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made to mined lands—either public or private—that could eventually lead to problems in social structure, identity, and physical health (Franks 2009). Many have argued that by cycling mine power through local citizens, this disagreement can be alleviated, since both interest groups would have shared and equal voice and understanding in future goals. However, it is often difficult to match corporate mining interests with local social interests, and money is often a deciding factor in the successes of any disagreements. If communities are able to feel like they have a valid understanding and power in issues concerning their local environment and society, they are more likely to tolerate and encourage the positive benefits that come with mining, as well as more effectively promote alternative methods to heap leach mining using their intimate knowledge of the local geography (Franks 2009).
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crushed ore being contained in a smaller area (Lupo 2010). With that increase in build up comes in potential for decrease in yield or ore quality, as well as potential either weak spots in the lining or areas of increased pressure buildup. This build up still has the potential to lead to punctures in the liner. As of 2004 cushion fabrics, which could reduce potential punctures and their leaking, were still being debated due to their tendency to increase risks if too much weight on too large a surface was placed on the cushioning (Thiel and Smith 2004). In addition, some liners, depending on their composition, may react with salts in the soil as well as acid from the chemical leaching to affect the successfulness of the liner. This can be amplified over time.
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mechanisms can result in a number of practical and financial problems that will resonate throughout the life of the heap impacting the financial return of the operation. Through procedures that go beyond the commonly employed metallurgical testing and the integration of data gleaned through real time 3D monitoring, a more complete representative characterization of the physicochemical properties of the heap environment is obtained. This improved understanding results in a significantly higher degree of accuracy in terms of creating a truly representative sample of the environment within the heap.
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166:, provide more uniform distribution of the leach solution, and avoid damaging the exposed mineral. The solution then percolates through the heap and leaches both the target and other minerals. This process, called the "leach cycle," generally takes from one or two months for simple oxide ores (e.g. most gold ores) to two years for nickel
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continues percolating through the crushed ore until it reaches the liner at the bottom of the heap where it drains into a storage (pregnant solution) pond. After separating the precious metals from the pregnant solution, the dilute cyanide solution (now called "barren solution") is normally re-used
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ores. The leach solution containing the dissolved minerals is then collected, treated in a process plant to recover the target mineral and in some cases precipitate other minerals, and recycled to the heap after reagent levels are adjusted. Ultimate recovery of the target mineral can range from 30%
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With the rise of the environmentalist movement has also come an increased appreciation for social justice, and mining has showed similar trends lately. Societies located near potential mining sites are at increased risk to be subjected to injustices as their environment is affected by the changes
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The conventional pads simplest in design are used for mostly flat or gentle areas and hold thinner layers of crushed ore. Dump leach pads hold more ore and can usually handle a less flat terrain. Valley fills are pads situated at valley bottoms or levels that can hold everything falling into it.
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In recent years, the addition of an agglomeration drum has improved on the heap leaching process by allowing for a more efficient leach. The rotary drum agglomerator works by taking the crushed ore fines and agglomerating them into more uniform particles. This makes it much easier for the leaching
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mining lacks these liners and pulls pregnant solution up to obtain the minerals. Heap leaching is widely used in modern large-scale mining operations as it produces the desired concentrates at a lower cost compared to conventional processing methods such as flotation, agitation, and vat leaching.
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Theoretical and numerical analysis, and operational data show that these fundamental mechanisms are controlled by scale, dimensionality, and heterogeneity, all of which adversely affect the scalability of metallurgical and hydrodynamic properties from the lab to the field. The dismissal of these
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Many of these mines which previously had digging depths of about 15 meters are digging deeper than ever before to mine materials, approximately 50 meters, sometimes more, which means that, in order to accommodate all of the ground being displaced, pads will have to hold higher weights from more
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Heap leach mining works well for large volumes of low grade ores, as reduced metallurgical treatment (comminution) of the ore is required in order to extract an equivalent amount of minerals when compared to milling. The significantly reduced processing costs are offset by the reduced yield of
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While most mining companies have shifted from a previously accepted sprinkler method to the percolation of slowly dripping choice chemicals including cyanide or sulfuric acid closer to the actual ore bed, heap leach pads have not changed too much throughout the years. There are still four main
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The mined ore is usually crushed into small chunks and heaped on an impermeable plastic or clay lined leach pad where it can be irrigated with a leach solution to dissolve the valuable metals. While sprinklers are occasionally used for irrigation, more often operations use drip irrigation to
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Although heap leach design has made significant progress over the last few years through the use of new materials and improved analytical tools, industrial experience shows that there are significant benefits from extending the design process beyond the liner and into the rock pile itself.
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instead of cyanide solution to dissolve the target minerals from crushed ore. The amount of sulfuric acid required is much higher than for copper ores, as high as 1,000 kg of acid per tonne of ore, but 500 kg is more common. The method was originally patented by
Australian miner
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Nickel recovery from the leach solutions is much more complex than for copper and requires various stages of iron and magnesium removal, and the process produces both leached ore residue ("ripios") and chemical precipitates from the recovery plant (principally iron oxide residues,
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Franks, Daniel 2009 Avoiding Mine-Community
Conflict: From Dialogue to Shared Futures. In: Jacques Wiertz and Chris Moran, Proceedings of the First International Seminar on Environmental Issues in the Mining Industry. Enviromine 2009, Santiago, Chile, (x-x). 30 Sept- 2 Oct
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usually approximately 60-70%. The amount of overall environmental impact caused by heap leaching is often lower than more traditional techniques. It also requires less energy consumption to use this method, which many consider to be an environmental alternative.
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in 1976. Currently, mining on federal land must have a government-approved mining and reclamation plan before mining can start. Reclamation bonds are required. Mining on either federal, state, or private land is subject to the requirements of the
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facility where the residual cyanide is treated and residual metals are removed. In very high rainfall areas, such as the tropics, in some cases there is surplus water that is then discharged to the environment, after treatment, posing possible
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Guzmán-Guzmán, A., Y. Cáceres Hernández, O., Srivastava, R., & W. Jones, J. (2014). Integrated process control to enhance heap leach performance. Paper presented at the Second
International Conference on Heap Leach Solutions, Lima,
584:, and sometimes even the same sulfuric acid that is needed for the process. Both oxide and sulfide ores can be leached, though the leach cycles are much different and sulfide leaching requires a bacterial, or bio-leach, component.
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The addition of an agglomeration drum also has the added benefit of being able to pre-mix the leaching solution with the ore fines to achieve a more concentrated, homogeneous mixture and allow the leach to begin prior to the heap.
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with low-grade ores. Higher-grade ores are usually put through more complex milling processes where higher recoveries justify the extra cost. The process chosen depends on the properties of the ore.
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land; the original law did not require post-mining reclamation (Woody et al. 2011). Mined land reclamation requirements on federal land depended on state requirements until the passage of the
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mine in
Finland, the Balkans, and the Philippines. There currently are no operating commercial scale nickel laterite heap leach operations, but there is a sulphide HL operating in Finland.
591:, produced 3.4 million metric tons of copper, 22 percent of world production. The largest copper heap leach operations are in Chile, Peru, and the southwestern United States.
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By adhering to the characterization identified above, a more comprehensive view of heap leach environments can be realized, allowing the industry to move away from the
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powder is added to cause a precipitation of gold and zinc. The fine product can be either doré (gold-silver bars) or zinc-gold sludge that is then refined elsewhere.
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Characterization of the physical and hydraulic (hydrodynamic) properties of ore-for-leach focuses on the direct measurement of the key properties of the ore, namely:
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The relationship between the aforementioned parameters and the ore preparation practices (mining, crushing, agglomeration, curing, and method of placement)
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using a series of chemical reactions that absorb specific minerals and re-separate them after their division from other earth materials. Similar to
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Thiel, Richard, and Mark E. Smith 2004 State of the practice review of heap leach pad design issues. Geotextiles and
Geomembranes 22(5): 555-568
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precipitates (NHP) or mixed metal hydroxide precipitates (MHP), which are then subject to conventional smelting to produce metallic nickel.
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Under any given set of circumstances, what type of recovery can be expected before the leach solution quality drops below a critical limit?
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Krauth, Richard G. 1991 Controlled
Percolation System and Method for Heap Leach Mining. United States Patent 5,005,806. April 9, 1991.
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of the mining process, it is advantageous to include the results of the leaching operation in the economic overall project evaluation.
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Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed.
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Left: ore fines without agglomeration. Right: Ore fines after agglomeration - Improved percolation as a result of agglomeration.
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Roman, Ronald J., Blair R. Benner, and George W. Becker. "Diffusion model for heap leaching and its application to scale-up."
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The most common methods to remove the gold from solution are either using activated carbon to selectively absorb it, or the
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How should the concentration of acid be altered over time in order to produce a solution that can be economically treated?
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Due to the profitability that the dump leaching has on the mining process, i.e. it can contribute substantially to the
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categories of pads: conventional, dump leach, valley fills, and on/off pads. Typically, each pad only has a single,
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On/off pads involve putting significantly larger loads on the pads and removing and reloading it after every cycle.
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Bouffard, Sylvie C., and David G. Dixon. "Investigative study into the hydrodynamics of heap leaching processes."
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One solution proposed to reclamation problems is the privatization of the land to be mined (Woody et al. 2011).
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Can the investment of crushing the ore be justified by the potential increase in recovery and rate of recovery?
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Although heap leaching is a low cost-process, it normally has recovery rates of 60-70%. It is normally most
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Lupo, John F. 2009 Liner system design for heap leach pads. Geotextiles and
Geomembranes 28(12): 163-173
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Thiel, Richard, and Mark E. Smith 2004 State of the practice review of heap leach pad design issues.
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Petersen, J., & Dixon, D. G. (2002). Thermophilic heap leaching of a chalcopyrite concentrate.
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677:, in Niger with two mines and Namibia; and several other companies are studying its feasibility.
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This method is an acid heap leaching method like that of the copper method in that it utilises
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solution to percolate through the pile, making its way through the channels between particles.
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operations and determines the quality grade of the produced material along with other factors
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The production of one gold ring through this method, can generate 20 tons of waste material.
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and is being commercialized by Cerro Matoso in
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The relationship between the moisture content and percolation capacity (conductivity curve)
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copper ores to over 90% for the ores that are easiest to leach, some oxide gold ores.
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The process has ancient origins; one of the classical methods for the manufacture of
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The essential questions to address during the process of the heap leaching are:
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During the extraction phase, the gold ions form complex ions with the cyanide:
530:{\displaystyle {\ce {{2Au(CN)2^{-}(aq)}+Zn(s)->{Zn(CN)4^{2}-(aq)}+2Au(s)}}}
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black-box approach to a physicochemically inclusive industrial reactor model.
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Similar to copper oxide heap leaching, also using dilute sulfuric acid.
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in Brazil; and
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liner for each pad, with a minimum thickness of 1.5mm, usually thicker.
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and requires significant further processing to produce fuel-grade feed.
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solution. The solution containing the dissolved precious metals in a
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How does the form of a heap affect the recovery and solution grade?
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373:{\displaystyle {\ce {{Au+ (s)}+ 2CN^- (aq) -> Au(CN)2^- (aq)}}}
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Industrial mining process used to extract precious metals from ore
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Additionally, dump leaching is an essential part of most copper
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The method is similar to the cyanide method above, except
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from the heap, which was then boiled with iron to produce
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Heap leaching into groundwater is a major health concern
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in the heap-leach-process or occasionally sent to an
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What recovery (quantifiable measure) can be expected?
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Recuperation of the gold is readily achieved with a
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The crushed ore is irrigated with a dilute alkaline
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Diagram of heap leach recovery for uranium (US NRC)
917:"Agglomeration Drums in the Heap Leaching Process"
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60:Learn how and when to remove this message
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171:of contained run-of-mine dump leaching
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737:Federal Land Policy and Management Act
665:is commercializing this technology in
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601:The final product is cathode copper.
1063:USGS 2005 Minerals Yearbook - Nickel
1058:European Nickel PLC official website
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804:
801:
798:
797:
778:
776:
765:
762:
756:
753:
724:
721:
715:
712:
710:
707:
689:
686:
650:
647:
606:
603:
553:
550:
538:
537:
524:
518:
510:
507:
502:
496:
491:
485:
480:
475:
469:
460:
456:
450:
443:
438:
432:
426:
421:
416:
410:
401:
381:
380:
367:
361:
355:
350:
345:
339:
331:
327:
321:
315:
306:
303:
298:
292:
286:
240:
237:
225:
224:
221:
218:
215:
212:
196:
195:
192:
189:
186:
183:
150:
147:
105:in situ mining
68:
67:
34:listed sources
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1726:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
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1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
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1654:
1644:
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1629:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1614:
1608:
1604:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1588:Patio process
1586:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1577:
1571:
1570:Bayer process
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1550:Tank leaching
1548:
1546:
1545:Dump leaching
1543:
1541:
1540:Heap leaching
1538:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1521:
1515:
1511:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1420:Zinc smelting
1418:
1416:
1415:Lead smelting
1413:
1411:
1410:Iron smelting
1408:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1396:
1390:
1386:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1322:Concentration
1319:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1265:
1262:
1260:
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1252:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1166:
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1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1126:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1109:
1104:
1100:
1093:
1088:
1086:
1081:
1079:
1074:
1073:
1070:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1030:
1023:
1019:
1016:
1010:
1001:
992:
985:
979:
970:
963:
957:
950:
944:
934:
918:
912:
905:
899:
892:
891:
884:
877:
871:
864:
860:
854:
850:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
824:In-situ leach
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
806:
794:
785:
781:
777:
774:
770:
769:
761:
752:
749:
747:
743:
742:Clean Air Act
738:
734:
733:public domain
730:
720:
714:Effectiveness
706:
702:
698:
696:
685:
683:
678:
676:
672:
668:
664:
655:
646:
644:
639:
637:
633:
627:
625:
621:
617:
612:
611:sulfuric acid
602:
599:
597:
592:
590:
585:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
558:sulfuric acid
549:
547:
543:
508:
505:
489:
483:
478:
441:
424:
419:
399:
390:
389:
388:
386:
353:
348:
313:
304:
301:
284:
270:
269:
268:
265:
262:
260:
255:
250:
246:
236:
234:
229:
222:
219:
216:
213:
210:
209:
208:
204:
200:
193:
190:
187:
184:
181:
180:
179:
176:
174:
169:
165:
155:
146:
144:
140:
136:
132:
127:
125:
120:
118:
113:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
81:Heap leaching
74:
64:
61:
53:
41:
40:
35:
30:
26:
21:
20:
1620:Electrolysis
1580:Amalgamation
1539:
1335:Jameson cell
1292:Hydrocyclone
1029:
1009:
1000:
991:
978:
969:
956:
948:
943:
933:
921:. Retrieved
911:
903:
898:
889:
883:
875:
870:
862:
858:
853:
788:
784:adding to it
779:
758:
750:
726:
717:
703:
699:
691:
679:
660:
649:Uranium ores
640:
628:
608:
600:
593:
586:
555:
539:
382:
266:
263:
242:
232:
230:
226:
205:
201:
197:
177:
160:
128:
121:
114:
108:
80:
79:
56:
50:October 2019
47:
36:
1656:Co-products
1490:Calcination
1454:Cupellation
1370:Dry washing
1359:Magnetation
1282:Ore sorting
1247:Pebble mill
1214:Comminution
923:21 February
695:geomembrane
605:Nickel ores
552:Copper ores
387:-reaction:
164:evaporation
135:iron pyrite
37:may not be
1693:Stamp sand
1643:Downs cell
1375:Buddle pit
1365:Rocker box
1222:Stamp mill
1163:Base metal
1131:Extraction
845:References
839:Yellowcake
791:April 2021
682:yellowcake
624:Talvivaara
596:profitable
1535:Lixiviant
1500:Liquation
1393:(by heat)
1254:Ball mill
1197:Recycling
688:Apparatus
671:Australia
663:Rio Tinto
490:−
459:⟶
425:−
354:−
330:⟶
314:−
162:minimize
1708:Category
1663:Tailings
1527:Leaching
1495:Roasting
1446:Refining
1430:ISASMELT
1402:Smelting
1259:Rod mill
1242:SAG mill
1227:Arrastra
1018:Archived
834:Tailings
803:See also
764:Examples
744:and the
578:jarosite
233:de facto
168:laterite
139:leachate
131:copperas
39:reliable
1688:Red mud
1678:Clinker
1432:furnace
1340:Panning
1297:Trommel
1287:Vanning
1264:IsaMill
1237:AG mill
1232:Crusher
1180:Surface
1158:Mineral
964:, 2012.
667:Namibia
566:solvent
245:cyanide
173:sulfide
149:Process
109:in situ
97:uranium
1668:Gangue
1469:Poling
1275:Sizing
1175:Mining
890:Nature
582:pyrite
562:copper
544:where
117:mining
93:copper
85:mining
1483:Other
1202:Scrap
1050:from
938:Peru.
675:Orano
385:redox
1683:Chat
1673:Slag
1034:2009
925:2013
669:and
634:and
620:Vale
546:zinc
1148:Ore
786:.
616:BHP
101:ore
1710::
863:15
861:,
748:.
576:,
513:Au
498:aq
471:CN
463:Zn
445:Zn
434:aq
412:CN
404:Au
363:aq
341:CN
333:Au
323:aq
310:CN
281:Au
145:.
95:,
91:,
1361:)
1357:(
1091:e
1084:t
1077:v
1024:.
927:.
793:)
789:(
523:)
520:s
517:(
509:2
506:+
501:)
495:(
484:2
479:4
474:)
468:(
455:)
452:s
449:(
442:+
437:)
431:(
420:2
415:)
409:(
400:2
366:)
360:(
349:2
344:)
338:(
326:)
320:(
305:2
302:+
297:)
294:s
291:(
285:+
63:)
57:(
52:)
48:(
42:.
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