664:, in exchange for 200 rifles, 2,500 German marks, and some lead toy soldiers, and established a port there. Clarification of Germany's title among the European powers took some time, as the British demurred in response to a German request to clarify the boundaries of their title, however in April 1884 Bismarck instructed the German consul in declare "Lüderitzland" (as Lüderitz's holding in South-West Africa had become known) as under the "protection" of the German Reich. Lüderitz steadily spread Germany's influence throughout the South-West African territory until by 1885 only one tribe within it – the Witboois – had not concluded some kind of arrangement with Germany.
160:
149:
100:
719:
1489:
114:
39:
746:
It took the
Germans until 1908 to re-establish authority over the territory. By that time tens of thousands of Africans (estimates range from 34,000 to 110,000) had been either killed or died of thirst while fleeing. 65,000 of 80,000 Hereros and at least 10,000 of 20,000 Nama died as a result of the
734:
issued orders to kill every male Herero and drive women and children into the desert. As soon as the news of this order reached
Germany, it was repealed, but Trotha initially ignored Berlin. When the extermination order was finally suspended at the end of 1904, surviving tribesmen were herded into
671:
missionaries, traders, and other
Europeans had been present in the territory since the 1830s, it was only with the advent of Germany's claim to South-West Africa that German settlement of the territory began in earnest. By 1903 there were roughly 4,682 European settlers in the protectorate of whom
705:
The Herero led a guerrilla campaign, conducting fast hit and run operations then melting back into the terrain they knew well, preventing the
Germans from gaining an advantage with their modern artillery and machine-guns. However a conclusive battle was fought on 11 August 1904, at the
688:
In 1903, some of the Khoi and Herero tribes rose in revolt and about 120-150 German settlers were killed, with many victims of the uprising tortured and mutilated before death. Troops were sent from
Germany to re-establish order but only dispersed the rebels, led by Chief
714:
Mountains. Chief
Maharero believed his six to one advantage over the Germans would allow him to win in a final showdown. The Germans had time to bring forward their artillery and heavy weapons. Both sides took heavy losses, but the Herero were scattered and defeated.
680:. The advent of large-scale German settlement also brought about changes in the treatment of the native Herero and Nama peoples by Europeans, with native people facing increased legal discrimination and expropriation of land for the use of European settlers.
830:, a contemporary account by Frederick Cornell of his attempts to prospect for diamonds in the region. In the book, he describes his first-hand accounts of witnessing the concentration camp on Shark Island amongst other aspects of the conflict.
655:
to obtain lands which
Germany would bring within its "protection", under the conditions that a port was established within the territories taken and that there was "clear title" to the land. Lüderitz bought the title to
776:
On 16 August 2004, 100 years after the war, the German government officially apologised for the atrocities. "We
Germans accept our historic and moral responsibility and the guilt incurred by Germans at that time," said
1038:
Colonial
Genocide and Reparations Claims in the 21st Century: The Socio-Legal Context of Claims under International Law by the Herero against Germany for Genocide in Namibia, 1904-1908
792:
and again apologised in 2016. The Herero are suing the German government in a class action lawsuit. In 2021, Germany announced that they would repay
Namibia €1.1 billion.
1159:
344:
296:
291:
1237:
276:
1412:
301:
1256:
281:
254:
991:
337:
819:
The heavy toll of the Herero and Namaqua Genocide on individual lives and the fabric of Herero culture is seen in the 2013 historical novel
651:, reversing his previous rejection of colonial acquisitions, decided on a policy of imperial expansion. In 1882 Bismarck gave permission to
1689:
1684:
1649:
639:
peoples in a series of conflicts that had in their later stages, seen the extensive use of fire-arms obtained from European traders.
1603:
330:
1405:
1004:
Gewald, Jan-Bart, Herero Heroes: A Socio-political History of the Herero of Namibia, 1890-1923, London: James Curry Ltd (1999),
701:
chief, Maharero sought to organize his rebellion against the Germans while building alliances with the other tribes, exclaiming
1634:
1644:
1344:
1148:
1105:
1065:
1045:
967:
247:
1589:
413:
1199:
1596:
1398:
935:
1290:
The Glamour of Prospecting: Wanderings of a South African Prospector in Search of Copper, Gold, Emeralds, and Diamonds
1138:
1125:
1085:
623:
The Hereros were cattle grazers, occupying most of central and northern South West Africa. Under the leadership of
240:
1694:
1506:
694:
173:
1009:
925:
433:
403:
1488:
839:
493:
311:
80:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1582:
770:
543:
438:
378:
781:, Germany's development aid minister. In addition, she admitted that the massacres were equivalent to
1219:
927:
Border Conflicts in a German African Colony: Jakob Morengo and the Untold Tragedy of Edward Presgrave
778:
468:
423:
1464:
603:
553:
483:
119:
68:
1639:
1560:
448:
1421:
711:
766:
533:
1654:
1629:
851:
812:
810:. The tragic story of the Herero and Namaqua Genocide also appears in Pynchon's 1973 novel
1140:
Diaspora and Memory: Figures of Displacement in Contemporary Literature, Arts and Politics
1078:
From Conquest to Genocide: Colonial Rule in German Southwest Africa and German East Africa
8:
1454:
736:
707:
528:
508:
473:
354:
306:
30:
1449:
1288:
1058:
Empire, Colony, Genocide: Conquest, Occupation and Subaltern Resistance in World History
1436:
1379:
1371:
1205:
985:
578:
538:
478:
458:
443:
418:
408:
388:
286:
960:
African Kaiser: General Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck and the Great War in Africa, 1914-1918
1529:
1383:
1340:
1144:
1121:
1101:
1081:
1061:
1041:
1005:
973:
963:
931:
788:
Not until 2015 did the German government admit that the massacres were equivalent to
731:
648:
568:
164:
1354:
Alnæs, Kirsten (1989). "Living with the past: The Songs of the Herero in Botswana".
652:
44:
1537:
1363:
1305:
Absolute Destruction: Military Culture and the Practices of War in Imperial Germany
800:
The Herero Wars and the massacres are both depicted in a chapter of the 1963 novel
718:
624:
573:
548:
498:
398:
177:
153:
1519:
1444:
1334:
690:
628:
518:
503:
169:
757:
were discovered in the territory, which briefly greatly boosted its prosperity.
807:
428:
373:
368:
1623:
1555:
1514:
1172:
977:
661:
657:
599:
595:
563:
513:
488:
453:
393:
159:
148:
126:
105:
1390:
1547:
1318:
The American West and the World: Transnational and Comparative Perspectives
1257:"Germany agrees to pay Namibia €1.1bn over historical Herero-Nama genocide"
1224:
463:
1242:
740:
698:
632:
383:
130:
750:
At the height of the campaign, some 19,000 German troops were involved.
1375:
673:
322:
773:, and SW Africa officially became a mandate of South Africa in 1920.
743:
to German businesses; many Herero died of overwork and malnutrition.
668:
558:
1367:
660:(later renamed Lüderitz Bay) from Joseph Fredericks, a chief of the
1096:
Sara L. Friedrichsmeyer, Sara Lennox, and Susanne M. Zantop (1998)
789:
782:
723:
677:
672:
nearly 3,000 were Germans, most of them in the towns of Lüderitz,
754:
607:
134:
1160:
Herero und Nama verklagen Deutschland wegen Kolonialverbrechen
1098:
The Imperialist Imagination: German Colonialism and Its Legacy
232:
826:
The war and the massacres are both significantly featured in
636:
38:
1286:
1137:
Marie-Aude Baronian, Stephan Besser, Yolande Jansen (2007)
907:
905:
627:, who died in 1861, and then later under the leadership of
1040:, p. 142, Praeger Security International, Westport, Conn.
892:
890:
43:
German troops in combat with the Herero in a painting by
902:
1236:
Christoph Schult und Christoph Titz (6 January 2017). "
845:
802:
1356:
Africa: Journal of the International African Institute
887:
863:
875:
1220:"German minister says sorry for genocide in Namibia"
16:
Series of German colonial wars in South West Africa
1198:
618:
1621:
1277:. Windhoek, Namibia: Wordweaver Publishing House
1110:
1118:Sturm über Südwest. Der Hereroaufstand von 1904
1420:
1406:
338:
248:
1200:"Germany Grapples With Its African Genocide"
1021:
594:were a series of colonial wars between the
1413:
1399:
1362:(3). Cambridge University Press: 267–299.
1293:. London, England: London, T.F. Unwin Ltd.
990:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
610:). They took place between 1904 and 1908.
345:
331:
255:
241:
81:systematic extermination of native peoples
1254:
647:In the early 1880s, the German statesman
1332:
1280:
1173:"Namibia | South African History Online"
911:
896:
881:
869:
717:
227:As many as 65–70,000 including civilians
1120:, Bernard & Graefe-Verlag, Koblenz
631:, they had achieved supremacy over the
352:
1622:
1197:Onishi, Norimitsu (29 December 2016).
1196:
1100:, p. 87, University of Michigan Press
1022:Robert Gaudi (2017). "7: Hereroland".
923:
642:
1394:
1353:
1287:Frederick Carruthers Cornell (1920).
1238:Herero und Nama verklagen Deutschland
1050:
1030:
957:
917:
326:
236:
1583:South-West Africa Campaign (1914–15)
846:Comparable events in other countries
769:forces occupied it in the so-called
739:, while others were transferred as
13:
1339:. University of California Press.
1326:
14:
1706:
1690:African resistance to colonialism
1685:1900s in German South West Africa
1255:Oltermann, Philip (28 May 2021).
1650:Wars involving the German Empire
1487:
795:
158:
147:
112:
98:
37:
1597:East African Campaign (1914–18)
1310:
1297:
1267:
1248:
1230:
1213:
1190:
1165:
1153:
1131:
1090:
1070:
930:. Arena books. pp. 34–36.
262:
1590:West Africa Campaign (1914–16)
1015:
998:
951:
726:, besieged by the Herero, 1904
619:Pre-colonial South-West Africa
1:
1635:German colonisation in Africa
1080:, p. 296, Berghahn Books, NY
857:
765:In 1915, during World War I,
613:
1645:Historical events in Namibia
1036:Jeremy Sarkin-Hughes (2008)
760:
683:
7:
1307:, p. 30, Cornell University
1076:Dominik J. Schaller (2008)
840:Herero and Namaqua genocide
833:
312:Herero and Namaqua genocide
10:
1711:
1604:Pacific Campaign (1914–19)
1162:06.01.2017, FOCUS Magazine
828:The Glamour of Prospecting
771:South West Africa Campaign
1577:
1573:
1546:
1528:
1505:
1498:
1483:
1463:
1435:
1428:
1422:German colonial conflicts
1336:The Revolt of the Hereros
779:Heidemarie Wieczorek-Zeul
730:In October 1904, General
364:
272:
200:
187:
140:
90:
51:
36:
28:
23:
1465:German South West Africa
753:At about the same time,
693:. In a famous letter to
604:German South West Africa
193:Initial strength: ~2,000
120:German South West Africa
69:German South West Africa
1303:Hull, Isabel V. (2005)
1695:Wars involving Germany
1333:Bridgman, Jon (1981).
1273:Serebrov, Mari (2013)
1056:A. Dirk Moses (2008)
958:Gaudi, Robert (2017).
924:Curson, Peter (2012).
727:
218:Died from disease: 689
141:Commanders and leaders
1060:, Berghahn Books, NY
721:
201:Casualties and losses
852:American Indian Wars
703:Let us die fighting!
1455:Maji Maji rebellion
1320:, p. 162, Routledge
1316:Lahti, Jane (2019)
1116:Walter Nuhn (1989)
737:concentration camps
722:German garrison of
708:Battle of Waterberg
643:German colonization
574:South Africa (1914)
539:South Africa (1906)
504:South Africa (1899)
474:Matabeleland (1896)
464:South Africa (1895)
444:Matabeleland (1893)
409:Somalia (1888–1924)
404:Equatoria (1886–89)
374:South Africa (1880)
369:South Africa (1879)
356:Scramble for Africa
292:Battle of Okahandja
31:Scramble for Africa
1507:Shantung Peninsula
1499:Asia & Pacific
1437:German East Africa
1206:The New York Times
823:by Mari Serebrov.
728:
429:Mashonaland (1890)
1680:Conflicts in 1908
1675:Conflicts in 1907
1670:Conflicts in 1906
1665:Conflicts in 1905
1660:Conflicts in 1904
1617:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1569:
1568:
1530:German New Guinea
1481:
1480:
1346:978-0-520-04113-4
1222:(15 August 2004)
1149:978-1-42948-147-2
1106:978-0-47209-682-4
1066:978-1-84545-452-4
1046:978-0-31336-256-9
969:978-0-425-28371-4
914:, pp. 36–41.
813:Gravity's Rainbow
732:Lothar von Trotha
649:Otto von Bismarck
587:
586:
544:Morocco (1907–34)
534:Morocco (1905–06)
529:Tanganyika (1905)
509:Somaliland (1900)
449:Morocco (1893–94)
434:Katanga (1891−92)
399:Madagascar (1883)
320:
319:
231:
230:
165:Lothar von Trotha
86:
85:
1702:
1575:
1574:
1561:Samoan Civil War
1538:Sokehs rebellion
1503:
1502:
1491:
1433:
1432:
1415:
1408:
1401:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1350:
1321:
1314:
1308:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1284:
1278:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1252:
1246:
1234:
1228:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1202:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1177:sahistory.org.za
1169:
1163:
1157:
1151:
1143:, p. 33, Rodopi
1135:
1129:
1114:
1108:
1094:
1088:
1074:
1068:
1054:
1048:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1019:
1013:
1002:
996:
995:
989:
981:
955:
949:
948:
946:
944:
921:
915:
909:
900:
894:
885:
879:
873:
867:
625:Jonker Afrikaner
489:Wassoulou (1898)
454:Wassoulou (1894)
394:Wassoulou (1883)
359:
357:
347:
340:
333:
324:
323:
267:
257:
250:
243:
234:
233:
182:
163:
162:
154:Theodor Leutwein
152:
151:
118:
116:
115:
104:
102:
101:
79:German victory,
53:
52:
41:
21:
20:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1700:
1699:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1609:
1565:
1542:
1524:
1520:Jietou incident
1494:
1477:
1459:
1445:Abushiri revolt
1424:
1419:
1368:10.2307/1160229
1347:
1329:
1327:Further reading
1324:
1315:
1311:
1302:
1298:
1285:
1281:
1272:
1268:
1253:
1249:
1235:
1231:
1218:
1214:
1195:
1191:
1181:
1179:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1158:
1154:
1136:
1132:
1115:
1111:
1095:
1091:
1075:
1071:
1055:
1051:
1035:
1031:
1020:
1016:
1003:
999:
983:
982:
970:
956:
952:
942:
940:
938:
922:
918:
910:
903:
895:
888:
880:
876:
868:
864:
860:
848:
836:
798:
763:
695:Hendrik Witbooi
691:Samuel Maharero
686:
645:
629:Samuel Maharero
621:
616:
588:
583:
569:Libya (1911–12)
479:Zanzibar (1896)
469:Ethiopia (1896)
360:
355:
353:
351:
321:
316:
268:
263:
261:
224:
178:
174:Hendrik Witbooi
172:
170:Samuel Maharero
157:
156:
146:
113:
111:
99:
97:
71:
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1708:
1698:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1640:Guerrilla wars
1637:
1632:
1615:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1607:
1600:
1593:
1586:
1578:
1571:
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1482:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1475:
1469:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1457:
1452:
1450:HeHe rebellion
1447:
1441:
1439:
1430:
1426:
1425:
1418:
1417:
1410:
1403:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1351:
1345:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1322:
1309:
1296:
1279:
1266:
1247:
1229:
1212:
1189:
1164:
1152:
1130:
1109:
1089:
1069:
1049:
1029:
1024:African Kaiser
1014:
997:
968:
950:
937:978-1906791964
936:
916:
901:
899:, p. 164.
886:
874:
872:, p. 112.
861:
859:
856:
855:
854:
847:
844:
843:
842:
835:
832:
808:Thomas Pynchon
797:
794:
762:
759:
685:
682:
653:Adolf Lüderitz
644:
641:
620:
617:
615:
612:
585:
584:
582:
581:
576:
571:
566:
564:Morocco (1911)
561:
559:Ouaddai (1909)
556:
554:Morocco (1909)
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
524:Namibia (1904)
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
499:Fashoda (1898)
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
459:Ashanti (1895)
456:
451:
446:
441:
439:Dahomey (1892)
436:
431:
426:
424:Dahomey (1890)
421:
416:
414:Eritrea (1889)
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
379:Tunisia (1881)
376:
371:
365:
362:
361:
350:
349:
342:
335:
327:
318:
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314:
309:
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279:
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269:
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237:
229:
228:
225:
223:
222:
221:Civilians: 100
219:
216:
213:
210:
206:
203:
202:
198:
197:
196:Herero: 10,000
194:
190:
189:
185:
184:
167:
143:
142:
138:
137:
124:
123:
122:
93:
92:
88:
87:
84:
83:
77:
73:
72:
67:
65:
61:
60:
57:
49:
48:
45:Richard Knötel
34:
33:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1707:
1696:
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1592:
1591:
1587:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1579:
1576:
1572:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1556:Samoan Crisis
1554:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1515:Juye incident
1513:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1501:
1497:
1490:
1486:
1485:
1474:
1471:
1470:
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1337:
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1313:
1306:
1300:
1292:
1291:
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1276:
1270:
1262:
1258:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1239:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1208:
1207:
1201:
1193:
1178:
1174:
1168:
1161:
1156:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1141:
1134:
1127:
1126:3-7637-5852-6
1123:
1119:
1113:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1093:
1087:
1086:1-8454-5452-9
1083:
1079:
1073:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1053:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1033:
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1180:. Retrieved
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484:Benin (1897)
419:Congo (1895)
389:Egypt (1882)
384:Sudan (1881)
264:
179:
133:, and other
96:
91:Belligerents
29:Part of the
18:
1655:Imperialism
1630:Herero Wars
1473:Herero Wars
1243:Der Spiegel
1182:11 November
741:slave labor
592:Herero Wars
494:Chad (1898)
265:Herero Wars
24:Herero Wars
1624:Categories
1026:. Penguin.
1010:0852557493
943:11 October
858:References
747:conflict.
674:Swakopmund
614:Background
514:Aro (1901)
297:Ongandjira
1384:143939978
986:cite book
978:946903000
761:Aftermath
712:Waterberg
684:Rebellion
307:Waterberg
277:Okahandja
135:Namibians
59:1904–1908
1012:, p. 156
834:See also
790:genocide
783:genocide
755:diamonds
724:Windhoek
678:Windhoek
598:and the
287:Namutoni
215:WIA: 907
209:KIA: 676
188:Strength
64:Location
1376:1160229
710:in the
699:Namaqua
669:Rhenish
667:Whilst
608:Namibia
302:Ovuimbu
282:Omaruru
212:MIA: 76
180:†
131:Namaqua
1429:Africa
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127:Herero
117:
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76:Result
1380:S2CID
1372:JSTOR
637:Orlam
1341:ISBN
1184:2019
1145:ISBN
1122:ISBN
1102:ISBN
1082:ISBN
1062:ISBN
1042:ISBN
1006:ISBN
992:link
974:OCLC
964:ISBN
945:2019
932:ISBN
635:and
633:Nama
590:The
56:Date
1364:doi
806:by
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