Sailing - Knowledge

597: 1122: 2237:. The craft's point of sail affects its velocity for a given true wind velocity. Conventional sailing craft cannot derive power from the wind in a "no-go" zone that is approximately 40° to 50° away from the true wind, depending on the craft. Likewise, the directly downwind speed of all conventional sailing craft is limited to the true wind speed. As a sailboat sails further from the wind, the apparent wind becomes smaller and the lateral component becomes less; boat speed is highest on the beam reach. To act like an airfoil, the sail on a sailboat is sheeted further out as the course is further off the wind. As an iceboat sails further from the wind, the apparent wind increases slightly and the boat speed is highest on the broad reach. In order to act like an airfoil, the sail on an iceboat is sheeted in for all three points of sail. 2450:. Wind shear occurs because of friction above a water surface slowing the flow of air. The ratio of wind at the surface to wind at a height above the surface varies by a power law with an exponent of 0.11-0.13 over the ocean. This means that a 5 m/s (9.7 kn) wind at 3 m above the water would be approximately 6 m/s (12 kn) at 15 m (50 ft) above the water. In hurricane-force winds with 40 m/s (78 kn) at the surface the speed at 15 m (50 ft) would be 49 m/s (95 kn) This suggests that sails that reach higher above the surface can be subject to stronger wind forces that move the centre of effort on them higher above the surface and increase the heeling moment. Additionally, apparent wind direction moves aft with height above water, which may necessitate a corresponding 1102: 2419: 2101: 2395: 2383: 586: 2407: 2256: 114: 762: 456: 1917: 1907: 1896: 1886: 1875: 1865: 1855: 1844: 1834: 1824: 1813: 1803: 1793: 1783: 1772: 1762: 1752: 1267: 1309: 550:-built ships that relied on an internal skeleton structure to bear the weight of the ship and for gun ports to be cut in the side, sailing ships were just vehicles for delivering fighters to the enemy for engagement. Early Phoenician, Greek, Roman galleys would ram each other, then pour onto the decks of the opposing force and continue the fight by hand, meaning that these galleys required speed and maneuverability. This need for speed translated into longer ships with multiple rows of oars along the sides, known as 1297: 1682: 1742: 483:—evolved into three-masted, typically ship-rigged sailing vessels with fine lines that enhanced speed, but lessened capacity for high-value cargo, like tea from China. Masts were as high as 100 feet (30 m) and were able to achieve speeds of 19 knots (35 km/h), allowing for passages of up to 465 nautical miles (861 km) per 24 hours. Clippers yielded to bulkier, slower vessels, which became economically competitive in the mid 19th century. Sail plans with just fore-and-aft sails ( 1154: 219:. Sail was slowly replaced by steam as the method of propulsion for ships over the latter part of the 19th century – seeing a gradual improvement in the technology of steam through a number of developmental steps. Steam allowed scheduled services that ran at higher average speeds than sailing vessels. Large improvements in fuel economy allowed steam to progressively outcompete sail in, ultimately, all commercial situations, giving ship-owning investors a better return on capital. 1514: 616: 843: 10434: 1535: 50: 2348:

and calculated theoretically. Sailing craft orient their sails with a favorable angle of attack between the entry point of the sail and the apparent wind even as their course changes. The ability to generate lift is limited by sailing too close to the wind when no effective angle of attack is available to generate lift (causing luffing) and sailing sufficiently off the wind that the sail cannot be oriented at a favorable angle of attack to prevent the sail from

1325: 10918: 1394: 468: 794: 1165: 1071:), the air velocity experienced by instrumentation or crew on a moving sailing craft. Apparent wind velocity provides the motive power for the sails on any given point of sail. It varies from being the true wind velocity of a stopped craft in irons in the no-go zone, to being faster than the true wind speed as the sailing craft's velocity adds to the true windspeed on a reach. It diminishes towards zero for a craft sailing dead downwind. 2180:), lift or drag may be the predominant propulsive component. Depending on the angle of attack of a set of sails with respect to the apparent wind, each sail is providing motive force to the sailing craft either from lift-dominant attached flow or drag-dominant separated flow. Additionally, sails may interact with one another to create forces that are different from the sum of the individual contributions of each sail, when used alone. 1018: 1145:

heeling in a sailboat, which requires resistance by weight of ballast from the crew or the boat itself and by the shape of the boat, especially with a catamaran. As the boat points off the wind, lateral force and the forces required to resist it become less important. On ice boats, lateral forces are countered by the lateral resistance of the blades on ice and their distance apart, which generally prevents heeling.

10928: 1003: 2497:≤ 0.6 are likely because of the tapered shape of the submerged hull towards both ends. Reducing interior volume allows creating a finer hull with less drag. Because a keel or other underwater foil produces lift, it also produces drag, which increases as the boat heels. Wetted area of the hull affects total the amount of friction between the water and the hull's surface, creating another component of drag. 2549: 333: 133: 70: 654:

islands of the South Atlantic, the Caribbean, and regions of North and Central America. Passage-making under sail occurs on routes through oceans all over the world. Circular routes exist between the Americas and Europe, and between South Africa and South America. There are many routes from the Americas, Australia, New Zealand, and Asia to island destinations in the South Pacific. Some cruisers

790:(NOAA) to survey the marine ecosystem, fisheries, and weather. In January 2019, a small fleet of saildrones was launched to attempt the first autonomous circumnavigation of Antarctica. One of the saildrones completed the mission, traveling 12,500 miles (20,100 km) over the seven month journey while collecting a detailed data set using on board environmental monitoring instrumentation. 988: 305:. Cities such as Rome were totally reliant on the delivery by sailing ships of the large amounts of grain needed. It has been estimated that it cost less for a sailing ship of the Roman Empire to carry grain the length of the Mediterranean than to move the same amount 15 miles by road. Rome consumed about 150,000 tons of Egyptian grain each year over the first three centuries AD. 926:"no-go" zone, where a sail is unable to mobilize power from the wind. Sailing on a course as close to the wind as possible—approximately 45°—is termed "close-hauled". At 90° off the wind, a craft is on a "beam reach". At 135° off the wind, a craft is on a "broad reach". At 180° off the wind (sailing in the same direction as the wind), a craft is "running downwind". 1381:

procedures and constraints for jibing. Fore-and-aft sails with booms, gaffs or sprits are unstable when the free end points into the eye of the wind and must be controlled to avoid a violent change to the other side; square rigs as they present the full area of the sail to the wind from the rear experience little change of operation from one tack to the other; and

1949:(right-hand side), port or larboard (left-hand side), forward or fore (frontward), aft or abaft (rearward), bow (forward part of the hull), stern (aft part of the hull), beam (the widest part). Spars, supporting sails, include masts, booms, yards, gaffs and poles. Moveable lines that control sails or other equipment are known collectively as a vessel's 1141:

speed is typically great enough to have the apparent wind coming from a few degrees to one side of its course, necessitating sailing with the sail sheeted in for most points of sail. On conventional sailboats, the sails are set to create lift for those points of sail where it's possible to align the leading edge of the sail with the apparent wind.

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The alignment of center of force of the sails with center of resistance of the hull and its appendices controls whether the craft will track straight with little steering input, or whether correction needs to be made to hold it away from turning into the wind (a weather helm) or turning away from the

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Reducing sail on square-rigged ships could be accomplished by exposing less of each sail, by tying it off higher up with reefing points. Additionally, as winds get stronger, sails can be furled or removed from the spars, entirely until the vessel is surviving hurricane-force winds under "bare poles".

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The speed of sailboats through the water is limited by the resistance that results from hull drag in the water. Ice boats typically have the least resistance to forward motion of any sailing craft. Consequently, a sailboat experiences a wider range of apparent wind angles than does an ice boat, whose

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In points of sail that range from close-hauled to a broad reach, sails act substantially like a wing, with lift predominantly propelling the craft. In points of sail from a broad reach to down wind, sails act substantially like a parachute, with drag predominantly propelling the craft. For craft with

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began to outpace them economically because of their ability to keep a schedule regardless of the wind. Steel hulls also replaced iron hulls at around the same time. Even into the twentieth century, sailing ships could hold their own on transoceanic voyages such as Australia to Europe, since they did

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Until the significant improvements in land transportation that occurred during the 19th century, if water transport was an option, it was faster, cheaper and safer than making the same journey by land. This applied equally to sea crossings, coastal voyages and use of rivers and lakes. Examples of the

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When sailing craft are on a course where the angle between the sail and the apparent wind (the angle of attack) exceeds the point of maximum lift, separation of flow occurs. Drag increases and lift decreases with increasing angle of attack as the separation becomes progressively pronounced until the

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Sails allow progress of a sailing craft to windward, thanks to their ability to generate lift (and the craft's ability to resist the lateral forces that result). Each sail configuration has a characteristic coefficient of lift and attendant coefficient of drag, which can be determined experimentally

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the jib and by reefing or partially lowering the mainsail, that is reducing the area of a sail without actually changing it for a smaller sail. This results both in a reduced sail area but also in a lower centre of effort from the sails, reducing the heeling moment and keeping the boat more upright.

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Wind and currents are important factors to plan on for both offshore and inshore sailing. Predicting the availability, strength and direction of the wind is key to using its power along the desired course. Ocean currents, tides and river currents may deflect a sailing vessel from its desired course.

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During the Age of Discovery, sailing ships figured in European voyages around Africa to China and Japan; and across the Atlantic Ocean to North and South America. Later, sailing ships ventured into the Arctic to explore northern sea routes and assess natural resources. In the 18th and 19th centuries

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Adjustment of the angle of a fore-and-aft sail with respect to the apparent wind is controlled with a line, called a "sheet". On points of sail between close-hauled and a broad reach, the goal is typically to create flow along the sail to maximize power through lift. Streamers placed on the surface

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into and through the wind (referred to as "the eye of the wind") so that the apparent wind changes from one side to the other, allowing progress on the opposite tack. The type of sailing rig dictates the procedures and constraints on achieving a tacking maneuver. Fore-and-aft rigs allow their sails

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is considered a suitable place for early use of sail for propulsion. This is because the river's current flows from south to north, whilst the prevailing wind direction is north to south. Therefore, a boat of that time could use the current to go north – an unobstructed trip of 750 miles – and sail

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Sailboats use some sort of underwater foil to generate lift that maintains the forward direction of the boat under sail. Whereas sails operate at angles of attack between 10° and 90° incident to the wind, underwater foils operate at angles of attack between 0° and 10° incident to the water passing

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Gusts may be predicted by the same value that serves as an exponent for wind shear, serving as a gust factor. So, one can expect gusts to be about 1.5 times stronger than the prevailing wind speed (a 10-knot wind might gust up to 15 knots). This, combined with changes in wind direction suggest the

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to the incident airstream (the apparent wind velocity for the headsail) and is a result of pressure differences between the windward and leeward surfaces and depends on the angle of attack, sail shape, air density, and speed of the apparent wind. The lift force results from the average pressure on

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A sailing vessel's form stability (derived from the shape of the hull and the position of the center of gravity) is the starting point for resisting heeling. Catamarans and iceboats have a wide stance that makes them resistant to heeling. Additional measures for trimming a sailing craft to control

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Waterborne sailing craft rely on the design of the hull and keel to provide minimal forward drag in opposition to the sails' propulsive power and maximum resistance to the sails' lateral forces. In modern sailboats, drag is minimized by control of the hull's shape (blunt or fine), appendages, and

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encompasses all aspects of taking a sailing vessel in and out of port, navigating it to its destination, and securing it at anchor or alongside a dock. Important aspects of seamanship include employing a common language aboard a sailing craft and the management of lines that control the sails and

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If the desired course is within the no-go zone, then the sailing craft must follow a zig-zag route into the wind to reach its waypoint or destination. Downwind, certain high-performance sailing craft can reach the destination more quickly by following a zig-zag route on a series of broad reaches.

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may be either near-shore or passage-making out of sight of land and entails the use of sailboats that support sustained overnight use. Coastal cruising grounds include areas of the Mediterranean and Black Seas, Northern Europe, Western Europe and islands of the North Atlantic, West Africa and the

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of a sailing craft, by forces from skate runners of an iceboat, or by forces from wheels of a land sailing craft which are steering the course. This combination of forces means that it is possible to sail an upwind course as well as downwind. The course with respect to the true wind direction (as

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primarily affords experiencing the pleasure of sailing a boat. No destination is required. It is an opportunity to share the experience with others. A variety of boats with no overnight accommodations, ranging in size from 10 feet (3.0 m) to over 30 feet (9.1 m), may be regarded as day

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From prehistory until the second half of the 19th century, sailing craft were the primary means of maritime trade and transportation; exploration across the seas and oceans was reliant on sail for anything other than the shortest distances. Naval power in this period used sail to varying degrees

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past the eye of the wind so that the apparent wind changes from one side to the other, allowing progress on the opposite tack. This maneuver can be done on smaller boats by pulling the tiller towards yourself (the opposite side of the sail). As with tacking, the type of sailing rig dictates the

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it is on—the direction of travel under sail in relation to the true wind direction over the surface. The principal points of sail roughly correspond to 45° segments of a circle, starting with 0° directly into the wind. For many sailing craft, the arc spanning 45° on either side of the wind is a

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For a sailboat, point of sail affects lateral force significantly. The higher the boat points to the wind under sail, the stronger the lateral force, which requires resistance from a keel or other underwater foils, including daggerboard, centerboard, skeg and rudder. Lateral force also induces

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represented the final evolution of sailing ships at the end of the Age of Sail. They were built to carry bulk cargo for long distances in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. They were the largest of merchant sailing ships, with three to five masts and square sails, as well as other

417:. The windward sailing capability of Austronesian boats allowed a strategy of sailing to windward on a voyage of exploration, with a return downwind either to report a discovery or if no land was found. This was well suited to the prevailing winds as Pacific islands were steadily colonized. 2506:

by. Neither their angle of attack nor surface is adjustable (except for moveable foils) and they are never intentionally stalled, while making way through the water. Heeling the vessel away from perpendicular into the water significantly degrades the boat's ability to point into the wind.

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A saildrone is a type of unmanned surface vehicle used primarily in oceans for data collection. Saildrones are wind and solar powered and carry a suite of science sensors and navigational instruments. They can follow a set of remotely prescribed waypoints. The saildrone was invented by

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slipperiness. The keel or other underwater foils provide the lateral resistance to forces on the sails. Heeling increases both drag and the ability of the boat to track along its desired course. Wave generation for a displacement hull is another important limitation on boat speed.

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Trimming refers to adjusting the lines that control sails, including the sheets that control angle of the sails with respect to the wind, the halyards that raise and tighten the sail, and to adjusting the hull's resistance to heeling, yawing or progress through the water.

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Sail angles of attack (α) and resulting (idealized) flow patterns for attached flow, maximum lift, and stalled for a hypothetical sail. The stagnation streamlines (red) delineate air passing to the leeward side (top) from that passing to the windward (bottom) side of the

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wind (a lee helm). A center of force behind the center of resistance causes a weather helm. The center of force ahead of the center of resistance causes a lee helm. When the two are closely aligned, the helm is neutral and requires little input to maintain course.

1591:. These control the curvature that is appropriate to the windspeed, the higher the wind, the flatter the sail. When the wind strength is greater than these adjustments can accommodate to prevent overpowering the sailing craft, then reducing sail area through 292:

Throughout history, sailing was a key form of propulsion that allowed for greater mobility than travel over land. This greater mobility increased capacity for exploration, trade, transport, warfare, and fishing, especially when compared to overland options.

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for coal nor fresh water for steam, and they were faster than the early steamers, which usually could barely make 8 knots (15 km/h). Ultimately, the steamships' independence from the wind and their ability to take shorter routes, passing through the

409:. Since there is no commonality between the boat technology of China and the Austronesians, these distinctive characteristics must have been developed at or some time after the beginning of the expansion. They traveled vast distances of open ocean in 2276:

the windward surface of the sail being higher than the average pressure on the leeward side. These pressure differences arise in conjunction with the curved airflow. As air follows a curved path along the windward side of a sail, there is a pressure

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Winds and oceanic currents are both the result of the sun powering their respective fluid media. Wind powers the sailing craft and the ocean bears the craft on its course, as currents may alter the course of a sailing vessel on the ocean or a river.

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The physics of sailing arises from a balance of forces between the wind powering the sailing craft as it passes over its sails and the resistance by the sailing craft against being blown off course, which is provided in the water by the

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Fore-and-aft weight distribution changes the cross-section of a vessel in the water. Small sailing craft are sensitive to crew placement. They are usually designed to have the crew stationed midships to minimize hull drag in the water.

424:—starting in the 15th century—square-rigged, multi-masted vessels were the norm and were guided by navigation techniques that included the magnetic compass and making sightings of the sun and stars that allowed transoceanic voyages. 2394: 2322:

Lift and drag are components of the total aerodynamic force on sail, which are resisted by forces in the water (for a boat) or on the traveled surface (for an iceboat or land sailing craft). Sails act in two basic modes; under the

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Each is a reaction to forces on sails and is achieved either by weight distribution or by management of the center of force of the underwater foils (keel, daggerboard, etc.), compared with the center of force on the sails.

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A sailing craft can sail on a course anywhere outside of its no-go zone. If the next waypoint or destination is within the arc defined by the no-go zone from the craft's current position, then it must perform a series of

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While the use of sailing vessels for commerce or naval power has been supplanted with engine-driven vessels, there continue to be commercial operations that take passengers on sailing cruises. Modern navies also employ

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Planing and foiling vessels are not limited by hull speed, as they rise out of the water without building a bow wave with the application of power. Long narrow hulls, such as those of catamarans, surpass hull speed by

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Because the lateral wind forces are highest when sailing close-hauled, the resisting water forces around the vessel's keel, centerboard, rudder and other foils must also be highest in order to limit sideways motion or

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and the Saildrone company began a joint venture in 2019 called The Saildrone Pacific Sentinel Experiment, which positioned six saildrones along the west coast of the United States to gather atmospheric and ocean data.

358:, dated to the 6th millennium BCE. The image is thought to show a bipod mast mounted on the hull of a reed boat – no sail is depicted. The earliest representation of a sail, from Egypt, is dated to circa 3100 BCE. The 5632: 2203:) is the air velocity acting upon the leading edge of the most forward sail or as experienced by instrumentation or crew on a moving sailing craft. In nautical terminology, wind speeds are normally expressed in 805:

completed the fastest unmanned Atlantic crossing sailing from Bermuda to the UK, and in October, it completed the return trip to become the first autonomous vehicle to cross the Atlantic in both directions. The

1017: 316:– which was already being carried out in the 14th century and grew as the city increased in size. In 1795, 4,395 cargoes of coal were delivered to London. This would have needed a fleet of about 500 sailing 1351:

by traveling on a series of broad reaches, punctuated by jibes in between. It was explored by sailing vessels starting in 1975 and now extends to high-performance skiffs, catamarans and foiling sailboats.

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In-mast (or on-mast) roller-reefing. This method rolls the sail up around a vertical foil either inside a slot in the mast, or affixed to the outside of the mast. It requires a mainsail with either no

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in the Pacific Ocean require planning for the effect that they will have on a transiting vessel's track. Likewise, tides affect a vessel's track, especially in areas with large tidal ranges, like the

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Negotiating obstructions or a channel may also require a change of direction with respect to the wind, necessitating changing of tack with the wind on the opposite side of the craft, from before.

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The distance by sea from Alexandria (the main Egyptian grain port during the Roman Empire) to Civitavecchia (the modern port for Rome) is 1,126 nautical miles (2,085 km; 1,296 mi).

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and is calculated by the distance between the two points, divided by the travel time. The limiting line to the waypoint that allows the sailing vessel to leave it to leeward is called the

499:) emerged. Coastal top-sail schooners with a crew as small as two managing the sail handling became an efficient way to carry bulk cargo, since only the fore-sails required tending while 4226: 3997: 1553:, each of which may be controlled by a crew member as the sail is adjusted. Towards the end of the Age of Sail, steam-powered machinery reduced the number of crew required to trim sail. 1002: 2382: 1135:

As the iceboat sails further from the wind, the apparent wind increases slightly and the boat speed is highest on the broad reach. The sail is sheeted in for all three points of sail.

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as they derive power from the wind, generating both lift and drag. On a given course, the sails are set to an angle that optimizes the development of wind power, as determined by the

1561:, indicate whether that flow is smooth or turbulent. Smooth flow on both sides indicates proper trim. A jib and mainsail are typically configured to be adjusted to create a smooth 2319:. At the onset of stall, lift is abruptly decreased, as is lift-induced drag. Sails with the apparent wind behind them (especially going downwind) operate in a stalled condition. 2288:

of the sail and the apparent wind velocity. The angle of attack is a function of both the craft's point of sail and how the sail is adjusted with respect to the apparent wind.

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Steam power required a number of engineering problems to be solved to achieve the full level of efficiency that was obtained by, say, the beginning of the 20th century.

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beyond hull speed. This is because the vessel is climbing up an increasingly steep bow wave with the addition of power without the wave propagating forward faster.

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to make the return trip. Evidence of early sailors has also been found in other locations, such as Kuwait, Turkey, Syria, Minoa, Bahrain, and India, among others.

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to inform their navigation. Before the advent of motors, it was advantageous for sailing vessels to enter or leave port or to pass through a strait with the tide.

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perpendicular to the flow direction with higher pressure on the outside of the curve and lower pressure on the inside. To generate lift, a sail must present an "

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Forces on sails depend on wind speed and direction and the speed and direction of the craft. The speed of the craft at a given point of sail contributes to the "

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provide area and curvature appropriate for sailing with separated flow on downwind points of sail, analogous to parachutes, which provide both lift and drag.

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Navigating a channel or a downwind course among obstructions may necessitate changes in direction that require a change of tack, accomplished with a jibe.

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As the boat sails further from the wind, the apparent wind becomes smaller and the lateral component becomes less; boat speed is highest on the beam reach.

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Boat velocity (in black) generates an equal and opposite apparent wind component (not shown), which combines with the true wind to become apparent wind.

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Slab reefing, which involves lowering the sail by about one-quarter to one-third of its full length and tightening the lower part of the sail using an

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Recreational sailing can be divided into two categories, day-sailing, where one gets off the boat for the night, and cruising, where one stays aboard.

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and is proportional to the square root of the vessel's length at the waterline. Applying more power does not significantly increase the speed of a

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In addition to using the sheets to adjust the angle with respect to the apparent wind, other lines control the shape of the sail, notably the

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Spinnaker cross-section trimmed for a broad reach showing transition from boundary layer to separated flow where vortex shedding commences.

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to hang limp as they tack; square rigs must present the full frontal area of the sail to the wind, when changing from side to side; and

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sail is perpendicular to the apparent wind, when lift becomes negligible and drag predominates. In addition to the sails used upwind,

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A sailing craft can travel directly downwind only at a speed that is less than the wind speed. However, some sailing craft such as

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dinghy trimmed for a reach with the sail aligned with the apparent wind and the crew providing moveable ballast to promote planing

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Mahdi, Waruno (1999). "The Dispersal of Austronesian boat forms in the Indian Ocean". In Blench, Roger; Spriggs, Matthew (eds.).

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On downwind points of sail, power is achieved primarily with the wind pushing on the sail, as indicated by drooping tell-tales.

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O'Connor, Tom (September–October 2004). "Polynesians in the Southern Ocean: Occupation of the Auckland Islands in Prehistory".

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Wind speed increases with height above the surface; at the same time, wind speed may vary over short periods of time as gusts.

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relied on previously unobtainable boiler pressures (needing better quality steel for the boilers and effective boiler design);

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through the bow wave. Hull speed does not apply to sailing craft on ice runners or wheels because they do not displace water.

2493:= 1.0 being for a constant displace cross section area, as would be found on a barge. For modern sailboats, values of 0.53 ≤ C 5712: 5610: 5583: 5419: 5357: 5320: 5292: 5260: 5225: 5198: 5167: 5114: 5055: 4922: 4832: 4801: 4764: 4682: 4655: 4591: 4534: 4485: 4415: 3973: 3946: 3919: 3892: 3865: 3838: 3811: 3781: 3754: 3727: 3648: 3499: 3472: 3445: 2815: 2632:

all of which needed to be housed in sufficiently light but rigid hulls – this involved experimentation with

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Deacon, E. L.; Sheppard, P. A.; Webb, E. K. (December 1956), "Wind Profiles over the Sea and the Drag at the Sea Surface",

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in wind direction—flowing off the shore at night and onto the shore during the day. Local temporary wind shifts are called

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to the incident airstream. This occurs as the angle of attack increases with sail trim or change of course and causes the

246:. Cruising can include extended offshore and ocean-crossing trips, coastal sailing within sight of land, and daysailing. 4339: 3612: 514:. They carried bulk cargoes between continents. Iron-hulled sailing ships were mainly built from the 1870s to 1900, when 257:, which is the wind as sensed from a moving vessel. The forces transmitted via the sails are resisted by forces from the 2489:= displaced volume of the vessel divided by waterline length times maximum displaced section area—the maximum value of C 274:. Conventional sailing craft cannot derive wind power on a course with a point of sail that is too close into the wind. 4737: 4510: 4449: 3963: 3055: 2993: 1232:

sailing yachts can sail as close as 30° to the wind, most 20th-Century square riggers are limited to 60° off the wind.

737: 4248: 4154: 4036: 5679: 5472: 5157: 4884: 4712: 4564: 3561: 3526: 3410: 3334: 3307: 3259: 3197: 3167: 2968: 2790: 2746: 2718: 2693: 1026:: the wind is coming from behind the vessel; the sails are "wing on wing" to be at right angles to the apparent wind. 17: 5373: 3638: 1037: 10332: 3855: 3586: 3349: 1940: 1936: 619:

Cranbrook Kingswood High School sailing team competing in the 2022 SugarBowl fleet race regatta on 20 November 2022

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affects sailing craft in motion by presenting a different wind speed and direction at different heights along the

7263: 4308: 2015:. The windward side of the boat is the side that is upwind while the leeward side is the side that is downwind. 5573: 3771: 3224: 3088: 2589: 1261: 818: 5104: 10931: 6821: 6068: 3717: 1445: 754: 5600: 4853: 4730:

Aero-hydrodynamics and the Performance of Sailing Yachts: The Science Behind Sailing Yachts and Their Design

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Adjusting the depth of underwater foils to control their lateral resistance force and center of resistance

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Sailing Ships and Their Story :the Story of Their Development from the Earliest Times to the Present Day

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A maritime archaeology of ships : innovation and social change in medieval and early modern Europe

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A sailing vessel heels when the boat leans over to the side in reaction to wind forces on the sails.

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Heeling (rotation about the longitudinal axis – or leaning to either port or starboard)

779: 700:

Oceanic racing, held over long distances and in open water, often last multiple days and include world

5131: 5016: 1011:: the flag is streaming slightly to the side as the sails are sheeted to align with the apparent wind. 7631: 7107: 6649: 6639: 5895: 5704: 5190: 4286: 4124: 3691: 4125:"Saildrone Hopes Its Robotic Sailboats Can Save the World by Collecting Precise Climate-Change Data" 3125: 2255: 8604: 8049: 8044: 8039: 8034: 7989: 7804: 7516: 7298: 6811: 3719:

Coastal Cruising Made Easy: The Official Manual For The ASA Basic Coastal Cruising Course (ASA 103)

2574: 2467: 1344: 807: 506: 31: 3282: 2808:

Ancient ocean crossings : reconsidering the case for contacts with the pre-Columbian Americas

10705: 10412: 9731: 9726: 7200: 6871: 2584: 1550: 1546: 1413: 1252:. Ice boats and land yachts minimize lateral motion with resistance from their blades or wheels. 1157: 693: 432:

to develop charts for navigation and, at times, carried scientists aboard as with the voyages of

390: 7662: 577:

would maintain their place in the line to engage the enemy in a parallel or perpendicular line.

10715: 9706: 8935: 8214: 7413: 7408: 5832: 4377: 4190: 3553:

Navies and nations : warships, navies, and state building in Europe and America, 1500–1860

2633: 2349: 2144: 547: 386: 369:

used sails from some time before 2000 BCE. Their expansion from what is now Southern China and

321: 5701:

The Illustrated Dictionary of Boating Terms: 2000 Essential Terms for Sailors and Powerboaters

5540:"An Overwater Relationship Between the Gust Factor and the Exponent of Power-Law Wind Profile" 5186:

The Illustrated Dictionary of Boating Terms: 2000 Essential Terms for Sailors and Powerboaters

4793: 4787: 4702: 4672: 4554: 4477: 4471: 3219:. National Geographic Society (U.S.) (New ed.). Washington: National Geographic Society. 2616:

To pick a few: screw propulsion (replacing paddle wheels) needed an effective stern gland and

1916: 1906: 1885: 1843: 1833: 1812: 1782: 1771: 1751: 1545:

In their most developed version, square sails are controlled by two each of: sheets, braces,

10921: 10847: 10635: 10564: 10191: 9936: 9020: 8624: 8219: 7754: 6018: 5983: 5409: 4912: 4611: 4581: 4405: 3379: 3297: 3249: 2664:

The distance by sea from the Tyne to London is 315 nautical miles (583 km; 362 mi).

2594: 1895: 1874: 1864: 1854: 1823: 1802: 1792: 1761: 1632: 1628: 604: 3489: 3350:

Pacific American Steamship Association; Shipowners Association of the Pacific Coast (1920).

3251:

America the Ingenious: How a Nation of Dreamers, Immigrants, and Tinkerers Changed the World

1572:

are light-weight, large-area, highly curved sails that are adapted to sailing off the wind.

1169: 346: 324:

was not launched until 1852 and sailing colliers continued working into the 20th century.)

10814: 10595: 10587: 10261: 10256: 8740: 8179: 8064: 7884: 7814: 7293: 7231: 6816: 5807: 5444: 3773:

World Voyage Planner: Planning a Voyage from Anywhere in the World to Anywhere in the World

2174:(90°) to the apparent wind. Depending on the alignment of the sail with the apparent wind ( 2012: 766: 733: 541: 366: 337: 1385:

again have flexibly pivoting and fully rotating masts that get flipped from side to side.

354:

The earliest image suggesting the use of sail on a boat may be on a piece of pottery from

215:

depending on the current technology, culminating in the gun-armed sailing warships of the

8: 10842: 10767: 10613: 10366: 10041: 9711: 9375: 9130: 8745: 8299: 8259: 8074: 7709: 7509: 7363: 7206: 7147: 6856: 6771: 6544: 6384: 6103: 5771: 4841: 4344: 4063:"This Engineer Is Building an Armada of Saildrones That Could Remake Weather Forecasting" 2622: 2285: 2082:

or square knot – used for reefing or storing a sail by tying two ends of a line together.

1828: 1708:

Shifting of weight, which might be crew on a trapeze or moveable ballast across the boat.

1558: 783: 590: 569:

of multiple cannon. This development allowed for naval fleets to array themselves into a

429: 302: 243: 204: 113: 5448: 4340:"Scientists drove a robotic surfboard into Hurricane Sam, and the waves were incredible" 3276: 2458:

degree to which a sailing craft must adjust sail angle to wind gusts on a given course.

2424:

Symmetric spinnaker cross-section with following apparent wind, showing vortex shedding.

761: 729:

Team racing between two teams of three boats each in a format analogous to match racing.

455: 10529: 10076: 9811: 9025: 8910: 8730: 8544: 8539: 8534: 8294: 8289: 8274: 7994: 7949: 7944: 7894: 7744: 7581: 7486: 7448: 7393: 7268: 7180: 6927: 6881: 6851: 6836: 6791: 6746: 6584: 6223: 6178: 4987: 3113: 3094: 3003: 2883: 2756: 2643: 2639: 2627: 2562: 2534: 1518: 1433: 1348: 10837: 10463: 3075: 650: 10888: 10545: 10488: 10458: 10006: 9821: 9220: 9005: 8750: 8574: 8379: 8319: 7899: 7889: 7879: 7463: 7226: 7195: 7102: 6751: 6736: 6579: 6574: 6519: 6344: 6289: 6153: 6093: 6078: 6008: 5975: 5852: 5827: 5708: 5675: 5606: 5579: 5539: 5518: 5415: 5353: 5316: 5288: 5266: 5256: 5231: 5221: 5194: 5163: 5110: 5075: 5051: 4918: 4880: 4828: 4797: 4760: 4733: 4708: 4678: 4651: 4623: 4587: 4560: 4530: 4506: 4481: 4445: 4411: 4028: 3969: 3942: 3915: 3888: 3861: 3834: 3807: 3777: 3750: 3723: 3644: 3567: 3557: 3532: 3522: 3495: 3468: 3441: 3416: 3406: 3330: 3303: 3255: 3230: 3220: 3193: 3163: 3084: 3051: 2989: 2964: 2931: 2811: 2786: 2742: 2714: 2689: 2526: 2482: 2435: 2388:

Spinnaker set for a broad reach, generating both lift, with separated flow, and drag.

2312: 2292: 2250: 2171: 2057: 1777: 1658:

Hull trim has three aspects, each tied to an axis of rotation, they are controlling:

1437: 1364: 1266: 1209: 817:-class vessels at key locations in the Atlantic Ocean prior to the June start of the 608: 566: 503:

and steam-driven machinery was often available for raising the sails and the anchor.

500: 480: 258: 96: 59: 2642:

as iron hulls could not be covered by the copper sheets used on wooden hulls due to

1290:

have flexibly pivoting and fully rotating masts that get flipped from side to side.

677: 10952: 10867: 10857: 10752: 10630: 10509: 10406: 10026: 9861: 9561: 9526: 9380: 9275: 9080: 8990: 8865: 8735: 8569: 8374: 8119: 8089: 7934: 7914: 7606: 7566: 7082: 7057: 7002: 6952: 6801: 6524: 6419: 6409: 6349: 6334: 6299: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6158: 6128: 6088: 5965: 5857: 5837: 5797: 5782: 5696: 5513:, 4th European and African Conference on Wind Engineering, Prague, pp. 350–351 5452: 5308: 4094:"Saildrones go where humans can't — or don't want to — to study the world's oceans" 3990:"Drones at sea: Unmanned vehicles to expand data collection from far-flung locales" 2956: 2921: 2875: 2522: 2316: 2308: 2051: 2047: 2037: 1838: 1686: 1485: 1477: 1233: 723: 722:

Match racing comprises two boats competing against each other, as is done with the

701: 655: 574: 421: 398: 308:

A similar but more recent trade, in coal, was from the mines situated close to the

287: 283: 119: 3214: 2023:

The following knots are commonly used to handle ropes and lines on sailing craft:

10893: 10792: 10401: 10358: 10301: 10161: 10156: 10151: 10146: 9430: 9410: 9240: 9225: 8885: 8269: 8254: 7403: 6992: 6987: 6846: 6766: 6679: 6609: 6569: 6564: 6434: 6359: 6354: 6314: 6228: 6108: 6058: 5847: 5812: 5766: 5636: 5184: 4818: 4645: 3909: 3462: 3435: 3324: 3187: 2353: 2281: 2176: 2095: 2067: 1965: 1950: 1849: 960: 830: 676:

level and reaching up into national and international federations; it may entail

667: 410: 250: 227: 7501: 5639:, an online exhibition of Canadian historical art at Library and Archives Canada 1681: 705: 558:. Typically, the sailing ships during this time period were the merchant ships. 10757: 10737: 10710: 10642: 10608: 10136: 10066: 9956: 9911: 9906: 9901: 9896: 9891: 9856: 9791: 9475: 9415: 9315: 8840: 8760: 8564: 8409: 8264: 7874: 7774: 7694: 7601: 7591: 7586: 7561: 7556: 7433: 7112: 7067: 6786: 6756: 6711: 6539: 6514: 6479: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6329: 6249: 6213: 6173: 6073: 6048: 6023: 6013: 5998: 5988: 5900: 5842: 5822: 5752: 4309:"Can Autonomous Weather-Observation Sailboats Improve Forecasts over the U.S.?" 3746:

World Cruising Destinations: An Inspirational Guide to All Sailing Destinations

2860: 2617: 2447: 2296: 2208: 2163: 2147:

and other elements of the underbody of a sailboat, on ice by the runners of an

1988: 1984: 1969:. These are often referred to using the name of the sail they control (such as 1880: 1869: 1859: 1818: 1639: 1608: 1493: 1429: 709: 681: 570: 472: 444: 382: 374: 317: 10556: 5270: 5235: 3665: 3098: 1220:; the speed between the starting and ending points of the route is called the 10946: 10827: 10732: 10478: 10473: 10448: 10396: 10241: 10126: 10091: 9916: 9786: 9781: 9741: 9636: 9631: 9626: 9470: 9465: 9300: 9195: 9190: 9185: 9125: 9120: 9115: 8619: 8614: 8609: 8284: 8279: 8209: 8084: 7984: 7979: 7974: 7969: 7964: 7959: 7954: 7939: 7919: 7909: 7859: 7764: 7759: 7611: 7358: 7343: 7288: 7077: 7052: 6937: 6912: 6831: 6741: 6726: 6549: 6369: 6364: 6324: 6309: 6244: 6163: 6138: 6123: 6113: 6083: 6053: 6043: 6038: 5950: 5935: 5930: 5920: 5777: 4627: 4556:

Handbook of Offshore Cruising: The Dream and Reality of Modern Ocean Cruising

4032: 3405:. Vol. 1. Collins, K. J. Portsmouth: Mary Rose Trust. pp. 137–142. 2935: 2569: 2554: 2159: 2063: 2060:– a stopper knot, prevents a line from sliding past the opening in a fitting. 1979: 1469: 1441: 1398: 955: 922: 916: 826: 689: 625: 271: 254: 5372:

Collie, S. J.; Jackson, P. S.; Jackson, M.; Gerritsen; Fallow, J.B. (2006),

3571: 3536: 3420: 1741: 1432:, in between. Sailors predict wind direction and strength with knowledge of 786:

Saildrones have been used by scientists and research organizations like the

90: 10903: 10787: 10772: 10747: 10695: 10675: 10665: 10620: 10519: 10493: 10433: 10390: 10362: 10296: 10271: 10246: 10171: 9991: 9961: 9946: 9941: 9931: 9926: 9921: 9766: 9736: 9691: 9490: 9485: 9480: 9460: 9455: 9450: 9445: 9420: 9365: 9360: 9355: 9210: 9165: 9060: 9055: 9050: 9045: 9040: 9035: 8995: 8950: 8695: 8644: 8594: 8554: 8549: 8454: 8444: 8439: 8224: 8199: 8149: 8079: 8069: 7924: 7869: 7719: 7551: 7428: 7157: 7152: 6997: 6876: 6861: 6761: 6731: 6721: 6634: 6614: 6559: 6554: 6429: 6424: 6279: 6028: 6003: 5993: 5960: 5955: 5945: 5940: 5910: 5905: 5817: 5802: 5792: 5250: 5215: 4824: 4058: 4020: 2579: 2246: 2167: 2152: 1562: 1513: 1481: 943: 685: 529: 239: 200: 168: 5479: 5287:. Eastleigh, Hampshire: Royal Yachting Association. 1990. pp. 32–43. 4373:"'Saildrone' Captures First-Ever Video From Inside a Category 4 Hurricane" 3234: 2960: 2030:– forms a loop at the end of a rope or line, useful for lassoing a piling. 1458:

in the direction of the next waypoint. Unfavorable wind shifts are called

1153: 842: 684:, or other small, open sailing craft, including iceboats and land yachts. 615: 10883: 10832: 10799: 10782: 10777: 10722: 10700: 10670: 10603: 10418: 10317: 10291: 10286: 10281: 10276: 10266: 10251: 10216: 10211: 10196: 10186: 10166: 10141: 10106: 10086: 10071: 10036: 10021: 10016: 10001: 9996: 9986: 9981: 9951: 9771: 9721: 9716: 9701: 9696: 9651: 9646: 9641: 9521: 9425: 9400: 9350: 9345: 9340: 9335: 9330: 9325: 9265: 9260: 9135: 9085: 9015: 8975: 8905: 8875: 8830: 8820: 8800: 8795: 8790: 8715: 8690: 8639: 8429: 8424: 8414: 8404: 8399: 8309: 8304: 8204: 8169: 8164: 8159: 8144: 8139: 8134: 8124: 7844: 7834: 7799: 7794: 7789: 7724: 7348: 7338: 7273: 7117: 7097: 7087: 6972: 6962: 6796: 6629: 6619: 6604: 6589: 6529: 6389: 6379: 6374: 5787: 5473:"Measurements of Overwater Gust Factor From NDBC Buoys During Hurricanes" 5384: 5374:"Two-dimensional CFD-based parametric analysis of down-wind sail designs" 4783: 4583:

The Complete Day Skipper: Skippering with Confidence Right From the Start

4407:

The Complete Day Skipper: Skippering with Confidence Right From the Start

3551: 3516: 3400: 2204: 2043: 2033: 1497: 1473: 1229: 672:

Sailing as a sport is organized on a hierarchical basis, starting at the

520: 496: 355: 298: 216: 184: 180: 80: 4473:

Championship Tactics: How Anyone Can Sail Faster, Smarter, and Win Races

1324: 829:. It was the first research vessel to ever venture into the middle of a 632:. Recreation or sport accounts for the bulk of sailing in modern boats. 49: 10862: 10822: 10625: 10524: 10453: 10423: 10236: 10231: 10226: 10181: 10176: 10131: 10081: 10046: 10031: 9886: 9876: 9851: 9846: 9841: 9836: 9761: 9756: 9751: 9746: 9686: 9681: 9676: 9671: 9666: 9661: 9656: 9566: 9440: 9435: 9405: 9395: 9390: 9295: 9290: 9285: 9255: 9250: 9245: 9235: 9215: 9180: 9175: 9170: 9160: 9100: 9065: 8980: 8890: 8880: 8860: 8855: 8850: 8845: 8725: 8720: 8685: 8660: 8634: 8599: 8584: 8579: 8529: 8459: 8449: 8364: 8359: 8314: 8249: 8244: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8194: 8189: 8184: 8174: 7864: 7779: 7739: 7651: 7546: 7538: 7481: 7423: 7418: 7353: 7308: 7303: 7142: 7042: 6957: 6947: 6917: 6907: 6841: 6806: 6776: 6716: 6706: 6664: 6624: 6414: 6284: 6274: 6269: 6259: 6183: 6133: 5970: 5915: 4505:(2 ed.), International Marine/Ragged Mountain Press, p. 416, 2887: 2514: 2451: 2443: 2073: 1923: 1501: 1454: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1393: 1382: 1340: 1328: 1287: 1282: 1237: 959:—the wind felt by an observer on a moving sailing craft—determines the 935: 921:

A sailing craft's ability to derive power from the wind depends on the

673: 643: 629: 525: 488: 467: 433: 406: 394: 309: 223: 208: 139: 5220:. Snyder, Arthur. (Rev. ed.). Camden, Me.: International Marine. 3830:

Sail: A tribute to the world's greatest races, sailors and their boats

2684:

Jarvis, Adrian (1993). Gardiner, Robert; Greenhill, Dr. Basil (eds.).

2412:

Symmetric spinnaker while running downwind, primarily generating drag.

2086:

Lines and halyards are typically coiled neatly for stowage and reuse.

793: 320:(making 8 or 9 trips a year). This quantity had doubled by 1839. (The 10898: 10514: 10306: 10221: 10206: 10201: 10121: 10116: 10111: 10061: 10056: 10051: 9971: 9966: 9871: 9831: 9816: 9806: 9801: 9796: 9776: 9571: 9556: 9551: 9546: 9516: 9511: 9506: 9385: 9320: 9310: 9270: 9205: 9150: 9110: 9105: 9095: 9090: 9075: 9010: 9000: 8985: 8970: 8965: 8940: 8835: 8825: 8815: 8810: 8805: 8785: 8780: 8775: 8770: 8765: 8710: 8705: 8680: 8675: 8670: 8665: 8559: 8524: 8504: 8394: 8369: 8354: 8349: 8344: 8339: 8329: 8154: 8129: 7929: 7904: 7854: 7849: 7839: 7829: 7824: 7784: 7749: 7383: 7373: 7318: 7313: 7255: 7246: 7211: 7072: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7007: 6982: 6942: 6932: 6922: 6866: 6669: 6659: 6594: 6439: 6319: 6294: 6264: 6168: 6033: 5862: 5457: 2366: 2079: 1946: 1911: 1766: 1642:. This method allows for standard- or full-length horizontal battens. 1584: 1569: 1565:, leading from one to the other in what is called the "slot effect". 1538: 1534: 565:

allowed sailing vessels to sail alongside an enemy vessel and fire a

515: 511: 402: 378: 99: 3518:

The safeguard of the sea : a naval history of Britain, 660–1649

3050:. One World Archaeology. Vol. 34. Routledge. pp. 144–179. 2926: 2879: 996:: the flag is streaming backwards, the sails are sheeted in tightly. 743:

Sail boarding has a variety of disciplines particular to that sport.

479:

In the early 1800s, fast blockade-running schooners and brigantines—

10804: 10690: 10386: 10101: 10096: 10011: 9881: 9866: 9826: 9611: 9606: 9601: 9370: 9305: 9280: 9230: 9200: 9155: 9145: 9140: 8960: 8955: 8945: 8900: 8895: 8870: 8755: 8700: 8629: 8519: 8509: 8499: 8489: 8479: 8469: 8464: 8434: 8419: 8114: 8109: 8104: 8099: 8094: 8024: 8019: 7819: 7769: 7734: 7729: 7621: 7616: 7473: 7398: 7388: 7378: 7333: 7328: 7323: 7012: 6826: 6534: 6469: 6459: 6118: 5867: 5721: 3803:

Paul Elvstrom Explains the Racing Rules of Sailing: 2009–2012 Rules

2861:"English Coal Industry in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries" 2518: 2277: 2189: 1901: 1890: 1756: 1746: 1690: 1588: 1314:

Beating to windward on short (P1), medium (P2), and long (P3) tacks

1244:

are designed to have the wind come from one side of the sail only.

1164: 939: 931: 562: 484: 235: 172: 156: 122: 103: 4186:"Saildrone's Journey Around Antarctica Uncovers New Climate Clues" 10762: 10727: 10685: 10660: 10483: 9976: 9621: 9070: 9030: 8514: 8494: 8484: 8474: 8334: 8059: 8054: 8029: 7714: 7692: 7641: 7458: 7453: 7368: 7283: 7278: 7236: 7221: 6967: 6644: 6464: 6449: 6444: 6304: 6254: 6143: 6098: 2268: 2148: 2027: 1955: 1705:

Ballast in the keel, which counteracts heeling as the boat rolls.

1646: 1624: 1620: 1592: 1580: 1576: 1468:– On a global scale, vessels making long voyages must take major 1452:, when they improve the sailing craft's ability travel along its 1336: 716: 555: 460: 341: 231: 192: 3556:. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International. p. 176. 2986:

The Austronesians : historical and comparative perspectives

1331:, flying a sprit-mounted asymmetrical spinnaker on a broad reach 1191:

when the wind crosses over the bow of the craft as it turns and

1076:

Effect of apparent wind on sailing craft at three points of sail

892:) is the same everywhere in the diagram, whereas boat velocity ( 10852: 9596: 9591: 9586: 9581: 9576: 8589: 8014: 8009: 8004: 7999: 7646: 7443: 7216: 7190: 7185: 7175: 7122: 7047: 6674: 6454: 6218: 6063: 5925: 5872: 4967:. Washington Department of Ecology. December 2012. pp. 2–4 2166:—the force component in the direction of the apparent wind—and 2140: 2008: 1797: 1489: 1444:

that accompany them. Along coastal areas, sailors contend with

1302:

Tacking from the port tack (bottom) to the starboard (top) tack

1249: 551: 492: 370: 313: 266: 76: 55: 4249:"Saildrone USV Completes First Atlantic Crossing East to West" 2711:

Sail's Last Century : the Merchant Sailing Ship 1830-1930

2070:

or a spar that pulls in one direction and slides in the other.

1236:

are designed to operate with the wind on either side, whereas

10680: 9616: 9541: 9536: 9531: 8389: 8384: 8324: 7438: 7037: 7032: 6781: 6654: 6599: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6474: 5575:

The Symmetry of Sailing: The Physics of Sailing for Yachtsmen

5507:

Twisted flow wind tunnel design for yacht aerodynamic studies

5371: 5336:

A comparison of explanations of the aerodynamic lifting force

2834: 1377: 332: 3402:

Sealed by time : the loss and recovery of the Mary Rose

3048:

Archaeology and Language III: Artefacts languages, and texts

696:. It entails a variety of different disciplines, including: 132: 69: 10468: 8930: 8925: 8920: 8915: 7636: 7626: 7167: 6891: 6339: 6148: 4850:"The Climate System: General Circulation and Climate Zones" 2136: 1807: 1787: 1472:

circulation into account. Major oceanic currents, like the

1428:

and high-pressure zones with light winds, sometimes called

1412:– On a global scale, vessels making long voyages must take 1241: 359: 262: 176: 160: 152: 5017:"Square-Rigged Sailing Ship Innovations – by Paul deNoble" 4278: 2702: 2192:" refers both to speed and direction. As applied to wind, 1638:

In-boom roller-reefing, with a horizontal foil inside the

7092: 4155:"Saildrone Fleet Launches in New Zealand on Epic Journey" 1376:

is a sailing maneuver by which a sailing craft turns its

1038:

Forces on sails § Effect of points of sail on forces

3521:(1 ed.). New York: W.W. Norton. pp. 312, 316. 2910:"The Neolithic origins of seafaring in the Arabian Gulf" 2686:

The Advent of Steam - The Merchant Steamship before 1900

2339:

with airflow in detached flow, eddying around the sail.

2130:

component both propels the boat and contributes to heel.

1991:. Lines used to tie a boat up when alongside are called 1668:

Hull drag (rotation about the horizontal axis amidships)

1615:

There are three common methods of reefing the mainsail:

736:

for different categories of craft with oversight by the

2117:

component propels the boat with little heeling moment.

949:

Wind direction for points of sail always refers to the

938:, this transition occurs further off the wind than for 222:

In the 21st century, most sailing represents a form of

5602:

Higher Performance Sailing: Faster Handling Techniques

4937: 3938:

Higher Performance Sailing: Faster Handling Techniques

3461:

Anderson, Romola; Anderson, R. C. (1 September 2003).

3437:

Float Your Boat!: The Evolution and Science of Sailing

3186:

Anderson, Romola; Anderson, R. C. (1 September 2003).

2429: 2122:: Up wind (close-hauled) with attached airflow like a 2076:– joins two rope ends, when improvising a longer line. 373:

started in 3000 BCE. Their technology came to include

5674:(Revised ed.). Simon and Schuster. p. 224. 4650:(Revised ed.). Simon and Schuster. p. 224. 2359: 2104:

Aerodynamic force components for two points of sail.

825:

was in location to obtain video and data from inside

270:

would be indicated by a stationary flag) is called a

4875:

Ahrens, C. Donald; Henson, Robert (1 January 2015).

3613:"7 Things To Know Before Taking A Windjammer Cruise" 2544: 4917:. Vol. 2 (11 ed.). ProStar Publications. 4503:

Sail Performance: Techniques to Maximize Sail Power

3884:

The Quest for the America's Cup: Sailing to Victory

2829: 2827: 2517:is the speed at which the wavelength of a vessel's 2291:As the lift generated by a sail increases, so does 589:Cruising sailing yacht at anchor in Duck Harbor on 5434: 5352:, London: Pitman Publishing Limited, p. 638, 4965:North Central Puget Sound Geographic Response Plan 4946:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 4021:"The Drone That Will Sail Itself Around the World" 2331:with airflow attached to both surfaces; under the 2327:mode, the sail behaves in a manner analogous to a 1607:On fore-and-aft rigged vessels, reducing sail may 1262:Tacking (sailing) § For various sailing craft 7531: 5546:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 5503: 5252:Marine Knots : How to Tie 40 Essential Knots 4586:(5 ed.). Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 46. 4410:(5 ed.). Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 46. 2708: 2628:even more fuel-efficient triple expansion engines 1595:, substituting a smaller sail or by other means. 1281:is a maneuver by which a sailing craft turns its 10944: 5652:(various contributors), Hearst Corporation, 1999 5159:The Annapolis Book of Seamanship: Fourth Edition 4847: 3460: 3185: 2984:Horridge, Adrian (2006). Bellwood, Peter (ed.). 2824: 2342: 1963:. Lines that adjust (trim) the sails are called 10586: 3994:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 3857:Getting Started in Sailboat Racing, 2nd Edition 2810:. Tuscaloosa: The University of Alabama Press. 2688:. Conway Maritime Press Ltd. pp. 158–159. 2335:mode, the sail acts in a manner analogous to a 788:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 389:at around 3000 to 1500 BCE into the islands of 5315:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 14–15, 4879:(11 ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 656. 1736: 1216:. The progress along that route is called the 611:, England in the 2015 Rolex Transatlantic Race 10572: 10333: 7678: 7517: 5737: 5213: 4931: 4216: 3854:Cort, Adam; Stearns, Richard (14 June 2013). 3587:"Luxury Cruises & Romantic Sailing Ships" 3352:"Safe Passage (Poem and photo of four masted 3077:The Austronesian Conquest of the Sea — Upwind 2977: 2785:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 2776: 2774: 2772: 2709:Gardiner, Robert J; Greenhill, Basil (1993). 1665:Helm force (rotation about the vertical axis) 1160:, showing wind direction at various latitudes 953:—the wind felt by a stationary observer. The 5478:. Louisiana State University. Archived from 5249:Moreau, Patrick; Heron, Jean-Benoit (2018). 4874: 4671:Walker, Stuart H.; Price, Thomas C. (1991). 3384:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3138: 2732: 2730: 715:Fleet racing, featuring multiple boats in a 5695: 5248: 5182: 5155: 4868: 4677:. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 192. 4670: 4664: 4605: 4603: 4552: 4548: 4546: 4279:"The Saildrone Pacific Sentinel Experiment" 3853: 3795: 3793: 3295: 3069: 3067: 1255: 976:direction. The flag gives an indication of 327: 10579: 10565: 10347: 10340: 10326: 7685: 7671: 7524: 7510: 5744: 5730: 5523:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5504:Zasso, A.; Fossati, F.; Viola, I. (2005), 4696: 4694: 4639: 4637: 4435: 4433: 4431: 4429: 4427: 3487: 3274: 3008:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2852: 2769: 2761:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2050:, used for tying onto a post or hanging a 1915: 1905: 1894: 1884: 1873: 1863: 1853: 1842: 1832: 1822: 1811: 1801: 1791: 1781: 1770: 1760: 1750: 1358: 1031: 813:Saildrone and NOAA deployed five modified 207:, which is often part of a larger plan of 5598: 5456: 5307: 4816: 4810: 4778: 4776: 4674:Positioning: The Logic of Sailboat Racing 4524: 4476:. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 4465: 4463: 4461: 3934: 3689: 3366:(October 1920). San Francisco: J.S. Hines 3326:Men and Ships Around Cape Horn, 1616–1939 3151: 3039: 3016: 2925: 2783:Ships and seamanship in the ancient world 2727: 2240: 2183: 2109:: Down wind with detached airflow like a 2007:is what attaches an anchored boat to its 1945:Nautical terms for elements of a vessel: 782:, a British engineer, founder and CEO of 163:—to propel a craft on the surface of the 5655:Herreshoff, Halsey (consulting editor), 4938:National Ocean Service (25 March 2008). 4906: 4904: 4902: 4900: 4898: 4896: 4609: 4600: 4579: 4573: 4543: 4494: 4403: 4397: 4337: 4217:Dimitropoulos, Stav (19 November 2019). 4122: 4091: 3907: 3799: 3790: 3640:Tall Ships Today: Their remarkable story 3299:Chapman Great Sailing Ships of the World 3212: 3073: 3064: 2983: 2799: 2509: 2254: 2099: 1959:while those that strike them are called 1740: 1680: 1631:, and hook through a cringle at the new 1533: 1512: 1392: 1323: 1265: 1163: 1152: 841: 792: 760: 614: 595: 584: 466: 454: 331: 5571: 5043: 5014: 4727: 4700: 4691: 4634: 4553:Howard, Jim; Doane, Charles J. (2000). 4500: 4439: 4424: 4338:Cappucci, Matthew (30 September 2021). 3880: 3826: 3769: 3742: 3610: 3398: 3322: 2948: 1212:to get there on a zigzag route, called 719:that comprises multiple races or heats. 297:consequences of this include the large 14: 10945: 5669: 5567: 5565: 5563: 5561: 5407: 5401: 5347: 5341: 5338:Am. J. Phys. 55(1), January 1987 pg 52 5285:Competent Crew: Practical Course Notes 5073: 4985: 4782: 4773: 4732:. Adlard Coles Nautical. p. 352. 4643: 4469: 4458: 4352:from the original on 30 September 2021 4018: 3692:"18 Small Sailboats for the Weekender" 3663: 3514: 2907: 2858: 2780: 2683: 2454:to achieve attached flow with height. 2018: 1983:are used to control the ends of other 1649:, or newly developed vertical battens. 726:, vying to cross a finish line, first. 580: 10560: 10321: 7666: 7505: 5725: 5132:"How to: A Trouble-free Furling Main" 5102: 5098: 5096: 5069: 5067: 5039: 5037: 5010: 5008: 4910: 4893: 4721: 4319:from the original on 11 November 2019 4289:from the original on 11 November 2019 4259:from the original on 13 February 2020 4183: 4165:from the original on 14 February 2019 4104:from the original on 14 February 2019 4057: 3881:Simpson, Richard V. (24 April 2012). 3715: 3549: 3433: 3247: 3181: 3179: 3157: 3045: 3029:The Journal of the Polynesian Society 3022: 2736: 2677: 2500: 2481:Drag from its form is described by a 2211:. All sailing craft reach a constant 1541:are adapted for sailing off the wind. 1365:Jibe § For various sailing craft 1199:) if the wind passes over the stern. 27:Propulsion of a vehicle by wind power 10927: 5751: 5156:Rousmaniere, John (7 January 2014). 4385:from the original on 10 October 2021 4073:from the original on 20 October 2020 4000:from the original on 28 October 2017 3961: 3827:Jeffery, Timothy (27 October 2016). 3636: 3584: 2805: 1953:. Lines that raise sails are called 1623:or a pre-loaded reef line through a 1416:into account, which causes zones of 1388: 1270:Two sailing yachts on opposite tacks 1148: 972:The waves give an indication of the 755:Unmanned surface vehicle § Saildrone 5592: 5558: 5537: 5531: 5470: 5414:. Sheridan House, Inc. p. 50. 4752: 4370: 4313:Cliff Mass Weather and Climate Blog 3464:A Short History of the Sailing Ship 3189:A Short History of the Sailing Ship 2430:Wind variation with height and time 1053:with the sailing craft's velocity ( 930:little forward resistance, such as 692:with most racing formats using the 532:, made sailing ships uneconomical. 24: 5689: 5599:Bethwaite, Frank (4 August 2013). 5093: 5064: 5034: 5005: 4728:Fossati, Fabio (1 November 2009). 4198:from the original on 9 August 2019 3935:Bethwaite, Frank (4 August 2013). 3800:Elvstrom, Paul (30 January 2009). 3176: 3162:. Texas A&M University Press. 3160:Wangka: Austronesian canoe origins 2908:Carter, Robert (8 December 2012). 2360:Drag predominance (parachute mode) 1488:, or where the tide flows through 1088:is on a beam reach. Sailing craft 968:A sailboat on three points of sail 797:example of a low-cost USV platform 738:World Sailing Speed Record Council 25: 10964: 5313:An Introduction to Fluid Dynamics 5129: 5015:deNoble, Paul (17 January 2020). 4229:from the original on 8 March 2020 4019:Fisher, Adam (18 February 2014). 3770:Cornell, Jimmy (16 August 2012). 3690:Pillsbury, Mark (18 April 2019). 3488:Chatterton, Edward Keble (2010). 3275:Chatterton, Edward Keble (1915). 2713:. London: Conway Maritime Press. 2374:Downwind sailing with a spinnaker 1930: 413:using navigation methods such as 10926: 10917: 10916: 10432: 5659:, Little Brown and Company, 1983 5644:The Annapolis Book of Seamanship 4612:"The shortest route to windward" 4135:from the original on 7 June 2019 4039:from the original on 5 June 2019 3962:Hart, Peter (30 November 2014). 3722:. American Sailing Association. 3664:Jobson, Gary (31 October 2017). 3611:Consoli, Jeanine (5 July 2021). 3434:Denny, Mark (15 December 2008). 3254:. Artisan Books. pp. 13–5. 2859:Turner, Raymond (October 1921). 2638:the latter two needed effective 2636:and iron, and later steel hulls; 2547: 2417: 2405: 2393: 2381: 2151:, or on land by the wheels of a 1941:Glossary of nautical terms (M-Z) 1937:Glossary of nautical terms (A-L) 1598: 1307: 1295: 1120: 1100: 1016: 1001: 986: 910: 851:predominant sail force component 753:This section is an excerpt from 301:in the Mediterranean during the 131: 112: 89: 68: 48: 5622: 5497: 5464: 5428: 5365: 5328: 5301: 5277: 5242: 5207: 5183:Rousmaniere, John (June 1998). 5176: 5149: 5123: 5074:Holmes, Rupert (11 June 2020). 4979: 4950: 4759:. Stackpole Books. p. 49. 4746: 4559:. Sheridan House. p. 214. 4518: 4364: 4331: 4301: 4271: 4241: 4210: 4184:Vance, Ashlee (5 August 2019). 4177: 4147: 4123:Yakowicz, Will (13 June 2017). 4116: 4092:Doughton, Sandi (1 July 2018). 4085: 4051: 4012: 3982: 3955: 3928: 3901: 3874: 3847: 3820: 3763: 3743:Cornell, Jimmy (13 July 2010). 3736: 3709: 3683: 3657: 3630: 3604: 3578: 3543: 3508: 3481: 3454: 3427: 3392: 3343: 3316: 3289: 3268: 3241: 3206: 3132: 3083:. ANU Press. pp. 143–160. 2942: 2901: 2835:"SEA-DISTANCES.ORG - Distances" 2658: 2623:more efficient compound engines 2461: 2311:to increase up to the point of 2089: 1084:is close-hauled. Sailing craft 7063:Sea Scout Standard Boat (BP18) 4610:Cunliffe, Tom (January 1988). 3908:Tylecote, Steve (8 May 2002). 2868:The American Historical Review 2741:(First ed.). Oxford, UK. 2649: 2608: 2590:Sailing at the Summer Olympics 2452:twist in the shape of the sail 1549:, and reef tackles, plus four 1476:in the Atlantic Ocean and the 1347:can achieve a higher downwind 1108:Apparent wind and forces on a 546:Until the general adoption of 535: 13: 1: 7532:Seamanship (seafaring) topics 6822:French National Monotype 1924 5628:"Transportation and Maps" in 5437:Australian Journal of Physics 4986:Queeny, Tim (25 April 2014). 2671: 2343:Lift predominance (wing mode) 1718: 853:for a displacement sailboat). 837: 635: 459:A late-19th-century American 10383:Center of lateral resistance 6978:Payne-Mortlock sailing canoe 5666:, International Marine, 1995 5646:, Simon & Schuster, 1999 5103:Mason, Charles (July 2007). 4792:. New York: Viking. p. 4707:. AuthorHouse. p. 138. 4371:Fox, Alex (8 October 2021). 3860:. McGraw Hill Professional. 3491:The History of Sailing Ships 2436:Wind gradient § Sailing 2315:along with the lift-induced 2303:, which acts in a direction 1727: 487:), or a mixture of the two ( 471:A French squadron forming a 42:Sailing craft and their rigs 7: 10588:Water sports and activities 7597:Ship-to-ship cargo transfer 5471:Hsu, S. A. (January 2006). 5255:. New York: Harper Design. 5076:"How-to: Mainsail Trim 101" 4914:Royce's Sailing Illustrated 4701:Findlay, Gordon D. (2005). 3637:Rowe, Nigel (3 July 2014). 3296:Schäuffelen, Otmar (2005). 2540: 1737:Other aspects of seamanship 1508: 1319: 1168:Wind circulation around an 747: 651:Cruising on a sailing yacht 450: 322:first steam-powered collier 288:Sailing ship § History 151:employs the wind—acting on 10: 10969: 5705:W. W. Norton & Company 5381:The University of Auckland 5217:Nautical knots illustrated 5191:W. W. Norton & Company 4911:Royce, Patrick M. (2015). 4444:. CRC Press. p. 296. 2560: 2465: 2433: 2244: 2093: 2068:friction hitch onto a line 2040:, used with docking lines. 1934: 1685:Boats heeling in front of 1676: 1362: 1345:high-performance sailboats 1259: 1172:in the Northern Hemisphere 1035: 914: 906:) vary with point of sail. 752: 665: 539: 281: 277: 29: 10912: 10876: 10813: 10651: 10594: 10538: 10502: 10441: 10430: 10373: 10356: 9499: 8653: 7702: 7632:Man overboard rescue turn 7537: 7472: 7254: 7245: 7166: 7135: 6900: 6699: 6692: 6237: 5888: 5881: 5759: 5538:Hsu, S. A. (April 2008). 5411:The New Book of Sail Trim 4848:Yochanan Kushnir (2000). 4817:Bethwaite, Frank (2007). 4529:. Adlard Coles Nautical. 4525:Bethwaite, Frank (2007). 4219:"The New Ocean Explorers" 3911:Team Racing for Sailboats 3515:Rodger, N. A. M. (1998). 3494:. BoD – Books on Demand. 3158:Doran, Edwin Jr. (1981). 3074:Horridge, Adrian (2006). 3023:Doran, Edwin Jr. (1974). 2914:Archaeology International 2806:Jett, Stephen C. (2017). 2153:sail-powered land vehicle 1202: 732:Speed sailing to set new 507:Iron-hulled sailing ships 8605:Gloucester 18 (Whitecap) 7805:Aquarius 24 Pilot Cutter 7299:Flying Phantom Essentiel 5650:Chapman Book of Piloting 4958:"2.5 Tides and Currents" 4940:"Surface Ocean Currents" 4820:High Performance Sailing 4527:High Performance Sailing 4283:University of Washington 3716:Staff (1 January 2010). 2737:Adams, Jonathan (2013). 2601: 2575:High-performance sailing 2468:High-performance sailing 2271:, occurs in a direction 2267:on a sail, acting as an 1529: 1256:Changing tack by tacking 1187:Changing tack is called 808:University of Washington 661: 328:Exploration and research 32:Sailing (disambiguation) 10413:Racing Rules of Sailing 5578:. Sheridan House, Inc. 5109:. Sheridan House, Inc. 5050:. Sheridan House, Inc. 5044:Schweer, Peter (2006). 4501:Marchaj, C. A. (2002), 3666:"The Joy of a Day Sail" 3467:. Courier Corporation. 3399:Marsden, Peter (2003). 3329:. Barker. p. 338. 3281:. Lippincott. pp. 3216:Men, ships, and the sea 3213:Villiers, Alan (1973). 3192:. Courier Corporation. 2781:Casson, Lionel (1995). 2585:Racing Rules of Sailing 2476: 1653: 1502:tide and current tables 1414:atmospheric circulation 1359:Changing tack by jibing 1158:Atmospheric circulation 1032:Effect on apparent wind 694:Racing Rules of Sailing 391:Maritime Southeast Asia 10838:Outrigger canoe racing 9707:Seafarer 23 Challenger 8215:Columbia 24 Challenger 7136:Dinghies 20 ft or over 5572:Garrett, Ross (1996). 5214:Snyder, Paul. (2002). 5162:. Simon and Schuster. 4988:"Square sail handling" 4789:The Price of Admiralty 4580:Cunliffe, Tom (2016). 4440:Kimball, John (2009). 4404:Cunliffe, Tom (2016). 4191:Bloomberg Businessweek 3887:. Arcadia Publishing. 3323:Randier, Jean (1968). 3141:New Zealand Geographic 2949:Kimball, John (2009). 2634:composite construction 2295:, which together with 2261: 2241:Lift and drag on sails 2194:apparent wind velocity 2184:Apparent wind velocity 2131: 2036:– affixes a line to a 1920: 1694: 1542: 1522: 1401: 1332: 1271: 1173: 1161: 1062:apparent wind velocity 907: 798: 774: 620: 612: 593: 476: 464: 387:Austronesian Expansion 351: 249:Sailing relies on the 10848:Synchronized swimming 10192:Venture of Newport 23 9937:Sovereign Princess 24 9021:Lockley-Newport LN-23 8220:Columbia 24 Contender 6019:Bombardier Invitation 5984:Bermuda Fitted Dinghy 5670:Jobson, Gary (2008). 5657:The Sailor's Handbook 5348:Clancy, L.J. (1975), 5106:The Best of Sail Trim 4704:My Hand on the Tiller 4644:Jobson, Gary (2008). 4470:Jobson, Gary (1990). 3360:Pacific Marine Review 3248:Baker, Kevin (2016). 2961:10.1201/9781420073775 2595:Single-handed sailing 2510:Hull speed and beyond 2483:prismatic coefficient 2434:Further information: 2258: 2170:—the force component 2103: 1935:Further information: 1744: 1684: 1537: 1516: 1396: 1363:Further information: 1327: 1269: 1260:Further information: 1167: 1156: 1036:Further information: 915:Further information: 899:) and apparent wind ( 845: 819:2021 hurricane season 796: 764: 618: 605:Newport, Rhode Island 599: 588: 540:Further information: 470: 458: 438:Second voyage of HMS 428:sailing vessels made 335: 282:Further information: 10262:West Wight Potter 19 10257:West Wight Potter 15 8741:Herreshoff Goldeneye 8180:Classic 22 (Windley) 7885:Beneteau First 18 SE 7815:Archambault Bagheera 7294:Flying Phantom Elite 7232:Thames A-class rater 6693:Dinghies under 20 ft 5882:Dinghies under 15 ft 5760:Dinghies under 10 ft 5672:Sailing Fundamentals 5544:Mariners Weather Log 5408:Textor, Ken (1995). 4647:Sailing Fundamentals 4315:. 10 November 2019. 2013:Windward and leeward 1557:of the sail, called 1128:Apparent wind on an 1092:is on a broad reach. 1042:True wind velocity ( 767:Dutch Harbor, Alaska 542:Sailing ship tactics 430:Hydrographic surveys 385:, which enabled the 367:Austronesian peoples 338:Christopher Columbus 238:can be divided into 232:Recreational sailing 138:Class 3 competition 30:For other uses, see 10843:Synchronized diving 10653:Activities on water 10596:Activities in water 10042:Swiftcraft Swift 18 9712:Seafarer 23 Kestrel 9376:Pacific Seacraft 25 9131:Menger Oysterman 23 8746:Herreshoff Prudence 8300:Cornish Shrimper 19 8260:Com-Pac Horizon Cat 8075:Cape Cod Mercury 15 7710:11:Metre One Design 6857:International Canoe 6772:Cape Cod Mercury 15 5664:The Complete Sailor 5642:Rousmaniere, John, 5635:2 July 2017 at the 5449:1956AuJPh...9..511D 4753:Ell, Sarah (2002). 4381:. Washington, D.C. 4345:The Washington Post 4255:. 23 October 2019. 4161:. 21 January 2019. 3550:Glete, Jan (1993). 2527:displacement vessel 2207:and wind angles in 2019:Management of lines 1214:beating to windward 963:for sailing craft. 857:no propulsive force 628:to train cadets in 591:Isle au Haut, Maine 581:Modern applications 420:By the time of the 10833:Dragon boat racing 9026:Jeanneau Love Love 8911:Islander 24 Bahama 8731:Herreshoff America 8545:F-31 Sport Cruiser 8540:F-27 Sport Cruiser 8535:F-24 Sport Cruiser 8295:Cornish Crabber 24 8290:Cornish Crabber 17 8275:Com-Pac Sunday Cat 7950:Bristol Corsair 24 7945:Bristol Caravel 22 7895:Beneteau First 210 7745:Alerion Express 19 7697:and trailer yachts 7582:Naval architecture 7394:Nacra F18 Infusion 7269:Catalina Catamaran 6837:Hampton One-Design 6747:Australian Sharpie 4442:Physics of Sailing 2952:Physics of Sailing 2644:galvanic corrosion 2640:anti-fouling paint 2563:Outline of sailing 2501:Lateral resistance 2262: 2224:true wind velocity 2132: 1921: 1695: 1543: 1523: 1438:low-pressure areas 1402: 1349:velocity made good 1333: 1272: 1174: 1162: 908: 799: 775: 621: 613: 594: 481:Baltimore Clippers 477: 465: 352: 60:fore-and-aft sails 10940: 10939: 10889:Modern pentathlon 10554: 10553: 10315: 10314: 10007:Stuart Knockabout 9847:Skipper's Mate 17 9311:North American 23 9221:Mystic Catboat 20 9006:Lancer 28T Mark V 8751:Hilbre One Design 8575:Flying Tiger 10 M 8380:Drascombe Scaffie 8320:Corsair Cruze 970 7890:Beneteau First 20 7880:Beneteau First 18 7660: 7659: 7499: 7498: 7495: 7494: 7227:Puddle Duck Racer 7131: 7130: 6688: 6687: 6094:Dolphin 15 Senior 5976:Beneteau First 14 5714:978-0-393-33918-5 5697:Rousmaniere, John 5612:978-1-4729-0130-9 5605:. A&C Black. 5585:978-1-57409-000-0 5421:978-0-924486-81-4 5359:978-0-273-01120-0 5322:978-0-521-66396-0 5294:978-0-901501-35-6 5262:978-0-06-279776-6 5227:978-0-07-170890-6 5200:978-0-393-33918-5 5169:978-1-4516-5024-2 5116:978-1-57409-119-9 5057:978-1-57409-220-2 5047:How to Trim Sails 4924:978-0-911284-07-2 4877:Meteorology Today 4856:on 22 August 2004 4834:978-0-7136-6704-2 4803:978-0-670-81416-9 4766:978-0-8117-2474-6 4684:978-0-393-03339-7 4657:978-1-4391-3678-2 4593:978-1-4729-2418-6 4536:978-0-7136-6704-2 4487:978-0-312-04278-3 4417:978-1-4729-2418-6 4253:www.saildrone.com 4223:Popular Mechanics 4159:www.saildrone.com 4098:The Seattle Times 3975:978-1-84797-963-6 3948:978-1-4729-0131-6 3941:. A&C Black. 3921:978-1-898660-85-9 3894:978-1-61423-446-3 3867:978-0-07-180827-9 3840:978-1-78131-658-0 3813:978-1-4081-0949-6 3806:. A&C Black. 3783:978-1-4081-5631-5 3776:. A&C Black. 3756:978-1-4081-1401-8 3749:. A&C Black. 3729:978-0-9821025-1-0 3650:978-1-4729-0348-8 3643:. A&C Black. 3501:978-3-86195-308-1 3474:978-0-486-42988-5 3447:978-0-8018-9568-5 2988:. Canberra, ACT. 2839:sea-distances.org 2817:978-0-8173-1939-7 2313:aerodynamic stall 2299:constitute total 2293:lift-induced drag 2251:Lift-induced drag 1701:heeling include: 1389:Wind and currents 1234:Fore-and-aft rigs 1210:tacking maneuvers 1149:Course under sail 861:B. Close-hauled ( 769:, after the 2019 97:Sailing hydrofoil 18:Heeling (sailing) 16:(Redirected from 10960: 10930: 10929: 10920: 10919: 10868:Water volleyball 10858:Water basketball 10581: 10574: 10567: 10558: 10557: 10436: 10342: 10335: 10328: 10319: 10318: 10027:Sun Odyssey 24.2 9562:Rhodes Ranger 29 9381:Parker Dawson 26 9276:Nimble 25 Arctic 9081:Marlow-Hunter 22 8991:Lancer 25 Mark V 8736:Herreshoff Eagle 8570:Flying Tiger 7.5 8375:Drascombe Lugger 7935:Bridges Point 24 7915:Bluejacket MS 23 7687: 7680: 7673: 7664: 7663: 7607:Passage planning 7567:Maritime studies 7526: 7519: 7512: 7503: 7502: 7252: 7251: 7003:Precision 185 CB 6872:Javelin (Europe) 6697: 6696: 6300:Lehman Interclub 6204:International FJ 6199:International 14 6194:Interclub Dinghy 6089:Designers Choice 5886: 5885: 5798:Holdfast Trainer 5753:Sailing dinghies 5746: 5739: 5732: 5723: 5722: 5718: 5685: 5662:Seidman, David, 5617: 5616: 5596: 5590: 5589: 5569: 5556: 5555: 5553: 5551: 5535: 5529: 5528: 5522: 5514: 5512: 5501: 5495: 5494: 5492: 5490: 5484: 5477: 5468: 5462: 5461: 5460: 5458:10.1071/PH560511 5432: 5426: 5425: 5405: 5399: 5398: 5397: 5395: 5389: 5383:, archived from 5378: 5369: 5363: 5362: 5345: 5339: 5332: 5326: 5325: 5305: 5299: 5298: 5281: 5275: 5274: 5246: 5240: 5239: 5211: 5205: 5204: 5180: 5174: 5173: 5153: 5147: 5146: 5144: 5142: 5127: 5121: 5120: 5100: 5091: 5090: 5088: 5086: 5071: 5062: 5061: 5041: 5032: 5031: 5029: 5027: 5012: 5003: 5002: 5000: 4998: 4983: 4977: 4976: 4974: 4972: 4962: 4954: 4948: 4947: 4935: 4929: 4928: 4908: 4891: 4890: 4872: 4866: 4865: 4863: 4861: 4852:. Archived from 4845: 4839: 4838: 4814: 4808: 4807: 4780: 4771: 4770: 4750: 4744: 4743: 4725: 4719: 4718: 4698: 4689: 4688: 4668: 4662: 4661: 4641: 4632: 4631: 4607: 4598: 4597: 4577: 4571: 4570: 4550: 4541: 4540: 4522: 4516: 4515: 4498: 4492: 4491: 4467: 4456: 4455: 4437: 4422: 4421: 4401: 4395: 4394: 4392: 4390: 4368: 4362: 4361: 4359: 4357: 4335: 4329: 4328: 4326: 4324: 4305: 4299: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4275: 4269: 4268: 4266: 4264: 4245: 4239: 4238: 4236: 4234: 4214: 4208: 4207: 4205: 4203: 4181: 4175: 4174: 4172: 4170: 4151: 4145: 4144: 4142: 4140: 4120: 4114: 4113: 4111: 4109: 4089: 4083: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4055: 4049: 4048: 4046: 4044: 4016: 4010: 4009: 4007: 4005: 3996:. 11 July 2017. 3986: 3980: 3979: 3959: 3953: 3952: 3932: 3926: 3925: 3905: 3899: 3898: 3878: 3872: 3871: 3851: 3845: 3844: 3824: 3818: 3817: 3797: 3788: 3787: 3767: 3761: 3760: 3740: 3734: 3733: 3713: 3707: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3687: 3681: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3661: 3655: 3654: 3634: 3628: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3608: 3602: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3591:www.frommers.com 3585:Hannafin, Matt. 3582: 3576: 3575: 3547: 3541: 3540: 3512: 3506: 3505: 3485: 3479: 3478: 3458: 3452: 3451: 3431: 3425: 3424: 3396: 3390: 3389: 3383: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3347: 3341: 3340: 3320: 3314: 3313: 3302:. Hearst Books. 3293: 3287: 3286: 3272: 3266: 3265: 3245: 3239: 3238: 3210: 3204: 3203: 3183: 3174: 3173: 3155: 3149: 3148: 3136: 3130: 3129: 3123: 3119: 3117: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3082: 3071: 3062: 3061: 3043: 3037: 3036: 3025:"Outrigger Ages" 3020: 3014: 3013: 3007: 2999: 2981: 2975: 2974: 2946: 2940: 2939: 2929: 2905: 2899: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2865: 2856: 2850: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2831: 2822: 2821: 2803: 2797: 2796: 2778: 2767: 2766: 2760: 2752: 2734: 2725: 2724: 2706: 2700: 2699: 2681: 2665: 2662: 2656: 2653: 2647: 2612: 2557: 2552: 2551: 2550: 2523:waterline length 2521:is equal to its 2421: 2409: 2397: 2385: 2333:drag-predominant 2325:lift-predominant 2317:drag coefficient 2309:lift coefficient 2213:forward velocity 2145:underwater foils 2048:two half hitches 1919: 1909: 1898: 1888: 1877: 1867: 1857: 1846: 1836: 1826: 1815: 1805: 1795: 1785: 1774: 1764: 1754: 1687:Britannia Bridge 1486:Southeast Alaska 1478:Kuroshio Current 1311: 1299: 1218:course made good 1124: 1104: 1020: 1005: 990: 873:D. Broad reach ( 821:. In September, 801:In August 2019, 702:circumnavigation 682:sailing dinghies 443:with naturalist 422:Age of Discovery 411:outrigger canoes 399:Island Melanesia 393:, and thence to 303:classical period 284:Maritime history 251:physics of sails 203:) over a chosen 135: 116: 93: 72: 52: 21: 10968: 10967: 10963: 10962: 10961: 10959: 10958: 10957: 10943: 10942: 10941: 10936: 10908: 10872: 10809: 10647: 10590: 10585: 10555: 10550: 10534: 10498: 10437: 10428: 10402:Forces on sails 10369: 10352: 10346: 10316: 10311: 10302:Wylie Wabbit 24 10162:US Yachts US 25 10157:US Yachts US 22 10152:US Yachts US 21 10147:US Yachts US 18 9495: 9431:Pierce Arrow 18 9411:Pearson Electra 9241:New Horizons 26 9226:Mystic Mini-Ton 8886:Independence 20 8649: 8270:Com-Pac Sun Cat 8255:Com-Pac Eclipse 8050:California 6.60 8045:California 5.50 8040:California 5.20 8035:California 4.70 7698: 7695:trailer sailers 7691: 7661: 7656: 7533: 7530: 7500: 7491: 7468: 7399:Nacra 20 Carbon 7241: 7162: 7127: 6993:Precision 15 CB 6896: 6812:Flying Dutchman 6767:Cape Cod Gemini 6684: 6360:Montgomery 7-11 6233: 5877: 5813:Montgomery 7-11 5767:Cape Cod Frosty 5755: 5750: 5715: 5707:. p. 174. 5692: 5690:Further reading 5682: 5637:Wayback Machine 5625: 5620: 5613: 5597: 5593: 5586: 5570: 5559: 5549: 5547: 5536: 5532: 5516: 5515: 5510: 5502: 5498: 5488: 5486: 5485:on 4 March 2016 5482: 5475: 5469: 5465: 5433: 5429: 5422: 5406: 5402: 5393: 5391: 5390:on 28 July 2010 5387: 5376: 5370: 5366: 5360: 5346: 5342: 5333: 5329: 5323: 5309:Batchelor, G.K. 5306: 5302: 5295: 5283: 5282: 5278: 5263: 5247: 5243: 5228: 5212: 5208: 5201: 5193:. p. 174. 5181: 5177: 5170: 5154: 5150: 5140: 5138: 5130:Snook, Graham. 5128: 5124: 5117: 5101: 5094: 5084: 5082: 5072: 5065: 5058: 5042: 5035: 5025: 5023: 5013: 5006: 4996: 4994: 4992:Ocean Navigator 4984: 4980: 4970: 4968: 4960: 4956: 4955: 4951: 4936: 4932: 4925: 4909: 4894: 4887: 4873: 4869: 4859: 4857: 4846: 4842: 4835: 4815: 4811: 4804: 4781: 4774: 4767: 4751: 4747: 4740: 4726: 4722: 4715: 4699: 4692: 4685: 4669: 4665: 4658: 4642: 4635: 4608: 4601: 4594: 4578: 4574: 4567: 4551: 4544: 4537: 4523: 4519: 4513: 4499: 4495: 4488: 4468: 4459: 4452: 4438: 4425: 4418: 4402: 4398: 4388: 4386: 4369: 4365: 4355: 4353: 4336: 4332: 4322: 4320: 4307: 4306: 4302: 4292: 4290: 4277: 4276: 4272: 4262: 4260: 4247: 4246: 4242: 4232: 4230: 4215: 4211: 4201: 4199: 4182: 4178: 4168: 4166: 4153: 4152: 4148: 4138: 4136: 4121: 4117: 4107: 4105: 4090: 4086: 4076: 4074: 4061:(15 May 2018). 4056: 4052: 4042: 4040: 4017: 4013: 4003: 4001: 3988: 3987: 3983: 3976: 3960: 3956: 3949: 3933: 3929: 3922: 3906: 3902: 3895: 3879: 3875: 3868: 3852: 3848: 3841: 3833:. Aurum Press. 3825: 3821: 3814: 3798: 3791: 3784: 3768: 3764: 3757: 3741: 3737: 3730: 3714: 3710: 3700: 3698: 3688: 3684: 3674: 3672: 3662: 3658: 3651: 3635: 3631: 3621: 3619: 3609: 3605: 3595: 3593: 3583: 3579: 3564: 3548: 3544: 3529: 3513: 3509: 3502: 3486: 3482: 3475: 3459: 3455: 3448: 3432: 3428: 3413: 3397: 3393: 3377: 3376: 3369: 3367: 3348: 3344: 3337: 3321: 3317: 3310: 3294: 3290: 3273: 3269: 3262: 3246: 3242: 3227: 3211: 3207: 3200: 3184: 3177: 3170: 3156: 3152: 3137: 3133: 3121: 3120: 3111: 3110: 3103: 3101: 3091: 3080: 3072: 3065: 3058: 3044: 3040: 3021: 3017: 3001: 3000: 2996: 2982: 2978: 2971: 2947: 2943: 2927:10.5334/ai.0613 2906: 2902: 2892: 2890: 2880:10.2307/1836917 2863: 2857: 2853: 2843: 2841: 2833: 2832: 2825: 2818: 2804: 2800: 2793: 2779: 2770: 2754: 2753: 2749: 2735: 2728: 2721: 2707: 2703: 2696: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2669: 2668: 2663: 2659: 2654: 2650: 2637: 2631: 2626: 2621: 2615: 2613: 2609: 2604: 2599: 2565: 2553: 2548: 2546: 2543: 2512: 2503: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2479: 2470: 2464: 2438: 2432: 2425: 2422: 2413: 2410: 2401: 2398: 2389: 2386: 2377: 2362: 2354:flow separation 2345: 2282:angle of attack 2253: 2245:Main articles: 2243: 2231: 2220: 2201: 2186: 2177:angle of attack 2120:Right-hand boat 2118: 2105: 2098: 2096:Forces on sails 2092: 2021: 1989:spinnaker poles 1951:running rigging 1943: 1933: 1899: 1878: 1847: 1816: 1775: 1739: 1730: 1721: 1679: 1656: 1601: 1532: 1511: 1500:. Mariners use 1446:diurnal changes 1430:horse latitudes 1391: 1367: 1361: 1322: 1315: 1312: 1303: 1300: 1264: 1258: 1228:. Whereas some 1222:speed made good 1205: 1151: 1136: 1134: 1125: 1116: 1114: 1105: 1096: 1093: 1069: 1058: 1047: 1040: 1034: 1027: 1021: 1012: 1006: 997: 991: 982: 919: 913: 904: 897: 890: 884: 878: 872: 867:C. Beam reach ( 866: 860: 854: 840: 835: 834: 831:major hurricane 784:Saildrone, Inc. 780:Richard Jenkins 773:Arctic missions 765:A saildrone in 758: 750: 688:is governed by 686:Sailboat racing 670: 668:Sailing (sport) 664: 638: 626:sailing vessels 583: 544: 538: 453: 383:crab claw sails 330: 290: 280: 146: 145: 144: 143: 142: 136: 127: 126: 125: 117: 108: 107: 106: 94: 85: 84: 83: 73: 64: 63: 62: 53: 44: 43: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10966: 10956: 10955: 10938: 10937: 10935: 10934: 10924: 10913: 10910: 10909: 10907: 10906: 10901: 10896: 10891: 10886: 10880: 10878: 10874: 10873: 10871: 10870: 10865: 10860: 10855: 10850: 10845: 10840: 10835: 10830: 10825: 10819: 10817: 10811: 10810: 10808: 10807: 10802: 10797: 10796: 10795: 10785: 10780: 10775: 10770: 10765: 10760: 10758:Stone skipping 10755: 10750: 10745: 10740: 10735: 10730: 10725: 10720: 10719: 10718: 10711:Paddleboarding 10708: 10703: 10698: 10693: 10688: 10683: 10678: 10673: 10668: 10663: 10657: 10655: 10649: 10648: 10646: 10645: 10643:Water aerobics 10640: 10639: 10638: 10628: 10623: 10618: 10617: 10616: 10606: 10600: 10598: 10592: 10591: 10584: 10583: 10576: 10569: 10561: 10552: 10551: 10549: 10548: 10542: 10540: 10536: 10535: 10533: 10532: 10527: 10522: 10517: 10512: 10506: 10504: 10500: 10499: 10497: 10496: 10491: 10486: 10481: 10476: 10471: 10466: 10461: 10456: 10451: 10445: 10443: 10439: 10438: 10431: 10429: 10427: 10426: 10421: 10416: 10409: 10404: 10399: 10394: 10379: 10377: 10371: 10370: 10357: 10354: 10353: 10351:and manoeuvres 10345: 10344: 10337: 10330: 10322: 10313: 10312: 10310: 10309: 10304: 10299: 10294: 10289: 10284: 10279: 10274: 10269: 10264: 10259: 10254: 10249: 10244: 10239: 10234: 10229: 10224: 10219: 10214: 10209: 10204: 10199: 10194: 10189: 10184: 10179: 10174: 10169: 10164: 10159: 10154: 10149: 10144: 10139: 10137:Typhoon Senior 10134: 10129: 10124: 10119: 10114: 10109: 10104: 10099: 10094: 10089: 10084: 10079: 10074: 10069: 10067:Tartan 27 Yawl 10064: 10059: 10054: 10049: 10044: 10039: 10034: 10029: 10024: 10019: 10014: 10009: 10004: 9999: 9994: 9989: 9984: 9979: 9974: 9969: 9964: 9959: 9954: 9949: 9944: 9939: 9934: 9929: 9924: 9919: 9914: 9912:South Coast 26 9909: 9907:South Coast 25 9904: 9902:South Coast 23 9899: 9897:South Coast 22 9894: 9892:South Coast 21 9889: 9887:Snug Harbor 18 9884: 9879: 9874: 9869: 9864: 9859: 9857:Snapdragon 747 9854: 9849: 9844: 9839: 9834: 9829: 9824: 9819: 9814: 9809: 9804: 9799: 9794: 9792:Seidelmann 245 9789: 9784: 9779: 9774: 9769: 9764: 9759: 9754: 9749: 9744: 9739: 9734: 9729: 9724: 9719: 9714: 9709: 9704: 9699: 9694: 9689: 9684: 9679: 9674: 9669: 9664: 9659: 9654: 9649: 9644: 9639: 9634: 9629: 9624: 9619: 9614: 9609: 9604: 9599: 9594: 9589: 9584: 9579: 9574: 9569: 9564: 9559: 9554: 9549: 9544: 9539: 9534: 9529: 9524: 9519: 9514: 9509: 9503: 9501: 9497: 9496: 9494: 9493: 9488: 9483: 9478: 9476:Paceship PY 23 9473: 9468: 9463: 9458: 9453: 9448: 9443: 9438: 9433: 9428: 9423: 9418: 9416:Pearson Ensign 9413: 9408: 9403: 9398: 9393: 9388: 9383: 9378: 9373: 9368: 9363: 9358: 9353: 9348: 9343: 9338: 9333: 9328: 9323: 9318: 9316:North Star 500 9313: 9308: 9303: 9298: 9293: 9288: 9283: 9278: 9273: 9268: 9263: 9258: 9253: 9248: 9243: 9238: 9233: 9228: 9223: 9218: 9213: 9208: 9203: 9198: 9193: 9188: 9183: 9178: 9173: 9168: 9163: 9158: 9153: 9148: 9143: 9138: 9133: 9128: 9123: 9118: 9113: 9108: 9103: 9098: 9093: 9088: 9083: 9078: 9073: 9068: 9063: 9058: 9053: 9048: 9043: 9038: 9033: 9028: 9023: 9018: 9013: 9008: 9003: 8998: 8993: 8988: 8983: 8978: 8973: 8968: 8963: 8958: 8953: 8948: 8943: 8938: 8933: 8928: 8923: 8918: 8913: 8908: 8903: 8898: 8893: 8888: 8883: 8878: 8873: 8868: 8863: 8858: 8853: 8848: 8843: 8841:Hunter 27 Edge 8838: 8833: 8828: 8823: 8818: 8813: 8808: 8803: 8798: 8793: 8788: 8783: 8778: 8773: 8768: 8763: 8761:Hobie Magic 25 8758: 8753: 8748: 8743: 8738: 8733: 8728: 8723: 8718: 8713: 8708: 8703: 8698: 8693: 8688: 8683: 8678: 8673: 8668: 8663: 8657: 8655: 8651: 8650: 8648: 8647: 8642: 8637: 8632: 8627: 8622: 8617: 8612: 8607: 8602: 8597: 8592: 8587: 8582: 8577: 8572: 8567: 8562: 8557: 8552: 8547: 8542: 8537: 8532: 8527: 8522: 8517: 8512: 8507: 8502: 8497: 8492: 8487: 8482: 8477: 8472: 8467: 8462: 8457: 8452: 8447: 8442: 8437: 8432: 8427: 8422: 8417: 8412: 8410:Eastward Ho 24 8407: 8402: 8397: 8392: 8387: 8382: 8377: 8372: 8367: 8362: 8357: 8352: 8347: 8342: 8337: 8332: 8327: 8322: 8317: 8312: 8307: 8302: 8297: 8292: 8287: 8282: 8277: 8272: 8267: 8265:Com-Pac Legacy 8262: 8257: 8252: 8247: 8242: 8237: 8232: 8227: 8222: 8217: 8212: 8207: 8202: 8197: 8192: 8187: 8182: 8177: 8172: 8167: 8162: 8157: 8152: 8147: 8142: 8137: 8132: 8127: 8122: 8117: 8112: 8107: 8102: 8097: 8092: 8087: 8082: 8077: 8072: 8067: 8062: 8057: 8052: 8047: 8042: 8037: 8032: 8027: 8022: 8017: 8012: 8007: 8002: 7997: 7992: 7987: 7982: 7977: 7972: 7967: 7962: 7957: 7952: 7947: 7942: 7937: 7932: 7927: 7922: 7917: 7912: 7907: 7902: 7897: 7892: 7887: 7882: 7877: 7875:Beachcomber 25 7872: 7867: 7862: 7857: 7852: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7827: 7822: 7817: 7812: 7807: 7802: 7797: 7792: 7787: 7782: 7777: 7775:Amphibi-Con 25 7772: 7767: 7762: 7757: 7752: 7747: 7742: 7737: 7732: 7727: 7722: 7717: 7712: 7706: 7704: 7700: 7699: 7690: 7689: 7682: 7675: 7667: 7658: 7657: 7655: 7654: 7649: 7644: 7639: 7634: 7629: 7624: 7619: 7614: 7609: 7604: 7602:Propeller walk 7599: 7594: 7589: 7587:Ship stability 7584: 7579: 7577:Nautical terms 7574: 7569: 7564: 7559: 7557:Ice navigation 7554: 7549: 7543: 7541: 7535: 7534: 7529: 7528: 7521: 7514: 7506: 7497: 7496: 7493: 7492: 7490: 7489: 7484: 7478: 7476: 7470: 7469: 7467: 7466: 7461: 7456: 7451: 7446: 7441: 7436: 7434:Shearwater III 7431: 7426: 7421: 7416: 7411: 7406: 7401: 7396: 7391: 7386: 7381: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7331: 7326: 7321: 7316: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7296: 7291: 7286: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7260: 7258: 7249: 7243: 7242: 7240: 7239: 7234: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7178: 7172: 7170: 7164: 7163: 7161: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7139: 7137: 7133: 7132: 7129: 7128: 7126: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7010: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6940: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6904: 6902: 6898: 6897: 6895: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6882:Jollyboat (UK) 6879: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6757:Bombardier 4.8 6754: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6712:18 foot dinghy 6709: 6703: 6701: 6694: 6690: 6689: 6686: 6685: 6683: 6682: 6677: 6672: 6667: 6662: 6657: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6262: 6257: 6252: 6250:Laser Standard 6247: 6241: 6239: 6235: 6234: 6232: 6231: 6226: 6224:Jollyboat (NZ) 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6014:Bombardier 3.8 6011: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5989:Beverly Dinghy 5986: 5981: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5901:12 foot dinghy 5898: 5892: 5890: 5883: 5879: 5878: 5876: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5769: 5763: 5761: 5757: 5756: 5749: 5748: 5741: 5734: 5726: 5720: 5719: 5713: 5691: 5688: 5687: 5686: 5680: 5667: 5660: 5653: 5647: 5640: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5618: 5611: 5591: 5584: 5557: 5530: 5496: 5463: 5427: 5420: 5400: 5364: 5358: 5340: 5334:Klaus Weltner 5327: 5321: 5300: 5293: 5276: 5261: 5241: 5226: 5206: 5199: 5175: 5168: 5148: 5122: 5115: 5092: 5063: 5056: 5033: 5004: 4978: 4949: 4930: 4923: 4892: 4885: 4867: 4840: 4833: 4809: 4802: 4772: 4765: 4756:Dinghy Sailing 4745: 4739:978-1408113387 4738: 4720: 4713: 4690: 4683: 4663: 4656: 4633: 4616:Cruising World 4599: 4592: 4572: 4565: 4542: 4535: 4517: 4512:978-0071413107 4511: 4493: 4486: 4457: 4451:978-1466502666 4450: 4423: 4416: 4396: 4363: 4330: 4300: 4270: 4240: 4209: 4176: 4146: 4115: 4084: 4050: 4011: 3981: 3974: 3954: 3947: 3927: 3920: 3900: 3893: 3873: 3866: 3846: 3839: 3819: 3812: 3789: 3782: 3762: 3755: 3735: 3728: 3708: 3696:Cruising World 3682: 3670:Cruising World 3656: 3649: 3629: 3603: 3577: 3562: 3542: 3527: 3507: 3500: 3480: 3473: 3453: 3446: 3426: 3411: 3391: 3342: 3335: 3315: 3308: 3288: 3267: 3260: 3240: 3225: 3205: 3198: 3175: 3168: 3150: 3131: 3122:|website= 3099:j.ctt2jbjx1.10 3089: 3063: 3057:978-0415100540 3056: 3038: 3015: 2995:978-0731521326 2994: 2976: 2969: 2941: 2900: 2851: 2823: 2816: 2798: 2791: 2768: 2747: 2726: 2719: 2701: 2694: 2675: 2673: 2670: 2667: 2666: 2657: 2648: 2618:thrust bearing 2606: 2605: 2603: 2600: 2598: 2597: 2592: 2587: 2582: 2577: 2572: 2566: 2561:Main article: 2559: 2558: 2542: 2539: 2511: 2508: 2502: 2499: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2478: 2475: 2463: 2460: 2431: 2428: 2427: 2426: 2423: 2416: 2414: 2411: 2404: 2402: 2399: 2392: 2390: 2387: 2380: 2376: 2375: 2371: 2361: 2358: 2344: 2341: 2297:parasitic drag 2284:" between the 2242: 2239: 2229: 2222:) for a given 2218: 2199: 2185: 2182: 2113:— predominant 2107:Left-hand boat 2094:Main article: 2091: 2088: 2084: 2083: 2077: 2071: 2061: 2055: 2041: 2031: 2020: 2017: 1997:docking cables 1932: 1931:Nautical terms 1929: 1881:spinnaker pole 1738: 1735: 1729: 1726: 1720: 1717: 1716: 1715: 1712: 1709: 1706: 1678: 1675: 1670: 1669: 1666: 1663: 1655: 1652: 1651: 1650: 1643: 1636: 1600: 1597: 1531: 1528: 1510: 1507: 1506: 1505: 1494:Deception Pass 1463: 1442:weather fronts 1399:ocean currents 1390: 1387: 1360: 1357: 1321: 1318: 1317: 1316: 1313: 1306: 1304: 1301: 1294: 1257: 1254: 1230:Bermuda-rigged 1204: 1201: 1170:occluded front 1150: 1147: 1138: 1137: 1126: 1119: 1117: 1106: 1099: 1080:Sailing craft 1078: 1077: 1073: 1067: 1060:) to give the 1056: 1045: 1033: 1030: 1029: 1028: 1022: 1015: 1013: 1007: 1000: 998: 992: 985: 970: 969: 965: 912: 909: 902: 895: 888: 847:Points of sail 839: 836: 759: 751: 749: 746: 745: 744: 741: 730: 727: 720: 713: 710:The Ocean Race 704:, such as the 666:Main article: 663: 660: 656:circumnavigate 637: 634: 582: 579: 571:line of battle 537: 534: 473:line of battle 452: 449: 445:Charles Darwin 329: 326: 279: 276: 137: 130: 129: 128: 118: 111: 110: 109: 95: 88: 87: 86: 74: 67: 66: 65: 54: 47: 46: 45: 41: 40: 39: 38: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10965: 10954: 10951: 10950: 10948: 10933: 10925: 10923: 10915: 10914: 10911: 10905: 10902: 10900: 10897: 10895: 10894:Sailing races 10892: 10890: 10887: 10885: 10882: 10881: 10879: 10875: 10869: 10866: 10864: 10861: 10859: 10856: 10854: 10851: 10849: 10846: 10844: 10841: 10839: 10836: 10834: 10831: 10829: 10828:Dinghy racing 10826: 10824: 10821: 10820: 10818: 10816: 10812: 10806: 10803: 10801: 10798: 10794: 10791: 10790: 10789: 10786: 10784: 10781: 10779: 10776: 10774: 10771: 10769: 10766: 10764: 10761: 10759: 10756: 10754: 10751: 10749: 10746: 10744: 10741: 10739: 10736: 10734: 10733:Riverboarding 10731: 10729: 10726: 10724: 10721: 10717: 10714: 10713: 10712: 10709: 10707: 10704: 10702: 10699: 10697: 10694: 10692: 10689: 10687: 10684: 10682: 10679: 10677: 10674: 10672: 10669: 10667: 10664: 10662: 10659: 10658: 10656: 10654: 10650: 10644: 10641: 10637: 10634: 10633: 10632: 10629: 10627: 10624: 10622: 10619: 10615: 10612: 10611: 10610: 10607: 10605: 10602: 10601: 10599: 10597: 10593: 10589: 10582: 10577: 10575: 10570: 10568: 10563: 10562: 10559: 10547: 10544: 10543: 10541: 10537: 10531: 10528: 10526: 10523: 10521: 10518: 10516: 10513: 10511: 10508: 10507: 10505: 10501: 10495: 10492: 10490: 10487: 10485: 10482: 10480: 10477: 10475: 10472: 10470: 10467: 10465: 10462: 10460: 10457: 10455: 10452: 10450: 10447: 10446: 10444: 10440: 10435: 10425: 10422: 10420: 10417: 10415: 10414: 10410: 10408: 10405: 10403: 10400: 10398: 10397:Point of sail 10395: 10392: 10388: 10384: 10381: 10380: 10378: 10376: 10372: 10368: 10364: 10360: 10355: 10350: 10343: 10338: 10336: 10331: 10329: 10324: 10323: 10320: 10308: 10305: 10303: 10300: 10298: 10295: 10293: 10290: 10288: 10285: 10283: 10280: 10278: 10275: 10273: 10270: 10268: 10265: 10263: 10260: 10258: 10255: 10253: 10250: 10248: 10245: 10243: 10242:Wavelength 24 10240: 10238: 10235: 10233: 10230: 10228: 10225: 10223: 10220: 10218: 10215: 10213: 10210: 10208: 10205: 10203: 10200: 10198: 10195: 10193: 10190: 10188: 10185: 10183: 10180: 10178: 10175: 10173: 10170: 10168: 10165: 10163: 10160: 10158: 10155: 10153: 10150: 10148: 10145: 10143: 10140: 10138: 10135: 10133: 10130: 10128: 10127:Tylercraft 24 10125: 10123: 10120: 10118: 10115: 10113: 10110: 10108: 10105: 10103: 10100: 10098: 10095: 10093: 10092:TES 28 Magnam 10090: 10088: 10085: 10083: 10080: 10078: 10075: 10073: 10070: 10068: 10065: 10063: 10060: 10058: 10055: 10053: 10050: 10048: 10045: 10043: 10040: 10038: 10035: 10033: 10030: 10028: 10025: 10023: 10020: 10018: 10015: 10013: 10010: 10008: 10005: 10003: 10000: 9998: 9995: 9993: 9990: 9988: 9985: 9983: 9980: 9978: 9975: 9973: 9970: 9968: 9965: 9963: 9960: 9958: 9955: 9953: 9950: 9948: 9945: 9943: 9940: 9938: 9935: 9933: 9930: 9928: 9925: 9923: 9920: 9918: 9917:Sovereign 7.0 9915: 9913: 9910: 9908: 9905: 9903: 9900: 9898: 9895: 9893: 9890: 9888: 9885: 9883: 9880: 9878: 9875: 9873: 9870: 9868: 9865: 9863: 9860: 9858: 9855: 9853: 9850: 9848: 9845: 9843: 9840: 9838: 9835: 9833: 9830: 9828: 9825: 9823: 9820: 9818: 9815: 9813: 9810: 9808: 9805: 9803: 9800: 9798: 9795: 9793: 9790: 9788: 9787:Seidelmann 25 9785: 9783: 9782:Seidelmann 24 9780: 9778: 9775: 9773: 9770: 9768: 9765: 9763: 9760: 9758: 9755: 9753: 9750: 9748: 9745: 9743: 9742:Sea Sprite 23 9740: 9738: 9735: 9733: 9730: 9728: 9725: 9723: 9720: 9718: 9715: 9713: 9710: 9708: 9705: 9703: 9700: 9698: 9695: 9693: 9690: 9688: 9685: 9683: 9680: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9665: 9663: 9660: 9658: 9655: 9653: 9650: 9648: 9645: 9643: 9640: 9638: 9637:Sandpiper 565 9635: 9633: 9632:Sanderling 18 9630: 9628: 9627:Sailmaster 22 9625: 9623: 9620: 9618: 9615: 9613: 9610: 9608: 9605: 9603: 9600: 9598: 9595: 9593: 9590: 9588: 9585: 9583: 9580: 9578: 9575: 9573: 9570: 9568: 9565: 9563: 9560: 9558: 9555: 9553: 9550: 9548: 9545: 9543: 9540: 9538: 9535: 9533: 9530: 9528: 9525: 9523: 9520: 9518: 9515: 9513: 9510: 9508: 9505: 9504: 9502: 9498: 9492: 9489: 9487: 9484: 9482: 9479: 9477: 9474: 9472: 9471:Precision 185 9469: 9467: 9466:Precision 165 9464: 9462: 9459: 9457: 9454: 9452: 9449: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9429: 9427: 9424: 9422: 9419: 9417: 9414: 9412: 9409: 9407: 9404: 9402: 9399: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9387: 9384: 9382: 9379: 9377: 9374: 9372: 9369: 9367: 9364: 9362: 9359: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9347: 9344: 9342: 9339: 9337: 9334: 9332: 9329: 9327: 9324: 9322: 9319: 9317: 9314: 9312: 9309: 9307: 9304: 9302: 9299: 9297: 9294: 9292: 9289: 9287: 9284: 9282: 9279: 9277: 9274: 9272: 9269: 9267: 9264: 9262: 9259: 9257: 9254: 9252: 9249: 9247: 9244: 9242: 9239: 9237: 9234: 9232: 9229: 9227: 9224: 9222: 9219: 9217: 9214: 9212: 9209: 9207: 9204: 9202: 9199: 9197: 9196:Montgomery 23 9194: 9192: 9191:Montgomery 17 9189: 9187: 9186:Montgomery 15 9184: 9182: 9179: 9177: 9174: 9172: 9169: 9167: 9164: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9154: 9152: 9149: 9147: 9144: 9142: 9139: 9137: 9134: 9132: 9129: 9127: 9126:Menger Cat 23 9124: 9122: 9121:Menger Cat 19 9119: 9117: 9116:Menger Cat 17 9114: 9112: 9109: 9107: 9104: 9102: 9099: 9097: 9094: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9082: 9079: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9069: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9054: 9052: 9049: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9034: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9009: 9007: 9004: 9002: 8999: 8997: 8994: 8992: 8989: 8987: 8984: 8982: 8979: 8977: 8974: 8972: 8969: 8967: 8964: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8954: 8952: 8949: 8947: 8944: 8942: 8939: 8937: 8934: 8932: 8929: 8927: 8924: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8869: 8867: 8866:Hunter Medina 8864: 8862: 8859: 8857: 8854: 8852: 8849: 8847: 8844: 8842: 8839: 8837: 8834: 8832: 8829: 8827: 8824: 8822: 8819: 8817: 8814: 8812: 8809: 8807: 8804: 8802: 8799: 8797: 8794: 8792: 8789: 8787: 8784: 8782: 8779: 8777: 8774: 8772: 8769: 8767: 8764: 8762: 8759: 8757: 8754: 8752: 8749: 8747: 8744: 8742: 8739: 8737: 8734: 8732: 8729: 8727: 8724: 8722: 8719: 8717: 8714: 8712: 8709: 8707: 8704: 8702: 8699: 8697: 8694: 8692: 8689: 8687: 8684: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8669: 8667: 8664: 8662: 8659: 8658: 8656: 8652: 8646: 8643: 8641: 8638: 8636: 8633: 8631: 8628: 8626: 8625:Gloucester 23 8623: 8621: 8620:Gloucester 22 8618: 8616: 8615:Gloucester 20 8613: 8611: 8610:Gloucester 19 8608: 8606: 8603: 8601: 8600:Gloucester 16 8598: 8596: 8593: 8591: 8588: 8586: 8583: 8581: 8578: 8576: 8573: 8571: 8568: 8566: 8563: 8561: 8558: 8556: 8553: 8551: 8548: 8546: 8543: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8531: 8528: 8526: 8523: 8521: 8518: 8516: 8513: 8511: 8508: 8506: 8503: 8501: 8498: 8496: 8493: 8491: 8488: 8486: 8483: 8481: 8478: 8476: 8473: 8471: 8468: 8466: 8463: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8453: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8441: 8438: 8436: 8433: 8431: 8428: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8418: 8416: 8413: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8343: 8341: 8338: 8336: 8333: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8316: 8313: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8285:Corinthian 19 8283: 8281: 8280:Contest 25 OC 8278: 8276: 8273: 8271: 8268: 8266: 8263: 8261: 8258: 8256: 8253: 8251: 8248: 8246: 8243: 8241: 8238: 8236: 8233: 8231: 8228: 8226: 8223: 8221: 8218: 8216: 8213: 8211: 8210:Columbia T-23 8208: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8096: 8093: 8091: 8088: 8086: 8085:Cape Dory 25D 8083: 8081: 8078: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7986: 7985:Buccaneer 255 7983: 7981: 7980:Buccaneer 250 7978: 7976: 7975:Buccaneer 245 7973: 7971: 7970:Buccaneer 240 7968: 7966: 7965:Buccaneer 220 7963: 7961: 7960:Buccaneer 210 7958: 7956: 7955:Buccaneer 200 7953: 7951: 7948: 7946: 7943: 7941: 7938: 7936: 7933: 7931: 7928: 7926: 7923: 7921: 7920:Blue Water 24 7918: 7916: 7913: 7911: 7910:Bluejacket 23 7908: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7860:Balboa 27 8.2 7858: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7813: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7801: 7798: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7765:Albin Express 7763: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7743: 7741: 7738: 7736: 7733: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7720:Adventurer 17 7718: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7707: 7705: 7701: 7696: 7688: 7683: 7681: 7676: 7674: 7669: 7668: 7665: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7618: 7615: 7613: 7610: 7608: 7605: 7603: 7600: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7592:Hydrodynamics 7590: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7544: 7542: 7540: 7536: 7527: 7522: 7520: 7515: 7513: 7508: 7507: 7504: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7479: 7477: 7475: 7471: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7359:Hobie Wildcat 7357: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7344:Hobie Dragoon 7342: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7289:DC-14 Phantom 7287: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7261: 7259: 7257: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7244: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7173: 7171: 7169: 7165: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7140: 7138: 7134: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7053:Salcombe Yawl 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6938:Menger Cat 15 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6913:Laser Stratos 6911: 6909: 6906: 6905: 6903: 6899: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6832:Gloucester 15 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6704: 6702: 6698: 6695: 6691: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6365:Montgomery 12 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6325:Merlin Rocket 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6242: 6240: 6236: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6139:Flying Eleven 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6054:Capri Cyclone 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980:Beneteau Wizz 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5951:American 14.6 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5893: 5891: 5887: 5884: 5880: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5764: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5747: 5742: 5740: 5735: 5733: 5728: 5727: 5724: 5716: 5710: 5706: 5703:(Paperback). 5702: 5699:(June 1998). 5698: 5694: 5693: 5683: 5681:9781439136782 5677: 5673: 5668: 5665: 5661: 5658: 5654: 5651: 5648: 5645: 5641: 5638: 5634: 5631: 5630:Virtual Vault 5627: 5626: 5614: 5608: 5604: 5603: 5595: 5587: 5581: 5577: 5576: 5568: 5566: 5564: 5562: 5545: 5541: 5534: 5526: 5520: 5509: 5508: 5500: 5481: 5474: 5467: 5459: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5431: 5423: 5417: 5413: 5412: 5404: 5386: 5382: 5375: 5368: 5361: 5355: 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JHU Press. 3439: 3438: 3430: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3412:0-9544029-0-1 3408: 3404: 3403: 3395: 3387: 3381: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3355: 3346: 3338: 3336:9780213764760 3332: 3328: 3327: 3319: 3311: 3309:9781588163844 3305: 3301: 3300: 3292: 3284: 3280: 3279: 3271: 3263: 3261:9781579657291 3257: 3253: 3252: 3244: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3222: 3218: 3217: 3209: 3201: 3199:9780486429885 3195: 3191: 3190: 3182: 3180: 3171: 3169:9781585440863 3165: 3161: 3154: 3146: 3142: 3135: 3127: 3115: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3086: 3079: 3078: 3070: 3068: 3059: 3053: 3049: 3042: 3035:(2): 130–140. 3034: 3030: 3026: 3019: 3011: 3005: 2997: 2991: 2987: 2980: 2972: 2970:9781420073775 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2953: 2945: 2937: 2933: 2928: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2904: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2862: 2855: 2840: 2836: 2830: 2828: 2819: 2813: 2809: 2802: 2794: 2792:0-8018-5130-0 2788: 2784: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2764: 2758: 2750: 2748:9781842172971 2744: 2740: 2733: 2731: 2722: 2720:0-85177-565-9 2716: 2712: 2705: 2697: 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2016: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 2001:mooring warps 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1981: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1967: 1962: 1958: 1957: 1952: 1948: 1942: 1938: 1928: 1925: 1918: 1913: 1908: 1903: 1897: 1892: 1887: 1882: 1876: 1871: 1866: 1861: 1856: 1851: 1845: 1840: 1835: 1830: 1825: 1820: 1814: 1809: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1779: 1773: 1768: 1763: 1758: 1753: 1748: 1743: 1734: 1725: 1713: 1711:Reducing sail 1710: 1707: 1704: 1703: 1702: 1698: 1692: 1688: 1683: 1674: 1667: 1664: 1661: 1660: 1659: 1648: 1644: 1641: 1637: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1617: 1616: 1613: 1610: 1605: 1599:Reducing sail 1596: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1573: 1571: 1566: 1564: 1560: 1554: 1552: 1548: 1540: 1536: 1527: 1520: 1515: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1470:ocean current 1467: 1464: 1461: 1457: 1456: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1408: 1407: 1406: 1400: 1395: 1386: 1384: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1366: 1356: 1353: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1330: 1326: 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592: 587: 578: 576: 572: 568: 564: 559: 557: 553: 549: 543: 533: 531: 530:Panama Canals 527: 522: 517: 513: 508: 504: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 474: 469: 462: 457: 448: 446: 442: 441: 435: 431: 425: 423: 418: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 361: 357: 349: 348: 343: 339: 334: 325: 323: 319: 315: 311: 306: 304: 300: 294: 289: 285: 275: 273: 272:point of sail 268: 264: 260: 256: 255:apparent wind 252: 247: 245: 241: 237: 233: 229: 225: 220: 218: 212: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 166: 162: 158: 154: 150: 141: 134: 124: 121: 115: 105: 101: 98: 92: 82: 78: 75:Three-masted 71: 61: 57: 51: 37: 33: 19: 10904:Yacht racing 10877:Competitions 10788:Water skiing 10773:Wakeboarding 10748:Skimboarding 10742: 10706:Kneeboarding 10696:Kiteboarding 10676:Cable skiing 10666:Bodyboarding 10636:synchronized 10621:Scuba diving 10614:synchronized 10520:Chinese gybe 10494:Wing on wing 10449:Close-hauled 10411: 10391:Weather helm 10374: 10348: 10297:Wild Wind 20 10272:Windrose 5.5 10247:Weekender 24 10172:Vancouver 25 9992:Starwind 223 9962:Spindrift 22 9952:Spindrift 19 9947:Sovereign 30 9942:Sovereign 26 9932:Sovereign 23 9927:Sovereign 20 9922:Sovereign 17 9767:Seaward 26RK 9737:Sea Pearl 21 9692:Santana 2023 9491:Quickstep 24 9486:Quickstep 21 9481:Quickstep 19 9461:Precision 23 9456:Precision 21 9451:Precision 18 9446:Precision 15 9421:Pearson Lark 9211:Morgan 24/25 9166:Mistral T-21 9061:MacGregor 26 9056:MacGregor 25 9051:MacGregor 24 9046:MacGregor 22 9041:MacGregor 21 9036:MacGregor 19 8996:Lancer 25 PS 8951:Kittiwake 23 8696:Hartley TS16 8645:Greenwich 24 8595:Gladiator 24 8555:Farrier F-24 8550:Farrier F-22 8445:Ericson 23-2 8440:Ericson 23-1 8235:Commodore 17 8225:Companion 21 8200:Columbia 7.6 8150:Catalina 250 8080:Cape Dory 25 8070:Cape Cod Cat 7925:Boomerang 20 7870:Baymaster 18 7790:Aquarius 7.0 7755:Arcachonnais 7612:Maritime law 7571: 7552:Watchkeeping 7429:Prindle 18-2 7158:Sea Pearl 21 7153:Norfolk Punt 6998:Precision 16 6877:Jersey Skiff 6762:Buccaneer 18 6635:Twitchell 12 6615:Topper Topaz 6560:Spindrift 13 6555:Speedball 14 6430:Precision 14 6425:Precision 13 6290:Laser Vortex 6280:Laser Radial 6214:Javelin (US) 6209:Javelin (NZ) 6029:British Moth 6004:Blue Crab 11 5994:Barnett 1400 5926:29erXX skiff 5818:Naples Sabot 5803:Manly Junior 5700: 5671: 5663: 5656: 5649: 5643: 5623:Bibliography 5601: 5594: 5574: 5548:. Retrieved 5543: 5533: 5506: 5499: 5487:. Retrieved 5480:the original 5466: 5440: 5436: 5430: 5410: 5403: 5392:, retrieved 5385:the original 5380: 5367: 5350:Aerodynamics 5349: 5343: 5335: 5330: 5312: 5303: 5284: 5279: 5251: 5244: 5216: 5209: 5185: 5178: 5158: 5151: 5139:. Retrieved 5135: 5125: 5105: 5083:. Retrieved 5079: 5046: 5024:. Retrieved 5020: 4995:. Retrieved 4991: 4981: 4969:. Retrieved 4964: 4952: 4943: 4933: 4913: 4876: 4870: 4858:. Retrieved 4854:the original 4843: 4825:Adlard Coles 4819: 4812: 4788: 4784:Keegan, John 4755: 4748: 4729: 4723: 4703: 4673: 4666: 4646: 4622:(1): 58–64. 4619: 4615: 4582: 4575: 4555: 4526: 4520: 4502: 4496: 4472: 4441: 4406: 4399: 4387:. Retrieved 4376: 4366: 4356:30 September 4354:. Retrieved 4343: 4333: 4321:. Retrieved 4312: 4303: 4291:. Retrieved 4282: 4273: 4261:. Retrieved 4252: 4243: 4231:. Retrieved 4222: 4212: 4200:. Retrieved 4189: 4179: 4167:. Retrieved 4158: 4149: 4137:. Retrieved 4128: 4118: 4106:. Retrieved 4097: 4087: 4075:. Retrieved 4066: 4053: 4041:. Retrieved 4024: 4014: 4002:. Retrieved 3993: 3984: 3964: 3957: 3937: 3930: 3910: 3903: 3883: 3876: 3856: 3849: 3829: 3822: 3802: 3772: 3765: 3745: 3738: 3718: 3711: 3699:. Retrieved 3695: 3685: 3673:. Retrieved 3669: 3659: 3639: 3632: 3620:. Retrieved 3617:TravelAwaits 3616: 3606: 3594:. Retrieved 3590: 3580: 3552: 3545: 3517: 3510: 3490: 3483: 3463: 3456: 3436: 3429: 3401: 3394: 3380:cite journal 3368:. Retrieved 3363: 3359: 3353: 3345: 3325: 3318: 3298: 3291: 3277: 3270: 3250: 3243: 3215: 3208: 3188: 3159: 3153: 3144: 3140: 3134: 3102:. Retrieved 3076: 3047: 3041: 3032: 3028: 3018: 2985: 2979: 2951: 2944: 2917: 2913: 2903: 2891:. Retrieved 2871: 2867: 2854: 2842:. Retrieved 2838: 2807: 2801: 2782: 2738: 2710: 2704: 2685: 2679: 2660: 2651: 2610: 2580:Land sailing 2531: 2513: 2504: 2480: 2471: 2462:Hull physics 2456: 2442: 2439: 2363: 2346: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2321: 2304: 2300: 2290: 2272: 2264: 2263: 2247:Lift (force) 2234: 2227: 2223: 2216: 2212: 2197: 2193: 2187: 2175: 2157: 2133: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2090:Sail physics 2085: 2058:Figure-eight 2022: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1964: 1960: 1954: 1944: 1922: 1731: 1722: 1699: 1696: 1671: 1657: 1614: 1606: 1602: 1574: 1567: 1563:laminar flow 1555: 1544: 1524: 1482:Bay of Fundy 1465: 1459: 1453: 1449: 1409: 1403: 1373: 1369: 1368: 1354: 1334: 1279:coming about 1278: 1274: 1273: 1246: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1206: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1186: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1143: 1139: 1129: 1127: 1109: 1107: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1079: 1065: 1061: 1054: 1043: 1041: 1023: 1008: 994:Close-hauled 993: 977: 973: 971: 961:motive power 954: 950: 948: 928: 920: 900: 893: 886: 880: 879:E. Running ( 874: 868: 862: 856: 855:A. Luffing ( 850: 846: 822: 814: 802: 800: 776: 706:Vendée Globe 671: 649: 642: 639: 622: 600: 560: 545: 519:not require 505: 497:barquentines 478: 439: 426: 419: 415:stick charts 365: 353: 345: 307: 295: 291: 248: 221: 213: 196: 188: 169:sailing ship 164: 148: 147: 81:square sails 58:racing with 36: 10884:Boat racing 10815:Team sports 10800:Windsurfing 10783:Wakesurfing 10778:Wakeskating 10723:Parasailing 10701:Kiteboating 10671:Bodysurfing 10604:Aquajogging 10419:Rounding up 10292:Windrose 24 10287:Windrose 22 10282:Windrose 20 10277:Windrose 18 10267:Westwind 24 10252:Westerly 22 10217:Vivacity 24 10212:Vivacity 20 10197:Victoria 18 10187:Venture 222 10167:Vagabond 17 10142:Ultimate 20 10107:Triangle 20 10087:Terrapin 24 10072:Tartan 27-2 10037:Surprise 25 10022:Sun Fast 20 10017:Sun Fast 17 10002:Stone Horse 9997:Stiletto 27 9987:Starwind 22 9982:Starwind 19 9772:Seaward Fox 9722:Seaforth 24 9717:Seafarer 24 9702:Seafarer 23 9697:Seafarer 22 9652:San Juan 24 9647:San Juan 23 9642:San Juan 21 9522:Ranger 26-2 9426:Peep Hen 14 9401:Pearson 23C 9266:Newport 214 9261:Newport 212 9136:Meridian 25 9086:Marshall 22 9016:Lapworth 24 8906:Islander 21 8876:Imperial 23 8831:Hunter 25-2 8821:Hunter 23.5 8801:Hunter 19-2 8796:Hunter 19-1 8791:Hunter 18.5 8716:Heritage 20 8691:Harpoon 6.2 8640:Grampian 23 8455:Ericson 25+ 8430:Ensenada 20 8425:Endeavor 26 8415:Eclipse 6.7 8405:Eastsail 25 8400:Dufour 1800 8310:Coronado 25 8305:Coronado 23 8205:Columbia 22 8170:Chrysler 26 8165:Chrysler 22 8160:Chrysler 20 8145:Catalina 25 8140:Catalina 22 8135:Catalina 18 8125:Captiva 240 8065:Cape Breton 7800:Aquarius 23 7795:Aquarius 21 7725:Alacrity 19 7693:Classes of 7617:Dry-docking 7349:Hobie Tiger 7339:Hobie Bravo 7274:Cheshire 14 7118:Winkle Brig 7098:Vanguard 15 7088:Topaz Omega 7078:12m Sharpie 6973:Paceship 20 6963:Mutineer 15 6817:Flying Scot 6797:Coronado 15 6630:Transit 380 6620:Topaz Magno 6605:Tech Dinghy 6590:Surprise 15 6530:Skipjack 15 6380:National 12 6375:Musto Skiff 5823:O'PEN Skiff 5788:Fatty Knees 4378:Smithsonian 4323:11 November 4293:11 November 4263:13 February 4233:13 February 4169:13 February 4139:13 February 4108:13 February 4077:8 September 4043:13 February 3968:. Crowood. 3965:Windsurfing 3370:24 December 2893:28 November 2874:(1): 1–23. 2044:Clove hitch 2034:Cleat hitch 1689:in a round- 1627:at the new 1498:Puget Sound 1474:Gulf Stream 1426:trade winds 1383:windsurfers 1343:, and some 1341:sand yachts 1288:windsurfers 1238:square rigs 980:direction. 936:land yachts 885:True wind ( 658:the globe. 644:Day-sailing 573:, whereby, 536:Naval power 489:brigantines 475:circa 1840. 356:Mesopotamia 347:Santa María 336:Replica of 299:grain trade 217:Age of Sail 10863:Water polo 10823:Canoe polo 10626:Snorkeling 10525:Death roll 10454:Heaving to 10442:Manoeuvres 10424:Sail twist 10237:Watkins 25 10232:Watkins 23 10227:Watkins 17 10182:Venture 22 10177:Venture 21 10132:Typhoon 18 10082:Tempest 23 10047:Tanzer 7.5 10032:Sun Way 21 9877:Sonata 6.7 9852:Slipper 17 9842:Skipper 20 9837:Sirocco 15 9822:Silhouette 9762:Seaward 25 9757:Seaward 24 9752:Seaward 23 9747:Seaward 22 9687:Santana 26 9682:Santana 25 9677:Santana 23 9672:Santana 22 9667:Santana 21 9662:Sanibel 18 9657:Sanibel 17 9567:Rob Roy 23 9441:Polaris 26 9436:Poacher 21 9406:Pearson 24 9396:Pearson 23 9391:Pearson 22 9386:Pearson 21 9301:Nor'Sea 27 9296:Nordica 20 9291:Nordica 16 9286:Nonsuch 22 9256:Newport 17 9251:Newport 16 9246:Neptune 16 9236:Neptune 24 9216:Mustang 22 9181:Montego 25 9176:Montego 20 9171:Montego 19 9161:Mirage 5.5 9101:Matilda 20 9066:Mariner 19 8981:Laguna 24S 8891:Irwin 10/4 8881:Impulse 21 8861:Hunter 260 8856:Hunter 240 8851:Hunter 216 8846:Hunter 212 8726:Hermann 22 8721:Hermann 19 8686:Harmony 22 8661:Halcyon 23 8635:Gougeon 32 8585:Freedom 24 8580:Freedom 21 8530:Express 27 8460:Espace 620 8450:Ericson 25 8365:Dolphin 24 8360:Dolphin 17 8340:D&M 22 8315:Corsair 24 8250:Com-Pac 25 8245:Com-Pac 23 8240:Com-Pac 16 8230:Crystal 23 8195:Colgate 26 8190:Clipper 23 8185:Clipper 21 8175:Classic 22 7990:Bull's Eye 7865:Bay Hen 21 7810:Austral 20 7780:Antares 17 7740:Allegra 24 7652:Sea anchor 7547:Navigation 7539:Seamanship 7482:Astus 14.1 7424:Prindle 18 7419:Phoenix 18 7414:Phantom 16 7409:Phantom 14 7354:Hobie Wave 7309:Formula 18 7304:Formula 16 7256:Catamarans 7247:Multihulls 7148:Highlander 7143:Dovekie 21 7058:Sea Bright 7043:RS Venture 6958:Mud Hen 17 6948:Mistral 16 6918:Leeward 16 6908:Laser 4000 6887:Jolly Boat 6842:Holiday 20 6807:Day Sailer 6787:Comet (US) 6777:Caprice 15 6717:18ft Skiff 6707:16ft Skiff 6665:Widgeon 12 6625:Topaz Vibe 6415:Phantom 14 6285:Laser Vago 6275:Laser Pico 6270:Laser 5000 6260:Laser 3000 6184:Idle-along 6134:Flying Ant 6104:Enterprise 6069:Comet (UK) 5971:Beetle Cat 5916:12ft Skiff 5896:10ft Skiff 5443:(4): 511, 5271:1030579528 5236:1124534665 5021:EcoClipper 4827:Nautical. 4389:10 October 4202:15 October 4004:28 October 3356:in Canal)" 3226:0870440187 3090:0731521323 2844:2 November 2672:References 2515:Hull speed 2466:See also: 2444:Wind shear 2367:spinnakers 2286:chord line 2188:The term " 2074:Sheet bend 1971:main sheet 1924:Seamanship 1719:Helm force 1570:Spinnakers 1559:tell-tales 1539:Spinnakers 1455:rhumb line 1440:, and the 1422:easterlies 1418:westerlies 1329:18ft Skiff 838:Navigation 674:yacht club 636:Recreation 630:seamanship 516:steamships 512:sail plans 434:James Cook 407:Madagascar 395:Micronesia 379:catamarans 375:outriggers 350:under sail 310:River Tyne 224:recreation 209:navigation 201:land yacht 185:kitesurfer 181:windsurfer 140:land yacht 10899:Triathlon 10515:Capsizing 10503:Accidents 10307:Yankee 26 10222:Walton 25 10207:Viper 640 10202:Viggen 23 10122:Triton 25 10117:Triton 22 10112:Triton 21 10062:Tartan 27 10057:Tanzer 25 10052:Tanzer 22 9972:Spirit 23 9967:Spirit 21 9872:Sonata 26 9832:Sirius 22 9817:Signet 20 9807:Schock 25 9802:Schock 23 9797:Schock 22 9777:Seaway 25 9572:Rocket 22 9557:Rhodes 22 9552:Rhodes 19 9547:Rhodes 18 9517:Ranger 24 9512:Ranger 23 9507:Ranger 22 9366:O'Day 240 9361:O'Day 222 9356:O'Day 192 9321:Nutmeg 24 9271:Nimble 20 9206:Morgan 22 9151:Microsail 9111:Melges 24 9106:Melges 20 9096:Martin 16 9091:Marsh Hen 9076:Marlin 23 9011:La Paz 25 9001:Lancer 28 8986:Lancer 25 8976:Laguna 22 8971:Laguna 18 8966:Laguna 16 8941:Kaiser 25 8836:Hunter 26 8826:Hunter 25 8816:Hunter 23 8811:Hunter 22 8806:Hunter 20 8786:Hughes 25 8781:Hughes 24 8776:Hughes 22 8771:Holder 20 8766:Holder 17 8711:Helsen 22 8706:Helsen 20 8681:Harbor 25 8676:Harbor 20 8671:Harbor 14 8666:Halman 20 8560:Fisher 25 8525:Evelyn 25 8505:ETAP 23iL 8395:Dufour 24 8370:Drascombe 8355:Dehler 25 8350:Dehler 22 8345:Dawson 26 8330:Cygnus 20 8155:Cherry 16 8130:Careel 18 7995:Cabochard 7930:Bremer 25 7905:Blazer 23 7855:Balboa 26 7850:Balboa 24 7845:Balboa 23 7840:Balboa 22 7835:Balboa 21 7830:Balboa 20 7825:Balboa 16 7785:Antrim 20 7760:Alberg 23 7750:Alberg 22 7647:Anchoring 7474:Trimarans 7464:Viper F16 7444:Topcat K1 7384:Nacra F16 7374:Nacra 5.2 7319:G-Cat 5.7 7314:G-Cat 5.0 7212:Melges 17 7181:Butterfly 7073:Tanzer 16 7028:RS Vision 7023:Rhodes 19 7018:Rhodes 18 7008:Ranger 16 6983:Picnic 17 6943:Mirror 16 6933:Melges 15 6928:Lightning 6923:Lelievlet 6867:Jacksnipe 6852:Interlake 6792:Contender 6742:Apollo 16 6670:Woodpussy 6660:Water Wag 6595:Tanzer 14 6440:Rascal 14 6390:OK Dinghy 6320:Melges 14 6295:Lehman 12 6265:Laser 4.7 6169:Howmar 12 6034:Bullet 14 5863:Topaz Taz 4628:0098-3519 4067:Bloomberg 4033:1059-1028 3914:. Wiley. 3701:18 August 3675:18 August 3622:3 October 3596:3 October 3124:ignored ( 3114:cite book 3004:cite book 2936:2048-4194 2757:cite book 2337:parachute 2111:parachute 2080:Reef knot 1993:docklines 1975:jib sheet 1961:downhauls 1947:starboard 1927:rigging. 1912:boom vang 1767:spinnaker 1728:Hull drag 1693:race 1998 1585:boom vang 1551:buntlines 1547:clewlines 1519:Contender 1484:or along 974:true wind 951:true wind 940:sailboats 932:ice boats 875:lift–drag 865:)— 30–50° 859:) — 0-30° 815:hurricane 647:sailors. 567:broadside 563:Gun ports 561:By 1500, 521:bunkerage 485:schooners 403:Polynesia 157:wingsails 100:catamaran 10947:Category 10922:Category 10805:Yachting 10793:barefoot 10753:Skurfing 10691:Kayaking 10681:Canoeing 10631:Swimming 10530:Turtling 10474:Reaching 10464:In irons 10387:Lee helm 10367:cruising 10102:Tonic 23 10097:Tiger 25 10012:Sun 2000 9882:Sonic 23 9867:Sonata 8 9827:Siren 17 9612:S2 8.0 C 9607:S2 8.0 B 9602:S2 8.0 A 9371:Olson 25 9351:O'Day 26 9346:O'Day 25 9341:O'Day 23 9336:O'Day 22 9331:O'Day 20 9326:O'Day 19 9306:North 26 9281:Nomad 22 9231:Naiad 18 9201:Moore 24 9156:Mini JOD 9146:Merit 25 9141:Merit 22 8961:Kirby 25 8956:Kirby 23 8946:Kelt 7.6 8901:Irwin 25 8896:Irwin 23 8871:Ideal 18 8756:Hobie 33 8701:Helms 24 8630:Golif 21 8520:ETAP 26s 8510:ETAP 24i 8500:ETAP 23i 8490:ETAP 22i 8480:ETAP 21i 8470:Esse 990 8465:Esse 850 8435:Eolia 25 8420:Elite 25 8115:Capri 26 8110:Capri 25 8105:Capri 22 8100:Capri 16 8095:Capri 14 8025:Cal 3-24 8020:Cal 2-24 7900:Beniguet 7820:Bahia 22 7770:AMF 2100 7735:Alize 20 7730:Albin 57 7622:Ropework 7562:Pilotage 7389:Nacra 17 7379:Nacra 15 7334:Hobie 17 7329:Hobie 16 7324:Hobie 14 7203:(Danish) 7196:Fireball 7108:Windmill 7103:Wayfarer 7013:Rebel 16 6827:Geary 18 6752:Beaufort 6737:Albacore 6650:Wanderer 6640:Vagabond 6580:Sunburst 6575:Streaker 6545:Snowbird 6535:Skunk 11 6520:Scorpion 6470:RS Vareo 6460:RS Quest 6345:Minisail 6154:Graduate 6119:Farr 3.7 6079:Dabchick 6009:Blue Jay 5868:US Sabot 5853:Starling 5828:Optimist 5633:Archived 5550:19 March 5519:citation 5489:19 March 5311:(1967), 5141:30 April 5085:30 April 5026:30 April 4997:30 April 4971:23 March 4944:noaa.gov 4860:13 March 4786:(1989). 4383:Archived 4350:Archived 4317:Archived 4287:Archived 4257:Archived 4227:Archived 4196:Archived 4163:Archived 4133:Archived 4102:Archived 4071:Archived 4037:Archived 3998:Archived 3572:28542975 3537:38199493 3421:52143546 3354:John Ena 2541:See also 2535:piercing 2519:bow wave 2350:stalling 2305:parallel 2278:gradient 2190:velocity 1987:such as 1956:halyards 1902:forestay 1891:backstay 1829:spreader 1757:staysail 1747:mainsail 1691:Anglesey 1589:backstay 1509:Trimming 1466:Currents 1337:iceboats 1320:Downwind 1110:sailboat 1051:combines 1009:Reaching 877:)— ~135° 748:Robotics 609:Plymouth 603:leaving 601:Comanche 575:warships 556:triremes 451:Commerce 436:and the 318:colliers 244:cruising 236:yachting 195:) or on 173:sailboat 123:ice boat 120:DN class 104:wingsail 10953:Sailing 10932:Commons 10763:Surfing 10743:Sailing 10728:Rafting 10716:standup 10686:Fishing 10661:Boating 10546:Planing 10489:Tacking 10484:Reefing 10479:Running 10459:Heeling 10375:Sailing 10349:Sailing 10077:Tempest 9977:Sprinto 9812:Shields 9727:Seagull 9622:Sage 17 9071:Mark 25 9031:Lynx 16 8515:ETAP 26 8495:ETAP 23 8485:ETAP 22 8475:ETAP 20 8335:Dana 24 8120:Captain 8090:Capelan 8060:CAP 540 8055:CAP 450 8030:Cal T/4 7715:Aero 20 7642:Mooring 7637:Buoyage 7572:Sailing 7459:Trac 16 7454:Trac 14 7449:Tornado 7369:Kona 14 7364:Isotope 7284:Dart 18 7279:Dart 16 7264:A-Class 7237:Y Flyer 7222:MC Scow 7201:Flipper 7083:Thistle 6968:O-Jolle 6953:Mobjack 6802:Corsair 6645:Vaurien 6585:Sunfish 6525:Skimmer 6465:RS Tera 6450:RS Feva 6445:RS Aero 6420:Phantom 6410:Penguin 6405:Pegasus 6350:Miracle 6335:Metcalf 6305:Lido 14 6255:Laser 2 6189:Impulse 6179:Houdini 6159:Griffon 6144:Force 5 6129:Firefly 6099:Echo 12 5966:Banshee 5858:Tadpole 5838:Pelican 5833:P Class 5783:El Toro 5772:Flipper 5445:Bibcode 5394:4 April 3104:16 June 2888:1836917 2269:airfoil 2209:degrees 2149:iceboat 2028:Bowline 1677:Heeling 1647:battens 1625:cringle 1621:outhaul 1609:furling 1593:reefing 1581:halyard 1577:outhaul 1492:, like 1490:straits 1460:headers 1275:Tacking 1226:layline 1189:tacking 1130:iceboat 1024:Running 883:)— 180° 823:SD 1045 803:SD 1021 734:records 717:regatta 552:biremes 501:tacking 493:barques 461:clipper 342:carrack 278:History 193:iceboat 149:Sailing 10853:Waboba 10768:Tubing 10738:Rowing 10609:Diving 10539: 10510:Broach 10407:Hiking 10363:racing 9732:Seamew 9597:S2 7.3 9592:S2 7.0 9587:S2 6.9 9582:S2 6.8 9577:S2 6.7 8936:JOD 24 8590:Fun 23 8015:Cal 25 8010:Cal 24 8005:Cal 22 8000:Cal 21 7217:M Scow 7191:E Scow 7186:C Scow 7176:A Scow 7123:X Boat 7048:S2 5.5 6988:Pirate 6847:Hornet 6680:Zephyr 6675:Zeddie 6610:Topper 6570:Splash 6565:Spiral 6455:RS Neo 6435:Puffer 6355:Mirror 6315:Marlin 6219:Jet 14 6109:Europe 6064:C-Lark 6059:Cherub 5873:Zoom 8 5848:Shrimp 5711: 5678: 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