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who in his turn was forced to flee the city when Gleb approached with an army led by his father. Once
Svyatoslav left, however, Rostislav expelled Gleb once again. During his brief rule, he subdued the local Circassians (also known as Kasogi) and other indigenous tribes, but his success provoked the
616:
587:
of Tmutar), and placed the city under nominal
Byzantine control. But he also issued rough silver coins in his own name which included a short inscription in Cyrillic letters. Then in 1094, like Mstislav before him, he returned to Rus to claim the throne of Chernigov.
517:
gave to his sons, which implies that Rus control over the city was established in the late 10th century and certainly before
Vladimir's death in 1015. Bronze and silver imitations of Byzantine coinage were struck by the new rulers during this period.
380:. The city flourished for some centuries and many ancient buildings and streets have been excavated from this period, as well as a hoard of 4th century golden coins. Hermonassa was a centre of the Bosporan cult of
753:
415:(i.e., "Samkarsh of the Jews") in reference to the fact that the bulk of the trading there was handled by Jews. Other variants of the city's name are "Samkersh" and "Samkush".
591:
Byzantine interest in the city was maintained through this succession of client rulers, and thereafter by more direct rule for a while, for an important reason. There were
810:
93:
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Fortified with a strong brick wall and boasting a fine harbor, Tamatarkha was a large city of merchants. It controlled much of the
Northern European trade with the
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in 1482 and by Russia in 1791. A possible remaining Khazar connection is suggested by mention of “Jewish princes” in
Tamatarkha under both Genoese and Tatar rule.
666:
in 1068. Archaeological excavations of the site were begun in the 19th century and have continued since. The habitation level in places exceeds twelve meters.
1049:
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376:. The city was founded in the mid-6th century BCE by Mytilene (Lesbos), although there is evidence of others taking part in the enterprise, including
1461:
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4440:
529:). The excavated site suggests that it was built by Byzantine workmen and has similarities with the church Mstislav went on to commission in
525:
was the prince of
Tmutarakan at the start of the 11th century. During his reign, a first stone church was dedicated to the Mother of God (
1102:
Placenames Of The World: Origins and
Meanings of the Names for 6,600 Countries, Cities, Territories, Natural Features and Historic Sites
5188:
3061:
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782:
Andrew Burn, The Lyric Age of Greece, New York, St Martin's Press, 1960 p. 119 & n. 60. M.J. Traister and T.V. Shelov-Kovedyayev,
346:, is derived) was built on the site in the 7th century, and became known as Tmutarakan when it came under the control of Kievan Rus'.
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1156:, 1992. Pchela. In: S. A. Tokarev (ed.) Mify narodov mira. Vol. 2. Moscow: Sovetskaya Entsiklopediya, pp. 354–356.
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successor state). Its last recorded mention was in a scroll of 1378. The region fell under the control of the
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703:), an important Black Sea product. Afterwards it might have been given a Russian folk etymology, combining
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The city subsequently fell into ruin and the site was rediscovered in 1792, when a local peasant found a
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Speculations have been advanced for how the settlement came by its later name. That it derives from the
388:. There is also archaeological evidence of extensive replanning and construction in the 2nd century CE.
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Shepard, Jonathan. "Close encounters with the
Byzantine world: the Rus at the Straits of Kerch" in
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in the late 5th century, the area passed within the Roman sphere once again but was taken by the
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The city of
Tmutarakan (Samkarsh) and its international relations during Khazar and Rus times.
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Andrew Burn, The Lyric Age of Greece, New York, St Martin's Press, 1960 p. 119 & n. 60.
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Shepard, Jonathan: "Mists and
Portals: the Black Sea's north coast", pp. 421–42 in
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30:"Hermonassa" redirects here. For the ancient town on the Black Sea coast of Turkey, see
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History of the Eastern Empire from the Fall of Irene to the Accession of Basil 1912,
599:. Up until the end of the 12th century the imperial authorities were forbidding their
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deposits in the area and this was a vital ingredient of their main tactical weapon,
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After a long period as a Roman client state, the Bosporan kingdom succumbed to the
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533:. After his death, he was followed by a succession of short-lived petty dynasts.
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returned to Tmutarakan in 1083 and ousted the usurpers, adopting the title of "
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and who was visited by envoys from Kievan Rus to ask about religious matters.
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314:) founded in the mid 6th century BCE, by Mytilene (Lesbos), situated on the
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715:("cockroach"), to mean metaphorically 'the back of beyond', the sense that
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in the late 7th century, it was rebuilt as a fortress town and renamed
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Although the exact date and circumstances of Tmutarakan's takeover by
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in the mid-10th century, Khazars continued to inhabit the region. The
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During much of the 17th and 18th centuries the area was dominated by
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485:(985–986) refers to "our lord David, the Khazar prince" who lived in
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suspicion of neighboring Greek Chersonesos in the Crimea, whose
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571:), but he was captured two years later by David Igorevich and
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and the Muslim domains, as well as others connecting with the
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stating that Prince Gleb had measured the sea from here to
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in the 14th century and formed part of the protectorate of
553:
Afterwards command of Tmutarakan returned to the prince of
447:
392:
1209:
403:
in the 6th century. Following the fall of the city to the
565:. In 1079, Svyatoslav Yaroslavich appointed a governor (
1076:
2nd ed. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc, 2006.
541:, but in 1064 he was displaced by the rival Rus prince
1021:
Arthur Koestler, The Thirteenth Tribe”, London 1977,
710:
704:
603:
trading partners access to the city known to them as
426:. There were also trade routes leading south-east to
364:
colony of Hermonassa was located a few miles west of
251:
1159:
Zand, Michael, and Kharuv, Dan (1997). "Krimchaks".
384:and in the early centuries CE was trading with the
784:“An inscribed conical clay object from Hermonassa”
647:. It was within the territory administered by the
372:, major trade centers for what was to become the
5140:
466:. After the destruction of the Khazar empire by
1675:
1081:A History of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia.
4364:
1455:
1195:
1146:. Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing, 1959.
805:The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites
537:was given command of the city by his father,
513:mentions Tmutarakan as one of the towns that
5179:Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Russia
697:also mentions the Greek for "fish curing" (
627:In the 13th century the city passed to the
4371:
4357:
2341:
1462:
1448:
1202:
1188:
1083:Vol. 1. Blackwell, 1999. pp. 298–397.
1104:. 2nd ed. McFarland & Company, 2005.
1042:"Great Online Encyclopaedia of Black Sea"
832:The Supreme Gods of the Bosporan Kingdom
614:
496:
550:envoy poisoned him on 3 February 1066.
14:
5141:
3395:
434:to the east. The inhabitants included
53:Excavation at the site, September 2008
5149:Greek colonies on the Black Sea coast
4352:
4252:
3394:
2823:
2327:
1674:
1494:
1443:
1183:
290:and trading town that controlled the
260:
3863:Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus
1495:
1090:. Cambridge University Press, 2003.
1130:Byzantine trade, 4th-12th centuries
1088:The Dynasty of Chernigov, 1146–1246
921:Byzantine Trade, 4th-12th Centuries
492:
24:
2824:
1469:
1165:(CD-ROM Edition Version 1.0). Ed.
747:
100:
80:Location of the site within Russia
72:
25:
5200:
5189:Former populated places in Russia
1223:East Slavic / Rus' principalities
4567:
4332:
4322:
4313:
4312:
1428:
651:family and was conquered by the
411:. Arabic sources refer to it as
99:
92:
71:
64:
47:
4333:
1116:Pre-modern Russia and its world
1052:from the original on 2022-08-13
1034:
1015:
1006:
997:
988:
979:
970:
961:
952:
941:from the original on 2017-12-04
927:
912:
903:
858:from the original on 2015-12-22
813:from the original on 2020-08-09
756:from the original on 2023-09-26
5174:Archaeological sites in Russia
889:
869:
840:
824:
795:
776:
767:
741:
728:
13:
1:
5154:Principalities of Kievan Rus'
1934:
1921:
1902:
1885:
1226:
850:The Great Soviet Encyclopedia
722:
4378:
3062:Funeral and burial practices
2247:Military of Mycenaean Greece
1066:
918:Marlia Mundell Mango (ed.),
684:
278:
108:Tmutarakan (European Russia)
7:
711:
705:
252:
111:Show map of European Russia
10:
5205:
5159:Medieval history of Russia
2986:Greek Revival architecture
2328:
1295:Novgorod-Seversk (Severia)
1225:of the pre-Mongol period (
1169:. Keter Publishing House.
885:, ML 20706, 2004, p.29-30
699:
610:
356:Greeks in pre-Roman Crimea
353:
349:
311:
270:
83:Show map of Krasnodar Krai
34:. For the moth genus, see
29:
5123:
5040:
4979:
4828:
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4576:
4565:
4449:
4386:
4308:
4259:
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3057:
3048:
2970:
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2843:
2819:
2785:
2754:
2596:
2483:
2427:
2394:Attalid kings of Pergamon
2349:
2340:
2336:
2323:
2202:Antigonid Macedonian army
2175:
2148:
2120:
2077:
2034:
2025:
1867:
1806:
1703:
1699:
1670:
1569:
1518:
1514:
1490:
1477:
1426:
1218:
1012:Shepard (2009), pp.439-40
985:Tikhomirov (1959), p. 171
660:stone with an inscription
241:
223:
218:
210:
202:
197:
189:
152:
142:
128:
120:
58:
46:
1144:The Towns of Ancient Rus
935:"illustration at Munzeo"
909:Tikhomirov (1959), p. 33
673:centered on the town of
5184:Defunct towns in Russia
5057:Khazar ancestry claims
1003:Shepard (2006), pp.24-5
994:Shepard (2006), pp.42-6
958:Shepard (2006), pp.34-5
543:Rostislav Vladimirovich
294:, the passage from the
27:Former human settlement
4805:Semikarakorsk Fortress
2428:Artists & scholars
2343:List of ancient Greeks
1980:Second Athenian League
1829:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
1654:Ancient Greek colonies
693:is generally assumed.
624:
539:Svyatoslav Yaroslavich
502:
262:[tmʊtərɐˈkanʲ]
5048:Khazar Correspondence
3547:Sybaris on the Traeis
2272:Sacred Band of Thebes
2012:(c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD)
1526:Cycladic civilization
1162:Encyclopaedia Judaica
1074:The Jews of Khazaria.
976:Dimnik (2003), p. 285
898:Encyclopaedia Judaica
619:A Russian map of the
618:
523:Mstislav of Chernigov
500:
214:After 14th century CE
174:45.21917°N 36.71417°E
121:Alternative name
3072:mythological figures
2793:Ancient Greek tribes
1918:Peloponnesian League
1265:Izyaslavl (Zaslawye)
1118:. Wiesbaden, 2006,
883:The Jews of Khazaria
881:; Kevin Alan Brook,
573:Volodar Rostislavich
563:Vsevolod Yaroslavich
559:Grand Prince of Kiev
468:Sviatoslav I of Kiev
4441:Dnieper trade route
3184:Tunnel of Eupalinos
3179:Theatre of Dionysus
2803:Ancient Macedonians
2419:Tyrants of Syracuse
1931:Amphictyonic League
1531:Minoan civilization
1400:Vladimir (Suzdalia)
1290:Novgorod (Republic)
1132:, Farnham UK 2009,
1072:Brook, Kevin Alan.
967:Dimnik (2003), p.82
717:Vladimir Mayakovsky
629:Empire of Trebizond
509:are uncertain, the
342:name for the city,
326:, roughly opposite
170: /
43:
32:Hermonassa (Pontus)
5105:Mandgelis Document
5088:Khazars in fiction
5027:Svetlana Pletnyova
4669:Yitzhak ha-Sangari
3858:Menestheus's Limin
3512:Pandosia (Lucania)
3400:Greek colonisation
2762:Athenian statesmen
2523:Diogenes of Sinope
2384:Kings of Macedonia
2374:Kings of Commagene
2242:Macedonian phalanx
2222:Hellenistic armies
1970:(c. 424–c. 395 BC)
1834:Indo-Greek Kingdom
1556:Hellenistic Greece
1210:Principalities of
1079:Christian, David.
1028:2016-04-06 at the
789:2015-12-22 at the
625:
577:Oleg Svyatoslavich
535:Gleb Svyatoslavich
515:Vladimir the Great
503:
472:Mandgelis Document
292:Cimmerian Bosporus
179:45.21917; 36.71417
41:
5136:
5135:
5017:Alexander Harkavy
4987:Mikhail Artamonov
4436:Volga trade route
4346:
4345:
4304:
4303:
4244:
4243:
4240:
4239:
4236:
4235:
3810:Iberian Peninsula
3742:Lipara/Meligounis
3708:
3707:
3386:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3359:Cypriot syllabary
3250:
3249:
3159:Athenian Treasury
3143:
3142:
2815:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2404:Ptolemaic dynasty
2364:Archons of Athens
2319:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2190:Athenian military
2171:
2170:
2004:League of Corinth
1986:Thessalian League
1962:Chalcidian League
1944:Acarnanian League
1854:Ptolemaic Kingdom
1666:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1437:
1436:
1138:978-0-7546-6310-2
709:("darkness") and
637:Republic of Genoa
424:Northern Caucasus
413:Samkarsh al-Yahud
318:, in present-day
282:) was a medieval
276:
250:
231:
230:
36:Hermonassa (moth)
16:(Redirected from
5196:
5169:Bosporan Kingdom
5115:Schechter Letter
5071:Crimean Karaites
5022:Thomas S. Noonan
4571:
4406:Arab–Khazar wars
4373:
4366:
4359:
4350:
4349:
4336:
4335:
4326:
4316:
4315:
4250:
4249:
3968:
3967:
3467:Heraclea Lucania
3420:
3419:
3411:
3410:
3392:
3391:
3152:
3151:
3084:Twelve Olympians
3055:
3054:
2845:
2844:
2821:
2820:
2409:Seleucid dynasty
2389:Kings of Paionia
2338:
2337:
2325:
2324:
2195:Scythian archers
2102:Graphe paranomon
2032:
2031:
1939:
1936:
1926:
1923:
1907:
1904:
1894:
1890:
1887:
1701:
1700:
1672:
1671:
1551:Classical Greece
1536:Mycenaean Greece
1516:
1515:
1492:
1491:
1464:
1457:
1450:
1441:
1440:
1432:
1405:Volhynia (Volyn)
1260:Goroden (Grodno)
1255:Galicia–Volhynia
1250:Galicia (Halych)
1228:
1204:
1197:
1190:
1181:
1180:
1086:Dimnik, Martin.
1061:
1060:
1058:
1057:
1038:
1032:
1019:
1013:
1010:
1004:
1001:
995:
992:
986:
983:
977:
974:
968:
965:
959:
956:
950:
949:
947:
946:
931:
925:
924:, Routledge 2016
916:
910:
907:
901:
893:
887:
873:
867:
866:
864:
863:
844:
838:
830:Yulia Ustinova,
828:
822:
821:
819:
818:
799:
793:
780:
774:
771:
765:
764:
762:
761:
745:
739:
732:
714:
708:
702:
701:
557:and then to the
493:Medieval history
420:Byzantine Empire
374:Bosporan Kingdom
338:(from which the
313:
281:
275:romanized:
274:
272:
264:
259:
255:
245:
243:
185:
184:
182:
181:
180:
175:
171:
168:
167:
166:
163:
112:
103:
102:
96:
84:
75:
74:
68:
51:
44:
40:
21:
5204:
5203:
5199:
5198:
5197:
5195:
5194:
5193:
5139:
5138:
5137:
5132:
5119:
5081:Jewish Cossacks
5053:Khazar language
5036:
5032:Omeljan Pritsak
5007:Peter B. Golden
4975:
4824:
4673:
4572:
4563:
4445:
4382:
4377:
4347:
4342:
4300:
4255:
4232:
4095:
4089:
3972:
3963:
3955:
3926:Melaina Korkyra
3882:
3804:
3761:
3714:Aeolian Islands
3704:
3566:
3424:
3405:
3404:
3378:
3335:
3246:
3188:
3139:
3093:
3044:
2966:
2957:Wedding customs
2839:
2838:
2807:
2798:Thracian Greeks
2781:
2772:Olympic victors
2750:
2592:
2479:
2423:
2414:Kings of Sparta
2399:Kings of Pontus
2369:Kings of Athens
2345:
2332:
2311:
2207:Army of Macedon
2167:
2144:
2116:
2073:
2021:
1994:(370–c. 230 BC)
1992:Arcadian League
1976:(c. 400–188 BC)
1974:Aetolian League
1968:Boeotian League
1950:Hellenic League
1937:
1924:
1914:(c. 650–404 BC)
1905:
1899:Italiote League
1892:
1888:
1882:Doric Hexapolis
1872:
1863:
1859:Seleucid Empire
1802:
1695:
1694:
1658:
1565:
1541:Greek Dark Ages
1510:
1509:
1486:
1473:
1468:
1438:
1433:
1424:
1214:
1208:
1142:Tikhomirov, M.
1069:
1064:
1055:
1053:
1046:blacksea.ehw.gr
1040:
1039:
1035:
1030:Wayback Machine
1020:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1002:
998:
993:
989:
984:
980:
975:
971:
966:
962:
957:
953:
944:
942:
933:
932:
928:
917:
913:
908:
904:
894:
890:
874:
870:
861:
859:
846:
845:
841:
829:
825:
816:
814:
801:
800:
796:
791:Wayback Machine
781:
777:
772:
768:
759:
757:
746:
742:
733:
729:
725:
687:
653:Crimean Khanate
621:Taman peninsula
613:
521:Vladimir's son
495:
358:
352:
316:Taman peninsula
267:Old East Slavic
257:
206:6th century BCE
178:
176:
172:
169:
164:
161:
159:
157:
156:
147:Taman Peninsula
116:
115:
114:
113:
110:
109:
106:
105:
104:
87:
86:
85:
82:
81:
78:
77:
76:
54:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5202:
5192:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5134:
5133:
5131:
5130:
5124:
5121:
5120:
5118:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5090:
5085:
5084:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5055:
5050:
5044:
5042:
5038:
5037:
5035:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4992:Vasily Bartold
4989:
4983:
4981:
4977:
4976:
4974:
4973:
4971:Volga Bulgaria
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4832:
4830:
4826:
4825:
4823:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4765:Saltovo-Mayaki
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4681:
4679:
4675:
4674:
4672:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4619:John of Gothia
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4580:
4578:
4574:
4573:
4566:
4564:
4562:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4455:
4453:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4376:
4375:
4368:
4361:
4353:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4340:
4330:
4320:
4309:
4306:
4305:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4272:
4271:
4260:
4257:
4256:
4246:
4245:
4242:
4241:
4238:
4237:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4099:
4097:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3976:
3974:
3965:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3892:
3890:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3814:
3812:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3802:
3797:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3771:
3769:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3718:
3716:
3710:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3660:Megara Hyblaea
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3640:Hybla Gereatis
3637:
3632:
3630:Heraclea Minoa
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3576:
3574:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3428:
3426:
3417:
3407:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3396:
3388:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3374:Attic numerals
3371:
3369:Greek numerals
3366:
3364:Greek alphabet
3361:
3356:
3351:
3345:
3343:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3333:
3328:
3327:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3260:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3198:
3196:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3155:
3149:
3145:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3064:
3058:
3052:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3018:Musical system
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2977:
2975:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2853:
2851:
2841:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2831:
2825:
2817:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2789:
2787:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2758:
2756:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2602:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2489:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2450:Mathematicians
2447:
2442:
2437:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2359:Kings of Argos
2355:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2334:
2333:
2321:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2217:Cretan archers
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2187:
2181:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2165:
2160:
2154:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2126:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2083:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2035:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2019:
2016:Achaean League
2013:
2010:Euboean League
2007:
2001:
1998:Epirote League
1995:
1989:
1983:
1977:
1971:
1965:
1959:
1953:
1947:
1946:(c. 500–31 BC)
1941:
1928:
1915:
1909:
1896:
1878:
1876:
1874:Confederations
1865:
1864:
1862:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1800:
1798:Lissus (Crete)
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1709:
1707:
1697:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1676:
1668:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1575:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1546:Archaic Greece
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1522:
1520:
1512:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1502:
1496:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1484:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1471:Ancient Greece
1467:
1466:
1459:
1452:
1444:
1435:
1434:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1207:
1206:
1199:
1192:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1157:
1154:Toporov, V. N.
1147:
1140:
1126:
1112:
1100:Room, Adrian.
1098:
1084:
1077:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1062:
1033:
1014:
1005:
996:
987:
978:
969:
960:
951:
926:
911:
902:
888:
868:
839:
834:, Brill 1999,
823:
794:
775:
766:
740:
734:Occasionally,
726:
724:
721:
691:Tatar language
686:
683:
612:
609:
583:of Khazaria" (
511:Hypatian Codex
494:
491:
351:
348:
320:Krasnodar Krai
229:
228:
225:
221:
220:
216:
215:
212:
208:
207:
204:
200:
199:
195:
194:
191:
187:
186:
154:
150:
149:
144:
140:
139:
133:Krasnodar Krai
130:
126:
125:
122:
118:
117:
107:
98:
97:
91:
90:
89:
88:
79:
70:
69:
63:
62:
61:
60:
59:
56:
55:
52:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5201:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5146:
5144:
5129:
5126:
5125:
5122:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5100:Kievan Letter
5098:
5096:
5095:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5058:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5045:
5043:
5039:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4984:
4982:
4978:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4876:Crimean Goths
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4866:Black Klobuks
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4833:
4831:
4827:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4682:
4680:
4676:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4609:Hazer Tarkhan
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4581:
4579:
4577:Other figures
4575:
4570:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4456:
4454:
4452:
4451:Khazar rulers
4448:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4421:Pax Khazarica
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4388:
4385:
4381:
4374:
4369:
4367:
4362:
4360:
4355:
4354:
4351:
4339:
4331:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4319:
4311:
4310:
4307:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4270:
4267:
4266:
4265:
4262:
4261:
4258:
4251:
4247:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4092:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3969:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3889:
3885:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3838:Hemeroscopion
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3811:
3807:
3801:
3798:
3795:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3768:
3764:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3715:
3711:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3573:
3569:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3415:Magna Graecia
3412:
3408:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3338:
3332:
3329:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3289:Arcadocypriot
3287:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3253:
3243:
3242:Zeus, Olympia
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3227:Hera, Olympia
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3191:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3153:
3150:
3146:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3130:Mount Olympus
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3098:Sacred places
3096:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3047:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2969:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2922:Olympic Games
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2912:Homosexuality
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2784:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2753:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2595:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2482:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2426:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2326:
2322:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2282:Seleucid army
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1956:Delian League
1954:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1932:
1929:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1912:Ionian League
1910:
1900:
1897:
1893: 560 BC
1883:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1870:
1866:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1634:Magna Graecia
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1476:
1472:
1465:
1460:
1458:
1453:
1451:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1431:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1213:
1205:
1200:
1198:
1193:
1191:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1176:
1175:965-07-0665-8
1172:
1168:
1164:
1163:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1150:Ivanov, V. V.
1148:
1145:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1125:
1124:3-447-05425-5
1121:
1117:
1113:
1111:
1110:0-7864-2248-3
1107:
1103:
1099:
1097:
1096:0-521-82442-7
1093:
1089:
1085:
1082:
1078:
1075:
1071:
1070:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1037:
1031:
1027:
1024:
1018:
1009:
1000:
991:
982:
973:
964:
955:
940:
936:
930:
923:
922:
915:
906:
900:
899:
895:"Krimchaks".
892:
886:
882:
880:
872:
857:
853:
851:
843:
837:
836:ch.3, p.129ff
833:
827:
812:
808:
806:
798:
792:
788:
785:
779:
770:
755:
751:
750:"Тмуторокань"
748:Vasmer, Max.
744:
737:
731:
727:
720:
718:
713:
707:
696:
692:
682:
680:
676:
672:
667:
665:
661:
656:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
622:
617:
608:
606:
602:
598:
594:
589:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
569:
564:
560:
556:
551:
549:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
519:
516:
512:
508:
499:
490:
488:
484:
481:
478:letter dated
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
416:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
397:Hunnic Empire
394:
389:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
357:
347:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
309:
308:Ancient Greek
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
280:
268:
263:
254:
248:
239:
235:
226:
222:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
196:
192:
188:
183:
155:
151:
148:
145:
141:
138:
134:
131:
127:
123:
119:
95:
67:
57:
50:
45:
37:
33:
19:
5164:Khazar towns
5092:
4819:
4720:Golden Hills
4584:Alp Iluetuer
4133:Dionysopolis
4103:Abonoteichos
4055:Pantikapaion
4009:
3645:Hybla Heraea
2981:Architecture
2937:Prostitution
2626:Aristophanes
2485:Philosophers
2455:Philosophers
2287:Spartan army
2018:(280–146 BC)
2006:(338–322 BC)
2000:(370–168 BC)
1988:(374–196 BC)
1982:(378–355 BC)
1964:(430–348 BC)
1958:(478–404 BC)
1952:(499–449 BC)
1639:Peloponnesus
1561:Roman Greece
1369:
1160:
1143:
1129:
1115:
1101:
1087:
1080:
1073:
1054:. Retrieved
1045:
1036:
1017:
1008:
999:
990:
981:
972:
963:
954:
943:. Retrieved
929:
920:
914:
905:
896:
891:
884:
876:
871:
860:. Retrieved
849:
842:
831:
826:
815:. Retrieved
804:
797:
778:
769:
758:. Retrieved
743:
735:
730:
695:Jean Richard
688:
668:
657:
626:
590:
566:
552:
520:
504:
417:
412:
408:
390:
370:Panticapaeum
359:
343:
336:Tamantarkhan
335:
334:fortress of
303:
284:principality
279:Tǔmutorokanǐ
271:Тъмуторокань
242:Тмутарака́нь
233:
232:
5012:Lev Gumilev
5002:Norman Golb
4997:D.M. Dunlop
4829:Tributaries
4705:Chersonesus
4639:Ras Tarkhan
4589:Alp Tarkhan
4519:Manasseh II
4281:Place names
4193:Salmydessus
4015:Kalos Limen
3995:Chersonesus
3985:Borysthenes
3690:Tauromenion
3502:Metapontion
3264:Proto-Greek
3217:Erechtheion
3212:Athena Nike
3174:Philippeion
3003:Mathematics
2974:and science
2857:Agriculture
2721:Stesichorus
2631:Bacchylides
2621:Archilochus
2508:Antisthenes
2498:Anaximander
2470:Seven Sages
2460:Playwrights
2440:Geographers
2435:Astronomers
2262:Pezhetairos
1889: 1100
1869:Federations
1768:Megalopolis
1705:City states
1680:City states
1385:Turov-Pinsk
1300:Pereyaslavl
1212:Kievan Rus'
700:Τομη΄ταριχα
681:is nearby.
643:, based at
464:Circassians
300:Sea of Azov
288:Kievan Rus'
253:Tmutarakán'
177: /
153:Coordinates
5143:Categories
5076:Subbotniks
4921:Laz people
4886:East Slavs
4836:Abkhazians
4820:Tamatarkha
4790:Samosdelka
4654:Sviatoslav
4499:Manasseh I
4426:Radhanites
4183:Polemonion
4060:Phanagoria
4030:Kimmerikon
4025:Kerkinitis
4010:Hermonassa
4000:Dioscurias
3896:Aspalathos
3843:Kalathousa
3818:Akra Leuke
3747:Phoenicusa
3532:Scylletium
3517:Poseidonia
3437:Brentesion
3324:Pamphylian
3319:Macedonian
3237:Samothrace
3222:Hephaestus
3169:Long Walls
3148:Structures
3089:Underworld
3035:Technology
2998:Literature
2932:Philosophy
2897:Euergetism
2786:By culture
2731:Thucydides
2573:Pythagoras
2568:Protagoras
2558:Parmenides
2543:Heraclitus
2528:Empedocles
2518:Democritus
2503:Anaximenes
2493:Anaxagoras
2445:Historians
1938: 595
1925: 550
1906: 800
1891: – c.
1819:Cappadocia
1624:Ionian Sea
1614:Hellespont
1579:Aegean Sea
1420:Zvenyhorod
1370:Tmutarakan
1365:Terebovlia
1167:Cecil Roth
1056:2022-08-26
945:2017-12-02
875:J.B.Bury,
862:2015-11-06
817:2021-02-21
760:2024-04-30
736:Tmutorakan
723:References
719:gives it.
623:, c. 1870.
597:Greek Fire
507:Kievan Rus
409:Tamatarkha
366:Phanagoria
354:See also:
344:Tamatarcha
304:Hermonassa
234:Tmutarakan
219:Site notes
193:Settlement
165:36°42′51″E
162:45°13′09″N
124:Hermonassa
42:Tmutarakan
18:Hermonassa
5061:Ashkenazi
4951:Pechenegs
4851:Baranjars
4594:Balgitzin
4479:Zachariah
4416:Meshchera
4391:Byzantium
4269:in Epirus
4218:Trapezous
4163:Mesambria
4148:Eupatoria
4118:Apollonia
4113:Anchialos
4075:Theodosia
4045:Nymphaion
4035:Myrmekion
4005:Gorgippia
3961:Black Sea
3946:Tragurion
3931:Nymphaion
3916:Epidauros
3911:Epidamnos
3901:Apollonia
3878:Zacynthos
3800:Ptolemais
3794:Apollonia
3767:Cyrenaica
3757:Therassía
3752:Strongyle
3732:Ereikousa
3655:Leontinoi
3595:Apollonia
3472:Hipponion
3269:Mycenaean
3232:Parthenon
3164:Lion Gate
3067:Mythology
3030:Sculpture
2993:Astronomy
2927:Pederasty
2902:Festivals
2887:Education
2767:Lawgivers
2736:Timocreon
2716:Sophocles
2711:Simonides
2686:Philocles
2681:Panyassis
2676:Mimnermus
2641:Herodotus
2636:Euripides
2606:Aeschylus
2553:Leucippus
2513:Aristotle
2292:Strategos
2158:Synedrion
2112:Ostracism
2092:Areopagus
2044:Free city
1839:Macedonia
1723:Byzantion
1629:Macedonia
1594:Cyrenaica
1571:Geography
1505:Geography
1415:Yaroslavl
1305:Peremyshl
1240:Chernigov
1235:Beloozero
1229:880–1240)
1067:Resources
685:Etymology
633:Byzantine
555:Chernigov
548:Byzantine
531:Chernigov
527:Theotokos
460:Georgians
452:Ossetians
440:Armenians
432:Silk Road
382:Aphrodite
340:Byzantine
312:Ἑρμώνασσα
296:Black Sea
247:romanized
224:Condition
211:Abandoned
5128:Category
5110:Red Jews
5066:Cossacks
4980:Scholars
4936:Mordvins
4906:Kipchaks
4861:Bashkirs
4775:Sambalut
4770:Samandar
4750:Khazaran
4715:Güsliyev
4710:Dagestan
4695:Balanjar
4659:Theodora
4629:Papatzys
4544:Aaron II
4539:Benjamin
4504:Hanukkah
4494:Hezekiah
4411:Kipchaks
4401:Abbasids
4396:Bulgaria
4380:Khazaria
4318:Category
4296:Theatres
4223:Tripolis
4158:Kerasous
4153:Heraclea
4085:Tyritake
4040:Nikonion
3951:Thronion
3873:Salauris
3828:Emporion
3785:Berenice
3775:Balagrae
3727:Euonymos
3700:Tyndaris
3685:Syracuse
3680:Selinous
3650:Kamarina
3605:Casmenae
3590:Akrillai
3507:Neápolis
3442:Caulonia
3423:Mainland
3354:Linear B
3349:Linear A
3279:Dialects
3256:Language
3050:Religion
3008:Medicine
2942:Religion
2907:Folklore
2892:Emporium
2867:Clothing
2862:Calendar
2746:Xenophon
2741:Tyrtaeus
2726:Theognis
2701:Polybius
2696:Plutarch
2671:Menander
2651:Hipponax
2578:Socrates
2533:Epicurus
2379:Diadochi
2277:Sciritae
2237:Hetairoi
2212:Ballista
2177:Military
2140:Gerousia
2130:Ekklesia
2097:Ecclesia
2079:Athenian
2027:Politics
1940:–279 BC)
1927:–366 BC)
1908:–389 BC)
1844:Pergamon
1814:Bithynia
1807:Kingdoms
1748:Pergamon
1690:Military
1685:Politics
1482:Timeline
1410:Vshchizh
1380:Trubetsk
1375:Toropets
1355:Starodub
1350:Smolensk
1050:Archived
1026:Archived
939:Archived
856:Archived
811:Archived
787:Archived
754:Archived
671:Cossacks
649:Ghisolfi
605:Matracha
568:posadnik
227:In ruins
129:Location
4966:Uralics
4946:Onogurs
4931:Magyars
4926:Lezgins
4916:Kassogs
4856:Barsils
4846:Arsiyah
4785:Samiran
4760:Levedia
4735:Kazarki
4664:Tzitzak
4649:Sfengus
4604:Bulchan
4534:Menahem
4529:Aaron I
4514:Zebulun
4489:Obadiah
4474:Parsbit
4338:Outline
4291:Temples
4228:Zaliche
4208:Thèrmae
4198:Sesamus
4168:Odessos
4143:Cytorus
4138:Cotyora
3888:Illyria
3853:Mainake
3848:Kypsela
3737:Hycesia
3695:Thermae
3675:Segesta
3665:Messana
3620:Helorus
3600:Calacte
3580:Akragas
3542:Sybaris
3527:Rhegion
3482:Krimisa
3432:Alision
3341:Writing
3314:Locrian
3304:Epirote
3274:Homeric
3207:Artemis
3194:Temples
3135:Olympia
3105:Eleusis
3040:Theatre
3025:Pottery
2952:Warfare
2947:Slavery
2882:Economy
2877:Cuisine
2872:Coinage
2849:Society
2834:Culture
2829:Society
2777:Tyrants
2616:Alcaeus
2598:Authors
2548:Hypatia
2538:Gorgias
2475:Writers
2297:Toxotai
2267:Sarissa
2257:Peltast
2252:Phalanx
2232:Hoplite
2227:Hippeis
2150:Macedon
2122:Spartan
2107:Heliaia
2054:Proxeny
1763:Larissa
1758:Kerkyra
1753:Eretria
1743:Miletus
1738:Ephesus
1733:Corinth
1728:Chalcis
1649:Taurica
1519:Periods
1500:History
1395:Vitebsk
1310:Polotsk
1275:Kolomna
852:, 1979"
712:tarakan
679:Temryuk
641:Gazaria
611:Decline
601:Genoese
593:naphtha
585:Arakhan
456:Lezgins
428:Armenia
405:Khazars
401:Bulgars
378:Cretans
350:History
298:to the
249::
238:Russian
203:Founded
198:History
5094:Kuzari
5041:Legacy
4956:Sabirs
4911:Kumyks
4901:Kabars
4896:Juhuri
4881:Cumans
4871:Burtas
4800:Sarkel
4795:Saqsin
4780:Sambat
4755:Khumar
4730:Kavkaz
4678:Places
4644:Serach
4634:Pesakh
4624:Leo IV
4599:Barjik
4559:George
4549:Joseph
4328:Portal
4276:People
4264:Cities
4203:Sinope
4188:Rhizos
4178:Phasis
4128:Bathus
4123:Athina
4108:Amisos
4070:Tanais
4065:Pityus
3990:Charax
3941:Pharos
3936:Orikon
3833:Helike
3823:Alonis
3790:Cyrene
3722:Didyme
3635:Himera
3610:Catana
3572:Sicily
3562:Thurii
3557:Terina
3522:Pixous
3477:Hydrus
3452:Croton
3284:Aeolic
3202:Aphaea
3125:Dodona
3110:Delphi
3079:Temple
2755:Others
2706:Sappho
2691:Pindar
2666:Lucian
2661:Ibycus
2646:Hesiod
2583:Thales
2351:Rulers
2330:People
2307:Xyston
2302:Xiphos
2163:Koinon
2069:Tyrant
2059:Stasis
2049:Koinon
1849:Pontus
1824:Epirus
1793:Sparta
1783:Rhodes
1778:Megara
1773:Thebes
1718:Athens
1644:Pontus
1609:Epirus
1599:Cyprus
1584:Aeolis
1390:Uglich
1360:Suzdal
1345:Slutsk
1335:Ryazan
1330:Rostov
1325:Putyvl
1315:Pronsk
1245:Drutsk
1173:
1152:, and
1136:
1122:
1108:
1094:
581:archon
476:Hebrew
462:, and
436:Greeks
332:Khazar
330:. The
324:Russia
143:Region
137:Russia
4961:Sarir
4941:Oghuz
4841:Alans
4815:Taman
4810:Sudak
4745:Kerem
4740:Kerch
4725:Kaffa
4554:David
4509:Isaac
4484:Bulan
4469:Bihar
4464:Busir
4459:Irbis
4286:Stoae
4254:Lists
4173:Oinòe
4096:coast
4094:South
4080:Tyras
4050:Olbia
4020:Kepoi
3973:coast
3971:North
3964:basin
3906:Aulon
3868:Rhode
3780:Barca
3670:Naxos
3625:Henna
3585:Akrai
3552:Taras
3537:Siris
3497:Medma
3492:Locri
3457:Cumae
3447:Chone
3425:Italy
3331:Koine
3309:Ionic
3299:Doric
3294:Attic
3115:Delos
3013:Music
2656:Homer
2611:Aesop
2563:Plato
2465:Poets
2135:Ephor
2087:Agora
2064:Tagus
2039:Boule
1788:Samos
1713:Argos
1619:Ionia
1604:Doris
1589:Crete
1340:Rylsk
1320:Pskov
1285:Murom
1280:Minsk
1023:p.129
879:p.408
675:Taman
664:Kerch
645:Kaffa
487:Taman
386:Alans
362:Greek
328:Kerch
4891:Huns
4690:Azaq
4685:Atil
4614:HLGW
4524:Nisi
4431:Rus'
4213:Tium
3980:Akra
3921:Issa
3615:Gela
3487:Laüs
3462:Elea
3120:Dion
2972:Arts
2962:Wine
2588:Zeno
2185:Wars
1270:Kiev
1171:ISBN
1134:ISBN
1120:ISBN
1106:ISBN
1092:ISBN
706:t'ma
483:4746
474:, a
448:Jews
444:Rus'
422:and
393:Huns
368:and
360:The
258:IPA:
190:Type
4700:Bar
2917:Law
631:(a
286:of
5145::
1935:c.
1922:c.
1903:c.
1886:c.
1227:c.
1048:.
1044:.
937:.
854:.
809:.
752:.
607:.
561:,
480:AM
458:,
454:,
450:,
446:,
442:,
438:,
322:,
310::
273:,
269::
265:;
256:,
244:,
240::
135:,
4372:e
4365:t
4358:v
3796:)
3792:(
1933:(
1920:(
1901:(
1895:)
1884:(
1871:/
1463:e
1456:t
1449:v
1203:e
1196:t
1189:v
1059:.
948:.
865:.
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820:.
807:"
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763:.
738:.
306:(
236:(
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