Herero and Nama genocide

5125: 385: 1995: 4725:"Of late it has been claimed that the infamous 'Blue Book' which detailed the treatment of Africans in GSWA was little more than a piece of propaganda put about to further South Africa's territorial ambitions and Britain's position at the negotiating table. Granted that the book was used to strengthen Britain's position vis-à-vis Germany, it must however be borne in mind that the bulk of the evidence contained in the 'Blue Book' is little more than the literal translation of German texts published at the time which were the findings of a German commission of inquiry into the effects of corporal punishment." Thus, when the Blue Book was withdrawn from the public after Germany and England came to an agreement about how to share access to GSWA minerals, this was not censorship; it was just business. 414: 5101:'Sterblichkeit in den Kriegsgefangenlargern', Nr. KA II.1181, copy of undated report compiled by the Schutztruppe Command, read in Col. Dept. 24 Mar. 1908, BA-Berlin, R 1001. Nr. 2040, pp. 161–62. The other annual average death rates (for the period Oct. 1904 to Mar. 1907) were as follows: Okahandja, 37.2%; Windhuk, 50.4%; Swakopmund, 74%; Shark Island in Lüderitzbucht, 121.2% for Nama, 30% for Herero. Traugott Tjienda, headsman of the Herero at Tsumbe and foreman of a large group of prisoners at the Otavi lines for two years, testified years later to a death rate of 28% (148 dead of 528 labourers) in his unit, Union of South Africa, 'Report on the Natives', 101." 2859:

Feigheit nicht mehr kämpfen. Ich sage dem Volk: Jeder, der einen der Kapitäne an eine meiner Stationen als Gefangenen abliefert, erhält tausend Mark, wer Samuel Maharero bringt, erhält fünftausend Mark. Das Volk der Herero muss jedoch das Land verlassen. Wenn das Volk dies nicht tut, so werde ich es mit dem Groot Rohr dazu zwingen. Innerhalb der Deutschen Grenzen wird jeder Herero mit und ohne Gewehr, mit oder ohne Vieh erschossen, ich nehme keine Weiber oder Kinder mehr auf, treibe sie zu ihrem Volke zurück, oder lasse auf sie schießen. Dies sind meine Worte an das Volk der Herero. Der große General des mächtigen Deutschen Kaisers.

2109: 2861:"Dieser Erlaß ist bei den Appells den Truppen mitzuteilen mit dem Hinzufügen, daß auch der Truppe, die einen der Kapitäne fängt, die entsprechende Belohnung zu teil wird und daß das Schießen auf Weiber und Kinder so zu verstehen ist, daß über sie hinweggeschossen wird, um sie zum Laufen zu zwingen. Ich nehme mit Bestimmtheit an, daß dieser Erlaß dazu führen wird, keine männlichen Gefangenen mehr zu machen, aber nicht zu Grausamkeiten gegen Weiber und Kinder ausartet. Diese werden schon fortlaufen, wenn zweimal über sie hinweggeschossen wird. Die Truppe wird sich des guten Rufes der deutschen Soldaten bewußt bleiben." 361: 2214: 1920:, while women and children were to be driven into the desert where their death from starvation and thirst was to be certain; Trotha argued that there was no need to make exceptions for Herero women and children, since these would "infect German troops with their diseases", the insurrection Trotha explained "is and remains the beginning of a racial struggle". After the war, Trotha argued that his orders were necessary, writing in 1909 that "If I had made the small water holes accessible to the womenfolk, I would run the risk of an African catastrophe comparable to the 2742: 3207:'Germany has offered its first formal apology for the colonial-era massacre of some 65,000 members of the Herero tribe by German troops in Namibia. (...) "We Germans accept our historic and moral responsibility," Ms Wieczorek-Zeul, Germany's Development Aid Minister, told a crowd of some 1,000 at the ceremony in Okokarara. "Germany has learnt the bitter lessons of the past." But after the minister's speech, the crowd repeated calls for an apology. "Everything I said in my speech was an apology for crimes committed under German colonial rule," she replied.' 5129:, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, London: 2001, p. 245: "The zoologist Leonard Schultze happened also to be on a collecting trip in Southwest Africa when the war broke out. He found that, although the fighting made the collection and preservation of animals difficult, it presented new opportunities for physical anthropology: 'I could make use of the victims of the war and take parts from fresh native corpses, which made a welcome addition to the study of the living body (imprisoned Hottentots were often available to me). 2673:. In September 2011, the skulls were returned to Namibia. In August 2018, Germany returned all of the remaining skulls and other human remains which were examined in Germany to scientifically promote white supremacy. This was the third such transfer, and shortly before it occurred, German Protestant bishop Petra Bosse-Huber stated "Today, we want to do what should have been done many years ago – to give back to their descendents the remains of people who became victims of the first genocide of the 20th century." 2669:, a former Namibian ambassador to Germany, demanded in August 2008 that the skulls of Herero and Nama prisoners of the 1904–1908 uprising, which were taken to Germany for scientific research to claim the superiority of white Europeans over Africans, be returned to Namibia. Katjavivi was reacting to a German television documentary which reported that its investigators had found more than 40 of these skulls at two German universities, among them probably the skull of a Nama chief who had died on Shark Island near 2492: 7232: 66: 1561: 767:, a treatment which, during the uprising, was regularly extended to German soldiers and civilians, "We came across a few Khoisan whom of course we killed. I myself helped to kill one of them. First we cut off his ears, saying, 'You will never hear Herero cattle lowing.' Then we cut off his nose, saying, 'Never again shall you smell Herero cattle.' And then we cut off his lips, saying, 'You shall never again taste Herero cattle.' And finally we cut his throat." 2234: 1903:

whoever hands me one of the chiefs shall receive 1,000 marks, and 5,000 marks for Samuel Maherero. The Herero nation must now leave the country. If it refuses, I shall compel it to do so with the 'long tube' . Any Herero found inside the German frontier, with or without a gun or cattle, will be executed. I shall spare neither women nor children. I shall give the order to drive them away and fire on them. Such are my words to the Herero people.

337:"apologizes and bows before the descendants of the victims. Today, more than 100 years later, Germany asks for forgiveness for the sins of their forefathers. It is not possible to undo what has been done. But the suffering, inhumanity and pain inflicted on the tens of thousands of innocent men, women and children by Germany during the war in what is today Namibia must not be forgotten. It must serve as a warning against racism and genocide." 2756: 2011: 397: 377: 2026:, where the German authorities forced them to work as slave labour for German military and settlers. All prisoners were categorised into groups fit and unfit for work, and pre-printed death certificates indicating "death by exhaustion following privation" were issued. The British government published their well-known account of the German genocide of the Nama and Herero peoples in 1918. 2003: 2094:, which then was connected to the mainland only by a small causeway. The island is now, as it was then, barren and characterised by solid rock carved into surreal formations by the hard ocean winds. The camp was placed on the far end of the relatively small island, where the prisoners would have suffered complete exposure to the strong winds that sweep Lüderitz for most of the year. 685:). For a long time, much of this debt went uncollected and accumulated, as most Herero had no means to pay. To correct this growing problem, Governor Leutwein decreed with good intentions that all debts not paid within the next year would be voided. In the absence of hard cash, traders often seized cattle, or whatever objects of value they could get their hands on, as 725:, who resisted German demands to register their guns. The Bondelzwarts engaged in a firefight with the German authorities which led to three Germans killed and a fourth wounded. The situation deteriorated further, and the governor of the Herero colony, Major Theodor Leutwein, went south to take personal command, leaving almost no troops in the north. 1837:

Historian Jeremy-Sarkin Hughes believes that regardless of whether or not a written order was given, the Kaiser must have given General von Trotha verbal orders. According to Hughes, the fact that Trotha was decorated and not court-martialed after the genocide became public knowledge lends support to the thesis that he was acting under orders.

670:(German Colonial League) held that, in regards to legal matters, the testimony of seven Africans was equivalent to that of a colonist. According to Bridgman, there were racial tensions underlying these developments; the average German colonist viewed native Africans as a lowly source of cheap labour, and others welcomed their extermination. 594:, was well aware of the effect of the German colonial rule on Hereros. He later wrote: "The Hereros from early years were a freedom-loving people, courageous and proud beyond measure. On the one hand, there was the progressive extension of German rule over them, and on the other their own sufferings increasing from year to year." 288:. In October, the Nama people also rebelled against the Germans, only to suffer a similar fate. Between 24,000 and 100,000 Hereros and 10,000 Nama were killed in the genocide. The first phase of the genocide was characterized by widespread death from starvation and dehydration, due to the prevention of the Herero from leaving the 465:

Regarding the care and protection of their herds, the Herero showed themselves utterly merciless, and far more 'savage' than the Khoisan had ever been. Because of their dominant ways and elegant bearing, the few Europeans who encountered Herero tribesmen in the early days regarded them as the region's 'natural aristocrats.

2624:, who also stated that Germany was asking Namibia and the descendants of the genocide victims for forgiveness. In addition to recognizing the events as a genocide, Germany agreed to give as a "gesture of recognition of the immeasurable suffering" €1.1 billion in aid to the communities impacted by the genocide. 311:, and therefore one of the earliest attempts at genocide in the 20th century. In 2004, the German government recognised the events in what a German minister qualified as an "apology" but ruled out financial compensation for the victims' descendants. In July 2015, the German government and the speaker of the 614:, Dietrich denied attempting to rape his victim. He alleged that he awoke thinking the camp was under attack and fired blindly into the darkness. The killing of the Herero woman, he claimed, was an unfortunate accident. The court acquitted him, alleging that Dietrich was suffering from "tropical fever" and 2245:

With the closure of concentration camps, all surviving Herero were distributed as labourers for settlers in the German colony. From that time on, all Herero over the age of seven were forced to wear a metal disc with their labour registration number, and banned from owning land or cattle, a necessity

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Cold – for the nights are often bitterly cold there – hunger, thirst, exposure, disease and madness claimed scores of victims every day, and cartloads of their bodies were every day carted over to the back beach, buried in a few inches of sand at low tide, and as the tide came in the bodies went out,

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The pursuing German forces prevented groups of Herero from breaking from the main body of the fleeing force and pushed them further into the desert. As exhausted Herero fell to the ground, unable to go on, German soldiers killed men, women, and children. Jan Cloete, acting as a guide for the Germans,

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General von Trotha commented: "I know the tribes of Africa…. They are all alike. They only respond to force. It was and is my policy to use force with terrorism and even brutality. I shall annihilate the African tribes with streams of blood and streams of gold." General von Trotha stated his proposed

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One missionary reported: "The real cause of the bitterness among the Hereros toward the Germans is without question the fact that the average German looks down upon the natives as being about on the same level as the higher primates ('baboon' being their favourite term for the natives) and treat them

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Resentment brewed among the native populations over their loss of status and property to German ranchers arriving in South West Africa, and the dismantling of traditional political hierarchies. Previously ruling tribes were reduced to the same status as the other tribes they had previously ruled over

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Both German colonial authorities and European settlers envisioned a predominantly white "new African Germany," wherein the native populations would be put onto reservations and their land distributed among settlers and companies. Under German colonial rule, colonists were encouraged to seize land and

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argues that the links between the Herero genocide and the Holocaust are beyond the execution of an annihilation policy and the establishment of concentration camps and there are also ideological similarities in the conduct of both genocides. Focusing on a written statement by General Trotha which is

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wrote in a report that approximately 1,700 prisoners (including 1,203 Nama) had died by April 1907. In December 1906, four months after their arrival, 291 Nama died (a rate of more than nine people per day). Missionary reports put the death rate at 12–18 per day; as many as 80% of the prisoners sent

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There are hundreds of them, mostly women and children and a few old men ... when they fall they are sjamboked by the soldiers in charge of the gang, with full force, until they get up ... On one occasion I saw a woman carrying a child of under a year old slung at her back, and with a heavy

1911:

This proclamation is to be read to the troops at roll-call, with the addition that the unit that catches a captain will also receive the appropriate reward, and that the shooting at women and children is to be understood as shooting above their heads, so as to force them to run . I assume absolutely

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I was present when the Herero were defeated in a battle in the vicinity of Waterberg. After the battle all men, women, and children who fell into German hands, wounded or otherwise, were mercilessly put to death. Then the Germans set off in pursuit of the rest, and all those found by the wayside and

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The timing of their attack was carefully planned. After successfully asking a large Herero clan to surrender their weapons, Governor Leutwein was convinced that they and the rest of the native population were essentially pacified and so withdrew half of the German troops stationed in the colony. Led

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One of the major issues was land rights. In 1903 the Herero learned of a plan to divide their territory with a railway line and set up reservations where they would be concentrated. The Herero had already ceded more than a quarter of their 130,000 km (50,000 sq mi) territory to German

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Robert Gerwarth and Stephan Malinowski have questioned the supposed link with the Holocaust, finding it to be lacking in empirical evidence, and argue that Nazi policy represented a distinct turn away from typical European colonial practice. Additionally, they write that studies supporting the link

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According to Robert Gaudi, "Leutwein knew that the wrath of the German Empire was about to fall on them and hoped to soften the blow. He sent desperate messages to Chief Samuel Maherero in hopes of negotiating an end to the war. In this, Leutwein acted on his own, heedless of the prevailing mood in

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translated from German: "Ich, der große General der Deutschen Soldaten, sende diesen Brief an das Volk der Herero. Die Herero sind nicht mehr deutsche Untertanen. Sie haben gemordet und gestohlen, haben verwundeten Soldaten Ohren und Nasen und andere Körperteile abgeschnitten, und wollen jetzt aus

1816:

precisely because of his record in China. In 1904, the Kaiser was furious by the latest revolt in his colonial empire by a people whom he also viewed as inferior, and took the Herero rebellion as a personal insult, just as he had viewed the Boxers' assassination of Baron von Ketteler. The tactless

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This bold enterprise shows up in the most brilliant light the ruthless energy of the German command in pursuing their beaten enemy. No pains, no sacrifices were spared in eliminating the last remnants of enemy resistance. Like a wounded beast the enemy was tracked down from one water-hole to the

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around holes 13 m (43 ft) deep that had been dug in a vain attempt to find water. Some sources also state that the German colonial army systematically poisoned desert water wells. Maherero and 500–1,500 men crossed the Kalahari into Bechuanaland where he was accepted as a vassal of the

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Historian Horst Drechsler states that there was discussion of the possibility of establishing and placing the Herero in native reserves and that this was further proof of the German colonists' sense of ownership over the land. Drechsler illustrates the gap between the rights of a European and an

5133:" This translates the original German: "Andererseits konnte ich mir die Opfer des Krieges zu nutze machen und frischen Leichen von Eingeborenen Teile entnehmen, die das Studium des lebenden Körpers (gefangene Hottentotten standen mir häufig zu Gebote) willkommen ergänzten." Leonhard Schultze, 1902:

I, the great general of the German soldiers, send this letter to the Herero. The Herero are German subjects no longer. They have killed, stolen, cut off the ears and other parts of the body of wounded soldiers, and now are too cowardly to want to fight any longer. I announce to the people that

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Advocates of the continuity hypothesis have often referred to the case of Franz Xaver Ritter von Epp, a former colonial officer, Freikorps leader, and subsequent director of the Third Reich's Colonial Office, as "living proof" of continuities between Africa and the Third Reich. Yet Epp had no

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from the Imperial period. Despite this fact, surviving documents indicate that Trotha used the same tactics in Namibia that he had used in China, only on a much vaster scale. It is also known that throughout the genocide Trotha sent regular reports to both the General Staff and to the Kaiser.

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In 2015, the German government began negotiations with Namibia over a possible apology, and by 2016, Germany committed itself to apologizing for the genocide, as well as to refer to the event as a genocide; but the actual declaration was postponed while negotiations stalled over questions of

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According to Robert Gaudi, "The newcomers, much taller and more fiercely warlike than the indigenous Khoisan people, were possessed of the fierceness that comes from basing one's way of life on a single source: everything they valued, all wealth and personal happiness, had to do with cattle.

2702:, a historical novel by Mari Serebrov, provides two perspectives of the 1904 genocide in German South West Africa. The first is that of Jahohora, a 12-year-old Herero girl who survives on her own in the veld for two years after her family is killed by German soldiers. The second story in 2527:

She ruled out paying special compensations, but promised continued economic aid for Namibia which in 2004 amounted to $ 14M a year. This number has been significantly increased since then, with the budget for the years 2016–17 allocating a sum total of €138M in monetary support payments.

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sack of grain on her head ... she fell. The corporal sjamboked her for certainly more than four minutes and sjamboked the baby as well ... the woman struggled slowly to her feet, and went on with her load. She did not utter a sound the whole time, but the baby cried very hard.

461:, while limited in its vocabulary for most areas, contains more than a thousand words for the colours and markings of cattle. The Hereros were content to live in peace as long as their cattle were safe and well-pastured, but became formidable warriors when their cattle were threatened. 1912:

that this proclamation will result in taking no more male prisoners, but will not degenerate into atrocities against women and children. The latter will run away if one shoots at them a couple of times. The troops will remain conscious of the good reputation of the German soldier.

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and lung diseases were common. Despite those conditions, the prisoners were taken outside the camp every day for labour under harsh treatment by the German guards, while the sick were left without any medical assistance or nursing care. Many Herero and Nama were worked to death.

446:, were originally a group of cattle herders who migrated into what is now Namibia during the mid-18th century. The Herero seized vast swathes of the arable upper plateaus which were ideal for cattle grazing. Agricultural duties, which were minimal, were assigned to enslaved 621:

According to Leutwein, the murder "aroused extraordinary interest in Hereroland, especially since the murdered woman had been the wife of the son of a Chief and the daughter of another. Everywhere the question was asked: Have White people the right to shoot native women?"

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Governor Leutwein, later relieved of his duties, complained to Chancellor von Bülow about Trotha's actions, seeing the general's orders as intruding upon the civilian colonial jurisdiction and ruining any chance of a political settlement. According to Professor

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Although records show that Herero leaders repeatedly complained that Germans were raping Herero women and girls with impunity, not a single case of rape came before the colonial courts before the uprising because the Germans looked upon such offences as mere

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demanded a public apology and compensation. Herzog expressed regret but stopped short of an apology. He pointed out that international law requiring reparation did not exist in 1907, but he undertook to take the Herero petition back to the German government.

2258:) in Windhoek was erected in 1912 to celebrate the victory and to remember the fallen German soldiers and civilians. Until after Independence, no monument was built to the killed indigenous population. It remains a bone of contention in independent Namibia. 2032:

Food in the camps was extremely scarce, consisting of rice with no additions. As the prisoners lacked pots and the rice they received was uncooked, it was indigestible; horses and oxen that died in the camp were later distributed to the inmates as food.

540:, signed a great deal of land over to the Germans in return for helping him to ascend to the Ovaherero throne, and to subsequently be established as paramount chief. German involvement in ethnic fighting ended in tenuous peace in 1894. In that year, 1968:

Having no authority over the military, Chancellor Bülow could only advise Emperor Wilhelm II that Trotha's actions were "contrary to Christian and humanitarian principle, economically devastating and damaging to Germany's international reputation".

1959:, opposition to the policy of annihilation was largely the consequence of the fact that colonial officials looked at the Herero people as a potential source of labour, and thus economically important. For instance, Governor Leutwein wrote that: 752:, the colonial capital. Maharero then issued a manifesto in which he forbade his troops to kill any Englishmen, Boers, uninvolved peoples, women and children in general, or German missionaries. The Herero revolts catalysed a separate revolt and 2051:

detailed some of the abuse with the heading: "In German S. W. Africa: Further Startling Allegations: Horrible Cruelty". In an interview with Percival Griffith, "an accountant of profession, who owing to hard times, took up on transport work at

689:. This fostered a feeling of resentment towards the Germans on the part of the Herero people, which escalated to hopelessness when they saw that German officials were sympathetic to the moneylenders who were about to lose what they were owed. 2572:, arguing that, as a sovereign nation, it cannot be sued in US courts in relation to its acts outside the United States. In March 2019, the judge dismissed the claims due to the exceptions to sovereign immunity being too narrow for the case. 2696:, filmmakers Halfdan Muurholm and Casper Erichsen portray a 23-year-old Herero woman, who is aware of the fact that her great-grandmother was raped by a German soldier. The documentary explores the past and the way Namibia deals with it now. 7109:, a contemporary account by Frederick Cornell of his attempts to prospect for diamonds in the region. In the book he describes his first hand accounts of witnessing the concentration camp on Shark Island and other aspects of the genocide. 2333:

and genocide. He argues that personal connections, literature, and public debates served as conduits for communicating colonialist and genocidal ideas and methods from the colony to Germany. Tony Barta, an honorary research associate at

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Madley, p. 446: "Colonial Namibia's death camp at Shark Island was different from Spanish and British concentration camps in that it was operated for the purpose of destroying human life. Thus, it served as a rough model for later Nazi

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Leutwein wanted to defeat the most determined Herero rebels and negotiate a surrender with the remainder to achieve a political settlement. Trotha, however, planned to crush the native resistance through military force. He stated that:

1963:

I do not concur with those fanatics who want to see the Herero destroyed altogether ... I would consider such a move a grave mistake from an economic point of view. We need the Herero as cattle breeders ... and especially as

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There, German participants in the 1904-8 genocide of the Herero and Nama peoples include the future Nazi governor of Bavaria, Franz Ritter von Epp, who during World War II presided over the liquidation of virtually Bavaria's Jews and

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stated that the claimants did not prove that money used to buy property in New York could be traced back to wealth resulting from the seized property and therefore the lawsuit could not overcome Germany's immunity. In June 2021, the

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One missionary wrote, "The Germans are filled with fearful hate. I must really call it a blood thirst against the Hereros. One hears nothing but talk of 'cleaning up,' 'executing,' 'shooting down to the last man,' 'no pardon,' etc."

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Vol. 35, pp. 429–432: "Operational from 1905 to 1907, Haifischinsel, or Shark Island, was the twentieth century's first death camp. Though referred to as a Konzentrationslager in Reichstag debates, it functioned as an extermination

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About 19,000 German troops were engaged in the conflict, of which 3,000 saw combat. The rest were used for upkeep and administration. The German losses were 676 soldiers killed in combat, 76 missing, and 689 dead from disease. The

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and return it to the Herero and Nama people. The agreement was also criticized because negotiations were held solely between the German and Namibian governments, and did not include representatives of the Herero and Nama people.

2077:) sought employment as transport riders for German troops in Namibia. Upon their return to the Cape, some of these people recounted their stories, including those of the imprisonment and genocide of the Herero and Nama people. 5828:

influence on the extermination policies of the Third Reich whatsoever and was increasingly marginalized after the abandonment of the Madagascar Plan, a process that culminated in the dissolution of the Colonial Office in 1943.

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An estimated 300 skulls were sent to Germany for experimentation, in part from concentration camp prisoners. In October 2011, after three years of talks, the first 20 of an estimated 300 skulls stored in the museum of the

1882:; fewer than 1,000 Herero managed to reach Bechuanaland, where they were granted asylum by the British authorities. To prevent them from returning, Trotha ordered the desert to be sealed off. German patrols later found 657:

running from the African coast to inland German settlements was completed. Completion of this line would have made the German colonies much more accessible and would have ushered a new wave of Europeans into the area.

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According to Robert Gaudi, "The Germans suffered more than defeat in the early months of 1904; they suffered humiliation, their brilliant modern army unable to defeat a rabble of 'half-naked savages.' Cries in the

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to buy a new horse. Halfway to Dietrich's destination, a wagon carrying the son of a Herero chief, his wife, and their son stopped by. In a common courtesy in Hereroland, the chief's son offered Dietrich a ride.

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Bundesarchiv Potsdam, Akten des Reichskolonialamtes, RKA, 10.01 2089, Bl. 23, Handschriftliche Abschrift der Proklamation an das Volk der Herero und des Zusatzbefehls an die Kaiserliche Schutztruppe, 2. Oktober

1947:) approved of Trotha's intentions in terms of a "racial struggle" and the need to "wipe out the entire nation or to drive them out of the country", but had doubts about his strategy, preferring their surrender. 1821:

in 1904 is strikingly similar to the language he had used about the Chinese Boxers in 1900. However, the Kaiser denied, together with Chancellor von Bülow, von Trotha's request to quickly quell the rebellion.

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On 28 May 2021, the German government announced that it was formally recognizing the atrocities committed as a genocide, following five years of negotiations. The declaration was made by foreign minister

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Trotha was opposed to contact between natives and settlers, believing that the insurrection was "the beginning of a racial struggle" and fearing that the colonists would be infected by native diseases.

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That night, however, Dietrich got very drunk and after everyone was asleep, he attempted to rape the wife of the chief's son. When she resisted, Dietrich shot her dead. When he was tried for murder in

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I believe that the nation as such should be annihilated, or, if this was not possible by tactical measures, have to be expelled from the country ... This will be possible if the water-holes from

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like animals. The settler holds that the native has a right to exist only in so far as he is useful to the white man. This sense of contempt led the settlers to commit violence against the Hereros."

3341:"Joint Declaration by the Federal Republic of Germany and the Republic of Namibia "United in Remembrance of Our Colonial Past, United in Our Will to Reconcile, United in Our Vision of the Future"" 2587:

Germany, while admitting brutality in Namibia, at first refused to call it a "genocide", claiming that the term only became international law in 1945. However, in July 2015, then foreign minister

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According to the 1985 United Nations Whitaker Report, some 65,000 Herero (80% of the total Herero population) and 10,000 Nana (50% of the total Nama population) were killed between 1904 and 1907.

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is that of Kov, a Jewish doctor who volunteered to serve in the German military to prove his patriotism. As he witnesses the atrocities of the genocide, he rethinks his loyalty to the Fatherland.

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at that time. Despite this, the last batch of skulls and other remains of slaughtered tribesmen which were taken to Germany to promote racial superiority were taken back to Namibia in 2018, with

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cases. Their proposed class-action lawsuit sought unspecified sums for thousands of descendants of the victims, for the "incalculable damages" that were caused. Germany seeks to rely on its

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Colonial Genocide and Reparations Claims in the 21st Century: The Socio-Legal Context of Claims under International Law by the Herero against Germany for Genocide in Namibia, 1904–1908

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in the sandveld were shot down and bayoneted to death. The mass of the Herero men were unarmed and thus unable to offer resistance. They were just trying to get away with their cattle.

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Gerwarth, Robert, and Stephan Malinowski. “Hannah Arendt’s Ghosts: Reflections on the Disputable Path from Windhoek to Auschwitz.” Central European History 42, no. 2 (2009): 279–300.

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My intimate knowledge of many central African nations (Bantu and others) has everywhere convinced me of the necessity that the Negro does not respect treaties but only brute force.

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The Hereros, however, were emboldened by their success and had come to believe that, "the Germans were too cowardly to fight in the open," and rejected Leutwein's offers of peace.

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The agreement was criticized by the chairman of the Namibian Genocide Association, Laidlaw Peringanda, who insisted that Germany should purchase their ancestral lands back from

2175:(1872–1955) noted taking "body parts from fresh native corpses" which according to him was a "welcome addition", and he also noted that he could use prisoners for that purpose. 6440: 5497: 3624: 1861:

Trotha's troops defeated 3,000–5,000 Herero combatants at the Battle of Waterberg on 11–12 August 1904 but were unable to encircle and annihilate the retreating survivors.

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next, until finally he became the victim of his own environment. The arid Omaheke was to complete what the German army had begun: the extermination of the Herero nation.

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Madley, Benjamin (2005). "From Africa to Auschwitz: How German South West Africa Incubated Ideas and Methods Adopted and Developed by the Nazis in Eastern Europe".

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On 17 May 2019, as a part of the repatriation process, the German government announced that it would return a stone symbol which it took from Namibia in the 1900s.

9388: 4619:'A Certain Rigorous Treatment of all Parts of the Nation': The Annihilation of the Herero in German South West Africa, 1904", in Mark Levene; Penny Roberts (1999) 1524: 5054:

Benjamin Madley (2005) "From Africa to Auschwitz: How German South West Africa Incubated Ideas and Methods Adopted and Developed by the Nazis in Eastern Europe",

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We Are Proud To Present a Presentation About the Herero of Namibia, Formerly Known as Southwest Africa, From the German Südwestafrika, Between the Years 1884–1915

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Mission und Macht im Wandel politischer Orientierungen: Europaische Missionsgesellschaften in politischen Spannungsfeldern in Afrika und Asien zwischen 1800–1945

677:, enforced in November 1903, also played a role in the uprising. For many years, the Herero population had fallen in the habit of borrowing money from colonist 794:

pointed out that the Hereros were as human as any German and possessed immortal souls, he was howled down by the entire conservative side of the legislature."

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Shark Island was the most brutal of the German South West African camps. Lüderitz lies in southern Namibia, flanked by desert and ocean. In the harbour lies

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are occupied. The constant movement of our troops will enable us to find the small groups of this nation who have moved backwards and destroy them gradually.

5989: 5407: 9287: 6468: 2718:(1963) had a chapter that included recollections of the genocide; there are memories of events that took place in 1904 in various locations, including the 2447:, explicitly rejected the colonial experience of the German Empire as an "appallingly outdated" model; when they did draw inspiration from colonialism for 2406: 1023: 369: 6589: 6245: 3340: 2221:(1906): "Even if it hasn't brought in much profit and there are no better quality goods on offer, at least we can use it to set up a bone-grinding plant." 526:) but did not cede the land of the Herero. This treaty was renounced in 1888 due to lack of German support against Witbooi but it was reinstated in 1890. 7472: 7155: 2165: 320: 2899: 8148: 365: 182: 8863: 9413: 2029:

Many Herero and Nama died of disease, exhaustion, starvation and malnutrition. Estimates of the mortality rate at the camps are between 45% and 74%.

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in October 2007 by invitation of the royal Herero chiefs and publicly apologised for the actions of their relative. Wolf-Thilo von Trotha said:

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Benjamin Madley argues that although Shark Island is referred to as a concentration camp, it functioned as an extermination camp or death camp.

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Furthermore, the German government agreed to pay €1.1 billion over 30 years to fund projects in communities that were impacted by the genocide.

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We, the von Trotha family, are deeply ashamed of the terrible events that took place 100 years ago. Human rights were grossly abused that time.

4110: 2081:, an aspiring British diamond prospector, was in Lüderitz when the Shark Island concentration camp was being used. Cornell wrote of the camp: 845:

By late spring of 1904, German troops were pouring into the colony. In August 1904, the main Herero forces were surrounded and crushed at the

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Following the announcement, the agreement needs to be ratified by both countries' parliaments, after which Germany would send its president,

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Zoologische und anthropologische Ergebnisse einer Forschungsreise im westlichen und zentralen Südafrika ausgeführt in den Jahren 1903–1905

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Meanwhile, Leutwein was subordinate to the civilian Colonial Department of the Prussian Foreign Office, which was supported by Chancellor

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in January 2017, descendants of the Herero and Nama people sued Germany for damages in the United States. The plaintiffs sued under the

1782:. The Kaiser took it as a personal insult from a people he viewed as racially inferior, all the more because of his obsession with the " 495:(Angra Pequena) from the reigning chief. The terms of the purchase were fraudulent, but the German government nonetheless established a 9403: 9295: 9242: 8203: 6197: 5235: 2631:, to officially apologize for the genocide. The nations agreed not to use the term "reparation" to describe the financial aid package. 1994: 1753: 1079: 629:

appeal Dietrich's acquittal, a second trial took place (before the colony's supreme court), and this time Dietrich was found guilty of

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I destroy the African tribes with streams of blood ... Only following this cleansing can something new emerge, which will remain.

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According to the Whitaker Report, the population of 80,000 Herero was reduced to 15,000 "starving refugees" between 1904 and 1907. In

8489: 7857: 7646: 7384: 7018:"Annihilation in Africa: The "Race War" in German Southwest Africa (1904–1908) and its Significance for a Global History of Genocide" 5986:"Speech at the commemorations of the 100th anniversary of the suppression of the Herero uprising, Okakarara, Namibia, 14 August 2004" 5565: 3125:

Gewald, J.B. (2000). "Colonization, Genocide, and Resurgence: The Herero of Namibia, 1890–1933". In Bollig, M.; Gewald, J.B. (eds.).

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The Herero genocide has commanded the attention of historians who study complex issues of continuity between the Herero genocide and

1072: 911: 7049:"'Streams of blood and streams of money': New perspectives on the annihilation of the Herero and Nama peoples of Namibia, 1904–1908" 6416: 3573:

White women and the dark continent: gender and sexuality in German colonial discourse from the sentimental novel to the fascist film

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in the case, Nandi Mazeingo of the Ovaherero Genocide Foundation called on Namibia to go further, saying "What South Africa did for

2424:

Mamdani takes note of the similarity between the aims of the General and the Nazis. According to Mamdani, in both cases there was a

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Racial tension was also at play. The German settlers often referred to black Africans as "baboons" and treated them with contempt.

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issued a political guideline stating that the massacre should be referred to as a "war crime and a genocide". Bundestag president

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A Herero warrior interviewed by German authorities in 1895 had described his people's traditional way of dealing with suspected

9433: 8156: 6387: 4399:"NAARC announces its support for the efforts of the Herero People in Namibia to receive reparations from the German government" 4262: 3301: 897: 8898: 8084: 7946: 6871: 6808: 6782: 6755: 6736: 6713: 6619: 6609: 6578: 5951: 5757: 5722: 5648: 5553: 5530: 5094: 5025: 4953: 4920: 4889: 4861: 4832: 4803: 4778: 4752: 4688: 4668: 4648: 4628: 4604: 4560: 4537: 4517: 4497: 4477: 4442: 4216: 4071: 4042: 4011: 3974: 3944: 3930: 3909: 3845: 3813: 3784: 3755: 3704: 3632: 3479: 3439: 3392: 3142: 2018:. In 1926, except for archive copies, it was withdrawn and destroyed following a "decision of the then Legislative Assembly". 1829: 1620: 916: 4398: 413: 9398: 9378: 9327: 8847: 8448: 8368: 7332: 6304: 3184: 721:

In 1903, the Hereros saw an opportunity to revolt. At that time, there was a distant Khoisan tribe in the south called the

454:. Over the rest of the 18th century, the Herero slowly drove the Khoisan into the dry, rugged hills to the south and east. 4463: 9428: 9418: 9083: 8419: 8182: 7488: 7339: 4854:

Hitler's Black Victims: The Historical Experiences of European Blacks, Africans and African Americans During the Nazi Era

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On 11 August 2020, following negotiations over a potential compensation agreement between Germany and Namibia, President

2309: 1220: 1104: 423:(Supreme Commander) of the protection force in German South West Africa, in Keetmanshoop during the Herero uprising, 1904 8124: 7688: 7141: 6682: 6649:"Patterns of frontier genocide 1803–1910: the Aboriginal Tasmanians, the Yuki of California, and the Herero of Namibia" 5287: 2839: 2800: 2785: 2581: 2433: 1370: 951: 931: 791: 316: 7114:

The Glamour of Prospecting: Wanderings of a South African Prospector in Search Of Copper, Gold, Emeralds, and Diamonds

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Prisoners were used for medical experiments and their illnesses or their recoveries from them were used for research.

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became governor of the territory, which underwent a period of rapid development, while the German government sent the

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Gewald, J. B. (2003). "Herero genocide in the twentieth century: politics and memory". In Walraven, Klaas van (ed.).

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Goldmann, Matthias (2024). "The ambiguity of colonial international law: Three approaches to the Namibian Genocide".

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by Jeremy Sarkin-Hughes, a number of 100,000 victims is given. Up to 80% of the indigenous populations were killed.

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to begin in the 20th century, occurring between 1904 and 1908. In January 1904, the Herero people, who were led by

36: 9463: 8296: 8271: 7249: 6090: 5903: 5215: 2719: 2601:

that same month referring to the events as a genocide. These events paved the way for negotiations with Namibia.

2023: 1989: 1444: 1304: 1225: 646: 511: 293: 258: 1323: 9224: 8854: 8612: 8020: 7810: 7520: 3347: 2780: 2647: 2208:

The Socio-Legal Context of Claims under International Law by the Herero against Germany for Genocide in Namibia

1746: 1655: 1427: 1232: 869: 9131: 2335: 9458: 8884: 7980: 7575: 7377: 6648: 5866: 5805: 4741: 3834:

The Devil's Handwriting: Precoloniality and the German Colonial State in Qingdao, Samoa, and Southwest Africa

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The Herero filed a lawsuit in the United States in 2001 demanding reparations from the German government and

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On 16 August 2004, at the 100th anniversary of the start of the genocide, a member of the German government,

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The German general staff was aware of the atrocities that were taking place; its official publication, named

1635: 1338: 1084: 9184: 9051: 6171: 4231: 2318:. It is argued that the Herero genocide set a precedent in Imperial Germany that would later be followed by 2022:

Survivors of the massacre, the majority of whom were women and children, were eventually put in places like

9473: 9468: 8905: 8877: 8060: 7956: 6705: 2378: 2078: 1585: 1050: 1033: 140: 3254:[German colonial crimes: Federal government calls Herero massacre "genocide" for the first time]. 2409:

have criticized this claim, asserting that Von Epp exercised no influence in Nazi extermination policies.

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Experiments on live prisoners were performed by Dr. Bofinger, who injected Herero who were suffering from

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over it. At that time, it was the only overseas German territory deemed suitable for European settlement.

9192: 9067: 9059: 8352: 7938: 7231: 5546: 3837: 2769: 2552:, which financed the German government and companies in Southern Africa. With a complaint filed with the 2523:

We Germans accept our historical and moral responsibility and the guilt incurred by Germans at that time.

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were discovered in the territory, and this did much to boost its prosperity, though it was short-lived.

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Leutwein was forced to request reinforcements and an experienced officer from the German government in

705: 5368: 5263: 1180: 1164: 615: 9075: 9043: 8925: 8808: 7591: 4581: 4263:

The military campaign in German Southwest Africa, 1904 – 1907 and the genocide of the Herero and Nama

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Wilhelminism and Its Legacies: German Modernities, Imperialism, and the Meanings of Reform, 1890–1930

2512: 2285: 2170: 1879: 1739: 1640: 1158: 783: 602:

In January 1903, a German trader named Dietrich was walking from his homestead to the nearby town of

6852: 6833:"Redressing Colonial Genocide under International Law: The Hereros' Cause of Action against Germany" 6010: 5710:

Sterilized by the State: Eugenics, Race, and the Population Scare in Twentieth-Century North America

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According to Benjamin Madley, the German experience in South West Africa was a crucial precursor to

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rose to power by uniting all the Herero. Faced with repeated attacks by the Khowesin, a clan of the

8773: 8764: 8465: 7370: 7207: 5899:"Hitler's Africa in the East: Italian Colonialism as a Model for German Planning in Eastern Europe" 5783: 4975: 4118: 3747: 2196: 2041:

Shootings, hangings, beatings, and other harsh treatment of the forced labourers (including use of

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and imprisoned. The move prompted violent objections of German settlers who considered Leutwein a "

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The Herero leaders repeatedly complained about violation of this treaty, as Herero women and girls

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Words Cannot Be Found: German Colonial Rule in Namibia: An Annotated Reprint of the 1918 Blue Book

1825:

No written order by Wilhelm II ordering or authorising genocide has survived. In February 1945 an

519: 9438: 9383: 8794: 8787: 7770: 7303: 5236:"Repatriation of Skulls from Namibia University of Freiburg hands over human remains in ceremony" 5195: 4878:

The Continuities of German History: Nation, Religion, and Race across the Long Nineteenth Century

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Newspapers reported 65,000 victims when announcing that Germany recognized the genocide in 2004.

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The Herero revolted in early 1904, killing between 123 and 150 German settlers, as well as seven

530: 5200: 330:, a German Protestant bishop, describing the event as "the first genocide of the 20th century". 9443: 9303: 8891: 8840: 8730: 8473: 8004: 7890: 7164: 5239: 3963:

Let Us Die Fighting: the struggle of the Herero and Nama against German imperialism (1884–1915)

2184: 1977: 1826: 1645: 1630: 1605: 1018: 262: 9139: 7017: 6989: 6965:

Let Us Die Fighting: the Struggle of the Herero and Nama against German Imperialism, 1884–1915

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of Namibia stated that the German government's offer was "not acceptable", while German envoy

1812:. General von Trotha had served in China, and was chosen in 1904 to command the expedition to 360: 9200: 8955: 8227: 7905: 7656: 7599: 7480: 5749: 5634: 5243: 4907: 4745: 3936: 3511: 2658:

is what Namibia must do for us as Hereros and Namas. They must go to that ICJ also, for us."

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There are accusations of Herero women being coerced into sex slavery as a means of survival.

2091: 1940: 1917: 1865:

witnessed the atrocities committed by the German troops and deposed the following statement:

1269: 1254: 713:, native women were taken by male European traders and ranchers both willingly and by force. 333:

In May 2021, the German government issued an official statement in which it said that Germany

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Germany's Genocide of the Herero: Kaiser Wilhelm II, His General, His Settlers, His Soldiers

6861: 5460: 2519:, officially apologised and expressed grief about the genocide, declaring in a speech that: 822: 200: 9448: 9351: 9250: 8833: 8626: 8605: 7964: 7818: 7664: 7623: 7401: 6972:

The Kaiser's Holocaust : Germany's Forgotten Genocide and the Colonial Roots of Nazism

6250: 5898: 5175: 5037: 3099:, p. 296: "see his footnotes to German language sources citation #1 for Chapter 13."; 2386: 2213: 2183:

were returned to Namibia for burial. In 2014, 14 additional skulls were repatriated by the

1944: 1767: 1665: 1580: 1496: 1190: 1114: 1089: 1028: 826: 686: 325: 6771:

From Conquest to Genocide: Colonial Rule in German Southwest Africa and German East Africa

6671:

Diaspora and Memory: Figures of Displacement in Contemporary Literature, Arts and Politics

5575: 3252:"Deutsche Kolonialverbrechen: Bundesregierung nennt Herero-Massaker erstmals "Völkermord"" 818:) of South West Africa, arriving with an expeditionary force of 10,000 troops on 11 June. 790:

himself, for total eradication of the Hereros grew strident. When a leading member of the

292:

desert by German forces. Once defeated, thousands of Hereros and Namas were imprisoned in

8: 9168: 8870: 8737: 8686: 8384: 8280: 8251: 8211: 8195: 7842: 7794: 7760: 7752: 7721: 7496: 7197: 6892:

Grawe, Lukas (December 2019). "The Prusso-German General Staff and the Herero Genocide".

6222: 5073:, or annihilation camps, like Treblinka and Auschwitz, whose primary purpose was murder." 3576: 2824: 2810: 2504: 2440:

in the inurement of extreme violence as a method in the German political consciousness.

1956: 1842: 1720: 1625: 1299: 1242: 1153: 1129: 1124: 1099: 987: 921: 902: 846: 473: 457:

The Hereros were a pastoral people whose entire way of life centred on their cattle. The

277: 196: 132: 7996: 7192: 7112: 6797:

Empire, Colony, Genocide: Conquest, Occupation and Subaltern Resistance in World History

1175: 8693: 8679: 8457: 8432: 8288: 8140: 7826: 7713: 7703: 7455: 7179: 7064: 6917: 6462: 5971: 5879: 5871: 5842:"Hannah Arendt's Ghosts: Reflections on the Disputable Path from Windhoek to Auschwitz" 5818: 5810: 5779:"Hannah Arendt's Ghosts: Reflections on the Disputable Path from Windhoek to Auschwitz" 5689: 5615: 5520:

A Historical Companion to Postcolonial Literatures – Continental Europe and its Empires

5442: 3549: 2814: 2795: 2655: 2557: 2456: 2323: 2098: 1921: 1595: 1385: 1264: 962: 753: 665: 120: 6863:

African Kaiser: General Paul Von Lettow-Vorbeck and the Great War in Africa, 1914–1918

5498:"Settlement of the Namibian Dispute: The United States Role in Lieu of U.N. Sanctions" 3665: 3194: 8995: 8658: 8584: 8505: 8092: 7972: 7930: 7802: 7786: 7464: 7406: 7272: 7092: 7056: 7025: 6997: 6921: 6909: 6867: 6844: 6804: 6778: 6751: 6732: 6709: 6688: 6678: 6615: 6574: 5947: 5920: 5883: 5822: 5753: 5718: 5644: 5636:

Identity Politics in the Age of Genocide: The Holocaust and Historical Representation

5619: 5549: 5526: 5283: 5090: 5021: 4997: 4949: 4916: 4885: 4857: 4828: 4799: 4774: 4748: 4684: 4664: 4644: 4624: 4600: 4556: 4533: 4513: 4493: 4473: 4438: 4432: 4212: 4194: 4067: 4038: 4007: 3970: 3940: 3905: 3841: 3809: 3780: 3751: 3700: 3628: 3475: 3435: 3428:

The Kaiser's Holocaust: Germany's Forgotten Genocide and the Colonial Roots of Nazism

3388: 3221:"German Official Says Namibia Herero Killings Were 'Genocide' and Part of 'Race War'" 3138: 3127:

People, Cattle and Land: Transformations of a Pastoral Society in Southwestern Africa

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classified the massacres as an attempt to exterminate the Herero and Nama peoples of

2394: 2289: 2137: 1729: 1660: 1575: 1541: 1422: 1417: 1185: 906: 802: 354: 308: 307:

classified the aftermath as an attempt to exterminate the Herero and Nama peoples of

273: 178: 8971: 7988: 7551: 5693: 5087:

Absolute Destruction: Military, Culture And the Practices of War in Imperial Germany

4821:

Hitler's African Victims: The German Army Massacres of Black French Soldiers in 1940

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Mission, Church and State Relations in South West Africa under German Rule 1884–1915

1200: 523: 488: 407: 9115: 9003: 8801: 8757: 8672: 8393: 8376: 8076: 8068: 8052: 7778: 7680: 7672: 7280: 7044: 6901: 6674: 6632:

Absolute Destruction: Military Culture and the Practices of War in Imperial Germany

6482: 6335: 5912: 5861: 5853: 5800: 5792: 5745:

Blood and Soil, a World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur

5681: 5607: 5434: 5180: 4941: 4937: 4770: 4111:"Schutztruppe German South West Africa Fort Namutoni Northern Outpost Schutztruppe" 3743:

Absolute Destruction: Military Culture and the Practices of War in Imperial Germany

3130: 2962: 2804: 2689:(2005), explores the Herero and Nama genocide and the circumstances surrounding it. 2635: 2532: 2444: 2425: 2389:, who was later responsible for the liquidation of virtually all Bavarian Jews and 2301: 2262: 1710: 1672: 1615: 1392: 1237: 892: 733: 603: 587: 541: 6071: 2729:, is about a group of actors developing a play about the Herero and Nama genocide. 2108: 9311: 9027: 8963: 8939: 8748: 8481: 8440: 8360: 8044: 8012: 7439: 7262: 7187: 6939:

A Forgotten History-Concentration Camps were used by Germans in South West Africa

6506: 5988:. Deutsche Botshaft Windhuk/German Embassy in Windhuk. 2004-08-14. Archived from 5743: 5314: 5277: 5147: 4993: 4909:

The Practice of War: Production, Reproduction and Communication of Armed violence

3901: 3741: 3694: 3618: 3431: 3320: 2666: 2613: 2592: 2452: 2448: 2412: 2402: 2362: 1952: 1875: 1779: 1590: 1466: 1434: 1312: 956: 811: 741: 674: 537: 458: 443: 254: 6138:"Jurisdictional Immunities in the New York Southern District Court? The case of 6053: 6035: 5438: 5342: 2053: 1976:, where they were given to private companies as slave labourers or exploited as 1274: 492: 9091: 8700: 8665: 8344: 8336: 8312: 7897: 7744: 7736: 6985: 6932: 6800: 6774: 6392: 5082: 4913: 4063: 3737: 2761: 2709: 2565: 2133: 1801: 1600: 1397: 1318: 1146: 1134: 1109: 764: 389: 300: 281: 265:. On 12 January 1904, they killed more than 100 German settlers in the area of 6905: 6552: 6528: 5857: 5796: 4434:

When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism, and the Genocide in Rwanda

2966: 2164:

Experimentation with the dead body parts of the prisoners was rife. Zoologist

1972:

Upon the arrival of new orders at the end of 1904, prisoners were herded into

9372: 9123: 8987: 8979: 8947: 8513: 8100: 7298: 7257: 7060: 7029: 7001: 6913: 6792: 6766: 6692: 6331:"Germany finally apologizes for its other genocide—more than a century later" 6218:"The German Parliament still refuses to recognize one of its own 'genocides'" 5924: 5916: 5611: 4553:

A History of Ngamiland, 1750 to 1906 : The Formation of an African State

4204: 4030: 3995: 3893: 3423: 3376: 3158: 3021: 2980: 2747: 2549: 2491: 2460: 2390: 2382: 2366: 2351: 2315: 2129: 2070: 1888: 1833: 1818: 1771: 1450: 562: 515: 246: 230: 157: 103: 32: 7133: 6246:"A Brutal Genocide in Colonial Africa Finally Gets its Deserved Recognition" 4856:(Crosscurrents in African American History), pp. 50–51, Routledge, New York 3468:

Herero heroes: A Socio-political history of the Herero of Namibia, 1890–1923

1841:

solution to end the resistance of the Herero people in a letter, before the

65: 9099: 8633: 8543: 7290: 7088: 6959:

Herero Heroes: A Socio-Political History of the Herero of Namibia 1890–1923

6884: 6445: 6363: 6281: 5728: 5654: 5402: 5373: 5293: 4721:

Herero Heroes: A Socio-Political History of the Herero of Namibia 1890–1923

3761: 3638: 3541: 3471: 2989: 2894: 2890:"Germany agrees to pay Namibia €1.1bn over historical Herero-Nama genocide" 2609: 2561: 2500: 2488:, and therefore one of the earliest cases of genocide in the 20th century. 2339: 2319: 2265:. The normal annual subsidy to the colony was 14.5 million marks. In 1908, 2074: 1850: 1797: 1783: 1560: 1365: 722: 634: 630: 547: 533:, a crime that the German judges and prosecutors were reluctant to punish. 496: 402: 315:

officially called the events a "genocide"; however, it refused to consider

7638: 6417:"Namibia: Germany 'unable to draw lessons from history' – DW – 01/24/2024" 5685: 2045:) were common. A 28 September 1905 article in the South African newspaper 1062: 9011: 8723: 8716: 8320: 7447: 7215: 6172:"Lawsuit against Germany over Namibian genocide is dismissed in New York" 4548: 3690: 3256: 2273: 2141: 1973: 1793: 1195: 969: 700: 580: 566: 481: 285: 234: 164: 144: 124: 107: 57: 7068: 7048: 5875: 5841: 5814: 5778: 5264:

UN Whitaker Report on Genocide, 1985, paragraphs 14 to 24, pages 5 to 10

2670: 2161:; afterwards he researched the effects of these substances via autopsy. 2057: 9019: 8598: 8559: 8132: 8028: 7607: 6978: 6948:

German Federal Archives, Imperial Colonial Office, Vol. 2089, 7 (recto)

3802:

Nazi Empire: German Colonialism and Imperialism from Bismarck to Hitler

2642:

Further criticism of the agreement came in 2024 with the filing of the

2621: 2355: 2330: 2047: 1788: 1119: 1038: 645:

In 1903, some of the Nama clans rose in revolt under the leadership of

477: 432: 128: 8328: 5446: 5422: 4945: 3932:

The History and Sociology of Genocide : Analyses and Case Studies

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medical procedures which were later followed during the Nazi Holocaust

2180: 27:

1904–1908 genocide by the German Empire against Herero and Nama people

8577: 8566: 8036: 7695: 6673:. Thamyris, Intersecting Place, Sex and Race, Issue 13. Leiden, NDL: 6669:

Baronian, Marie-Aude; Besser, Stephan; Jansen, Yolande, eds. (2007).

5640: 5220: 4469: 4003: 3384: 3134: 2464: 2437: 2295: 2233: 2034: 1715: 1380: 745: 312: 266: 70:

A photograph of chained Herero and Nama prisoners during the genocide

6590:(RE)VISIONS OF GENOCIDE: NARRATIVES OF GENOCIDE IN THOMAS PYNCHON'S 5670:"The Nazi Symbiosis: Human Genetics and Politics in the Third Reich" 4738:

The Colonising Camera: Photographs in the Making of Namibian History

1766:

In 1900, Kaiser Wilhelm II had been enraged by the killing of Baron

349: 9344:

Defense for Children International – Palestine et al v. Biden et al

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Friedrichsmeyer, Sara L.; Lennox, Sara; Zantop, Susanne M. (1998).

6492: 6487: 6075: 6057: 6039: 6013:[German development cooperation with Namibia] (in German). 5943: 5319: 5152: 4681:

Murderous Medicine: Nazi Doctors, Human Experimentation, and Typhus

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notion of "cleansing", after which "something new" would "emerge".

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was a student of Fischer, Verschuer himself had a prominent pupil,

2238: 2195:

A census conducted in 1905 revealed that 25,000 Herero remained in

1883: 1705: 1549: 1344: 749: 649:. A number of factors led the Herero to join them in January 1904. 611: 507: 503: 436: 250: 6359:"Namibia rejects German compensation offer over colonial violence" 2985:"Dear Pope Francis, Namibia was the 20th century's first genocide" 2554:

United States District Court for the Southern District of New York

376: 6532: 6176: 6095: 3296: 2398: 2266: 2154: 2042: 2014:

Cover of the 1918 British Bluebook, originally available through

2002: 1854: 1775: 992: 887: 757: 451: 447: 428: 242: 84: 2650:. After President Geingob criticized Germany's decision to back 2401:, took part in the Herero and Nama genocide as well. Historians 8707: 6202: 4871: 4869: 4354: 4029: 2651: 2150: 2010: 1805: 798: 787: 204: 6731:] (in German). Koblenz, DEU: Bernard & Graefe-Verlag. 6702:

The Imperialist Imagination: German Colonialism and Its Legacy

5279:

Destroying to Replace: Settler Genocides of Indigenous Peoples

3546:"Biographies of Namibian Personalities, M. Entry for Maharero" 3292:"Germany returns skulls from colonial-era massacre to Namibia" 2112:

Head of Shark Island prisoner used for medical experimentation

296:, where the majority died of diseases, abuse, and exhaustion. 8264: 7922: 6990:"The Military Campaign in German Southwest Africa, 1904–1907" 6388:"Germany officially recognizes colonial-era Namibia genocide" 5315:"Germany officially recognises colonial-era Namibia genocide" 4934:

Rethinking Resistance: Revolt and Violence in African History

4093:

Scientia Militaria: South African Journal of Military Studies

3055:"Germany Confronts the Forgotten Story of Its Other Genocide" 2616:

said he was "still optimistic that a solution can be found."

2347: 2158: 1456: 982: 729: 682: 396: 289: 6951:"The Herero and Nama Genocides, 1904–1908", J.B. Gewald, in 6277:"Germany moves to atone for 'forgotten genocide' in Namibia" 6198:

High Court Skips Case Over German Imperial Africa Atrocities

6091:"Germany is sued in U.S. over early-1900s Namibia slaughter" 4866: 4465:

Century of Genocide: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts

4035:

Century of Genocide, Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts

4000:

Century of Genocide, Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts

3381:

Century of Genocide, Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts

2204:

Colonial Genocide and Reparations Claims in the 21st Century

2123: 1874:

A portion of the Herero escaped the Germans and went to the

7362: 6699: 6449:. 24 July 2008. Archived from the original on 20 April 2015 4530:

Securing Our Water Supply: Protecting a Vulnerable Resource

4462:

Samuel Totten, William S. Parsons, Israel W. Charny (2004)

3108: 2931: 2929: 2369:'s medical experiments can be seen as a testing ground for 2343: 2015: 1832:

destroyed the building housing all of the documents of the

1809: 678: 6855:

on 2012-02-24 – via Social Science Research Network.

6305:"Germany officially refers to Herero massacre as genocide" 5282:. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company. p. xxix. 4736:

Wolfram Hartmann, Jeremy Silvester, Patricia Hayes (1999)

9209:

International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia

6524: 5461:"South-West African campaign | National Army Museum" 5346: 4342: 4272: 4089:"Fort Namutoni: From Military Stronghold to Tourist Camp" 2517:

Federal Minister for Economic Development and Cooperation

2338:, argues that the Herero genocide was an inspiration for 1916:

Trotha gave orders that captured Herero males were to be

1817:

and bloodthirsty language that Wilhelm II used about the

476:, the area which was occupied by the Herero was known as 417:

Central figure Lieutenant General Lothar von Trotha, the

4403:

National African American Reparations Commission (NAARC)

4301: 4299: 4200:

Iron Kingdom: The Rise and Downfall of Prussia 1600–1947

2926: 514:, he signed a protection treaty on 21 October 1885 with 5423:"Erzberger and the German Colonial Scandals, 1905-1910" 4792:

The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining Ethnic Cleansing

3418: 3416: 2714: 2276:, the German colony was taken over and occupied by the 569:

peoples and to subjugate them as slave laborers.

491:, a German merchant, purchased a stretch of coast near 4164: 4162: 4160: 4133: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3859: 3857: 3357: 9320:

International Criminal Court investigation in Ukraine

7851:

Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction

6507:"Germany to return Portuguese Stone Cross to Namibia" 6136:

Dören, Richard; Wentker, Alexander (13 August 2018).

4378: 4366: 4311: 4296: 4284: 2432:

completely ignore the influences of World War I, the

2217:

Political cartoon from the German socialist magazine

1898:

On 2 October, Trotha issued a warning to the Herero:

756:

in the north of the country a few weeks later by the

9288:

International Criminal Court investigation in Darfur

6953:

Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity

6668: 6275:

Burke, Jason; Oltermann, Philip (25 December 2016).

5967:"Its Past on Its Sleeve, Tribe Seeks Bonn's Apology" 5369:"German minister says sorry for genocide in Namibia" 4582:

Der Einsatz der Telegraphie im Krieg gegen Afrikaner

4532:, p. 22, PennWell Corp/University of Michigan Press 3699:. New York: B.W. Huebsch. pp. 55, 64 & 66. 3413: 3260:(in German). Deutsche Presse-Agentur. Archived from 3112: 2737: 2463:, which they viewed as a shining example of fascist 6961:, J.B. Gewald, Oxford, Cape Town, Athens, OH, 1999. 6750:. Westport, Conn.: Praeger Security International. 5840:Gerwarth, Robert; Malinowski, Stephan (June 2009). 5777:Gerwarth, Robert; Malinowski, Stephan (June 2009). 4981: 4661:

The Killing Trap: Genocide in the Twentieth Century

4157: 4145: 3892: 3869: 3854: 3401: 2830:

Violence against Duala civilians during World War I

699:The contempt manifested itself particularly in the 9394:1908 disestablishments in German South West Africa 7105:The war and massacre is significantly featured in 6729:Storm over Southwest. The Herero Rebellion of 1904 5839: 5776: 4971: 4969: 4967: 4965: 4643:, p. 162, Northwestern University Press, Evanston 3896:; Bartrop, Paul Robert; Jacobs, Steven L. (2007). 3504:Women's International League for Peace and Freedom 3315: 3313: 3311: 3048: 3046: 3044: 2443:Patrick Bernhard writes that the Nazis, including 2296:Link between the Herero genocide and the Holocaust 484:and traders and lived to the south of the Herero. 6970:Olusoga, David & Erichsen, Casper W. (2010). 6818: 6573:, Windhoek, Namibia: Wordweaver Publishing House 6011:"Deutsche Entwicklungszusammenarbeit mit Namibia" 5867:20.500.11820/72ba39be-fda4-40ba-a3bc-4f590af1674c 5806:20.500.11820/72ba39be-fda4-40ba-a3bc-4f590af1674c 5543:Anthropology and antihumanism in Imperial Germany 5502:Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law 5126:Anthropology and Antihumanism in Imperial Germany 3017:"Why Namibian chiefs are taking Germany to court" 1786:". On 27 July 1900, the Kaiser gave the infamous 579:and enslaved. This resentment contributed to the 552:(imperial colonial troops) to pacify the region. 9370: 9177:International Military Tribunal for the Far East 8923: 6467:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 4763:Jan-Bart Gewald, Jeremy Silvester (1 June 2003) 4430: 3286: 3284: 3282: 2584:declined to hear a petition to revive the case. 825:, while General Trotha reported to the military 207:, revenge for rebellion against German authority 9389:1904 establishments in German South West Africa 8109:German atrocities committed against Soviet POWs 7110: 6725:Sturm über Südwest. Der Hereroaufstand von 1904 4962: 4596:The German Colonies; What Is to Become of Them? 3422: 3308: 3041: 2914: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2377:, where he taught medicine to Nazi physicians. 257:, and the Nama people, who were led by Captain 6529:"Namibia: Genocide and the Second Reich (BBC)" 6441:"Katjavivi demands Herero skulls from Germany" 6357:Burke, Jason; Oltermann, Philip (2020-08-12). 6356: 6274: 4641:South West Africa under German rule, 1894–1914 4508:Ulrich van der Heyden; Holger Stoecker (2005) 3178: 3176: 703:of native women. In a practice referred to in 8402:Massacres of Hutus during the First Congo War 7378: 7163: 7149: 6745: 6270: 6268: 5495: 4437:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 4057: 3994: 3375: 3279: 3100: 2935: 2835:Native American genocide in the United States 2543: 1747: 1518: 225:, was a campaign of ethnic extermination and 6140:Rukoro et al. v. Federal Republic of Germany 6135: 3956: 3954: 3952: 3827: 3825: 3650: 3648: 3612: 3610: 3249: 3183:Lyons, Clare; et al. (14 August 2004). 2876: 2069:During the war, a number of people from the 663: 545: 418: 9296:International Crimes Tribunal of Bangladesh 9036:Post–World War II Romanian war crime trials 7022:Bulletin of the German Historical Institute 6994:Bulletin of the German Historical Institute 3935:, Montreal Institute for Genocide Studies, 3608: 3606: 3604: 3602: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3590: 3173: 3109:Friedrichsmeyer, Lennox & Zantop (1998) 3052: 771:Germany, which called for bloody revenge." 406:in combat with the Herero in a painting by 9243:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda 7385: 7371: 7156: 7142: 6350: 6265: 6206:. 7 June 2021. Retrieved 7 September 2021. 5706: 5389: 5114:, p. 129. Cambridge University Press, 2008 4683:, p. 37, Praeger Publishers, Westport, CT 4512:, p. 394, Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart 4426: 4424: 4422: 4420: 4418: 3990: 3988: 3986: 3929:Frank Robert Chalk, Kurt Jonassohn (1990) 3799: 3656:"A bloody history: Namibia's colonisation" 2807:(not universally recognized as a genocide) 1754: 1740: 1559: 1525: 1511: 64: 7858:Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars 5865: 5804: 5632: 4555:, Macmillan Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana 4492:, p. 97, Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart 4458: 4456: 4454: 4396: 4330:von Bülow, Bernhard. "Denkwürdigkeiten". 4037:. New York: RoutledgeFalmer. p. 19. 4025: 4023: 3960: 3949: 3831: 3822: 3645: 3461: 3459: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3321:"Germany returns Namibia genocide skulls" 2887: 2776:Genocides in history (before World War I) 2373:. Fischer later became chancellor of the 2124:Medical experiments and scientific racism 625:Governor Leutwein intervened. He had the 555: 9414:Genocide of indigenous peoples in Africa 7043: 7015: 6830: 6764: 6110:Aikins, Joshua Kwesi (24 October 2017). 5896: 5309: 5307: 5305: 5303: 5275: 4189: 4187: 4185: 4183: 4181: 4179: 4177: 3925: 3923: 3921: 3616: 3587: 3096: 2956: 2845: 2503:visited Namibia and met Herero leaders. 2490: 2232: 2212: 2107: 2009: 2006:Herero chained during the 1904 rebellion 2001: 1993: 748:and cut railroad and telegraph links to 427:The original inhabitants of what is now 412: 395: 383: 375: 359: 348: 7730:Indigenous peoples in the United States 6382: 6380: 6378: 6169: 6151:. European Journal of International Law 6088: 5741: 5707:Hansen, Randall; King, Desmond (2013). 5420: 5089:, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY 4987: 4415: 3983: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3716: 3163:Namibia – Genocide and the Second Reich 3129:. Köln, DEU: Köppe. pp. 167, 209. 2979: 2687:Namibia – Genocide and the Second Reich 2451:, it was from the contemporary work of 2102:to Shark Island eventually died there. 1329:Population transfer in the Soviet Union 14: 9371: 7082: 6955:, New York, Macmillan Reference, 2004. 6642: 6640: 6328: 6109: 5937: 5595: 5479:"19. South Africa/Namibia (1920–1990)" 4931: 4902: 4900: 4848: 4846: 4844: 4818: 4723:, Ohio University Press, p. 242, 4718: 4703:'Stolen' Blue Book was just misplaced" 4451: 4384: 4372: 4360: 4348: 4317: 4305: 4290: 4278: 4103: 4058:Eley, Geoff; Retallack, James (2004). 4020: 3779:. Hamburg: LIT. pp. 10 & 59. 3540: 3536: 3534: 3465: 3448: 3369: 3124: 3077: 3053:Steinhauser, Gabriele (28 July 2017). 2636:the descendants of the German settlers 2354:, and others who he described as "non- 2261:The campaign cost Germany 600 million 1983: 9273: 9154: 8922: 8899:Mass killings under communist regimes 8416: 8179: 7874: 7535: 7415: 7366: 7137: 6891: 6859: 6791: 6302: 6243: 6215: 6089:Stempel, Jonathan (January 5, 2017). 5667: 5566:"Imperialism and Genocide in Namibia" 5395: 5300: 5198:[Skulls for Racial Studies]. 5137:, Gustav Fischer: Jena 1908, S. VIII. 4875: 4522: 4329: 4193: 4174: 4168: 4151: 4139: 3918: 3880: 3863: 3689: 3678: 3570: 3407: 3363: 3250:Kollenbroich, Britta (13 July 2015). 3218: 3182: 3104: 1621:Perpetrators, victims, and bystanders 736:calls a "desperate surprise attack". 9454:Medical experimentation on prisoners 8848:Terminology of the Armenian genocide 7326:South-West Africa Campaign (1914–15) 6984: 6979:http://www.jstor.org/stable/40600596 6722: 6375: 6244:Gross, Daniel A. (28 October 2015). 6103: 6054:"Germany regrets Namibia 'genocide'" 4789: 3774: 3736: 3713: 3113:Baronian, Besser & Jansen (2007) 3092: 2920: 2190: 1998:Herero prisoners of war, around 1900 597: 9084:War crimes trials in Soviet Estonia 6637: 6523: 5674:Bulletin of the History of Medicine 5112:German Colonialism: A Short History 5038:"The Tribe Germany Wants to Forget" 5020:, page 615, Random House, New York 4897: 4841: 4086: 4080: 3531: 2959:Leiden Journal of International Law 2560:, a 1789 U.S. law often invoked in 2310:Armenian genocide and the Holocaust 1068:Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic 372:(seated, fourth from left), in 1895 24: 6646: 6554:"Documentary 100 Years of Silence" 6170:Stempel, Jonathan (6 March 2019). 5897:Bernhard, Patrick (January 2016). 5518:David Johnson; Prem Poddar (2008) 5496:Jordan-Walker, Deneice C. (1982). 5276:Adhikari, Mohamed (25 July 2022). 5216:"Germans return skulls to Namibia" 5018:The Scramble for Africa, 1876–1912 4663:p. 32, Cambridge University Press 4623:, pp. 204–222, Berghahn Books, NY 3808:. pp. 47–49, 55–56 & 59. 2840:Genocide of Indigenous Australians 2801:Atrocities in the Congo Free State 2786:List of ethnic cleansing campaigns 2153:with various substances including 952:Atrocities in the Congo Free State 805:was appointed commander-in-chief ( 502:Chief of the neighbouring Herero, 280:and drove them into the desert of 25: 9485: 9404:African resistance to colonialism 7122: 6483:"Germany returns Namibian skulls" 6072:"German bank accused of genocide" 6036:"German family's Namibia apology" 5398:"Monument's Centenary Remembered" 5343:"Germany admits Namibia genocide" 5148:"Germany returns Namibian skulls" 4769:(Sources on African History, 1), 4247:German-Herero conflict of 1904–07 3548:. klausdierks.com. Archived from 3185:"Germany Admits Namibia Genocide" 2888:Oltermann, Philip (28 May 2021). 2470: 2306:Libyan genocide and the Holocaust 1796:to German soldiers being sent to 640: 9274: 9155: 8417: 8180: 7875: 7536: 7230: 6967:, Horst Drechsler, London, 1980. 6825:Bibliography of genocide studies 6624: 6602: 6583: 6563: 6546: 6517: 6499: 6475: 6433: 6414: 6408: 6371:from the original on 2020-08-12. 6322: 6296: 6237: 6209: 6191: 6163: 6129: 6116:D+C, development and cooperation 6082: 6064: 6046: 6028: 6003: 5978: 5960: 5931: 5890: 5833: 5770: 5735: 5700: 5661: 5626: 5589: 5558: 5535: 5512: 5489: 5471: 5453: 5414: 5396:Bause, Tanja (30 January 2012). 5361: 5335: 5269: 5257: 3664:. 29 August 2001. Archived from 3300:. 29 August 2018. Archived from 2754: 2740: 2570:Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 2568:as implemented in US law as the 1492:Bibliography of genocide studies 1095:American Indian boarding schools 364:Theodor Leutwein (seated left), 7689:Indigenous peoples in Australia 7416: 7340:East African Campaign (1914–18) 6945:, Johannesburg, 17 August 2001. 6329:Chutel, Lynsey (16 July 2016). 5904:Journal of Contemporary History 5228: 5208: 5204:(in German). 30 September 2011. 5188: 5184:(in German). 29 September 2011. 5178:[The denied genocide]. 5168: 5140: 5117: 5104: 5076: 5062: 5048: 5030: 5010: 4976:News Monitor for September 2001 4925: 4812: 4783: 4757: 4730: 4712: 4693: 4673: 4653: 4633: 4609: 4599:, BiblioBazaar, Charleston, SC 4587: 4575: 4565: 4542: 4502: 4482: 4390: 4323: 4255: 4240: 4225: 4051: 3886: 3793: 3768: 3683: 3672: 3564: 3488: 3333: 3243: 3212: 3151: 3118: 3086: 2852: 2720:Shark Island concentration camp 2661: 2531:The Trotha family travelled to 2024:Shark Island concentration camp 2016:His Majesty's Stationery Office 1990:Shark Island concentration camp 1339:Swedification of Sámi and Finns 681:at extreme interest rates (see 272:In August 1904, German General 8613:Genocide of indigenous peoples 8204:Indigenous peoples in Paraguay 7505:Mongols in the Delhi Sultanate 7333:West Africa Campaign (1914–16) 7117:. London: T. Fisher Unwin Ltd. 6819:Bibliography and documentaries 6746:Sarkin-Hughes, Jeremy (2008). 6599:, Peyton Meigs Joyce, p. 28-29 5266:Prevent Genocide International 5242:. 4 March 2014. Archived from 5097:; see footnote #64, pp. 81–82: 4978:Prevent Genocide International 3998:; Parsons, William S. (2009). 3426:; Erichsen, Casper W. (2010). 3379:; Parsons, William S. (2009). 3071: 3009: 2973: 2950: 2941: 2781:Genocide of indigenous peoples 2725:Jackie Sibblies Drury's play, 2648:International Court of Justice 2475: 2280:, which was victorious in the 1105:Great Plains smallpox epidemic 653:colonists by 1903, before the 276:defeated the Ovaherero in the 221:, formerly known also as the ' 13: 1: 9328:Ukraine v. Russian Federation 8458:Tigrayans, Kunamas, and Irobs 7624:Jews in the Cossack Hetmanate 6941:, Casper W. Erichsen, in the 6765:Schaller, Dominik J. (2008). 5427:The English Historical Review 5196:"Schädel für die Rassenlehre" 4876:Smith, Helmut Walser (2008), 4742:University of Cape Town Press 4033:; William S. Parsons (2009). 3219:Tejas, Aditya (9 July 2015). 3025:. 16 May 2017. Archived from 2869: 2495:Memorial in Swakopmund (2020) 2480:In 1985, the United Nations' 2241:before its relocation in 2009 1907:He further gave orders that: 1280:Vietnamese conquest of Champa 1085:Genocide in the United States 344: 284:, where most of them died of 9259:Croatia–Serbia genocide case 9060:Nuremberg Military Tribunals 8906:Anti-communist mass killings 7632:Indigenous peoples in Canada 7568:Indigenous peoples in Brazil 7392: 6706:University of Michigan Press 6303:Brady, Kate (13 July 2016). 5633:MacDonald, David B. (2007). 5574:. April 1999. Archived from 5176:"Der verleugnete Völkermord" 3800:Baranowski, Shelley (2011). 3225:International Business Times 2436:, and the activities of the 2379:Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer 2228: 2060:", related his experiences: 1804:no mercy and to behave like 1800:, ordering them to show the 1324:Norwegianization of the Sámi 1051:Yanomami humanitarian crisis 1034:Forced sterilization in Peru 380:Nama captain Hendrik Witbooi 229:which was waged against the 223:Herero and Namaqua genocide' 141:extermination through labour 7: 9399:Anti-black racism in Africa 9379:Herero and Namaqua genocide 9193:Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal 8353:National Population Program 6634:, p. 30, Cornell University 6614:, Bloomsbury Methuen Drama 6216:Noack, Rick (9 June 2016). 5547:University of Chicago Press 4267:Journal of Namibian Studies 3898:Dictionary of Genocide: A-L 3838:University of Chicago Press 3625:California University Press 2770:Outline of genocide studies 2733: 1487:Outline of genocide studies 1430: Canary Islands 1334:Russian conquest of Siberia 1233:Cultural genocide in Taiwan 1214:East, South, Southeast Asia 852: 18:Herero and Namaqua Genocide 10: 9490: 9429:Imperial German war crimes 9419:Ethnic cleansing in Africa 9108:Frankfurt Auschwitz trials 9052:Hamburg Ravensbrück trials 8878:Effects on young survivors 8305:Sabra and Shatila massacre 7347:Pacific Campaign (1914–19) 7107:The Glamour of Prospecting 6974:. London: Faber and Faber. 6929:Exterminate all the Brutes 6822: 6773:(first ed.). Oxford: 6662: 5938:Charny, Israel W. (1999). 5715:Cambridge University Press 5668:Kater, Michael H. (2011). 5599:European History Quarterly 5524:Edinburgh University Press 5056:European History Quarterly 4990:The Glamour of Prospecting 4988:Cornell, Fred C. (1986) . 4882:Cambridge University Press 4825:Cambridge University Press 4796:Cambridge University Press 4659:Manus I. Midlarsky (2005) 4232:Herero Genocide in Namibia 3832:Steinmetz, George (2007). 3806:Cambridge University Press 2767: 2544:Negotiations and agreement 2499:In 1998, German President 2299: 2284:. South Africa received a 2282:South West Africa campaign 2127: 1987: 1878:, hoping to reach British 716: 9434:Germany–Namibia relations 9282: 9163: 9076:Ulm Einsatzkommando trial 9044:Supreme National Tribunal 8934: 8915: 8825: 8747: 8650: 8528: 8427: 8190: 7885: 7647:Residential school system 7546: 7426: 7400: 7320: 7316: 7289: 7271: 7248: 7241: 7226: 7206: 7178: 7171: 7165:German colonial conflicts 7129:Official German apologies 7016:Zimmerer, Jürgen (2005). 6906:10.1017/S0008938919000888 6831:Anderson, Rachel (2005). 5858:10.1017/S0008938909000314 5797:10.1017/S0008938909000314 5439:10.1093/ehr/LXXIV.293.637 4938:Brill Academic Publishers 4771:Brill Academic Publishers 4719:Gewald, Jan-Bart (1999), 4431:Mamdani, Mahmood (2001). 4236:Montreal Holocaust Museum 3961:Drechsler, Horst (1980). 3777:Namibia under German Rule 3620:The Revolt of the Hereros 3617:Bridgman, Jon M. (1981). 3466:Gewald, Jan-Bart (1998). 2967:10.1017/S0922156523000742 2513:Heidemarie Wieczorek-Zeul 2286:League of Nations mandate 2255: 829:, which was supported by 732:and three women, in what 188: 173: 150: 114: 99: 91: 75: 63: 55: 50: 9424:German South West Africa 7939:Christians in Diyarbekir 7208:German South West Africa 7111:Fred C. Cornell (1920). 6894:Central European History 5940:Encyclopedia of Genocide 5917:10.1177/0022009414561825 5846:Central European History 5784:Central European History 5612:10.1177/0265691405054218 5541:Andrew Zimmerman (2001) 4819:Scheck, Raffael (2006). 4488:Nils Ole Oermann (1999) 4397:Webmaster (2023-03-16). 4363:, p. 193 & 197. 3748:Cornell University Press 2679: 2197:German South West Africa 1980:in medical experiments. 1814:German South West Africa 1772:minister plenipotentiary 1701:Compulsory sterilization 1411:West Asia / North Africa 1376:Australian frontier wars 1250: of Hokkaido 744:, the Herero surrounded 592:German South West Africa 536:In 1890 Maharero's son, 239:German South West Africa 215:Herero and Nama genocide 80:German South West Africa 51:Herero and Nama genocide 8885:Politics of recognition 7432:Destruction of Carthage 7083:Sarkin, Jeremy (2011). 6630:Hull, Isabel V. (2005) 5421:Epstein, Klaus (1959). 5016:Thomas Pakenham (1991) 4852:Clarence Lusane (2002) 4621:The Massacre in History 4251:Encyclopedia Britannica 3060:The Wall Street Journal 2629:Frank-Walter Steinmeier 2589:Frank-Walter Steinmeier 2575:In September 2020, the 2342:in his war against the 1943:(Chief of the Imperial 1462:Western Sahara conflict 1447: accusation 1440:Pacification of Algeria 1307: of Ireland 1181:Occupation of Araucanía 1171:Massacre of Salsipuedes 792:Social Democratic Party 754:attack on Fort Namutoni 561:cattle from the native 392:Hendrik Witbooi in 1896 37:Infobox civilian attack 29: 9464:Wars involving Germany 9336:South Africa v. Israel 9304:Rohingya genocide case 8841:Names of the Holocaust 8297:Chittagong Hill Tracts 8005:Kinder der Landstrasse 7891:Late Ottoman genocides 6860:Gaudi, Robert (2017). 6569:Serebrov, Mari (2013) 5240:University of Freiburg 4790:Mann, Michael (2004). 4709:, accessed 17 Dec 2011 4679:Naomi Baumslag (2005) 3696:The Black Man's Burden 3571:Klotz, Marcia (1994). 2644:South Africa v. Israel 2541: 2525: 2505:Chief Munjuku Nguvauva 2496: 2422: 2246:for pastoral society. 2242: 2222: 2185:University of Freiburg 2113: 2088: 2067: 2019: 2007: 1999: 1966: 1938: 1914: 1905: 1872: 1859: 1770:, the Imperial German 1226:Chittagong Hill Tracts 1019:Conquest of the Desert 843: 815: 664: 556:German colonial policy 546: 424: 419: 410: 393: 381: 373: 357: 339: 183:German colonial forces 42:considered for merging 9201:Bosnian genocide case 8855:Holocaust terminology 8498:Christians under ISIS 8228:1966 anti-Igbo pogrom 7657:1740 Batavia massacre 7481:Harrying of the North 6837:California Law Review 6723:Nuhn, Walter (1989). 6611:We are Proud ... 5942:. Santa Barbara, CA: 5750:Yale University Press 5742:Kiernan, Ben (2007). 5686:10.1353/bhm.2011.0067 4746:Ohio University Press 4207:of Harvard. pp. 4087:Jan, Ploeger (1989). 3937:Yale University Press 3775:Bley, Helmut (1996). 3078:Reader, John (1997). 2846:Original German texts 2803:, perpetrated in the 2537: 2521: 2494: 2418: 2292:on 17 December 1920. 2278:Union of South Africa 2236: 2216: 2128:Further information: 2111: 2083: 2062: 2013: 2005: 1997: 1961: 1941:Alfred von Schlieffen 1933: 1909: 1900: 1867: 1847: 1371:Genocide in Australia 1293:Europe and North Asia 1270:Sinicization of Tibet 1255:Lamey Island Massacre 1228: conflict 1142:Genocide in Venezuela 978: genocide 873:of indigenous peoples 839: 801:. Lieutenant-General 531:were raped by Germans 520:Heinrich Ernst Göring 518:'s colonial governor 416: 399: 387: 379: 363: 352: 335: 227:collective punishment 193:Collective punishment 137:human experimentation 9459:Rebellions in Africa 9352:Nicaragua v. Germany 9251:Khmer Rouge Tribunal 8627:Utilitarian genocide 8606:Transgender genocide 7965:Osage Indian murders 7665:Great Gypsy Round-up 6251:Smithsonian Magazine 5946:. pp. 288–289. 5224:. 27 September 2011. 5201:Neue Zürcher Zeitung 4115:www.namibia-1on1.com 4006:Falmer. p. 18. 3668:on 15 February 2024. 3387:Falmer. p. 15. 3353:on 11 February 2024. 3101:Sarkin-Hughes (2008) 2694:100 Years of Silence 2595:wrote an article in 2387:Franz Ritter von Epp 2375:University of Berlin 2322:'s establishment of 2086:food for the sharks. 1945:German General Staff 1768:Clemens von Ketteler 1636:Recognition politics 1581:Genocides in history 1497:Genocides in history 1445:Palestinian genocide 1305:Cromwellian conquest 1115:Osage Indian murders 1090:American Indian Wars 1080:Genocide in Paraguay 1029:Fall of Tenochtitlan 827:German General Staff 583:that began in 1904. 442:Herero, who speak a 368:(2nd from left) and 263:German colonial rule 233:(Ovaherero) and the 9474:Mass murder in 1904 9469:January 1904 events 8738:Settler colonialism 8687:Forced assimilation 8385:Srebrenica massacre 8157:Chechens and Ingush 7915:Thracian Bulgarians 7761:Sand Creek massacre 7722:Siege of Tripolitsa 7473:Ancestral Puebloans 7198:Maji Maji rebellion 6223:The Washington Post 5410:on 9 December 2012. 5156:. 30 September 2011 5123:Zimmerman, Andrew, 5042:Mail & Guardian 4639:Helmut Bley (1971) 4593:Puaux, René (2009) 4121:on 22 November 2018 3900:. Westport, Conn.: 3577:Stanford University 3267:on 18 November 2016 3080:Africa: A Biography 3067:on 30 October 2023. 2997:on 18 November 2015 2825:Scramble for Africa 2811:Maji Maji Rebellion 2692:In the documentary 2685:A BBC documentary, 2336:La Trobe University 2256:Equestrian Monument 1984:Concentration camps 1957:Columbia University 1922:Battle of Beresonia 1843:Battle of Waterberg 1721:Forced assimilation 1300:Circassian genocide 1248:Japanese annexation 1243:East Timor genocide 1154:Guatemalan genocide 1130:Sullivan Expedition 1125:Sand Creek massacre 1100:California genocide 1073:Residential schools 988:Maji Maji Rebellion 932:Indigenous response 922:Settler colonialism 903:Forced assimilation 847:Battle of Waterberg 474:Scramble for Africa 472:By the time of the 353:Lieutenant General 294:concentration camps 278:Battle of Waterberg 261:, rebelled against 249:. It was the first 197:Settler colonialism 177:Lieutenant General 133:concentration camps 9217:Slobodan Milošević 9068:Erich von Manstein 8680:Extermination camp 8433:Effacer le tableau 8196:Hyderabadi Muslims 8141:Nanshitou Massacre 8125:Muslims and Croats 7827:Hamidian massacres 7714:Al-Jawazi massacre 7704:Stolen Generations 7407:list by death toll 7250:Shantung Peninsula 7242:Asia & Pacific 7180:German East Africa 6647:Madley, Benjamin. 6608:J.S. Drury (2014) 6112:"Historical guilt" 5972:The New York Times 5110:Sebastian Conrad, 4906:Aparna Rao (2007) 4351:, p. 157-158. 4281:, p. 175-176. 4195:Clark, Christopher 3165:. Real Genocides. 2936:Sarkin-Hughes 2008 2815:German East Africa 2796:List of war crimes 2558:Alien Tort Statute 2497: 2457:Giuseppe Tassinari 2407:Stephan Malinowski 2243: 2223: 2114: 2099:Ludwig von Estorff 2020: 2008: 2000: 1386:Stolen Generations 1265:Ryukyu Disposition 1221:Bandanese massacre 1063:Beothuk extinction 1058:Genocide in Canada 1046:Genocide in Brazil 963:Effacer le tableau 945:Sub-Saharan Africa 831:Emperor Wilhelm II 823:Bernhard von Bülow 666:Reichskolonialbund 655:Otavi railway line 616:temporary insanity 590:, the Governor of 425: 411: 394: 382: 374: 370:Manasseh Tyiseseta 358: 201:German imperialism 156:24,000 to 100,000 121:Genocidal massacre 9409:Conflicts in 1904 9366: 9365: 9362: 9361: 9269: 9268: 9150: 9149: 8996:Euthanasia trials 8916:Legal proceedings 8659:Cultural genocide 8585:Cultural genocide 8524: 8523: 8449:Masalit massacres 8412: 8411: 8313:Sri Lankan Tamils 8220:Arabs in Zanzibar 8175: 8174: 8093:Three Alls policy 7870: 7869: 7803:Putumayo genocide 7531: 7530: 7360: 7359: 7356: 7355: 7312: 7311: 7273:German New Guinea 7224: 7223: 7045:ADHIKARI, MOHAMED 6943:Mail and Guardian 6873:978-1-84904-867-5 6810:978-1-84545-452-4 6784:978-1-84545-452-4 6757:978-0-313-36256-9 6738:978-3-7637-5852-4 6715:978-0-472-09682-4 6704:. Ann Arbor, MI: 6620:978-1-4725-8509-7 6596:GRAVITY'S RAINBOW 6579:978-99916-889-6-1 5953:978-0-87436-928-1 5759:978-0-300-10098-3 5724:978-1-107-43459-2 5650:978-1-134-08571-2 5554:978-0-226-98346-2 5531:978-0-7486-3602-0 5095:978-0-8014-4258-2 5071:Vernichtungslager 5026:978-0-394-51576-2 4955:978-1-4175-0717-7 4921:978-1-84545-280-3 4891:978-0-521-89588-0 4862:978-0-415-93121-2 4834:978-0-521-85799-4 4805:978-0-521-83130-7 4779:978-90-04-12981-8 4753:978-1-919713-22-9 4689:978-0-275-98312-3 4669:978-0-511-13259-9 4649:978-0-8101-0346-7 4629:978-1-57181-934-5 4615:Tilman Dedering, 4605:978-1-113-34601-8 4561:978-0-333-39635-3 4538:978-1-59370-069-0 4528:Dan Kroll (2006) 4518:978-3-515-08423-9 4498:978-3-515-07578-7 4478:978-0-203-89043-1 4444:978-0-691-05821-4 4261:Isabel V. Hull, " 4218:978-0-674-02385-7 4142:, pp. 70–71. 4073:978-1-57181-223-0 4044:978-0-415-99085-1 4013:978-0-415-99085-1 3976:978-0-905762-47-0 3945:978-0-300-04446-1 3911:978-0-313-34642-2 3847:978-0-226-77244-8 3815:978-0-521-85739-0 3786:978-3-89473-225-7 3757:978-0-8014-4258-2 3706:978-1-58367-168-9 3634:978-0-520-04113-4 3552:on 23 August 2011 3519:Missing or empty 3496:Peace and Freedom 3481:978-0-8214-1256-5 3441:978-0-571-23141-6 3394:978-0-415-99085-1 3366:, pp. 69–70. 3329:. 29 August 2018. 3304:on 23 April 2020. 3144:978-3-89645-352-5 2983:(18 April 2015). 2791:List of genocides 2486:South West Africa 2434:German Revolution 2290:South West Africa 2237:Reiterdenkmal in 2191:Number of victims 2166:Leonhard Schultze 2138:Scientific racism 2097:German Commander 1978:human guinea pigs 1764: 1763: 1576:List of genocides 1535: 1534: 1423:Bar Kokhba revolt 1418:Armenian genocide 1191:Selk'nam genocide 1186:Putumayo genocide 1159:Kalinago genocide 803:Lothar von Trotha 627:Public Prosecutor 598:The Dietrich case 388:Theodor Leutwein 355:Lothar von Trotha 321:Petra Bosse-Huber 309:South West Africa 274:Lothar von Trotha 219:Namibian genocide 211: 210: 179:Lothar von Trotha 16:(Redirected from 9481: 9355: 9347: 9339: 9331: 9323: 9315: 9307: 9299: 9291: 9277: 9271: 9270: 9262: 9254: 9246: 9236: 9228: 9225:Radovan Karadžić 9220: 9212: 9204: 9196: 9188: 9185:Belgrade Process 9180: 9172: 9158: 9152: 9151: 9143: 9135: 9127: 9119: 9116:Treblinka trials 9111: 9103: 9095: 9087: 9079: 9071: 9063: 9055: 9047: 9039: 9031: 9023: 9015: 9007: 8999: 8991: 8983: 8975: 8967: 8959: 8956:Épuration légale 8951: 8943: 8929: 8926:Holocaust trials 8920: 8919: 8908: 8901: 8894: 8887: 8880: 8873: 8866: 8857: 8850: 8843: 8836: 8818: 8811: 8804: 8797: 8790: 8783: 8776: 8767: 8760: 8740: 8733: 8726: 8719: 8710: 8703: 8696: 8689: 8682: 8675: 8673:Ethnic cleansing 8668: 8661: 8643: 8636: 8629: 8622: 8615: 8608: 8601: 8594: 8587: 8580: 8569: 8562: 8555: 8546: 8539: 8517: 8509: 8501: 8493: 8490:Shias under ISIS 8485: 8477: 8469: 8461: 8451: 8444: 8436: 8422: 8414: 8413: 8405: 8397: 8387: 8380: 8372: 8364: 8356: 8348: 8340: 8332: 8324: 8316: 8308: 8300: 8292: 8284: 8274: 8267: 8260: 8255: 8247: 8239: 8231: 8223: 8215: 8207: 8199: 8185: 8177: 8176: 8168: 8160: 8152: 8144: 8136: 8128: 8120: 8117:Serbs in Croatia 8112: 8104: 8096: 8088: 8080: 8077:Nanjing Massacre 8072: 8069:Parsley massacre 8064: 8061:Polish Operation 8056: 8053:Romani Holocaust 8048: 8040: 8032: 8024: 8016: 8008: 8000: 7997:Napalpí massacre 7992: 7984: 7976: 7968: 7960: 7950: 7942: 7934: 7926: 7918: 7908: 7901: 7893: 7880: 7872: 7871: 7861: 7853: 7846: 7838: 7830: 7822: 7814: 7806: 7798: 7790: 7782: 7774: 7764: 7756: 7748: 7740: 7732: 7725: 7717: 7707: 7699: 7691: 7684: 7676: 7668: 7660: 7650: 7642: 7634: 7627: 7619: 7611: 7603: 7595: 7587: 7579: 7571: 7563: 7555: 7541: 7533: 7532: 7524: 7516: 7508: 7500: 7492: 7489:Mongol conquests 7484: 7476: 7468: 7458: 7451: 7443: 7435: 7421: 7413: 7412: 7387: 7380: 7373: 7364: 7363: 7318: 7317: 7304:Samoan Civil War 7281:Sokehs rebellion 7246: 7245: 7234: 7176: 7175: 7158: 7151: 7144: 7135: 7134: 7118: 7102: 7079: 7077: 7075: 7040: 7038: 7036: 7012: 7010: 7008: 6925: 6888: 6882: 6880: 6856: 6851:. Archived from 6814: 6788: 6761: 6742: 6719: 6696: 6656: 6655: 6653: 6644: 6635: 6628: 6622: 6606: 6600: 6587: 6581: 6567: 6561: 6555: 6550: 6544: 6543: 6541: 6539: 6527:(7 April 2018). 6521: 6515: 6514: 6503: 6497: 6496: 6479: 6473: 6472: 6466: 6458: 6456: 6454: 6437: 6431: 6430: 6428: 6427: 6412: 6406: 6405: 6403: 6401: 6384: 6373: 6372: 6354: 6348: 6347: 6345: 6343: 6326: 6320: 6319: 6317: 6315: 6300: 6294: 6293: 6291: 6289: 6272: 6263: 6262: 6260: 6258: 6241: 6235: 6234: 6232: 6230: 6213: 6207: 6195: 6189: 6188: 6186: 6184: 6167: 6161: 6160: 6158: 6156: 6146: 6133: 6127: 6126: 6124: 6122: 6107: 6101: 6100: 6086: 6080: 6079: 6068: 6062: 6061: 6050: 6044: 6043: 6032: 6026: 6025: 6023: 6021: 6007: 6001: 6000: 5998: 5997: 5982: 5976: 5964: 5958: 5957: 5935: 5929: 5928: 5894: 5888: 5887: 5869: 5837: 5831: 5830: 5808: 5774: 5768: 5767: 5739: 5733: 5732: 5704: 5698: 5697: 5665: 5659: 5658: 5630: 5624: 5623: 5593: 5587: 5586: 5584: 5583: 5571:Socialist Action 5562: 5556: 5539: 5533: 5516: 5510: 5509: 5493: 5487: 5486: 5475: 5469: 5468: 5457: 5451: 5450: 5433:(293): 637–663. 5418: 5412: 5411: 5406:. Archived from 5393: 5387: 5386: 5384: 5382: 5365: 5359: 5358: 5356: 5354: 5349:. 14 August 2004 5339: 5333: 5332: 5330: 5328: 5311: 5298: 5297: 5273: 5267: 5261: 5255: 5254: 5252: 5251: 5232: 5226: 5225: 5212: 5206: 5205: 5192: 5186: 5185: 5181:Die Tageszeitung 5172: 5166: 5165: 5163: 5161: 5144: 5138: 5132: 5121: 5115: 5108: 5102: 5100: 5080: 5074: 5066: 5060: 5052: 5046: 5045: 5034: 5028: 5014: 5008: 5007: 4985: 4979: 4973: 4960: 4959: 4929: 4923: 4904: 4895: 4894: 4873: 4864: 4850: 4839: 4838: 4816: 4810: 4809: 4787: 4781: 4761: 4755: 4734: 4728: 4727: 4716: 4710: 4705:(23 April 2009) 4702: 4697: 4691: 4677: 4671: 4657: 4651: 4637: 4631: 4618: 4613: 4607: 4591: 4585: 4579: 4573: 4569: 4563: 4546: 4540: 4526: 4520: 4506: 4500: 4486: 4480: 4460: 4449: 4448: 4428: 4413: 4412: 4410: 4409: 4394: 4388: 4382: 4376: 4370: 4364: 4358: 4352: 4346: 4340: 4339: 4332:Denkwürdigkeiten 4327: 4321: 4315: 4309: 4303: 4294: 4288: 4282: 4276: 4270: 4269:, 4 (2008): 7–24 4259: 4253: 4244: 4238: 4229: 4223: 4222: 4191: 4172: 4166: 4155: 4149: 4143: 4137: 4131: 4130: 4128: 4126: 4117:. Archived from 4107: 4101: 4100: 4084: 4078: 4077: 4055: 4049: 4048: 4027: 4018: 4017: 3992: 3981: 3980: 3958: 3947: 3927: 3916: 3915: 3890: 3884: 3878: 3867: 3861: 3852: 3851: 3829: 3820: 3819: 3797: 3791: 3790: 3772: 3766: 3765: 3734: 3711: 3710: 3687: 3681: 3676: 3670: 3669: 3652: 3643: 3642: 3614: 3585: 3584: 3568: 3562: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3538: 3529: 3528: 3522: 3517: 3515: 3507: 3492: 3486: 3485: 3463: 3446: 3445: 3420: 3411: 3405: 3399: 3398: 3373: 3367: 3361: 3355: 3354: 3352: 3346:. Archived from 3345: 3337: 3331: 3330: 3317: 3306: 3305: 3288: 3277: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3266: 3247: 3241: 3240: 3238: 3236: 3227:. Archived from 3216: 3210: 3209: 3204: 3202: 3193:. Archived from 3180: 3171: 3170: 3161:(October 2004). 3155: 3149: 3148: 3122: 3116: 3090: 3084: 3083: 3075: 3069: 3068: 3063:. Archived from 3050: 3039: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3013: 3007: 3006: 3004: 3002: 2993:. Archived from 2977: 2971: 2970: 2954: 2948: 2945: 2939: 2933: 2924: 2918: 2912: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2898:. Archived from 2885: 2863: 2856: 2805:Congo Free State 2764: 2759: 2758: 2757: 2750: 2745: 2744: 2743: 2453:Italian fascists 2445:Heinrich Himmler 2426:Social Darwinist 2331:Nazi colonialism 2302:Genocide studies 2272:In 1915, during 2257: 2174: 1792:(Hun speech) in 1756: 1749: 1742: 1711:Ethnic cleansing 1586:Effects on youth 1563: 1553: 1537: 1536: 1527: 1520: 1513: 1446: 1429: 1393:Moriori genocide 1306: 1249: 1238:Dzungar genocide 1227: 1176:Napalpí massacre 1010: 977: 898:Ethnic relations 893:Ethnic cleansing 874: 857: 856: 816:Oberbefehlshaber 810: 734:Nils Ole Oermann 706:Südwesterdeutsch 673:A new policy on 669: 588:Theodor Leutwein 574: 572: 570: 551: 542:Theodor Leutwein 516:Imperial Germany 480:. The Nama were 468: 422: 420:Oberbefehlshaber 366:Zacharias Zeraua 329: 68: 48: 47: 45: 21: 9489: 9488: 9484: 9483: 9482: 9480: 9479: 9478: 9369: 9368: 9367: 9358: 9350: 9342: 9334: 9326: 9318: 9312:Uyghur Tribunal 9310: 9302: 9294: 9286: 9278: 9275: 9265: 9257: 9249: 9241: 9231: 9223: 9215: 9207: 9199: 9191: 9183: 9175: 9167: 9159: 9156: 9146: 9138: 9132:Fedorenko trial 9130: 9122: 9114: 9106: 9098: 9090: 9082: 9074: 9066: 9058: 9050: 9042: 9034: 9028:Stutthof trials 9026: 9018: 9010: 9004:Nuremberg trial 9002: 8994: 8986: 8978: 8970: 8964:Majdanek trials 8962: 8954: 8946: 8940:Krasnodar trial 8938: 8930: 8924: 8911: 8904: 8897: 8890: 8883: 8876: 8869: 8862: 8853: 8846: 8839: 8832: 8821: 8814: 8807: 8800: 8793: 8786: 8779: 8772: 8763: 8756: 8743: 8736: 8729: 8722: 8715: 8706: 8699: 8692: 8685: 8678: 8671: 8664: 8657: 8646: 8639: 8632: 8625: 8618: 8611: 8604: 8597: 8590: 8583: 8576: 8565: 8558: 8551: 8542: 8535: 8520: 8512: 8504: 8496: 8488: 8480: 8472: 8466:Southern Kaduna 8464: 8456: 8447: 8439: 8431: 8423: 8418: 8408: 8400: 8392: 8383: 8375: 8367: 8359: 8351: 8343: 8335: 8327: 8319: 8311: 8303: 8295: 8287: 8279: 8270: 8263: 8258: 8250: 8242: 8234: 8226: 8218: 8210: 8202: 8194: 8186: 8181: 8171: 8163: 8155: 8147: 8139: 8131: 8123: 8115: 8107: 8099: 8091: 8083: 8075: 8067: 8059: 8051: 8045:Simele massacre 8043: 8035: 8027: 8019: 8011: 8003: 7995: 7987: 7979: 7971: 7963: 7955: 7945: 7937: 7929: 7921: 7913: 7904: 7896: 7889: 7881: 7876: 7866: 7856: 7849: 7841: 7835:Herero and Nama 7833: 7825: 7817: 7809: 7801: 7793: 7785: 7777: 7769: 7759: 7751: 7743: 7735: 7728: 7720: 7712: 7702: 7694: 7687: 7679: 7671: 7663: 7655: 7645: 7637: 7630: 7622: 7614: 7606: 7598: 7590: 7582: 7574: 7566: 7558: 7550: 7542: 7537: 7527: 7519: 7511: 7503: 7495: 7487: 7479: 7471: 7463: 7454: 7446: 7440:Asiatic Vespers 7438: 7430: 7422: 7417: 7404: 7396: 7391: 7361: 7352: 7308: 7285: 7267: 7263:Jietou incident 7237: 7220: 7202: 7188:Abushiri revolt 7167: 7162: 7125: 7099: 7073: 7071: 7055:(34): 303–320. 7034: 7032: 7006: 7004: 6935:, London, 1996. 6878: 6876: 6874: 6827: 6821: 6811: 6785: 6758: 6739: 6716: 6685: 6665: 6660: 6659: 6651: 6645: 6638: 6629: 6625: 6607: 6603: 6588: 6584: 6568: 6564: 6553: 6551: 6547: 6537: 6535: 6522: 6518: 6513:. May 17, 2019. 6505: 6504: 6500: 6481: 6480: 6476: 6460: 6459: 6452: 6450: 6439: 6438: 6434: 6425: 6423: 6413: 6409: 6399: 6397: 6386: 6385: 6376: 6355: 6351: 6341: 6339: 6327: 6323: 6313: 6311: 6301: 6297: 6287: 6285: 6273: 6266: 6256: 6254: 6242: 6238: 6228: 6226: 6214: 6210: 6196: 6192: 6182: 6180: 6168: 6164: 6154: 6152: 6144: 6134: 6130: 6120: 6118: 6108: 6104: 6087: 6083: 6070: 6069: 6065: 6052: 6051: 6047: 6034: 6033: 6029: 6019: 6017: 6009: 6008: 6004: 5995: 5993: 5984: 5983: 5979: 5965: 5961: 5954: 5936: 5932: 5895: 5891: 5838: 5834: 5775: 5771: 5760: 5740: 5736: 5725: 5717:. p. 158. 5705: 5701: 5666: 5662: 5651: 5631: 5627: 5594: 5590: 5581: 5579: 5564: 5563: 5559: 5540: 5536: 5517: 5513: 5494: 5490: 5477: 5476: 5472: 5459: 5458: 5454: 5419: 5415: 5394: 5390: 5380: 5378: 5367: 5366: 5362: 5352: 5350: 5341: 5340: 5336: 5326: 5324: 5313: 5312: 5301: 5290: 5274: 5270: 5262: 5258: 5249: 5247: 5234: 5233: 5229: 5214: 5213: 5209: 5194: 5193: 5189: 5174: 5173: 5169: 5159: 5157: 5146: 5145: 5141: 5130: 5122: 5118: 5109: 5105: 5098: 5081: 5077: 5067: 5063: 5053: 5049: 5044:, 13 March 1998 5036: 5035: 5031: 5015: 5011: 5004: 4994:T. Fisher Unwin 4986: 4982: 4974: 4963: 4956: 4940:. p. 282. 4930: 4926: 4905: 4898: 4892: 4884:, p. 199, 4874: 4867: 4851: 4842: 4835: 4817: 4813: 4806: 4798:. p. 105. 4788: 4784: 4762: 4758: 4735: 4731: 4717: 4713: 4700: 4698: 4694: 4678: 4674: 4658: 4654: 4638: 4634: 4616: 4614: 4610: 4592: 4588: 4580: 4576: 4570: 4566: 4547: 4543: 4527: 4523: 4507: 4503: 4487: 4483: 4461: 4452: 4445: 4429: 4416: 4407: 4405: 4395: 4391: 4383: 4379: 4371: 4367: 4359: 4355: 4347: 4343: 4328: 4324: 4316: 4312: 4304: 4297: 4289: 4285: 4277: 4273: 4260: 4256: 4245: 4241: 4230: 4226: 4219: 4192: 4175: 4167: 4158: 4150: 4146: 4138: 4134: 4124: 4122: 4109: 4108: 4104: 4085: 4081: 4074: 4066:. p. 171. 4056: 4052: 4045: 4028: 4021: 4014: 3993: 3984: 3977: 3959: 3950: 3928: 3919: 3912: 3904:. p. 184. 3902:Greenwood Press 3891: 3887: 3879: 3870: 3862: 3855: 3848: 3830: 3823: 3816: 3798: 3794: 3787: 3773: 3769: 3758: 3738:Hull, Isabel V. 3735: 3714: 3707: 3688: 3684: 3677: 3673: 3654: 3653: 3646: 3635: 3615: 3588: 3569: 3565: 3555: 3553: 3539: 3532: 3520: 3518: 3509: 3508: 3494: 3493: 3489: 3482: 3464: 3449: 3442: 3432:Faber and Faber 3430:. London, ENG: 3421: 3414: 3406: 3402: 3395: 3374: 3370: 3362: 3358: 3350: 3343: 3339: 3338: 3334: 3319: 3318: 3309: 3290: 3289: 3280: 3270: 3268: 3264: 3248: 3244: 3234: 3232: 3231:on 13 July 2015 3217: 3213: 3200: 3198: 3181: 3174: 3157: 3156: 3152: 3145: 3123: 3119: 3097:Schaller (2008) 3091: 3087: 3076: 3072: 3051: 3042: 3032: 3030: 3015: 3014: 3010: 3000: 2998: 2978: 2974: 2955: 2951: 2946: 2942: 2934: 2927: 2919: 2915: 2905: 2903: 2886: 2877: 2872: 2867: 2866: 2857: 2853: 2848: 2772: 2760: 2755: 2753: 2746: 2741: 2739: 2736: 2682: 2667:Peter Katjavivi 2664: 2614:Ruprecht Polenz 2593:Norbert Lammert 2546: 2482:Whitaker Report 2478: 2473: 2449:Generalplan Ost 2416:translated as: 2413:Mahmood Mamdani 2403:Robert Gerwarth 2363:Clarence Lusane 2312: 2298: 2231: 2219:Der Wahre Jakob 2193: 2168: 2144: 2126: 2073:(in modern-day 1992: 1986: 1953:Mahmood Mamdani 1780:Boxer Rebellion 1760: 1656:Anti-Indigenous 1610:In relation to 1552: 1550: 1531: 1502: 1501: 1482: 1481: 1472: 1471: 1467:Yazidi genocide 1435:Libyan genocide 1428:Conquest of the 1413: 1412: 1403: 1402: 1361: 1360: 1351: 1350: 1313:Generalplan Ost 1295: 1294: 1285: 1284: 1216: 1215: 1206: 1205: 1014: 1013: 1008: 998: 997: 976:Herero and Nama 957:Darfur genocide 947: 946: 872: 870: 855: 806: 786:, and from the 765:cattle rustlers 742:Samuel Maharero 719: 675:debt collection 647:Hendrik Witbooi 643: 600: 575: 558: 512:Hendrik Witbooi 466: 459:Herero language 347: 323: 305:Whitaker Report 259:Hendrik Witbooi 255:Samuel Maharero 117: 82: 71: 46: 30: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9487: 9477: 9476: 9471: 9466: 9461: 9456: 9451: 9446: 9441: 9439:Guerrilla wars 9436: 9431: 9426: 9421: 9416: 9411: 9406: 9401: 9396: 9391: 9386: 9384:1904 in Africa 9381: 9364: 9363: 9360: 9359: 9357: 9356: 9348: 9340: 9332: 9324: 9316: 9308: 9300: 9292: 9283: 9280: 9279: 9267: 9266: 9264: 9263: 9255: 9247: 9239: 9238: 9237: 9229: 9221: 9205: 9197: 9189: 9181: 9173: 9164: 9161: 9160: 9148: 9147: 9145: 9144: 9136: 9128: 9120: 9112: 9104: 9096: 9092:Eichmann trial 9088: 9080: 9072: 9064: 9056: 9048: 9040: 9032: 9024: 9016: 9008: 9000: 8992: 8984: 8976: 8972:Chełmno trials 8968: 8960: 8952: 8944: 8935: 8932: 8931: 8917: 8913: 8912: 8910: 8909: 8902: 8895: 8888: 8881: 8874: 8867: 8860: 8859: 8858: 8851: 8844: 8829: 8827: 8823: 8822: 8820: 8819: 8812: 8805: 8798: 8791: 8784: 8777: 8770: 8769: 8768: 8765:Trivialization 8753: 8751: 8745: 8744: 8742: 8741: 8734: 8727: 8720: 8713: 8712: 8711: 8704: 8701:Killing Fields 8690: 8683: 8676: 8669: 8662: 8654: 8652: 8648: 8647: 8645: 8644: 8637: 8630: 8623: 8616: 8609: 8602: 8595: 8588: 8581: 8574: 8573: 8572: 8571: 8570: 8549: 8548: 8547: 8532: 8530: 8526: 8525: 8522: 8521: 8519: 8518: 8510: 8502: 8494: 8486: 8478: 8470: 8462: 8454: 8453: 8452: 8437: 8428: 8425: 8424: 8410: 8409: 8407: 8406: 8398: 8390: 8389: 8388: 8373: 8365: 8357: 8349: 8341: 8333: 8329:Kuwaiti Bedoon 8325: 8317: 8309: 8301: 8293: 8285: 8277: 8276: 8275: 8268: 8256: 8248: 8240: 8232: 8224: 8216: 8208: 8200: 8191: 8188: 8187: 8173: 8172: 8170: 8169: 8165:Crimean Tatars 8161: 8153: 8145: 8137: 8129: 8121: 8113: 8105: 8097: 8089: 8081: 8073: 8065: 8057: 8049: 8041: 8033: 8025: 8017: 8009: 8001: 7993: 7989:Kantō Massacre 7985: 7977: 7969: 7961: 7953: 7952: 7951: 7943: 7935: 7927: 7919: 7911: 7910: 7909: 7886: 7883: 7882: 7868: 7867: 7865: 7864: 7863: 7862: 7847: 7839: 7831: 7823: 7815: 7807: 7799: 7791: 7783: 7775: 7767: 7766: 7765: 7757: 7749: 7745:Trail of Tears 7741: 7737:Indian removal 7726: 7718: 7710: 7709: 7708: 7700: 7685: 7677: 7669: 7661: 7653: 7652: 7651: 7643: 7628: 7620: 7612: 7604: 7596: 7588: 7580: 7576:Kashmiri Shias 7572: 7564: 7556: 7547: 7544: 7543: 7529: 7528: 7526: 7525: 7517: 7509: 7501: 7493: 7485: 7477: 7469: 7461: 7460: 7459: 7444: 7436: 7427: 7424: 7423: 7410: 7398: 7397: 7390: 7389: 7382: 7375: 7367: 7358: 7357: 7354: 7353: 7351: 7350: 7343: 7336: 7329: 7321: 7314: 7313: 7310: 7309: 7307: 7306: 7301: 7295: 7293: 7287: 7286: 7284: 7283: 7277: 7275: 7269: 7268: 7266: 7265: 7260: 7254: 7252: 7243: 7239: 7238: 7236: 7235: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7221: 7219: 7218: 7212: 7210: 7204: 7203: 7201: 7200: 7195: 7193:HeHe rebellion 7190: 7184: 7182: 7173: 7169: 7168: 7161: 7160: 7153: 7146: 7138: 7132: 7131: 7124: 7123:External links 7121: 7120: 7119: 7103: 7097: 7080: 7041: 7013: 6982: 6975: 6968: 6962: 6956: 6949: 6946: 6936: 6933:Sven Lindqvist 6926: 6900:(4): 588–619. 6889: 6872: 6857: 6820: 6817: 6816: 6815: 6809: 6801:Berghahn Books 6793:Moses, A. Dirk 6789: 6783: 6775:Berghahn Books 6767:Moses, A. Dirk 6762: 6756: 6743: 6737: 6720: 6714: 6708:. p. 87. 6697: 6684:978-9042021297 6683: 6664: 6661: 6658: 6657: 6636: 6623: 6601: 6582: 6562: 6545: 6516: 6498: 6474: 6432: 6407: 6393:Deutsche Welle 6374: 6349: 6321: 6295: 6264: 6236: 6208: 6190: 6162: 6128: 6102: 6081: 6063: 6045: 6027: 6002: 5977: 5969:(31 May 1998) 5959: 5952: 5930: 5889: 5852:(2): 279–300. 5832: 5791:(2): 279–300. 5769: 5758: 5752:. p. 36. 5734: 5723: 5699: 5680:(3): 515–516. 5660: 5649: 5643:. p. 97. 5625: 5588: 5557: 5534: 5511: 5488: 5470: 5452: 5413: 5388: 5360: 5334: 5299: 5289:978-1647920548 5288: 5268: 5256: 5227: 5207: 5187: 5167: 5139: 5116: 5103: 5083:Isabel V. Hull 5075: 5061: 5047: 5029: 5009: 5002: 4996:. p. 42. 4980: 4961: 4954: 4924: 4914:Berghahn Books 4896: 4890: 4865: 4840: 4833: 4827:. p. 83. 4811: 4804: 4782: 4756: 4729: 4711: 4692: 4672: 4652: 4632: 4608: 4586: 4574: 4564: 4541: 4521: 4501: 4481: 4450: 4443: 4414: 4389: 4387:, p. 207. 4377: 4375:, p. 197. 4365: 4353: 4341: 4322: 4320:, p. 129. 4310: 4308:, p. 157. 4295: 4293:, p. 199. 4283: 4271: 4254: 4239: 4224: 4217: 4173: 4156: 4144: 4132: 4102: 4079: 4072: 4064:Berghahn Books 4050: 4043: 4019: 4012: 3996:Totten, Samuel 3982: 3975: 3948: 3917: 3910: 3894:Totten, Samuel 3885: 3868: 3853: 3846: 3821: 3814: 3792: 3785: 3767: 3756: 3712: 3705: 3682: 3671: 3644: 3633: 3586: 3579:. p. 72. 3563: 3530: 3487: 3480: 3447: 3440: 3424:Olusoga, David 3412: 3400: 3393: 3377:Totten, Samuel 3368: 3356: 3332: 3307: 3278: 3242: 3211: 3197:on 1 July 2024 3172: 3159:Olusoga, David 3150: 3143: 3117: 3111:, p. 87; 3085: 3082:. p. 588. 3070: 3040: 3029:on 1 July 2019 3008: 2981:Olusoga, David 2972: 2949: 2940: 2925: 2913: 2902:on 1 June 2021 2874: 2873: 2871: 2868: 2865: 2864: 2850: 2849: 2847: 2844: 2843: 2842: 2837: 2832: 2827: 2822: 2808: 2798: 2793: 2788: 2783: 2778: 2766: 2765: 2762:Germany portal 2751: 2735: 2732: 2731: 2730: 2723: 2710:Thomas Pynchon 2707: 2697: 2690: 2681: 2678: 2663: 2660: 2605:compensation. 2577:Second Circuit 2566:state immunity 2545: 2542: 2477: 2474: 2472: 2471:Reconciliation 2469: 2297: 2294: 2230: 2227: 2192: 2189: 2134:Racial hygiene 2125: 2122: 1985: 1982: 1931:, noted that: 1876:Omaheke Desert 1798:Imperial China 1762: 1761: 1759: 1758: 1751: 1744: 1736: 1733: 1732: 1726: 1725: 1724: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1708: 1703: 1695: 1694: 1693:Related topics 1690: 1689: 1688: 1687: 1686: 1685: 1680: 1670: 1669: 1668: 1663: 1658: 1650: 1649: 1648: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1623: 1618: 1608: 1603: 1598: 1593: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1570: 1569: 1565: 1564: 1556: 1555: 1546: 1545: 1533: 1532: 1530: 1529: 1522: 1515: 1507: 1504: 1503: 1500: 1499: 1494: 1489: 1483: 1480:Related topics 1479: 1478: 1477: 1474: 1473: 1470: 1469: 1464: 1459: 1454: 1442: 1437: 1432: 1425: 1420: 1414: 1410: 1409: 1408: 1405: 1404: 1401: 1400: 1398:Papua conflict 1395: 1390: 1389: 1388: 1383: 1378: 1368: 1362: 1358: 1357: 1356: 1353: 1352: 1349: 1348: 1341: 1336: 1331: 1326: 1321: 1319:Greek genocide 1316: 1309: 1302: 1296: 1292: 1291: 1290: 1287: 1286: 1283: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1245: 1240: 1235: 1230: 1223: 1217: 1213: 1212: 1211: 1208: 1207: 1204: 1203: 1201:Taíno genocide 1198: 1193: 1188: 1183: 1178: 1173: 1168: 1161: 1156: 1151: 1150: 1149: 1147:Pemon conflict 1139: 1138: 1137: 1135:Trail of Tears 1132: 1127: 1122: 1117: 1112: 1110:Indian removal 1107: 1102: 1097: 1092: 1082: 1077: 1076: 1075: 1070: 1065: 1055: 1054: 1053: 1043: 1042: 1041: 1031: 1026: 1021: 1015: 1005: 1004: 1003: 1000: 999: 996: 995: 990: 985: 980: 973: 966: 959: 954: 948: 944: 943: 942: 939: 938: 937: 936: 935: 934: 929: 919: 917:Historiography 914: 909: 900: 895: 890: 882: 881: 877: 876: 866: 865: 854: 851: 718: 715: 642: 641:Rising tension 639: 599: 596: 571: 557: 554: 524:Hermann Göring 489:Adolf Lüderitz 444:Bantu language 408:Richard Knötel 346: 343: 301:United Nations 209: 208: 190: 186: 185: 175: 171: 170: 169: 168: 161: 152: 148: 147: 118: 115: 112: 111: 101: 97: 96: 93: 89: 88: 77: 73: 72: 69: 61: 60: 53: 52: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9486: 9475: 9472: 9470: 9467: 9465: 9462: 9460: 9457: 9455: 9452: 9450: 9447: 9445: 9444:Herero people 9442: 9440: 9437: 9435: 9432: 9430: 9427: 9425: 9422: 9420: 9417: 9415: 9412: 9410: 9407: 9405: 9402: 9400: 9397: 9395: 9392: 9390: 9387: 9385: 9382: 9380: 9377: 9376: 9374: 9353: 9349: 9345: 9341: 9337: 9333: 9329: 9325: 9321: 9317: 9313: 9309: 9305: 9301: 9297: 9293: 9289: 9285: 9284: 9281: 9272: 9260: 9256: 9252: 9248: 9244: 9240: 9234: 9230: 9226: 9222: 9218: 9214: 9213: 9210: 9206: 9202: 9198: 9194: 9190: 9186: 9182: 9178: 9174: 9170: 9166: 9165: 9162: 9153: 9141: 9137: 9133: 9129: 9125: 9124:Sobibor trial 9121: 9117: 9113: 9109: 9105: 9101: 9097: 9093: 9089: 9085: 9081: 9077: 9073: 9069: 9065: 9061: 9057: 9053: 9049: 9045: 9041: 9037: 9033: 9029: 9025: 9021: 9017: 9013: 9009: 9005: 9001: 8997: 8993: 8989: 8988:Belsen trials 8985: 8981: 8980:Dachau trials 8977: 8973: 8969: 8965: 8961: 8957: 8953: 8949: 8948:Kharkov trial 8945: 8941: 8937: 8936: 8933: 8927: 8921: 8918: 8914: 8907: 8903: 8900: 8896: 8893: 8892:Justification 8889: 8886: 8882: 8879: 8875: 8872: 8868: 8865: 8861: 8856: 8852: 8849: 8845: 8842: 8838: 8837: 8835: 8831: 8830: 8828: 8824: 8817: 8813: 8810: 8806: 8803: 8799: 8796: 8792: 8789: 8785: 8782: 8778: 8775: 8771: 8766: 8762: 8761: 8759: 8758:The Holocaust 8755: 8754: 8752: 8750: 8746: 8739: 8735: 8732: 8728: 8725: 8721: 8718: 8717:Death marches 8714: 8709: 8705: 8702: 8698: 8697: 8695: 8691: 8688: 8684: 8681: 8677: 8674: 8670: 8667: 8663: 8660: 8656: 8655: 8653: 8649: 8642: 8638: 8635: 8631: 8628: 8624: 8621: 8617: 8614: 8610: 8607: 8603: 8600: 8596: 8593: 8589: 8586: 8582: 8579: 8575: 8568: 8564: 8563: 8561: 8557: 8556: 8554: 8550: 8545: 8541: 8540: 8538: 8534: 8533: 8531: 8527: 8515: 8511: 8507: 8503: 8499: 8495: 8491: 8487: 8483: 8479: 8475: 8474:Iraqi Turkmen 8471: 8467: 8463: 8459: 8455: 8450: 8446: 8445: 8442: 8438: 8434: 8430: 8429: 8426: 8421: 8415: 8403: 8399: 8395: 8391: 8386: 8382: 8381: 8378: 8374: 8370: 8366: 8362: 8358: 8354: 8350: 8346: 8342: 8338: 8334: 8330: 8326: 8322: 8318: 8314: 8310: 8306: 8302: 8298: 8294: 8290: 8286: 8282: 8278: 8273: 8269: 8266: 8262: 8261: 8257: 8253: 8249: 8245: 8241: 8237: 8233: 8229: 8225: 8221: 8217: 8213: 8209: 8205: 8201: 8197: 8193: 8192: 8189: 8184: 8178: 8166: 8162: 8158: 8154: 8150: 8146: 8142: 8138: 8134: 8130: 8126: 8122: 8118: 8114: 8110: 8106: 8102: 8101:The Holocaust 8098: 8094: 8090: 8086: 8082: 8078: 8074: 8070: 8066: 8062: 8058: 8054: 8050: 8046: 8042: 8038: 8034: 8030: 8026: 8022: 8018: 8014: 8010: 8006: 8002: 7998: 7994: 7990: 7986: 7983:(1920s–1930s) 7982: 7981:Ingrian Finns 7978: 7974: 7970: 7966: 7962: 7958: 7954: 7948: 7944: 7940: 7936: 7932: 7928: 7924: 7920: 7916: 7912: 7907: 7906:Pontic Greeks 7903: 7902: 7899: 7895: 7894: 7892: 7888: 7887: 7884: 7879: 7873: 7859: 7855: 7854: 7852: 7848: 7844: 7840: 7836: 7832: 7828: 7824: 7821:(1890s–1900s) 7820: 7816: 7812: 7808: 7804: 7800: 7796: 7792: 7788: 7784: 7780: 7776: 7772: 7768: 7762: 7758: 7754: 7750: 7746: 7742: 7738: 7734: 7733: 7731: 7727: 7723: 7719: 7715: 7711: 7705: 7701: 7697: 7693: 7692: 7690: 7686: 7682: 7678: 7674: 7670: 7666: 7662: 7658: 7654: 7648: 7644: 7641:(1700s–1800s) 7640: 7636: 7635: 7633: 7629: 7625: 7621: 7617: 7613: 7609: 7605: 7601: 7597: 7593: 7589: 7585: 7581: 7577: 7573: 7569: 7565: 7561: 7557: 7553: 7549: 7548: 7545: 7540: 7534: 7522: 7518: 7514: 7510: 7506: 7502: 7498: 7494: 7491:(1200s–1360s) 7490: 7486: 7482: 7478: 7474: 7470: 7466: 7462: 7457: 7453: 7452: 7449: 7445: 7441: 7437: 7433: 7429: 7428: 7425: 7420: 7414: 7411: 7408: 7403: 7399: 7395: 7388: 7383: 7381: 7376: 7374: 7369: 7368: 7365: 7349: 7348: 7344: 7342: 7341: 7337: 7335: 7334: 7330: 7328: 7327: 7323: 7322: 7319: 7315: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7299:Samoan Crisis 7297: 7296: 7294: 7292: 7288: 7282: 7279: 7278: 7276: 7274: 7270: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7258:Juye incident 7256: 7255: 7253: 7251: 7247: 7244: 7240: 7233: 7229: 7228: 7217: 7214: 7213: 7211: 7209: 7205: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7185: 7183: 7181: 7177: 7174: 7170: 7166: 7159: 7154: 7152: 7147: 7145: 7140: 7139: 7136: 7130: 7127: 7126: 7116: 7115: 7108: 7104: 7100: 7098:9781847010322 7094: 7090: 7086: 7081: 7070: 7066: 7062: 7058: 7054: 7050: 7046: 7042: 7031: 7027: 7024:(37): 51–57. 7023: 7019: 7014: 7003: 6999: 6996:(37): 39–49. 6995: 6991: 6987: 6983: 6980: 6976: 6973: 6969: 6966: 6963: 6960: 6957: 6954: 6950: 6947: 6944: 6940: 6937: 6934: 6930: 6927: 6923: 6919: 6915: 6911: 6907: 6903: 6899: 6895: 6890: 6886: 6875: 6869: 6865: 6864: 6858: 6854: 6850: 6846: 6842: 6838: 6834: 6829: 6828: 6826: 6812: 6806: 6802: 6798: 6794: 6790: 6786: 6780: 6776: 6772: 6768: 6763: 6759: 6753: 6749: 6744: 6740: 6734: 6730: 6726: 6721: 6717: 6711: 6707: 6703: 6698: 6694: 6690: 6686: 6680: 6676: 6672: 6667: 6666: 6650: 6643: 6641: 6633: 6627: 6621: 6617: 6613: 6612: 6605: 6598: 6597: 6593: 6586: 6580: 6576: 6572: 6566: 6560: 6556: 6549: 6534: 6530: 6526: 6520: 6512: 6508: 6502: 6495:. 2011-10-30. 6494: 6490: 6489: 6484: 6478: 6470: 6464: 6448: 6447: 6442: 6436: 6422: 6418: 6415:Rust, Jasko. 6411: 6396:. 28 May 2021 6395: 6394: 6389: 6383: 6381: 6379: 6370: 6366: 6365: 6360: 6353: 6338: 6337: 6332: 6325: 6310: 6306: 6299: 6284: 6283: 6278: 6271: 6269: 6253: 6252: 6247: 6240: 6225: 6224: 6219: 6212: 6205: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6179: 6178: 6173: 6166: 6150: 6143: 6141: 6132: 6117: 6113: 6106: 6098: 6097: 6092: 6085: 6078:. 2001-09-25. 6077: 6073: 6067: 6060:. 2004-01-12. 6059: 6055: 6049: 6042:. 2007-10-07. 6041: 6037: 6031: 6016: 6012: 6006: 5992:on 2015-01-12 5991: 5987: 5981: 5974: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5955: 5949: 5945: 5941: 5934: 5926: 5922: 5918: 5914: 5910: 5906: 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4280: 4275: 4268: 4264: 4258: 4252: 4248: 4243: 4237: 4233: 4228: 4220: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4205:Belknap Press 4203:. Cambridge: 4202: 4201: 4196: 4190: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4182: 4180: 4178: 4171:, p. 81. 4170: 4165: 4163: 4161: 4154:, p. 80. 4153: 4148: 4141: 4136: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4106: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4083: 4075: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4054: 4046: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4031:Samuel Totten 4026: 4024: 4015: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3991: 3989: 3987: 3978: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3957: 3955: 3953: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3933: 3926: 3924: 3922: 3913: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3889: 3883:, p. 75. 3882: 3877: 3875: 3873: 3866:, p. 76. 3865: 3860: 3858: 3849: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3828: 3826: 3817: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3796: 3788: 3782: 3778: 3771: 3763: 3759: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3744: 3739: 3733: 3731: 3729: 3727: 3725: 3723: 3721: 3719: 3717: 3708: 3702: 3698: 3697: 3692: 3686: 3680: 3675: 3667: 3663: 3662: 3657: 3651: 3649: 3640: 3636: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3621: 3613: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3583: 3582:peccadilloes. 3578: 3574: 3567: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3542:Dierks, Klaus 3537: 3535: 3526: 3513: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3491: 3483: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3443: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3419: 3417: 3410:, p. 70. 3409: 3404: 3396: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3372: 3365: 3360: 3349: 3342: 3336: 3328: 3327: 3322: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3303: 3299: 3298: 3293: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3263: 3259: 3258: 3253: 3246: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3215: 3208: 3196: 3192: 3191: 3186: 3179: 3177: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3154: 3146: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3121: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3089: 3081: 3074: 3066: 3062: 3061: 3056: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3028: 3024: 3023: 3022:The Economist 3018: 3012: 2996: 2992: 2991: 2986: 2982: 2976: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2953: 2944: 2937: 2932: 2930: 2922: 2917: 2901: 2897: 2896: 2891: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2875: 2862: 2855: 2851: 2841: 2838: 2836: 2833: 2831: 2828: 2826: 2823: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2809: 2806: 2802: 2799: 2797: 2794: 2792: 2789: 2787: 2784: 2782: 2779: 2777: 2774: 2773: 2771: 2763: 2752: 2749: 2748:Africa portal 2738: 2728: 2724: 2721: 2717: 2716: 2711: 2708: 2705: 2701: 2698: 2695: 2691: 2688: 2684: 2683: 2677: 2674: 2672: 2668: 2659: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2640: 2637: 2632: 2630: 2625: 2623: 2617: 2615: 2611: 2606: 2602: 2600: 2599: 2594: 2590: 2585: 2583: 2582:Supreme Court 2578: 2573: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2550:Deutsche Bank 2540: 2536: 2534: 2529: 2524: 2520: 2518: 2514: 2509: 2506: 2502: 2493: 2489: 2487: 2483: 2468: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2441: 2439: 2435: 2429: 2427: 2421: 2417: 2414: 2410: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2383:Josef Mengele 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2367:Eugen Fischer 2364: 2361:According to 2359: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2332: 2327: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2316:The Holocaust 2311: 2307: 2303: 2293: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2270: 2268: 2264: 2259: 2253: 2252:Reiterdenkmal 2247: 2240: 2235: 2226: 2220: 2215: 2211: 2209: 2205: 2200: 2198: 2188: 2186: 2182: 2176: 2172: 2167: 2162: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2130:Nazi eugenics 2121: 2118: 2110: 2106: 2103: 2100: 2095: 2093: 2087: 2082: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2066: 2061: 2059: 2055: 2054:Angra Pequena 2050: 2049: 2044: 2039: 2036: 2030: 2027: 2025: 2017: 2012: 2004: 1996: 1991: 1981: 1979: 1975: 1970: 1965: 1960: 1958: 1954: 1948: 1946: 1942: 1937: 1932: 1930: 1925: 1923: 1919: 1913: 1908: 1904: 1899: 1896: 1894: 1890: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1871: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1856: 1852: 1846: 1844: 1838: 1835: 1834:Prussian Army 1831: 1828: 1823: 1820: 1819:Herero people 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1790: 1785: 1781: 1778:, during the 1777: 1773: 1769: 1757: 1752: 1750: 1745: 1743: 1738: 1737: 1735: 1734: 1731: 1728: 1727: 1722: 1719: 1717: 1714: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1698: 1697: 1696: 1692: 1691: 1684: 1681: 1679: 1676: 1675: 1674: 1671: 1667: 1664: 1662: 1659: 1657: 1654: 1653: 1651: 1647: 1644: 1643: 1642: 1639: 1637: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1627: 1624: 1622: 1619: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1597: 1594: 1592: 1589: 1587: 1584: 1582: 1579: 1577: 1574: 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1098: 1096: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1087: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1074: 1071: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1060: 1059: 1056: 1052: 1049: 1048: 1047: 1044: 1040: 1037: 1036: 1035: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1016: 1011: 1002: 1001: 994: 991: 989: 986: 984: 981: 979: 974: 972: 971: 967: 965: 964: 960: 958: 955: 953: 950: 949: 941: 940: 933: 930: 928: 925: 924: 923: 920: 918: 915: 913: 910: 908: 904: 901: 899: 896: 894: 891: 889: 886: 885: 884: 883: 879: 878: 875: 868: 867: 863: 859: 858: 850: 848: 842: 838: 834: 832: 828: 824: 819: 817: 813: 809: 804: 800: 795: 793: 789: 785: 779: 775: 772: 768: 766: 761: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 737: 735: 731: 726: 724: 714: 712: 708: 707: 702: 697: 693: 690: 688: 684: 680: 676: 671: 668: 667: 662:African; the 659: 656: 650: 648: 638: 636: 632: 628: 623: 619: 617: 613: 608: 605: 595: 593: 589: 584: 582: 576: 568: 564: 553: 550: 549: 543: 539: 534: 532: 527: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 500: 498: 494: 490: 485: 483: 479: 475: 470: 462: 460: 455: 453: 449: 445: 440: 438: 434: 430: 421: 415: 409: 405: 404: 398: 391: 386: 378: 371: 367: 362: 356: 351: 342: 338: 334: 331: 327: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 299:In 1985, the 297: 295: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 270: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 248: 247:German Empire 244: 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 216: 206: 202: 198: 194: 191: 187: 184: 180: 176: 172: 166: 162: 159: 155: 154: 153: 149: 146: 142: 138: 134: 130: 126: 122: 119: 113: 109: 105: 102: 98: 94: 90: 86: 81: 78: 74: 67: 62: 59: 54: 49: 43: 39: 38: 34: 19: 9276:21st century 9233:Ratko Mladić 9157:20th century 9100:Belzec trial 8864:Genocide law 8724:Death squads 8634:Mass killing 8544:Autogenocide 8420:21st century 8183:1946 to 1999 8055:(1935–1945) 8013:Libyan Arabs 7878:1913 to 1945 7834: 7539:1490 to 1913 7345: 7338: 7331: 7324: 7291:German Samoa 7113: 7106: 7089:James Currey 7084: 7072:. Retrieved 7052: 7033:. Retrieved 7021: 7005:. Retrieved 6993: 6986:Hull, Isabel 6971: 6964: 6958: 6952: 6942: 6938: 6928: 6897: 6893: 6885:Google Books 6883:– via 6877:. Retrieved 6862: 6853:the original 6840: 6836: 6799:. New York: 6796: 6770: 6747: 6728: 6724: 6701: 6670: 6631: 6626: 6610: 6604: 6595: 6591: 6585: 6571:Mama Namibia 6570: 6565: 6548: 6536:. Retrieved 6519: 6510: 6501: 6486: 6477: 6451:. Retrieved 6446:The Namibian 6444: 6435: 6424:. Retrieved 6420: 6410: 6398:. Retrieved 6391: 6364:The Guardian 6362: 6352: 6340:. Retrieved 6334: 6324: 6312:. Retrieved 6308: 6298: 6286:. Retrieved 6282:The Guardian 6280: 6255:. Retrieved 6249: 6239: 6227:. Retrieved 6221: 6211: 6201: 6193: 6181:. Retrieved 6175: 6165: 6153:. Retrieved 6148: 6139: 6131: 6119:. Retrieved 6115: 6105: 6094: 6084: 6066: 6048: 6030: 6018:. Retrieved 6005: 5994:. Retrieved 5990:the original 5980: 5970: 5962: 5939: 5933: 5911:(1): 61–90. 5908: 5902: 5892: 5849: 5845: 5835: 5826: 5788: 5782: 5772: 5763: 5744: 5737: 5729:Google Books 5727:– via 5709: 5702: 5677: 5673: 5663: 5655:Google Books 5653:– via 5635: 5628: 5603: 5597: 5591: 5580:. Retrieved 5576:the original 5569: 5560: 5542: 5537: 5519: 5514: 5505: 5501: 5491: 5482: 5473: 5464: 5455: 5430: 5426: 5416: 5408:the original 5403:The Namibian 5401: 5391: 5379:. Retrieved 5374:The Guardian 5372: 5363: 5351:. Retrieved 5337: 5325:. Retrieved 5318: 5294:Google Books 5292:– via 5278: 5271: 5259: 5248:. Retrieved 5244:the original 5230: 5219: 5210: 5199: 5190: 5179: 5170: 5158:. Retrieved 5151: 5142: 5134: 5124: 5119: 5111: 5106: 5086: 5078: 5070: 5064: 5055: 5050: 5041: 5032: 5017: 5012: 4989: 4983: 4933: 4927: 4908: 4877: 4853: 4820: 4814: 4794:. New York: 4791: 4785: 4765: 4759: 4737: 4732: 4724: 4720: 4714: 4707:The Namibian 4706: 4695: 4680: 4675: 4660: 4655: 4640: 4635: 4620: 4611: 4595: 4589: 4577: 4567: 4552: 4544: 4529: 4524: 4509: 4504: 4489: 4484: 4464: 4433: 4406:. Retrieved 4402: 4392: 4380: 4368: 4356: 4344: 4335: 4331: 4325: 4313: 4286: 4274: 4266: 4257: 4250: 4242: 4227: 4199: 4147: 4135: 4123:. Retrieved 4119:the original 4114: 4105: 4096: 4092: 4082: 4062:. New York: 4059: 4053: 4034: 4002:. New York: 3999: 3962: 3931: 3897: 3888: 3833: 3801: 3795: 3776: 3770: 3762:Google Books 3760:– via 3742: 3695: 3691:Morel, E. D. 3685: 3679:Moses (2008) 3674: 3666:the original 3659: 3639:Google Books 3637:– via 3619: 3580: 3572: 3566: 3554:. Retrieved 3550:the original 3521:|title= 3512:cite journal 3499: 3495: 3490: 3472:James Currey 3467: 3427: 3403: 3383:. New York: 3380: 3371: 3359: 3348:the original 3335: 3324: 3302:the original 3295: 3269:. Retrieved 3262:the original 3255: 3245: 3233:. 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Retrieved 2900:the original 2895:The Guardian 2893: 2860: 2854: 2817:(modern-day 2726: 2713: 2704:Mama Namibia 2703: 2700:Mama Namibia 2699: 2693: 2686: 2675: 2665: 2662:Repatriation 2646:case at the 2641: 2633: 2626: 2618: 2610:Hage Geingob 2607: 2603: 2596: 2586: 2574: 2562:human rights 2547: 2538: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2515:, Germany's 2510: 2501:Roman Herzog 2498: 2479: 2442: 2430: 2423: 2419: 2411: 2360: 2328: 2320:Nazi Germany 2313: 2271: 2260: 2248: 2244: 2224: 2218: 2207: 2203: 2201: 2194: 2177: 2163: 2148: 2145: 2119: 2115: 2104: 2096: 2092:Shark Island 2089: 2084: 2079:Fred Cornell 2075:South Africa 2068: 2063: 2046: 2040: 2031: 2028: 2021: 1971: 1967: 1962: 1949: 1939: 1934: 1928: 1926: 1915: 1910: 1906: 1901: 1897: 1880:Bechuanaland 1873: 1868: 1863: 1860: 1851:Grootfontein 1848: 1839: 1830:bombing raid 1824: 1787: 1784:Yellow Peril 1765: 1683:Bibliography 1641:Risk factors 1614: / 1366:Blackbirding 1343: 1311: 1275:Sōshi-kaimei 1163: 975: 968: 961: 905: / 844: 840: 835: 820: 796: 780: 776: 773: 769: 762: 738: 727: 723:Bondelzwarts 720: 711:Verkafferung 710: 704: 698: 694: 691: 679:moneylenders 672: 660: 651: 644: 635:race traitor 631:manslaughter 624: 620: 609: 601: 585: 577: 559: 548:Schutztruppe 535: 528: 501: 497:protectorate 493:Lüderitz Bay 486: 471: 463: 456: 441: 426: 403:Schutztruppe 401: 340: 336: 332: 298: 271: 222: 218: 214: 212: 174:Perpetrators 83:(modern-day 35: 9449:Herero Wars 9346:(2023–2024) 9314:(2020–2021) 9261:(1999–2015) 9253:(1997–2022) 9245:(1994–2015) 9235:(2011–2017) 9227:(2008–2016) 9219:(2002–2006) 9211:(1993–2017) 9203:(1993–2007) 9195:(1946–1948) 9179:(1946–1948) 9169:Budak trial 9140:Finta trial 9126:(1965–1966) 9118:(1964–1970) 9110:(1963–1989) 9102:(1963–1965) 9086:(1961–1962) 9062:(1946–1949) 9054:(1946–1948) 9046:(1946–1948) 9038:(1946–1953) 9030:(1946–1947) 9014:(1945–1946) 9012:Minsk trial 9006:(1945–1946) 8998:(1945–1949) 8990:(1945–1948) 8982:(1945–1947) 8974:(1945–2001) 8966:(1944–1989) 8958:(1944–1951) 8928:(1943–2022) 8834:Definitions 8484:(2014–2017) 8476:(2014–2017) 8468:(2011–2023) 8435:(2002–2003) 8404:(1996–1997) 8379:(1992–1995) 8371:(1991–2003) 8355:(1987–2002) 8347:(1987–1989) 8339:(1986–1989) 8323:(1983–1987) 8321:Gukurahundi 8315:(1983–2009) 8299:(1977–1997) 8291:(1975–1979) 8283:(1974–1999) 8246:(1970–2003) 8244:Feyli Kurds 8238:(1966–1970) 8214:(1962–1996) 8206:(1956–1989) 8167:(1944–1948) 8159:(1944–1948) 8151:(1943–1945) 8143:(1942–1945) 8127:(1941–1945) 8119:(1941–1945) 8111:(1941–1945) 8103:(1941–1945) 8095:(1940–1942) 8087:(1939–1945) 8079:(1937–1938) 8063:(1937–1938) 8039:(1932–1933) 8023:(1930–1933) 8015:(1929–1932) 8007:(1926–1973) 7975:(1919–1933) 7967:(1918–1931) 7959:(1916–1917) 7949:(1916–1934) 7933:(1915–1917) 7925:(1915–1919) 7900:(1913–1922) 7860:(1912–1913) 7845:(1905–1907) 7837:(1904–1907) 7829:(1894–1896) 7813:(1888–1893) 7805:(1879–1913) 7795:Circassians 7789:(1850–1864) 7755:(1846–1873) 7747:(1830–1850) 7739:(1830–1847) 7706:(1869–1977) 7698:(1825–1832) 7683:(1785–2017) 7649:(1874–1996) 7626:(1648–1657) 7618:(1640–1649) 7610:(1636–1638) 7578:(1548–1872) 7554:(1492–1514) 7523:(1402–1496) 7515:(1393–1394) 7499:(1209–1229) 7483:(1069–1070) 7419:Before 1490 7216:Herero Wars 6866:. Caliber. 6843:(4): 1155. 6183:7 September 6155:12 February 6149:EJIL: Talk! 6145:(blog post) 6121:23 November 5381:20 February 5353:20 February 4549:Thomas Tlou 4385:Sarkin 2011 4373:Sarkin 2011 4361:Sarkin 2011 4349:Sarkin 2011 4318:Sarkin 2011 4306:Sarkin 2011 4291:Sarkin 2011 4279:Sarkin 2011 3506:: 57. 1980. 3271:30 December 3257:Der Spiegel 3201:30 December 3093:Nuhn (1989) 3001:26 November 2476:Recognition 2324:death camps 2274:World War I 2169: [ 2142:Craniometry 1974:labor camps 1794:Bremerhaven 1666:Utilitarian 1612:Colonialism 1196:Spiral case 1024:Enslavement 970:Gukurahundi 701:concubinage 581:Herero Wars 522:(father of 324: [ 317:reparations 286:dehydration 145:enslavement 125:mass murder 116:Attack type 58:Herero Wars 31:‹ The 9373:Categories 9020:Riga trial 8871:Prevention 8816:Indigenous 8731:Incitement 8599:Gendercide 8560:Classicide 8553:Politicide 8514:Gaza Strip 8281:East Timor 8252:Bangladesh 8212:Guatemalan 8133:Sook Ching 8029:La Matanza 7753:California 7465:Bar Kokhba 7087:. Melton: 6823:See also: 6538:19 January 6426:2024-04-01 5996:2014-06-16 5582:2007-06-12 5545:, p. 244, 5522:, p. 240, 5250:2015-04-21 4992:. London: 4946:1887/12876 4936:. Leiden: 4740:, p. 118, 4408:2024-03-28 4169:Gaudi 2017 4152:Gaudi 2017 4140:Gaudi 2017 3965:. London: 3881:Gaudi 2017 3864:Gaudi 2017 3575:(Ph. D.). 3470:. Oxford: 3408:Gaudi 2017 3364:Gaudi 2017 2870:References 2768:See also: 2622:Heiko Maas 2300:See also: 2254:(English: 2048:Cape Argus 1988:See also: 1964:labourers. 1789:Hunnenrede 1631:Psychology 1626:Prevention 1606:Incitement 1165:La Matanza 1120:Pequot War 1039:Plan Verde 1006:Americas ( 907:conversion 687:collateral 478:Damaraland 345:Background 129:starvation 8809:Cambodian 8802:Holodomor 8694:Massacres 8578:Ethnocide 8567:Eliticide 8289:Cambodian 8037:Holodomor 7931:Armenians 7923:Assyrians 7696:Black War 7584:Huguenots 7467:(132–136) 7450:(50s BCE) 7434:(146 BCE) 7402:Genocides 7061:0259-0190 7030:1048-9134 7002:1048-9134 6922:213498806 6914:0008-9389 6693:1381-1312 6677:/Rodopi. 6463:cite news 5925:0022-0094 5884:145033628 5823:145033628 5641:Routledge 5620:144290873 5508:(3): 549. 5221:The Times 4773:, Leiden 4470:Routledge 4125:29 August 4004:Routledge 3967:Zed Press 3385:Routledge 3135:1887/4830 2921:Nuhn 1989 2712:'s novel 2656:Palestine 2465:modernity 2438:Freikorps 2229:Aftermath 2035:Dysentery 1929:Der Kampf 1884:skeletons 1716:Ethnocide 1381:Black War 1260:Manchukuo 808:‹See Tfd› 784:Reichstag 746:Okahandja 740:by Chief 487:In 1883, 482:pastorals 431:were the 313:Bundestag 267:Okahandja 245:) by the 95:1904–1908 40:is being 8774:Armenian 8641:Domicide 8620:Policide 8592:Eugenics 8537:Democide 8506:Rohingya 8149:Volhynia 7973:Cossacks 7819:Selk'nam 7681:Chechens 7673:Dzungars 7600:Lameyans 7592:Kalinago 7562:(1500s–) 7521:Guanches 7456:Eburones 7442:(88 BCE) 7394:Genocide 7069:41056613 7047:(2008). 6988:(2005). 6795:(2008). 6511:BBC News 6493:BBC News 6488:BBC News 6453:19 March 6369:Archived 6076:BBC News 6058:BBC News 6040:BBC News 6020:24 March 5944:ABC-CLIO 5876:40600596 5815:40600596 5765:Gypsies. 5694:72443192 5320:BBC News 5153:BBC News 5059:centre." 4584:, p. 195 4197:(2006). 3740:(2005). 3693:(1920). 3661:BBC News 3544:(2004). 3326:BBC News 3265:(Online) 3190:BBC News 3167:BBC Four 2961:: 1–28. 2819:Tanzania 2734:See also 2671:Lüderitz 2598:Die Zeit 2455:such as 2395:governor 2267:diamonds 2239:Windhoek 2058:Lüderitz 2043:sjamboks 1918:executed 1889:Batswana 1730:Category 1706:Democide 1661:Cultural 1596:Massacre 1551:Genocide 1542:a series 1540:Part of 1345:Vergonha 927:Genocide 871:Genocide 862:a series 860:Part of 853:Genocide 750:Windhoek 612:Windhoek 508:Khoekhoe 504:Maharero 437:Khoekhoe 435:and the 390:toasting 251:genocide 181:and the 76:Location 56:Part of 44:. › 33:template 9338:(2023–) 9330:(2022–) 9322:(2022–) 9306:(2019–) 9298:(2012–) 9290:(2005–) 8795:Rwandan 8788:Bosnian 8781:Serbian 8708:Pogroms 8651:Methods 8516:(2023–) 8508:(2017–) 8500:(2014–) 8492:(2014–) 8482:Yazidis 8460:(2003–) 8443:(2003–) 8394:Rwandan 8377:Bosnian 8369:Ahwaris 8363:(1990–) 8331:(1985–) 8259:Burundi 8021:Kazakhs 7811:Hazaras 7797:(1860s) 7787:Manchus 7779:Moriori 7771:Charrúa 7675:(1750s) 7639:Beothuk 7608:Pequots 7570:(1500–) 7513:Assyria 7497:Cathars 6849:1117731 6769:(ed.). 6663:Sources 6559:YouTube 6533:YouTube 6177:Reuters 6096:Reuters 5483:uca.edu 5160:3 April 5085:(2006) 4551:(1985) 3556:10 June 3297:Reuters 3235:13 July 3033:3 April 2533:Omaruru 2399:Bavaria 2181:Charité 2155:arsenic 1893:Sekgoma 1855:Gobabis 1776:Beijing 1678:Outline 1673:Studies 1359:Oceania 1009:history 993:Mfecane 888:Ecocide 758:Ondonga 717:Revolts 604:Omaruru 573: 452:Bushmen 448:Khoisan 429:Namibia 400:German 282:Omaheke 243:Namibia 163:10,000 158:Hereros 110:peoples 85:Namibia 9354:(2024) 9187:(1946) 9171:(1945) 9142:(1994) 9134:(1986) 9094:(1961) 9078:(1958) 9070:(1949) 9022:(1946) 8950:(1943) 8942:(1943) 8826:Issues 8749:Denial 8441:Darfur 8396:(1994) 8361:Amhara 8307:(1982) 8254:(1971) 8236:Biafra 8230:(1966) 8222:(1964) 8198:(1948) 8135:(1942) 8071:(1937) 8047:(1933) 8031:(1932) 7999:(1924) 7991:(1923) 7957:Kyrgyz 7941:(1915) 7917:(1913) 7898:Greeks 7781:(1835) 7773:(1831) 7763:(1864) 7724:(1821) 7716:(1816) 7667:(1749) 7659:(1740) 7602:(1636) 7594:(1626) 7586:(1572) 7507:(1311) 7475:(800s) 7172:Africa 7095: 7074:30 May 7067: 7059: 7053:Kronos 7035:30 May 7028: 7007:30 May 7000: 6920: 6912: 6879:1 June 6870: 6847: 6807: 6781: 6754: 6735: 6712: 6691: 6681: 6618: 6577: 6421:dw.com 6400:29 May 6342:29 May 6336:Quartz 6314:29 May 6288:29 May 6257:29 May 6229:29 May 6203:Law360 5950: 5923: 5882: 5874: 5821: 5813: 5756: 5721: 5692: 5647: 5618: 5552: 5529: 5447:558886 5445: 5327:29 May 5286: 5093: 5024: 5000: 4952: 4919: 4888: 4860: 4831: 4802: 4777: 4751: 4687: 4667: 4647: 4627: 4603: 4559: 4536: 4516: 4496: 4476: 4441: 4215: 4070: 4041: 4010: 3973: 3943: 3908: 3844: 3812: 3783: 3754: 3746:. NY: 3703: 3631: 3478: 3438: 3391: 3141: 2906:28 May 2652:Israel 2356:Aryans 2352:Romani 2340:Hitler 2308:, and 2151:scurvy 2140:, and 1891:chief 1827:Allied 1806:Attila 1802:Boxers 1652:Types 1646:Stages 1591:Denial 1568:Issues 912:Denial 880:Issues 812:German 799:Berlin 788:Kaiser 586:Major 563:Herero 538:Samuel 510:under 231:Herero 205:racism 189:Motive 167:killed 160:killed 151:Deaths 104:Herero 100:Target 8529:Terms 8345:Isaaq 8337:Anfal 8085:Poles 7947:Kurds 7843:Ukame 7616:Huron 7552:Taíno 7448:Gauls 7065:JSTOR 6918:S2CID 6727:[ 6675:Brill 6652:(PDF) 5975:, p.3 5880:S2CID 5872:JSTOR 5819:S2CID 5811:JSTOR 5690:S2CID 5616:S2CID 5443:JSTOR 4472:, NY 4338:: 21. 3939:1990 3351:(PDF) 3344:(PDF) 2680:Media 2461:Libya 2348:Slavs 2288:over 2263:marks 2173:] 2159:opium 1955:from 1457:Sayfo 983:Ikiza 730:Boers 683:usury 328:] 290:Namib 241:(now 8666:Rape 8272:1993 8265:1972 7560:Ainu 7093:ISBN 7076:2021 7057:ISSN 7037:2021 7026:ISSN 7009:2021 6998:ISSN 6910:ISSN 6881:2021 6868:ISBN 6845:SSRN 6805:ISBN 6779:ISBN 6752:ISBN 6733:ISBN 6710:ISBN 6689:ISSN 6679:ISBN 6616:ISBN 6594:AND 6575:ISBN 6540:2022 6469:link 6455:2020 6402:2021 6344:2021 6316:2021 6290:2021 6259:2021 6231:2021 6185:2021 6157:2019 6123:2017 6022:2020 5948:ISBN 5921:ISSN 5754:ISBN 5719:ISBN 5645:ISBN 5550:ISBN 5527:ISBN 5383:2016 5355:2016 5329:2021 5284:ISBN 5162:2018 5091:ISBN 5022:ISBN 4998:ISBN 4950:ISBN 4917:ISBN 4886:ISBN 4858:ISBN 4829:ISBN 4800:ISBN 4775:ISBN 4749:ISBN 4685:ISBN 4665:ISBN 4645:ISBN 4625:ISBN 4601:ISBN 4572:1904 4557:ISBN 4534:ISBN 4514:ISBN 4494:ISBN 4474:ISBN 4439:ISBN 4213:ISBN 4127:2018 4068:ISBN 4039:ISBN 4008:ISBN 3971:ISBN 3941:ISBN 3906:ISBN 3842:ISBN 3810:ISBN 3781:ISBN 3752:ISBN 3701:ISBN 3629:ISBN 3558:2011 3525:help 3476:ISBN 3436:ISBN 3389:ISBN 3273:2016 3237:2015 3203:2016 3139:ISBN 3035:2018 3003:2015 2908:2021 2405:and 2391:Roma 2344:Jews 2157:and 2071:Cape 1810:Huns 1601:Rape 567:Nama 565:and 450:and 235:Nama 213:The 165:Nama 108:Nama 106:and 92:Date 6902:doi 6557:on 6525:BBC 6015:BMZ 5913:doi 5862:hdl 5854:doi 5801:hdl 5793:doi 5682:doi 5608:doi 5435:doi 5347:BBC 4942:hdl 4265:", 4209:776 3131:hdl 2963:doi 2459:in 2397:of 2393:as 2358:". 1924:." 1853:to 1808:'s 1774:in 1616:War 709:as 637:". 433:San 237:in 217:or 9375:: 7091:. 7063:. 7051:. 7020:. 6992:. 6931:, 6916:. 6908:. 6898:52 6896:. 6841:93 6839:. 6835:. 6803:. 6777:. 6687:. 6639:^ 6592:V. 6531:. 6509:. 6491:. 6485:. 6465:}} 6461:{{ 6443:. 6419:. 6390:. 6377:^ 6367:. 6361:. 6333:. 6309:DW 6307:. 6279:. 6267:^ 6248:. 6220:. 6200:. 6174:. 6147:. 6114:. 6093:. 6074:. 6056:. 6038:. 5919:. 5909:51 5907:. 5901:. 5878:. 5870:. 5860:. 5850:42 5848:. 5844:. 5825:. 5817:. 5809:. 5799:. 5789:42 5787:. 5781:. 5762:. 5748:. 5713:. 5688:. 5678:85 5676:. 5672:. 5639:. 5614:. 5604:35 5602:. 5568:. 5506:14 5504:. 5500:. 5481:. 5463:. 5441:. 5431:74 5429:. 5425:. 5400:. 5371:. 5345:. 5317:. 5302:^ 5238:. 5218:. 5150:. 5040:, 4964:^ 4948:. 4912:, 4899:^ 4880:, 4868:^ 4843:^ 4823:. 4744:; 4468:, 4453:^ 4417:^ 4401:. 4334:. 4298:^ 4249:, 4234:, 4211:. 4176:^ 4159:^ 4113:. 4097:19 4095:. 4091:. 4022:^ 3985:^ 3969:. 3951:^ 3920:^ 3871:^ 3856:^ 3840:. 3836:. 3824:^ 3804:. 3750:. 3715:^ 3658:. 3647:^ 3627:. 3623:. 3589:^ 3533:^ 3516:: 3514:}} 3510:{{ 3502:. 3500:40 3498:. 3474:. 3450:^ 3434:. 3415:^ 3323:. 3310:^ 3294:. 3281:^ 3223:. 3205:. 3187:. 3175:^ 3137:. 3107:; 3103:; 3095:; 3057:. 3043:^ 3019:. 2987:. 2928:^ 2892:. 2878:^ 2813:, 2715:V. 2467:. 2385:. 2365:, 2350:, 2346:, 2326:. 2304:, 2206:: 2199:. 2187:. 2171:de 2136:, 2132:, 2056:, 1895:. 1845:: 1544:on 864:on 849:. 833:. 814:: 760:. 618:. 469:" 439:. 326:de 303:' 269:. 203:, 199:, 195:, 143:, 139:, 135:, 131:, 127:, 123:, 7409:) 7405:( 7386:e 7379:t 7372:v 7157:e 7150:t 7143:v 7101:. 7078:. 7039:. 7011:. 6981:. 6924:. 6904:: 6887:. 6813:. 6787:. 6760:. 6741:. 6718:. 6695:. 6654:. 6542:. 6471:) 6457:. 6429:. 6404:. 6346:. 6318:. 6292:. 6261:. 6233:. 6187:. 6159:. 6142:" 6125:. 6099:. 6024:. 5999:. 5956:. 5927:. 5915:: 5886:. 5864:: 5856:: 5803:: 5795:: 5731:. 5696:. 5684:: 5657:. 5622:. 5610:: 5585:. 5485:. 5467:. 5449:. 5437:: 5385:. 5357:. 5331:. 5296:. 5253:. 5164:. 5131:' 5099:" 5006:. 4958:. 4944:: 4837:. 4808:. 4701:" 4617:" 4447:. 4411:. 4336:2 4221:. 4129:. 4099:. 4076:. 4047:. 4016:. 3979:. 3914:. 3850:. 3818:. 3789:. 3764:. 3709:. 3641:. 3560:. 3527:) 3523:( 3484:. 3444:. 3397:. 3275:. 3239:. 3169:. 3147:. 3133:: 3037:. 3005:. 2969:. 2965:: 2938:. 2923:. 2910:. 2821:) 2722:. 1755:e 1748:t 1741:v 1526:e 1519:t 1512:v 1453:) 1449:( 1012:) 467:' 87:) 20:)

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