620:
1618:
2704:(the number of Biblical Hebrew roots, on which many of these words are based, is 2099). The number of attested Rabbinic Hebrew words is less than 20,000, of which (i) 7879 are Rabbinic par excellence, i.e. they did not appear in the Old Testament (the number of new Rabbinic Hebrew roots is 805); (ii) around 6000 are a subset of Biblical Hebrew; and (iii) several thousand are Aramaic words which can have a Hebrew form. Medieval Hebrew added 6421 words to (Modern) Hebrew. The approximate number of new lexical items in Israeli is 17,000 (cf. 14,762 in Even-Shoshan 1970 ). With the inclusion of foreign and technical terms , the total number of Israeli words, including words of biblical, rabbinic and medieval descent, is more than 60,000.
2183:
5434:
1841:. The earlier section of the Talmud is the Mishnah that was published around 200 CE, although many of the stories take place much earlier, and were written in the earlier Mishnaic dialect. The dialect is also found in certain Dead Sea Scrolls. Mishnaic Hebrew is considered to be one of the dialects of Classical Hebrew that functioned as a living language in the land of Israel. A transitional form of the language occurs in the other works of Tannaitic literature dating from the century beginning with the completion of the Mishnah. These include the
6466:
6448:
6430:
6412:
6394:
69:
665:
5891:
2721:
685:
7025:"If you couldn't speak Greek by say the time of early Christianity you couldn't get a job. You wouldn't get a good job. A professional job. You had to know Greek in addition to your own language. And so you were getting to a point where Jews... the Jewish community in, say, Egypt and large cities like Alexandria didn't know Hebrew anymore, they only knew Greek. And so you need a Greek version in the synagogue." – Josheph Blankinsopp, Professor of Biblical Studies University of Notre Dame in A&E's
12174:
1945:
1490:
12157:
1926:
6664:"Mother tongue" education is mostly limited to Turkish teaching in Turkey. No other language can be taught as a mother tongue other than Armenian, Greek, and Hebrew, as agreed in the Lausanne Treaty Like Jews and Greeks, Armenians enjoy the privilege of an officially recognized minority status. No language other than Turkish can be taught at schools or at cultural centers. Only Armenian, Greek, and Hebrew are exceptions to this constitutional rule.
6071:
2120:'s letters to his lieutenants, which were mostly in Aramaic, and Maimonides' writings, which were mostly in Arabic; but overall, Hebrew did not cease to be used for such purposes. For example, the first Middle East printing press, in Safed (modern Israel), produced a small number of books in Hebrew in 1577, which were then sold to the nearby Jewish world. This meant not only that well-educated Jews in all parts of the world could correspond in a
2416:(because Hebrew was the holy language of the Torah and therefore some thought that it should not be used to discuss everyday matters), many soon understood the need for a common language amongst Jews of the British Mandate who at the turn of the 20th century were arriving in large numbers from diverse countries and speaking different languages. A Committee of the Hebrew Language was established. After the establishment of Israel, it became the
12072:
12123:
8933:
6043:
12191:
12140:
12106:
6057:
12089:
1272:
2500:
2488:
7910:
periods."; p. 107 "John did not mention what either βεθεσδα or γαββαθα meant. They may both have been loanwords from Greek and Latin respectively." p103 "βεθεσδα ... (בית-אסטא(ן ... house of portico ... 3Q15 אסטאן הדרומית southern portico," and Latin gabata (p. 106) "means platter, dish... perhaps a mosaic design in the pavement ... " The Latin loanword is attested as "bowl" in later
1608:
7909:
Randall Buth and Chad Pierce "EBRAISTI in
Ancient Texts, Does ἑβραιστί ever Mean 'Aramaic'?" in Buth and Notley eds., Language Environment of First Century Judaea, Brill, 2014:66–109. p. 109 "no, Ἑβραιστί does not ever appear to mean Aramaic in attested texts during the Second Temple and Graeco-Roman
2733:
Currently, 90% of
Israeli Jews are proficient in Hebrew, and 70% are highly proficient. Some 60% of Israeli Arabs are also proficient in Hebrew, and 30% report having a higher proficiency in Hebrew than in Arabic. In total, about 53% of the Israeli population speaks Hebrew as a native language, while
2452:
education (the language itself did not cease to be studied at universities for historical and linguistic purposes). The official ordinance stated that
Yiddish, being the spoken language of the Russian Jews, should be treated as their only national language, while Hebrew was to be treated as a foreign
1584:
Sometimes the above phases of spoken
Classical Hebrew are simplified into "Biblical Hebrew" (including several dialects from the 10th century BCE to 2nd century BCE and extant in certain Dead Sea Scrolls) and "Mishnaic Hebrew" (including several dialects from the 3rd century BCE to the 3rd century CE
5450:
The vowel accompanying each of these letters may differ from those listed above, depending on the first letter or vowel following it. The rules governing these changes are hardly observed in colloquial speech as most speakers tend to employ the regular form. However, they may be heard in more formal
2443:
In the Soviet Union, the use of Hebrew, along with other Jewish cultural and religious activities, was suppressed. Soviet authorities considered the use of Hebrew "reactionary" since it was associated with
Zionism, and the teaching of Hebrew at primary and secondary schools was officially banned by
2269:
from the large corpus of Hebrew writings since the Hebrew Bible, or borrowed from Arabic (mainly by Ben-Yehuda) and older
Aramaic and Latin. Many new words were either borrowed from or coined after European languages, especially English, Russian, German, and French. Modern Hebrew became an official
2167:
was to "produce a work that could be studied daily so that Jews might know the proper procedures to follow minute by minute". The work was nevertheless written in
Talmudic Hebrew and Aramaic, since, "the ordinary Jew of a century ago, was fluent enough in this idiom to be able to follow the Mishna
1873:
About a century after the publication of the
Mishnah, Mishnaic Hebrew fell into disuse as a spoken language. By the third century CE, sages could no longer identify the Hebrew names of many plants mentioned in the Mishnah. Only a few sages, primarily in the southern regions, retained the ability to
1504:
Standard
Biblical Hebrew, also called Biblical Hebrew, Early Biblical Hebrew, Classical Biblical Hebrew or Classical Hebrew (in the narrowest sense), around the 8th to 6th centuries BCE, corresponding to the late Monarchic period and the Babylonian exile. It is represented by the bulk of the Hebrew
6022:
Many synagogues in the diaspora, even though
Ashkenazi by rite and by ethnic composition, have adopted the "Sephardic" pronunciation in deference to Israeli Hebrew. However, in many British and American schools and synagogues, this pronunciation retains several elements of its Ashkenazi substrate,
1753:
argues that after waning in the Persian period, the religious importance of Hebrew grew in the Hellenistic and Roman periods, and cites epigraphical evidence that Hebrew survived as a vernacular language – though both its grammar and its writing system had been substantially influenced by Aramaic.
6801:
Oran farther points out that the rights set out for the four categories are stated to be the 'fundamental law' of the land, so that no legislation or official action shall conflict or interfere with these stipulations or prevail over them (article 37). According to the Turkish state, only Greek,
2115:
Hebrew persevered through the ages as the main language for written purposes by all Jewish communities around the world for a large range of uses—not only liturgy, but also poetry, philosophy, science and medicine, commerce, daily correspondence and contracts. There have been many deviations from
1979:
and thus still influences all other regional dialects of Hebrew. This Tiberian Hebrew from the 7th to 10th century CE is sometimes called "Biblical Hebrew" because it is used to pronounce the Hebrew Bible; however, properly it should be distinguished from the historical Biblical Hebrew of the 6th
1790:
contains some Semitic place names and quotes. The language of such Semitic glosses (and in general the language spoken by Jews in scenes from the New Testament) is often referred to as "Hebrew" in the text, although this term is often re-interpreted as referring to Aramaic instead and is rendered
1748:
with powerful ties to Israel's history, origins and golden age and as the language of Israel's religion; Aramaic functioned as the international language with the rest of the Middle East; and eventually Greek functioned as another international language with the eastern areas of the Roman Empire.
6217:
Sáenz-Badillos, Ángel (1993): "There is general agreement that two main periods of RH (Rabbinical Hebrew) can be distinguished. The first, which lasted until the close of the Tannaitic era (around 200 CE), is characterized by RH as a spoken language gradually developing into a literary medium in
2124:
language, and that books and legal documents published or written in any part of the world could be read by Jews in all other parts, but that an educated Jew could travel and converse with Jews in distant places, just as priests and other educated Christians could converse in Latin. For example,
1732:
The Qumran scrolls indicate that Hebrew texts were readily understandable to the average Jew, and that the language had evolved since Biblical times as spoken languages do. Recent scholarship recognizes that reports of Jews speaking in Aramaic indicate a multilingual society, not necessarily the
2453:
language. Hebrew books and periodicals ceased to be published and were seized from the libraries, although liturgical texts were still published until the 1930s. Despite numerous protests, a policy of suppression of the teaching of Hebrew operated from the 1930s on. Later in the 1980s in the
2198:(Enlightenment) movement of early and mid-19th-century Germany. In the early 19th century, a form of spoken Hebrew had emerged in the markets of Jerusalem between Jews of different linguistic backgrounds to communicate for commercial purposes. This Hebrew dialect was to a certain extent a
1890:, generally comments on the Mishnah and Baraitot in two forms of Aramaic. Nevertheless, Hebrew survived as a liturgical and literary language in the form of later Amoraic Hebrew, which occasionally appears in the text of the Gemara, particularly in the Jerusalem Talmud and the classical
5799:
5329:. 4-consonant roots also exist and became more frequent in the modern language due to a process of coining verbs from nouns that are themselves constructed from 3-consonant verbs. Some triliteral roots lose one of their consonants in most forms and are called "Nakhim" (Resting).
6261:
The Cambridge History of Judaism: "Thus in certain sources Aramaic words are termed 'Hebrew,' ... For example: η επιλεγομενη εβραιστι βηθεσδα 'which is called in the Hebrew tongue Bethesda' (John 5.2). This is not a Hebrew name but rather an Aramaic one: בית חסדא, 'the house of
1996:
to the Hebrew letters to preserve much earlier features of Hebrew, for use in chanting the Hebrew Bible. The Masoretes inherited a biblical text whose letters were considered too sacred to be altered, so their markings were in the form of pointing in and around the letters. The
1512:
and represented by certain texts in the Hebrew Bible, notably the books of Ezra and Nehemiah. Basically similar to Classical Biblical Hebrew, apart from a few foreign words adopted for mainly governmental terms, and some syntactical innovations such as the use of the particle
2404:
recognized Hebrew as one of the country's three official languages (English, Arabic, and Hebrew, in 1922), its new formal status contributed to its diffusion. A constructed modern language with a truly Semitic vocabulary and written appearance, although often European in
1585:
and extant in certain other Dead Sea Scrolls). However, today most Hebrew linguists classify Dead Sea Scroll Hebrew as a set of dialects evolving out of Late Biblical Hebrew and into Mishnaic Hebrew, thus including elements from both but remaining distinct from either.
6232:
and sees RH being replaced by Aramaic as the spoken vernacular, surviving only as a literary language. Then it continued to be used in later rabbinic writings until the tenth century in, for example, the Hebrew portions of the two Talmuds and in midrashic and haggadic
1724:
and Ben Yehuda are notable exceptions to this view. During the latter half of the 20th century, accumulating archaeological evidence and especially linguistic analysis of the Dead Sea Scrolls has disproven that view. The Dead Sea Scrolls, uncovered in 1946–1948 near
1762:
was mainly used in Galilee in the north, Greek was concentrated in the former colonies and around governmental centers, and Hebrew monolingualism continued mainly in the southern villages of Judea." In other words, "in terms of dialect geography, at the time of the
3018:(northern and eastern European) traditions have lost emphatics and pharyngeals (although according to Ashkenazi law, pharyngeal articulation is preferred over uvular or glottal articulation when representing the community in religious service such as prayer and
1545:
in Jerusalem, and represented by the Qumran Scrolls that form most (but not all) of the Dead Sea Scrolls. Commonly abbreviated as DSS Hebrew, also called Qumran Hebrew. The Imperial Aramaic script of the earlier scrolls in the 3rd century BCE evolved into the
8260:
2399:
activity into a gradually accepted movement. It was not, however, until the 1904–1914 Second Aliyah that Hebrew had caught real momentum in Ottoman Palestine with the more highly organized enterprises set forth by the new group of immigrants. When the
5844:
script is used in handwriting: the letters tend to appear more circular in form when written in cursive, and sometimes vary markedly from their printed equivalents. The medieval version of the cursive script forms the basis of another style, known as
7001:
which once said, in 1958 in its first edition, that Hebrew "ceased to be a spoken language around the fourth century BCE", now says, in its 1997 (third) edition, that Hebrew "continued to be used as a spoken and written language in the New Testament
2428:). The seeds of Ben-Yehuda's work fell on fertile ground, and by the beginning of the 20th century, Hebrew was well on its way to becoming the main language of the Jewish population of both Ottoman and British Palestine. At the time, members of the
2087:
motivated Medieval Hebrew to borrow terminology and grammar from these other languages, or to coin equivalent terms from existing Hebrew roots, giving rise to a distinct style of philosophical Hebrew. This is used in the translations made by the
1882:
said, four languages are appropriate that the world should use them, and they are these: The Foreign Language (Greek) for song, Latin for war, Syriac for elegies, Hebrew for speech. Some are saying, also Assyrian (Hebrew script) for writing."
7983:
7927:
6018:
These pronunciations are still used in synagogue ritual and religious study in Israel and elsewhere, mostly by people who are not native speakers of Hebrew. However, some traditionalist Israelis use liturgical pronunciations in prayer.
6014:
differs from other Mizrahi dialects by having a radically different vowel system, and distinguishing between different diacritically marked consonants that are pronounced identically in other dialects (for example gimel and "ghimel".)
1911:, they adapted to the societies in which they found themselves, yet letters, contracts, commerce, science, philosophy, medicine, poetry and laws continued to be written mostly in Hebrew, which adapted by borrowing and inventing terms.
1754:
According to another summary, Greek was the language of government, Hebrew the language of prayer, study and religious texts, and Aramaic was the language of legal contracts and trade. There was also a geographic pattern: according to
1299:(YHV), according to the author and his team meant that the tablet is Hebrew and not Canaanite. However, practically all professional archeologists and epigraphers apart from Stripling's team claim that there is no text on this object.
6277:(and its related expressions) seems to mean 'in Hebrew', and it has often been argued that it means this and nothing more. As is well known, it is used at times with words and expressions that are clearly Aramaic. Thus in John 19:13,
5909:
1588:
By the start of the Byzantine Period in the 4th century CE, Classical Hebrew ceased as a regularly spoken language, roughly a century after the publication of the Mishnah, apparently declining since the aftermath of the catastrophic
2782:
bill for the preservation of the Hebrew language was proposed, which includes the stipulation that all signage in Israel must first and foremost be in Hebrew, as with all speeches by Israeli officials abroad. The bill's author, MK
619:
1245:, but it continued to be used as a literary language, especially in Spain, as the language of commerce between Jews of different native languages, and as the liturgical language of Judaism, evolving various dialects of literary
6802:
Armenian and Jewish non-Muslims were granted minority protection by the Lausanne Treaty. Except for non-Muslim populations - that is, Greeks, Jews and Armenians - none of the other minority groups' language rights have been
1527:
is a proposed northern dialect of biblical Hebrew, believed to have existed in all eras of the language, in some cases competing with late biblical Hebrew as an explanation for non-standard linguistic features of biblical
2773:
currently invents about 2,000 new Hebrew words each year for modern words by finding an original Hebrew word that captures the meaning, as an alternative to incorporating more English words into Hebrew vocabulary. The
6696:
1699:
While there is no doubt that at a certain point, Hebrew was displaced as the everyday spoken language of most Jews, and that its chief successor in the Middle East was the closely related Aramaic language, then
2226:), began reviving Hebrew as a modern spoken language. Eventually, as a result of the local movement he created, but more significantly as a result of the new groups of immigrants known under the name of the
1617:
6251:
Fernández & Elwolde: "It is generally believed that the Dead Sea Scrolls, specifically the Copper Scroll and also the Bar Kokhba letters, have furnished clear evidence of the popular character of MH
1791:
accordingly in recent translations. Nonetheless, these glosses can be interpreted as Hebrew as well. It has been argued that Hebrew, rather than Aramaic or Koine Greek, lay behind the composition of the
5537:
Like most other languages, the vocabulary of the Hebrew language is divided into verbs, nouns, adjectives and so on, and its sentence structure can be analyzed by terms like object, subject and so on.
2009:, a Hebrew Bible with the Masoretic pointing, was written in the 10th century, likely in Tiberias, and survives into the present day. It is perhaps the most important Hebrew manuscript in existence.
7975:
7566:
2790:
Hebrew is one of several languages for which the constitution of South Africa calls to be respected in their use for religious purposes. Also, Hebrew is an official national minority language in
666:
6908:"Once 'dead' language brings Israel to life Hebrew: After 1,700 years, a revived language becomes a common thread knitting together a nation of immigrants with little in common except religion"
8764:
7365:
5907:
7046:
686:
2305:
from its local Jerusalemite tradition but adapts it with numerous neologisms, borrowed terms (often technical) from European languages and adopted terms (often colloquial) from Arabic.
2778:
municipality has banned officials from using English words in official documents, and is fighting to stop businesses from using only English signs to market their services. In 2012, a
1783:
in the 2nd century CE, Judaeans were forced to disperse. Many relocated to Galilee, so most remaining native speakers of Hebrew at that last stage would have been found in the north.
5908:
1733:
primary language spoken. Alongside Aramaic, Hebrew co-existed within Israel as a spoken language. Most scholars now date the demise of Hebrew as a spoken language to the end of the
7404:
1660:
conquered Babylon, he allowed the Jewish people to return from captivity. In time, a local version of Aramaic came to be spoken in Israel alongside Hebrew. By the beginning of the
6677:
10017:
986:
of the State of Israel, while pre-revival forms of Hebrew are used for prayer or study in Jewish and Samaritan communities around the world today; the latter group utilizes the
8154:
6907:
5179:. In all of these cases, however, the sounds represented by the same letter eventually merged, leaving no evidence (other than early transcriptions) of the former distinctions.
1326:
differentiation between the scripts, and between the languages themselves in that period, remains unclear", and suggested that calling the text Hebrew might be going too far.
6755:
This implies that Turkey grants educational right in minority languages only to the recognized minorities covered by the Lausanne who are the Armenians, Greeks and the Jews.
6574:
5212:. It is known to have occurred in Hebrew by the 2nd century. After a certain point this alternation became contrastive in word-medial and final position (though bearing low
2730:
Modern Hebrew is the primary official language of the State of Israel. As of 2013, there are about 9 million Hebrew speakers worldwide, of whom 7 million speak it fluently.
2076:, in a "purified" Hebrew based on the work of these grammarians, and in Arabic quantitative or strophic meters. This literary Hebrew was later used by Italian Jewish poets.
5325:, from which nouns, adjectives, and verbs are formed in various ways: e.g. by inserting vowels, doubling consonants, lengthening vowels and/or adding prefixes, suffixes or
10032:
7696:
7097:
6651:
2265:
The major result of the literary work of the Hebrew intellectuals along the 19th century was a lexical modernization of Hebrew. New words and expressions were adapted as
1696:, Hermit, Zealot and Priest classes maintained an insistence on Hebrew, and all Jews maintained their identity with Hebrew songs and simple quotations from Hebrew texts.
8969:
7923:
Grintz, Jehoshua M., "Hebrew as the Spoken and Written Language in the Last Days of the Second Temple", Journal of Biblical Literature (1960) 79 (1): pp. 32–47.
10037:
10022:
8332:
6788:
2470:
1897:
Hebrew was always regarded as the language of Israel's religion, history and national pride, and after it faded as a spoken language, it continued to be used as a
6824:
8730:
1560:
from the 1st to the 3rd or 4th century CE, corresponding to the Roman Period after the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem and represented by the bulk of the
1118:), meaning "beyond", "other side", "across"; interpretations of the term "Hebrew" generally render its meaning as roughly "from the other side "—i.e., an
1186:, from the 2nd century BCE. The Hebrew Bible does not use the term "Hebrew" in reference to the language of the Hebrew people; its later historiography, in the
5946:, originating in Central and Eastern Europe, is still widely used in Ashkenazi Jewish religious services and studies in Israel and abroad, particularly in the
1453:. It comprises several evolving and overlapping dialects. The phases of Classical Hebrew are often named after important literary works associated with them.
9027:
6331:
could coexist even if pronounced identically, since one would be recognized as an alternating allophone (as apparently is the case in Nestorian Syriac). See
8627:
8466:
7274:
Studies in the Book of Ben Sira: Papers of the Third International Conference on the Deuterocanonical Books, Shime'on Centre, Pápa, Hungary, 18–20 May, 2006
2765:
Steps have been taken to keep Hebrew the primary language of use, and to prevent large-scale incorporation of English words into the Hebrew vocabulary. The
12236:
8963:
7249:
1744:
The exact roles of Aramaic and Hebrew remain hotly debated. A trilingual scenario has been proposed for the land of Israel. Hebrew functioned as the local
7946:הר, משה דוד (2022). "היהודים בארץ-ישראל בימי האימפריה הרומית הנוצרית" [The Jews in the Land of Israel in the Days of the Christian Roman Empire].
7657:
7153:
5305:", meaning "of". There are many cases, however, where older declined forms are retained (especially in idiomatic expressions and the like), and "person"-
7558:
3049:
Modern Hebrew pronunciation developed from a mixture of the different Jewish reading traditions, generally tending towards simplification. In line with
2787:, stated that the bill was proposed as a response to Hebrew "losing its prestige" and children incorporating more English words into their vocabulary.
1457:
Archaic Biblical Hebrew, also called Old Hebrew or Paleo-Hebrew, from the 10th to the 6th century BCE, corresponding to the Monarchic Period until the
1864:. The Talmud contains excerpts from these works, as well as further Tannaitic material not attested elsewhere; the generic term for these passages is
6610:
8756:
2277:
In the Modern Period, from the 19th century onward, the literary Hebrew tradition revived as the spoken language of modern Israel, called variously
7343:
6837:
The Turkish government accepts the language rights of the Jewish, Greek and Armenian minorities as being guaranteed by the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne.
7332:אברהם בן יוסף ,מבוא לתולדות הלשון העברית (Avraham ben-Yosef, Introduction to the History of the Hebrew Language), page 38, אור-עם, Tel-Aviv, 1981.
9835:
7038:
5859:, which are consonantal letters used as vowels. Further diacritics may serve to indicate variations in the pronunciation of the consonants (e.g.
2270:
language in British-ruled Palestine in 1921 (along with English and Arabic), and then in 1948 became an official language of the newly declared
2016:, important work was done by grammarians in explaining the grammar and vocabulary of Biblical Hebrew; much of this was based on the work of the
1230:
during the period from about 1200 to 586 BCE. Scholars debate the degree to which Hebrew was a spoken vernacular in ancient times following the
12246:
9882:
8013:
1704:, scholarly opinions on the exact dating of that shift have changed very much. In the first half of the 20th century, most scholars followed
8937:
8366:
6527:
5900:
8088:
10105:
7388:
6975:
5620:
Negative and interrogative sentences have the same order as the regular declarative one. A question that has a yes/no answer begins with
8127:
7589:"William M. Schniedewind, "Prolegomena for the Sociolinguistics of Classical Hebrew", The Journal of Hebrew Scriptures vol. 5 article 6"
6881:
6323:, or else and would have to be contrastive, which is cross-linguistically rare. However, Blau argues that it is possible that lenited
11269:
8570:
8502:
8597:
9076:
8539:
8430:
7836:
Spolsky, B. (1985). "Jewish Multilingualism in the First century: An Essay in Historical Sociolinguistics", Joshua A. Fishman (ed.),
7588:
6915:
5470:
The definite article may be inserted between a preposition or a conjunction and the word it refers to, creating composite words like
4773:
8150:
5549:
ordering, this gradually transitioned to a subject-verb-object ordering. Many Hebrew sentences have several correct orders of words.
1779:, while Aramaic was prevalent in the lower class of Jerusalem, but not in the surrounding countryside. After the suppression of the
10673:
9790:
2308:
The literary and narrative use of Hebrew was revived beginning with the Haskalah movement. The first secular periodical in Hebrew,
2230:, it replaced a score of languages spoken by Jews at that time. Those languages were Jewish dialects of local languages, including
881:
Hebrew ceased to be a regular spoken language sometime between 200 and 400 CE, as it declined in the aftermath of the unsuccessful
766:, with much of its present form in the dialect that scholars believe flourished around the 6th century BCE, during the time of the
8191:
6567:
5646:) for direct objects that would not have a preposition marker in English. The English phrase "he ate the cake" would in Hebrew be
10630:
10605:
4020:
2395:
and others. His organizational efforts and involvement with the establishment of schools and the writing of textbooks pushed the
8814:
8005:
7536:
7105:
11444:
10663:
10648:
8309:
7688:
6633:
6130:
6095:
5546:
3947:
2445:
7479:
6962:
Hoffman, Joel M. In the Beginning : A Short History of the Hebrew Language. New York, New York University Press, 2006, p. 169.
2712:(singular: Ulpan). There are government-owned, as well as private, Ulpanim offering online courses and face-to-face programs.
964:. Estimates of worldwide usage include five million speakers in 1998, and over nine million people in 2013. After Israel, the
11419:
10658:
8902:
8881:
8858:
8839:
8799:
8724:
8691:
8344:
8292:
8121:
7959:
7818:
7732:
7398:
7359:
7282:
6875:
6782:
6645:
2013:
8908:
8398:
8349:
7220:
7071:
5232:
in modern Hebrew). (The others are pronounced like the corresponding stops, as Modern Hebrew pronunciation was based on the
8239:
7810:
5059:
4063:
4055:
3758:
2841:
2112:. Subsequent rabbinic literature is written in a blend between this style and the Aramaized Rabbinic Hebrew of the Talmud.
1384:
Numerous older tablets have been found in the region with similar scripts written in other Semitic languages, for example,
897:
were already in use as international languages, especially among societal elites and immigrants. Hebrew survived into the
12060:
11434:
11429:
10693:
10688:
7900:, W.B. Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan 1979, 4 vols. vol.1 sub.'Aramaic' p.233: 'in the Aramaic vernacular of Palestine'
7507:
4968:
4838:
4252:
4244:
3025:
2519:
pronunciation. However, the earliest speakers of Modern Hebrew had Yiddish as their native language and often introduced
1767:
Palestine could be divided into the Aramaic-speaking regions of Galilee and Samaria and a smaller area, Judaea, in which
1684:
continued to be used as a vernacular in Judea until it was displaced by Aramaic, probably in the 3rd century CE. Certain
1123:
826:
602:
8686:. Linguistic studies in ancient West Semitic. Vol. 2 (revised ed.). Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns. pp. 78–81.
5198:) when occurring after a vowel and not geminated. This change probably happened after the original Old Aramaic phonemes
2328:) from 1783 onwards. In the mid-19th century, publications of several Eastern European Hebrew-language newspapers (e.g.
9114:
8208:
6941:
6818:
2734:
most of the rest speak it fluently. In 2013 Hebrew was the native language of 49% of Israelis over the age of 20, with
8709:
7426:
Stripling, Scott; Galil, Gershon; Kumpova, Ivana; Valach, Jaroslav; Van Der Veen, Pieter Gert; Vavrik, Daniel (2023).
6315:
According to the generally accepted view, it is unlikely that begadkefat spirantization occurred before the merger of
11980:
9875:
6742:
6490:
5336:
that are added to words for various purposes. These are called inseparable prepositions or "Letters of Use" (Hebrew:
1980:
century BCE, whose original pronunciation must be reconstructed. Tiberian Hebrew incorporates the scholarship of the
1879:
1716:
in the 4th century BCE, and that as a corollary Hebrew ceased to function as a spoken language around the same time.
1541:
Hebrew from the 3rd century BCE to the 1st century CE, corresponding to the Hellenistic and Roman Periods before the
5940:
Hebrew has always been used as the language of prayer and study, and the following pronunciation systems are found.
10620:
8719:. Routledge language family series (2nd ed.). London New York (N. Y.) Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. p. 511.
6678:"Turkish Jews between 1923 and 1933 – What Did the Turkish Policy between 1923 and 1933 Mean for the Turkish Jews?"
3939:
3107:
2958:
17:
1287:
In May 2023, Scott Stripling published the finding of what he claims to be the oldest known Hebrew inscription, a
747:. It is the only Canaanite language, as well as one of only two Northwest Semitic languages, with the other being
11834:
11494:
10625:
10615:
10098:
10027:
8619:
8462:
7787:
Borrás, Judit Targarona and Ángel Sáenz-Badillos (1999). Jewish Studies at the Turn of the Twentieth Century. P.3
7194:
5875:); and, in some contexts, to indicate the punctuation, accentuation and musical rendition of Biblical texts (see
5220:, the distinction has a higher functional load due to the loss of gemination, although only the three fricatives
2977:
1400:, and was the first to use a Semitic alphabet distinct from that of Egyptian. One ancient document is the famous
592:
10000:
7243:
6603:"Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 – Chapter 1: Founding Provisions | South African Government"
11262:
10888:
10057:
9746:
9741:
9109:
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8238:[Jewish Soviet Culture Was Sentenced to Destruction in the 1930s] (in Russian). Berkovich-zametki.com.
8032:
7665:
4538:
2972:
2828:
2770:
2766:
2724:
2417:
2352:
2177:
1349:, the calendar presents a list of seasons and related agricultural activities. The Gezer calendar (named after
1315:
1250:
933:
740:
435:
174:
6298:
These pronunciations may have originated in learners' mistakes formed on the analogy of other suffixed forms (
2096:
family. (Original Jewish philosophical works were usually written in Arabic.) Another important influence was
1713:
1712:
in thinking that Aramaic became a spoken language in the land of Israel as early as the beginning of Israel's
12095:
12019:
10610:
10520:
10042:
9069:
7911:
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2017:
582:
467:
34:
This article is about the Hebrew language in general. For the revived version as it is spoken in Israel, see
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learned Aramaic, the closely related Semitic language of their captors. Thus, for a significant period, the
485:
12241:
12221:
11849:
11439:
11424:
10683:
10668:
9868:
9751:
8973:
7126:
6140:
5281:. However, inflection plays a decisive role in the formation of verbs and nouns. For example, nouns have a
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2934:
1417:
6602:
6328:
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5199:
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6723:"EU enlargement conditions and minority protection : a reflection on Turkey's non-Muslim minorities"
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In its widest sense, Biblical Hebrew refers to the spoken language of ancient Israel flourishing between
1223:
1216:
708:
430:
216:
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2530:
Despite using Sephardic Hebrew pronunciation as its primary basis, modern Israeli Hebrew has adapted to
11499:
11404:
10541:
10534:
10091:
9989:
8873:
4903:
4473:
4012:
3474:
3403:
3074:
2967:
2912:
2898:
2893:
2850:
1314:
that he claimed may be the earliest Hebrew writing yet discovered, dating from around 3,000 years ago.
1007:
936:
as a spoken and literary language. The creation of a modern version of the ancient language was led by
10246:
2182:
1821:, excepting quotations from the Hebrew Bible. The dialects organize into Mishnaic Hebrew (also called
12231:
11398:
11393:
11255:
11107:
10494:
10470:
10457:
10193:
10173:
10138:
9921:
9036:
8435:
6177:
5317:
Like all Semitic languages, the Hebrew language exhibits a pattern of stems consisting typically of "
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4771:
4706:
4641:
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4471:
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9931:
9785:
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9232:
9062:
7865:. The Hebrew and Aramaic languages. In The Biblical World (2002), Volume 2 (John Barton, ed.). P.19
7840:, Leiden: E. J. Brill, pp. 35–50. Also adopted by Smelik, Willem F. 1996. The Targum of Judges. P.9
2997:
2924:
2759:
2437:
2080:
1796:
1307:
576:
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similarly in popular speech, penultimate stress in verb forms with a second person plural suffix (
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11380:
10941:
10878:
10488:
10143:
9828:
9807:
9770:
9658:
9458:
9240:
9207:
9123:
8376:
6105:
5981:
5980:. This pronunciation, in the form used by the Jerusalem Sephardic community, is the basis of the
5396:
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4295:
3750:
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3261:
3190:
3091:
2888:
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2191:
1292:
1288:
1266:
890:
744:
363:
340:
335:
169:
28:
9557:
9192:
5301:. In modern speech, the use of the construct is sometimes interchangeable with the preposition "
10319:
10156:
10133:
10128:
9468:
9119:
8080:
6135:
4287:
3620:
3135:
3099:
3014:) Jewish reading traditions, the emphatic consonants are realized as pharyngealized, while the
2239:
2027:
1734:
645:
206:
10579:
9535:
9032:
8654:
From Proto-Semitic to Hebrew: Phonology: etymological approach in a Hamito-Semitic perspective
8284:
8278:
8061:
Safrai, Shmuel, Shemuel Safrai, M. Stern. 1976. The Jewish people in the first century. P.1036
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6972:
5743:(the ' indicates non-standard use). This phenomenon has also been found by researchers in the
12180:
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12009:
11556:
11509:
11489:
11482:
11467:
11462:
11454:
11286:
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10062:
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9693:
9453:
9307:
8328:
8111:
8081:"1577 The First Printing Press in the Middle East – Safed – Center for Online Judaic Studies"
7272:
6894:
Hebrew is cited by Paulston et al. (1993:276) as 'the only true example of language revival.'
6865:
6085:
5821:
5246:
5157:, no letters were available to represent these sounds, and existing letters did double duty:
4708:
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3083:
3043:
2693:
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2121:
1626:
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1385:
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1262:
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712:
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331:
196:
105:
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circumstances. For example, if a preposition is put before a word that begins with a moving
1771:
was used among the descendants of returning exiles." In addition, it has been surmised that
968:
has the largest Hebrew-speaking population, with approximately 220,000 fluent speakers (see
910:
181:, of which 5 million are native speakers and 3.3 million are second language speakers (2018)
11970:
11921:
11753:
11162:
10904:
10297:
9653:
9573:
9302:
9011:
8593:
8188:
7797:
7727:. Bilingual Education and Bilingualism. Vol. 17. Multilingual Matters Ltd. p. 9.
6110:
5560:
5202:
disappeared in the 7th century BCE, and most likely occurred after the loss of Hebrew
3332:
2878:
2807:
2692:
The vocabulary of Israeli Hebrew is much larger than that of earlier periods. According to
2574:) by most Hebrew speakers with uvular and glottal , respectively, by most Hebrew speakers.
2542:
2345:
2207:
1948:
1750:
1642:
1547:
1458:
1389:
1135:
767:
732:
353:
344:
8535:
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7595:
5064:
in Biblical Hebrew, but no letter was available in the Phoenician alphabet, so the letter
1903:
among scholars and Jews traveling in foreign countries. After the 2nd century CE when the
8:
11960:
11514:
11504:
11176:
10845:
10788:
10716:
10702:
10573:
10368:
10329:
9891:
9700:
9688:
9606:
9410:
8990:
8959:
5994:
is actually a collection of dialects spoken liturgically by Jews in various parts of the
5916:
5876:
5829:
3685:
3394:
2473:
and others responsible for a Hebrew learning network connecting many cities of the USSR.
2466:
2401:
2341:
2061:
1993:
1397:
1354:
1212:
906:
716:
221:
154:
12112:
8209:"The Transformation of Jewish Culture in the USSR from 1930 to the Present (in Russian)"
8113:
Mishnah B'rurah – Israel Meir (ha-Kohen), Aharon Feldman, Aviel Orenstein – Google Books
1775:
was the primary vehicle of communication in coastal cities and among the upper class of
11895:
11887:
11815:
11747:
11622:
11584:
11550:
11477:
9926:
9774:
9715:
9710:
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8649:
8336:
7457:
6774:
6169:
5825:
5553:
5333:
2835:
2364:
2203:
2154:
1478:
1405:
1119:
953:
937:
11787:
11019:
10909:
8996:
8151:"This week in history: Revival of the Hebrew language – Jewish World – Jerusalem Post"
5125:
Biblical Hebrew as of the 3rd century BCE apparently still distinguished the phonemes
3104:
rather than an alveolar trill, because of Ashkenazi Hebrew influences. The consonants
568:
11990:
11976:
11942:
11801:
11148:
10973:
10852:
10725:
10550:
10508:
10373:
10166:
10114:
9984:
9979:
9766:
9663:
9596:
9561:
9510:
8898:
8877:
8854:
8835:
8810:
8795:
8720:
8687:
8340:
8288:
8117:
7955:
7814:
7728:
7528:
7461:
7449:
7394:
7355:
7278:
7161:
6871:
6778:
6734:
6688:
6641:
6115:
5850:
5524:
5474:(= "from the village"). The latter also demonstrates the change in the vowel of
5350:
5258:
2457:, Hebrew studies reappeared due to people struggling for permission to go to Israel (
2376:
2055:
1908:
1838:
1800:
1792:
1780:
1590:
1573:
1169:
983:
969:
957:
882:
855:
201:
68:
12163:
8315:
7390:
The Revival of a Classical Tongue: Eliezer Ben Yehuda and the Modern Hebrew Language
1498:
1412:, is an early example of Hebrew. Less ancient samples of Archaic Hebrew include the
598:
12251:
11950:
11907:
11902:
11891:
11870:
11859:
11808:
11632:
11597:
11560:
11411:
11388:
11341:
11278:
11228:
11183:
11169:
11002:
10961:
10924:
10829:
10815:
10781:
10751:
10732:
10527:
10501:
10476:
10452:
10426:
10419:
10359:
10342:
10314:
10290:
10182:
10074:
9959:
9814:
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9149:
7475:
7439:
7347:
6125:
5951:
5943:
5855:
5685:
5278:
3039:
3015:
3006:
A number of reading traditions have been preserved in liturgical use. In Oriental (
2751:
2747:
2735:
2531:
2420:. The results of Ben-Yehuda's lexicographical work were published in a dictionary (
2371:. Motivated by the surrounding ideals of renovation and rejection of the diaspora "
2359:
was initiated in the late 19th century by the efforts of Ben-Yehuda. He joined the
2302:
2255:
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2140:
2117:
2073:
2037:
2021:
1875:
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1227:
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987:
692:
552:
541:
530:
349:
302:
287:
141:
85:
1508:
Late Biblical Hebrew, from the 5th to the 3rd centuries BCE, corresponding to the
1353:
in whose proximity it was found) is written in an old Semitic script, akin to the
12129:
11966:
11956:
11946:
11733:
11651:
11612:
11366:
11361:
11346:
11320:
11315:
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10767:
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10337:
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9954:
9761:
9725:
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9567:
9545:
9322:
9224:
9214:
9187:
9161:
9156:
9144:
9104:
9048:
8892:
8594:"Druse MK wins prize for helping preserve Hebrew | JPost | Israel News"
8408:
8353:
8264:
8195:
8036:
7931:
7216:
7075:
6979:
6173:
6165:
6120:
6076:
6007:
6003:
5977:
5961:
5813:
5802:
5789:
5542:
5282:
5270:
5213:
5095:
3161:
3156:
3050:
3007:
2816:
2743:
2739:
2720:
2701:
2602:, by most of the speakers, like in most varieties of standard German or Yiddish.
2516:
2512:
2504:
2433:
2384:
2380:
2259:
2247:
2243:
2161:
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2002:
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1964:
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1311:
1303:
1246:
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918:
772:
763:
724:
675:
655:
635:
519:
323:
262:
257:
252:
188:
158:
146:
134:
112:
10433:
8347:
8235:
3053:
pronunciation, emphatic consonants have shifted to their ordinary counterparts,
2963:
instead. The Tiberian reading tradition of the Middle Ages had the vowel system
2908:). The earliest Biblical Hebrew vowel system contained the Proto-Semitic vowels
1817:
The term "Mishnaic Hebrew" generally refers to the Hebrew dialects found in the
12039:
11770:
11760:
11721:
11656:
11356:
11351:
11156:
11112:
11082:
11065:
11059:
10966:
10914:
10795:
10635:
10463:
9974:
9578:
9297:
9287:
9202:
9197:
7862:
7444:
7427:
6194:
6062:
5991:
5985:
5973:
5841:
5837:
5793:
5630:, an interrogative form of 'if'), but it is largely omitted in informal speech.
5444:
3011:
2755:
2449:
2388:
2368:
2356:
2311:
2231:
2126:
2069:
1705:
1701:
1677:
1509:
1366:
1358:
1330:
1242:
1200:
1187:
1183:
1151:
991:
914:
902:
894:
327:
316:
150:
81:
8897:. Translated by John Elwolde. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
8311:
The Proper Name: Structural Prolegomena to its Syntax – a Case Study in Coptic
7887:
Fitzmyer, Joseph A. 1979. A Wandering Armenian: Collected Aramaic Essays. P.43
7803:
Aramaic, the Death of Written Hebrew, and Language Shift in the Persian Period
7501:
6453:
6435:
6417:
6399:
6381:
5853:
marks above or below the letter representing the syllabic onset, or by use of
1222:
According to Avraham Ben-Yosef, Hebrew flourished as a spoken language in the
723:
and remained in regular use as a first language until after 200 CE and as the
12210:
12001:
11917:
11864:
11854:
11844:
11740:
11670:
11643:
11545:
11540:
11325:
11092:
11087:
11011:
10773:
10353:
9430:
9166:
7778:
The Cambridge History of Judaism: The late Roman-Rabbinic period. 2006. P.460
7627:
7453:
7165:
7154:"'One more racist law': reactions as Israel axes Arabic as official language"
6997:, edit. F.L. Cross, first edition (Oxford, 1958), 3rd edition (Oxford 1997).
6738:
6692:
6048:
5969:
5809:
5564:
5290:
5289:", to denote the relationship of "belonging to": this is the converse of the
5266:
5217:
4046:
3930:
3166:
3042:
tradition has a complex vowel system that does not correspond closely to the
3019:
2700:
The number of attested Biblical Hebrew words is 8198, of which some 2000 are
2591:
2482:
2392:
2227:
2107:
2065:
1899:
1837:
Hebrew (also called Late Rabbinic Hebrew or Mishnaic Hebrew II), which was a
1787:
1759:
1745:
1709:
1577:
1466:
1043:
979:
973:
965:
941:
509:
392:
370:
282:
178:
97:
74:
35:
10267:
9847:
8212:
7503:
See For Yourself: Analyzing the Ebal "Inscription" | Bible & Archaeology
7428:""You are Cursed by the God YHW:" an early Hebrew inscription from Mt. Ebal"
7072:"'Kometz Aleph – Au': How many Hebrew speakers are there in the world?"
6937:
2321:
1944:
1489:
11794:
11035:
9705:
9621:
9553:
9395:
9355:
9335:
9282:
8371:
8236:"ЕВРЕЙСКАЯ СОВЕТСКАЯ КУЛЬТУРА БЫЛА ПРИГОВОРЕНА К УНИЧТОЖЕНИЮ В 1930–Е ГОДЫ"
5846:
5087:, but the old spelling was largely retained, and the two pronunciations of
4959:
4699:
4456:
4400:
4119:
4003:
3181:
3069:
2798:
has made Hebrew a compulsory language taught in schools in the Gaza Strip.
2784:
2599:
2454:
2006:
1976:
1933:
1929:
1904:
1860:
etc.) and the expanded collection of Mishnah-related material known as the
1737:, or about 200 CE. It continued on as a literary language down through the
1611:
1370:
1319:
1147:
1143:
1108:
1011:
886:
759:
736:
414:
78:
9005:
6820:
Questions and Answers: Freedom of Expression and Language Rights in Turkey
6722:
6482:
5490:, the definite article is assimilated into the prefix, which then becomes
1925:
1095:). It is traditionally understood to be an adjective based on the name of
547:
536:
525:
514:
504:
11986:
11780:
11662:
10592:
10412:
9780:
9626:
9350:
9292:
8679:
6853:. Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society of America. pp. 1–13.
5694:
should never be used as it elongates the sentence without adding meaning.
5361:
5274:
5262:
4569:
2462:
2325:
2133:
2047:
1772:
1401:
1235:
1127:
1003:
999:
898:
867:
623:
The word IVRIT ("Hebrew") written in modern Hebrew language (top) and in
2387:. However, his brand of Hebrew followed norms that had been replaced in
11913:
10274:
10225:
9670:
9023:
9000:
8261:
Protest against the suppression of Hebrew in the Soviet Union 1930–1931
7476:"Ancient tablet found on Mount Ebal predates known Hebrew inscriptions"
6458:
6440:
6422:
6404:
6386:
5932:
5322:
5318:
5183:
5150:
2905:
2605:
2396:
2097:
2091:
1693:
1661:
1646:
1482:
1393:
1088:
1080:
1030:
743:
in the 19th century, and is the only successful large-scale example of
720:
9860:
7954:] (in Hebrew). Vol. 1. ירושלים: יד יצחק בן-צבי. p. 218.
7559:"Have Israeli Archaeologists Found World's Oldest Hebrew Inscription?"
7187:"Strong's Hebrew: 5676. עֵ֫בֶר (eber) – region across or beyond, side"
7186:
4235:
3741:
1874:
speak the language and attempted to promote its use. According to the
994:, it is studied mostly by non-Israeli Jews and students in Israel, by
11839:
11688:
11637:
11617:
10239:
9645:
9616:
6372:. s. 2. Reprinted in Sweden by Universitetstryckeriet, Uppsala, 2006.
5920:
2534:
2458:
2413:
2406:
2266:
1981:
1937:
1870:. The dialect of all these works is very similar to Mishnaic Hebrew.
1776:
1729:
revealed ancient Jewish texts overwhelmingly in Hebrew, not Aramaic.
1689:
1685:
1669:
1634:
1517:(alternative of "asher", meaning "that, which, who"). It adopted the
1494:
1409:
1155:
1139:
1131:
561:
495:
477:
459:
12146:
10083:
9815:
Gesenius' Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures
8563:"Keeping Hebrew Israel's living language – Israel Culture, Ynetnews"
8027:
6768:
6685:
Bulletin der Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für Judaistische Forschung
6568:"The relationship between official and minority languages in Poland"
5514:(the form of "min" or "mi-" used before the letter "he"), therefore
2708:
In Israel, Modern Hebrew is currently taught in institutions called
2409:, was to take its place among the current languages of the nations.
1416:, which describe events preceding the final capture of Jerusalem by
808:) since ancient times. The language was not referred to by the name
11693:
11247:
10822:
10281:
10253:
9720:
9312:
9128:
8950:
8495:"CBS: 27% of Israelis struggle with Hebrew – Israel News, Ynetnews"
6190:
6100:
6070:
5306:
5191:
2955:
in the Jewish traditions, though for the Samaritans it merged with
2195:
2041:
1968:
1388:. It is believed that the original shapes of the script go back to
1322:
said that the inscription was "proto-Canaanite" but cautioned that
1014:
922:
610:
11530:
10956:
9054:
8932:
8283:. Chicago & London: The University of Chicago Press. pp.
7924:
6989:
6987:
5414:) (= "that"; a shortened version of the Biblical conjunction
2511:
Standard Hebrew, as developed by Eliezer Ben-Yehuda, was based on
1396:
principle. The common ancestor of Hebrew and Phoenician is called
11765:
11698:
11627:
11593:
10998:
10396:
10260:
9994:
9949:
9041:
6228:
6202:
5955:
2779:
2360:
2331:
2235:
2223:
2145:
1972:
1891:
1866:
1861:
1845:
1834:
1826:
1822:
1764:
1673:
1665:
1638:
1565:
1561:
1381:
even in the places in which later Hebrew spelling requires them.
1342:
1096:
1092:
1058:
929:
863:
748:
728:
606:
162:
7689:"Who is King Cyrus, and why did Netanyahu compare him to Trump?"
6289:
is a Grecized form of the Aramaic word gabbětā, 'raised place.'"
5832:. Modern scripts derive from the "square" letter form, known as
2762:
and 12% of Arabs reported speaking Hebrew poorly or not at all.
2375:" lifestyle, Ben-Yehuda set out to develop tools for making the
2194:
several times as a literary language, most significantly by the
1907:
exiled most of the Jewish population of Jerusalem following the
1333:
also dates back to the 10th century BCE at the beginning of the
1033:
11202:
10202:
9611:
9520:
9515:
9500:
9495:
9445:
9400:
9385:
6984:
6028:
6024:
5947:
5426:) (= "as", "like"; a shortened version of the conjunction
5298:
4829:
3857:
2791:
2520:
2492:
2429:
2391:
by different grammar and style, in the writings of people like
2372:
2317:
2271:
2199:
2079:
The need to express scientific and philosophical concepts from
1989:
1887:
1818:
1726:
1650:
1569:
1462:
1291:, dated from around 3200 years ago. The presence of the Hebrew
1280:
1271:
1164:
1159:
961:
949:
847:
841:
419:
409:
388:
124:
7647:, Harper Perennial, London, New York, Toronto, Sydney 2006 p80
7270:
6306:), rather than being examples of residual Ashkenazi influence.
5798:
2499:
2337:
2005:, also developed vowel pointing systems around this time. The
1607:
1234:
when the predominant international language in the region was
12054:
11602:
9756:
9601:
9505:
9490:
9485:
9480:
9415:
9360:
9345:
9340:
9330:
6573:. European Federation of National Institutions for Language.
6284:
6278:
6272:
5999:
5817:
5326:
5216:), but in word-initial position they remained allophonic. In
4391:
4278:
4192:
3814:
3323:
3252:
3003:, though other Medieval reading traditions had fewer vowels.
2795:
2775:
2709:
2613:
2274:. Hebrew is the most widely spoken language in Israel today.
1952:
1853:
1849:
1505:
Bible that attains much of its present form around this time.
1374:
1350:
1338:
1052:
1046:
1039:
813:
8684:
Phonology and Morphology of Biblical Hebrew: An Introduction
8358:
8189:
Eliezer Ben Yehuda and the Resurgence of the Hebrew Language
6867:
Saving Languages: An Introduction to Language Revitalization
2487:
9530:
9475:
9425:
9420:
9405:
9380:
9375:
9370:
9365:
7914:
and גבתא is (p106) "unattested in other Aramaic dialects" .
7425:
6528:"Basic Law: Israel – the Nation State of the Jewish People"
5995:
5452:
5186:
spirantization at a certain point, whereby the stop sounds
4894:
4764:
4529:
4351:
3676:
3611:
3536:
2819:
had a typical Semitic consonant inventory, with pharyngeal
2642:
2579:
1100:
1084:
6870:. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 63.
2758:
being the native tongues of most of the rest. Some 26% of
2568:
2552:
1550:
of the later scrolls in the 1st century CE, also known as
1178:
One of the earliest references to the language's name as "
913:. The first dated book printed in Hebrew was published by
770:. For this reason, Hebrew has been referred to by Jews as
609:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
12197:
9435:
9390:
8870:
Hebrew Handbook of the International Phonetic Association
8333:
Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew
7952:
Eretz Israel in Late Antiquity: Introductions and Studies
5611:). However, this is usually omitted. Thus, the sentence (
5391:) (= "from"; a shortened version of the preposition
4634:
3465:
2448:
as early as 1919, as part of an overall agenda aiming to
1392:, though the phonetic values are instead inspired by the
8792:
In the Beginning: A Short History of the Hebrew Language
7796:
7634:. Harvard Semitic Studies 29. (Atlanta: Scholars Press).
5915:
This is a portion of the blessing that is traditionally
5459:(and the initial consonant may be weakened): colloquial
1959:
After the Talmud, various regional literary dialects of
1803:
for more details on Hebrew and Aramaic in the gospels.)
1580:. Also called Tannaitic Hebrew or Early Rabbinic Hebrew.
8851:
Hebrew and Zionism: A Discourse Analytic Cultural Study
6514:
A Language in Space: The Story of Israeli Sign Language
5820:, or consonant-only script, of 22 letters. The ancient
5605:), the word for "am" corresponds to the word for "he" (
5463:(= "in a village") corresponds to the more formal
5379:) (= "to"; a shortened version of the preposition
3061:, and are not present. Most Israelis today also merge
2661:
in popular speech, penultimate stress in proper names (
2052:. A great deal of poetry was written, by poets such as
9017:
7725:
The Languages of Israel: Policy, Ideology and Practice
7354:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 156.
7098:"Table 53. Languages Spoken at Home by Language: 2009"
5144:
5138:
5132:
5126:
5051:
4983:
4957:
4918:
4892:
4853:
4827:
4788:
4762:
4723:
4697:
4658:
4632:
4593:
4567:
4527:
4488:
4454:
4415:
4389:
4349:
4310:
4276:
4233:
4190:
4151:
4117:
4078:
4044:
4001:
3962:
3928:
3889:
3855:
3812:
3773:
3739:
3700:
3674:
3635:
3609:
3566:
3560:
3534:
3495:
3489:
3463:
3424:
3418:
3392:
3353:
3347:
3321:
3282:
3276:
3250:
3211:
3205:
3179:
2153:
17-year-old" (Ibid. Introduction 1). Similarly, Rabbi
1461:
and represented by certain texts in the Hebrew Bible (
9028:
University of Texas at Austin College of Liberal Arts
8755:
Staff, Biblical Archaeology Society (15 March 2022).
7658:"Cyrus the Great: History's most merciful conqueror?"
7352:
Learning to Read Across Languages and Writing Systems
6938:"Most ancient Hebrew biblical inscription deciphered"
6632:
Yağmur, Kutlay (2001), Extra, G.; Gorter, D. (eds.),
1074:
1068:
758:
date back to the 10th century BCE. Nearly all of the
8367:"A million and a half Israelis struggle with Hebrew"
8179:(1930), Meridian Books reprint 1962, New York p. 56.
7645:
Empires of the Word: A Language History of the World
6640:, Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, pp. 407–427,
6283:
is given as an explanation of the Lithostrotos, and
6226:
would be composed. The second stage begins with the
6038:
5738:
5727:
5716:
5704:
5678:
5653:
5640:
5599:
5574:
5523:* indicates that the given example is grammatically
5344:
3080:, do not have contrastive gemination, and pronounce
2495:
and English multilingual signs on an Israeli highway
2422:
The Complete Dictionary of Ancient and Modern Hebrew
2301:
and so on. Israeli Hebrew exhibits some features of
643:
443:
305:
58:
8656:. Milano: Centro Studi Camito-Semitici. p. 72.
8233:
6213:
6211:
6006:, and in some cases influenced by Sephardi Hebrew.
5684:("He ate the cake"). Former Israeli Prime Minister
5567:
is omitted. For example, the sentence "I am here" (
5559:Hebrew sentences do not have to include verbs; the
2202:. Near the end of that century the Jewish activist
1621:
A silver matchbox holder with inscription in Hebrew
7074:. Nachman Gur for Behadrey Haredim. Archived from
5518:is a valid form, which means "from the airplane".
2940:, but this system changed dramatically over time.
2904:underwent allophonic spirantization to (known as
2440:, refused to speak Hebrew and spoke only Yiddish.
2348:; there were also novels written in the language.
8070:Fox, Marvin. 1995. Interpreting Maimonides. P.326
7271:Géza Xeravits; József Zsengellér (25 June 2008).
6864:Grenoble, Leonore A.; Whaley, Lindsay J. (2005).
6811:
5984:of Israeli native speakers. It was influenced by
5510:(= "in the plane"). This does not happen to
2461:). Several of the teachers were imprisoned, e.g.
1664:, Aramaic was the primary colloquial language of
12208:
8832:Lashon HaKodesh: History, Holiness, & Hebrew
8524:The Israeli Conflict System: Analytic Approaches
7686:
7152:Holmes, Oliver; Balousha, Hazem (19 July 2018).
6208:
2436:sects, most notably those under the auspices of
9836:Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament
8715:. In Huehnergard, John; Pat-El, Na'ama (eds.).
5808:Users of the language write Modern Hebrew from
1521:(from which the modern Hebrew script descends).
1241:Hebrew was extinct as a colloquial language by
8890:
8809:Izre'el, Shlomo (2001). Hary, Benjamin (ed.).
8455:
7722:
7245:A Concise Dictionary of the Assyrian Languages
7151:
6863:
5617:) is more often used and means the same thing.
2834:, a series of "emphatic" consonants (possibly
1676:Jews, and western and intellectual Jews spoke
1637:and exiling its population far to the east in
1138:(with the river referred to being perhaps the
11263:
10099:
9876:
9852:
9070:
9042:Phonetically Transcribed Modern Hebrew Course
8707:
8536:"Some Arabs Prefer Hebrew – Education – News"
8307:
7898:The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
7838:Readings in The Sociology of Jewish Languages
7774:
7772:
6999:The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church
6995:The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church
1532:
1256:
27:"Hebrew" redirects here. For other uses, see
8853:. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
8399:"The differences between English and Hebrew"
7832:
7830:
7790:
7746:
7744:
7718:
7716:
7714:
6823:. New York: Human Rights Watch. April 2002.
5882:
5774:
5768:
5762:
5748:
5733:
5722:
5710:
5698:
5689:
5672:
5666:
5660:
5647:
5634:
5621:
5612:
5606:
5593:
5587:
5581:
5568:
5438:
5006:
4941:
4876:
4811:
4746:
4681:
4616:
4551:
4511:
4438:
4373:
4333:
4260:
4217:
4174:
4101:
4028:
3985:
3912:
3839:
3796:
3723:
3658:
3589:
3518:
3447:
3376:
3305:
3234:
3120:have become phonemic due to loan words, and
2412:While many saw his work as fanciful or even
2329:
2309:
2217:
2211:
2159:
2131:
2105:
2089:
2053:
2045:
2025:
1975:that became the standard for vocalizing the
1373:. The Gezer calendar is written without any
1279:, from the tomb of a royal steward found in
1191:
777:
696:
12237:Languages attested from the 10th century BC
8808:
8666:
8648:
8391:
7813:. University of Chicago. pp. 137–147.
7241:
6511:
5633:In Hebrew there is a specific preposition (
5309:are widely used to "decline" prepositions.
2246:(Tajiki), or local languages spoken in the
783:
11270:
11256:
10106:
10092:
9883:
9869:
9077:
9063:
8322:
8314:. Vienna: VWGÖ. p. 33. Archived from
8109:
7948:ארץ-ישראל בשלהי העת העתיקה: מבואות ומחקרים
7843:
7769:
7764:An Introductory Grammar of Rabbinic Hebrew
7752:An Introductory Grammar of Rabbinic Hebrew
7090:
6714:
6669:
6625:
5849:. When necessary, vowels are indicated by
5194:to the corresponding fricatives (written
5071:had two pronunciations, representing both
2838:, but this is debated), lateral fricative
2340:in 1856) multiplied. Prominent poets were
1596:
1215:. Canaanite languages are a branch of the
1107:. The name is believed to be based on the
67:
8560:
8423:
8148:
7827:
7741:
7723:Spolsky, Bernard; Shohamy, Elana (1999).
7711:
7623:
7621:
7443:
7012:
7010:
7008:
6905:
6770:Minorities and nationalism in Turkish law
6760:
1572:and by the Dead Sea Scrolls, notably the
1420:and the Babylonian captivity of 586 BCE.
932:in the 19th century, the Hebrew language
77:, a second-century BCE manuscript of the
8757:"The Phoenician Alphabet in Archaeology"
8620:"Hamas-run schools in Gaza teach Hebrew"
8492:
7264:
6806:protected by the legal system in Turkey.
5964:is the traditional pronunciation of the
5797:
5432:
5149:, as witnessed by transcriptions in the
2719:
2611:the pronunciation (by many speakers) of
2537:in some respects, mainly the following:
2498:
2486:
2181:
2100:, who developed a simple style based on
1967:or Masoretic Hebrew, a local dialect of
1943:
1924:
1616:
1606:
1488:
1270:
618:
9890:
8789:
7878:, lit. 'in the Hebrew dialect/language'
7811:Margins of Writing, Origins of Cultures
7386:
7066:
7064:
6848:
6773:. Cultural Diversity and Law. Farnham:
6634:"Turkish and other languages in Turkey"
6561:
6559:
5592:). In the sentence "I am that person" (
5455:, then the preposition takes the vowel
2760:immigrants from the former Soviet Union
1758:, by the beginning of the Common Era, "
1337:, the traditional time of the reign of
603:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
14:
12209:
9007:A Short History of the Hebrew Language
8979:
8867:
8538:. Israel National News. 13 June 2009.
8488:
8486:
8484:
8234:Nosonovsky, Michael (25 August 1997).
7618:
7581:
7005:
6720:
6675:
6631:
6597:
6595:
6131:List of English words of Hebrew origin
6096:List of Hebrew words of Persian origin
5293:of more inflected languages. Words in
2846:, and in its older stages also uvular
2234:(also called "Judezmo" and "Ladino"),
1554:(Assyrian script), still in use today.
1404:, written in the Moabite dialect; the
153:by the 5th century CE, surviving as a
11251:
10113:
10087:
9864:
9851:
9058:
8966:by the Academy of the Hebrew Language
8848:
8829:
8817:from the original on 27 December 2011
8811:"The Corpus of Spoken Israeli Hebrew"
8754:
8672:
8591:
8364:
8276:
8211:. Jewish-heritage.org. Archived from
8149:Bensadoun, Daniel (15 October 2010).
8006:"National Virtual Translation Center"
7941:
7939:
7699:from the original on 7 September 2020
7605:
7341:
7248:. Reuther & Reichard. p. 9.
6766:
6580:from the original on 14 December 2019
6537:. The State of Israel. Archived from
6477:
6475:
6355:
6353:
6351:
5836:(Assyrian), which developed from the
2943:By the time of the Dead Sea Scrolls,
2014:Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain
1886:The later section of the Talmud, the
1878:, Megillah 1:9: "Rebbi Jonathan from
1806:
990:as their liturgical tongue. As a non-
674:
654:
84:and one of the best-preserved of the
12061:
11277:
8736:from the original on 6 November 2022
8678:
8542:from the original on 4 December 2014
8469:from the original on 3 November 2013
7539:from the original on 24 October 2010
7104:, U.S. Census Bureau, archived from
7061:
7049:from the original on 27 October 2022
6944:from the original on 27 January 2012
6827:from the original on 20 October 2023
6791:from the original on 14 October 2023
6745:from the original on 11 October 2023
6702:from the original on 15 October 2023
6654:from the original on 20 October 2023
6556:
6332:
5349:). Such items include: the definite
2024:. Important Hebrew grammarians were
1653:elite became influenced by Aramaic.
1477:. A script descended from this, the
1302:In July 2008, Israeli archaeologist
1075:
885:, which was carried out against the
866:, which is derived from the name of
9680:
9084:
9018:Tutorials, courses and dictionaries
8592:Danan, Deborah (28 December 2012).
8561:Silverman, Anav (17 January 2013).
8493:Druckman, Yaron (21 January 2013).
8481:
7766:(Fernández & Elwolde 1999, p.2)
7510:from the original on 6 October 2023
6914:. Sun Foreign Staff. Archived from
6592:
6565:
6512:Meir, Irit; Sandler, Wendy (2013).
6023:especially the distinction between
6002:world. It was derived from the old
5775:
5769:
5763:
5749:
5734:
5723:
5711:
5709:is also often contracted to
5699:
5690:
5673:
5667:
5661:
5648:
5635:
5622:
5613:
5607:
5601:ani hu ha'adam ha'ze
5594:
5588:
5582:
5569:
5439:
5337:
5224:are still preserved (the fricative
5007:
4942:
4877:
4812:
4747:
4682:
4617:
4552:
4512:
4439:
4374:
4334:
4261:
4218:
4175:
4102:
4029:
3986:
3913:
3840:
3797:
3724:
3659:
3590:
3519:
3448:
3377:
3306:
3235:
2446:People's Commissariat for Education
2212:
1423:
1192:
1122:for the inhabitants of the land of
893:. Aramaic and, to a lesser extent,
836:
821:
778:
697:
175:Revived in the late 19th century CE
24:
11234:Languages between parentheses are
8600:from the original on 18 March 2013
8573:from the original on 24 April 2013
8505:from the original on 15 April 2013
8091:from the original on 4 August 2018
7945:
7936:
7632:The Hebrew of the Dead Sea Scrolls
7569:from the original on 6 August 2011
7197:from the original on 17 April 2018
6472:
6375:
6348:
6189:Later Hellenistic writers such as
6180:: or , strict pronunciation or .
5954:communities. It was influenced by
5901:Audio example of liturgical Hebrew
5889:
5671:, however, can be omitted, making
5655:hu akhal et ha'ugah
5094:were distinguished graphically in
3124:has similarly been re-introduced.
2621:> as in some contexts (
1914:
1825:Hebrew, Early Rabbinic Hebrew, or
1625:In the early 6th century BCE, the
1473:(Judges 5). It was written in the
1428:
1182:" is found in the prologue to the
1126:, perhaps from the perspective of
948:) became the main language of the
25:
12263:
8925:
8911:from the original on 8 April 2023
8157:from the original on 1 April 2019
8130:from the original on 8 April 2023
7986:from the original on 28 July 2024
7976:"Jerusalem Talmud Megillah 1:9:3"
7529:"'Oldest Hebrew script' is found"
7407:from the original on 8 April 2023
7393:. The Hague: Mouton. p. 12.
7368:from the original on 8 April 2023
7252:from the original on 8 April 2023
7016:Sáenz-Badillos (1993), p. 170–171
6884:from the original on 8 April 2023
6271:Fitzmyer, Joseph A.: "The adverb
5783:
5580:) has only two words; one for I (
3073:
3068:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2933:
2923:
2917:
2911:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2854:
2849:
2827:
2822:
2715:
2640:the partial elimination of vocal
2316:(The Gatherer), was published by
754:The earliest examples of written
373:(oral Hebrew accompanied by sign)
12189:
12172:
12155:
12138:
12121:
12104:
12087:
12070:
8931:
8894:A History of the Hebrew Language
8790:Hoffman, Joel M. (August 2004).
8767:from the original on 15 May 2024
8748:
8701:
8698:No text access via Google Books.
8660:
8630:from the original on 5 June 2024
8242:from the original on 7 July 2011
8110:(Ha-Kohen), Israel Meir (1980).
8085:Center for Online Judaic Studies
7750:Fernandez, Miguel Perez (1997).
7615:(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1927).
7482:from the original on 9 June 2023
7301:. 2. Taylor & Francis. p. 7.
6906:Fesperman, Dan (26 April 1998).
6613:from the original on 18 May 2019
6493:from the original on 14 May 2020
6464:
6446:
6428:
6410:
6392:
6309:
6069:
6055:
6041:
5931:Problems playing this file? See
5905:
2808:Biblical Hebrew § Phonology
2476:
1988:meaning "tradition"), who added
1289:curse tablet found at Mount Ebal
1079:), one of several names for the
934:experienced a full-scale revival
719:, it was natively spoken by the
445:ha-akademyah la-lashon ha-ʿivrit
8891:Sáenz-Badillos, Angel (1993) .
8708:Wilson-Wright, Aren M. (2019).
8642:
8612:
8585:
8554:
8528:
8517:
8301:
8270:
8254:
8227:
8201:
8182:
8169:
8142:
8103:
8073:
8064:
8055:
8042:
8020:
8010:Federal Bureau of Investigation
7998:
7968:
7925:https://doi.org/10.2307/3264497
7917:
7903:
7890:
7881:
7868:
7855:
7849:Spolsky, B. (1985), p. 40. and
7800:(2006). Seth L. Sanders (ed.).
7781:
7757:
7680:
7650:
7637:
7551:
7521:
7494:
7468:
7419:
7380:
7335:
7326:
7313:
7304:
7291:
7235:
7223:from the original on 2 May 2013
7209:
7179:
7145:
7119:
7031:
7019:
6965:
6956:
6940:. Physorg.com. 7 January 2010.
6930:
6899:
6857:
6842:
6292:
6265:
6255:
6245:
6236:
6183:
5972:in the countries of the former
5649:הוא אכל את העוגה
5595:אני הוא האדם הזה
2206:, owing to the ideology of the
1963:evolved. The most important is
1283:, dates to the 7th century BCE.
11238:of the language on their left.
8955:Academy of the Hebrew Language
8938:Hebrew language and literature
8404:Frankfurt International School
7874:E.g. Acts 21:40; 22:2; 26:14:
7039:"Abraham Ben Isaac Ben Garton"
6520:
6505:
6362:
6159:
5437:The Hebrew word for "Hebrew" (
2869:in later Biblical Hebrew, and
2771:Hebrew University of Jerusalem
2767:Academy of the Hebrew Language
2725:Academy of the Hebrew Language
2418:Academy of the Hebrew Language
2353:revival of the Hebrew language
2178:Revival of the Hebrew language
2168:Berurah without any trouble."
2106:
2090:
2054:
2046:
2026:
1064:, all ultimately derived from
1029:word "Hebrew" is derived from
436:Academy of the Hebrew Language
13:
1:
12247:Verb–subject–object languages
12020:Algerian Jewish Sign Language
8964:Historical Dictionary Project
8944:
8813:. (CoSIH): Working Papers I.
8365:Klein, Zeev (18 March 2013).
8308:Shisha Halevy, Ariel (1989).
7912:Christian Palestinian Aramaic
7242:Muss-Arnolt, William (1905).
7127:"Arabic Downgraded in Israel"
7102:The 2012 Statistical Abstract
6638:The Other Languages of Europe
6418:Samaritan Hebrew (liturgical)
6400:Classical Hebrew (liturgical)
6147:
5312:
5206:
5182:Hebrew and Aramaic underwent
3127:
2104:for use in his law code, the
1501:" on tops of certain letters.
1447:
1440:
909:, intra-Jewish commerce, and
8830:Klein, Reuven Chaim (2014).
8761:Biblical Archaeology Society
8280:A Textbook of Israeli Hebrew
8050:Penguin Book of Hebrew Verse
7664:. 6 May 2019. Archived from
7613:A Grammar of Mishnaic Hebrew
6851:Hebrew: The Eternal Language
6342:
6218:which the Mishnah, Tosefta,
6201:to refer to both Hebrew and
6141:Study of the Hebrew language
5145:
5139:
5133:
5127:
5052:
4984:
4958:
4919:
4893:
4854:
4828:
4789:
4763:
4724:
4698:
4659:
4633:
4594:
4568:
4528:
4489:
4455:
4416:
4390:
4350:
4311:
4277:
4234:
4191:
4152:
4118:
4079:
4045:
4002:
3963:
3929:
3890:
3856:
3813:
3774:
3740:
3701:
3675:
3636:
3610:
3567:
3561:
3535:
3496:
3490:
3464:
3425:
3419:
3393:
3354:
3348:
3322:
3283:
3277:
3251:
3212:
3206:
3180:
3096:or a voiced velar fricative
2801:
2402:British Mandate of Palestine
2116:this generalization such as
1295:, Yahweh, as three letters,
1251:revival as a spoken language
1213:Canaanite group of languages
1069:
1053:
1020:
741:revived as a spoken language
715:. A regional dialect of the
7:
8974:Israeli Ministry of Tourism
7321:Introducing Biblical Hebrew
7297:Barton, John, ed. (2004) .
6091:List of Hebrew dictionaries
6034:
5966:Spanish and Portuguese Jews
5739:
5728:
5717:
5705:
5679:
5654:
5641:
5600:
5575:
5345:
5261:, expressing such forms as
5236:which lost the distinction)
2330:
2310:
2218:
2160:
2132:
854:, meaning Hebrew; however,
713:Afroasiatic language family
644:
444:
59:
10:
12268:
11405:Jewish Palestinian Aramaic
9120:Transliteration to English
9051:by Polyglot Daniel Epstein
8874:Cambridge University Press
8782:
7896:Geoffrey W. Bromley (ed.)
7445:10.1186/s40494-023-00920-9
6971:Sáenz-Badillos (1993), p.
6285:
6279:
6273:
5787:
5680:hu akhal ha'ugah
5250:
5244:
5240:
2805:
2480:
2363:and in 1881 immigrated to
2175:
2171:
2157:'s purpose in writing the
1918:
1810:
1680:, but a form of so-called
1600:
1533:Early post-Biblical Hebrew
1432:
1414:ostraca found near Lachish
1379:consonants to imply vowels
1260:
1257:Oldest Hebrew inscriptions
1253:in the late 19th century.
1206:
1047:
858:refers to the language as
850:refers to the language as
709:Northwest Semitic language
41:Northwest Semitic language
33:
26:
12033:
12000:
11935:
11880:
11850:Judaeo-Hamedani–Borujerdi
11825:
11711:
11679:
11592:
11583:
11574:
11523:
11453:
11379:
11334:
11303:
11294:
11285:
11220:
11147:
11048:
10989:
10982:
10949:
10940:
10933:
10886:
10877:
10807:
10715:
10562:
10443:
10404:
10395:
10386:
10328:
10307:
10210:
10201:
10192:
10154:
10121:
10071:
10010:
9942:
9914:
9898:
9858:
9853:Links to related articles
9799:
9734:
9679:
9644:
9587:
9544:
9444:
9321:
9275:
9259:
9252:
9175:
9137:
9092:
9037:Foreign Service Institute
8710:"The Canaanite languages"
8436:University College London
7344:"Learning to Read Hebrew"
6849:Chomsky, William (1957).
5992:Mizrahi (Oriental) Hebrew
5883:Liturgical use in Judaism
5824:resembles those used for
5532:
5257:Hebrew grammar is partly
5253:History of Hebrew grammar
5170:
5159:
5110:
5100:
5089:
5066:
5039:
5027:
4976:
4911:
4846:
4781:
4716:
4651:
4586:
4504:
4499:
4487:
4481:
4479:
4408:
4326:
4321:
4309:
4303:
4301:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4150:
4144:
4142:
4071:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3961:
3955:
3953:
3882:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3772:
3766:
3764:
3693:
3628:
3553:
3482:
3411:
3340:
3269:
3198:
3152:
3147:
3144:
3141:
3134:
3022:), and show the shift of
2647:
2618:
2580:
2567:
2551:
2139:in Hebrew, as opposed to
1741:from the 4th century CE.
1543:destruction of the Temple
1115:
698:
639:
589:
575:
559:
493:
475:
457:
452:
439:
429:
399:
384:Official language in
382:
377:
360:
354:Samaritan Biblical Hebrew
313:
296:
273:
245:
185:
168:
140:
130:
120:
92:
66:
54:
53:
48:
11231:or historical languages.
9808:Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar
8277:Rosén, Haiim B. (1966).
7798:Schniedewind, William M.
7342:Share, David L. (2017).
6152:
5976:, with the exception of
5697:In spoken Hebrew
5332:Hebrew uses a number of
5297:are often combined with
5056:was still pronounced as
2794:, since 6 January 2005.
2527:of international words.
2525:phono-semantic matchings
2361:Jewish national movement
1797:Hebrew Gospel hypothesis
1175:, of identical meaning.
1150:; or maybe the northern
1010:, and by theologians in
911:Jewish poetic literature
840: "the language of
177:. 9 million speakers of
11981:Portuguese-based Creole
8794:. New York: NYU Press.
8463:"Why Learn a Language?"
8194:15 January 2010 at the
8116:. Feldheim Publishers.
7565:. AP. 30 October 2008.
7323:, Baker Academic, 2001.
7277:. Brill. pp. 43–.
6727:East European Quarterly
6676:Zetler, Reyhan (2014).
6106:Hebraization of English
5923:(reading of the Torah).
5674:הוא אכל העוגה
5552:In Hebrew, there is no
5234:Sephardic pronunciation
2812:Modern Hebrew phonology
2684:"you wrote" instead of
2596:voiced uvular fricative
2543:pharyngeal articulation
2295:Israeli Standard Hebrew
1829:Hebrew I), which was a
1597:Displacement by Aramaic
1519:Imperial Aramaic script
1481:, is still used by the
1347:Archaic Biblical Hebrew
1267:Ancient Hebrew writings
1034:
956:, and subsequently the
341:Imperial Aramaic script
336:Archaic Biblical Hebrew
29:Hebrew (disambiguation)
8868:Laufer, Asher (1999).
8039:, Venice 1546 (Hebrew)
7876:têi hebraḯdi dialéktôi
7861:Huehnergard, John and
7687:Andrew Silow-Carroll.
7387:Fellman, Jack (1973).
7346:. In Verhoeven, Ludo;
6136:Romanization of Hebrew
5894:
5805:
5614:אני האדם הזה
5447:
5277:particles rather than
3088:as a uvular fricative
2727:
2706:
2677:) and some other words
2508:
2496:
2471:Yevgeny Korostyshevsky
2187:
2028:Judah ben David Hayyuj
1956:
1955:, India, dated to 1344
1941:
1940:pointing (Joshua 1:1).
1629:conquered the ancient
1622:
1614:
1502:
1495:writing a Torah scroll
1493:Hebrew script used in
1377:, and it does not use
1357:one that, through the
1284:
1211:Hebrew belongs to the
751:, still spoken today.
628:
591:This article contains
12024:village sign language
12010:Israeli Sign Language
10521:Christian Palestinian
10233:Ancient North Arabian
8717:The Semitic languages
6767:Bayır, Derya (2013).
6721:Toktaş, Şule (2006).
6359:Sáenz-Badillos (1993)
6086:Paleo-Hebrew alphabet
5893:
5822:paleo-Hebrew alphabet
5801:
5665:the cake"). The word
5436:
5251:Further information:
5247:Modern Hebrew grammar
5079:. Later on, however,
2806:Further information:
2723:
2698:
2654:instead of Sephardic
2629:instead of Sephardic
2502:
2490:
2426:Ben-Yehuda Dictionary
2367:, then a part of the
2283:Modern Israeli Hebrew
2185:
2122:mutually intelligible
1947:
1928:
1633:, destroying much of
1627:Neo-Babylonian Empire
1620:
1610:
1492:
1475:Paleo-Hebrew alphabet
1274:
1263:Paleo-Hebrew alphabet
1261:Further information:
1219:family of languages.
876:Paleo-Hebrew alphabet
625:Paleo-Hebrew alphabet
622:
332:Paleo-Hebrew alphabet
11860:Judaeo-Yazdi–Kermani
11500:Judaeo-Tripolitanian
10621:Koy Sanjaq Christian
10298:Pre-classical Arabic
9829:Strong's Concordance
9115:Ancient inscriptions
9012:Chaim Menachem Rabin
8352:13 June 2019 at the
8087:. 7 September 2017.
7930:28 July 2024 at the
6978:8 April 2023 at the
6111:Hebrew abbreviations
5745:Bar Kokhba documents
5659:(literally, "He ate
5586:) and one for here (
5153:. As in the case of
2507:and English keyboard
2346:Shaul Tchernichovsky
1949:Kochangadi Synagogue
1751:William Schniedewind
1643:Babylonian captivity
1548:Hebrew square script
1469:(Exodus 15) and the
1390:Egyptian hieroglyphs
1162:). Compare the word
1002:specializing in the
803:the tongue holiness
768:Babylonian captivity
733:Second Temple period
440:האקדמיה ללשון העברית
345:Late Biblical Hebrew
12242:Languages of Israel
12222:Canaanite languages
10464:Ashurian and Hatran
9892:Languages of Israel
9822:Brown–Driver–Briggs
9047:26 May 2022 at the
9033:Hebrew Basic Course
8991:Jewish Encyclopedia
8980:General information
8849:Kuzar, Ron (2001).
8329:Zuckermann, Ghil'ad
8215:on 22 December 2012
8198:by Libby Kantorwitz
8035:1 July 2021 at the
8016:on 17 January 2009.
7693:The Times of Israel
7668:on 8 September 2020
7601:on 4 February 2012.
7535:. 30 October 2008.
7108:on 25 December 2007
7027:Who Wrote the Bible
6368:H. S. Nyberg 1952.
6280:Ἑβραιστὶ δὲ Γαββαθᾶ
5877:Hebrew cantillation
5688:was convinced that
5334:one-letter prefixes
5210: 200 BCE
2577:the conversion of (
2541:the replacement of
2467:Ephraim Kholmyansky
2381:liturgical language
2342:Hayim Nahman Bialik
2062:Solomon ibn Gabirol
2001:, precursor to the
1497:. Note ornamental "
1365:, later became the
925:, Italy) in 1475.
907:rabbinic literature
901:as the language of
739:. The language was
725:liturgical language
717:Canaanite languages
401:Recognised minority
155:liturgical language
12227:Fusional languages
11888:Jewish Koine Greek
11748:Judaeo-Piedmontese
11495:Judaeo-Palestinian
11335:Reading traditions
10535:Jewish Palestinian
9671:Law of attenuation
9176:Reading traditions
8443:on 6 November 2013
8411:on 6 November 2013
8379:on 4 November 2013
8337:Palgrave Macmillan
8026:Abraham ibn Ezra,
7299:The Biblical World
7078:on 4 November 2013
6777:. pp. 89–90.
6775:Ashgate Publishing
6370:Hebreisk Grammatik
5895:
5806:
5554:indefinite article
5448:
5406:) (= "and"),
5360:) (= "the");
5321:", or 3-consonant
2728:
2694:Ghil'ad Zuckermann
2509:
2497:
2204:Eliezer Ben-Yehuda
2188:
2186:Eliezer Ben-Yehuda
2155:Yisrael Meir Kagan
1957:
1942:
1807:Mishnah and Talmud
1714:Hellenistic period
1623:
1615:
1503:
1479:Samaritan alphabet
1406:Siloam inscription
1285:
1277:Shebna Inscription
1224:Kingdoms of Israel
1190:, refers to it as
938:Eliezer Ben-Yehuda
848:Mishnah Gittin 9:8
745:linguistic revival
629:
12052:
12051:
12046:
12045:
12040:extinct languages
11977:Judaeo-Papiamento
11931:
11930:
11871:Judaeo-Golpaygani
11802:Judaeo-Portuguese
11707:
11706:
11570:
11569:
11375:
11374:
11245:
11244:
11216:
11215:
11212:
11211:
11143:
11142:
11139:
11138:
10873:
10872:
10869:
10868:
10711:
10710:
10674:Koy Sanjaq Jewish
10471:Jewish Babylonian
10382:
10381:
10115:Semitic languages
10081:
10080:
9845:
9844:
9701:Verbal morphology
9640:
9639:
9153:
8997:A Guide to Hebrew
8936:Works related to
8904:978-0-521-55634-7
8883:978-0-521-65236-0
8860:978-3-11-016993-5
8841:978-1-937887-36-0
8834:. Mosaica Press.
8801:978-0-8147-3654-8
8726:978-0-415-73195-9
8693:978-1-57506-129-0
8667:Dolgopolsky (1999
8650:Dolgopolsky, Aron
8345:978-1-4039-1723-2
8294:978-0-226-72603-8
8175:Spiegel, Shalom.
8123:978-0-87306-198-8
7961:978-965-217-444-4
7820:978-1-885923-39-4
7734:978-1-85359-451-9
7643:Nicholas Ostler,
7400:978-90-279-2495-7
7361:978-1-107-09588-5
7348:Perfetti, Charles
7284:978-90-04-16906-7
7219:. Lib.cet.ac.il.
7131:Language Magazine
6912:The Baltimore Sun
6877:978-0-521-01652-0
6784:978-1-4094-7254-4
6647:978-1-85359-510-3
6566:Pisarek, Walery.
6462:(19th ed., 2016)
6454:Edomite (extinct)
6444:(19th ed., 2016)
6436:Moabite (extinct)
6426:(19th ed., 2016)
6408:(19th ed., 2016)
6390:(19th ed., 2016)
6242:See original text
6116:Hebrew literature
5910:
5371:) (= "in"),
5343:
5323:consonantal roots
5279:grammatical cases
5044:
5043:
2523:from Yiddish and
2397:vernacularization
2056:Dunash ben Labrat
1909:Bar Kokhba revolt
1892:aggadah midrashes
1839:literary language
1801:Language of Jesus
1793:Gospel of Matthew
1781:Bar Kokhba revolt
1591:Bar Kokhba revolt
1316:Hebrew University
1217:Northwest Semitic
1008:its civilizations
988:Samaritan dialect
984:official language
970:Israeli Americans
958:official language
928:With the rise of
883:Bar Kokhba revolt
870:, in contrast to
868:the alphabet used
673:
617:
616:
599:rendering support
595:phonetic symbols.
431:Regulated by
217:Northwest Semitic
16:(Redirected from
12259:
12232:Jewish languages
12202:
12194:
12193:
12192:
12185:
12177:
12176:
12175:
12168:
12167:from Wikiversity
12160:
12159:
12158:
12151:
12143:
12142:
12141:
12134:
12126:
12125:
12124:
12117:
12109:
12108:
12107:
12100:
12092:
12091:
12090:
12083:
12075:
12074:
12073:
12063:
11957:Judaeo-Malayalam
11809:Judaeo-Aragonese
11788:Judaeo-Provençal
11734:Judaeo-Livornese
11590:
11589:
11581:
11580:
11301:
11300:
11292:
11291:
11279:Jewish languages
11272:
11265:
11258:
11249:
11248:
10987:
10986:
10947:
10946:
10938:
10937:
10884:
10883:
10752:northern dialect
10427:Biblical Aramaic
10420:Imperial Aramaic
10402:
10401:
10393:
10392:
10291:Nabataean Arabic
10208:
10207:
10199:
10198:
10174:Canaano-Akkadian
10108:
10101:
10094:
10085:
10084:
10075:Jewish languages
10058:Levantine Arabic
9885:
9878:
9871:
9862:
9861:
9849:
9848:
9791:Unicode and HTML
9257:
9256:
9245:
9237:
9229:
9210:
9150:northern dialect
9147:
9079:
9072:
9065:
9056:
9055:
8951:Official website
8935:
8920:
8918:
8916:
8887:
8864:
8845:
8826:
8824:
8822:
8805:
8777:
8776:
8774:
8772:
8752:
8746:
8745:
8743:
8741:
8735:
8714:
8705:
8699:
8697:
8676:
8670:
8664:
8658:
8657:
8646:
8640:
8639:
8637:
8635:
8616:
8610:
8609:
8607:
8605:
8589:
8583:
8582:
8580:
8578:
8569:. Ynetnews.com.
8558:
8552:
8551:
8549:
8547:
8532:
8526:
8521:
8515:
8514:
8512:
8510:
8501:. Ynetnews.com.
8490:
8479:
8478:
8476:
8474:
8459:
8453:
8452:
8450:
8448:
8439:. Archived from
8427:
8421:
8420:
8418:
8416:
8407:. Archived from
8395:
8389:
8388:
8386:
8384:
8375:. Archived from
8362:
8356:
8326:
8320:
8319:
8318:on 21 July 2011.
8305:
8299:
8298:
8274:
8268:
8258:
8252:
8251:
8249:
8247:
8231:
8225:
8224:
8222:
8220:
8205:
8199:
8186:
8180:
8173:
8167:
8166:
8164:
8162:
8146:
8140:
8139:
8137:
8135:
8107:
8101:
8100:
8098:
8096:
8077:
8071:
8068:
8062:
8059:
8053:
8046:
8040:
8024:
8018:
8017:
8012:. Archived from
8002:
7996:
7995:
7993:
7991:
7972:
7966:
7965:
7943:
7934:
7921:
7915:
7907:
7901:
7894:
7888:
7885:
7879:
7872:
7866:
7859:
7853:
7847:
7841:
7834:
7825:
7824:
7808:
7794:
7788:
7785:
7779:
7776:
7767:
7761:
7755:
7748:
7739:
7738:
7720:
7709:
7708:
7706:
7704:
7684:
7678:
7677:
7675:
7673:
7654:
7648:
7641:
7635:
7625:
7616:
7609:
7603:
7602:
7600:
7594:. Archived from
7593:
7585:
7579:
7578:
7576:
7574:
7555:
7549:
7548:
7546:
7544:
7525:
7519:
7518:
7517:
7515:
7498:
7492:
7491:
7489:
7487:
7472:
7466:
7465:
7447:
7432:Heritage Science
7423:
7417:
7416:
7414:
7412:
7384:
7378:
7377:
7375:
7373:
7339:
7333:
7330:
7324:
7317:
7311:
7308:
7302:
7295:
7289:
7288:
7268:
7262:
7261:
7259:
7257:
7239:
7233:
7232:
7230:
7228:
7217:"הספריה של מט"ח"
7213:
7207:
7206:
7204:
7202:
7183:
7177:
7176:
7174:
7172:
7149:
7143:
7142:
7140:
7138:
7133:. 14 August 2018
7123:
7117:
7116:
7115:
7113:
7094:
7088:
7087:
7085:
7083:
7068:
7059:
7058:
7056:
7054:
7043:Encyclopedia.com
7035:
7029:
7023:
7017:
7014:
7003:
6991:
6982:
6969:
6963:
6960:
6954:
6953:
6951:
6949:
6934:
6928:
6927:
6925:
6923:
6918:on 29 March 2017
6903:
6897:
6896:
6891:
6889:
6861:
6855:
6854:
6846:
6840:
6839:
6834:
6832:
6815:
6809:
6808:
6798:
6796:
6764:
6758:
6757:
6752:
6750:
6718:
6712:
6711:
6709:
6707:
6701:
6682:
6673:
6667:
6666:
6661:
6659:
6629:
6623:
6622:
6620:
6618:
6599:
6590:
6589:
6587:
6585:
6579:
6572:
6563:
6554:
6553:
6551:
6549:
6544:on 10 April 2021
6543:
6532:
6524:
6518:
6517:
6509:
6503:
6502:
6500:
6498:
6479:
6470:
6469:
6468:
6451:
6450:
6433:
6432:
6415:
6414:
6397:
6396:
6379:
6373:
6366:
6360:
6357:
6336:
6330:
6326:
6322:
6318:
6313:
6307:
6296:
6290:
6288:
6287:
6282:
6281:
6276:
6275:
6269:
6263:
6259:
6253:
6249:
6243:
6240:
6234:
6215:
6206:
6187:
6181:
6163:
6126:Jewish languages
6079:
6074:
6073:
6065:
6060:
6059:
6058:
6051:
6046:
6045:
6044:
5982:Hebrew phonology
5944:Ashkenazi Hebrew
5912:
5911:
5892:
5856:matres lectionis
5778:
5777:
5772:
5771:
5766:
5765:
5760:
5759:
5742:
5737:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5725:
5720:
5714:
5713:
5708:
5702:
5701:
5693:
5692:
5686:David Ben-Gurion
5682:
5676:
5675:
5670:
5669:
5664:
5663:
5657:
5651:
5650:
5644:
5638:
5637:
5625:
5624:
5616:
5615:
5610:
5609:
5603:
5597:
5596:
5591:
5590:
5585:
5584:
5578:
5572:
5571:
5458:
5442:
5441:
5425:
5413:
5405:
5390:
5378:
5370:
5359:
5348:
5346:Otiyot HaShimush
5342:romanized:
5341:
5339:
5231:
5227:
5223:
5211:
5208:
5205:
5201:
5189:
5178:
5172:
5167:
5161:
5156:
5148:
5142:
5136:
5130:
5121:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5091:
5086:
5082:
5078:
5074:
5068:
5063:
5055:
5013:
5012:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4978:
4972:
4963:
4948:
4947:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4913:
4907:
4898:
4883:
4882:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4848:
4842:
4833:
4818:
4817:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4783:
4777:
4768:
4753:
4752:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4718:
4712:
4703:
4688:
4687:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4653:
4647:
4638:
4623:
4622:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4588:
4582:
4573:
4558:
4557:
4547:
4542:
4533:
4518:
4517:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4483:
4477:
4469:
4460:
4445:
4444:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4410:
4404:
4395:
4380:
4379:
4369:
4364:
4355:
4340:
4339:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4305:
4299:
4291:
4282:
4267:
4266:
4256:
4248:
4239:
4224:
4223:
4213:
4205:
4196:
4181:
4180:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4146:
4140:
4132:
4123:
4108:
4107:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4073:
4067:
4059:
4050:
4035:
4034:
4024:
4016:
4007:
3992:
3991:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3957:
3951:
3943:
3934:
3919:
3918:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3884:
3878:
3870:
3861:
3846:
3845:
3835:
3827:
3818:
3803:
3802:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3768:
3762:
3754:
3745:
3730:
3729:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3695:
3689:
3680:
3665:
3664:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3630:
3624:
3615:
3600:
3599:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3564:
3555:
3549:
3540:
3525:
3524:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3493:
3484:
3478:
3469:
3454:
3453:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3422:
3413:
3407:
3398:
3383:
3382:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3351:
3342:
3336:
3327:
3312:
3311:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3280:
3271:
3265:
3256:
3241:
3240:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3209:
3200:
3194:
3185:
3132:
3131:
3123:
3119:
3111:
3103:
3095:
3087:
3079:
3077:
3072:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3037:
3029:
3002:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2962:
2954:
2946:
2939:
2937:
2929:
2927:
2921:
2915:
2903:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2858:
2853:
2845:
2833:
2831:
2826:
2649:
2620:
2589:
2582:
2571:
2565:
2555:
2532:Ashkenazi Hebrew
2335:
2315:
2303:Sephardic Hebrew
2221:
2215:
2214:
2208:national revival
2190:Hebrew has been
2165:
2143:, as a guide to
2137:
2111:
2110:
2095:
2094:
2074:Abraham ibn Ezra
2059:
2058:
2051:
2050:
2038:Abraham ibn Ezra
2031:
2030:
2022:Classical Arabic
1876:Jerusalem Talmud
1739:Byzantine period
1631:Kingdom of Judah
1603:Aramaic language
1576:letters and the
1525:Israelian Hebrew
1459:Babylonian exile
1452:
1449:
1445:
1442:
1424:Classical Hebrew
1345:. Classified as
1335:Monarchic period
1325:
1232:Babylonian exile
1195:
1194:
1124:Israel and Judah
1117:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1037:
974:Jewish Americans
856:Mishnah Megillah
845:
838:
830:
823:
807:
804:
801:
797:
794:
791:
788:
785:
781:
780:
779:לְשׁוֹן הַקֹּדֶש
703:
702:
700:
693:Samaritan script
690:
689:
688:
682:
679:
671:
670:
669:
668:
662:
659:
653:
649:
641:
585:
571:
550:
539:
531:Samaritan Hebrew
528:
520:Classical Hebrew
517:
507:
498:
489:
488:
480:
471:
470:
462:
447:
441:
403:language in
366:
350:Samaritan script
319:
307:
303:Israelian Hebrew
191:
116:
109:
101:
86:Dead Sea Scrolls
71:
62:
56:
46:
45:
21:
18:Hebraic language
12267:
12266:
12262:
12261:
12260:
12258:
12257:
12256:
12217:Hebrew language
12207:
12206:
12205:
12195:
12190:
12188:
12184:from Wikivoyage
12178:
12173:
12171:
12161:
12156:
12154:
12144:
12139:
12137:
12133:from Wikisource
12127:
12122:
12120:
12110:
12105:
12103:
12093:
12088:
12086:
12082:from Wiktionary
12076:
12071:
12069:
12066:
12062:sister projects
12059:at Knowledge's
12057:Hebrew language
12053:
12048:
12047:
12042:
12029:
11996:
11967:Judaeo-Georgian
11927:
11876:
11821:
11703:
11675:
11657:Judaeo-Alsatian
11566:
11519:
11510:Judaeo-Tunisian
11490:Judaeo-Moroccan
11483:Judaeo-Baghdadi
11468:Judaeo-Egyptian
11463:Judaeo-Algerian
11449:
11440:Lishanid Noshan
11371:
11330:
11281:
11276:
11246:
11241:
11208:
11135:
11044:
10991:
10978:
10929:
10890:
10865:
10803:
10707:
10649:Urmia Christian
10565:
10558:
10445:
10439:
10378:
10338:Egyptian Arabic
10324:
10320:Modern Standard
10303:
10188:
10150:
10117:
10112:
10082:
10077:
10067:
10006:
9938:
9910:
9894:
9889:
9854:
9846:
9841:
9800:Reference works
9795:
9730:
9726:Vav-consecutive
9675:
9654:Biblical Hebrew
9636:
9583:
9568:Mater lectionis
9540:
9440:
9317:
9271:
9248:
9243:
9235:
9227:
9206:
9171:
9133:
9088:
9086:Hebrew language
9083:
9049:Wayback Machine
9024:Hebrew language
9020:
8986:Hebrew language
8982:
8947:
8928:
8923:
8914:
8912:
8905:
8884:
8861:
8842:
8820:
8818:
8802:
8785:
8780:
8770:
8768:
8753:
8749:
8739:
8737:
8733:
8727:
8712:
8706:
8702:
8694:
8677:
8673:
8665:
8661:
8647:
8643:
8633:
8631:
8618:
8617:
8613:
8603:
8601:
8590:
8586:
8576:
8574:
8559:
8555:
8545:
8543:
8534:
8533:
8529:
8522:
8518:
8508:
8506:
8491:
8482:
8472:
8470:
8461:
8460:
8456:
8446:
8444:
8429:
8428:
8424:
8414:
8412:
8397:
8396:
8392:
8382:
8380:
8363:
8359:
8354:Wayback Machine
8327:
8323:
8306:
8302:
8295:
8275:
8271:
8267:, among others.
8265:Albert Einstein
8259:
8255:
8245:
8243:
8232:
8228:
8218:
8216:
8207:
8206:
8202:
8196:Wayback Machine
8187:
8183:
8174:
8170:
8160:
8158:
8147:
8143:
8133:
8131:
8124:
8108:
8104:
8094:
8092:
8079:
8078:
8074:
8069:
8065:
8060:
8056:
8047:
8043:
8037:Wayback Machine
8025:
8021:
8004:
8003:
7999:
7989:
7987:
7980:www.sefaria.org
7974:
7973:
7969:
7962:
7944:
7937:
7932:Wayback Machine
7922:
7918:
7908:
7904:
7895:
7891:
7886:
7882:
7873:
7869:
7860:
7856:
7848:
7844:
7835:
7828:
7821:
7806:
7795:
7791:
7786:
7782:
7777:
7770:
7762:
7758:
7749:
7742:
7735:
7721:
7712:
7702:
7700:
7685:
7681:
7671:
7669:
7656:
7655:
7651:
7642:
7638:
7626:
7619:
7610:
7606:
7598:
7591:
7587:
7586:
7582:
7572:
7570:
7557:
7556:
7552:
7542:
7540:
7527:
7526:
7522:
7513:
7511:
7506:, 19 May 2023,
7500:
7499:
7495:
7485:
7483:
7478:. 14 May 2023.
7474:
7473:
7469:
7424:
7420:
7410:
7408:
7401:
7385:
7381:
7371:
7369:
7362:
7340:
7336:
7331:
7327:
7319:Ross, Allen P.
7318:
7314:
7310:Kings II 18:26.
7309:
7305:
7296:
7292:
7285:
7269:
7265:
7255:
7253:
7240:
7236:
7226:
7224:
7215:
7214:
7210:
7200:
7198:
7185:
7184:
7180:
7170:
7168:
7150:
7146:
7136:
7134:
7125:
7124:
7120:
7111:
7109:
7096:
7095:
7091:
7081:
7079:
7070:
7069:
7062:
7052:
7050:
7037:
7036:
7032:
7024:
7020:
7015:
7006:
6992:
6985:
6980:Wayback Machine
6970:
6966:
6961:
6957:
6947:
6945:
6936:
6935:
6931:
6921:
6919:
6904:
6900:
6887:
6885:
6878:
6862:
6858:
6847:
6843:
6830:
6828:
6817:
6816:
6812:
6794:
6792:
6785:
6765:
6761:
6753:. p. 514:
6748:
6746:
6719:
6715:
6705:
6703:
6699:
6680:
6674:
6670:
6657:
6655:
6648:
6630:
6626:
6616:
6614:
6601:
6600:
6593:
6583:
6581:
6577:
6570:
6564:
6557:
6547:
6545:
6541:
6530:
6526:
6525:
6521:
6510:
6506:
6496:
6494:
6481:
6480:
6473:
6463:
6452:
6445:
6434:
6427:
6416:
6409:
6398:
6391:
6380:
6376:
6367:
6363:
6358:
6349:
6345:
6340:
6339:
6314:
6310:
6297:
6293:
6270:
6266:
6260:
6256:
6250:
6246:
6241:
6237:
6216:
6209:
6188:
6184:
6164:
6160:
6155:
6150:
6145:
6121:Hebrew numerals
6077:Language portal
6075:
6068:
6061:
6056:
6054:
6047:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6008:Yemenite Hebrew
6004:Arabic language
5988:pronunciation.
5978:Yemenite Hebrew
5962:Sephardi Hebrew
5958:pronunciation.
5938:
5937:
5929:
5927:
5926:
5925:
5924:
5921:Aliyah La-Torah
5913:
5906:
5903:
5896:
5890:
5885:
5814:Hebrew alphabet
5803:Hebrew alphabet
5796:
5790:Hebrew alphabet
5788:Main articles:
5786:
5543:Biblical Hebrew
5535:
5315:
5283:construct state
5255:
5249:
5243:
5214:functional load
5209:
5174:
5163:
5114:
5104:
5096:Tiberian Hebrew
5093:
5070:
5014:
4980:
4949:
4915:
4884:
4850:
4819:
4785:
4754:
4720:
4689:
4655:
4624:
4590:
4559:
4519:
4485:
4446:
4412:
4381:
4341:
4307:
4268:
4225:
4182:
4148:
4109:
4075:
4036:
3993:
3959:
3920:
3886:
3847:
3804:
3770:
3731:
3697:
3666:
3632:
3601:
3557:
3526:
3486:
3455:
3415:
3384:
3344:
3313:
3273:
3242:
3202:
3137:
3130:
3051:Sephardi Hebrew
2947:had shifted to
2817:Biblical Hebrew
2814:
2804:
2718:
2585:
2573:
2563:
2557:
2545:in the letters
2517:Sephardi Hebrew
2485:
2479:
2432:and a very few
2385:spoken language
2299:Standard Hebrew
2272:State of Israel
2248:Jewish diaspora
2180:
2174:
2162:Mishnah Berurah
2102:Mishnaic Hebrew
2085:Medieval Arabic
2081:Classical Greek
2034:Jonah ibn Janah
2003:Arabic alphabet
1999:Syriac alphabet
1965:Tiberian Hebrew
1961:Medieval Hebrew
1932:: 10th century
1923:
1921:Medieval Hebrew
1917:
1915:Medieval Hebrew
1831:spoken language
1815:
1813:Mishnaic Hebrew
1809:
1769:Rabbinic Hebrew
1756:Bernard Spolsky
1722:Joseph Klausner
1718:Moshe Zvi Segal
1682:Rabbinic Hebrew
1658:Cyrus the Great
1605:
1599:
1593:around 135 CE.
1558:Mishnaic Hebrew
1539:Dead Sea Scroll
1535:
1471:Song of Deborah
1465:), notably the
1450:
1444: 1000 BCE
1443:
1437:
1435:Biblical Hebrew
1431:
1429:Biblical Hebrew
1426:
1323:
1312:Khirbet Qeiyafa
1308:a ceramic shard
1304:Yossi Garfinkel
1269:
1259:
1247:Medieval Hebrew
1209:
1103:, mentioned in
1066:Biblical Hebrew
1023:
962:State of Israel
899:medieval period
889:by the Jews of
839:
824:
805:
802:
799:
795:
793:the holy tongue
792:
789:
786:
773:Lashon Hakodesh
764:Biblical Hebrew
684:
683:
677:
664:
663:
657:
651:
636:Hebrew alphabet
597:Without proper
581:
567:
546:
545:
535:
534:
524:
523:
513:
512:
503:
502:
494:
484:
483:
476:
466:
465:
458:
438:
425:
424:
404:
402:
385:
378:Official status
367:
362:
348:
339:
330:
326:
324:Hebrew alphabet
320:
315:
292:
276:
269:
263:Medieval Hebrew
258:Mishnaic Hebrew
253:Biblical Hebrew
248:
241:
212:Central Semitic
192:
189:Language family
187:
159:Biblical Hebrew
151:spoken language
147:Mishnaic Hebrew
135:Southern Levant
111:
110:
104:
103:
102:
96:
88:
73:Portion of the
42:
39:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
12265:
12255:
12254:
12249:
12244:
12239:
12234:
12229:
12224:
12219:
12204:
12203:
12198:Hebrew edition
12186:
12169:
12152:
12150:from Wikibooks
12135:
12118:
12116:from Wikiquote
12101:
12084:
12055:
12050:
12049:
12044:
12043:
12034:
12031:
12030:
12028:
12027:
12017:
12006:
12004:
12002:Sign languages
11998:
11997:
11995:
11994:
11984:
11974:
11964:
11954:
11939:
11937:
11933:
11932:
11929:
11928:
11926:
11925:
11918:Judaeo-Marathi
11911:
11899:
11884:
11882:
11878:
11877:
11875:
11874:
11867:
11865:Judaeo-Kashani
11862:
11857:
11855:Judaeo-Shirazi
11852:
11847:
11845:Judaeo-Persian
11842:
11837:
11831:
11829:
11827:Judaeo-Iranian
11823:
11822:
11820:
11819:
11812:
11805:
11798:
11791:
11784:
11777:
11776:
11775:
11774:
11773:
11761:Judaeo-Spanish
11758:
11757:
11756:
11751:
11744:
11741:Judaeo-Mantuan
11737:
11728:Judaeo-Italian
11725:
11722:Judaeo-Catalan
11717:
11715:
11713:Judaeo-Romance
11709:
11708:
11705:
11704:
11702:
11701:
11696:
11691:
11685:
11683:
11681:Jewish English
11677:
11676:
11674:
11673:
11668:
11667:
11666:
11659:
11649:
11648:
11647:
11640:
11635:
11630:
11625:
11620:
11609:
11607:
11587:
11578:
11572:
11571:
11568:
11567:
11565:
11564:
11554:
11538:
11527:
11525:
11521:
11520:
11518:
11517:
11512:
11507:
11502:
11497:
11492:
11487:
11486:
11485:
11475:
11470:
11465:
11459:
11457:
11451:
11450:
11448:
11447:
11442:
11437:
11432:
11427:
11422:
11417:
11416:
11415:
11401:
11396:
11391:
11385:
11383:
11381:Judaeo-Aramaic
11377:
11376:
11373:
11372:
11370:
11369:
11364:
11359:
11354:
11349:
11344:
11338:
11336:
11332:
11331:
11329:
11328:
11323:
11318:
11313:
11307:
11305:
11298:
11289:
11283:
11282:
11275:
11274:
11267:
11260:
11252:
11243:
11242:
11240:
11239:
11232:
11221:
11218:
11217:
11214:
11213:
11210:
11209:
11207:
11206:
11199:
11194:
11189:
11188:
11187:
11173:
11166:
11159:
11153:
11151:
11145:
11144:
11141:
11140:
11137:
11136:
11134:
11133:
11132:
11131:
11130:
11129:
11128:
11127:
11124:
11121:
11118:
11115:
11105:
11100:
11099:
11098:
11085:
11080:
11070:
11069:
11068:
11063:
11052:
11050:
11046:
11045:
11043:
11042:
11041:
11040:
11039:
11038:
11033:
11032:
11031:
11028:
11025:
11005:
10995:
10993:
10984:
10980:
10979:
10977:
10976:
10971:
10970:
10969:
10964:
10953:
10951:
10944:
10935:
10931:
10930:
10928:
10927:
10922:
10917:
10912:
10907:
10902:
10896:
10894:
10881:
10875:
10874:
10871:
10870:
10867:
10866:
10864:
10863:
10856:
10849:
10842:
10835:
10834:
10833:
10826:
10811:
10809:
10805:
10804:
10802:
10801:
10800:
10799:
10785:
10778:
10777:
10776:
10771:
10764:
10757:
10756:
10755:
10736:
10729:
10721:
10719:
10713:
10712:
10709:
10708:
10706:
10705:
10700:
10699:
10698:
10697:
10696:
10691:
10686:
10681:
10676:
10671:
10666:
10661:
10653:
10652:
10651:
10646:
10645:
10644:
10641:
10633:
10628:
10623:
10618:
10613:
10608:
10595:
10590:
10589:
10588:
10583:
10570:
10568:
10560:
10559:
10557:
10556:
10555:
10554:
10547:
10546:
10545:
10538:
10531:
10524:
10512:
10505:
10491:
10486:
10485:
10484:
10479:
10474:
10467:
10455:
10449:
10447:
10441:
10440:
10438:
10437:
10434:Middle Aramaic
10430:
10423:
10416:
10408:
10406:
10399:
10390:
10384:
10383:
10380:
10379:
10377:
10376:
10371:
10366:
10365:
10364:
10363:
10362:
10345:
10340:
10334:
10332:
10330:Dialect groups
10326:
10325:
10323:
10322:
10317:
10311:
10309:
10305:
10304:
10302:
10301:
10294:
10287:
10286:
10285:
10278:
10271:
10264:
10257:
10250:
10243:
10229:
10222:
10214:
10212:
10205:
10196:
10190:
10189:
10187:
10186:
10179:
10178:
10177:
10162:
10160:
10152:
10151:
10149:
10148:
10147:
10146:
10141:
10131:
10125:
10123:
10119:
10118:
10111:
10110:
10103:
10096:
10088:
10079:
10078:
10072:
10069:
10068:
10066:
10065:
10060:
10055:
10050:
10045:
10040:
10035:
10030:
10025:
10020:
10014:
10012:
10011:Sign languages
10008:
10007:
10005:
10004:
9997:
9992:
9987:
9982:
9977:
9972:
9967:
9962:
9957:
9952:
9946:
9944:
9940:
9939:
9937:
9936:
9935:
9934:
9929:
9918:
9916:
9915:Special status
9912:
9911:
9909:
9908:
9902:
9900:
9896:
9895:
9888:
9887:
9880:
9873:
9865:
9859:
9856:
9855:
9843:
9842:
9840:
9839:
9832:
9825:
9818:
9811:
9803:
9801:
9797:
9796:
9794:
9793:
9788:
9783:
9778:
9775:modern Israeli
9764:
9759:
9754:
9749:
9744:
9738:
9736:
9732:
9731:
9729:
9728:
9723:
9718:
9713:
9708:
9703:
9697:
9696:
9691:
9685:
9683:
9677:
9676:
9674:
9673:
9668:
9666:
9664:Philippi's law
9661:
9656:
9650:
9648:
9642:
9641:
9638:
9637:
9635:
9634:
9629:
9624:
9619:
9614:
9609:
9604:
9599:
9593:
9591:
9585:
9584:
9582:
9581:
9579:Plene scriptum
9576:
9571:
9564:
9550:
9548:
9542:
9541:
9539:
9538:
9533:
9528:
9523:
9518:
9513:
9508:
9503:
9498:
9493:
9488:
9483:
9478:
9472:
9471:
9466:
9461:
9456:
9450:
9448:
9442:
9441:
9439:
9438:
9433:
9428:
9423:
9418:
9413:
9408:
9403:
9398:
9393:
9388:
9383:
9378:
9373:
9368:
9363:
9358:
9353:
9348:
9343:
9338:
9333:
9327:
9325:
9319:
9318:
9316:
9315:
9310:
9305:
9300:
9295:
9290:
9285:
9279:
9277:
9273:
9272:
9270:
9269:
9263:
9261:
9254:
9250:
9249:
9247:
9246:
9238:
9230:
9222:
9217:
9212:
9200:
9195:
9190:
9185:
9179:
9177:
9173:
9172:
9170:
9169:
9164:
9159:
9154:
9141:
9139:
9135:
9134:
9132:
9131:
9126:
9117:
9112:
9107:
9102:
9096:
9094:
9090:
9089:
9082:
9081:
9074:
9067:
9059:
9053:
9052:
9039:
9030:
9019:
9016:
9015:
9014:
9003:
8994:
8981:
8978:
8977:
8976:
8970:Hebrew Phrases
8967:
8957:
8946:
8943:
8942:
8941:
8927:
8926:External links
8924:
8922:
8921:
8903:
8888:
8882:
8865:
8859:
8846:
8840:
8827:
8806:
8800:
8786:
8784:
8781:
8779:
8778:
8747:
8725:
8700:
8692:
8671:
8659:
8641:
8611:
8584:
8553:
8527:
8516:
8480:
8454:
8431:"Hebrew – UCL"
8422:
8390:
8357:
8321:
8300:
8293:
8269:
8253:
8226:
8200:
8181:
8168:
8141:
8122:
8102:
8072:
8063:
8054:
8041:
8029:Hebrew Grammar
8019:
7997:
7967:
7960:
7935:
7916:
7902:
7889:
7880:
7867:
7863:Jo Ann Hackett
7854:
7842:
7826:
7819:
7789:
7780:
7768:
7756:
7740:
7733:
7710:
7679:
7649:
7636:
7628:Qimron, Elisha
7617:
7604:
7580:
7550:
7520:
7493:
7467:
7418:
7399:
7379:
7360:
7334:
7325:
7312:
7303:
7290:
7283:
7263:
7234:
7208:
7178:
7144:
7118:
7089:
7060:
7030:
7018:
7004:
6983:
6964:
6955:
6929:
6898:
6876:
6856:
6841:
6810:
6783:
6759:
6733:(4): 489–519.
6713:
6668:
6646:
6624:
6591:
6555:
6519:
6504:
6471:
6374:
6361:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6338:
6337:
6308:
6291:
6264:
6254:
6244:
6235:
6222:and Tannaitic
6207:
6197:used the term
6195:Gospel of John
6182:
6157:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6082:
6081:
6080:
6066:
6063:Judaism portal
6052:
6036:
6033:
5974:Ottoman Empire
5928:
5914:
5904:
5899:
5898:
5897:
5888:
5887:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5842:cursive Hebrew
5838:Aramaic script
5816:– an "impure"
5794:Hebrew braille
5785:
5784:Writing system
5782:
5781:
5780:
5695:
5631:
5618:
5557:
5550:
5534:
5531:
5530:
5529:
5314:
5311:
5245:Main article:
5242:
5239:
5238:
5237:
5228:is pronounced
5180:
5169:
5158:
5123:
5109:
5099:
5088:
5065:
5050:Proto-Semitic
5042:
5041:
5038:
5035:
5032:
5029:
5026:
5023:
5022:Proto-Semitic
5019:
5018:
5015:
5005:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4981:
4975:
4973:
4964:
4954:
4953:
4950:
4940:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4916:
4910:
4908:
4899:
4889:
4888:
4885:
4875:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4851:
4845:
4843:
4834:
4824:
4823:
4820:
4810:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4786:
4780:
4778:
4769:
4759:
4758:
4755:
4745:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4721:
4715:
4713:
4704:
4694:
4693:
4690:
4680:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4656:
4650:
4648:
4639:
4629:
4628:
4625:
4615:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4591:
4585:
4583:
4574:
4564:
4563:
4560:
4550:
4548:
4543:
4534:
4524:
4523:
4520:
4510:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4486:
4480:
4478:
4461:
4451:
4450:
4447:
4437:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4413:
4407:
4405:
4396:
4386:
4385:
4382:
4372:
4370:
4365:
4356:
4346:
4345:
4342:
4332:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4308:
4302:
4300:
4283:
4273:
4272:
4269:
4259:
4257:
4240:
4230:
4229:
4226:
4216:
4214:
4197:
4187:
4186:
4183:
4173:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4149:
4143:
4141:
4124:
4114:
4113:
4110:
4100:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4076:
4070:
4068:
4051:
4041:
4040:
4037:
4027:
4025:
4008:
3998:
3997:
3994:
3984:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3960:
3954:
3952:
3935:
3925:
3924:
3921:
3911:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3887:
3881:
3879:
3862:
3852:
3851:
3848:
3838:
3836:
3819:
3809:
3808:
3805:
3795:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3771:
3765:
3763:
3746:
3736:
3735:
3732:
3722:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3698:
3692:
3690:
3681:
3671:
3670:
3667:
3657:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3633:
3627:
3625:
3616:
3606:
3605:
3602:
3588:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3558:
3552:
3550:
3541:
3531:
3530:
3527:
3517:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3487:
3481:
3479:
3470:
3460:
3459:
3456:
3446:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3416:
3410:
3408:
3399:
3389:
3388:
3385:
3375:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3345:
3339:
3337:
3328:
3318:
3317:
3314:
3304:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3274:
3268:
3266:
3257:
3247:
3246:
3243:
3233:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3203:
3197:
3195:
3186:
3176:
3175:
3172:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3150:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3140:
3129:
3126:
2803:
2800:
2717:
2716:Current status
2714:
2702:hapax legomena
2690:
2689:
2678:
2659:
2638:
2609:
2578:
2575:
2566:
2550:
2503:Dual language
2481:Main article:
2478:
2475:
2389:Eastern Europe
2383:into everyday
2369:Ottoman Empire
2279:Israeli Hebrew
2232:Judaeo-Spanish
2176:Main article:
2173:
2170:
2127:Avraham Danzig
2070:Moses ibn Ezra
2040:and later (in
1994:grammar points
1919:Main article:
1916:
1913:
1811:Main article:
1808:
1805:
1786:The Christian
1706:Abraham Geiger
1598:
1595:
1582:
1581:
1555:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1529:
1522:
1510:Persian period
1506:
1486:
1433:Main article:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1418:Nebuchadnezzar
1386:Proto-Sinaitic
1367:Latin alphabet
1331:Gezer calendar
1318:archaeologist
1258:
1255:
1243:late antiquity
1208:
1205:
1184:Book of Sirach
1152:Arabian Desert
1022:
1019:
996:archaeologists
992:first language
915:Abraham Garton
903:Jewish liturgy
874:, meaning the
762:is written in
615:
614:
601:, you may see
587:
586:
579:
573:
572:
565:
557:
556:
499:
491:
490:
481:
473:
472:
463:
455:
454:
453:Language codes
450:
449:
433:
427:
426:
423:
422:
417:
408:
407:
405:
400:
397:
396:
386:
383:
380:
379:
375:
374:
368:
361:
358:
357:
328:Hebrew Braille
321:
317:Writing system
314:
311:
310:
309:
308:
298:
294:
293:
291:
290:
285:
279:
277:
275:Standard forms
274:
271:
270:
268:
267:
266:
265:
251:
249:
246:
243:
242:
240:
239:
238:
237:
236:
235:
234:
233:
232:
231:
230:
229:
195:
193:
186:
183:
182:
172:
166:
165:
144:
138:
137:
132:
128:
127:
122:
121:Native to
118:
117:
94:
90:
89:
82:Book of Isaiah
72:
64:
63:
51:
50:
40:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
12264:
12253:
12250:
12248:
12245:
12243:
12240:
12238:
12235:
12233:
12230:
12228:
12225:
12223:
12220:
12218:
12215:
12214:
12212:
12200:
12199:
12187:
12183:
12182:
12170:
12166:
12165:
12153:
12149:
12148:
12136:
12132:
12131:
12119:
12115:
12114:
12102:
12098:
12097:
12085:
12081:
12080:
12068:
12067:
12064:
12058:
12041:
12037:
12032:
12025:
12021:
12018:
12015:
12011:
12008:
12007:
12005:
12003:
11999:
11992:
11988:
11985:
11982:
11978:
11975:
11972:
11968:
11965:
11962:
11958:
11955:
11952:
11948:
11944:
11941:
11940:
11938:
11934:
11923:
11919:
11915:
11912:
11909:
11905:
11904:
11900:
11897:
11893:
11889:
11886:
11885:
11883:
11879:
11873:
11872:
11868:
11866:
11863:
11861:
11858:
11856:
11853:
11851:
11848:
11846:
11843:
11841:
11838:
11836:
11833:
11832:
11830:
11828:
11824:
11818:
11817:
11813:
11811:
11810:
11806:
11804:
11803:
11799:
11797:
11796:
11795:Judaeo-Gascon
11792:
11790:
11789:
11785:
11783:
11782:
11778:
11772:
11769:
11768:
11767:
11764:
11763:
11762:
11759:
11755:
11752:
11750:
11749:
11745:
11743:
11742:
11738:
11736:
11735:
11731:
11730:
11729:
11726:
11724:
11723:
11719:
11718:
11716:
11714:
11710:
11700:
11697:
11695:
11692:
11690:
11687:
11686:
11684:
11682:
11678:
11672:
11671:Scots-Yiddish
11669:
11665:
11664:
11660:
11658:
11655:
11654:
11653:
11650:
11646:
11645:
11644:Klezmer-loshn
11641:
11639:
11636:
11634:
11631:
11629:
11626:
11624:
11621:
11619:
11616:
11615:
11614:
11611:
11610:
11608:
11605:
11604:
11599:
11595:
11591:
11588:
11586:
11582:
11579:
11577:
11576:Indo-European
11573:
11562:
11558:
11557:Judaeo-Berber
11555:
11552:
11548:
11547:
11542:
11539:
11536:
11532:
11529:
11528:
11526:
11522:
11516:
11515:Judaeo-Yemeni
11513:
11511:
11508:
11506:
11505:Judaeo-Syrian
11503:
11501:
11498:
11496:
11493:
11491:
11488:
11484:
11481:
11480:
11479:
11476:
11474:
11471:
11469:
11466:
11464:
11461:
11460:
11458:
11456:
11455:Judaeo-Arabic
11452:
11446:
11443:
11441:
11438:
11436:
11433:
11431:
11428:
11426:
11423:
11421:
11418:
11414:
11413:
11409:
11408:
11407:
11406:
11402:
11400:
11397:
11395:
11392:
11390:
11387:
11386:
11384:
11382:
11378:
11368:
11365:
11363:
11360:
11358:
11355:
11353:
11350:
11348:
11345:
11343:
11340:
11339:
11337:
11333:
11327:
11324:
11322:
11319:
11317:
11314:
11312:
11309:
11308:
11306:
11302:
11299:
11297:
11293:
11290:
11288:
11284:
11280:
11273:
11268:
11266:
11261:
11259:
11254:
11253:
11250:
11237:
11233:
11230:
11226:
11223:
11222:
11219:
11205:
11204:
11200:
11198:
11195:
11193:
11190:
11186:
11185:
11181:
11180:
11179:
11178:
11174:
11172:
11171:
11167:
11165:
11164:
11160:
11158:
11155:
11154:
11152:
11150:
11146:
11125:
11122:
11119:
11116:
11114:
11111:
11110:
11109:
11106:
11104:
11101:
11096:
11095:
11094:
11091:
11090:
11089:
11086:
11084:
11081:
11079:
11078:
11074:
11073:
11071:
11067:
11064:
11062:
11061:
11057:
11056:
11054:
11053:
11051:
11047:
11037:
11034:
11029:
11026:
11023:
11022:
11021:
11018:
11017:
11015:
11014:
11013:
11009:
11006:
11004:
11000:
10997:
10996:
10994:
10988:
10985:
10981:
10975:
10972:
10968:
10965:
10963:
10960:
10959:
10958:
10955:
10954:
10952:
10948:
10945:
10943:
10942:Ethio-Semitic
10939:
10936:
10932:
10926:
10923:
10921:
10918:
10916:
10913:
10911:
10908:
10906:
10903:
10901:
10898:
10897:
10895:
10892:
10885:
10882:
10880:
10876:
10862:
10861:
10857:
10855:
10854:
10850:
10848:
10847:
10843:
10841:
10840:
10836:
10832:
10831:
10827:
10825:
10824:
10820:
10819:
10818:
10817:
10813:
10812:
10810:
10806:
10798:
10797:
10793:
10792:
10791:
10790:
10786:
10784:
10783:
10779:
10775:
10772:
10770:
10769:
10765:
10763:
10762:
10758:
10754:
10753:
10749:
10748:
10747:
10746:
10742:
10741:
10740:
10737:
10735:
10734:
10730:
10728:
10727:
10723:
10722:
10720:
10718:
10714:
10704:
10701:
10695:
10692:
10690:
10687:
10685:
10682:
10680:
10677:
10675:
10672:
10670:
10667:
10665:
10662:
10660:
10657:
10656:
10654:
10650:
10647:
10642:
10639:
10638:
10637:
10634:
10632:
10629:
10627:
10624:
10622:
10619:
10617:
10614:
10612:
10609:
10607:
10604:
10603:
10601:
10600:
10599:
10596:
10594:
10591:
10587:
10584:
10582:
10581:
10577:
10576:
10575:
10572:
10571:
10569:
10567:
10561:
10553:
10552:
10548:
10544:
10543:
10539:
10537:
10536:
10532:
10530:
10529:
10525:
10523:
10522:
10518:
10517:
10516:
10513:
10511:
10510:
10506:
10504:
10503:
10499:
10498:
10497:
10496:
10492:
10490:
10489:Judeo-Aramaic
10487:
10483:
10480:
10478:
10475:
10473:
10472:
10468:
10466:
10465:
10461:
10460:
10459:
10456:
10454:
10451:
10450:
10448:
10442:
10436:
10435:
10431:
10429:
10428:
10424:
10422:
10421:
10417:
10415:
10414:
10410:
10409:
10407:
10403:
10400:
10398:
10394:
10391:
10389:
10385:
10375:
10372:
10370:
10367:
10361:
10358:
10357:
10356:
10355:
10354:Siculo-Arabic
10351:
10350:
10349:
10346:
10344:
10341:
10339:
10336:
10335:
10333:
10331:
10327:
10321:
10318:
10316:
10313:
10312:
10310:
10306:
10300:
10299:
10295:
10293:
10292:
10288:
10284:
10283:
10279:
10277:
10276:
10272:
10270:
10269:
10265:
10263:
10262:
10258:
10256:
10255:
10251:
10249:
10248:
10244:
10242:
10241:
10237:
10236:
10235:
10234:
10230:
10228:
10227:
10223:
10221:
10220:
10216:
10215:
10213:
10209:
10206:
10204:
10200:
10197:
10195:
10191:
10185:
10184:
10180:
10176:
10175:
10171:
10170:
10169:
10168:
10164:
10163:
10161:
10159:
10158:
10153:
10145:
10142:
10140:
10137:
10136:
10135:
10132:
10130:
10127:
10126:
10124:
10120:
10116:
10109:
10104:
10102:
10097:
10095:
10090:
10089:
10086:
10076:
10070:
10064:
10061:
10059:
10056:
10054:
10051:
10049:
10046:
10044:
10041:
10039:
10036:
10034:
10031:
10029:
10026:
10024:
10021:
10019:
10016:
10015:
10013:
10009:
10003:
10002:
9998:
9996:
9993:
9991:
9988:
9986:
9983:
9981:
9978:
9976:
9973:
9971:
9968:
9966:
9963:
9961:
9958:
9956:
9953:
9951:
9948:
9947:
9945:
9941:
9933:
9930:
9928:
9925:
9924:
9923:
9920:
9919:
9917:
9913:
9907:
9904:
9903:
9901:
9897:
9893:
9886:
9881:
9879:
9874:
9872:
9867:
9866:
9863:
9857:
9850:
9838:
9837:
9833:
9831:
9830:
9826:
9824:
9823:
9819:
9817:
9816:
9812:
9810:
9809:
9805:
9804:
9802:
9798:
9792:
9789:
9787:
9784:
9782:
9779:
9776:
9772:
9768:
9765:
9763:
9760:
9758:
9755:
9753:
9750:
9748:
9745:
9743:
9740:
9739:
9737:
9733:
9727:
9724:
9722:
9719:
9717:
9714:
9712:
9709:
9707:
9706:Semitic roots
9704:
9702:
9699:
9698:
9695:
9692:
9690:
9687:
9686:
9684:
9682:
9678:
9672:
9669:
9667:
9665:
9662:
9660:
9659:Modern Hebrew
9657:
9655:
9652:
9651:
9649:
9647:
9643:
9633:
9630:
9628:
9625:
9623:
9620:
9618:
9615:
9613:
9610:
9608:
9605:
9603:
9600:
9598:
9595:
9594:
9592:
9590:
9586:
9580:
9577:
9575:
9574:Abbreviations
9572:
9570:
9569:
9565:
9563:
9559:
9555:
9552:
9551:
9549:
9547:
9543:
9537:
9534:
9532:
9529:
9527:
9524:
9522:
9519:
9517:
9514:
9512:
9511:Kubutz/shuruk
9509:
9507:
9504:
9502:
9499:
9497:
9494:
9492:
9489:
9487:
9484:
9482:
9479:
9477:
9474:
9473:
9470:
9467:
9465:
9462:
9460:
9457:
9455:
9452:
9451:
9449:
9447:
9443:
9437:
9434:
9432:
9429:
9427:
9424:
9422:
9419:
9417:
9414:
9412:
9409:
9407:
9404:
9402:
9399:
9397:
9394:
9392:
9389:
9387:
9384:
9382:
9379:
9377:
9374:
9372:
9369:
9367:
9364:
9362:
9359:
9357:
9354:
9352:
9349:
9347:
9344:
9342:
9339:
9337:
9334:
9332:
9329:
9328:
9326:
9324:
9320:
9314:
9311:
9309:
9306:
9304:
9301:
9299:
9296:
9294:
9291:
9289:
9286:
9284:
9281:
9280:
9278:
9274:
9268:
9265:
9264:
9262:
9258:
9255:
9251:
9242:
9239:
9234:
9231:
9226:
9223:
9221:
9218:
9216:
9213:
9209:
9204:
9201:
9199:
9196:
9194:
9191:
9189:
9186:
9184:
9181:
9180:
9178:
9174:
9168:
9165:
9163:
9160:
9158:
9155:
9151:
9146:
9143:
9142:
9140:
9136:
9130:
9127:
9125:
9121:
9118:
9116:
9113:
9111:
9108:
9106:
9103:
9101:
9098:
9097:
9095:
9091:
9087:
9080:
9075:
9073:
9068:
9066:
9061:
9060:
9057:
9050:
9046:
9043:
9040:
9038:
9034:
9031:
9029:
9025:
9022:
9021:
9013:
9009:
9008:
9004:
9002:
8998:
8995:
8993:
8992:
8987:
8984:
8983:
8975:
8971:
8968:
8965:
8961:
8958:
8956:
8952:
8949:
8948:
8940:at Wikisource
8939:
8934:
8930:
8929:
8910:
8906:
8900:
8896:
8895:
8889:
8885:
8879:
8875:
8871:
8866:
8862:
8856:
8852:
8847:
8843:
8837:
8833:
8828:
8816:
8812:
8807:
8803:
8797:
8793:
8788:
8787:
8766:
8762:
8758:
8751:
8732:
8728:
8722:
8718:
8711:
8704:
8695:
8689:
8685:
8681:
8675:
8668:
8663:
8655:
8651:
8645:
8629:
8625:
8621:
8615:
8599:
8595:
8588:
8572:
8568:
8564:
8557:
8541:
8537:
8531:
8525:
8520:
8504:
8500:
8496:
8489:
8487:
8485:
8468:
8464:
8458:
8442:
8438:
8437:
8432:
8426:
8410:
8406:
8405:
8400:
8394:
8378:
8374:
8373:
8368:
8361:
8355:
8351:
8348:
8346:
8342:
8338:
8334:
8330:
8325:
8317:
8313:
8312:
8304:
8296:
8290:
8286:
8282:
8281:
8273:
8266:
8262:
8257:
8241:
8237:
8230:
8214:
8210:
8204:
8197:
8193:
8190:
8185:
8178:
8177:Hebrew Reborn
8172:
8156:
8152:
8145:
8129:
8125:
8119:
8115:
8114:
8106:
8090:
8086:
8082:
8076:
8067:
8058:
8051:
8045:
8038:
8034:
8031:
8030:
8023:
8015:
8011:
8007:
8001:
7985:
7981:
7977:
7971:
7963:
7957:
7953:
7949:
7942:
7940:
7933:
7929:
7926:
7920:
7913:
7906:
7899:
7893:
7884:
7877:
7871:
7864:
7858:
7852:
7846:
7839:
7833:
7831:
7822:
7816:
7812:
7805:
7804:
7799:
7793:
7784:
7775:
7773:
7765:
7760:
7753:
7747:
7745:
7736:
7730:
7726:
7719:
7717:
7715:
7698:
7694:
7690:
7683:
7667:
7663:
7659:
7653:
7646:
7640:
7633:
7629:
7624:
7622:
7614:
7608:
7597:
7590:
7584:
7568:
7564:
7560:
7554:
7538:
7534:
7530:
7524:
7509:
7505:
7504:
7497:
7481:
7477:
7471:
7463:
7459:
7455:
7451:
7446:
7441:
7437:
7433:
7429:
7422:
7406:
7402:
7396:
7392:
7391:
7383:
7367:
7363:
7357:
7353:
7349:
7345:
7338:
7329:
7322:
7316:
7307:
7300:
7294:
7286:
7280:
7276:
7275:
7267:
7251:
7247:
7246:
7238:
7222:
7218:
7212:
7196:
7192:
7188:
7182:
7167:
7163:
7159:
7155:
7148:
7132:
7128:
7122:
7107:
7103:
7099:
7093:
7077:
7073:
7067:
7065:
7048:
7044:
7040:
7034:
7028:
7022:
7013:
7011:
7009:
7000:
6996:
6990:
6988:
6981:
6977:
6974:
6968:
6959:
6943:
6939:
6933:
6917:
6913:
6909:
6902:
6895:
6883:
6879:
6873:
6869:
6868:
6860:
6852:
6845:
6838:
6826:
6822:
6821:
6814:
6807:
6805:
6790:
6786:
6780:
6776:
6772:
6771:
6763:
6756:
6744:
6740:
6736:
6732:
6728:
6724:
6717:
6698:
6694:
6690:
6686:
6679:
6672:
6665:
6653:
6649:
6643:
6639:
6635:
6628:
6612:
6608:
6604:
6598:
6596:
6576:
6569:
6562:
6560:
6540:
6536:
6529:
6523:
6515:
6508:
6492:
6488:
6484:
6478:
6476:
6467:
6461:
6460:
6455:
6449:
6443:
6442:
6437:
6431:
6425:
6424:
6419:
6413:
6407:
6406:
6401:
6395:
6389:
6388:
6383:
6382:Modern Hebrew
6378:
6371:
6365:
6356:
6354:
6352:
6347:
6334:
6312:
6305:
6301:
6295:
6268:
6258:
6248:
6239:
6231:
6230:
6225:
6221:
6214:
6212:
6204:
6200:
6196:
6192:
6186:
6179:
6175:
6171:
6167:
6162:
6158:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6083:
6078:
6072:
6067:
6064:
6053:
6050:
6049:Israel portal
6039:
6032:
6030:
6026:
6020:
6016:
6013:
6009:
6005:
6001:
5997:
5993:
5989:
5987:
5983:
5979:
5975:
5971:
5970:Sephardi Jews
5967:
5963:
5959:
5957:
5953:
5949:
5945:
5941:
5936:
5934:
5922:
5918:
5902:
5880:
5878:
5874:
5870:
5866:
5862:
5858:
5857:
5852:
5848:
5843:
5839:
5835:
5831:
5827:
5823:
5819:
5815:
5811:
5810:right to left
5804:
5800:
5795:
5791:
5773:, as well as
5757:
5753:
5750:מעיד אני עלי
5746:
5741:
5740:et ha-anashim
5730:
5719:
5707:
5696:
5687:
5683:
5681:
5658:
5656:
5645:
5643:
5632:
5629:
5619:
5604:
5602:
5579:
5577:
5566:
5565:present tense
5562:
5558:
5555:
5551:
5548:
5544:
5541:Though early
5540:
5539:
5538:
5527:
5526:
5521:
5520:
5519:
5517:
5513:
5509:
5505:
5501:
5497:
5493:
5489:
5485:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5468:
5466:
5462:
5454:
5446:
5435:
5431:
5429:
5421:
5417:
5409:
5401:
5398:
5394:
5386:
5382:
5374:
5366:
5363:
5355:
5352:
5347:
5338:אותיות השימוש
5335:
5330:
5328:
5324:
5320:
5310:
5308:
5304:
5300:
5296:
5292:
5291:genitive case
5288:
5284:
5280:
5276:
5275:prepositional
5272:
5268:
5264:
5260:
5254:
5248:
5235:
5219:
5218:Modern Hebrew
5215:
5197:
5193:
5185:
5181:
5152:
5147:
5141:
5135:
5129:
5124:
5097:
5061:
5054:
5049:
5048:
5047:
5036:
5033:
5030:
5024:
5021:
5020:
5016:
5010:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4986:
4982:
4974:
4970:
4965:
4962:
4961:
4956:
4955:
4951:
4945:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4921:
4917:
4909:
4905:
4900:
4897:
4896:
4891:
4890:
4886:
4880:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4856:
4852:
4844:
4840:
4835:
4832:
4831:
4826:
4825:
4821:
4815:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4791:
4787:
4779:
4775:
4770:
4767:
4766:
4761:
4760:
4756:
4750:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4726:
4722:
4714:
4710:
4705:
4702:
4701:
4696:
4695:
4691:
4685:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4661:
4657:
4649:
4645:
4640:
4637:
4636:
4631:
4630:
4626:
4620:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4596:
4592:
4584:
4580:
4575:
4572:
4571:
4566:
4565:
4561:
4555:
4549:
4544:
4540:
4535:
4532:
4531:
4526:
4525:
4521:
4515:
4509:
4494:
4491:
4475:
4467:
4462:
4459:
4458:
4453:
4452:
4448:
4442:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4418:
4414:
4406:
4402:
4397:
4394:
4393:
4388:
4387:
4383:
4377:
4371:
4366:
4362:
4357:
4354:
4353:
4348:
4347:
4343:
4337:
4331:
4316:
4313:
4297:
4289:
4284:
4281:
4280:
4275:
4274:
4270:
4264:
4258:
4254:
4246:
4241:
4238:
4237:
4232:
4231:
4227:
4221:
4215:
4211:
4203:
4198:
4195:
4194:
4189:
4188:
4184:
4178:
4172:
4154:
4138:
4130:
4125:
4122:
4121:
4116:
4115:
4111:
4105:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4081:
4077:
4069:
4065:
4057:
4052:
4049:
4048:
4043:
4042:
4038:
4032:
4026:
4022:
4014:
4009:
4006:
4005:
4000:
3999:
3995:
3989:
3983:
3965:
3949:
3941:
3936:
3933:
3932:
3927:
3926:
3922:
3916:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3892:
3888:
3880:
3876:
3868:
3863:
3860:
3859:
3854:
3853:
3849:
3843:
3837:
3833:
3825:
3820:
3817:
3816:
3811:
3810:
3806:
3800:
3794:
3776:
3760:
3752:
3747:
3744:
3743:
3738:
3737:
3733:
3727:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3703:
3699:
3691:
3687:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3673:
3672:
3668:
3662:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3638:
3634:
3626:
3622:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3608:
3607:
3603:
3597:
3593:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3569:
3563:
3559:
3551:
3547:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3533:
3532:
3528:
3522:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3498:
3492:
3488:
3480:
3476:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3462:
3461:
3457:
3451:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3427:
3421:
3417:
3409:
3405:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3391:
3390:
3386:
3380:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3356:
3350:
3346:
3338:
3334:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3320:
3319:
3315:
3309:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3285:
3279:
3275:
3267:
3263:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3249:
3248:
3244:
3238:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3214:
3208:
3204:
3196:
3192:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3178:
3177:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3151:
3139:
3133:
3125:
3117:
3109:
3101:
3093:
3085:
3076:
3071:
3052:
3047:
3045:
3041:
3035:
3027:
3021:
3020:Torah reading
3017:
3013:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2960:
2952:
2941:
2936:
2926:
2920:
2914:
2907:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2857:
2852:
2843:
2837:
2830:
2825:
2818:
2813:
2809:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2788:
2786:
2781:
2777:
2772:
2768:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2731:
2726:
2722:
2713:
2711:
2705:
2703:
2697:
2695:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2657:
2653:
2650:> (
2645:
2644:
2639:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2592:alveolar flap
2584:
2576:
2570:
2561:
2554:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2528:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2515:spelling and
2514:
2506:
2501:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2483:Modern Hebrew
2477:Modern Hebrew
2474:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2451:
2447:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2410:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2357:mother tongue
2354:
2349:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2336:, founded in
2334:
2333:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2314:
2313:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2287:Modern Hebrew
2284:
2280:
2275:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2228:Second Aliyah
2225:
2220:
2219:Shivat Tziyon
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2184:
2179:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2163:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2147:
2142:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2128:
2123:
2119:
2113:
2109:
2108:Mishneh Torah
2103:
2099:
2093:
2086:
2082:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2066:Judah ha-Levi
2063:
2057:
2049:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2029:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2010:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1901:
1900:lingua franca
1895:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1881:
1877:
1871:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1814:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1789:
1788:New Testament
1784:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1761:
1760:Judeo-Aramaic
1757:
1752:
1747:
1746:mother tongue
1742:
1740:
1736:
1730:
1728:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1710:Gustaf Dalman
1707:
1703:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1654:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1641:. During the
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1619:
1613:
1609:
1604:
1594:
1592:
1586:
1579:
1578:Copper Scroll
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1507:
1500:
1496:
1491:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1467:Song of Moses
1464:
1460:
1456:
1455:
1454:
1451: 400 CE
1436:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1408:, found near
1407:
1403:
1402:Moabite Stone
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1264:
1254:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1204:
1203:(language)".
1202:
1198:
1189:
1188:Book of Kings
1185:
1181:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1167:
1166:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1113:
1110:
1106:
1105:Genesis 10:21
1102:
1099:'s ancestor,
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1060:
1055:
1045:
1044:Ancient Greek
1041:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
980:Modern Hebrew
977:
975:
971:
967:
966:United States
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
942:Modern Hebrew
939:
935:
931:
926:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
879:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
843:
834:
833:Səpaṯ Kəna'an
828:
819:
815:
811:
775:
774:
769:
765:
761:
757:
752:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
694:
687:
681:
667:
661:
648:
647:
637:
633:
626:
621:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
594:
588:
584:
580:
578:
574:
570:
566:
564:
563:
558:
554:
551: –
549:
543:
540: –
538:
532:
529: –
527:
521:
518: –
516:
511:
510:Modern Hebrew
508: –
506:
500:
497:
492:
487:
482:
479:
474:
469:
464:
461:
456:
451:
446:
437:
434:
432:
428:
421:
418:
416:
413:
412:
411:
406:
398:
394:
393:Modern Hebrew
390:
387:
381:
376:
372:
371:Signed Hebrew
369:
365:
359:
355:
351:
346:
342:
337:
333:
329:
325:
322:
318:
312:
304:
301:
300:
299:
295:
289:
286:
284:
281:
280:
278:
272:
264:
261:
260:
259:
256:
255:
254:
250:
244:
228:
225:
224:
223:
220:
219:
218:
215:
214:
213:
210:
209:
208:
205:
204:
203:
200:
199:
198:
194:
190:
184:
180:
179:Modern Hebrew
176:
173:
171:
167:
164:
160:
156:
152:
149:extinct as a
148:
145:
143:
139:
136:
133:
129:
126:
123:
119:
114:
107:
99:
95:
93:Pronunciation
91:
87:
83:
80:
76:
75:Isaiah Scroll
70:
65:
61:
52:
47:
44:
37:
36:Modern Hebrew
30:
19:
12201:of Knowledge
12196:
12179:
12162:
12145:
12128:
12111:
12099:from Commons
12094:
12077:
12056:
12035:
11987:Judaeo-Malay
11901:
11869:
11814:
11807:
11800:
11793:
11786:
11781:Judaeo-Latin
11779:
11754:Judaeo-Roman
11746:
11739:
11732:
11720:
11661:
11642:
11601:
11544:
11535:Ethiosemitic
11478:Judaeo-Iraqi
11473:Judaeo-Fessi
11435:Lishán Didán
11430:Lishana Deni
11410:
11403:
11295:
11224:
11201:
11182:
11175:
11168:
11161:
11075:
11058:
11016:East Gurage
10858:
10851:
10844:
10837:
10828:
10821:
10814:
10794:
10787:
10780:
10766:
10759:
10750:
10743:
10738:
10731:
10724:
10689:Urmia Jewish
10598:Northeastern
10578:
10549:
10540:
10533:
10526:
10519:
10514:
10507:
10500:
10493:
10469:
10462:
10432:
10425:
10418:
10411:
10369:Mesopotamian
10352:
10296:
10289:
10280:
10273:
10266:
10259:
10252:
10245:
10238:
10231:
10224:
10219:Proto-Arabic
10217:
10181:
10172:
10165:
10155:
9999:
9943:Non-official
9905:
9834:
9827:
9820:
9813:
9806:
9622:Inverted nun
9607:Cantillation
9566:
9536:Sin/Shin dot
9308:Paleo-Hebrew
9124:from English
9099:
9085:
9006:
8989:
8913:. Retrieved
8893:
8869:
8850:
8831:
8819:. Retrieved
8791:
8769:. Retrieved
8760:
8750:
8738:. Retrieved
8716:
8703:
8683:
8680:Blau, Joshua
8674:
8662:
8653:
8644:
8632:. Retrieved
8623:
8614:
8602:. Retrieved
8587:
8575:. Retrieved
8566:
8556:
8544:. Retrieved
8530:
8523:
8519:
8507:. Retrieved
8498:
8471:. Retrieved
8457:
8445:. Retrieved
8441:the original
8434:
8425:
8413:. Retrieved
8409:the original
8402:
8393:
8381:. Retrieved
8377:the original
8372:Israel Hayom
8370:
8360:
8324:
8316:the original
8310:
8303:
8279:
8272:
8256:
8244:. Retrieved
8229:
8217:. Retrieved
8213:the original
8203:
8184:
8176:
8171:
8159:. Retrieved
8144:
8132:. Retrieved
8112:
8105:
8093:. Retrieved
8084:
8075:
8066:
8057:
8049:
8044:
8028:
8022:
8014:the original
8009:
8000:
7988:. Retrieved
7979:
7970:
7951:
7947:
7919:
7905:
7897:
7892:
7883:
7875:
7870:
7857:
7850:
7845:
7837:
7802:
7792:
7783:
7763:
7759:
7751:
7724:
7701:. Retrieved
7692:
7682:
7670:. Retrieved
7666:the original
7661:
7652:
7644:
7639:
7631:
7612:
7607:
7596:the original
7583:
7571:. Retrieved
7562:
7553:
7541:. Retrieved
7532:
7523:
7512:, retrieved
7502:
7496:
7484:. Retrieved
7470:
7435:
7431:
7421:
7409:. Retrieved
7389:
7382:
7370:. Retrieved
7351:
7337:
7328:
7320:
7315:
7306:
7298:
7293:
7273:
7266:
7254:. Retrieved
7244:
7237:
7225:. Retrieved
7211:
7199:. Retrieved
7191:biblehub.com
7190:
7181:
7169:. Retrieved
7158:The Guardian
7157:
7147:
7135:. Retrieved
7130:
7121:
7110:, retrieved
7106:the original
7101:
7092:
7080:. Retrieved
7076:the original
7051:. Retrieved
7042:
7033:
7026:
7021:
6998:
6994:
6993:"Hebrew" in
6967:
6958:
6946:. Retrieved
6932:
6920:. Retrieved
6916:the original
6911:
6901:
6893:
6886:. Retrieved
6866:
6859:
6850:
6844:
6836:
6829:. Retrieved
6819:
6813:
6803:
6800:
6793:. Retrieved
6769:
6762:
6754:
6747:. Retrieved
6730:
6726:
6716:
6704:. Retrieved
6684:
6671:
6663:
6656:, retrieved
6637:
6627:
6615:. Retrieved
6606:
6582:. Retrieved
6546:. Retrieved
6539:the original
6534:
6522:
6513:
6507:
6495:. Retrieved
6486:
6457:
6439:
6421:
6403:
6385:
6377:
6369:
6364:
6311:
6303:
6299:
6294:
6267:
6257:
6247:
6238:
6233:literature."
6227:
6223:
6219:
6198:
6185:
6161:
6021:
6017:
6011:
5990:
5960:
5942:
5939:
5930:
5872:
5868:
5864:
5860:
5854:
5847:Rashi script
5833:
5807:
5755:
5754:… שאני נותן
5751:
5677:
5652:
5639:
5627:
5598:
5573:
5536:
5525:non-standard
5522:
5515:
5511:
5507:
5503:
5499:
5495:
5491:
5487:
5483:
5479:
5475:
5471:
5469:
5464:
5460:
5449:
5445:cursive form
5427:
5419:
5415:
5407:
5399:
5397:conjunctions
5392:
5384:
5380:
5372:
5364:
5362:prepositions
5353:
5331:
5316:
5302:
5294:
5286:
5256:
5196:ḇ ḡ ḏ ḵ p̄ ṯ
5195:
5083:merged with
5045:
5008:
4943:
4878:
4813:
4748:
4683:
4618:
4553:
4513:
4440:
4375:
4335:
4262:
4219:
4176:
4103:
4030:
3987:
3914:
3841:
3798:
3725:
3660:
3595:
3591:
3520:
3449:
3378:
3307:
3236:
3048:
3005:
2942:
2865:merged into
2815:
2789:
2785:Akram Hasson
2764:
2732:
2729:
2707:
2699:
2691:
2685:
2681:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2655:
2651:
2641:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2612:
2603:
2600:uvular trill
2559:
2546:
2529:
2510:
2442:
2421:
2411:
2350:
2307:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2276:
2264:
2240:Judeo-Arabic
2189:
2158:
2150:
2144:
2130:
2114:
2078:
2011:
2007:Aleppo Codex
1990:vowel points
1985:
1977:Hebrew Bible
1958:
1934:Hebrew Bible
1930:Aleppo Codex
1905:Roman Empire
1898:
1896:
1885:
1872:
1865:
1816:
1785:
1743:
1735:Roman period
1731:
1698:
1655:
1624:
1612:Rashi script
1587:
1583:
1552:ketav Ashuri
1551:
1514:
1438:
1383:
1371:ancient Rome
1328:
1320:Amihai Mazar
1301:
1296:
1286:
1249:, until its
1240:
1221:
1210:
1196:
1179:
1177:
1172:
1163:
1111:
1109:Semitic root
1061:
1024:
978:
945:
927:
887:Roman Empire
880:
871:
859:
851:
832:
817:
809:
771:
760:Hebrew Bible
756:Paleo-Hebrew
753:
737:Samaritanism
704:
631:
630:
590:
577:Linguasphere
560:
533:(liturgical)
522:(liturgical)
415:South Africa
364:Signed forms
226:
207:West Semitic
197:Afro-Asiatic
43:
12079:Definitions
12014:German Sign
11914:Judaeo-Urdu
11663:Lachoudisch
11287:Afroasiatic
11163:Hadramautic
11149:Old Arabian
11088:West Gurage
11012:East Gurage
10891:ern Arabian
10593:Neo-Mandaic
10515:Palestinian
10413:Old Aramaic
9927:Palestinian
9627:Shekel sign
9589:Punctuation
9554:with Niqqud
9464:Palestinian
9253:Orthography
9233:Palestinian
7703:7 September
7672:7 September
7514:9 September
7112:27 December
6535:The Knesset
5919:before the
5767:instead of
5732:instead of
5576:ani po
5570:אני פה
5516:mé-ha-matos
5504:be-ha-matos
2930:as well as
2673:instead of
2665:instead of
2463:Yosef Begun
2414:blasphemous
2326:Kaliningrad
2312:Ha-Me'assef
2134:Chayei Adam
2048:David Kimhi
2018:grammarians
2012:During the
1880:Bet Guvrrin
1795:. (See the
1773:Koine Greek
1568:within the
1306:discovered
1297:Yod-Heh-Vav
1293:name of god
1236:Old Aramaic
1168:or cognate
1136:Transjordan
1128:Mesopotamia
1025:The modern
1004:Middle East
731:(since the
711:within the
605:instead of
247:Early forms
157:along with
12211:Categories
12181:Phrasebook
12113:Quotations
11971:Kartvelian
11922:Indo-Aryan
11840:Judaeo-Tat
11192:Rijal Alma
11177:Qatabanian
10846:Himyaritic
10789:Phoenician
10602:Christian
10405:Historical
10374:Peninsular
10275:Taymanitic
10226:Old Arabic
10211:Historical
10073:See also:
10053:Kafr Qasem
9777:literature
9597:Diacritics
9459:Babylonian
9241:Babylonian
9001:BBC Online
8945:Government
8915:16 October
8821:25 January
8509:9 November
8473:2 November
8447:2 November
8415:2 November
8383:2 November
8263:signed by
8048:T. Carmi,
7611:M. Segal,
7573:8 November
7411:1 November
7372:1 November
7082:2 November
7053:27 October
6831:12 October
6795:12 October
6749:12 October
6706:12 October
6687:(23): 26.
6607:www.gov.za
6584:7 November
6487:Ethnologue
6459:Ethnologue
6441:Ethnologue
6423:Ethnologue
6405:Ethnologue
6387:Ethnologue
6333:Blau (2010
6148:References
5950:and other
5933:media help
5830:Phoenician
5812:using the
5779:and so on.
5761:, writing
5729:ta-anashim
5472:mé-ha-kfar
5319:triliteral
5313:Morphology
5285:, called "
5271:accusative
5184:begadkefat
5151:Septuagint
4627:emigrated
3128:Consonants
2906:begadkefat
2606:Guttural R
2459:refuseniks
2450:secularize
2430:Old Yishuv
2393:Ahad Ha'am
2322:Königsberg
2291:New Hebrew
2267:neologisms
2129:wrote the
2118:Bar Kokhba
2098:Maimonides
2092:Ibn Tibbon
1670:Babylonian
1662:Common Era
1647:Israelites
1601:See also:
1574:Bar Kokhba
1483:Samaritans
1394:acrophonic
1355:Phoenician
1091:) people (
1031:Old French
1015:seminaries
862:, meaning
721:Israelites
652:pronounced
501:Variously:
12164:Resources
12147:Textbooks
12038:indicate
11961:Dravidian
11816:Zarphatic
11689:Yeshivish
11638:Udmurtish
11633:Ukrainish
11618:Galitzish
11342:Ashkenazi
11236:varieties
11227:indicate
11108:Sebat Bet
11072:Tt-group
10887:Eastern (
10839:Deir Alla
10717:Canaanite
10684:Trans-Zab
10669:Inter-Zab
10551:Palmyrene
10542:Samaritan
10509:Nabataean
10388:Northwest
10343:Levantine
10315:Classical
10240:Dadanitic
10043:Ghardaian
10038:Ein Mahel
10028:Al-Sayyid
10023:Al-Atrash
9646:Phonology
9617:Gershayim
9469:Samaritan
9244:(extinct)
9236:(extinct)
9228:(extinct)
9220:Samaritan
9193:Romaniote
9183:Ashkenazi
9093:Overviews
8960:Ma'agarim
8596:. JPost.
7462:258620459
7454:2050-7445
7166:0261-3077
6739:0012-8449
6693:865002828
6658:6 October
6617:29 August
6548:31 August
6343:Citations
6224:midrashim
6199:Hebraisti
6178:Ashkenazi
5851:diacritic
5826:Canaanite
5735:את האנשים
5443:) in its
5307:enclitics
5177:/ʁ/and/ʕ/
5166:/χ/and/ħ/
5034:Tiberian
5031:Biblical
4228:screamed
3046:systems.
3040:Samaritan
3016:Ashkenazi
2802:Phonology
2535:phonology
2407:phonology
2365:Palestine
2324:(today's
2213:שיבת ציון
2149:for the "
1982:Masoretes
1938:Masoretic
1846:Midrashim
1823:Tannaitic
1777:Jerusalem
1674:Galileean
1635:Jerusalem
1410:Jerusalem
1398:Canaanite
1363:Etruscans
1193:יְהוּדִית
1156:Babylonia
1140:Euphrates
1132:Phoenicia
1089:Samaritan
1081:Israelite
1042:from the
1021:Etymology
1012:Christian
1000:linguists
954:Palestine
816:, but as
798: or
642:,
562:Glottolog
555:(extinct)
544:(extinct)
496:ISO 639-3
478:ISO 639-2
460:ISO 639-1
442: (
288:Samaritan
222:Canaanite
57:,
11943:Krymchak
11896:Hellenic
11694:Yinglish
11598:dialects
11585:Germanic
11551:Cushitic
11445:Betanure
11412:Galilean
11399:Talmudic
11389:Biblical
11367:Tiberian
11362:Yemenite
11347:Sephardi
11321:Medieval
11316:Mishnaic
11311:Biblical
11184:Awsanian
11055:N-group
10974:Tigrinya
10853:Samalian
10830:Galilean
10823:Ugaritic
10768:Medieval
10761:Mishnaic
10745:Biblical
10726:Ammonite
10679:Sanandaj
10664:Betanure
10643:Chaldean
10640:Assyrian
10626:Qaraqosh
10616:Hértevin
10528:Galilean
10502:Lebanese
10348:Maghrebi
10308:Literary
10282:Thamudic
10268:Safaitic
10254:Hasaitic
10247:Dumaitic
10167:Akkadian
10122:Branches
9985:Romanian
9899:Official
9786:Surnames
9762:Keyboard
9735:Academic
9721:Segolate
9716:Suffixes
9711:Prefixes
9689:Biblical
9632:Numerals
9546:Spelling
9454:Tiberian
9323:Alphabet
9313:Solitreo
9303:Crowning
9267:Biblical
9225:Tiberian
9215:Yemenite
9188:Sephardi
9162:Medieval
9157:Mishnaic
9145:Biblical
9129:Gematria
9105:Alphabet
9100:Language
9045:Archived
8909:Archived
8815:Archived
8765:Archived
8731:Archived
8682:(2010).
8652:(1999).
8628:Archived
8604:25 April
8598:Archived
8577:25 April
8571:Archived
8567:Ynetnews
8546:25 April
8540:Archived
8503:Archived
8499:Ynetnews
8467:Archived
8350:Archived
8331:(2003),
8246:25 April
8240:Archived
8219:25 April
8192:Archived
8155:Archived
8128:Archived
8095:3 August
8089:Archived
8033:Archived
7984:Archived
7928:Archived
7754:. BRILL.
7697:Archived
7630:(1986).
7567:Archived
7537:Archived
7533:BBC News
7508:archived
7480:Archived
7405:Archived
7366:Archived
7350:(eds.).
7250:Archived
7227:25 April
7221:Archived
7201:25 March
7195:Archived
7171:5 August
7137:5 August
7047:Archived
7002:period".
6976:Archived
6948:25 April
6942:Archived
6922:28 March
6888:28 March
6882:Archived
6825:Archived
6789:Archived
6743:Archived
6697:Archived
6652:archived
6611:Archived
6575:Archived
6491:Archived
6483:"Hebrew"
6274:Ἑβραϊστί
6262:Hisda'."
6220:baraitot
6193:and the
6191:Josephus
6174:Yemenite
6166:Sephardi
6101:Hebraism
6035:See also
5952:Orthodox
5715:
5703:
5508:ba-matos
5506:becomes
5502:. Thus *
5465:bi-khfar
5267:ablative
5259:analytic
5192:softened
5188:/bɡdkpt/
5040:Example
4757:prophet
4271:laughed
3174:Meaning
3162:Tiberian
3157:Biblical
3153:written
3148:Example
3044:Tiberian
3008:Sephardi
2836:ejective
2686:kĕtavtém
2682:katávtem
2590:from an
2513:Mishnaic
2491:Hebrew,
2377:literary
2318:maskilim
2250:such as
2222:, later
2196:Haskalah
2042:Provence
1969:Tiberias
1867:Baraitot
1858:Mekhilta
1843:halachic
1827:Mishnaic
1690:Pharisee
1686:Sadducee
1666:Samarian
1351:the city
1201:Judahite
1170:Assyrian
1154:between
1054:hebraîos
923:Calabria
864:Assyrian
825: '
699:ࠏࠨࠁࠬࠓࠪࠉࠕ
640:עִבְרִית
627:(bottom)
611:Help:IPA
583:12-AAB-a
569:hebr1246
297:Dialects
113:Biblical
106:Tiberian
79:Biblical
55:עִבְרִית
12252:Hebrews
12036:Italics
11991:Malayic
11903:Knaanic
11892:Yevanic
11835:Bukhori
11771:Tetuani
11766:Haketia
11699:Heblish
11652:Western
11628:Poylish
11623:Litvish
11613:Eastern
11594:Yiddish
11425:Hulaulá
11420:Barzani
11357:Italian
11352:Mizrahi
11229:extinct
11225:Italics
11170:Minaean
11097:Endegen
11024:Inneqor
11003:Argobba
10999:Amharic
10962:Dahalik
10934:Western
10925:Soqotri
10905:Ḥarsusi
10900:Baṭḥari
10816:Amorite
10782:Moabite
10733:Edomite
10703:Western
10659:Barzani
10655:Jewish
10574:Central
10566:Aramaic
10495:Western
10477:Mandaic
10458:Eastern
10453:Armazic
10444:Dialect
10397:Aramaic
10360:Maltese
10261:Hismaic
10194:Central
10183:Eblaite
10139:Central
10063:Russian
10048:Israeli
10033:El-Naim
10018:Abu Kaf
9995:Yiddish
9990:Russian
9980:Kurdish
9960:English
9950:Amharic
9932:Bedouin
9771:ancient
9747:Academy
9742:Revival
9681:Grammar
9558:missing
9298:Cursive
9288:Braille
9276:Scripts
9203:Mizrahi
9198:Italian
9110:History
9035:by the
9026:at the
8988:at the
8972:by the
8953:of the
8783:Sources
8161:6 April
7990:10 June
7662:Culture
7563:Haaretz
7543:3 March
7256:10 June
6804:de jure
6497:4 April
6300:katávta
6286:Γαββαθᾶ
6229:Amoraim
6203:Aramaic
6012:Temanit
6000:Islamic
5956:Yiddish
5917:chanted
5834:Ashurit
5770:את הללו
5758:ברגליכם
5724:ת'אנשים
5721:, e.g.
5563:in the
5478:. With
5461:be-kfar
5351:article
5327:infixes
5299:hyphens
5295:smikhut
5287:smikhut
5241:Grammar
5173:
5162:
5143:versus
5131:versus
5113:
5103:
5092:
5069:
5046:Notes:
5037:Modern
5028:Hebrew
4979:
4914:
4887:tongue
4849:
4784:
4719:
4654:
4589:
4484:
4449:father
4411:
4306:
4185:shadow
4147:
4074:
3958:
3885:
3769:
3696:
3631:
3584:/χ/,/k/
3579:/x/,/k/
3556:
3508:/θ/,/t/
3485:
3442:/f/,/p/
3437:/f/,/p/
3414:
3366:/ɣ/,/ɡ/
3343:
3295:/ð/,/d/
3272:
3229:/v/,/b/
3224:/v/,/b/
3201:
3145:Hebrew
3138:Semitic
3012:Mizrahi
2780:Knesset
2769:of the
2752:Yiddish
2748:English
2736:Russian
2710:Ulpanim
2583:
2572:
2556:
2521:calques
2434:Hasidic
2332:Hamagid
2256:Persian
2252:Russian
2244:Bukhori
2236:Yiddish
2224:Zionism
2192:revived
2172:Revival
2151:average
2146:Halacha
2141:Yiddish
1986:masoret
1973:Galilee
1862:Tosefta
1835:Amoraic
1765:tannaim
1645:, many
1639:Babylon
1566:Tosefta
1562:Mishnah
1343:Solomon
1207:History
1197:Yehudit
1097:Abraham
1093:Hebrews
1059:Aramaic
1048:Ἑβραῖος
1027:English
982:is the
960:of the
930:Zionism
860:Ashurit
837:transl.
822:transl.
818:Yehudit
812:in the
787:
749:Aramaic
729:Judaism
707:) is a
701:
678:ʕivˈrit
658:ʔivˈʁit
607:Unicode
553:Edomite
542:Moabite
202:Semitic
170:Revival
163:Judaism
142:Extinct
11951:Turkic
11947:Karaim
11936:Others
11908:Slavic
11881:Others
11603:argots
11561:Berber
11524:Others
11394:Targum
11326:Modern
11296:Hebrew
11203:Sabaic
11197:Razihi
11103:Mesqan
11077:Mesmes
11030:Wolane
11027:Ulbare
11020:Siltʼe
11008:Harari
10992:versal
10990:Trans-
10920:Shehri
10910:Hobyot
10860:Sutean
10808:Others
10774:Modern
10739:Hebrew
10631:Senaya
10611:Bohtan
10606:Barwar
10586:Turoyo
10580:Mlaḥsô
10482:Syriac
10446:groups
10203:Arabic
10001:others
9975:Ladino
9970:German
9965:French
9955:Domari
9922:Arabic
9906:Hebrew
9767:Hebrew
9694:Modern
9612:Geresh
9521:Mappiq
9516:Dagesh
9501:Kamatz
9446:Niqqud
9401:Samech
9293:Ashuri
9208:Syrian
9167:Modern
8962:– The
8901:
8880:
8857:
8838:
8798:
8771:15 May
8740:15 May
8723:
8690:
8634:31 May
8343:
8291:
8120:
7958:
7851:passim
7817:
7731:
7486:9 June
7460:
7452:
7397:
7358:
7281:
7164:
6874:
6781:
6737:
6691:
6644:
5986:Ladino
5948:Haredi
5756:תכבלים
5706:et ha-
5561:copula
5545:had a
5533:Syntax
5273:using
5263:dative
4692:water
4344:raven
4039:eight
3923:sugar
3850:threw
3387:camel
3245:house
3167:Modern
3136:Proto-
3038:. The
3001:ăɔ̆ɛ̆/
2810:, and
2792:Poland
2756:Ladino
2744:French
2740:Arabic
2675:Yĕhudá
2671:Yehúda
2667:Dĕvorá
2623:sifréj
2564:
2558:) and
2505:Hebrew
2493:Arabic
2438:Satmar
2373:shtetl
2260:Arabic
2200:pidgin
2125:Rabbi
1984:(from
1888:Gemara
1833:, and
1819:Talmud
1727:Qumran
1694:Scribe
1656:After
1651:Jewish
1570:Talmud
1528:texts.
1499:crowns
1463:Tanakh
1375:vowels
1359:Greeks
1281:Siloam
1165:Habiru
1160:Canaan
1148:Litani
1144:Jordan
1120:exonym
1085:Jewish
1062:'ibrāy
1057:) and
1038:, via
950:Yishuv
919:Reggio
891:Judaea
842:Canaan
827:Judean
810:Hebrew
735:) and
705:ʿÎbrit
646:ʿĪvrīt
632:Hebrew
420:Turkey
410:Poland
389:Israel
283:Modern
227:Hebrew
131:Region
125:Israel
98:Modern
49:Hebrew
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4286:[
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4251:[
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4243:[
4212:]
4208:[
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4200:[
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4066:]
4062:[
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4019:[
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4011:[
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3946:[
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3938:[
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3873:[
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3865:[
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3830:[
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3822:[
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3684:[
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3544:[
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3473:[
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3331:[
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3260:[
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3189:[
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8669::73)
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8417:2013
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7815:ISBN
7729:ISBN
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