332:, bear "winter shoots", stubby side shoots with short internodes, scale leaves on the stem and larger leaves near the tip; on these, the leaves are shed leaving the tree bare before new shoots develop. The remaining species bear more vigorous side shoots which develop before the old foliage is shed and thus the tree remains green. The leaves consist of three, usually elliptical, leaflets which are held horizontally or slightly drooping in most species. The inflorescences have separate male and female flowers, with the females being at the end of the panicles. The fruits are capsules, usually with three seeds, which in all except two species (
33:
55:
195:
787:
773:
401:. The high humidity encourages the growth of fungal leaf diseases, and the species that are deciduous avoid immediate transfer of fungal spores from old leaves onto new growth. The Pará rubber tree has been introduced to and is naturalised in many tropical countries in Asia.
759:
Govaerts, R., Frodin, D.G. & Radcliffe-Smith, A. (2000). World
Checklist and Bibliography of Euphorbiaceae (and Pandaceae) 1–4: 1–1622. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
393:
region, where all the other species occur. In this area where there are variations in soil and topography and the rainforest experiences conditions of all-year-round humidity, the genus
356:
on the border between Brazil and
Venezuela, and the southern foothills of these mountains form the northerly limit of the genus. It is also present in the upper reaches of the
292:. The genus is native to tropical South America but is widely cultivated in other tropical countries and naturalized in several of them. It was first described in 1775.
494:– Pará rubber tree – Brazil, French Guiana, Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Bolivia; naturalized in parts of Asia and Africa and on some tropical islands
316:
are large trees, often reaching more than 30 m (100 ft) in height. Most of the other members of the genus are small to medium trees, and
964:
990:
1026:
301:
185:
640:
912:
977:
925:
744:
982:
320:
is a shrub of around 2 m (7 ft). Trees in this genus are either deciduous or evergreen. Certain species, namely
1103:
461:
grows both in periodically inundated swamps and in drier locations such as rocky hillsides well above the flood level.
32:
995:
951:
791:
1044:
479:
1093:
685:
Aublet, Jean
Baptiste Christophe Fusée. 1775. Histoire des Plantes de la Guiane Françoise vol 4, plate 335
860:
904:
1039:
525:
1005:
930:
673:
Aublet, Jean
Baptiste Christophe Fusée. 1775. Histoire des Plantes de la Guiane Françoise 2: 871–873
672:
684:
455:
need wetter conditions in locations subject to seasonal flooding for several months each year, and
54:
1031:
899:
803:
777:
969:
1098:
734:
1018:
652:
584:
16:
Genus of flowering plants in the spurge family
Euphorbiaceae that includes the rubber tree
8:
1065:
628:
487:
390:
379:
288:
211:
49:
41:
1013:
873:
740:
576:
543:
474:
445:
439:
425:
1070:
878:
565:
532:
498:
419:
370:
865:
852:
1108:
841:
591:
451:
278:, with about ten members. It is also one of many names used commercially for the
267:
92:
826:
539:– Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Colombia, N Brazil
517:
385:
79:
1087:
353:
275:
138:
368:. Its easterly limit is the Atlantic Ocean. The most widespread species is
1057:
554:
457:
349:
194:
148:
128:
938:
835:
365:
158:
704:
917:
398:
279:
614:
1897 illustration from Franz Eugen Köhler, Köhler's
Medizinal-Pflanzen
572:– Venezuela, Peru, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Colombia, N Brazil
389:, but the greatest diversity occurs to the north of the river, in the
943:
886:
651:. United States Department of Agriculture. 2004-03-31. Archived from
271:
249:
797:
506:
352:. To the north of the basin, the land rises to the watershed of the
348:
The genus occurs naturally in tropical South
America, mostly in the
1052:
820:
786:
105:
891:
429:
grow in well-drained soil, on high river banks and on slopes; and
956:
434:
357:
510:
772:
283:
118:
732:
361:
360:. The genus extends westwards as far as the foothills of the
232:
Benn. & R.Br. 1854, illegitimate homonym, not Benth. 1844
66:
413:
grows on well-drained soils but tolerates light flooding;
340:) split explosively when ripe to eject the large seeds.
736:
Natural Rubber: Biology, Cultivation and
Technology
1085:
374:which occurs over the whole range of the genus.
695:accompanying original 1775 description of genus
409:Each species has its own habitat requirements;
629:Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
383:) occurs mainly south of the Amazon, as does
587:region of Colombia, Amazonas State in Brazil
248:D.Richard ex Schreb. 1791 not Benth. 1841 (
675:description in Latin, commentary in French
193:
31:
728:
726:
724:
722:
720:
718:
716:
733:Sethura, M.R.; Mathew, Ninan T. (2012).
649:Germplasm Resources Information Network
364:and southwards to the foothills of the
302:Jean Baptiste Christophore Fusée Aublet
1086:
713:
469:The following species are recognised:
802:
801:
397:has been undergoing a high degree of
1006:c849cfc9-33b5-4528-b6d1-5d404a68c4a9
739:. Elsevier Science. pp. 50–62.
561:– Colombia, Amazonas State in Brazil
633:
624:
622:
620:
282:of the most economically important
13:
598:– Guyana, Amazonas State in Brazil
483:– Venezuela, SE Colombia, N Brazil
295:
14:
1120:
765:
1045:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:327698-2
785:
771:
617:
53:
550:– Venezuela, Colombia, N Brazil
343:
753:
698:
678:
666:
608:
1:
602:
492:(Willd. ex A.Juss.) Müll.Arg.
300:French botanist and explorer
581:(Spruce ex Benth.) Müll.Arg.
570:(Spruce ex Benth.) Müll.Arg.
7:
10:
1125:
464:
404:
1104:Flora of Southern America
810:
217:
210:
201:
192:
50:Scientific classification
48:
39:
30:
23:
437:. Other species such as
687:line drawing depicting
377:The Pará rubber tree (
1094:Euphorbiaceae genera
782:at Wikimedia Commons
308:as a genus in 1775.
202:Range of the genus
596:(Benth.) Müll.Arg.
559:Mart. ex Müll.Arg.
488:Hevea brasiliensis
42:Hevea brasiliensis
1081:
1080:
1014:Open Tree of Life
804:Taxon identifiers
776:Media related to
746:978-0-444-59780-9
597:
582:
577:Hevea rigidifolia
571:
560:
549:
544:Hevea microphylla
538:
523:
504:
493:
482:
475:Hevea benthamiana
259:
258:
253:
241:
240:Schreb. ex Baill.
233:
225:
188:
1116:
1074:
1073:
1061:
1060:
1048:
1047:
1035:
1034:
1022:
1021:
1009:
1008:
999:
998:
986:
985:
973:
972:
960:
959:
947:
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934:
933:
921:
920:
908:
907:
895:
894:
882:
881:
869:
868:
856:
855:
846:
845:
844:
831:
830:
829:
799:
798:
790:Data related to
789:
775:
760:
757:
751:
750:
730:
711:
702:
696:
682:
676:
670:
664:
663:
661:
660:
637:
631:
626:
615:
612:
595:
580:
569:
566:Hevea pauciflora
558:
547:
536:
533:Hevea guianensis
521:
502:
499:Hevea camargoana
491:
478:
304:first described
268:flowering plants
247:
239:
231:
223:
197:
184:
58:
57:
35:
21:
20:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1118:
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1114:
1113:
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1077:
1069:
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1056:
1051:
1043:
1038:
1030:
1025:
1017:
1012:
1004:
1002:
994:
989:
981:
976:
968:
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950:
942:
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929:
924:
916:
911:
903:
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890:
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864:
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839:
834:
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824:
819:
806:
768:
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747:
731:
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703:
699:
683:
679:
671:
667:
658:
656:
639:
638:
634:
627:
618:
613:
609:
605:
592:Hevea spruceana
467:
411:H. brasiliensis
407:
380:H. brasiliensis
346:
326:H. brasiliensis
310:H. brasiliensis
298:
296:Characteristics
289:H. brasiliensis
183:
52:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1122:
1112:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1075:
1071:wfo-4000017809
1062:
1049:
1036:
1023:
1010:
1000:
987:
974:
961:
948:
935:
922:
909:
896:
883:
870:
857:
847:
832:
816:
814:
808:
807:
796:
795:
794:at Wikispecies
783:
767:
766:External links
764:
762:
761:
752:
745:
712:
697:
693:H. guianensis,
677:
665:
632:
616:
606:
604:
601:
600:
599:
588:
573:
562:
551:
540:
529:
526:Amazonas State
518:Hevea camporum
514:
495:
484:
466:
463:
446:H. microphylla
440:H. benthamiana
426:H. rigidifolia
406:
403:
345:
342:
338:H. microphylla
330:H. microphylla
322:H. benthamiana
297:
294:
266:is a genus of
257:
256:
255:
254:
242:
234:
226:
215:
214:
208:
207:
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190:
189:
176:
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83:
82:
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59:
46:
45:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1121:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
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1097:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1089:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1001:
997:
992:
988:
984:
979:
975:
971:
966:
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958:
953:
949:
945:
940:
936:
932:
927:
923:
919:
914:
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901:
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837:
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828:
822:
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815:
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793:
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774:
770:
769:
756:
748:
742:
738:
737:
729:
727:
725:
723:
721:
719:
717:
710:
708:
701:
694:
690:
689:H. peruviana,
686:
681:
674:
669:
655:on 2009-05-06
654:
650:
646:
644:
636:
630:
625:
623:
621:
611:
607:
594:
593:
589:
586:
579:
578:
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568:
567:
563:
557:
556:
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541:
535:
534:
530:
527:
520:
519:
515:
512:
508:
501:
500:
496:
490:
489:
485:
481:
477:
476:
472:
471:
470:
462:
460:
459:
454:
453:
448:
447:
442:
441:
436:
432:
428:
427:
422:
421:
420:H. pauciflora
416:
415:H. guianensis
412:
402:
400:
396:
392:
388:
387:
382:
381:
375:
373:
372:
371:H. guianensis
367:
363:
359:
358:Orinoco River
355:
354:Guiana Shield
351:
341:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
314:H. guianensis
311:
307:
303:
293:
291:
290:
285:
281:
277:
276:Euphorbiaceae
273:
269:
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264:
251:
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143:
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139:Euphorbiaceae
137:
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127:
124:
123:
120:
117:
114:
111:
110:
107:
104:
101:
98:
97:
94:
91:
88:
85:
84:
81:
80:Tracheophytes
78:
75:
72:
71:
68:
65:
62:
61:
56:
51:
47:
44:
43:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
1099:Crotonoideae
811:
778:
755:
735:
706:
700:
692:
688:
680:
668:
657:. Retrieved
653:the original
648:
642:
635:
610:
590:
575:
564:
555:Hevea nitida
553:
542:
531:
516:
497:
486:
473:
468:
456:
452:H. spruceana
450:
444:
438:
430:
424:
418:
414:
410:
408:
394:
384:
378:
376:
369:
350:Amazon basin
347:
344:Distribution
337:
334:H. spruceana
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
299:
287:
262:
261:
260:
244:
237:Siphonanthus
236:
228:
220:
203:
179:
178:
168:
149:Crotonoideae
129:Malpighiales
112:
99:
86:
73:
40:
24:
18:
939:iNaturalist
836:Wikispecies
691:synonym of
431:H. camporum
386:H. camporum
366:Mato Grosso
318:H. camporum
159:Micrandreae
145:Subfamily:
93:Angiosperms
1088:Categories
705:Tropicos,
659:2010-04-24
603:References
511:Pará State
399:speciation
221:Caoutchoua
165:Subtribe:
528:in Brazil
513:in Brazil
480:Müll.Arg.
458:H. nitida
435:savannahs
433:grows on
391:Rio Negro
250:Rubiaceae
229:Micrandra
224:J.F.Gmel.
63:Kingdom:
1058:40025505
1053:Tropicos
827:Q2350189
821:Wikidata
274:family,
245:Siphonia
212:Synonyms
169:Heveinae
135:Family:
106:Eudicots
970:1307732
957:15497-1
918:3071157
465:Species
405:Habitat
270:in the
175:Genus:
155:Tribe:
125:Order:
67:Plantae
1109:Rubber
1027:PLANTS
1019:339360
1003:NZOR:
983:500755
905:115389
866:143720
853:191392
850:APDB:
743:
585:Vaupés
507:Marajó
286:tree,
284:rubber
272:spurge
119:Rosids
1032:HEVEA
965:IRMNG
944:53955
892:1HVEG
879:8VY8D
842:Hevea
812:Hevea
792:Hevea
779:Hevea
709:Aubl.
707:Hevea
645:Aubl"
643:Hevea
537:Aubl.
522:Ducke
503:Pires
395:Hevea
362:Andes
306:Hevea
263:Hevea
204:Hevea
186:Aubl.
180:Hevea
113:Clade
100:Clade
87:Clade
74:Clade
25:Hevea
1040:POWO
996:3980
991:NCBI
978:ITIS
952:IPNI
931:5650
926:GRIN
913:GBIF
887:EPPO
861:APNI
741:ISBN
449:and
423:and
336:and
328:and
312:and
280:wood
1066:WFO
900:FoC
874:CoL
548:Ule
1090::
1068::
1055::
1042::
1029::
1016::
993::
980::
967::
954::
941::
928::
915::
902::
889::
876::
863::
838::
823::
715:^
647:.
619:^
583:–
524:–
509:,
505:–
443:,
417:,
324:,
206:.
115::
102::
89::
76::
749:.
662:.
641:"
252:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
