Henrik Ibsen - Knowledge

4460: 1669:"is the curse of the individual.… The state must be abolished." Brandes related that Ibsen "presented to me as political ideals, conditions and ideas whose nature did not seem to me quite clear, but which were unquestionably akin to those that were proclaimed precisely one month later, in an extremely distorted form, by the Parisian commune." And in another letter shortly before the Commune came to an end, Ibsen expressed a disappointment with the Commune, insofar as it did not go far enough in its anarchism in its rejection of the state and private property. Ibsen wrote, "Is it not impudent of the commune in Paris to go and destroy my admirable state theory, or rather no state theory? The idea is now ruined for a long time to come, and I cannot even set it forth in verse with any propriety." However, Ibsen nevertheless expressed an optimism, asserting that his "no state theory" bears "within itself a healthy core" and that some day "it will be practised without any caricature." 838:

areas they lived, often of continental European ancestry. He argues that "the Ibsen family belonged to an elite that distanced itself strongly from the common farmer population, and considered itself part of an educated European culture" and that "it was this patrician class that formed his cultural identity and upbringing." Haave points to many examples of both Henrik Ibsen and other members of his family having a condescending attitude towards common Norwegian farmers, viewing them as "some sort of primitive indigenous population," and being very conscious of their own identity as members of the sophisticated upper class. Haave points out that Ibsen's most immediate family—Knud, Marichen and Henrik's siblings—disintegrated financially and socially in the 1850s, but that it happened after Henrik had left home, at a time when he was establishing himself as a successful man of theatre, while his extended family, such as his uncles

794:, outside of the city. They were still relatively affluent, had four servants, and socialised with other members of the Skien elite, e.g. through lavish parties; their closest neighbours on Southern Venstøp were former shipowner and mayor of Skien Ulrich Frederik Cudrio and his family, who also had been forced to sell their townhouse. In 1843, after Henrik left home, the Ibsen family moved to a townhouse at Snipetorp, owned by Knud Ibsen's half-brother and former apprentice Christopher Blom Paus, who had established himself as an independent merchant in Skien in 1836 and who eventually became one of the city's leading shipowners. Knud continued to struggle to maintain his business and had some success in the 1840s, but in the 1850s his business ventures and professional activities came to an end, and he became reliant on support from his successful younger half-brothers. 1224:

daughter, Hedvig, is not his child. Blinded by Gregers' insistence on absolute truth, Hjalmar disavows the child. Seeing the damage he has wrought, Gregers determines to repair things, and suggests to Hedvig that she sacrifice the wild duck, her wounded pet, to prove her love for Hjalmar. Hedvig, alone among the characters, recognizes that Gregers always speaks in code, and looking for the deeper meaning in the first important statement Gregers makes which does not contain one, kills herself rather than the duck in order to prove her love for him in the ultimate act of self-sacrifice. Only too late do Hjalmar and Gregers realize that the absolute truth of the "ideal" is sometimes too much for the human heart to bear.

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rented a part of the building and lived with a maid. On the first floor the brothers sold foreign wines and a variety of luxury items, while also engaging in wholesale export of timber in cooperation with their first cousin Diderik von Cappelen (1795–1866). On 1 December 1825, Knud married his stepfather's niece Marichen, who then moved in with them. Henrik was born there in 1828. In 1830, Marichen's mother Hedevig left Altenburggården and her properties and business ventures to her son-in-law Knud, and the Ibsen family moved to Marichen's childhood home in 1831. During the 1820s and 1830s, Knud was a wealthy young merchant in Skien, and he was the city's 16th largest taxpayer in 1833.

1220:– a young man who returns to his hometown after an extended exile, and who is reunited with his boyhood friend Hjalmar Ekdal. Over the course of the play, the many secrets that lie behind the Ekdals' apparently happy home are revealed to Gregers, who insists on pursuing the absolute truth, or the "Summons of the Ideal". Among these truths: Gregers' father impregnated his servant Gina, then married her off to Hjalmar to legitimize the child. Another man has been disgraced and imprisoned for a crime the elder Werle committed. Furthermore, while Hjalmar spends his days working on a wholly imaginary "invention", his wife is earning the household income. 987: 44: 1340: 515: 998: 850:, were firmly established in Skien's elite as lawyers, government officials and wealthy shipowners. Haave argues that the story of the Ibsen family is the story of the slow collapse of a patrician merchant family amid the emergence of a new democratic society in the 19th century, and that Henrik Ibsen, like others of his class, had to find new opportunities to maintain his social position. Nygaard summarized the revolution in the understanding of Ibsen's childhood and background as all the popular notions about Ibsen being wrong. 729: 5238: 825:

class, even after the family moved to Venstøp, and that they were able to maintain their lifestyle and patrician identity with the help of their extended family and accumulated cultural capital. Contrary to the incorrect claims that Ibsen had been born in a small or remote town, Haave points out that Skien had been Eastern Norway's leading commercial city for centuries, and a centre of seafaring, timber exports, and early industrialization that had made Norway the developed and prosperous part of

2350: 1428: 1439:, organized by the Dramatic Art and Design Academy (DADA) in collaboration with The Royal Norwegian Embassy in India. It features plays by Ibsen, performed by artists from various parts of the world in varied languages and styles. The Ibsen Society of America (ISA) was founded in 1978 at the close of the Ibsen Sesquicentennial Symposium held in New York City to mark the 150th anniversary of Henrik Ibsen's birth. Distinguished Ibsen translator and critic 966:, where he was involved in the production of more than 145 plays as a writer, director, and producer. During this period, he published five new—though largely unremarkable—plays. Despite Ibsen's failure to achieve success as a playwright, he gained a great deal of practical experience at the Norwegian Theater, experience that was to prove valuable when he continued writing. Ibsen returned to Christiania in 1858 to become the creative director of the 250: 2422:

and Norway, but the modernization of the language occurred largely in parallel throughout his life. There were nevertheless minor differences between the form used in Denmark and the form used in Norway, including some vocabulary and expressions more characteristic of Norway. Only in 1907 did Norwegian start to diverge from Danish to the degree that it became considered a separate, but still very similar written language. Compare

1168: 1551: 4479: 737: 1228: 616: 5021: 5452: 1131:, controversy became the primary focus, and the antagonist was the entire community. One primary message of the play is that the individual, who stands alone, is more often "right" than the mass of people, who are portrayed as ignorant and sheeplike. Contemporary society's belief was that the community was a noble institution that could be trusted, a notion Ibsen challenged. In 1151:. He expects to be acclaimed for saving the town from the nightmare of infecting visitors with disease, but instead he is declared an 'enemy of the people' by the locals, who band against him and even throw stones through his windows. The play ends with his complete ostracism. It is obvious to the reader that disaster is in store for the town as well as for the doctor. 1181:, an intimate play that draws inspiration from his own family. It was the only meeting between Ibsen and his family from Skien during Ibsen's years in exile. Ibsen had not been this close to his own family since he left his hometown over 30 years ago, and was eager to hear news from his family and hometown. Shortly after the visit Ibsen declared that he had overcome a 2364: 1525:, and it did lessen with the later plays, but the translation of Ibsen's works into German, French, and English during the decade following the initial publication of each play—as well as frequent new productions as and when permission was granted—meant that Ibsen remained a topic of lively conversation throughout the latter decades of the 19th century. When 757:

amongst themselves, and balls, dinner parties, and musical soirées came one after another in rapid succession both during winters and summers. Visits from strangers were almost a constant occurrence at our spacious farmhouse and especially around Christmastime and the market days, our townhouse was full and the table was set from morning to nightfall.

1461: 1252:(1892), Ibsen explored psychological conflicts that transcended a simple rejection of current conventions. Many modern readers, who might regard anti-Victorian didacticism as dated, simplistic or hackneyed, have found these later works to be of absorbing interest for their hard-edged, objective consideration of interpersonal confrontation. 768:

bourgeois homes in Europe in the early 1800s. In contrast to his father, who was described as sociable and playful with a cheerful and friendly demeanor, Henrik was depicted as a more introverted personality. This trait was said to be shared with several relatives in the Paus family, and later with his own son,

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franc tireur in the outposts", playing a lone hand, as he put it. Ibsen, perhaps more than any of his contemporaries, relied upon immediate sources such as newspapers and second-hand report for his contact with intellectual thought. He claimed to be ignorant of books, leaving them to his wife and son, but, as

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and others, and which we see in the theatre to this day. From Ibsen forward, challenging assumptions and directly speaking about issues has been considered one of the factors that makes a play art rather than entertainment. His works were brought to an English-speaking audience, largely thanks to the

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Ibsen displays masterly use of irony: despite his dogmatic insistence on truth, Gregers never says what he thinks but only insinuates, and is never understood until the play reaches its climax. Gregers hammers away at Hjalmar through innuendo and coded phrases until he realizes the truth: that Gina's

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stated that Ibsen has an "exceptional upper-class background" and is a result of Norway being a wealthy country for a very long time. Haave points out that virtually all of Ibsen's ancestors had been wealthy burghers and higher government officials, and members of the local and regional elites in the

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followed in 1881, another scathing commentary on the morality of Ibsen's society, in which a widow reveals to her pastor that she had hidden the evils of her marriage for its duration. The pastor had advised her to marry her fiancé despite his philandering, and she did so in the belief that her love

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Many Ibsen scholars have compared characters and themes in his plays to his family and upbringing; his themes often deal with issues of financial difficulty as well as moral conflicts stemming from dark secrets hidden from society. Ibsen himself confirmed that he both modeled and named characters in

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that Henrik Ibsen has the most pronounced temperament traits in common." Referring to the Paus side of the family, Hedvig Ibsen remarked, "we belong to a silent family," playfully echoing the similarity between "taus" (silent) and "Paus." One of the Cudrio sisters from the neighboring farm, who knew

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Ibsen abandoned verse and wrote in realistic prose. Several of his later dramas were considered scandalous to many of his era, when European theatre was expected to model strict morals of family life and propriety. Ibsen's later work examined the realities that lay behind the façades, revealing much

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and the chief organizer of the Symposium, was elected Founding President. In December 1979, the ISA was certified as a non-profit corporation under the laws of the State of New York. Its purpose is to foster through lectures, readings, performances, conferences, and publications an understanding of

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argues that "today, Ibsen belongs to the world. But it is impossible to understand path out there without knowing the Danish cultural sphere from which he sprang, from which he liberated himself and which he ended up shaping. Ibsen developed as a person and artist in a dialogue with Danish theater

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As audiences by now expected, Ibsen's next play again attacked entrenched beliefs and assumptions; but this time, his attack was not against society's mores, but against overeager reformers and their idealism. Always an iconoclast, Ibsen saw himself as an objective observer of society, "like a lone

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Ibsen scholar Ellen Rees notes that historical and biographical research into Ibsen’s life in the 21st century has been marked by a "revolution" that has debunked numerous myths previously taken for granted. Older Ibsen historiography has often claimed that Knud Ibsen experienced financial ruin and

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In my childhood, Skien was an extremely joyful and festive town, quite the opposite of what it would later become. Many highly cultured, prosperous families at that time lived partly in the city itself, partly on large farms in the area. Close or more remote kinship connected most of these families

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In 1825, Henrik's father Knud acquired the burghership of Skien and established an independent business as a timber and luxury goods merchant there, with his younger brother, Christopher Blom Paus, then aged 15, as his apprentice. The two brothers moved into the Stockmanngården building, where they

489:. Considered a profound poetic dramatist, he is widely regarded as the most important playwright since Shakespeare. Shaw claimed that the new naturalism of Ibsen's plays had made Shakespeare obsolete. Ibsen is commonly described as the most famous Norwegian internationally. Ibsen wrote his plays in 2421:

At the time, Norway shared its main written language—now often referred to as Dano-Norwegian—with Denmark, and this written language was referred to by contemporaries as Danish in Denmark and as Norwegian in Norway. During Ibsen's lifetime, Dano-Norwegian underwent spelling reforms in both Denmark

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was consciously informed by Kierkegaard. With success, Ibsen became more confident and began to introduce more and more of his own beliefs and judgements into the drama, exploring what he termed the "drama of ideas". His next series of plays are often considered his Golden Age, when he entered the

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Ibsen didn't just read the critical reaction to his plays, he actively corresponded with critics, publishers, theatre directors, and newspaper editors on the subject. The interpretation of his work, both by critics and directors, concerned him greatly. He often advised directors on which actor or

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At the time when Ibsen was writing, literature was emerging as a formidable force in 19th century society. With the vast increase in literacy towards the end of the century, the possibilities of literature being used for subversion struck horror into the heart of the Establishment. Ibsen's plays,

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Haave points out that Knud Ibsen's economic problems in the 1830s were mainly the result of the difficult times and something the Ibsen family had in common with most members of the bourgeoisie; Haave further argues that Henrik Ibsen had a happy and comfortable childhood as a member of the upper

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Haave writes that the sources who knew Henrik in childhood described him as "a boy who was pampered by his father, who enjoyed being creative in solitude, and who provoked peers with his superiority and arrogance." Henrik engaged in model theater, which was particularly popular among boys from

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writes that Ibsen "had strong family ties to the families who had held power and wealth in Telemark since the mid-1500s." Henrik Ibsen himself wrote that "my parents were members on both sides of the most respected families in Skien", and that he was closely related to "just about all the

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include numerous references to Ibsen's relatives, family history, and childhood memories. However, despite Ibsen's use of his family as an inspiration for his plays, Haave criticizes the uncritical use of Ibsen's dramas as biographical sources and the "naive" readings of them as literal

918:. At that time he began writing plays. In 1846, when Ibsen was 18, he had a liaison with Else Sophie Jensdatter Birkedalen which produced a son, Hans Jacob Hendrichsen Birkdalen, whose upbringing Ibsen paid for until the boy was fourteen, though Ibsen never saw the child. Ibsen went to 1235:: "30.8.99. Dear Mr. Edmund Gosse! It was to me a hearty joy to receive your letter. So I will finally personally meet you and your wife. I am at home every day in the morning until 1 o'clock. I am happy and surprised at your excellent Norwegian! Your amicably obliged Henrik Ibsen." 922:(later spelled Kristiania and then renamed Oslo) intending to matriculate at the university. He soon rejected the idea (his earlier attempts at entering university were blocked as he did not pass all his entrance exams), preferring to commit himself to writing. His first play, the 1118:

would reform him. But his philandering continued right up until his death, and his vices are passed on to their son in the form of syphilis. The mention of venereal disease alone was scandalous, but to show how it could poison a respectable family was considered intolerable.

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Ibsen's ancestry has been a much studied subject, due to both his perceived foreignness and the influence of his biography and family on his plays. Ibsen often made references to his family in his plays, sometimes by name, or by modelling characters after them.

715:, was raised in Hedevig's home. Older Ibsen scholars have claimed that Henrik Ibsen was fascinated by his parents' "strange, almost incestuous marriage", and he would treat the subject of incestuous relationships in several plays, notably in his masterpiece 607:

on 19 June. When Ibsen was born, Skien had for centuries been one of Norway's most important and internationally oriented cities, and a centre of seafaring, timber exports and early industrialization that had made Norway the developed and prosperous part of

1351:(now Oslo) after a series of strokes in March 1900. When, on 22 May, his nurse assured a visitor that he was a little better, Ibsen spluttered his last words "On the contrary" ("Tvertimod!"). He died the following day at 2:30 pm. Ibsen was buried in 3079:

Grady, Hugh (2001b). "Shakespeare criticism, 1600–1900". In de Grazia, Margreta; Wells, Stanley (eds.). The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 276. doi:10.1017/CCOL0521650941.017. ISBN 978-1-139-00010-9. OCLC

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famously wrote in 1888 that Ibsen did not have a drop of Norwegian blood in his veins, stating that "the ancestral Ibsen was a Dane". This, however, is not completely accurate; notably through his grandmother Hedevig Paus, Ibsen was descended from the

1286:. Ibsen returned to Norway in 1891, but it was in many ways not the Norway he had left. Indeed, he had played a major role in the changes that had happened across society. Modernism was on the rise, not only in the theatre, but across public life.. 1529:

was published, it had an explosive effect: it was the centre of every conversation at every social gathering in Christiania. One hostess even wrote on the invitations to her soirée, "You are politely requested not to mention Mr Ibsen's new play".

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in Norway in 1726. Henrik Ibsen had Danish, German, Norwegian, and some distant Scottish ancestry. Most of his ancestors belonged to the merchant class of original Danish and German extraction, and many of his ancestors were ship's captains.

691:. Altenburg was a shipowner, timber merchant, and owned a large liquor distillery at Lundetangen and a farm outside of town, and after his death, Hedevig took over the business in 1824. The siblings Ole and Hedevig Paus were born in 821:)—has refuted such claims, and Haave has pointed out that older biographical works have uncritically repeated numerous unfounded myths about both of Ibsen's parents, and about the playwright's childhood and background in general. 1207:

notes that Ibsen "had not been this close to his own family since he left his hometown over 30 years ago," and he was eager to hear news from his family and hometown. Shortly after the visit Ibsen declared that he had overcome a

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Henrik Ibsen in childhood, said, "he was immensely cunning and malicious, and he even beat us. But when he grew up, he became incredibly handsome, yet no one liked him because he was so malicious. No one wanted to be with him."

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Ibsen is often ranked as one of the most distinguished playwrights in the European tradition, and is widely regarded as the foremost playwright of the nineteenth century. Ibsen influenced other playwrights and novelists such as

3739: 937:(1850), received little attention. Still, Ibsen was determined to be a playwright, although the numerous plays he wrote in the following years remained unsuccessful. Ibsen's main inspiration in the early period, right up to 780:

When Henrik Ibsen was around seven years old, his father's fortunes took a turn for the worse, and in 1835 the family was forced to sell Altenburggården. The following year they moved to their stately summer home and farm,

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Rees characterizes Ibsen's family as upper class rather than middle class, and part of "the closest thing Norway had to an aristocracy, albeit one that lost most of its power during his lifetime." Ibsen scholar

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in 1891. Most of Ibsen's plays are set in Norway, often in bourgeois environments and places reminiscent of Skien, and he frequently drew inspiration from family members. Ibsen's early poetic and cinematic play

2699:, Cassell, London, 1962. (A useful introduction, giving the biographical background to each play and detailed play-by-play summaries and discussion for the theatre-goer, including the less well-known plays) 1239:

Late in his career, Ibsen turned to a more introspective drama that had much less to do with denunciations of society's moral values and more to do with the problems of individuals. In such later plays as

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became an alcoholic tyrant, that the family lost contact with the elite it had belonged to, and that this had a strong influence on Henrik Ibsen's biography and work. Newer Ibsen scholarship—in particular

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The book has been criticized for perpetuating outdated and debunked myths about Ibsen. It relies on a biographical reading of his plays, an approach that has been criticized in recent Ibsen scholarship

1609:, in the 17th century. The phenomenon of patronymics becoming frozen started in the 17th century in bourgeois families in Denmark, and the practice was only widely adopted in Norway from around 1900. 1127:(1882), Ibsen went even further. In earlier plays, controversial elements were important and even pivotal components of the action, but they were on the small scale of individual households. In 1260:

are regularly cited as Ibsen's most popular and influential plays, with the title role of Hedda regarded as one of the most challenging and rewarding for an actress even in the present day.

1075:. Although Ibsen himself always looked back on this play as the cornerstone of his entire works, very few shared his opinion, and his next works would be much more acclaimed. Ibsen moved to 4489: 2139:, in four volumes, edited by Tore Rem, with translations by Anne-Marie Stanton-Ife, Barbara Haveland, Deborah Dawkin, Erik Skuggevik and Geoffrey Hill (Penguin, 2014-2019). Fourteen plays. 732:

The roof and one of the windows of Altenburggården can be seen in the middle of the picture. Altenburggården was Marichen Altenburg's childhood home, and Henrik Ibsen lived there aged 3–8.

1135:, Ibsen chastised not only the conservatism of society, but also the liberalism of the time. He illustrated how people on both sides of the social spectrum could be equally self-serving. 451:

that was disquieting to a number of his contemporaries. He had a critical eye and conducted a free inquiry into the conditions of life and issues of morality. In many critics' estimates

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His male line together with the male-descended lines of the wider Ibsen family he belonged to will end with the deaths of Tancred Jr.'s two daughters. Sigurd Ibsen's daughter,

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Venstøp outside Skien, originally the Ibsen family's summer house, where they lived permanently 1836–1843. It was a reasonably large farm with large, representative buildings.

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actress would be suitable for a particular role. (An example of this is a letter he wrote to Hans Schroder in November 1884, with detailed instructions for the production of

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followed in 1879. This play is a scathing criticism of the marital roles accepted by men and women which characterized Ibsen's society. Ibsen was already in his fifties when

304:" and the most influential playwright of the 19th century, as well of one of the most influential playwrights in Western literature more generally. His major works include 3799: 2188: 1358:

The 100th anniversary of Ibsen's death in 2006 was commemorated with an "Ibsen year" in Norway and other countries. In 2006, the homebuilding company Selvaag also opened

5112: 6191: 1490:, he wrote: "while the storm lasted, I have made many studies and observations and I shall not hesitate to exploit them in my future writings." Indeed, his next play, 1594:, often considered one of the oldest families in Norway. Ibsen's ancestors had mostly lived in Norway for several generations, even though many had foreign ancestry. 1391:

in Oslo re-opened to the public, with the house, where Ibsen had spent his last eleven years, completely restored with the original interior, colours, and decor.

711:. The children from Ole's and Hedevig's homes maintained close contact throughout Knud's and Marichen's childhood; notably, Ole's oldest son, Knud's half-brother 2847: 2184: 1513:

Ibsen's plays initially reached a far wider audience as read plays rather than in performance. It was 20 years, for instance, before the authorities would allow

671:. In 1799, Ole Paus sold the Ibsen House in Skien's Løvestrædet (Lion's Street), which he had inherited from his wife's first husband, and bought the estate 1041:

that Ibsen came to take Kierkegaard seriously. Initially annoyed with his friend Georg Brandes for comparing Brand to Kierkegaard, Ibsen nevertheless read

1147:. The protagonist is a physician in a vacation spot whose primary draw is a public bath. The doctor discovers that the water is contaminated by the local 675:

outside Skien from a sister of his brother-in-law von Cappelen. Knud grew up at Rising with most of his many half-siblings, among them the later governor

2216: 1649:. Ibsen had an illegitimate child early in his life, not entitled to the family name or inheritance. This line ended with his biological grandchildren. 1398:

and literature that was anything but smooth." On the occasion of the 100th anniversary of Ibsen's death in 2006, the Norwegian government organised the

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in Italy in self-imposed exile. He spent the next 27 years in Italy and Germany and only visited Norway a few times during those years. His next play,

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to be performed in Norway. Each new play that Ibsen wrote, from 1879 onwards, had an explosive effect on intellectual circles. This was greatest for

627:, with Ibsen's mother (far right), maternal grandparents (centre) and other relatives. It is the only existing portrait of either of Ibsen's parents. 703:," and had moved to Skien at a young age with their oldest sister, joining Skien's merchant elite with the support of their relatives in the family 2298: 1095:

was published. He himself saw his latter plays as a series. At the end of his career, he described them as "that series of dramas which began with

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and their tightly knit families. Ibsen's ancestors were primarily merchants and shipowners in cities such as Skien and Bergen, or members of the "

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will probably cause alarm in some circles, but it can't be helped. If it did not, there would have been no necessity for me to have written it."

413:. Ibsen established himself as a theater director in Norway during the 1850s and gained international recognition as a playwright with the plays 2196: 2168: 2172: 4612: 3552: 1479:

onwards, caused an uproar—not just in Norway, but throughout Europe, and even across the Atlantic in America. No other artist, apart from

783: 6231: 5708: 4525: 931:(1850), was published under the pseudonym "Brynjolf Bjarme", when he was only 22, but it was not performed. His first play to be staged, 2577: 6130: 3826: 3667: 2519:, Ibsen's hero chooses the "passive" female who represents the government over the heroic title character representing the opposition. 2788: 4546: 2743: 667:(1766–1855) the following year. Like Henrich Johan Ibsen before him, Paus thus became the brother-in-law of Skien's wealthiest man, 978:

on 23 December 1859. The couple lived in difficult financial circumstances and Ibsen became very disenchanted with life in Norway.

6196: 3689: 43: 3803: 1199:. When working on the play, Ibsen received his only visit from a relative during his decades in exile, when 21-year old (Count) 5857: 4922: 4643: 5753: 5119: 4316: 4179: 3395: 2724: 2446: 2661: 2649: 2637: 2120: 1421: 1280:. These in turn had a profound influence on the young James Joyce who venerates Ibsen in his early autobiographical novel 1015:(1865), brought him the critical acclaim he sought, along with a measure of financial success, as did the following play, 5990: 5824: 5758: 2507:, identifying several legislators by name as "fortune hunters". It first appeared anonymously in the satirical magazine 1448:

Ibsen's works as they are interpreted as texts and produced on stage and in film and other media. An annual newsletter,

1212:. The Wild Duck draws inspiration from Ibsen's family and tells the story of Gregers Werle – described by Ibsen scholar 3966: 3863: 2851: 4915: 4607: 4234: 3783: 2997: 2952: 2607: 1159:

described, "he seemed to stand in some mysterious correspondence with the fermenting, germinating ideas of the day."

639:, grew up as close relatives, sometimes referred to as "near-siblings," and both belonged to the tightly intertwined 6114: 5701: 3887: 80: 2501:

was never intended for performance. This "juvenile polemical work" was an attack on the Norwegian parliament or

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is distributed to all members. On 20 March 2013, Google celebrated Henrik Ibsen's 185th Birthday with a doodle.

959:. In Ibsen's youth, Wergeland was the most acclaimed, and by far the most read, Norwegian poet and playwright. 5244: 5012: 3472: 2989: 2553: 1466: 708: 663:(1765–1797) died at sea when Knud was newborn in 1797, his mother Johanne Plesner (1770–1847) married captain 6221: 5787: 5782: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5162: 4602: 4072: 2822: 2630: 1494:

was initially regarded by the critics to be simply his response to the violent criticism which had greeted

2685: 1387:, had its world premiere at the 37th Humana Festival of New American Plays in March 2013. On 23 May 2006, 952: 296:; 20 March 1828 – 23 May 1906) was a Norwegian playwright and theatre director. As one of the founders of 6087: 5686: 5337: 5308: 4375: 2680:

translated by Ruth Lima McMahon and Hanna Astrup Larsen. W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., New York, 1931

1193:(1884) is by many considered Ibsen's finest work, and it is certainly one of the most complex, alongside 963: 602: 4549:- a review of the book of that title, as well as discussions of "Brand", "A Doll's House", and "Ghosts". 4534: 6241: 6216: 5850: 5694: 4636: 4493: 2702: 2397: 2090: 1626: 4513: 4484: 1645:, married Josias Bille, a member of the Danish ancient noble Bille family; their son was Danish actor 5818: 5492: 4893: 4883: 3612: 1534: 1413: 463:

are "vying with each other as rivals for the top place among Ibsen's works"; Ibsen himself regarded

6206: 5957: 5920: 5904: 5896: 5888: 5374: 5304: 5268: 5204: 5000: 4984: 4870: 4851: 4703: 4683: 4437: 3301: 2734: 2377: 2334: 2246: 2234: 1771: 1719: 1483:, had such an effect internationally, inspiring almost blasphemous adoration and hysterical abuse. 1359: 843: 704: 700: 683:. In the 1801 census the Paus family of Rising had seven servants. Marichen grew up in the stately 676: 572: 3529: 1352: 1320: 5983: 4996: 4960: 4202: 3718:, Semenenko Foundation, Andreeff Hall, 12, rue de Montrosier, 92200 Neuilly, Paris, France, 2006. 3642: 2877: 2157: 2072: 1388: 1289:

Ibsen intentionally obscured his influences. However, asked later what he had read when he wrote

1273: 688: 5451: 5445: 3116: 5670: 5529: 5344: 5292: 4758: 4743: 4400: 4120: 3464:

Feminizing Venereal Disease: The Body of the Prostitute in Nineteenth-Century Medical Discourse

3178: 3070:

Richard Hornby, Ibsen Triumphant, The Hudson Review, Vol. 56, No. 4 (Winter, 2004), pp. 685-691

2532: 2438: 2153: 1901: 1732: 1123: 1081: 885: 336: 176: 24: 5835: 4615:– Former home of the famous playwright is situated in Henrik Ibsen's gate 26, across from the 4224: 4152: 3932: 3918: 3853: 3462: 3100: 3040: 1304: 1058:

height of his power and influence, becoming the center of dramatic controversy across Europe.

986: 6211: 6176: 6060: 6052: 6044: 5843: 5362: 5274: 5074: 4992: 4878: 4773: 4718: 4629: 4357: 3675: 2571: 2387: 1940: 1797: 1417: 847: 680: 4169: 3530:"Henrik Ibsen og Skien: «... af stort est du kommen, og till stort skalst du vorde engang!»" 725:

points out that his parents' close relationship was not that unusual among the Skien elite.

6236: 6186: 6181: 5968: 5431: 5327: 5286: 5256: 5189: 5171: 5105: 4968: 4793: 4738: 4693: 4688: 2792: 2392: 2311: 1992: 1849: 1745: 1067: 948: 668: 664: 652: 585: 564: 465: 410: 402: 318: 133: 1365:

in Oslo, Norway, in Henrik Ibsen's honour, making it possible to follow the dramatic play

1030: 990:

One of the oldest photographs of Ibsen from ca. 1863/64, around the time he began writing

521:, the ship captained by Henrik's grandfather of the same name when he died at sea outside 8: 5583: 5418: 5409: 5216: 5198: 5008: 4865: 4798: 4733: 2729: 2536: 2250: 2005: 1836: 1200: 1172: 1101: 1072: 967: 660: 589: 478: 371: 366: 5555: 4196: 1065:, Germany, in 1868, where he spent years writing the play he regarded as his main work, 5976: 5607: 5465: 5350: 5321: 5210: 5180: 5038: 4976: 4839: 4783: 4616: 4597: 4529: 3276: 2429: 2329: 2319: 2148:

Ibsen was decorated Knight in 1873, Commander in 1892, and with the Grand Cross of the

1966: 1862: 1665:

views that Brandes later positively related to the Paris Commune. Ibsen wrote that the

1638: 1248: 1049: 826: 636: 609: 556: 530: 360: 301: 292: 235: 5475: 5227: 4603:

Extensive resource in several languages from the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs

3693: 2123:, with translations by Brian Johnston and Rick Davis (W. W. Norton, 2004). Five plays. 1460: 684: 648: 624: 539: 398: 6106: 6079: 5912: 5722: 5333: 5262: 5062: 5054: 4988: 4748: 4708: 4568: 4455: 4312: 4230: 4175: 3962: 3906: 3859: 3779: 3624: 3468: 3391: 3280: 2993: 2985: 2948: 2720: 2628:, translated from the Norwegian by Robert Ferguson, Yale University Press, 694 pp.), 2621: 2603: 2549: 2442: 2355: 2149: 1875: 1642: 1394: 1264: 1209: 1182: 1148: 1087: 839: 712: 324: 209: 162: 137: 3153: 997: 5811: 5804: 5763: 5675: 5481: 4845: 4713: 4671: 4464: 4332: 4280: 3268: 2943: 2369: 2110: 2079: 1784: 1702: 1026: 944: 933: 813: 593: 264: 2585: 1339: 1327:, as well as his collaboration and friendship with the early Realist Swedish poet 421:

in the 1860s. From 1864, he lived for 27 years in Italy and Germany, primarily in

6138: 5650: 5635: 5571: 5145: 4956: 4907: 4698: 4666: 4446: 4442: 4306: 3743: 2665: 2653: 2642: 2289: 2200: 2130: 2084: 1758: 1689: 1444: 1408: 1300: 1291: 1143:. The plot of the play is a veiled look at the way people reacted to the plot of 927: 526: 514: 49: 4089: 3212: 2938: 2595: 1586: 1204: 808: 722: 596:—membership of which was mandatory—on 28 March and the baptism was confirmed in 580: 5665: 5565: 5084: 5058: 5046: 5034: 5004: 2768: 2738:(1891). The classic introduction, setting the playwright in his time and place. 2275: 2100: 1666: 1634: 1621:, Ibsen had one son, lawyer, government minister, and Norwegian Prime Minister 1618: 1570: 1480: 1308: 971: 728: 696: 672: 644: 576: 490: 394: 389:

since the mid-1500s. Both his parents belonged socially or biologically to the

4451: 385:, and had strong family ties to the families who had held power and wealth in 6170: 5595: 5589: 5522: 5515: 5315: 5149: 5050: 4952: 4857: 4763: 4753: 4540: 3628: 3272: 2690:

Canadian Review of Comparative Literature 34.4 (Dec. 2007 ): pp. 389–409

2515: 2382: 2323: 2306: 2208: 2204: 2176: 2161: 1914: 1888: 1658: 1630: 1328: 1324: 1268: 1189: 1177: 1156: 1113: 892: 867: 453: 342: 330: 249: 183: 169: 3570: 2686:

A Comparative Feminist Reading of Lesia Ukrainka’s and Henrik Ibsen’s Dramas

1139:

was written as a response to the people who had rejected his previous work,

956: 788: 6121: 5871: 5613: 5601: 5536: 5470: 5392: 5386: 5368: 5298: 5250: 5042: 4980: 4964: 4788: 4778: 4723: 4676: 4573: 2673: 2566: 2424: 2402: 2302: 2221: 2026: 1979: 1953: 1810: 1622: 1602: 1566: 1436: 1282: 1277: 1242: 1232: 1175:

paid an extended visit to Ibsen in Rome in 1884, when Ibsen was working on

1022: 1011: 975: 879: 769: 656: 568: 498: 406: 354: 306: 220: 197: 148: 20: 5716: 4109:, Nordisk forlag, Gyldendalske boghandel, Christiania and Copenhagen, 1916 2984:. Oxford World Classics. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. ix. 2513:. Using play-like dialog and the names of characters from Bellini's opera 5639: 5508: 5424: 5398: 5237: 5128: 5088: 4822: 4768: 4579: 3525: 3293: 3096: 2693: 2227: 2045: 1927: 1606: 1591: 1440: 1217: 1213: 1195: 873: 834: 804: 773: 717: 640: 560: 486: 482: 470: 459: 390: 348: 190: 2848:"Henrik Ibsen – book launch to commemorate the 'Father of Modern Drama'" 1427: 5655: 5577: 5460: 5070: 5066: 4972: 4888: 3959:

Consciousness and Society: the Reorientation of European Social Thought

2509: 2294: 2282: 2268: 2261: 2180: 1646: 1598: 1399: 1296: 915: 632: 620: 552: 443: 230: 3421: 3252: 1435:

Every year, since 2008, the annual "Delhi Ibsen Festival", is held in

370:. Ibsen is the most frequently performed dramatist in the world after 6027: 6004: 5939: 5501: 4728: 4485:

Multilingual edition of all Ibsen Plays in the Bibliotheca Polyglotta

3756: 3346: 3117:"Henrik Ibsens skrifter: Brev til GEORG BRANDES (21. september 1882)" 2712: 2615:

A Thing or Two About Ibsen: His Possessions, Dramatic Poetry and Life

1823: 1662: 1367: 1043: 1017: 939: 861: 494: 312: 297: 155: 4563: 3553:"Henrik Ibsen's greatest plays, from A Doll's House to Hedda Gabler" 2570: 692: 588:

families who then dominated the place and its surroundings." He was

6021: 5645: 5380: 5356: 4506: 4473: 2503: 2238: 1554: 1372: 1167: 1006: 911: 548: 522: 386: 76: 4469: 1029:

and songs. Although Ibsen read excerpts of the Danish philosopher

5660: 5630: 2717:

Henrik Ibsen and the Birth of Modernism: Art, Theater, Philosophy

2590:

Henrik Ibsens Metode:Den Indre Utvikling Gjennem Ibsens Dramatikk

1574: 1550: 1062: 923: 897:

representations of his family members, in particular his father.

736: 426: 6155: 543:

into an affluent merchant family in the prosperous port town of

5865: 4621: 2315: 1578: 1227: 1079:

in 1875 and began work on his first contemporary realist drama

1076: 430: 5097: 4258: 4057: 2087:(Oxford, 1960-1977). The most comprehensive version available. 1605:). The patronymic became "frozen", i.e. it became a permanent 1406:

produced a miniseries on Ibsen's childhood and youth in 2006,

699:, where the Paus family belonged to the region's elite, the " 279: 5020: 4815: 4528:– a critical, conservative view of Ibsen's works, written by 4154:

Eminent Authors of the Nineteenth Century: Literary Portraits

3009:

Peter Normann Waage (1986). "Henrik Ibsen og Keiser Julian".

2242: 2051: 2039: 1376: 910:

At fifteen, Ibsen left school. He moved to the small town of

615: 544: 382: 123: 72: 5998: 2980:

McFarlane, James (1999). "Introduction". In: Ibsen, Henrik,

2805:; on Ibsen's relationship to modernism, see Moi (2006, 1–36) 1071:(1873), dramatizing the life and times of the Roman emperor 707:. Henrik Ibsen's great-grandfather was the forest inspector 4592: 4433: 1498:. Ibsen expected criticism; as he wrote to his publisher: " 1348: 1347:

On 23 May 1906, Ibsen died in his home at Arbins gade 1 in

919: 434: 422: 381:

Ibsen was born into the merchant elite of the port town of

103: 96: 4510:: The only international academic journal devoted to Ibsen 4434:

Digital Scholarly Edition of Henrik Ibsen's complete works

2167:

Well known stage directors in Austria and Germany such as

1625:. Sigurd Ibsen married Bergljot Bjørnson, the daughter of 981: 3716:

One Hundrd Year Commemoration to the Life of Henrik Ibsen

3104: 2789:"Ibsen Celebration to Spotlight 'Father of Modern Drama'" 2237:

made two busts in bronze of Ibsen—one for Parco Ibsen in

1412:. Several prizes are awarded in his name, among them the 1403: 1263:

Ibsen had completely rewritten the rules of drama with a

1231:

Letter from Ibsen to his English reviewer and translator

687:

in the center of Skien with her parents Hedevig Paus and

300:

in theatre, Ibsen is often referred to as "the father of

270: 4580:

Henrik Ibsen – A Bibliography of Criticism and Biography

4514:

Online course by Ibsen scholar Brian Johnston author of

1319:

A major influence on Ibsen were Danish writers, such as

807:'s book on Ibsen's wider social milieu and ancestry and 559:(1799–1869), and he grew up socially as a member of the 2230:(1926–2009), all directed productions of Ibsen’s work. 974:

on 18 June 1858 and she gave birth to their only child

772:. Johan Kielland Bergwitz claimed that "it is with the 433:, making only brief visits to Norway, before moving to 4281:"English Translations : Ibsen Society of America" 3737:

Directed by Les Waters, Opens March 17 at Humana Fest"

2634:, vol. LXVI, no. 17 (7 November 2019), pp. 26–28. 1697:). First published under pseudonym of Brynjolf Bjarme. 853: 4308:

The Oxford Guide to Literature in English Translation

3617:

Stati inu obstati: revija za vprašanja protestantizma

2129:(Kenneth McLeish & Stephen Mulrine, translators ( 1431:

Plaque to Ibsen, Oslo marking his home from 1828-1906

752:

Henrik Ibsen wrote about the Skien of his childhood:

276: 16:

Norwegian playwright and theatre director (1828–1906)

2461:

Only the prologue is in verse, the rest is in prose.

2345: 1402:, which included celebrations around the world. The 1033:

and traces of the latter's influence are evident in

273: 4107:

Henrik Ibsen i sin avstamning. Norsk eller fremmed?

3362:. Chapters corresponding to individual early plays. 3298:"...af stort est du kommen" – Henrik Ibsen og Skien 3175:

Henrik Ibsen i sin avstamning: norsk eller fremmed?

3092: 3090: 3088: 3086: 2152:in 1893. He received the Grand Cross of the Danish 651:– that is, the extended family of the sibling pair 267: 4937: 2982:An Enemy of the People; The Wild Duck; Rosmersholm 2791:. Bowdoin College. 23 January 2007. Archived from 2747:, Yale University Press, 2021. ISBN 9780300228663 2428: 493:, and they were published by the Danish publisher 6192:19th-century Norwegian dramatists and playwrights 4582:, by Ina Ten Eyck Firkins, from Project Gutenberg 2874:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History 2786:On Ibsen's role as "father of modern drama", see 2581:. Vol. 14 (11th ed.). pp. 224–226. 2117:Ibsen's Selected Plays: A Norton Critical Edition 1657:In a letter to George Brandes shortly before the 1601:, meaning "son of Ib" (Ib is a Danish variant of 1569:was ship's captain Rasmus Ibsen (1632–1703) from 1355:("The Graveyard of Our Savior") in central Oslo. 1295:, Ibsen replied that he had read only the Danish 6168: 4362:Den kongelige norske Sankt Olavs Orden 1847–1947 3888:"20 March: Remembering Henrik Ibsen on Birthday" 3800:"Ibsen time of the year again – Hindustan Times" 3343:Henrik Ibsen, 1828–1888: et literært livsbillede 3257:and Recent Historical Research in Ibsen Studies" 3083: 2437:. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota. p. 1633:, who became a film director and was married to 1573:. His son, ship's captain Peder Ibsen, became a 537:Henrik Johan Ibsen was born on 20 March 1828 in 4001:. London: Oxford University Press. p. 477. 3499:. London: Oxford University Press. p. 476. 3450:. London: Oxford University Press. p. 439. 2620:Jensen, Morten Høi, "Escape Artist" (review of 2043:– only released collection of poetry, included 1682:Plays entirely or partly in verse are marked . 1001:Ibsen (far left) with friends in Rome, ca. 1867 962:Ibsen spent the next several years employed at 4070: 4046:. The World’s Classics. pp. Introduction. 3322: 3223:, Scandinavian Academic Press/Spartacus forlag 2488:Mainly in prose, with a few speeches in verse. 859:his plays after his own family. Works such as 19:"Ibsen" redirects here. For other people, see 5984: 5851: 5702: 5113: 4923: 4637: 4593:The Ibsen Society of America Official Website 4044:Henrik Ibsen: Four Major Plays (Introduction) 2256:Some other things named after Ibsen include: 2249:sculpted a statue in marble of Ibsen for the 378:was the world's most performed play in 2006. 3604: 2774:Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary 2709:. History Press Ltd., Stroud, reprinted 2004 2093:'s translations (1960-1986). Fourteen plays. 905: 504: 4376:"Henrik Ibsen 1828-1906 [Skulptur]" 4364:(in Norwegian). Oslo: Grøndahl. p. 12. 4229:. Cambridge University Press. p. 340. 4171:The Social Significance of the Modern Drama 3518: 3169: 3167: 1109:which brought Ibsen international acclaim. 623:(ca. 1820) of the Altenburg/Paus family in 551:(Telemark). He was the son of the merchant 409:—and Ibsen described his own background as 6131:Swinging Suites by Edward E. and Edward G. 5991: 5977: 5858: 5844: 5709: 5695: 5408: 5120: 5106: 4930: 4916: 4644: 4630: 3996: 3773: 3615:[Henrik Ibsen and Carl Snoilsky]. 3571:"In Our Time: Henrik Ibsen: Audio podcast" 3494: 3445: 3021: 3019: 2967:Klaus Van Den Berg, "Peer Gynt" (review), 2646:, Pennsylvania State University Press 1992 42: 6227:Norwegian male dramatists and playwrights 5446: 4222: 3596:Ibsen, Henrik (2017). Morison, M. (ed.). 3460: 3226: 2592:(Norwegian: Gyldendal Norsk Forlag. 1977) 2538:A Commentary on the Works of Henrik Ibsen 1085:, first published and performed in 1877. 1005:In 1864, he left Christiania and went to 797: 4520:To the Third Empire: Ibsen's Early Drama 4490:Digitized books and manuscripts by Ibsen 4356: 3164: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2655:To the Third Empire: Ibsen's Early Plays 2143: 1549: 1459: 1426: 1338: 1226: 1166: 1162: 1105:". Furthermore, it was the reception of 996: 985: 735: 727: 614: 513: 4407:(in Norwegian Bokmål). 16 December 2011 4256: 4167: 4150: 4096:, Chicago: A.C. McClurg & Co., 1891 4031:. Doubleday & Company. p. 559. 4016:. Doubleday & Company. p. 505. 3851: 3845: 3824: 3550: 3524: 3420:Hanssen, Jens-Morten (10 August 2001). 3419: 3314:"Ibsens barneår var bedre enn antatt". 3246: 3244: 3242: 3016: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2497:Though sometimes identified as a play, 2059: 1203:paid an extended visit to him in Rome. 982:1864–1883: Established work and acclaim 509: 6202:Burials at the Cemetery of Our Saviour 6169: 4547:Ibsen's Kingdom: The Man and His Works 4304: 4194: 4118: 4041: 3956: 3610: 3255:Ibsen's Kingdom: The Man and His Works 3253:"Tropes Revisited: Evert Sprinchorn's 3236:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1ff. 3221:Norsk havekunst under europeisk himmel 2872:Bonnie G. Smith, "A Doll's House", in 2744:Ibsen's Kingdom: The Man and His Works 2658:, University of Minnesota Press (1980) 2423: 943:, was apparently the Norwegian author 497:. He was the father of Prime Minister 5972: 5839: 5825:"What happens after Nora leaves home" 5690: 5101: 4911: 4625: 4257:Hanssen, Jens-Morten (10 July 2005). 4201:. London: William Heinemann. p. 4146: 4144: 4142: 4026: 4011: 3981: 3855:Ibsen in America: A Century of Change 3595: 3514:. Doubleday and Company. p. 500. 3509: 3388:Divine Madness and the Absurd Paradox 3376:. Doubleday&Company. p. 219. 3151: 3038: 2937: 2565: 2160:, and was Knight, First Class of the 2156:, and the Grand Cross of the Swedish 2097:Ibsen: The Complete Major Prose Plays 2032:Norma eller en Politikers Kjaerlighed 1455: 401:—the extended family of the siblings 291: 4350: 3885: 3250: 3239: 2882: 2479:In a combination of prose and verse. 2470:In a combination of prose and verse. 2064:Major translation projects include: 1565:The oldest documented member of the 1422:Ibsen Centennial Commemoration Award 579:, the region's civil servant elite. 5037:(née Thoresen), step mother-in-law 4443:Works by Henrik Ibsen in eBook form 4168:Goldman, Emma (28 September 2020). 4071:Terje Bratberg (15 November 2018). 3825:Daftuar, Swati (24 November 2012). 2667:Text and Supertext in Ibsen's Drama 2069:The Collected Works of Henrik Ibsen 1334: 854:Literary influence of his childhood 557:Marichen Cornelia Martine Altenburg 13: 6232:Norwegian people of Danish descent 4139: 4094:Henrik Ibsen. A Critical Biography 3886:Desk, OV Digital (19 March 2023). 3802:. 22 November 2012. Archived from 3598:The Correspondence of Henrik Ibsen 3551:Paskett, Zoe (11 September 2019). 3408:Ibsen: The Intellectual Background 2719:. Oxford and New York: Oxford UP. 2626:Henrik Ibsen: The Man and the Mask 2526: 2049:(written in 1862 but published in 1652: 1216:as representing the spirit of the 563:, which consisted of the siblings 14: 6253: 4543:(1899). Retrieved 5 January 2017. 4422: 3776:Henrik Ibsen: Mennesket og masken 3371: 2697:The Drama of Ibsen and Strindberg 2670:, Pennsylvania State Press (1988) 2562:, Columbia University Press, 1998 2435:Ibsen's Drama: Author to Audience 2075:(Heinemann, 1906-1912). 21 plays. 2034:), an eight-page political parody 659:(1763–1848). After Knud's father 6115:In the Hall of the Mountain King 5450: 5236: 5019: 4651: 4477: 4195:Jaeger, Henrik Bernhard (1890). 4119:ROTTEM, ØYSTEIN (8 April 2002). 3858:. Scarecrow Press. p. 157. 3422:"Facts about Pillars of Society" 2362: 2348: 1637:; their only child was diplomat 1540: 1099:and which is now completed with 263: 248: 5127: 4393: 4368: 4325: 4298: 4273: 4250: 4216: 4188: 4161: 4112: 4099: 4083: 4064: 4050: 4035: 4020: 4005: 3990: 3975: 3950: 3933:"Henrik Ibsen's 185th Birthday" 3925: 3879: 3818: 3792: 3767: 3749: 3721: 3708: 3682: 3660: 3647: 3635: 3613:"Henrik Ibsen in Carl Snoilsky" 3589: 3563: 3544: 3503: 3488: 3454: 3439: 3413: 3400: 3380: 3365: 3352: 3335: 3307: 3287: 3206: 3193: 3184: 3145: 3136: 3127: 3109: 3073: 3064: 3051: 3032: 2491: 2482: 2473: 2464: 2455: 2415: 2071:, in twelve volumes, edited by 1597:The name Ibsen is originally a 1464:Ibsen caricatured by SNAPP for 6197:19th-century Norwegian writers 4999:(née Altenburg), first cousin 4536:Henrik Ibsen: Critical Studies 4461:Works by or about Henrik Ibsen 4157:. T, Y, Crowell & Company. 3039:Byatt, AS (15 December 2006). 3003: 2974: 2961: 2866: 2840: 2808: 2780: 2762: 2337:was created in honour of Ibsen 2018: 1612: 1311:, "the Scandinavian Molière". 1: 5163:Hans Povelsson Paus the Elder 5069:, great-great-granddaughters 5061:(née Krohn), great-grandsons 5057:(née Ibsen), grandson's wife 5029:Wife, family-in-law and issue 4947:Ancestors and birth relatives 4678:Norma, or A Politician's Love 3827:"Showcase: Reinventing Ibsen" 2756: 2560:Ibsen: The Dramaturgy of Fear 2546:Henrik Ibsen: A New Biography 2271:, named in his memory in 1995 1443:, Professor of Literature at 1314: 5598:(1910), surgeon/humanitarian 5586:(1877), surgeon/humanitarian 5007:, first cousin once removed 4971:(step grandfather), parents 4261:. National Library of Norway 3611:Glavan, Mihael (June 2019). 3219:," in Einar Sørensen (ed.), 3217:Utsikten fra Ibsens gutterom 2735:The Quintessence of Ibsenism 2631:The New York Review of Books 2613:Hjemdahl, Anne-Sofie (ed.), 2285:arts complex in Oslo, Norway 2278:crater on the planet Mercury 2103:(Plume, 1978). Twelve plays. 2027:Norma or a Politician's Love 1533:Ibsen was nominated for the 748:In his unfinished biography 7: 5427:(1897), skier, estate owner 4608:Ibsen's Influence on Hitler 4526:"Ibsen and His Discontents" 4476:(public domain audiobooks) 4311:. Oxford University Press. 3997:MacFarlane, Robert (1961). 3852:Schanke, Robert A. (1988). 3774:Figueiredo, Ivo de (2019). 3746:playbill.com, 17 March 2013 3101:Alt du vet om Ibsen er feil 2541:(New York: Macmillan, 1894) 2341: 2264:by the Norwegian government 1545: 1267:which was to be adopted by 964:Det norske Theater (Bergen) 10: 6258: 4494:National Library of Norway 3986:. Doubleday & Company. 3961:. Transaction Publishers. 3957:Hughes, H. Stuart (2002). 3495:MacFarlane, James (1961). 3467:. NYU Press. p. 162. 3446:MacFarlane, James (1960). 2548:. New York: Dorset Press. 2430:"The Nuances of Norwegian" 2398:Nineteenth-century theatre 2189:Paul Albert Glaeser-Wilken 1061:Ibsen moved from Italy to 18: 6148: 6098: 6071: 6036: 6013: 5950: 5931: 5880: 5796: 5775: 5731: 5623: 5554: 5491: 5226: 5135: 5081: 5049:(née Bjørnson), grandson 5028: 5017: 4946: 4895:The Death of Little Ibsen 4884:International Ibsen Award 4832: 4807: 4659: 4174:. Library of Alexandria. 3173:Johan Kielland Bergwitz, 3059:The Flower and the Castle 3027:The Flower and the Castle 2602:, Museumsforlaget, 2017, 1537:in 1902, 1903, and 1904. 1535:Nobel Prize in Literature 1486:After the publication of 1414:International Ibsen Award 1343:Ibsen, late in his career 1037:, it was not until after 953:Peter Christen Asbjørnsen 906:1846–1859: Grimstad years 900: 505:Early life and background 293:[ˈhɛ̀nrɪkˈɪ̀psn̩] 247: 242: 226: 216: 205: 143: 129: 119: 111: 86: 57: 41: 34: 6110:(1875 incidental music) 5566:Bernhard Cathrinus Pauss 5371:(1943), shipping magnate 5341:(1905), British diplomat 5312:(1881), British diplomat 5305:Christopher Lintrup Paus 5289:(1834), war commissioner 5269:Christian Cornelius Paus 5205:Cornelius Povelsson Paus 4985:Christian Cornelius Paus 4852:Centre for Ibsen Studies 4704:The Vikings at Helgeland 4438:Centre for Ibsen Studies 4333:"Ibsen's Selected Plays" 4223:Templeton, Joan (1997). 4198:The Life of Henrik Ibsen 3729:"Premiere of Will Eno's 3657:, Doubleday 1971, p. 807 3461:Spongberg, Mary (1998). 3448:The Oxford Ibsen, Vol IV 3302:Centre for Ibsen Studies 3273:10.5406/21638195.94.4.06 3232:Templeton, Joan (1997). 2816:"shakespearetheatre.org" 2544:Ferguson, Robert (2001) 2408: 2378:Centre for Ibsen Studies 2335:Peer Gynt Sculpture Park 1777:Hærmændene paa Helgeland 1772:The Vikings at Helgeland 1677: 1672: 914:to become an apprentice 844:Christian Cornelius Paus 701:aristocracy of officials 677:Christian Cornelius Paus 573:aristocracy of officials 115:Writer, theatre director 4997:Kristine Cathrine Ploug 4961:Johan Andreas Altenburg 4151:Brandes, Georg (1886). 4027:Meyer, Michael (1971). 4012:Meyer, Michael (1971). 3982:Meyer, Michael (1971). 3643:The Ibsen Museum (Oslo) 3510:Meyer, Michael (1971). 3497:The Oxford Ibsen, Vol V 2878:Oxford University Press 2617:, Oslo: Andrimne, 2006. 2578:Encyclopædia Britannica 2533:Boyesen, Hjalmar Hjorth 2158:Order of the Polar Star 2113:(Modern Library, 1982). 1617:From his marriage with 1492:An Enemy of the People, 1450:Ibsen News and Comment, 689:Johan Andreas Altenburg 529:was the common flag of 5819:A Doll's House, Part 2 5530:An Enemy of the People 5493:Paus family in fiction 5421:(1862), philanthropist 4759:An Enemy of the People 4744:The Pillars of Society 4305:France, Peter (2000). 3778:. Rosinante & Co. 3742:8 January 2014 at the 3341:Hans Bernhard Jaeger, 3179:Gyldendal Norsk Forlag 3158:Henrik Ibsens skrifter 3152:Ibsen, Henrik (1888). 2260:2006 was declared the 2154:Order of the Dannebrog 1902:An Enemy of the People 1738:Fru Inger til Østeraad 1733:Lady Inger of Oestraat 1558: 1471: 1432: 1344: 1236: 1185: 1137:An Enemy of the People 1133:An Enemy of the People 1124:An Enemy of the People 1082:The Pillars of Society 1002: 994: 886:An Enemy of the People 798:Myths and reassessment 765: 741: 733: 628: 534: 337:An Enemy of the People 177:An Enemy of the People 25:Ibsen (disambiguation) 23:. For other uses, see 5592:(1881), industrialist 5419:Christopher (de) Paus 5395:(1976), shipping heir 5389:(1973), shipping heir 5363:Thorleif Lintrup Paus 5359:(1910), industrialist 5301:(1856), industrialist 5295:(1846), industrialist 5275:Christopher Blom Paus 5247:(1726), civil servant 4993:Christopher Blom Paus 4879:Norwegian Ibsen Award 4774:The Lady from the Sea 4470:Works by Henrik Ibsen 4452:Works by Henrik Ibsen 4121:"Nytt lys over Ibsen" 4077:Store norske leksikon 4073:"Ibsen – norsk slekt" 3304:. ISBN 9788291540122. 3190:Mosfjeld 1949, p. 17. 3160:. University of Oslo. 3041:"The age of becoming" 2572:"Ibsen, Henrik" 2567:Gosse, Edmund William 2388:Norwegian Ibsen Award 2144:Accolades and honours 2137:The New Penguin Ibsen 1941:The Lady from the Sea 1790:Kjærlighedens Komedie 1627:Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson 1553: 1463: 1430: 1418:Norwegian Ibsen Award 1353:Vår Frelsers gravlund 1342: 1321:Meïr Aron Goldschmidt 1230: 1170: 1163:1884–1896: Later work 1000: 989: 848:Christopher Blom Paus 754: 739: 731: 721:. On the other hand, 681:Christopher Blom Paus 618: 594:Lutheran state church 517: 6222:Norwegian anarchists 5610:(1917), humanitarian 5432:Tatiana Tolstoy-Paus 5328:Hans Wangensten Paus 5287:Johan Altenborg Paus 5190:Povel Pedersson Paus 5172:Peder Povelsson Paus 5011:, great-grandfather 4794:John Gabriel Borkman 4739:Emperor and Galilean 4694:The Feast at Solhaug 4689:Lady Inger of Ostrat 4401:"Polfarere i bronse" 4358:Amundsen, O. Delphin 4058:"Nomination Archive" 3696:on 18 September 2011 3678:on 10 November 2014. 3261:Scandinavian Studies 3251:Rees, Ellen (2022). 2854:on 19 September 2016 2730:Shaw, George Bernard 2393:Naturalism (theatre) 2312:Bust of Henrik Ibsen 2241:, Italy, and one in 2060:English translations 1998:John Gabriel Borkman 1993:John Gabriel Borkman 1850:Emperor and Galilean 1746:The Feast at Solhaug 1708:The Warrior's Barrow 1068:Emperor and Galilean 1053:. Ibsen's next play 949:Norwegian folk tales 669:Diderik von Cappelen 510:Family and childhood 466:Emperor and Galilean 319:Emperor and Galilean 5616:(1944), businessman 5584:Nikolai Nissen Paus 5377:(1945), businessman 5316:Thorleif (von) Paus 5217:Hans Pedersson Paus 5199:Hans Povelsson Paus 5009:Christopher de Paus 4799:When We Dead Awaken 4734:The League of Youth 4428:Digital collections 4259:"Facts about Norma" 4042:MacFarlane, James. 3806:on 27 December 2013 3761:Nasjonalbiblioteket 3655:Ibsen – A Biography 2971:58.4 (2006) 684–687 2947:. Museumsforlaget. 2828:on 14 February 2019 2795:on 12 December 2013 2741:Sprinchorn, Evert, 2299:Lake Ibsen Township 2247:Håkon Anton Fagerås 2235:Håkon Anton Fagerås 2011:Når vi døde vaagner 2006:When We Dead Awaken 1837:The League of Youth 1585:Ibsen's biographer 1305:Adam Oehlenschläger 1102:When We Dead Awaken 1073:Julian the Apostate 968:Christiania Theatre 750:From Skien to Rome, 661:Henrich Johan Ibsen 479:George Bernard Shaw 367:When We Dead Awaken 5754:1973, dir. Garland 5608:Brita Collett Paus 5568:(1839), theologian 5466:Marichen Altenburg 5322:George Wegner Paus 5283:(1828), playwright 5211:Peder Hansson Paus 5181:Povel Hansson Paus 5045:, daughter-in-law 5039:Magdalene Thoresen 4977:Marichen Altenburg 4866:Ibsen Museum, Oslo 4840:Ibsen quotes, Oslo 4784:The Master Builder 4572:(the biography by 4530:Theodore Dalrymple 4405:www.aftenposten.no 4105:Bergwitz, Joh. K, 4029:Ibsen: A Biography 4014:Ibsen: A biography 3984:Ibsen: A Biography 3917:has generic name ( 3672:www.norges-bank.no 3512:Ibsen: A biography 3374:Ibsen: A Biography 3057:Valency, Maurice. 3025:Valency, Maurice. 2558:Goldman, Michael, 2330:Ibsen quotes, Oslo 2245:kommune. In 2012, 1967:The Master Builder 1868:Samfundets Støtter 1863:Pillars of Society 1855:Kejser og Galilæer 1751:Gildet paa Solhaug 1661:, Ibsen expressed 1639:Tancred Ibsen, Jr. 1559: 1472: 1456:Critical reception 1433: 1345: 1249:The Master Builder 1237: 1186: 1050:Fear and Trembling 1003: 995: 742: 734: 679:and the shipowner 629: 598:Christian's Church 553:Knud Plesner Ibsen 535: 361:The Master Builder 259:Henrik Johan Ibsen 236:Marichen Altenburg 61:Henrik Johan Ibsen 6242:People from Skien 6217:Modernist theatre 6164: 6163: 5966: 5965: 5833: 5832: 5684: 5683: 5580:(1863), shipowner 5550: 5549: 5546: 5545: 5441: 5440: 5345:Helvig (von) Paus 5334:Robert Paus Platt 5277:(1810), shipowner 5263:Henrik Johan Paus 5259:(1766), shipowner 5095: 5094: 5063:Tancred Ibsen Jr. 5055:Irene Ibsen Bille 4989:Henrik Johan Paus 4905: 4904: 4709:The Mountain Bird 4569:Project Gutenberg 4554:Other biographies 4456:Project Gutenberg 4380:digitaltmuseum.no 4318:978-0-19-818359-4 4181:978-1-4655-9740-3 4060:. NobelPrize.org. 3396:978-0-313-27290-5 3133:Haugen (1979: 23) 3061:. Schocken, 1963. 3029:. Schocken, 1963. 2876:, Vol. 2, p. 81, 2725:978-0-19-920259-1 2678:The Life of Ibsen 2622:Ivo de Figueiredo 2448:978-0-8166-0896-6 2356:Literature portal 2150:Order of St. Olav 1972:Bygmester Solness 1619:Suzannah Thoresen 1395:Ivo de Figueiredo 1375:'s adaptation of 1031:Søren Kierkegaard 1021:(1867), to which 972:Suzannah Thoresen 840:Henrik Johan Paus 713:Henrik Johan Paus 631:Ibsen's parents, 256: 255: 210:Suzannah Thoresen 130:Literary movement 107: 6249: 6083:(1938 Egk opera) 5993: 5986: 5979: 5970: 5969: 5860: 5853: 5846: 5837: 5836: 5759:1973, dir. Losey 5711: 5704: 5697: 5688: 5687: 5676:Wilh. Wilhelmsen 5671:Ole Paus Company 5604:(1915), diplomat 5489: 5488: 5482:The Ibsen Family 5454: 5443: 5442: 5406: 5405: 5401:(1979), composer 5365:(1912), diplomat 5340: 5330:(1891), engineer 5318:(1881), diplomat 5311: 5271:(1800), governor 5240: 5122: 5115: 5108: 5099: 5098: 5053:, granddaughter 5023: 4932: 4925: 4918: 4909: 4908: 4846:The Oxford Ibsen 4672:The Burial Mound 4646: 4639: 4632: 4623: 4622: 4571: 4481: 4480: 4465:Internet Archive 4417: 4416: 4414: 4412: 4397: 4391: 4390: 4388: 4386: 4372: 4366: 4365: 4354: 4348: 4347: 4345: 4343: 4329: 4323: 4322: 4302: 4296: 4295: 4293: 4291: 4285:ibsensociety.org 4277: 4271: 4270: 4268: 4266: 4254: 4248: 4247: 4245: 4243: 4220: 4214: 4213: 4211: 4209: 4192: 4186: 4185: 4165: 4159: 4158: 4148: 4137: 4136: 4134: 4132: 4116: 4110: 4103: 4097: 4087: 4081: 4080: 4068: 4062: 4061: 4054: 4048: 4047: 4039: 4033: 4032: 4024: 4018: 4017: 4009: 4003: 4002: 3999:The Oxford Ibsen 3994: 3988: 3987: 3979: 3973: 3972: 3954: 3948: 3947: 3945: 3943: 3929: 3923: 3922: 3916: 3912: 3910: 3902: 3900: 3898: 3883: 3877: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3849: 3843: 3842: 3840: 3838: 3833:. Chennai, India 3822: 3816: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3796: 3790: 3789: 3771: 3765: 3764: 3753: 3747: 3733:, Adaptation of 3727:Gioia, Michael. 3725: 3719: 3712: 3706: 3705: 3703: 3701: 3692:. Archived from 3686: 3680: 3679: 3674:. Archived from 3664: 3658: 3651: 3645: 3639: 3633: 3632: 3619:(in Slovenian). 3608: 3602: 3601: 3593: 3587: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3567: 3561: 3560: 3557:Evening Standard 3548: 3542: 3541: 3522: 3516: 3515: 3507: 3501: 3500: 3492: 3486: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3458: 3452: 3451: 3443: 3437: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3417: 3411: 3404: 3398: 3386:Shapiro, Bruce. 3384: 3378: 3377: 3372:Meyer, Michael. 3369: 3363: 3356: 3350: 3339: 3333: 3328:Michael Meyers. 3326: 3320: 3319: 3311: 3305: 3291: 3285: 3284: 3248: 3237: 3230: 3224: 3210: 3204: 3199:Michael Meyers. 3197: 3191: 3188: 3182: 3171: 3162: 3161: 3154:"Barndomsminder" 3149: 3143: 3140: 3134: 3131: 3125: 3124: 3121:www.ibsen.uio.no 3113: 3107: 3094: 3081: 3077: 3071: 3068: 3062: 3055: 3049: 3048: 3036: 3030: 3023: 3014: 3007: 3001: 2978: 2972: 2965: 2959: 2958: 2935: 2880: 2870: 2864: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2850:. Archived from 2844: 2838: 2837: 2835: 2833: 2827: 2821:. Archived from 2820: 2812: 2806: 2804: 2802: 2800: 2784: 2778: 2766: 2683:Krys, Svitlana, 2582: 2574: 2520: 2495: 2489: 2486: 2480: 2477: 2471: 2468: 2462: 2459: 2453: 2452: 2432: 2419: 2372: 2370:Biography portal 2367: 2366: 2365: 2358: 2353: 2352: 2351: 2226:(1900–1973) and 2225: 2193:Victor Barnowsky 2111:Eva Le Gallienne 2109:, translated by 2099:, translated by 2080:The Oxford Ibsen 1842:De unges Forbund 1703:The Burial Mound 1629:. Their son was 1389:The Ibsen Museum 1371:scene by scene. 1335:Death and legacy 1201:Christopher Paus 1173:Christopher Paus 1027:incidental music 951:as collected by 945:Henrik Wergeland 934:The Burial Mound 814:The Ibsen Family 792: 763: 655:(1766–1855) and 606: 555:(1797–1877) and 446:elements. After 295: 290: 286: 285: 282: 281: 278: 275: 272: 269: 252: 101: 93: 69: 67: 46: 32: 31: 6257: 6256: 6252: 6251: 6250: 6248: 6247: 6246: 6207:The Four Greats 6167: 6166: 6165: 6160: 6144: 6139:Trying To Be Me 6094: 6067: 6032: 6009: 5997: 5967: 5962: 5946: 5927: 5876: 5864: 5834: 5829: 5792: 5771: 5727: 5715: 5685: 5680: 5666:Paus & Paus 5651:Kvesarum Castle 5636:Paus collection 5619: 5574:(1841), teacher 5572:Henriette Pauss 5557: 5542: 5487: 5476:Altenburggården 5437: 5404: 5353:(1910), general 5336: 5307: 5241: 5229: 5222: 5137: 5131: 5126: 5096: 5091: 5077: 5024: 5015: 4957:Johanne Plesner 4942: 4936: 4906: 4901: 4828: 4803: 4699:Olaf Liljekrans 4655: 4650: 4561: 4516:The Ibsen Cycle 4478: 4447:Standard Ebooks 4425: 4420: 4410: 4408: 4399: 4398: 4394: 4384: 4382: 4374: 4373: 4369: 4355: 4351: 4341: 4339: 4331: 4330: 4326: 4319: 4303: 4299: 4289: 4287: 4279: 4278: 4274: 4264: 4262: 4255: 4251: 4241: 4239: 4237: 4221: 4217: 4207: 4205: 4193: 4189: 4182: 4166: 4162: 4149: 4140: 4130: 4128: 4117: 4113: 4104: 4100: 4088: 4084: 4069: 4065: 4056: 4055: 4051: 4040: 4036: 4025: 4021: 4010: 4006: 3995: 3991: 3980: 3976: 3969: 3955: 3951: 3941: 3939: 3931: 3930: 3926: 3914: 3913: 3904: 3903: 3896: 3894: 3884: 3880: 3870: 3868: 3866: 3850: 3846: 3836: 3834: 3823: 3819: 3809: 3807: 3798: 3797: 3793: 3786: 3772: 3768: 3755: 3754: 3750: 3744:Wayback Machine 3726: 3722: 3713: 3709: 3699: 3697: 3688: 3687: 3683: 3666: 3665: 3661: 3653:Michael Meyer, 3652: 3648: 3640: 3636: 3623:(19): 164–166. 3609: 3605: 3600:. Ardent Media. 3594: 3590: 3580: 3578: 3569: 3568: 3564: 3549: 3545: 3523: 3519: 3508: 3504: 3493: 3489: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3459: 3455: 3444: 3440: 3430: 3428: 3418: 3414: 3405: 3401: 3385: 3381: 3370: 3366: 3358:Michael Meyes. 3357: 3353: 3340: 3336: 3327: 3323: 3313: 3312: 3308: 3292: 3288: 3249: 3240: 3231: 3227: 3211: 3207: 3198: 3194: 3189: 3185: 3172: 3165: 3150: 3146: 3142:Ferguson p. 280 3141: 3137: 3132: 3128: 3115: 3114: 3110: 3095: 3084: 3078: 3074: 3069: 3065: 3056: 3052: 3037: 3033: 3024: 3017: 3008: 3004: 2979: 2975: 2969:Theatre Journal 2966: 2962: 2955: 2936: 2883: 2871: 2867: 2857: 2855: 2846: 2845: 2841: 2831: 2829: 2825: 2818: 2814: 2813: 2809: 2798: 2796: 2787: 2785: 2781: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2662:Johnston, Brian 2650:Johnston, Brian 2643:The Ibsen Cycle 2638:Johnston, Brian 2529: 2527:Further reading 2524: 2523: 2496: 2492: 2487: 2483: 2478: 2474: 2469: 2465: 2460: 2456: 2449: 2420: 2416: 2411: 2368: 2363: 2361: 2354: 2349: 2347: 2344: 2290:MS Henrik Ibsen 2219: 2201:Leopold Jessner 2146: 2131:Nick Hern Books 2127:Ibsen – 3 Plays 2085:James McFarlane 2062: 2021: 2016: 1946:Fruen fra Havet 1764:Olaf Liljekrans 1759:Olaf Liljekrans 1725:Sancthansnatten 1680: 1675: 1655: 1653:Political views 1615: 1557:of Henrik Ibsen 1548: 1543: 1458: 1445:Pratt Institute 1409:An Immortal Man 1337: 1317: 1165: 984: 908: 903: 856: 800: 786: 764: 761: 685:Altenburggården 649:Altenburggården 625:Altenburggården 600: 592:at home in the 540:Stockmanngården 512: 507: 399:Altenburggården 288: 266: 262: 234: 195: 188: 181: 174: 167: 160: 153: 100: 95: 91: 71: 65: 63: 62: 53: 50:Eilif Peterssen 37: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6255: 6245: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6162: 6161: 6159: 6158: 6152: 6150: 6146: 6145: 6143: 6142: 6135: 6127: 6126: 6125: 6118: 6102: 6100: 6096: 6095: 6093: 6092: 6084: 6075: 6073: 6069: 6068: 6066: 6065: 6057: 6049: 6040: 6038: 6034: 6033: 6031: 6030: 6025: 6017: 6015: 6011: 6010: 5996: 5995: 5988: 5981: 5973: 5964: 5963: 5961: 5960: 5954: 5952: 5948: 5947: 5945: 5944: 5935: 5933: 5929: 5928: 5926: 5925: 5917: 5909: 5901: 5893: 5884: 5882: 5878: 5877: 5863: 5862: 5855: 5848: 5840: 5831: 5830: 5828: 5827: 5822: 5815: 5808: 5800: 5798: 5794: 5793: 5791: 5790: 5785: 5779: 5777: 5773: 5772: 5770: 5769: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5735: 5733: 5729: 5728: 5723:A Doll's House 5714: 5713: 5706: 5699: 5691: 5682: 5681: 5679: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5633: 5627: 5625: 5621: 5620: 5618: 5617: 5611: 5605: 5599: 5593: 5587: 5581: 5575: 5569: 5562: 5560: 5552: 5551: 5548: 5547: 5544: 5543: 5541: 5540: 5533: 5526: 5519: 5512: 5505: 5497: 5495: 5486: 5485: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5457: 5455: 5439: 5438: 5436: 5435: 5428: 5422: 5414: 5412: 5403: 5402: 5396: 5390: 5384: 5383:(1947), singer 5378: 5372: 5366: 5360: 5354: 5351:Ole (von) Paus 5348: 5342: 5331: 5325: 5324:(1882), lawyer 5319: 5313: 5302: 5296: 5290: 5284: 5278: 5272: 5266: 5265:(1799), lawyer 5260: 5254: 5248: 5245:Cornelius Paus 5235: 5234: 5232: 5224: 5223: 5221: 5220: 5214: 5208: 5202: 5201:(1656), cleric 5193: 5192:(1625), cleric 5184: 5183:(1620), cleric 5175: 5174:(1590), cleric 5166: 5165:(1587), cleric 5157: 5141: 5139: 5133: 5132: 5125: 5124: 5117: 5110: 5102: 5093: 5092: 5082: 5079: 5078: 5059:Lillebil Ibsen 5047:Bergliot Ibsen 5035:Suzannah Ibsen 5032: 5030: 5026: 5025: 5018: 5016: 5013:Cornelius Paus 5005:Carl Stousland 4950: 4948: 4944: 4943: 4935: 4934: 4927: 4920: 4912: 4903: 4902: 4900: 4899: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4874:Sculpture Park 4868: 4863: 4862: 4861: 4849: 4842: 4836: 4834: 4830: 4829: 4827: 4826: 4819: 4811: 4809: 4805: 4804: 4802: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4749:A Doll's House 4746: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4719:The Pretenders 4716: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4684:St. John's Eve 4681: 4674: 4669: 4663: 4661: 4657: 4656: 4649: 4648: 4641: 4634: 4626: 4620: 4619: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4589: 4588: 4584: 4583: 4577: 4559: 4556: 4555: 4551: 4550: 4544: 4532: 4523: 4511: 4502: 4501: 4500:Scholarly work 4497: 4496: 4487: 4482: 4467: 4458: 4449: 4440: 4430: 4429: 4424: 4423:External links 4421: 4419: 4418: 4392: 4367: 4349: 4324: 4317: 4297: 4272: 4249: 4235: 4215: 4187: 4180: 4160: 4138: 4127:(in Norwegian) 4111: 4098: 4082: 4063: 4049: 4034: 4019: 4004: 3989: 3974: 3968:978-0765809186 3967: 3949: 3937:www.google.com 3924: 3892:Observer Voice 3878: 3865:978-0810820999 3864: 3844: 3817: 3791: 3784: 3766: 3757:"Henrik Ibsen" 3748: 3720: 3707: 3681: 3659: 3646: 3634: 3603: 3588: 3562: 3543: 3517: 3502: 3487: 3473: 3453: 3438: 3412: 3406:Downs, Brian. 3399: 3379: 3364: 3351: 3345:, Copenhagen, 3334: 3332:. Chapter one. 3321: 3318:. 12 May 2016. 3306: 3286: 3267:(4): 530–545. 3238: 3225: 3205: 3203:, Chapter one. 3192: 3183: 3163: 3144: 3135: 3126: 3108: 3082: 3072: 3063: 3050: 3031: 3015: 3002: 2973: 2960: 2953: 2944:Familien Ibsen 2881: 2865: 2839: 2807: 2779: 2760: 2758: 2755: 2754: 2753: 2752: 2751: 2739: 2727: 2710: 2703:Meyer, Michael 2700: 2691: 2681: 2671: 2659: 2647: 2635: 2618: 2611: 2600:Familien Ibsen 2593: 2586:Haugan, Jørgen 2583: 2563: 2556: 2542: 2528: 2525: 2522: 2521: 2490: 2481: 2472: 2463: 2454: 2447: 2413: 2412: 2410: 2407: 2406: 2405: 2400: 2395: 2390: 2385: 2380: 2374: 2373: 2359: 2343: 2340: 2339: 2338: 2332: 2327: 2309: 2292: 2286: 2279: 2272: 2265: 2145: 2142: 2141: 2140: 2134: 2124: 2121:Brian Johnston 2114: 2104: 2101:Rolf G. Fjelde 2094: 2088: 2076: 2073:William Archer 2061: 2058: 2057: 2056: 2035: 2020: 2017: 2015: 2014: 2001: 1988: 1975: 1962: 1949: 1936: 1923: 1910: 1907:En Folkefiende 1897: 1884: 1876:A Doll's House 1871: 1858: 1845: 1832: 1819: 1806: 1798:The Pretenders 1793: 1780: 1767: 1754: 1741: 1728: 1720:St. John's Eve 1715: 1706:also known as 1698: 1684: 1679: 1676: 1674: 1671: 1654: 1651: 1635:Lillebil Ibsen 1614: 1611: 1571:Stege, Denmark 1547: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1527:A Doll's House 1519:A Doll's House 1481:Richard Wagner 1477:A Doll's House 1457: 1454: 1363:Sculpture Park 1336: 1333: 1316: 1313: 1309:Ludvig Holberg 1274:William Archer 1258:A Doll's House 1210:writer's block 1183:writer's block 1164: 1161: 1107:A Doll's House 1097:A Doll's House 1093:A Doll's House 1088:A Doll's House 983: 980: 970:. He married 907: 904: 902: 899: 855: 852: 827:Denmark–Norway 819:Familien Ibsen 799: 796: 759: 709:Cornelius Paus 697:Upper Telemark 647:estate and in 610:Denmark–Norway 577:Upper Telemark 531:Denmark–Norway 511: 508: 506: 503: 491:Dano-Norwegian 376:A Doll's House 325:A Doll's House 254: 253: 245: 244: 240: 239: 228: 224: 223: 218: 214: 213: 207: 203: 202: 163:A Doll's House 145: 141: 140: 131: 127: 126: 121: 117: 116: 113: 109: 108: 94:(aged 78) 88: 84: 83: 59: 55: 54: 47: 39: 38: 35: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6254: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6174: 6172: 6157: 6154: 6153: 6151: 6147: 6140: 6136: 6133: 6132: 6128: 6123: 6119: 6116: 6112: 6111: 6109: 6108: 6104: 6103: 6101: 6097: 6090: 6089: 6085: 6082: 6081: 6077: 6076: 6074: 6070: 6063: 6062: 6058: 6055: 6054: 6050: 6047: 6046: 6042: 6041: 6039: 6035: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6023: 6019: 6018: 6016: 6012: 6007: 6006: 6001: 5994: 5989: 5987: 5982: 5980: 5975: 5974: 5971: 5959: 5956: 5955: 5953: 5949: 5942: 5941: 5937: 5936: 5934: 5930: 5923: 5922: 5918: 5915: 5914: 5910: 5907: 5906: 5902: 5899: 5898: 5894: 5891: 5890: 5886: 5885: 5883: 5879: 5874: 5873: 5868: 5861: 5856: 5854: 5849: 5847: 5842: 5841: 5838: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5820: 5816: 5814: 5813: 5812:A Doll's Life 5809: 5807: 5806: 5802: 5801: 5799: 5795: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5780: 5778: 5774: 5768: 5766: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5736: 5734: 5730: 5725: 5724: 5719: 5712: 5707: 5705: 5700: 5698: 5693: 5692: 5689: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5641: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5628: 5626: 5622: 5615: 5612: 5609: 5606: 5603: 5600: 5597: 5596:Bernhard Paus 5594: 5591: 5590:Augustin Paus 5588: 5585: 5582: 5579: 5576: 5573: 5570: 5567: 5564: 5563: 5561: 5559: 5553: 5539: 5538: 5534: 5532: 5531: 5527: 5525: 5524: 5520: 5518: 5517: 5516:The Wild Duck 5513: 5511: 5510: 5506: 5504: 5503: 5499: 5498: 5496: 5494: 5490: 5484: 5483: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5448: 5444: 5433: 5429: 5426: 5423: 5420: 5416: 5415: 5413: 5411: 5407: 5400: 5397: 5394: 5391: 5388: 5385: 5382: 5379: 5376: 5373: 5370: 5367: 5364: 5361: 5358: 5355: 5352: 5349: 5346: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5332: 5329: 5326: 5323: 5320: 5317: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5303: 5300: 5297: 5294: 5291: 5288: 5285: 5282: 5279: 5276: 5273: 5270: 5267: 5264: 5261: 5258: 5255: 5252: 5249: 5246: 5243: 5242: 5239: 5233: 5231: 5225: 5219:(1721), judge 5218: 5215: 5213:(1691), judge 5212: 5209: 5207:(1662), judge 5206: 5203: 5200: 5197: 5194: 5191: 5188: 5185: 5182: 5179: 5176: 5173: 5170: 5167: 5164: 5161: 5158: 5156:1500), cleric 5155: 5151: 5150:Hans Olufsson 5148: 5147: 5143: 5142: 5140: 5134: 5130: 5123: 5118: 5116: 5111: 5109: 5104: 5103: 5100: 5090: 5086: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5051:Tancred Ibsen 5048: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5031: 5027: 5022: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4995:, great-aunt 4994: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4953:Henrich Ibsen 4951:Grandparents 4949: 4945: 4940: 4933: 4928: 4926: 4921: 4919: 4914: 4913: 4910: 4898: 4896: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4873: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4860: 4859: 4858:Ibsen Studies 4855: 4854: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4847: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4837: 4835: 4831: 4824: 4820: 4818: 4817: 4813: 4812: 4810: 4806: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4764:The Wild Duck 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4714:Love's Comedy 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4679: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4664: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4647: 4642: 4640: 4635: 4633: 4628: 4627: 4624: 4618: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4590: 4586: 4585: 4581: 4578: 4575: 4570: 4566: 4565: 4560: 4558: 4557: 4553: 4552: 4548: 4545: 4542: 4541:Georg Brandes 4538: 4537: 4533: 4531: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4521: 4517: 4512: 4509: 4508: 4507:Ibsen Studies 4504: 4503: 4499: 4498: 4495: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4475: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4435: 4432: 4431: 4427: 4426: 4406: 4402: 4396: 4381: 4377: 4371: 4363: 4359: 4353: 4338: 4334: 4328: 4320: 4314: 4310: 4309: 4301: 4286: 4282: 4276: 4260: 4253: 4238: 4236:9780521001366 4232: 4228: 4227: 4226:Ibsen's Women 4219: 4204: 4200: 4199: 4191: 4183: 4177: 4173: 4172: 4164: 4156: 4155: 4147: 4145: 4143: 4126: 4122: 4115: 4108: 4102: 4095: 4091: 4090:Henrik Jaeger 4086: 4078: 4074: 4067: 4059: 4053: 4045: 4038: 4030: 4023: 4015: 4008: 4000: 3993: 3985: 3978: 3970: 3964: 3960: 3953: 3938: 3934: 3928: 3920: 3908: 3893: 3889: 3882: 3867: 3861: 3857: 3856: 3848: 3832: 3828: 3821: 3805: 3801: 3795: 3787: 3785:9788763861830 3781: 3777: 3770: 3762: 3758: 3752: 3745: 3741: 3738: 3736: 3732: 3724: 3717: 3711: 3695: 3691: 3685: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3668:"Norges Bank" 3663: 3656: 3650: 3644: 3638: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3607: 3599: 3592: 3577:. 21 May 2018 3576: 3572: 3566: 3558: 3554: 3547: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3521: 3513: 3506: 3498: 3491: 3476: 3470: 3466: 3465: 3457: 3449: 3442: 3427: 3423: 3416: 3409: 3403: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3383: 3375: 3368: 3361: 3355: 3348: 3344: 3338: 3331: 3330:Henrick Ibsen 3325: 3317: 3310: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3290: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3256: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3235: 3234:Ibsen's Women 3229: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3209: 3202: 3196: 3187: 3180: 3176: 3170: 3168: 3159: 3155: 3148: 3139: 3130: 3122: 3118: 3112: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3076: 3067: 3060: 3054: 3046: 3042: 3035: 3028: 3022: 3020: 3012: 3006: 2999: 2998:9780192839435 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2977: 2970: 2964: 2956: 2954:9788283050455 2950: 2946: 2945: 2940: 2939:Haave, Jørgen 2934: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2879: 2875: 2869: 2853: 2849: 2843: 2824: 2817: 2811: 2794: 2790: 2783: 2776: 2775: 2770: 2765: 2761: 2749: 2748: 2746: 2745: 2740: 2737: 2736: 2731: 2728: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2711: 2708: 2704: 2701: 2698: 2695: 2692: 2689: 2687: 2682: 2679: 2675: 2674:Koht, Halvdan 2672: 2669: 2668: 2663: 2660: 2657: 2656: 2651: 2648: 2645: 2644: 2639: 2636: 2633: 2632: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2616: 2612: 2609: 2608:9788283050455 2605: 2601: 2597: 2596:Haave, Jørgen 2594: 2591: 2587: 2584: 2580: 2579: 2573: 2568: 2564: 2561: 2557: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2540: 2539: 2534: 2531: 2530: 2518: 2517: 2512: 2511: 2506: 2505: 2500: 2494: 2485: 2476: 2467: 2458: 2450: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2431: 2426: 2425:Haugen, Einar 2418: 2414: 2404: 2401: 2399: 2396: 2394: 2391: 2389: 2386: 2384: 2383:Ibsen Studies 2381: 2379: 2376: 2375: 2371: 2360: 2357: 2346: 2336: 2333: 2331: 2328: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2310: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2293: 2291: 2287: 2284: 2280: 2277: 2273: 2270: 2267:The asteroid 2266: 2263: 2259: 2258: 2257: 2254: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2231: 2229: 2223: 2218: 2215:(1888–1939), 2214: 2211:(1886–1933), 2210: 2209:Alfred Rotter 2207:(1884–1960), 2206: 2205:Ludwig Barnay 2203:(1878–1945), 2202: 2199:(1877–1944), 2198: 2195:(1875–1952), 2194: 2191:(1874–1942), 2190: 2187:(1861–1927), 2186: 2183:(1856–1912), 2182: 2179:(1854–1912), 2178: 2177:Max Burckhard 2175:(1884–1960), 2174: 2171:(1833–1905), 2170: 2165: 2163: 2162:Order of Vasa 2159: 2155: 2151: 2138: 2135: 2132: 2128: 2125: 2122: 2118: 2115: 2112: 2108: 2105: 2102: 2098: 2095: 2092: 2091:Michael Meyer 2089: 2086: 2082: 2081: 2077: 2074: 2070: 2067: 2066: 2065: 2054: 2053: 2048: 2047: 2042: 2041: 2036: 2033: 2029: 2028: 2023: 2022: 2012: 2008: 2007: 2002: 1999: 1995: 1994: 1989: 1986: 1982: 1981: 1976: 1973: 1969: 1968: 1963: 1960: 1956: 1955: 1950: 1947: 1943: 1942: 1937: 1934: 1930: 1929: 1924: 1921: 1917: 1916: 1915:The Wild Duck 1911: 1908: 1904: 1903: 1898: 1895: 1891: 1890: 1885: 1882: 1878: 1877: 1872: 1869: 1865: 1864: 1859: 1856: 1852: 1851: 1846: 1843: 1839: 1838: 1833: 1830: 1826: 1825: 1820: 1817: 1813: 1812: 1807: 1804: 1803:Kongs-Emnerne 1800: 1799: 1794: 1791: 1787: 1786: 1785:Love's Comedy 1781: 1778: 1774: 1773: 1768: 1765: 1761: 1760: 1755: 1752: 1748: 1747: 1742: 1739: 1735: 1734: 1729: 1726: 1722: 1721: 1716: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1704: 1699: 1696: 1692: 1691: 1686: 1685: 1683: 1670: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1659:Paris Commune 1650: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1631:Tancred Ibsen 1628: 1624: 1620: 1610: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1595: 1593: 1588: 1583: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1563: 1556: 1552: 1541:Personal life 1538: 1536: 1531: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1511: 1509: 1508:The Wild Duck 1503: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1484: 1482: 1478: 1469: 1468: 1462: 1453: 1451: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1429: 1425: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1410: 1405: 1401: 1396: 1392: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1369: 1364: 1362: 1356: 1354: 1350: 1341: 1332: 1330: 1329:Carl Snoilsky 1326: 1325:Georg Brandes 1322: 1312: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1293: 1287: 1285: 1284: 1279: 1275: 1270: 1266: 1261: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1250: 1245: 1244: 1234: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1197: 1192: 1191: 1190:The Wild Duck 1184: 1180: 1179: 1178:The Wild Duck 1174: 1169: 1160: 1158: 1157:Georg Brandes 1152: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1125: 1119: 1116: 1115: 1110: 1108: 1104: 1103: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1089: 1084: 1083: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1069: 1064: 1059: 1056: 1052: 1051: 1046: 1045: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1019: 1014: 1013: 1008: 999: 993: 988: 979: 977: 973: 969: 965: 960: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 941: 936: 935: 930: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 898: 895: 894: 889: 887: 882: 881: 876: 875: 870: 869: 868:The Wild Duck 864: 863: 851: 849: 845: 841: 836: 830: 828: 822: 820: 816: 815: 810: 806: 795: 793: 790: 785: 778: 775: 771: 758: 753: 751: 746: 738: 730: 726: 724: 720: 719: 714: 710: 706: 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