454:. Earthquakes can also cause liquifaction, and earth tremors and tidal waves were reported by ancient historians during the time of Thonis-Heracleion's submersion. The soil around the south-eastern basin of the Mediterranean is prone to liquifaction. The hard clay turned rapidly into a liquid and the buildings collapsed into the water. A few residents stayed on during the Roman era and the beginning of Arab rule, but by the end of the eighth century AD, what was left of Thonis had sunk beneath the sea. Thonis-Heracleion was left relatively undisturbed beneath the sea floor for 1200 years. The sand and other debris covered the remains of the city and made accidental discovery unlikely. This kept Thonis-Heracleion preserved. Looters and unsuspecting humans and animals did not have the chance to tarnish the city's remains.
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825:. This ancient war ship in the sunken city was trapped under heavy materials, such as stone, that fell from the crumbling buildings during the catastrophes that caused Thonis-Heracleion's destruction. The ship was harbored near the Temple of Amun, and it was held in place on the ocean floor by the heavy building materials until its discovery. It is a Greek war ship with a sail and oars, and it was constructed using Egyptian elements, as well. It brings new knowledge to light about the combined shipbuilding efforts of the Egyptians and the Greeks living at Thonis-Heracleion, which had a high Greek population. Also, a tumulus was discovered, covered with numerous offerings including wicker baskets containing fruits of the
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various portions of the site during their allotted time frame. Goddio's team's policy is to leave the artifacts in place, unless they get permission from the proper authorities that the artifacts may be raised for conservation efforts or to safeguard their preservation. When there was a cause to raise an artifact from the water, the team tagged it, and placed it within a plastic bag and then raised the artifact to the surface in a basket. However, if the artifact was too large, such as the various statues, the team used a crane from on board their ship, the
Princess Duda, to carefully raise the artifact. Once on the ship, the artifacts were cleaned and then went through a
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this discovery solidified that the two cities were actually the same city. Other important remains are the boats that were sunk around Thonis-Heracleion. There are around seventy ships near the city. This is the largest deposit of ships ever discovered in the ancient world. The massive number of ships gives great resources to nautical archaeologists in terms of researching various aspects of the ships, such as the style in which they were built and the materials used in their construction. A statue of either
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technology, including non-intrusive cutting-edge technology, like a nuclear magnetic resonance magnetometer, multi-beam bathymetry, sidescan sonar, sub-bottom profiler and satellite positioning systems in order to map the site. These are relatively new technologies that were useful in the complex process of research and excavation. After the site was mapped, the team slowly began excavations. Several devices were used for the underwater excavations. The team used a
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833:; a wooden sofa used for banquets was also found, alongside a gold amulet of high quality. The artifacts were probably preserved within an underground room or buried soon after being offered, despite the city's having continued to exist well after the 4th century. This discovery documents the settlement of Greek merchants and mercenaries in the city of Thonis-Heracleion.
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was found at the site. He is depicted holding a tray of four loaves of bread. Many gold coins, statues of deities, jewelry, ritual animal sarcophagi, and ceramic pieces were uncovered at the site; these artifacts give archaeologists a wide range of items to study. A portion of the ceramic pieces were
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is a decree of King
Nectanebo I, which raises subsidies for the temple. This stele also confirms the name of the city as Thonis since the name of the city was written into the inscription. Until this point, archaeologists and historians had thought that Thonis and Heracleion were separate cities, but
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Before its discovery in 2000, most historians believed that Thonis and
Heracleion were two separate cities, both located on what is now the Egyptian mainland. However, a second stele of the Decree of Nectanebo I was found at the temple of Heracleion, with an order from Nectanebo I stating that it be
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During the second century BC Alexandria superseded Thonis-Heracleion as Egypt's primary port. The importance of Thonis-Heracleion began diminishing with the rise of
Alexandria, which was about fifteen miles southwest, in the 2nd century BCE. Also in the 2nd century BCE, a major weather event, either
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Maritime archaeologists have begun using 3D technologies more consistently due to the “improvement of a suite of sonar, laser, optical and other sensor-based technologies capable of capturing terrestrial, intertidal, seabed and sub-seabed sediments in 3D and in high resolution”. These technologies
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estimates that only 5% of the city has been excavated so far. The archaeologists are continuing to search for artifacts and remains of the city. Because there is so much left to excavate at Thonis-Heracleion, there is a lot of potential for new discoveries of important artifacts or more building
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to further uncover the artifacts. The team consisted of archaeologists, as well as artists and photographers to document the finds. The team conducted dives at the site in a tightly coordinated schedule for about a month period in order to maximize their time there. They systematically uncovered
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was the governor. Due to the speed that its water flowed, the Nile at that time was called the Aëtus, or eagle, until
Heracles stopped the flooding and corrected the river's course back to its original position. Diodorus claimed that the myth of Heracles slaying the eagle which ate the liver of
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The quick destruction of the buildings and slow submersion of Thonis-Heracleion allows archaeologists to now study the underwater city with its surplus of archaeological evidence. One of the most important remains is the stele that was found near the temple of Amun-Gereb. Written on the black,
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in collaboration with the
Ministry for Antiquities of Egypt after a five-year search. Goddio and his team first researched the historical texts concerning the area and used that information to narrow down the possible location of the site. Then, the team used a combination of several pieces of
595:. Some of Paris' servants then fled to a nearby temple of Heracles that was built along the coast, and told the temple priests and Thonis, the watchman at the entrance to the Nile, of Paris' taking of Helen from Menelaus. Thonis then captured Paris and his ships, and brought Paris and Helen to
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McCarthy, J., Benjamin, J., Winton, T., van
Duivenvoorde, W. (2019). The Rise of 3D in Maritime Archaeology. In: McCarthy, J., Benjamin, J., Winton, T., van Duivenvoorde, W. (eds) 3D Recording and Interpretation for Maritime Archaeology. Coastal Research Library, vol 31. Springer, Cham.
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Numerous finds from the site have indicated that the city's period of major activity ran from the sixth to the fourth century BC, with finds of pottery and coins appearing to stop at the end of the second century BC. Goddio's finds have also included incomplete statues of the god
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made many additions to the temple in the fourth century B.C. Sanctuaries in
Heracleion dedicated to Osiris and other deities were famous for miraculous healing and attracted pilgrims from a wide area. Archaeologists have found evidence of the celebration of the "Mysteries of
414:. Later, the worship of Amun became more prominent. During the time when the city especially flourished between the sixth and fourth centuries BC, a large temple of Amun-Gereb, the supreme god of the Egyptians at the time, was located in the middle of the city. King
387:, which was another trading port lying 72 km (45 mi) farther up the Nile. Goods were transferred inland via Naucratis, or they were transported via the Western Lake and through a water channel to the nearby town of
379:. The city was built around a central temple, and was intersected by canals with a number of harbors and anchorages. Its wharves, temples, and tower-houses were linked by ferries, bridges, and pontoons. The city was an
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Painting of
Prometheus getting his liver eaten by an eagle. Diodorus would claim that Heracles stopping the flood of the Nile river would later become the myth of him slaying this eagle and freeing Prometheus.
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Strabo wrote that in the distant past the city of Thonis, whose name derived from its king, had been located on a strip of land between the
Mediterranean Sea and a canal leading towards the city of Schedia.
661:(the first of which is known as the 'Stele of Naukratis'), which specify that one tenth of the taxes on imports passing through the town of Thonis (Heracleion) were to be given to the ancient sanctuary of
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Franck Goddio, The Topography and Excavation of Heracleion-Thonis and East-Canopus (1996-2006), Oxford Centre for Maritime Archaeology: Monograph 1, Institute of Archaeology, University of Oxford, 2007
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One of the twin steles of the Decree of Nactenbo I. The other stele was not found until Heracleion's discovery in 2000, and what led to the revelation that Thonis and Heracleion were the same city.
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a tsunami, earthquake, or a combination, pushed the city towards destruction. However, the city was not entirely abandoned until its complete submersion into the sea by the eighth century AD.
423:" at Thonis-Heracleion, which occurred each year during the month of Khoiak. The god in his ceremonial boat was brought in procession from the temple of Amun in that city to his shrine in
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Greek in origin; this adds to the evidence of a large Greek population living at Thonis-Heracleion. The research at the site is still ongoing, and excavations are continuing every year.
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to document the exact positioning of the artifacts. They also created an excavation plan. The team labeled or tagged every artifact and documented its exact position. They used a
750:, a type of ancient Nile river boat, was excavated from the waters of Thonis-Heracleion. Its design was found to be consistent with a description written by Herodotus in 450 BC.
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placed in the city of Thonis, proving that Thonis and Heracleion were actually one and the same. The ruins submerged in the sea were located and are excavated by the French
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allow the archaeologists to scan the sites and create accurate, precise maps and images of the site. This is especially useful because the site is submerged underwater.
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Diodorus made mention of Thonis in relation to a story of Heracles, claiming that at one point the Nile river had become greatly inundated and flooded the area in which
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Belov, A., 2019, Ship 17: A Baris from Thonis-Heracleion. Oxford Centre for Maritime Archaeology Monograph 10. Ships and Boats of the Canopic Region in Egypt. Oxford
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Robinson, D. (2018). The Depositional Contexts of the Ships from Thonis-Heracleion, Egypt. The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 47(2), 325-336.
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2023 archaeological findings, suggested that Greeks, who were already allowed to trade in the city, "had started to take root" there as early as during the
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Until very recently the site had been known only from a few literary and epigraphic sources, one of which interestingly mentions the site as an
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and grape seeds dating to the early 4th century BC, alongside a number of Greek ceramic some with black and red figures likely imported from
383:(trading port) and by the Late Period it was the country's main port for international trade and collection of taxes. It had a sister city,
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in the ancient port city of Thonis-Heracleion, together with many ancient Egyptian and Greek artifacts, including ancient Greek weapons.
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556:. These references to Thonis-Heracleion are often within the context of a story about legendary Greek figures, such as Heracles and
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603:. Alternatively it was believed that Menelaus and Helen had stayed there, accommodated by the noble Egyptian Thon and his wife
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Prometheus had its origins in this event, and that the city of Thonis stood where the Nile now emptied into the Mediterranean.
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450:. Around 101 BC, probably after a severe flood, the ground on which the central island of Heracleion was built succumbed to
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Heracles and the hone: about a foundation deposit from the temple of Thonis-Heracleion, A-S. von Bomhard, 2014
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The legendary beginnings of Thonis go back to as early as the 12th century BC, and it is mentioned by ancient
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found on the site indicates that late in its history the city was known by both its Egyptian and Greek names.
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joints, alongside more Egyptian features, such as a flat-bottomed construction favourable for navigating the
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1223:"Sunken ancient temples were found in a mysterious underwater city, with Egyptian and Greek treasures"
2007:
1715:"Ancient Egypt: Underwater archaeologists uncover destroyed temple in the sunken city of Heracleion"
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This article is about the ancient Egyptian city. For Crete's largest city and capital, see
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2017:
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795:, dating back to the third and fourth centuries BC, were found at Thonis-Heracleion by
791:, ancient granite columns, treasure-carrying ships, and bronze coins from the reign of
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wrote that Menelaus's helmsman, Canopus, was bitten by a viper on the sands of Thonis.
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process in order to protect them from the dry air after a long submersion underwater.
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1836:"Secrets of the sea: Warship and cemetery discovered in lost ancient city in Egypt"
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Image of Khonsu, an Egyptian god of the moon associated with Herakles by the Greeks
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1350:"Lost cities #6: how Thonis-Heracleion resurfaced after 1,000 years under water"
1071:"Lost cities #6: how Thonis-Heracleion resurfaced after 1,000 years under water"
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560:, and put the location of the city to be on the coast and adjacent to the Nile.
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Thonis-Heracleion is mentioned by many Greek historians of antiquity, including
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Over time, the city was weakened by a combination of earthquakes, tsunamis, and
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Sunken Cities, Egypts Lost World, The BP exhibition at the British Museum, 2016
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Dictionnaire des Noms Géographiques Contenus dans les Textes Hiéroglyphiques
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923:. Princeton University Press. p. 74, and directory notes accompanying.
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1858:"Fruit baskets from fourth century BC found in ruins of Thonis-Heracleion"
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1108:"Ancient Egyptian underwater treasures to be exhibited for the first time"
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1792:"Ancient ship and burial ground discovered in underwater city in Egypt"
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1585:"Nile shipwreck discovery proves Herodotus right – after 2,469 years"
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1890:"New discoveries off Egyptian coast reveal 'treasures and secrets'"
1560:"Belov, 2019, Ship 17 a baris from Thonis Heracleion_Cover and TOC"
677:, which describes donations, sacrifices and a procession on water.
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1627:"Mysterious temple discovered in the ruins of sunken ancient city"
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1754:"Archaeologists discover a sunken ancient settlement underwater"
1685:"Archaeologists discover a sunken ancient settlement underwater"
1646:"Divers Find Remains of Ancient Temple in Sunken Egyptian City"
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and that likely Greek mercenaries were employed to defend it.
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Thonis was originally built on some adjoining islands in the
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EDT, Katherine Hignett On 7/23/19 at 11:06 AM (2019-07-23).
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History, Laura Geggel 2019-07-29T10:37:58Z (29 July 2019).
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Egypt's Suken Treasures, Goddio, F, Fabre, D. München, 2008
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813:. The 25-metre (82 ft) long galley featured classic
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historians. Its importance grew particularly during the
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of the Nile, about 32 km (20 mi) northeast of
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announced the discovery of the site of a temple to god
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was also discovered. A large, intact statue of the god
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The stela of Ptolemy VIII from the temple of Heracleion
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1954:"Sunken Egyptian city reveals 1,200-year-old secrets"
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European Institute for Underwater Archaeology (IEASM)
1778:"Ship-shape finds from a sunken city | the Past"
332:. It became inundated and its remains are located in
1225:. businessinsider. 20 September 2023. Archived from
591:, landed in a region of the Nile delta known as the
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63:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1170:"Lost city of Heracleion gives up its secrets"
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920:Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World
2013:Mediterranean port cities and towns in Egypt
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2028:Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Egypt
1968:Osiris,Sunken Mysteries, Exhibition website
1737:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
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1529:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03635-5_1
1503:"Sunken Cities: the man who found Atlantis"
1208:. London: British Museum. pp. 143–144.
1014:Naukratis: a city and trading port in Egypt
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838:Institut Européen d'Archéologie Sous-Marine
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1923:"Spectacular finds of lost city revealed"
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1332:"Sunken Civilizations: Thonis-Heracleion"
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858:List of ancient Egyptian towns and cities
653:Heracleion is also mentioned in the twin
123:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1145:Diodorus Siculus, Book 1: A Commentary.
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1271:"Why Thonis-Heracleion disappeared"
692:coins from the submerged Heracleion
607:. The second century BC Greek poet
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1870:from the original on 2 August 2021
1206:Sunken Cities: Egypt's Lost Worlds
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1030:"The stele from Thonis-Heracleion"
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147:Map of Nile Delta showing ancient
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2003:Populated places in ancient Egypt
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1501:Sooke, Alastair (29 April 2016).
1019:
995:Digital Atlas of the Roman Empire
844:and a Greek sanctuary devoted to
770:wearing the tunic of the goddess
410:, who was known to the Greeks as
1998:Former populated places in Egypt
1856:Alberge, Dalya (2 August 2021).
1558:Alexander Belov (January 2019).
681:Discovery and excavation process
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1106:Dalya Alberge (2 August 2015).
948:"Discovering Thonis-Heracleion"
48:needs additional citations for
1907:Franck Goddio official website
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787:In July 2019, a tholos, small
583:Herodotus said that Paris and
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1988:Archaeological sites in Egypt
1942:"Searching for Sunken Cities"
1834:Koop, Fermin (19 July 2022).
1752:Topics, Head (24 July 2019).
1069:Shenker, Jack (15 Aug 2016).
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432:Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt
402:Thonis had a large temple of
1683:Santos, Edwin (2019-07-28).
458:Greek references and legends
442:Submersion and disappearance
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320:port city located near the
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1892:. CNN. 19 September 2023.
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391:for onward distribution.
348:was located in Thonis. A
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1374:Gauthier, Henri (1927).
699:underwater archaeologist
1993:Cities in ancient Egypt
1956:. Yahoo!. 30 April 2013
1380:. Vol. 4. p.
312:) and sometimes called
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1946:Ancient Egypt Magazine
1471:Stephanus of Byzantium
1458:, De Natura Animalium,
1412:Bibliotheca historica.
1130:Bibliotheca historica.
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1479:Ethnika kat' epitomen
1427:Biblotheca historica.
1229:on 20 September 2023.
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659:Decree of Nectanebo I
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305:Coptic pronunciation:
222:31.31278°N 30.12889°E
16:Ancient Egyptian city
892:www.trismegistos.org
746:From 2009 to 2011 a
742:Archaeological finds
704:and his team of the
57:improve this article
1424:Diodorus, Siculus.
1409:Diodorus, Siculus.
1127:Diodorus, Siculus.
868:Mysteries of Osiris
615:Egyptian references
340:. The sanctuary of
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1929:. BBC. 7 June 2001
1813:"Ptolemaic Galley"
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309:[dəˈhoːni]
227:31.31278; 30.12889
180:Shown within Egypt
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1780:. 15 August 2021.
1455:Claudius Aelianus
930:978-0-691-03169-9
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1016:, British Museum
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802:In August 2021,
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601:Proteus of Egypt
599:to be judged by
504:
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318:ancient Egyptian
311:
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1948:. Jul–Aug 2000.
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1811:Franck Goddio.
1809:
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1800:. 26 July 2021.
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1176:. 28 April 2013
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1132:1.19.3 - 1.19.4
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74: –
73:
69:
68:Find sources:
62:
58:
52:
51:
46:This article
44:
40:
35:
34:
29:
22:
1958:. Retrieved
1945:
1931:. Retrieved
1926:
1884:
1872:. Retrieved
1863:The Guardian
1861:
1839:
1806:
1797:Live Science
1795:
1786:
1772:
1761:. Retrieved
1757:
1747:
1722:. Retrieved
1718:
1708:
1697:. Retrieved
1693:the original
1688:
1678:
1653:. Retrieved
1649:
1639:
1630:
1621:
1609:
1589:The Guardian
1588:
1578:
1567:. Retrieved
1563:
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1522:
1512:22 September
1510:. Retrieved
1506:
1496:
1487:
1478:
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1405:
1397:Geographica.
1396:
1390:
1376:
1369:
1358:. Retrieved
1356:. 2016-08-15
1354:the Guardian
1353:
1344:
1335:
1278:. Retrieved
1274:
1265:
1254:. Retrieved
1250:
1227:the original
1205:
1200:
1189:
1178:. Retrieved
1173:
1148:BRILL, 1972
1144:
1138:
1129:
1112:The Guardian
1111:
1078:. Retrieved
1075:The Guardian
1074:
1040:. Retrieved
1036:
994:
984:
966:
955:. Retrieved
951:
918:
895:. Retrieved
891:
882:
835:
801:
789:Greek temple
786:
764:Cleopatra II
756:granodiorite
752:
745:
736:
724:
720:desalination
715:water dredge
695:
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313:
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238:
119:
110:
100:
93:
86:
79:
72:"Heracleion"
67:
55:Please help
50:verification
47:
1840:ZME Science
1758:Head Topics
1481:(in Greek).
1439:Herodotus.
888:"TM Places"
675:Ptolemy III
525:hieroglyphs
416:Nectanebo I
361:waning days
334:Abu Qir Bay
280:; from the
225: /
201:Coordinates
2018:Trojan War
1982:Categories
1960:2013-06-06
1933:2013-06-06
1763:2019-08-17
1724:2019-08-17
1699:2019-08-17
1689:Nosy Media
1655:2019-08-17
1569:2022-11-17
1442:Histories.
1360:2022-12-02
1280:2022-11-16
1256:2022-12-02
1180:2013-06-06
1154:9004035141
1042:2022-11-16
957:2022-11-16
897:2019-05-26
874:References
823:Nile delta
793:Ptolemy II
732:Arsinoe II
577:Prometheus
377:Nile Delta
326:Alexandria
256:Hērákleion
240:Heracleion
213:30°07′44″E
210:31°18′46″N
194:Alexandria
136:Heracleion
83:newspapers
1631:9news.com
863:Menouthis
846:Aphrodite
808:Ptolemaic
784:remains.
690:Ptolemaic
605:Polydamna
554:Herodotus
406:, son of
385:Naucratis
316:, was an
250:Ἡράκλειον
153:Menouthis
28:Heracleon
21:Heraklion
1874:2 August
1868:Archived
1733:cite web
1719:Newsweek
1664:cite web
1473:(1849).
1394:Strabo.
852:See also
821:and the
643:—
638:emporion
609:Nicander
589:Menelaus
550:Diodorus
412:Herakles
381:emporion
365:pharaohs
189:Location
1475:"Θῶνις"
1399:17.1.16
728:Serapis
657:of the
597:Memphis
425:Canopus
404:Khonsou
389:Canopus
371:History
363:of the
328:on the
287:Tȝ-ḥn.t
196:, Egypt
149:Canopus
97:scholar
1460:IX, 21
1429:1.19.2
1414:1.19.1
1152:
1080:11 Feb
975:
927:
831:Attica
811:galley
781:Goddio
655:steles
648:, 2013
552:, and
546:Strabo
421:Osiris
338:Abukir
292:Coptic
277:Thônis
261:Thonis
99:
92:
85:
78:
70:
1816:(PDF)
1545:(PDF)
1033:(PDF)
804:IEASM
797:IEASM
759:stele
748:baris
706:IEASM
663:Neith
558:Paris
357:Greek
350:stele
342:Neith
300:Thōni
296:Ⲧϩⲱⲛⲓ
271:Θῶνις
192:near
104:JSTOR
90:books
1927:News
1876:2021
1739:link
1670:link
1514:2016
1245:KW.
1156:p105
1150:ISBN
1082:2018
973:ISBN
925:ISBN
842:Amun
819:Nile
776:Hapy
772:Isis
667:Sais
408:Amun
346:Sais
76:news
766:or
665:of
523:in
521:ḥnt
344:of
59:by
1984::
1944:.
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1866:.
1860:.
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1735:}}
1731:{{
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