655:, immediately left for Britain with three hundred ships. Vortigern received them kindly, and gave them ample gifts. With their assistance, Vortigern defeated his enemies in every engagement. All the while Hengist continued inviting over yet more ships, adding to his numbers daily. Witnessing this, the Britons tried to get Vortigern to banish the Saxons, but on account of his wife he would not. Consequently, his subjects turned against him and took his son Vortimer for their king. The Saxons and the Britons, led by Vortimer, met in four battles. In the second, Horsa and Vortimer's brother, Catigern, slew one another. By the fourth battle, the Saxons had fled to Thanet, where Vortimer besieged them. When the Saxons could no longer bear the British onslaughts, they sent out Vortigern to ask his son to allow them safe passage back to Germany. While discussions were taking place, the Saxons boarded their ships and left, leaving their wives and children behind.
446:, records that, during the reign of Vortigern in Britain, three vessels that had been exiled from Germany arrived in Britain, commanded by Hengist and Horsa. The narrative then gives a genealogy of the two: Hengist and Horsa were sons of Guictglis, son of Guicta, son of Guechta, son of Vouden, son of Frealof, son of Fredulf, son of Finn, son of Foleguald, son of Geta. Geta was said to be the son of a god, yet "not of the omnipotent God and our Lord Jesus Christ", but rather "the offspring of one of their idols, and whom, blinded by some demon, they worshipped according to the custom of the heathen". In 447 AD Vortigern received Hengist and Horsa "as friends" and gave to the brothers the Isle of Thanet.
883:
457:", where "a number" of warriors were selected, and, with sixteen ships, the messengers returned. With the men came Hengist's beautiful daughter. Hengist prepared a feast, inviting Vortigern, Vortigern's officers, and Ceretic, his translator. Prior to the feast, Hengist enjoined his daughter to serve the guests plenty of wine and ale so that they would become drunk. At the feast Vortigern became enamored with her and promised Hengist whatever he liked in exchange for her betrothal. Hengist, having "consulted with the Elders who attended him of the Angle race", demanded Kent. Without the knowledge of the then-ruler of Kent, Vortigern agreed.
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511:" and crying to God, the Britons drove the Saxons to the sea. Germanus then prayed for three days and nights at Vortigern's castle and fire fell from heaven and engulfed the castle. Vortigern, Hengist's daughter, Vortigern's other wives, and all other inhabitants burned to death. Potential alternate fates for Vortigern are provided. However, the Saxons continued to increase in numbers, and after Hengist died his son Ochta succeeded him.
4598:
566:), and ordered that the "tall strangers" be received peacefully and brought to him. When Vortigern saw the company, he immediately observed that the brothers "excelled all the rest both in nobility and in gracefulness of person". He asked what country they had come from and why they had come to his kingdom. Hengist ("whose years and wisdom entitled him to precedence") replied that they had left their homeland of
351:), and went on to defeat the Picts wherever they fought them. Hengist and Horsa sent word home to Germany describing "the worthlessness of the Britons, and the richness of the land" and asked for assistance. Their request was granted and support arrived. Afterward, more people arrived in Britain from "the three powers of Germany; the Old Saxons, the Angles, and the Jutes". The Saxons populated
670:(get your knives), the Saxons fell upon the unsuspecting Britons and massacred them, while Hengist held Vortigern by his cloak. 460 British barons and consuls were killed, as well as some Saxons whom the Britons beat to death with clubs and stones. Vortigern was held captive and threatened with death until he resigned control of Britain's chief cities to Hengist. Once free, he fled to
387:, deserted). The Worcester Chronicle (Chronicle D, compiled in the 11th century), and the Peterborough Chronicle (Chronicle E, compiled in the 12th century), include the detail that these forces were led by the brothers Hengist and Horsa, sons of Wihtgils, son of Witta, son of Wecta, son of Woden, but this information is not included in the A, B, C, or F versions.
1145:
Indo-European peoples. Furthermore, we witness the importance of the horse in Indo-European rituals and mythology. One of the most obvious examples is the recurrent depiction of twins such as the Indic Asvins "horsemen," the Greek horsemen Castor and Pollux, the legendary Anglo-Saxon settlers Horsa and
Hengist or the Irish twins of
732:
With the armies in formation, battle began between the
Britons and Saxons, both sides suffering "no small loss of blood". Eldol focused on attempting to find Hengist, but had no opportunity to fight him. "By the especial favour of God" the Britons took the upper hand, and the Saxons withdrew and made
622:. Hengist invited Vortigern to see his new castle and the newly arrived soldiers. A banquet took place in Thancastre, at which Vortigern drunkenly asked Hengist to let him marry Rowena. Horsa and the men all agreed that Hengist should allow the marriage, on the condition that Vortigern give him Kent.
496:
After a "short interval" Vortimer died and the Saxons became established, "assisted by foreign pagans". Hengist convened his forces and sent to
Vortigern an offer of peace. Vortigern accepted, and Hengist prepared a feast to bring together the British and Saxon leaders. However, he instructed his men
662:
The ambassadors informed
Vortigern that Hengist had only brought so many men because he did not know of Vortimer's death and feared further attacks from him. Now that there was no threat, Vortigern could choose from among the men the ones he wished to return to Germany. Vortigern was greatly pleased
658:
Rowena poisoned the victorious
Vortimer, and Vortigern returned to the throne. At his wife's request he invited Hengist back to Britain, but instructed him to bring only a small retinue. Hengist, knowing Vortimer to be dead, instead raised an army of 300,000 men. When Vortigern received word of the
633:
As I am your father, I claim the right of being your counsellor: do not therefore slight my advice, since it is to my countrymen you must owe the conquest of all your enemies. Let us invite over my son Octa, and his brother Ebissa, who are brave soldiers, and give them the countries that are in the
596:
Hengist bowed low in thanks, and made a further request, that he be made a consul or prince, as befitted his birth. Vortigern responded that it was not in his power to do this, reasoning that
Hengist was a foreign pagan and would not be accepted by the British lords. Hengist asked instead for leave
480:
engaged
Hengist and Horsa and their men in battle, drove them back to Thanet and there enclosed them and beset them on the western flank. The war waxed and waned; the Saxons repeatedly gained ground and were repeatedly driven back. Vortimer attacked the Saxons four times: first enclosing the Saxons
449:
After the Saxons had lived on Thanet for "some time" Vortigern promised them supplies of clothing and other provisions on condition that they assist him in fighting the enemies of his country. As the Saxons increased in number the
Britons became unable to keep their agreement, and so told them that
31:
709:
Hengist was struck by terror at the news of
Vortigern's death and fled with his army beyond the Humber. He took courage at the approach of Aurelius and selected the bravest among his men to defend him. Hengist told these chosen men not to be afraid of Aurelius, for he had brought less than 10,000
310:
records that the first chieftains among the Angles, Saxons and Jutes in
England were said to have been Hengist and Horsa. He relates that Horsa was killed in battle against the Britons and was thereafter buried in East Kent, where at the time of writing a monument still stood to him. According to
574:
Vortigern was aggrieved when he learned that the strangers were pagans, but nonetheless rejoiced at their arrival, since he was surrounded by enemies. He asked Hengist and Horsa if they would help him in his wars, offering them land and "other possessions". They accepted the offer, settled on an
460:
Hengist's daughter was given to Vortigern, who slept with her and deeply loved her. Hengist told Vortigern that he would now be both his father and adviser and that Vortigern would know no defeat with his counsel, "for the people of my country are strong, warlike, and robust". With Vortigern's
570:
to offer their services to Vortigern or some other prince, as part of a Saxon custom in which, when the country became overpopulated, able young men were chosen by lot to seek their fortunes in other lands. Hengist and Horsa were made generals over the exiles, as befitted their noble birth.
1144:
animal of the Indo-European sacrifice and ritual was probably the horse. We have already seen how its embedment in Proto-Indo-European society lies not just in its lexical reconstruction but also in the proliferation of personal names which contain "horse" as an element among the various
706:) would return to have their revenge and defeat the Saxons. They arrived the next day, and, after rallying the dispersed Britons, Aurelius was proclaimed king. Aurelius marched into Cambria and burned Vortigern alive in his tower, before setting his sights upon the Saxons.
729:, but had escaped when God threw him a stake to defend himself with, making him the only Briton present to survive. Meanwhile, Hengist was placing his troops into formation, giving directions, and walking through the lines of troops, "the more to spirit them up".
579:
with an immense army and attacked the northern parts of Vortigern's kingdom. In the ensuing battle "there was little occasion for the Britons to exert themselves, for the Saxons fought so bravely, that the enemy, formerly victorious, were speedily put to flight".
737:). Aurelius pursued them, killing or enslaving any Saxon he met on the way. Realizing Kaerconan would not hold against Aurelius, Hengist stopped outside the town and ordered his men to make a stand, "for he knew that his whole security now lay in his sword".
1195:, reasoning that the horse resembles Celtic Iron Age coins. As a result, advocates of a Saxon origin of the figure debated with those favouring an ancient British origin for three centuries after Aubrey's findings. In 1995, using
592:
king. He asked the king to allow him to send word to Saxony for more soldiers. Vortigern agreed, adding that Hengist could invite over whom he pleased and that "you shall have no refusal from me in whatever you shall desire".
820:
account of Germanic history, including the detail that Woden put three of his sons in charge of Saxony. The ruler of eastern Saxony was Veggdegg, one of whose sons was Vitrgils, the father of Vitta, the father of Hengist.
740:
Aurelius reached Hengist, and a "most furious" fight ensued, with the Saxons maintaining their ground despite heavy losses. They came close to winning before a detachment of horses from the Armorican Britons arrived. When
587:
for the subsistence of himself and his fellow-soldiers". A "man of experience and subtlety", Hengist told Vortigern that his enemies assailed him from every quarter, and that his subjects wished to depose him and make
659:
imminent arrival of the vast Saxon fleet, he resolved to fight them. Rowena alerted her father of this, who, after considering various strategies, resolved to make a show of peace and sent ambassadors to Vortigern.
1019:
Some scholars have proposed that the figure mentioned in both of these references is one and the same as the Hengist of the Hengist and Horsa accounts, though Horsa is not mentioned in either source. In his work
710:
Armorican Britons (the native Britons were hardly worth taking into account), while there were 200,000 Saxons. Hengist and his men advanced towards Aurelius in a field called Maisbeli (probably Ballifield, near
343:, which exists in nine manuscripts and fragments compiled from the 9th to the 12th centuries, records that in the year 449, Vortigern invited Hengist and Horsa to Britain to assist his forces in fighting the
1269:, proposed that one side of the seal feature Hengist and Horsa, "the Saxon chiefs from whom we claim the honor of being descended, and whose political principles and form of government we assumed".
1135:
comments on the great importance of the horse in Indo-European religion, as exemplified "most obviously" by various mythical brothers appearing in Indo-European legend, including Hengist and Horsa:
504:(get your knives) and his men massacred the unsuspecting Britons. However, they spared Vortigern, who ransomed himself by giving the Saxons Essex, Sussex, Middlesex and other unnamed districts.
845:
notes that these horse-head gables can still be seen today, and says that the horse-head gables confirm that Hengist and Horsa were originally considered mythological, horse-shaped beings.
786:
to be raised over his corpse, according to the custom of pagans. Octa and Eosa surrendered to Aurelius, who granted them the country bordering Scotland and made a firm covenant with them.
777:, in his power, hewed him in pieces, saying, As thy sword hath made women childless, so shall thy mother be childless among women. Do therefore the same to Hengist, who is a second Agag.
625:
Vortigern and Rowena were immediately married and Hengist received Kent. The king, though delighted with his new wife, incurred the hatred of his nobles and of his three sons.
760:
Three days after the battle, Aurelius called together a council of principal officers to decide what to do with Hengist. Eldol's brother Eldad, Bishop of Gloucester, said:
725:, told Aurelius that he greatly wished to meet Hengist in combat, noting that "one of the two of us should die before we parted". He explained that he had been at the
782:
Consequently, Eldol drew Hengist out of the city and cut off his head. Aurelius, "who showed moderation in all his conduct", arranged for him to be buried and for a
600:
After executing Vortigern's orders, Hengist took a bull's hide and made it into a single thong, which he used to encircle a carefully chosen rocky place (perhaps at
597:
to build a fortress on a piece of land small enough that it could be encircled by a leather thong. Vortigern granted this and ordered Hengist to invite more Saxons.
965:
1038:. Patrick Sims-Williams is more sceptical of the account, suggesting that Bede's Canterbury source, which he relied on for his account of Hengist and Horsa in the
1191:
to Hengist and Horsa, stating that "the White Horse was their Standard at the Conquest of Britain". However, he also ascribes the origins of the horse to the
469:
Islands. Hengist continued to send for more ships from his country, so that some islands where his people had previously dwelt are now free of inhabitants.
749:, arrived, Eldol knew the day was won and grabbed Hengist's helmet, dragging him into the British ranks. The Saxons fled. Hengist's son Octa retreated to
1016:
recites a composition summarizing the Finnsburg events, including information not provided in the fragment. Hengest is mentioned in lines 1082 and 1091.
4613:
1149:, born after she had completed a horse race. All of these attest the existence of Indo-European divine twins associated with or represented by horses.
1086:
414:
mentioning Hengist or Horsa, Hengist and Esc are recorded as having taken "immense booty" and the Britons having "fled from the English like fire".
255:, fitting a pattern elsewhere in Germanic languages where the original names of sacred animals are abandoned for adjectives; for example, the word
882:
2057:
1122:
3422:
2889:
1129:. Scholars have theorized that these divine twins in Indo-European cultures stem from divine twins in prehistoric Proto-Indo-European culture.
1108:
562:
or long galleys arrived in Kent, full of armed men and commanded by two brothers, Hengist and Horsa. Vortigern was then staying at Dorobernia (
1081:, whom he identifies with Castor and Pollux. Germanic legends mention various brothers as founding figures. The 1st- or 2nd-century historian
3476:
476:(by taking his own daughter for a wife and having a son by her) and had gone into hiding at the advice of his council. But at length his son
461:
approval, Hengist would send for his son and his brother to fight against the Scots and those who dwelt near the wall. Vortigern agreed and
618:
The messengers returned from Germany with eighteen ships full of the best soldiers they could get, as well as Hengist's beautiful daughter
302:
4706:
4556:
2636:
1220:
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912:
3335:
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Lyon, Bryce. " Change or Continuity: Writing since 1965 on English History before Edward of Caernarvon," in Richard Schlatter, ed.,
406:"and there slew four thousand men". The Britons left the land of Kent and fled to London. In 465 Hengest and Esc fought again at the
1373:, Hengist and Horsa are executed by Ambrosius; Hengist is given full Saxon funeral honours, cremated with his weapons on a pyre. In
1227:. Editor and translator Donald Ward, in his commentary on the tale, regards the identification as untenable on linguistic grounds.
2260:
Lyon, Bryce. "From Hengist and Horsa to Edward of Caernarvon: Recent writing on English history" in Elizabeth Chapin Furber, ed.
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In gratitude Vortigern increased the rewards he had promised to the brothers. Hengist was given "large possessions of lands in
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died, and lastly "near the stone on the shore of the Gallic sea", where the Saxons were defeated and fled to their ships.
538:
131:). Horsa was killed fighting the Britons, but Hengist successfully conquered Kent, becoming the forefather of its kings.
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2058:"Beginning of English History" Commemoration Stone - Pegwell Bay, Kent, UK - UK Historical Markers on Waymarking.com"
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Vortigern allowed Hengist to send for more of his countrymen to come over to fight for him. Messengers were sent to "
82:
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and Alba. For they will hinder the inroads of the barbarians, and so you shall enjoy peace on the other side of the
855:
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and Ebissa arrived with 40 ships, sailed around the land of the Picts, conquered "many regions", and assaulted the
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says more about ninth-century attitudes to the past than about the time in which they are said to have existed.
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argued that Hengist was a historical figure, and that Hengist came to Britain after the events recorded in the
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3408:
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2875:
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Before the meeting, Hengist ordered his soldiers to carry long daggers beneath their clothing. At the signal
2829:
150:
has theorized that this indicates Hengest/Hengist is the same person and originates as a historical person.
1406:, Germanic horse brother deities venerated by the Naharvali, a Germanic people described by Tacitus in 1 AD
1247:
Hengist and Horsa have appeared in a variety of media in the modern period. Written between 1616 and 1620,
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726:
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128:
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Though all should be unanimous for setting him at liberty, yet would I cut him to pieces. The prophet
4691:
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2622:
2213:
919:
897:
2028:
410:, probably near Ebbsfleet, and slew twelve British leaders. In the year 473, the final entry in the
4551:
3240:
2645:
2596:
1356:, commemorating the landing of Hengest and Horsa at nearby Ebbsfleet 1500 years earlier in 449 AD.
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were referred to as "Hengst und Hors" (Low German for "stallion and mare") as late as around 1875.
20:
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animal names, the seemingly constructed nature of their genealogy, and the unknowable quality of
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by these tidings, and arranged to meet Hengist on the first of May at the monastery of Ambrius.
134:
A figure named Hengest, possibly identifiable with the leader of British legend, appears in the
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849:
comments that the horse heads may have been remnants of pagan religious practices in the area.
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Germanus of Auxerre was acclaimed as commander of the British forces. By praying, singing "
187:
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8:
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The Anglo-Saxon Poems of Beowulf, the Scôp or Gleeman's Tale, and The Fight at Finnesburg
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2515:(1993). "Fact or Fiction? The Written Evidence for the Fifth and Sixth Centuries AD".
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Modern scholarly consensus regards Hengist and Horsa as mythical figures, given their
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2138:
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1412:. Lithuanian brother horse deities, also used crossed, on top of cottage house roofs.
1326:
1066:
635:
348:
127:, but later they turned against him (British accounts have them betraying him in the
112:
2254:
The Saxon chronicle, with an English Translation and Notes, Critical and Explanatory
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1965:
1806:
1488:
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1352:
1318:
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1223:, mythical first King of the Saxons, in their notes for legend number 413 of their
1112:
1027:
1022:
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652:
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agreement, and stayed with Vortigern at his court. Soon after, the Picts came from
429:
154:
147:
66:
2343:(1999). "The Scouring of the White Horse: Archaeology, Identity, and 'Heritage'".
2154:
International Warbirds: an Illustrated Guide to World Military Aircraft, 1914–2000
1797:
English, Mark (2014). "Maisbeli: A Place-Name Problem from Geoffrey of Monmouth".
1125:. In related Indo-European cultures, similar traditions are attested, such as the
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2340:
2122:
A Translation of Walhalla's Inmates described by Lewis the First, King of Bavaria
1674:
1306:
1287:
1192:
1094:
691:
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Vortigern agreed. Upon receiving the invitation, Octa, Ebissa, and another lord,
244:
90:
521:
89:
in the 5th century. Tradition lists Hengist as the first of the Jutish kings of
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1314:
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116:
70:
35:
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424:
16:
Legendary brothers said to have led the invasion of Britain in the 5th century
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3485:
3340:
3166:
2744:
2512:
2467:
1374:
1132:
1117:
714:), intending to take the Britons by surprise, but Aurelius anticipated them.
364:
86:
2533:
Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People: A Historical Commentary
2095:
1810:
1424:, A number of Indo-European mythical brother deities, associated with horses
398:
and that Horsa died there. Hengist took control of the kingdom with his son
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to conceal knives beneath their feet. At the right moment, Hengist shouted
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97:
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Changing views on British history: essays on historical writing since 1939
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Recent Views on British History: Essays on Historical Writing since 1966
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In his sometimes described as "pseudo-historical" twelfth-century work
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51:
46:
3120:
1937:
volume 2, edited and translated by Donald Ward, Millington Books, 1981
104:'s sources. Their later detailed representation in texts such as the
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2347:. Special Issue: New Perspectives in British Studies (Winter, 1999).
1391:
1359:
Though Hengist and Horsa are not referenced in the medieval tales of
1059:
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711:
628:
As his new father-in-law, Hengist made further demands of Vortigern:
609:
368:
285:
may be a pet form of a compound name with the first element "horse".
257:
120:
3060:
2923:
450:
their assistance was no longer needed and that they should go home.
111:
According to early sources, Hengist and Horsa arrived in Britain at
30:
4501:
4411:
4366:
4271:
4206:
4201:
4181:
4161:
4116:
4111:
4086:
4081:
3936:
3916:
3876:
3846:
3836:
3801:
3756:
3751:
3741:
3731:
3726:
3641:
3606:
3591:
3576:
3551:
3325:
3245:
2614:
2157:
1126:
1104:
1090:
953:
746:
695:
490:
477:
403:
312:
3330:
3260:
1240:
4536:
4531:
4396:
4386:
4376:
4316:
4256:
4196:
4096:
4091:
4076:
4071:
4046:
4036:
4031:
4006:
3946:
3931:
3636:
3621:
3275:
3201:
3134:
3096:
3019:
2256:. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, Paternoster-Row.
1415:
1295:
1261:). On 6 July 1776, the first committee for the production of the
1074:
1008:
904:
874:
783:
742:
671:
601:
454:
443:
142:
3230:
2913:
800:, writing in the 13th century, briefly mentions Hengist in the
4516:
4457:
4381:
4311:
4191:
4186:
4136:
3911:
3901:
3851:
3816:
3761:
3736:
3701:
3626:
3531:
3305:
3035:
3014:
2989:
2933:
774:
766:
683:
643:
619:
466:
384:
376:
360:
356:
293:
158:
74:
2958:
4426:
4226:
3881:
3866:
3671:
3666:
3320:
3310:
3250:
3080:
2994:
2943:
2928:
2918:
2661:
1146:
1050:
Several sources attest that the Germanic peoples venerated a
934:
838:
639:
352:
344:
324:
320:
213:
196:
78:
2434:
The British History of Geoffrey of Monmouth: In Twelve Books
1363:, some modern Arthurian tales do link them. For example, in
1058:(c. 345 – c. 250 BC). Timaeus records that the Celts of the
4101:
4016:
3350:
3345:
3300:
3225:
3148:
2973:
2953:
2245:
Ethnic Identity and the Archaeology of the aduentus Saxonum
1046:
Germanic twin brothers and divine Indo-European horse twins
1013:
770:
750:
576:
500:
402:. In 457, Hengist and Esc fought against British forces in
394:
details that Hengist and Horsa fought against Vortigern at
307:
101:
3050:
2264:(Harvard University Press, 1966), pp 1–57; historiography
1298:, which honours distinguished figures of German history.
19:"Hengist" and "Horsa" redirect here. For other uses, see
1504:(based on lectures delivered just before and after WWII)
1430:, wider importance of horses in early Germanic cultures
1272:"Hengist and Horsus" appear as antagonists in the play
1054:. The earliest reference to this practice derives from
2897:
428:
Hengist and Horsa arriving in Britain, as depicted by
2203:. London: Printed for John and Arthur Arch, Cornhill.
1892:
153:
Hengist was historically said to have been buried at
2236:
World of Arthur: Facts and Fictions of the Dark Ages
2078:
https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=16/51.3410/1.3366
1383:, Hengist plays a major role in the early career of
2210:
The Collected Poetry of Robinson Jeffers: 1938–1962
1940:
2276:
2094:
1901:
1659:
1657:
1257:features portrayals of both Hengist and Horsa (as
985:
514:
2484:
1278:, which was touted as a newly discovered work by
1265:convened. One of three members of the committee,
698:as children after Vortigern killed their brother
4628:
2855:Also monarch of Wessex, Essex, Sussex and Mercia
2323:Thomas Jefferson and the New Nation: A Biography
1706:
546:adapted and greatly expanded the account in the
2527:
2408:
1919:
1856:
1826:
1817:
1769:
1751:
1733:
1724:
1654:
1645:
1636:
1203:Unit assigned the Uffington White Horse to the
2517:Anglo-Saxon Studies in Archaeology and History
1958:
1849:
1847:
1783:
1781:
1528:
1387:, legendary founder of the kingdom of Wessex.
472:Vortigern had meanwhile incurred the wrath of
194:The original Old English word for a horse was
3416:
2883:
2630:
2002:
550:. Hengist and Horsa appear in books 6 and 8:
231:is derived from the Proto-Indo-European base
119:. For a time, they served as mercenaries for
2409:Taylor, Gary; Lavagnino, John, eds. (2007).
2358:Ecclesiastical History of the English People
2174:
1512:
1510:
1394:on the Isle of Thanet is named Hengist Way.
1282:in 1796, but was soon revealed as a hoax by
1199:dating, David Miles and Simon Palmer of the
295:Ecclesiastical History of the English People
219:which gave rise to the modern English words
2271:(Rutgers UP, 1984), pp 1–34, historiography
1844:
1835:
1778:
1760:
1742:
1715:
1697:
1452:
1107:migrated southward from Scandinavia led by
191:mean "stallion" and "horse", respectively.
4557:Locations associated with Arthurian legend
3423:
3409:
2890:
2876:
2637:
2623:
2151:
2092:
1916:Simek (2007:59–60) and Mallory (2005:135).
1910:
1546:
1537:
686:prophesied to Vortigern that the brothers
481:in Thanet, secondly fighting at the river
1984:
1609:
1600:
1582:
1573:
1519:
1507:
604:in Lindsey). Here he built the castle of
417:
311:Bede, Hengist and Horsa were the sons of
3430:
2431:
2339:
2320:
2247:. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
1949:
1935:The German Legends of the Brothers Grimm
1874:
1865:
1470:
1309:took their names from the brothers: the
1234:
1164:
1154:
1042:, had confused two separate traditions.
520:
423:
347:. The brothers landed at Eopwinesfleot (
330:
45:
29:
3782:Constantine III (Western Roman Emperor)
2452:
2274:
2242:
2230:
2188:Proceedings of the Philological Society
2128:
2119:
2011:
1883:
1796:
1485:
489:, where both Horsa and Vortigern's son
4629:
4597:
3173:Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum
2852:Also monarch of East Anglia and Mercia
2440:
2251:
2026:
1993:
1672:
1627:
1618:
1591:
1564:
1555:
1243:, Germany, depicting Hengist and Horsa
186:
177:
3404:
2871:
2618:
2511:
2411:Thomas Middleton: The Collected Works
2382:
261:, meaning 'the brown one'. While the
4512:List of legendary rulers of Cornwall
3772:Constans II (son of Constantine III)
2644:
2553:
2505:Viking Society for Northern Research
2355:
2301:
2207:
2198:
1461:
1121:that this migration was prompted by
996:A Hengest appears in line 34 of the
824:
717:As they marched to meet the Saxons,
243:(the latter two are borrowings from
1898:Chickering Jr. (2006:111 and 1113).
1230:
971:An 1877 version of the logo of the
539:The History of the Kings of Britain
13:
4707:People whose existence is disputed
4507:List of legendary kings of Britain
2238:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2093:Chickering, Howell D. Jr. (2006).
1442:, sometimes linked to the Dioscuri
390:In the entry for the year 455 the
383:(leaving their original homeland,
235:, to run, which also gave rise to
14:
4728:
2574:
2027:Borges, Jorge Luis (1977-06-20).
1350:in Kent to dedicate the longship
1331:Hengist Quiere Hombres (449 A.D.)
1317:. The 20th-century American poet
1197:optically stimulated luminescence
4608:
4596:
3385:
3384:
2554:West, Martin Litchfield (2007).
2388:Dictionary of Northern Mythology
2097:Beowulf: A Dual-Language Edition
1418:, Vedic twin deities of medicine
1333:was published in translation in
1002:, which describes the legendary
964:
945:
926:
911:
896:
881:
873:Gable with crossed horse heads,
866:
854:
769:is my warrant, who, when he had
753:and his kinsman Eosa to Alclud (
2279:In Search of the Indo-Europeans
2070:
2050:
2020:
1928:
1790:
1666:
1286:. The pair have plaques in the
1263:Great Seal of the United States
516:History of the Kings of Britain
288:
4578:Vera historia de morte Arthuri
2349:University of California Press
2180:"On the Etymology of the word
2029:"Hengist Wants Men (449 A.D.)"
1946:Taylor. Lavagnino (2007:1148).
1676:A Brief History of King Arthur
1479:
1077:records the veneration of the
975:farmers' co-operative movement
634:northern parts of Britain, by
69:brothers said to have led the
1:
2556:Indo-European Poetry and Myth
2529:Wallace-Hadrill, John Michael
2390:. Translated by Angela Hall.
2085:
1140:Some would maintain that the
789:
281:. It has been suggested that
4647:5th-century English monarchs
2321:Peterson, Merill D. (1970).
2252:Ingram, James Henry (1823).
2152:Frédriksen, John C. (2001).
1492:. George Allen & Unwin.
1115:records in his 12th-century
1052:divine pair of twin brothers
727:Treachery of the Long Knives
558:Geoffrey records that three
164:
129:Treachery of the Long Knives
7:
4662:British traditional history
4572:Trojan genealogy of Nennius
3872:Eldol, Consul of Gloucester
2558:. Oxford University Press.
1907:Wallace-Hadrill (1993:215).
1428:Horses in Germanic paganism
1397:
1210:
1062:were especially devoted to
980:
861:Sketch of a farmhouse gable
474:Germanus, Bishop of Auxerre
442:, attributed to the Briton
10:
4733:
4562:Treason of the Long Knives
2448:. Oxford University Press.
2304:Silent Wings, Silent Death
2039:. New York, NY: Condé Nast
1925:Schwyzer (1999:45 and 56).
1158:
40:Pageant of British History
18:
4592:
4450:
4437:Æthelfrith of Northumbria
3524:
3475:
3457:Historia Regum Britanniae
3438:
3380:
3359:
3218:
3105:
3089:
3028:
2982:
2906:
2842:Existence uncertain (See
2838:
2652:
2603:
2594:
2586:
2581:
2214:Stanford University Press
2129:Faulkes, Anthony (1995).
1972:. University of Rochester
1176:In his 17th-century work
920:Buchholz in der Nordheide
677:
553:
54:'s 1611 "Saxon Heptarchy"
4697:Legendary English people
4552:Siege of Exeter (c. 630)
3241:Early Germanic calendars
2432:Thompson, Aaron (1842).
2302:Nigl, Alfred J. (2007).
2120:Everill, George (1845).
1862:Thompson (1842:154–155).
1832:Thompson (1842:151–152).
1823:Thompson (1842:150–151).
1775:Thompson (1842:125–126).
1757:Thompson (1842:124–125).
1739:Thompson (1842:122–123).
1730:Thompson (1842:121–122).
1712:Thompson (1842:120–121).
1681:Constable & Robinson
1673:Ashley, Michael (2005).
1663:Thompson (1842:118–119).
1642:Thompson (1842:116–117).
1486:Tolkien, J.R.R. (1982).
1446:
1323:Ode to Hengist and Horsa
1219:identified Hengist with
806:, the first book of the
269:refer to the brother as
21:Hengist (disambiguation)
3687:Camber (legendary king)
3597:Augustine of Canterbury
2907:Gods and divine figures
2537:Oxford University Press
2415:Oxford University Press
2275:Mallory, J. P. (2005).
2243:Harland, James (2021).
2208:Hunt, Tim, ed. (1991).
2124:. Munich: George Franz.
1344:Prince Georg of Denmark
1321:composed a poem titled
1100:History of the Lombards
702:and their father, King
408:Battle of Wippedesfleot
4672:English heroic legends
4652:5th century in England
4496:Gesta Regum Britanniae
4287:Quintus Laberius Durus
4282:Publius Septimius Geta
2858:Also monarch of Wessex
2849:Also monarch of Mercia
2306:. Graphic Publishing.
2199:Gunn, William (1819).
1380:Conscience of the King
1244:
1173:
1152:
1089:as the leaders of the
1040:Ecclesiastical History
958:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
890:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
847:Martin Litchfield West
780:
649:
548:History of the Britons
533:
439:History of the Britons
433:
419:History of the Britons
363:; the Jutes Kent, the
303:Ecclesiastical History
275:History of the Britons
263:Ecclesiastical History
55:
43:
25:Horsa (disambiguation)
4712:Legendary progenitors
4232:Oswald of Northumbria
3777:Constantine the Great
3128:Anglo-Saxon Rune Poem
3114:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
2486:Turville-Petre, J. E.
2436:. London: James Bohn.
2008:Frédriksen (2001:14).
1811:10.1093/notesj/gjt236
1458:Halsall (2013:60-62).
1284:William Henry Ireland
1254:Hengist, King of Kent
1238:
1186:Uffington White Horse
1171:Uffington White Horse
1168:
1161:Uffington White Horse
1155:Uffington White Horse
1137:
762:
630:
524:
427:
340:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
332:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
267:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
106:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
49:
33:
4657:Anglo-Saxon warriors
4237:Oswiu of Northumbria
4062:Julius Asclepiodotus
3987:Gwenddoleu ap Ceidio
3862:Edwin of Northumbria
3787:Constantine (Briton)
3657:Budic II of Brittany
3632:Bledric ap Custennin
3557:Ambrosius Aurelianus
3432:Geoffrey of Monmouth
3360:Modern pagan revival
3336:Wetlands and islands
3186:Old English language
2899:Anglo-Saxon paganism
1853:Thompson (1842:154).
1841:Thompson (1842:153).
1787:Thompson (1842:149).
1766:Thompson (1842:125).
1748:Thompson (1842:123).
1721:Thompson (1842:121).
1703:Thompson (1842:119).
1552:Ingram (1823:15-16).
1543:Ingram (1823:13-14).
1275:Vortigern and Rowena
1178:Monumenta Britannica
1064:what he describes as
544:Geoffrey of Monmouth
526:Vortigern and Rowena
485:, the third time at
251:eventually replaced
4463:Battle of Arfderydd
4342:Silvius (mythology)
4042:Ingenius of Britain
3927:Gogmagog (folklore)
3797:Cordelia of Britain
3792:Constantius Chlorus
3682:Cadwallon ap Cadfan
3219:Society and culture
3162:Finnesburg Fragment
3142:De temporum ratione
2490:"Hengest and Horsa"
2285:Thames & Hudson
1970:The Camelot Project
1955:Peterson (1970:98).
1799:Notes & Queries
1651:Thompson (117–118).
1525:Tolkien (2006:173).
1516:Mallory (2005:135).
1280:William Shakespeare
1085:cites the brothers
1032:Finnesburg Fragment
1004:Battle of Finnsburg
999:Finnesburg Fragment
987:Finnesburg Fragment
300:In his 8th-century
277:his name is simply
206:Proto-Indo-European
179:[ˈhendʒest]
137:Finnesburg Fragment
125:King of the Britons
4642:5th-century deaths
4637:5th-century births
4442:Œthelwald of Deira
4432:Æthelberht of Kent
4422:Wulfhere of Mercia
4362:Son of Gorbonianus
4267:Pir of the Britons
4217:Nennius of Britain
3952:Gracianus Municeps
3842:Dunvallo Molmutius
3647:Brutus Greenshield
3449:Prophetiae Merlini
2201:Historia Brittonum
1990:Everill (1845:12).
1615:Gunn (1819:31–32).
1606:Gunn (1819:30–31).
1588:Gunn (1819:23–24).
1579:Gunn (1819:22–23).
1476:Harland (2021:32).
1436:, a heraldic motif
1245:
1201:Oxford Archaeology
1174:
1118:Deeds of the Danes
835:Schleswig-Holstein
688:Aurelius Ambrosius
615:: "thong castle."
590:Aurelius Ambrosius
534:
434:
56:
44:
4717:Castor and Pollux
4677:Founding monarchs
4624:
4623:
4522:Matter of Britain
4484:Brut y Tywysogion
4478:Battle of Guoloph
4473:Battle of Camlann
4337:Septimius Severus
4302:Regan (King Lear)
4172:Marius of Britain
4122:Lucius of Britain
4012:Hengist and Horsa
3547:Alhfrith of Deira
3501:Brut y Brenhinedd
3398:
3397:
3256:Germanic paganism
3010:Hengist and Horsa
2969:Wayland the Smith
2865:
2864:
2795:Eadberht III Præn
2613:
2612:
2604:Succeeded by
2565:978-0-19-928075-9
2454:Tolkien, J. R. R.
2424:978-0-19-922588-0
2401:978-0-85991-513-7
2362:Leo Sherley-Price
2351:. pp. 42–62.
2313:978-1-882824-31-1
1880:Simek (2007:139).
1871:Faulkes (1995:4).
1440:Thracian horseman
1327:Jorge Luis Borges
1067:Castor and Pollux
829:On farmhouses in
825:Horse-head gables
694:(who had fled to
371:; and the Angles
204:derives from the
188:[ˈhorˠzɑ]
83:supposed invasion
4724:
4692:Kentish monarchs
4615:Wikisource texts
4612:
4600:
4599:
4584:Walter of Oxford
4322:Rud Hud Hudibras
4297:Redon of Britain
4057:Julius and Aaron
4002:Helena (empress)
3977:Gurguit Barbtruc
3602:Aurelius Conanus
3425:
3418:
3411:
3402:
3401:
3388:
3387:
3180:Nine Herbs Charm
2892:
2885:
2878:
2869:
2868:
2646:Monarchs of Kent
2639:
2632:
2625:
2616:
2615:
2587:Preceded by
2579:
2578:
2569:
2550:
2524:
2508:
2494:
2481:
2463:Finn and Hengest
2449:
2442:Thorpe, Benjamin
2437:
2428:
2405:
2379:
2366:Penguin Classics
2360:. Translated by
2352:
2341:Schwyzer, Philip
2336:
2317:
2298:
2282:
2257:
2248:
2239:
2227:
2204:
2195:
2171:
2148:
2125:
2116:
2100:
2080:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2064:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2044:
2035:. Translated by
2024:
2018:
2017:Hunt (1991:423).
2015:
2009:
2006:
2000:
1997:
1991:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1962:
1956:
1953:
1947:
1944:
1938:
1932:
1926:
1923:
1917:
1914:
1908:
1905:
1899:
1896:
1890:
1889:West (2007:190).
1887:
1881:
1878:
1872:
1869:
1863:
1860:
1854:
1851:
1842:
1839:
1833:
1830:
1824:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1794:
1788:
1785:
1776:
1773:
1767:
1764:
1758:
1755:
1749:
1746:
1740:
1737:
1731:
1728:
1722:
1719:
1713:
1710:
1704:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1670:
1664:
1661:
1652:
1649:
1643:
1640:
1634:
1631:
1625:
1622:
1616:
1613:
1607:
1604:
1598:
1595:
1589:
1586:
1580:
1577:
1571:
1568:
1562:
1559:
1553:
1550:
1544:
1541:
1535:
1532:
1526:
1523:
1517:
1514:
1505:
1503:
1489:Finn and Hengest
1483:
1477:
1474:
1468:
1465:
1459:
1456:
1319:Robinson Jeffers
1311:Slingsby Hengist
1307:military gliders
1267:Thomas Jefferson
1249:Thomas Middleton
1239:Coat of arms of
1231:Modern influence
1113:Saxo Grammaticus
1028:J. R. R. Tolkien
1023:Finn and Hengest
968:
952:Coat of arms of
949:
933:Coat of arms of
930:
918:Coat of arms of
915:
900:
885:
870:
858:
798:Snorri Sturluson
668:Nemet oure Saxas
530:William Hamilton
436:The 9th century
430:Richard Rowlands
190:
181:
155:Hengistbury Head
148:J. R. R. Tolkien
34:The brothers in
4732:
4731:
4727:
4726:
4725:
4723:
4722:
4721:
4627:
4626:
4625:
4620:
4588:
4468:Battle of Badon
4446:
4392:Uther Pendragon
4252:Penda of Mercia
4242:Owain mab Urien
4142:Maelgwn Gwynedd
4132:Lud son of Heli
4127:Lucius Tiberius
4107:Leir of Britain
4052:Jago of Britain
3997:Queen Gwendolen
3922:Goffar the Pict
3697:Capetus Silvius
3520:
3471:
3434:
3429:
3399:
3394:
3376:
3355:
3281:Metrical charms
3214:
3101:
3085:
3024:
2978:
2902:
2896:
2866:
2861:
2834:
2648:
2643:
2609:
2600:
2592:
2577:
2572:
2566:
2547:
2492:
2478:
2425:
2402:
2376:
2345:Representations
2333:
2325:. Sourcebooks.
2314:
2295:
2224:
2168:
2145:
2113:
2088:
2083:
2075:
2071:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2055:
2051:
2042:
2040:
2025:
2021:
2016:
2012:
2007:
2003:
1999:Nigl (2007:19).
1998:
1994:
1989:
1985:
1975:
1973:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1933:
1929:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1911:
1906:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1875:
1870:
1866:
1861:
1857:
1852:
1845:
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1836:
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1827:
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1795:
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1702:
1698:
1691:
1671:
1667:
1662:
1655:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1637:
1633:Gunn (1819:34).
1632:
1628:
1624:Gunn (1819:33).
1623:
1619:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1601:
1597:Gunn (1819:29).
1596:
1592:
1587:
1583:
1578:
1574:
1570:Gunn (1819:22).
1569:
1565:
1561:Gunn (1819:18).
1560:
1556:
1551:
1547:
1542:
1538:
1534:Bede (1990:63).
1533:
1529:
1524:
1520:
1515:
1508:
1500:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1400:
1288:Walhalla Temple
1233:
1213:
1193:Ancient Britons
1163:
1157:
1097:'s 8th-century
1095:Paul the Deacon
1093:. According to
1087:Raos and Raptos
1048:
994:
983:
976:
969:
960:
950:
941:
931:
922:
916:
907:
901:
892:
886:
877:
871:
862:
859:
827:
794:
733:for Kaerconan (
692:Uther Pendragon
680:
556:
519:
422:
335:
298:
291:
167:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4730:
4720:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
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4639:
4622:
4621:
4619:
4618:
4606:
4593:
4590:
4589:
4587:
4586:
4581:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4527:Molmutine Laws
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4492:
4487:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4454:
4452:
4448:
4447:
4445:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
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4404:
4399:
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4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4332:Sawyl Penuchel
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4307:Rhydderch Hael
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4147:Magnus Maximus
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4022:Humber the Hun
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
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3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
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3799:
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3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3767:Conan Meriadoc
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3722:Cassivellaunus
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3692:Cap of Britain
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3662:Cadfan ap Iago
3659:
3654:
3652:Brutus of Troy
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
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3405:
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3348:
3343:
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3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
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3238:
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3228:
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3213:
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3205:
3198:
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3176:
3169:
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3145:
3138:
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3124:
3117:
3109:
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3103:
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3099:
3093:
3091:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3046:Dwarf (Dweorh)
3043:
3038:
3032:
3030:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2986:
2984:
2983:Heroic figures
2980:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
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2641:
2634:
2627:
2619:
2611:
2610:
2605:
2602:
2593:
2588:
2584:
2583:
2582:Regnal titles
2576:
2575:External links
2573:
2571:
2570:
2564:
2551:
2545:
2525:
2513:Yorke, Barbara
2509:
2482:
2476:
2450:
2438:
2429:
2423:
2406:
2400:
2380:
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2149:
2143:
2126:
2117:
2111:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2076:OpenStreetMap
2069:
2049:
2037:Reid, Alastair
2033:The New Yorker
2019:
2010:
2001:
1992:
1983:
1957:
1948:
1939:
1927:
1918:
1909:
1900:
1891:
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1425:
1419:
1413:
1407:
1399:
1396:
1385:Cerdic Elesing
1370:Merlin Trilogy
1336:The New Yorker
1315:Airspeed Horsa
1305:, two British
1232:
1229:
1225:German Legends
1217:Brothers Grimm
1212:
1209:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1150:
1069:. In his work
1047:
1044:
993:
984:
982:
979:
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902:
895:
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865:
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826:
823:
796:The Icelander
793:
788:
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679:
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648:
647:
555:
552:
518:
513:
421:
416:
367:, and part of
334:
329:
297:
292:
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287:
166:
163:
117:Isle of Thanet
36:Edward Parrott
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4729:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4687:Kent folklore
4685:
4683:
4682:Jutish people
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
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4459:
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4453:
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4425:
4423:
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4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4357:Sisillius III
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
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4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4212:Myrddin Wyllt
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
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4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4067:Julius Caesar
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3857:Edern ap Nudd
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
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3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
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3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
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3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3523:
3517:
3516:
3512:
3510:
3509:
3505:
3503:
3502:
3498:
3496:
3495:
3490:
3488:
3487:
3486:Roman de Brut
3483:
3482:
3480:
3478:
3474:
3467:
3466:
3462:
3459:
3458:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3446:
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3443:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3426:
3421:
3419:
3414:
3412:
3407:
3406:
3403:
3391:
3383:
3382:
3379:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3358:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3341:Wilweorthunga
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
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3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
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3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
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3229:
3227:
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3217:
3211:
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3206:
3204:
3203:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3181:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3170:
3168:
3167:Franks Casket
3165:
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3160:
3158:
3157:
3153:
3151:
3150:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3139:
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3132:
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3129:
3125:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3116:
3115:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3104:
3098:
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3082:
3079:
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3039:
3037:
3034:
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3027:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2987:
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2975:
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2967:
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2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2901:and mythology
2900:
2893:
2888:
2886:
2881:
2879:
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2873:
2870:
2857:
2854:
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2848:
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2828:
2826:
2823:
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2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
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2761:
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2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
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2675:
2673:
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2668:
2665:
2663:
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2647:
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2617:
2608:
2599:
2598:
2591:
2585:
2580:
2567:
2561:
2557:
2552:
2548:
2546:0-19-822174-6
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2477:0-261-10355-5
2473:
2469:
2468:HarperCollins
2465:
2464:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2430:
2426:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2407:
2403:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2384:Simek, Rudolf
2381:
2377:
2375:0-14-044565-X
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2356:Bede (1990).
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2332:0-19-501909-1
2328:
2324:
2319:
2315:
2309:
2305:
2300:
2296:
2294:0-500-27616-1
2290:
2286:
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2273:
2270:
2266:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2223:0-8047-1847-4
2219:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2202:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2183:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2167:1-57607-364-5
2163:
2159:
2155:
2150:
2146:
2144:0-460-87616-3
2140:
2136:
2132:
2127:
2123:
2118:
2114:
2112:1-4000-9622-7
2108:
2104:
2099:
2098:
2091:
2090:
2079:
2073:
2059:
2053:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2023:
2014:
2005:
1996:
1987:
1976:September 16,
1971:
1967:
1961:
1952:
1943:
1936:
1931:
1922:
1913:
1904:
1895:
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1877:
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1513:
1511:
1501:
1499:0-0482-9003-3
1495:
1491:
1490:
1482:
1473:
1467:Yorke (1993).
1464:
1455:
1451:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1432:
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1426:
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1402:
1401:
1395:
1393:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1381:
1376:
1375:Alfred Duggan
1372:
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1366:
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1228:
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1218:
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1198:
1194:
1190:
1187:
1184:ascribes the
1183:
1179:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1148:
1143:
1139:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1133:J. P. Mallory
1130:
1128:
1124:
1123:Aggi and Ebbi
1120:
1119:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1101:
1096:
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869:
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857:
852:
851:
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848:
844:
840:
837:, horse-head
836:
832:
822:
819:
815:
811:
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799:
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787:
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401:
397:
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388:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
365:Isle of Wight
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
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333:
328:
326:
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318:
314:
309:
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80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
53:
50:Hengist from
48:
41:
37:
32:
26:
22:
4702:Origin myths
4667:Brother duos
4614:
4602:
4576:
4547:River Malvam
4494:
4482:
4352:Sisillius II
4222:Octa of Kent
4157:Queen Marcia
4152:Mandubracius
4027:Iago ap Beli
4011:
3513:
3506:
3499:
3493:
3484:
3477:Translations
3465:Vita Merlini
3463:
3455:
3447:
3209:Wið færstice
3207:
3200:
3178:
3171:
3154:
3147:
3140:
3133:
3126:
3119:
3112:
3029:Other beings
3009:
2755:Æthelbert II
2682:Æthelberht I
2656:
2601:455/456–488
2597:King of Kent
2595:
2555:
2532:
2520:
2516:
2500:
2496:
2461:
2445:
2433:
2410:
2387:
2357:
2344:
2322:
2303:
2278:
2268:
2261:
2253:
2244:
2235:
2232:Halsall, Guy
2209:
2200:
2191:
2187:
2181:
2176:Guest, Edwin
2153:
2130:
2121:
2103:Anchor Books
2096:
2072:
2061:. Retrieved
2052:
2041:. Retrieved
2032:
2022:
2013:
2004:
1995:
1986:
1974:. Retrieved
1969:
1960:
1951:
1942:
1934:
1930:
1921:
1912:
1903:
1894:
1885:
1876:
1867:
1858:
1837:
1828:
1819:
1802:
1798:
1792:
1771:
1762:
1753:
1744:
1735:
1726:
1717:
1708:
1699:
1675:
1668:
1647:
1638:
1629:
1620:
1611:
1602:
1593:
1584:
1575:
1566:
1557:
1548:
1539:
1530:
1521:
1487:
1481:
1472:
1463:
1454:
1422:Divine twins
1404:Alcis (gods)
1390:Part of the
1389:
1378:
1368:
1365:Mary Stewart
1358:
1351:
1341:
1334:
1330:
1325:. Likewise,
1322:
1303:World War II
1300:
1273:
1271:
1258:
1252:
1246:
1224:
1214:
1177:
1175:
1141:
1131:
1116:
1109:Ibur and Aio
1098:
1070:
1049:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1021:
1018:
1007:
997:
995:
990:
986:
843:Rudolf Simek
831:Lower Saxony
828:
813:
807:
802:
795:
790:
781:
759:
739:
731:
716:
708:
682:In Cambria,
681:
667:
665:
661:
657:
650:
627:
624:
617:
612:
605:
599:
595:
582:
573:
557:
547:
537:
535:
525:
515:
506:
498:
495:
471:
459:
452:
448:
438:
435:
418:
411:
391:
389:
338:
336:
331:
301:
299:
294:
289:Attestations
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
256:
252:
248:
240:
237:hurry, carry
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
209:
201:
195:
193:
183:
174:
168:
152:
141:
135:
133:
110:
98:alliterative
95:
62:
58:
57:
39:
4567:Trinovantum
4417:Vortiporius
4372:Tasciovanus
4347:Sisillius I
4167:Marganus II
3942:Gorbonianus
3822:Saint David
3582:King Arthur
3537:Saint Alban
3515:Merlínússpá
3508:Breta sögur
3156:Ealuscerwen
3097:Middangeard
3061:Eoten/Thurs
2785:Ecgberht II
2765:Eadberht II
2695:Eorcenberht
2488:(1953–57).
2458:Bliss, Alan
2392:D.S. Brewer
2182:Stone-henge
1966:"Vortigern"
1434:Saxon Steed
1361:King Arthur
1348:Pegwell Bay
1189:hill figure
1182:John Aubrey
1083:Cassius Dio
903:A gable in
888:A gable in
818:euhemerized
735:Conisbrough
704:Constantine
560:brigantines
381:Northumbria
373:East Anglia
171:Old English
4631:Categories
4177:Mempricius
3982:Gurgustius
3972:Gurgintius
3832:Diocletian
3827:Digueillus
3812:Cunobeline
3807:Cunedagius
3612:Beldgabred
3587:Arvirargus
3562:Amphibalus
3542:Albanactus
3525:Characters
3492:Layamon's
3196:Sutton Hoo
3191:Spong Hill
2830:Æthelberht
2810:Ceolwulf I
2750:Eadbert I
2705:Ecgberht I
2086:References
2063:2013-10-26
2043:2022-12-01
1690:1472107659
1292:Regensburg
1205:Bronze Age
1159:See also:
973:Raiffeisen
809:Prose Edda
791:Prose Edda
773:, king of
745:, Duke of
723:Gloucester
721:, Duke of
638:, between
613:Thancastre
606:Kaercorrei
564:Canterbury
509:hallelujah
225:equestrian
52:John Speed
4603:Wikiquote
4542:Riothamus
4490:Excalibur
4407:Vortigern
4402:Vespasian
4292:Redechius
4277:Porrex II
4262:Peredurus
4247:Pandrasus
3992:Gwenddydd
3967:Guithelin
3962:Guinevere
3957:Guiderius
3907:Fulgenius
3897:Eudaf Hen
3892:Estrildis
3887:Enniaunus
3747:Cledaucus
3717:Carausius
3712:Caradocus
3707:Caracalla
3677:Cadwaladr
3617:Beli Mawr
3572:Archgallo
3567:Andragius
3468:(c. 1150)
3460:(c. 1136)
3452:(c. 1135)
3372:Seax-Wica
3367:Heathenry
3286:Moot hill
3090:Locations
3000:Eormenric
2825:Æthelstan
2820:Æthelwulf
2730:Swæfberht
2725:Swæfheard
2710:Hlothhere
2700:Eormenred
2691:Æðelwald
2677:Eormenric
2590:Vortigern
2507:: 273–90.
2497:Saga-Book
1805:: 11–13.
1410:Ašvieniai
1392:A299 road
1342:In 1949,
1339:in 1977.
1060:North Sea
939:Brunswick
755:Dumbarton
712:Sheffield
499:nima der
412:Chronicle
396:Aylesford
392:Chronicle
369:Hampshire
349:Ebbsfleet
323:, son of
319:, son of
315:, son of
273:, in the
165:Etymology
121:Vortigern
113:Ebbsfleet
81:in their
4502:Lailoken
4412:Vortimer
4367:Taliesin
4272:Porrex I
4207:Morvidus
4202:Morgause
4182:Merianus
4162:Marganus
4117:King Lot
4112:Locrinus
4087:Kinarius
4082:Kimarcus
3937:Gorboduc
3917:Gerennus
3877:Elidurus
3847:Ebraucus
3837:Dionotus
3802:Corineus
3757:Coel Hen
3752:Clotenus
3742:Claudius
3732:Catigern
3727:Catellus
3642:Brennius
3607:Bedivere
3592:Ascanius
3577:Archmail
3552:Allectus
3390:Category
3326:Weregild
3246:Folkmoot
3076:Wælcyrge
2805:Coenwulf
2790:Ealhmund
2780:Heaberht
2760:Eardwulf
2531:(1993).
2523:: 45–50.
2456:(2006).
2444:(1855).
2386:(2007).
2234:(2013).
2178:(1853).
2158:ABC-CLIO
2135:Everyman
1398:See also
1346:came to
1329:'s poem
1313:and the
1251:'s play
1221:Aschanes
1211:Aschanes
1127:Dioscuri
1111:, while
1105:Lombards
1071:Germania
981:Theories
954:Spornitz
816:gives a
814:Prologue
803:Prologue
747:Cornwall
700:Constans
696:Armorica
653:Cherdich
636:the wall
608:, or in
491:Catigern
478:Vortimer
404:Crayford
313:Wictgils
265:and the
212:, hence
67:Germanic
4537:Pridwen
4532:Nennius
4397:Venissa
4387:Urianus
4377:Trahern
4317:Rivallo
4257:Peredur
4197:Mordred
4097:Lavinia
4092:Latinus
4077:Keredic
4072:Sir Kay
4047:Innogen
4037:Igraine
4032:Idvallo
4007:Helenus
3947:Gorlois
3932:Goneril
3637:Bledudo
3622:Belinus
3276:Maypole
3202:Widsith
3135:Beowulf
3121:Æcerbot
3106:Sources
3020:Waldere
2844:Eadbald
2815:Baldred
2800:Cuthred
2775:Eanmund
2770:Sigered
2740:Wihtred
2687:Eadbald
2657:Hengest
2460:(ed.).
1416:Ashvins
1301:During
1296:Bavaria
1142:premier
1091:Astings
1075:Tacitus
1056:Timaeus
1036:Beowulf
1009:Beowulf
991:Beowulf
905:Hanover
875:Hanover
743:Gorlois
672:Cambria
602:Caistor
585:Lindsey
487:Epsford
483:Derwent
455:Scythia
444:Nennius
241:current
175:Hengest
143:Beowulf
140:and in
115:on the
87:Britain
59:Hengist
4517:Logres
4458:Avalon
4451:Topics
4382:Turnus
4312:Rience
4192:Millus
4187:Merlin
4137:Maddan
3912:Gawain
3902:Ferrex
3852:Edadus
3817:Danius
3762:Coilus
3737:Cherin
3702:Capoir
3627:Bladud
3532:Aeneas
3306:Symbel
3266:Horses
3236:Burial
3231:Blōtan
3041:Dragon
3036:Cofgod
3015:Sceafa
2949:Saxnot
2939:Hretha
2934:Gefjon
2924:Ēostre
2735:Oswine
2715:Eadric
2562:
2543:
2474:
2421:
2398:
2372:
2329:
2310:
2291:
2220:
2194:(130).
2164:
2141:
2109:
1687:
1496:
1259:Hersus
1103:, the
839:gables
812:. The
775:Amalek
767:Samuel
684:Merlin
678:Book 8
644:Humber
620:Rowena
568:Saxony
554:Book 6
532:(1793)
467:Orkney
432:(1605)
385:Angeln
379:, and
377:Mercia
361:Wessex
359:, and
357:Sussex
245:French
221:equine
210:*éḱwos
173:names
159:Dorset
75:Saxons
71:Angles
42:(1909)
4427:Ywain
4227:Oenus
3882:Eliud
3867:Eldol
3672:Cador
3667:Cadoc
3440:Works
3331:Wicce
3321:Thyle
3316:Thing
3311:Thegn
3296:Rings
3291:Runes
3261:Hearg
3251:Frith
3081:Wight
2995:Beowa
2974:Wōden
2954:Þunor
2929:Frige
2919:Beowa
2745:Alric
2662:Horsa
2493:(PDF)
1447:Notes
1353:Hugin
1241:Bünde
1147:Macha
1079:Alcis
1006:. In
935:Thune
784:mound
719:Eldol
640:Deira
610:Saxon
528:, by
463:Ochta
353:Essex
345:Picts
325:Woden
321:Wecta
317:Witta
283:Horsa
271:Horsa
233:*kurs
217:equus
214:Latin
208:base
184:Horsa
79:Jutes
63:Horsa
4327:Runo
4102:Leil
4017:Hoel
3494:Brut
3351:Yule
3346:Wyrd
3301:Scop
3226:Bēot
3149:Deor
3071:Neck
3066:Mare
3056:Ides
3005:Finn
2990:Ægil
2964:Wade
2672:Octa
2667:Oisc
2607:Oisc
2560:ISBN
2541:ISBN
2472:ISBN
2419:ISBN
2396:ISBN
2370:ISBN
2327:ISBN
2308:ISBN
2289:ISBN
2218:ISBN
2162:ISBN
2139:ISBN
2131:Edda
2107:ISBN
1978:2009
1685:ISBN
1494:ISBN
1215:The
1169:The
1034:and
1014:scop
1012:, a
989:and
833:and
771:Agag
751:York
690:and
577:Alba
501:sexa
337:The
308:Bede
279:Hors
258:bear
249:Hors
239:and
229:Hors
223:and
182:and
169:The
102:Bede
91:Kent
77:and
65:are
61:and
23:and
3271:Law
3051:Elf
2959:Tiw
2944:Ing
2914:Ēse
2720:Mul
1807:doi
1803:259
1377:'s
1367:'s
1290:at
757:).
400:Esc
253:eoh
247:).
202:Eoh
197:eoh
157:in
85:of
38:'s
4633::
2539:.
2535:.
2519:.
2503:.
2501:14
2499:.
2495:.
2470:.
2466:.
2417:.
2413:.
2394:.
2368:.
2364:.
2287:.
2283:.
2216:.
2212:.
2190:.
2186:.
2160:.
2156:.
2137:.
2133:.
2105:.
2101:.
2031:.
1968:.
1846:^
1801:.
1780:^
1683:.
1679:.
1656:^
1509:^
1294:,
1207:.
1180:,
1073:,
1026:,
956:,
937:,
674:.
542:,
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