: 1379: 1377: 1375: 1373: 1094:second- and third-generation antihistamines 1084:in the case of oral antihistamine tablets. 978:Local allergic rhinitis is associated with 6473:Steroid-responsive inflammatory conditions 5815: 5801: 4720: 4706: 4109: 4095: 3759: 3745: 1839: 1837: 1784: 1759: 1757: 1725: 1723: 1471: 1371: 1369: 1367: 1365: 1363: 1361: 1359: 1357: 1355: 1353: 1283:. In 1906 the mechanism was determined by 1134:In 2013, a study compared the efficacy of 949: 342:reduce allergic symptoms, including nasal 58: 5320:Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema 3611: 3601: 3498: 3391: 3368:"Saline irrigation for allergic rhinitis" 3342: 3160: 3081: 2901: 2691: 2668: 2658: 2558: 2501: 2167: 2144: 2047: 1990: 1621: 1619: 1539: 1409: 1317: 1225: 1185:, and nonpharmacologic therapies such as 3188: 3177: 1932:"Allergic rhinitis: update on diagnosis" 1886: 1882: 1880: 1878: 1876: 1874: 1872: 1870: 1674: 1583: 1581: 1506: 1218:without risk of rhinitis medicamentosa. 962:for allergy are negative, but there are 864: 483: 405: 5344:Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis 4622:Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis 3810:Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis 3766: 2760: 2758: 2307: 2279: 2254: 2064: 1834: 1754: 1750:from the original on September 8, 2017. 1720: 1687: 1350: 1237: 260:, of which the seasonal type is called 14: 6460: 3063: 3026:from the original on February 18, 2019 2865:from the original on February 19, 2015 2810: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2751:from the original on January 14, 2012. 2324:from the original on September 8, 2017 2295:from the original on September 8, 2017 2209: 1946:from the original on January 14, 2010. 1729: 1626:Covar R (2018). "Allergic Disorders". 1616: 1386:"Clinical practice. Allergic rhinitis" 1384:Wheatley LM, Togias A (January 2015). 5796: 4701: 4444:Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis 4090: 3740: 2839:from the original on February 2, 2022 2827:(5): 364–71, quiz 2 p following 371. 2713: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2531:Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 2238:. Forestry.about.com. March 5, 2014. 2205: 2203: 2201: 1867: 1625: 1578: 1517:"Environmental Allergies: Treatments" 401: 3556: 3441: 2755: 2073:Nonprescription Product Therapeutics 2070: 1793: 1484:"Environmental Allergies: Diagnosis" 1115:can also be used for this condition 1086:First-generation antihistamine drugs 1064:azelastine antihistamine nasal spray 5777:Idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis 3116:from the original on March 19, 2023 2801: 2242:from the original on April 14, 2014 1911:from the original on April 22, 2018 1863:from the original on June 10, 2016. 1829:has no connection with the disease. 1662:from the original on March 23, 2022 1390:The New England Journal of Medicine 1328:"Environmental Allergies: Symptoms" 1202:For nocturnal symptoms, intranasal 1069:Ophthalmic antihistamines (such as 488:Allergic rhinitis triggered by the 24: 5366:Vaping-associated pulmonary injury 4729:Diseases of the respiratory system 3690:from the original on March 3, 2022 3675: 3454:from the original on July 25, 2020 2996:from the original on July 25, 2020 2725:from the original on July 25, 2020 2704: 2198: 1887:Sur DK, Plesa ML (December 2015). 1818:from the original on July 25, 2020 1772:from the original on July 31, 2015 1736:. New York: Springer. p. 31. 1708:from the original on July 25, 2020 1630:(24th ed.). NY: McGraw-Hill. 1449:"Cause of Environmental Allergies" 737: 625:"Allergy friendly" trees include: 25: 6489: 4661:Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome 3704: 2077:Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 1764:Justin Parkinson (July 1, 2014). 1263:Allergic rhinitis is the type of 1051: 910: 373:Allergic rhinitis is the type of 206:Exposure to animals early in life 149:Genetic and environmental factors 6445: 4298:Hemolytic disease of the newborn 2903:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2008.01642.x 2859:"Rush University Medical Center" 2357:10.1111/j.1365-2222.2011.03867.x 2020:The Eurasian Journal of Medicine 1930:Valet RS, Fahrenholz JM (2009). 1889:"Treatment of Allergic Rhinitis" 1523:. April 22, 2015. Archived from 1455:. April 22, 2015. Archived from 1334:. April 22, 2015. Archived from 1183:leukotriene receptor antagonists 1038:leukotriene receptor antagonists 360:leukotriene receptor antagonists 234:leukotriene receptor antagonists 4480:Subacute bacterial endocarditis 4342:Immune thrombocytopenic purpura 3628: 3577: 3559:Clinical Allergy and Immunology 3550: 3515: 3466: 3435: 3408: 3359: 3275: 3240: 3207: 3128: 3098: 3057: 3038: 3008: 2969: 2926: 2877: 2851: 2737: 2518: 2228: 2161: 2120: 2093: 2032:10.5152/eurasianjmed.2017.17257 2007: 1950: 1923: 1258: 1216:or an antihistamine nasal spray 850:post-transcriptional regulation 756:single-nucleotide polymorphisms 752:Genome-wide association studies 5826:and other nasal preparations ( 5782:Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis 3491:10.1002/14651858.CD001936.pub2 3384:10.1002/14651858.CD012597.pub2 3153:10.1002/14651858.CD006989.pub2 3106:"Antihistamines for Allergies" 1691:Pediatric otolaryngology vol 2 1644: 1562:. May 12, 2015. Archived from 1490:. May 12, 2015. Archived from 895:Even if a person has negative 13: 1: 5356:Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis 4560:Postorgasmic illness syndrome 2133:Nihon Jibiinkoka Gakkai Kaiho 1812:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)95895-2 1310: 1206:can be combined with nightly 1113:Desloratadine/pseudoephedrine 999: 931:nonseasonal allergic rhinitis 6119:Calcium hexamine thiocyanate 5339:Respiratory hypersensitivity 5277:Hypersensitivity pneumonitis 4617:Hypersensitivity pneumonitis 4045:Acute interstitial nephritis 3917:Eosinophilic gastroenteritis 3795:Hypersensitivity pneumonitis 3649:10.1016/j.autneu.2010.06.006 3429:10.1016/j.allerg.2006.10.006 2982:. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2779:10.1097/ACI.0b013e328334f5fb 1015: 860: 460:People might also find that 7: 5248:Coalworker's pneumoconiosis 4683:Systemic autoimmune disease 4519:Allergic contact dermatitis 4439:Hypersensitivity vasculitis 4322:Autoimmune hemolytic anemia 3858:Hypersensitivity vasculitis 3853:Allergic contact dermatitis 3536:10.1016/j.jaci.2005.12.1308 1298: 1118: 1071:azelastine in eye drop form 927:Perennial allergic rhinitis 183:, blood tests for specific 10: 6494: 6037:Beclometasone dipropionate 5101:Acute exacerbation of COPD 4189:common allergies include: 3344:10.1016/j.jaci.2011.01.037 3296:10.1177/030006058000800111 2146:10.3950/jibiinkoka.108.971 2102:Polski Merkuriusz Lekarski 1602:10.1016/j.jaci.2009.12.989 1270: 1153:tablets and intramuscular 917:Seasonal allergic rhinitis 418:(excess nasal secretion), 32:Hay fever (disambiguation) 29: 6380: 6299: 6256: 6192: 6172: 6106: 6027: 5954:excluding corticosteroids 5948: 5844: 5835: 5744: 5717: 5647: 5633: 5587: 5545: 5524: 5498: 5401: 5387: 5378: 5307: 5192: 5172: 5055: 5035: 4875: 4755: 4735: 4643: 4609: 4600: 4578: 4532: 4511: 4492: 4462: 4416: 4401: 4360: 4312: 4305: 4291: 4261: 4236: 4151: 4128: 4053: 4035: 4017: 3902: 3884: 3866: 3828: 3820:Laboratory animal allergy 3774: 3261:10.1016/j.anl.2012.09.004 2403:10.1007/s11882-013-0415-3 1893:American Family Physician 247: 210: 202: 190: 173: 153: 145: 137: 123: 111: 66: 57: 49: 44: 6107:Other nasal preparations 5164:Diffuse panbronchiolitis 5157:Bronchiolitis obliterans 5023:Laryngotracheal stenosis 4970:Laryngopharyngeal reflux 4948:Laryngopharyngeal reflux 4906:Laryngopharyngeal reflux 4834:Nasal septum perforation 4434:Henoch–Schönlein purpura 4249:Eosinophilic esophagitis 3922:Eosinophilic esophagitis 2660:10.3389/fimmu.2017.00826 2236:"Allergy Friendly Trees" 1212:adrenergic alpha-agonist 1168: 1092:cause drowsiness, while 972:Intradermal skin testing 746:that could be potential 673:): especially ryegrass ( 468: 266:inflammation in the nose 251:~20% (Western countries) 67:SEM Microscope image of 6478:Type I hypersensitivity 6098:Triamcinolone acetonide 4912:Retropharyngeal abscess 4550:Hashimoto's thyroiditis 4337:Guillain–Barré syndrome 4066:Allergic conjunctivitis 4027:Eosinophilic meningitis 3868:Blood and immune system 3722:considered for deletion 3083:10.1067/mai.2001.115569 3064:Skoner DP (July 2001). 3051:March 18, 2022, at the 2391:Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 1963:Allergy & Rhinology 1794:Hall M (May 19, 1838). 1155:triamcinolone acetonide 950:Local allergic rhinitis 905:local allergic rhinitis 897:skin-prick, intradermal 606:is caused primarily by 455:transverse nasal crease 430:, eyelid swelling with 290:allergic conjunctivitis 164:allergic conjunctivitis 6180:Olopatadine/mometasone 6072:Fluticasone propionate 5605:Pulmonary hypertension 5334:Eosinophilic pneumonia 4986:Vocal cord dysfunction 4829:Nasal septum deviation 4651:Autoimmune adrenalitis 3800:Eosinophilic pneumonia 3637:Autonomic Neuroscience 2265:. Little, Brown Book. 2261:Pamela Brooks (2012). 1975:10.2500/ar.2016.7.0176 1596:(2 Suppl 2): S103-15. 1226:Allergen immunotherapy 1197:rhinitis medicamentosa 974:may also be negative. 872: 702:), nettle/parietaria ( 411: 368:allergen immunotherapy 242:allergen immunotherapy 192:Differential diagnosis 118:Allergy and immunology 83:), prairie hollyhock ( 5969:histamine antagonists 5732:Mediastinal emphysema 5511:Healthcare-associated 5441:Legionnaires' disease 4867:Peritonsillar abscess 4839:Nasal septal hematoma 2543:10.3892/etm.2020.9232 2494:10.3892/etm.2020.9232 1768:. BBC News Magazine. 1402:10.1056/NEJMcp1412282 1193:Topical decongestants 868: 520:Trees: such as pine ( 484:Pollen-related causes 409: 268:that occurs when the 95:), evening primrose ( 53:Hay fever, pollenosis 6173:Combination products 5479:Mendelson's syndrome 5351:Hamman–Rich syndrome 4656:Autoimmune hepatitis 4635:Transplant rejection 4545:Giant cell arteritis 4475:Rheumatoid arthritis 4332:Goodpasture syndrome 4244:Autoimmune urticaria 4037:Genitourinary system 3603:10.1155/2019/6478102 3249:Auris, Nasus, Larynx 1238:Alternative medicine 1104:are less likely to. 991:nonallergic rhinitis 720:), and sorrel/dock ( 620:Chamaecyparis obtusa 612:Cryptomeria japonica 101:), and castor bean ( 6235:+dexbrompheniramine 6214:Phenylpropanolamine 6144:Ipratropium bromide 6068:Fluticasone furoate 5752:Respiratory failure 5719:Mediastinal disease 5287:Bird fancier's lung 4862:Adenoid hypertrophy 4122:autoimmune diseases 3768:Allergic conditions 3022:. October 3, 2018. 2291:. January 1, 2010. 1285:Clemens von Pirquet 1251:recommended by the 748:therapeutic targets 562:), horse chestnut ( 432:Dennie–Morgan folds 388:Clemens von Pirquet 179:Based on symptoms, 129:Stuffy itchy nose, 98:Oenothera fruticosa 86:Sidalcea malviflora 6381:External resources 6283:Never to phase III 6078:Mometasone furoate 5657:Pleuritis/pleurisy 5610:Pulmonary embolism 5506:Community-acquired 5431:Atypical bacterial 5330:Löffler's syndrome 5111:Status asthmaticus 5096:Chronic bronchitis 4981:Vocal fold paresis 4795:Vasomotor rhinitis 4565:Reactive arthritis 4555:Multiple sclerosis 4449:Reactive arthritis 4347:Pemphigus vulgaris 4327:Bullous pemphigoid 4228:Penicillin allergy 4164:Allergic urticaria 3886:Circulatory system 3776:Respiratory system 1846:History of Allergy 1688:Fireman P (2002). 1136:mometasone furoate 873: 810:post-translational 808:tissue, acts as a 712:Artemisia Vulgaris 679:sp.) and timothy ( 604:Hay fever in Japan 412: 402:Signs and symptoms 141:20 to 40 years old 89:), oriental lily ( 77:), morning glory ( 6433: 6432: 6424:Allergic rhinitis 6293: 6292: 6188: 6187: 5790: 5789: 5740: 5739: 5697:Empyema/pyothorax 5629: 5628: 5625: 5624: 5583: 5582: 5516:Hospital-acquired 5374: 5373: 5238:Caplan's syndrome 5031: 5030: 4976:Vocal fold nodule 4800:Atrophic rhinitis 4695: 4694: 4691: 4690: 4596: 4595: 4488: 4487: 4397: 4396: 4393: 4392: 4385:Pernicious anemia 4380:Myasthenia gravis 4257: 4256: 4180:Atopic dermatitis 4169:Allergic rhinitis 4084: 4083: 4076:Dust mite allergy 3848:Atopic dermatitis 3784:Allergic rhinitis 3728:Allergic rhinitis 3076:(1 Suppl): S2-8. 2947:10.1111/all.12002 2612:10.1002/alr.21179 2447:10.1111/cea.12148 2441:(10): 1134–1143. 2221:978-1-259-64403-0 2210:Cahill K (2018). 1730:Colgan R (2009). 1637:978-1-259-86290-8 1111:methamphetamine. 750:for the disease. 514:insect-pollinated 294:atopic dermatitis 258:Allergic rhinitis 255: 254: 175:Diagnostic method 168:atopic dermatitis 74:Helianthus annuus 45:Allergic rhinitis 39:Medical condition 16:(Redirected from 6485: 6450: 6449: 6448: 6441: 6297: 6296: 6196:Sympathomimetics 5998:Cromoglicic acid 5885:Levmetamfetamine 5846:Sympathomimetics 5842: 5841: 5817: 5810: 5803: 5794: 5793: 5675:Pleural effusion 5668:Hemopneumothorax 5645: 5644: 5399: 5398: 5385: 5384: 5228:Bauxite fibrosis 5193:External agents/ 5190: 5189: 5121:Exercise-induced 5077:Acute bronchitis 5053: 5052: 4753: 4752: 4722: 4715: 4708: 4699: 4698: 4678:Sjögren syndrome 4607: 4606: 4509: 4508: 4414: 4413: 4310: 4309: 4289: 4288: 4149: 4148: 4118:Hypersensitivity 4111: 4104: 4097: 4088: 4087: 4054:Other conditions 3904:Digestive system 3761: 3754: 3747: 3738: 3737: 3725: 3699: 3697: 3695: 3669: 3668: 3632: 3626: 3625: 3615: 3605: 3581: 3575: 3574: 3554: 3548: 3547: 3519: 3513: 3512: 3502: 3470: 3464: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3439: 3433: 3432: 3412: 3406: 3405: 3395: 3363: 3357: 3356: 3346: 3322: 3316: 3315: 3279: 3273: 3272: 3244: 3238: 3237: 3236: 3234: 3211: 3205: 3204: 3186: 3175: 3174: 3164: 3132: 3126: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3102: 3096: 3095: 3085: 3061: 3055: 3042: 3036: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3012: 3006: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2973: 2967: 2966: 2930: 2924: 2923: 2905: 2881: 2875: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2855: 2849: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2812: 2799: 2798: 2762: 2753: 2752: 2741: 2735: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2715: 2702: 2701: 2689: 2683: 2682: 2672: 2662: 2638: 2632: 2631: 2594: 2588: 2587: 2579: 2573: 2572: 2562: 2522: 2516: 2515: 2505: 2473: 2467: 2466: 2435:Clin Exp Allergy 2429: 2423: 2422: 2386: 2377: 2376: 2345:Clin Exp Allergy 2340: 2334: 2333: 2331: 2329: 2311: 2305: 2304: 2302: 2300: 2283: 2277: 2276: 2258: 2252: 2251: 2249: 2247: 2232: 2226: 2225: 2207: 2196: 2195: 2190: 2165: 2159: 2158: 2148: 2124: 2118: 2117: 2097: 2091: 2090: 2071:Pray WS (2005). 2068: 2062: 2061: 2051: 2011: 2005: 2004: 1994: 1969:(3): e135–e138. 1954: 1948: 1947: 1927: 1921: 1920: 1918: 1916: 1884: 1865: 1864: 1841: 1832: 1831: 1825: 1823: 1791: 1782: 1781: 1779: 1777: 1761: 1752: 1751: 1727: 1718: 1717: 1715: 1713: 1685: 1672: 1671: 1669: 1667: 1656:Cleveland Clinic 1648: 1642: 1641: 1623: 1614: 1613: 1585: 1576: 1575: 1573: 1571: 1566:on June 17, 2015 1552: 1537: 1536: 1534: 1532: 1527:on June 17, 2015 1513: 1504: 1503: 1501: 1499: 1494:on June 17, 2015 1480: 1469: 1468: 1466: 1464: 1459:on June 17, 2015 1445: 1424: 1423: 1413: 1381: 1348: 1347: 1345: 1343: 1338:on June 18, 2015 1324: 1287:. The link with 1281:Charles Blackley 1232:house dust mites 1187:nasal irrigation 1042:nasal irrigation 833:, also known as 669:Grasses (Family 660:, and flowering 586:), linden/lime ( 462:cross-reactivity 440:nasal turbinates 436:allergic shiners 390:. The link with 384:Charles Blackley 380:Abu Bakr al-Razi 104:Ricinus communis 80:Ipomoea purpurea 62: 42: 41: 21: 6493: 6492: 6488: 6487: 6486: 6484: 6483: 6482: 6458: 6457: 6456: 6446: 6444: 6436: 6434: 6429: 6428: 6376: 6375: 6308: 6294: 6289: 6288: 6273:Clinical trials 6252: 6219:Pseudoephedrine 6194: 6184: 6168: 6102: 6029:Corticosteroids 6023: 5953: 5944: 5915:Propylhexedrine 5890:Methylephedrine 5831: 5821: 5791: 5786: 5736: 5713: 5649:Pleural disease 5638: 5621: 5579: 5541: 5525:By distribution 5520: 5499:By vector/route 5494: 5392: 5380: 5370: 5325:Pulmonary edema 5303: 5198: 5194: 5181: 5177: 5168: 5133:Cystic fibrosis 5060: 5044: 5040: 5027: 4871: 4745: 4739: 4731: 4726: 4696: 4687: 4639: 4602: 4592: 4574: 4570:Type 1 diabetes 4540:Coeliac disease 4528: 4500: 4484: 4458: 4424:Arthus reaction 4405: 4389: 4375:Graves' disease 4356: 4352:Rheumatic fever 4301: 4269: 4253: 4232: 4159:Allergic asthma 4140: 4124: 4115: 4085: 4080: 4049: 4031: 4013: 3912:Coeliac disease 3898: 3880: 3862: 3824: 3770: 3765: 3710: 3707: 3702: 3693: 3691: 3682: 3678: 3676:Further reading 3673: 3672: 3633: 3629: 3582: 3578: 3555: 3551: 3520: 3516: 3485:(1): CD001936. 3471: 3467: 3457: 3455: 3440: 3436: 3413: 3409: 3378:(6): CD012597. 3364: 3360: 3323: 3319: 3280: 3276: 3245: 3241: 3232: 3230: 3212: 3208: 3201: 3187: 3178: 3147:(7): CD006989. 3133: 3129: 3119: 3117: 3110:MedlinePlus.gov 3104: 3103: 3099: 3062: 3058: 3053:Wayback Machine 3043: 3039: 3029: 3027: 3014: 3013: 3009: 2999: 2997: 2990: 2974: 2970: 2931: 2927: 2882: 2878: 2868: 2866: 2857: 2856: 2852: 2842: 2840: 2813: 2802: 2763: 2756: 2745:"Allergy Tests" 2743: 2742: 2738: 2728: 2726: 2717: 2716: 2705: 2690: 2686: 2639: 2635: 2595: 2591: 2580: 2576: 2523: 2519: 2474: 2470: 2430: 2426: 2387: 2380: 2341: 2337: 2327: 2325: 2312: 2308: 2298: 2296: 2285: 2284: 2280: 2273: 2259: 2255: 2245: 2243: 2234: 2233: 2229: 2222: 2208: 2199: 2188: 2166: 2162: 2135:(in Japanese). 2125: 2121: 2098: 2094: 2087: 2079:. p. 221. 2069: 2065: 2012: 2008: 1955: 1951: 1928: 1924: 1914: 1912: 1885: 1868: 1857: 1843: 1842: 1835: 1821: 1819: 1792: 1785: 1775: 1773: 1762: 1755: 1744: 1728: 1721: 1711: 1709: 1702: 1686: 1675: 1665: 1663: 1650: 1649: 1645: 1638: 1624: 1617: 1586: 1579: 1569: 1567: 1554: 1553: 1540: 1530: 1528: 1515: 1514: 1507: 1497: 1495: 1482: 1481: 1472: 1462: 1460: 1447: 1446: 1427: 1382: 1351: 1341: 1339: 1326: 1325: 1318: 1313: 1301: 1273: 1261: 1240: 1228: 1204:corticosteroids 1171: 1138:nasal spray to 1121: 1108:Pseudoephedrine 1090:diphenhydramine 1054: 1022:corticosteroids 1018: 1002: 952: 935:atopic rhinitis 913: 882:RAST blood test 863: 814:phosphorylation 740: 738:Genetic factors 682:Phleum pratense 647:double-flowered 622:) tree pollen. 499:wind-pollinated 486: 471: 451:allergic salute 404: 356:cromolyn sodium 352:diphenhydramine 325:skin prick test 264:, is a type of 230:cromolyn sodium 226:diphenhydramine 181:skin prick test 40: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6491: 6481: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6455: 6454: 6431: 6430: 6427: 6426: 6415: 6397: 6385: 6384: 6382: 6378: 6377: 6374: 6373: 6362: 6351: 6340: 6325: 6309: 6304: 6303: 6301: 6300:Classification 6291: 6290: 6287: 6286: 6285: 6284: 6281: 6270: 6264: 6258: 6257: 6254: 6253: 6251: 6250: 6227:+carbinoxamine 6216: 6211: 6206: 6200: 6198: 6190: 6189: 6186: 6185: 6183: 6182: 6176: 6174: 6170: 6169: 6167: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6124:Eucalyptus oil 6121: 6116: 6110: 6108: 6104: 6103: 6101: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6033: 6031: 6025: 6024: 6022: 6021: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5988: 5987: 5981: 5976: 5964: 5963: 5961:Spaglumic acid 5957: 5955: 5946: 5945: 5943: 5942: 5940:Xylometazoline 5937: 5932: 5930:Tuaminoheptane 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5860:Cyclopentamine 5857: 5851: 5849: 5839: 5833: 5832: 5820: 5819: 5812: 5805: 5797: 5788: 5787: 5785: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5748: 5746: 5742: 5741: 5738: 5737: 5735: 5734: 5729: 5723: 5721: 5715: 5714: 5712: 5711: 5705: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5677: 5671: 5670: 5660: 5659: 5653: 5651: 5642: 5635:Pleural cavity 5631: 5630: 5627: 5626: 5623: 5622: 5620: 5619: 5614: 5613: 5612: 5607: 5597: 5591: 5589: 5585: 5584: 5581: 5580: 5578: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5551: 5549: 5543: 5542: 5540: 5539: 5534: 5528: 5526: 5522: 5521: 5519: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5502: 5500: 5496: 5495: 5493: 5492: 5491: 5490: 5481: 5467: 5462: 5461: 5460: 5450: 5449: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5428: 5427: 5426: 5421: 5411: 5405: 5403: 5396: 5382: 5376: 5375: 5372: 5371: 5369: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5347: 5346: 5336: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5311: 5309: 5305: 5304: 5302: 5301: 5300: 5299: 5297:Lycoperdonosis 5294: 5289: 5284: 5273: 5272: 5271: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5208:Pneumoconiosis 5204: 5202: 5187: 5170: 5169: 5167: 5166: 5161: 5160: 5159: 5149: 5144: 5142: 5136: 5135: 5130: 5128:Bronchiectasis 5125: 5124: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5104: 5098: 5088: 5086: 5080: 5079: 5074: 5072: 5066: 5064: 5050: 5033: 5032: 5029: 5028: 5026: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5013: 5005: 5004: 4999: 4997: 4989: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4967: 4965: 4957: 4956: 4951: 4945: 4940: 4938:Laryngeal cyst 4935: 4933:Laryngomalacia 4930: 4925: 4923: 4915: 4914: 4909: 4903: 4902: 4901: 4891: 4889: 4881: 4879: 4873: 4872: 4870: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4852: 4844: 4843: 4842: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4808: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4787: 4785: 4777: 4776: 4771: 4769: 4761: 4759: 4750: 4733: 4732: 4725: 4724: 4717: 4710: 4702: 4693: 4692: 4689: 4688: 4686: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4674: 4673: 4668: 4658: 4653: 4647: 4645: 4641: 4640: 4638: 4637: 4632: 4626: 4625: 4624: 4613: 4611: 4604: 4598: 4597: 4594: 4593: 4591: 4590: 4584: 4582: 4576: 4575: 4573: 4572: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4536: 4534: 4530: 4529: 4527: 4526: 4521: 4515: 4513: 4506: 4490: 4489: 4486: 4485: 4483: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4466: 4464: 4460: 4459: 4457: 4456: 4454:Serum sickness 4451: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4420: 4418: 4411: 4408:Immune complex 4399: 4398: 4395: 4394: 4391: 4390: 4388: 4387: 4382: 4377: 4371: 4369: 4358: 4357: 4355: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4318: 4316: 4307: 4303: 4302: 4300: 4295: 4293: 4286: 4285: 4284: 4283: 4282: 4277: 4259: 4258: 4255: 4254: 4252: 4251: 4246: 4240: 4238: 4234: 4233: 4231: 4230: 4225: 4224: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4182: 4177: 4172: 4166: 4161: 4155: 4153: 4146: 4126: 4125: 4114: 4113: 4106: 4099: 4091: 4082: 4081: 4079: 4078: 4073: 4068: 4063: 4057: 4055: 4051: 4050: 4048: 4047: 4041: 4039: 4033: 4032: 4030: 4029: 4023: 4021: 4019:Nervous system 4015: 4014: 4012: 4011: 4010: 4009: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3989: 3984: 3979: 3974: 3969: 3968: 3967: 3962: 3954: 3949: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3908: 3906: 3900: 3899: 3897: 3896: 3890: 3888: 3882: 3881: 3879: 3878: 3876:Serum sickness 3872: 3870: 3864: 3863: 3861: 3860: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3834: 3832: 3826: 3825: 3823: 3822: 3817: 3812: 3807: 3802: 3797: 3792: 3787: 3780: 3778: 3772: 3771: 3764: 3763: 3756: 3749: 3741: 3735: 3734: 3706: 3705:External links 3703: 3701: 3700: 3679: 3677: 3674: 3671: 3670: 3627: 3576: 3549: 3530:(5): 1054–62. 3514: 3465: 3434: 3423:(8): 713–720. 3407: 3358: 3317: 3274: 3239: 3216:"Fexofenadine" 3206: 3200:978-0071478991 3199: 3176: 3127: 3097: 3056: 3037: 3007: 2988: 2968: 2941:(10): 1282–8. 2925: 2876: 2850: 2800: 2754: 2736: 2703: 2684: 2633: 2606:(8): 612–620. 2589: 2574: 2517: 2468: 2424: 2378: 2351:(2): 218–228. 2335: 2306: 2278: 2271: 2253: 2227: 2220: 2197: 2160: 2119: 2108:(30): 338–40. 2092: 2086:978-0781734981 2085: 2063: 2026:(3): 220–221. 2006: 1949: 1922: 1899:(11): 985–92. 1866: 1855: 1833: 1783: 1753: 1742: 1719: 1700: 1673: 1643: 1636: 1615: 1577: 1538: 1505: 1470: 1425: 1349: 1315: 1314: 1312: 1309: 1308: 1307: 1300: 1297: 1272: 1269: 1260: 1257: 1239: 1236: 1227: 1224: 1170: 1167: 1159:glucocorticoid 1120: 1117: 1053: 1052:Antihistamines 1050: 1026:antihistamines 1017: 1014: 1001: 998: 980:conjunctivitis 951: 948: 939: 938: 924: 912: 911:Classification 909: 862: 859: 831:protein family 827:Immunoglobulin 760:interleukin-33 758:(SNPs) in the 739: 736: 732:Balsam of Peru 728: 727: 686: 667: 666: 665: 592:), and olive ( 485: 482: 470: 467: 403: 400: 348:antihistamines 309:IgE antibodies 272:overreacts to 253: 252: 249: 245: 244: 222:antihistamines 214: 208: 207: 204: 200: 199: 194: 188: 187: 177: 171: 170: 157: 151: 150: 147: 143: 142: 139: 135: 134: 127: 121: 120: 115: 109: 108: 92:Lilium auratum 64: 63: 55: 54: 51: 47: 46: 38: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6490: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6465: 6463: 6453: 6443: 6442: 6439: 6425: 6421: 6420: 6416: 6414: 6410: 6407: 6403: 6402: 6398: 6396: 6392: 6391: 6387: 6386: 6383: 6379: 6372: 6368: 6367: 6363: 6361: 6357: 6356: 6352: 6350: 6346: 6345: 6341: 6339: 6335: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6324: 6320: 6319: 6315: 6311: 6310: 6307: 6302: 6298: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6259: 6255: 6248: 6244: 6240: 6239:+fexofenadine 6236: 6232: 6228: 6224: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6209:Phenylephrine 6207: 6205: 6202: 6201: 6199: 6197: 6193:Systemic use: 6191: 6181: 6178: 6177: 6175: 6171: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6111: 6109: 6105: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6093:Triamcinolone 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6073: 6069: 6066:Fluticasone ( 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6057:Dexamethasone 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6042:Betamethasone 6040: 6038: 6035: 6034: 6032: 6030: 6026: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5995: 5994: 5990: 5989: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5974:Levocabastine 5971: 5970: 5966: 5965: 5962: 5959: 5958: 5956: 5951: 5947: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5910:Phenylephrine 5908: 5906: 5905:Oxymetazoline 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5834: 5829: 5825: 5824:Decongestants 5818: 5813: 5811: 5806: 5804: 5799: 5798: 5795: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5749: 5747: 5745:Other/general 5743: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5727:Mediastinitis 5725: 5724: 5722: 5720: 5716: 5710: 5707: 5706: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5672: 5669: 5665: 5662: 5661: 5658: 5655: 5654: 5652: 5650: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5636: 5632: 5618: 5615: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5602: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5592: 5590: 5586: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5552: 5550: 5548: 5544: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5529: 5527: 5523: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5503: 5501: 5497: 5489: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5476: 5473: 5472: 5471: 5470:noninfectious 5468: 5466: 5463: 5459: 5456: 5455: 5454: 5451: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5433: 5432: 5429: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5416: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5406: 5404: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5390: 5386: 5383: 5379:Obstructive / 5377: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5345: 5342: 5341: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5312: 5310: 5306: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5292:Farmer's lung 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5279: 5278: 5275: 5274: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5210: 5209: 5206: 5205: 5203: 5201: 5197: 5191: 5188: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5171: 5165: 5162: 5158: 5155: 5154: 5153: 5152:Bronchiolitis 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5137: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5108: 5105: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5093: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5081: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5067: 5065: 5063: 5058: 5054: 5051: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5034: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5012: 5011: 5007: 5006: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4996: 4995: 4991: 4990: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4964: 4963: 4959: 4958: 4955: 4952: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4922: 4921: 4917: 4916: 4913: 4910: 4907: 4904: 4900: 4897: 4896: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4888: 4887: 4883: 4882: 4880: 4878: 4874: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4851: 4850: 4846: 4845: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4826: 4825: 4824: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4792: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4784: 4783: 4779: 4778: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4768: 4767: 4763: 4762: 4760: 4758: 4754: 4751: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4723: 4718: 4716: 4711: 4709: 4704: 4703: 4700: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4663: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4648: 4646: 4642: 4636: 4633: 4630: 4629:Latex allergy 4627: 4623: 4620: 4619: 4618: 4615: 4614: 4612: 4608: 4605: 4599: 4589: 4586: 4585: 4583: 4581: 4577: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4537: 4535: 4531: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4516: 4514: 4510: 4507: 4504: 4499: 4498:cell-mediated 4495: 4491: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4467: 4465: 4461: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4429:Farmer's lung 4427: 4425: 4422: 4421: 4419: 4415: 4412: 4409: 4404: 4400: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4372: 4370: 4368: 4364: 4359: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4319: 4317: 4315: 4311: 4308: 4304: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4290: 4287: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4272: 4271: 4270: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4241: 4239: 4235: 4229: 4226: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4188: 4187: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4157: 4156: 4154: 4150: 4147: 4144: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4112: 4107: 4105: 4100: 4098: 4093: 4092: 4089: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4071:Latex allergy 4069: 4067: 4064: 4062: 4059: 4058: 4056: 4052: 4046: 4043: 4042: 4040: 4038: 4034: 4028: 4025: 4024: 4022: 4020: 4016: 4008: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3975: 3973: 3970: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3957: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3929: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3909: 3907: 3905: 3901: 3895: 3892: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3883: 3877: 3874: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3865: 3859: 3856: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3846: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3835: 3833: 3831: 3827: 3821: 3818: 3816: 3815:Farmer's lung 3813: 3811: 3808: 3806: 3803: 3801: 3798: 3796: 3793: 3791: 3788: 3785: 3782: 3781: 3779: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3762: 3757: 3755: 3750: 3748: 3743: 3742: 3739: 3733: 3729: 3723: 3719: 3718: 3714: 3709: 3708: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3680: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3643:(1–2): 42–5. 3642: 3638: 3631: 3623: 3619: 3614: 3609: 3604: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3580: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3553: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3518: 3510: 3506: 3501: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3469: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3438: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3411: 3403: 3399: 3394: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3362: 3354: 3350: 3345: 3340: 3337:(4): 927–34. 3336: 3332: 3328: 3321: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3278: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3255:(3): 277–81. 3254: 3250: 3243: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3210: 3202: 3196: 3192: 3185: 3183: 3181: 3172: 3168: 3163: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3131: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3101: 3093: 3089: 3084: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3060: 3054: 3050: 3047: 3041: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3011: 2995: 2991: 2989:9780323278201 2985: 2981: 2980: 2972: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2929: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2904: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2880: 2864: 2860: 2854: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2811: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2761: 2759: 2750: 2746: 2740: 2724: 2720: 2714: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2700:(3): 901–912. 2699: 2695: 2688: 2680: 2676: 2671: 2666: 2661: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2647:Front Immunol 2644: 2637: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2593: 2585: 2578: 2570: 2566: 2561: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2521: 2513: 2509: 2504: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2472: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2428: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2385: 2383: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2339: 2323: 2319: 2318: 2310: 2294: 2290: 2289: 2282: 2274: 2272:9781472103949 2268: 2264: 2257: 2241: 2237: 2231: 2223: 2217: 2213: 2206: 2204: 2202: 2193: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2172:(in French). 2171: 2164: 2156: 2152: 2147: 2142: 2139:(10): 971–9. 2138: 2134: 2130: 2123: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2104:(in Polish). 2103: 2096: 2088: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2067: 2059: 2055: 2050: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2010: 2002: 1998: 1993: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1953: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1926: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1883: 1881: 1879: 1877: 1875: 1873: 1871: 1862: 1858: 1856:9783318021950 1852: 1848: 1847: 1840: 1838: 1830: 1822:September 23, 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1790: 1788: 1771: 1767: 1760: 1758: 1749: 1745: 1743:9781441910349 1739: 1735: 1734: 1726: 1724: 1712:September 23, 1707: 1703: 1701:9789997619846 1697: 1693: 1692: 1684: 1682: 1680: 1678: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1647: 1639: 1633: 1629: 1622: 1620: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1584: 1582: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1551: 1549: 1547: 1545: 1543: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1512: 1510: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1479: 1477: 1475: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1444: 1442: 1440: 1438: 1436: 1434: 1432: 1430: 1421: 1417: 1412: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1396:(5): 456–63. 1395: 1391: 1387: 1380: 1378: 1376: 1374: 1372: 1370: 1368: 1366: 1364: 1362: 1360: 1358: 1356: 1354: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1323: 1321: 1316: 1306: 1303: 1302: 1296: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1268: 1266: 1256: 1254: 1249: 1245: 1235: 1233: 1223: 1219: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1208:oxymetazoline 1205: 1200: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1188: 1184: 1180: 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In 1859, 364:montelukast 340:medications 329:common cold 238:montelukast 197:Common cold 138:Usual onset 50:Other names 6462:Categories 6419:Patient UK 6366:DiseasesDB 6223:+azatadine 6159:Ritiometan 6139:Hyaluronan 6134:Hexamidine 6129:Framycetin 6088:Tixocortol 6047:Budesonide 6018:Lodoxamide 6008:Azelastine 6003:Nedocromil 5979:Antazoline 5935:Tymazoline 5895:Metizoline 5682:Hemothorax 5484:Aspiration 5446:Chlamydiae 5436:Mycoplasma 5424:Klebsiella 5282:Bagassosis 5268:Byssinosis 5243:Chalicosis 5218:Asbestosis 5213:Aluminosis 5147:Bronchitis 5018:Tracheitis 4994:epiglottis 4943:Laryngitis 4817:Rhinorrhea 4644:Autoimmune 4533:Autoimmune 4463:Autoimmune 4306:Autoimmune 4237:Autoimmune 3838:Angioedema 3565:: 703–10. 3233:August 16, 3220:StatPearls 2773:(1): 1–7. 2586:: 413–419. 2537:(5): 102. 2488:(5): 102. 2397:(2): 415. 1936:Consultant 1800:The Lancet 1311:References 1305:Hemp fever 1248:homeopathy 1151:prednisone 1124:Intranasal 1102:loratadine 1082:drowsiness 1000:Prevention 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