213:, focused on clarifying and defining his mandate. He did this by consulting many experts on minority rights and international law, and thereby developing a set of guidelines and practices for overcoming the ambiguities in the mandate. Through the broadly defined mandate, he was able to approach the role in the best way he saw fit. The approach taken by van der Stoel came to define how his successors approached the role too. His definition of ānational minoritiesā had three different elements. Firstly, a national minority could be distinguished from the rest of society through linguistic, ethnic or cultural characteristics. Secondly, that minority strived to protect and strengthen those characteristics which made up its identity. Finally, he referenced paragraph 32 of the 1990 CSCE Copenhagen Document, which emphasised that being a part of a national minority was a person's individual choice. In the approach taken by van der Stoel and his successors, there is no requirement that a national minority be a numerical minority in the population. In many cases a national minority will be a majority in certain countries or regions.
247:
seven sets of thematic recommendations that can provide a platform for better inter-ethnic relations and help to reduce tension. These include recommendations on education, linguistic rights, participation, kin-states, policing in multi-ethnic societies, minority languages in broadcast media, and integration and conflict prevention. The HCNM frequently recommends that states take measures to protect minority languages, as this is one of the major causes of inter-ethnic tension. However, the OSCE and HCNM also promote a policy of integration, which strives for a balance between protection of minority culture and the development of an overarching common identity. This involves integration policies such as encouragement to learn the state language. The High
Commissioner also promotes education of national minority languages and religious practices as a way to prevent conflict. This is a way to foster an appreciation of diversity among communities and also to dissolve stereotypes about certain ethnic groups.
226:
religion, or language. The HCNM works to sort through these tensions and towards social cohesion, before those tensions escalate into conflicts. The first HCNM, Max van der Stoel, noted that the HCNM should aim to prevent disputes from arising into armed conflicts, but should also understand that in some cases the situation may go beyond the realm of preventative diplomacy. Where conflicts can only be resolved in the long term, a more comprehensive approach must be taken. This may result in the High
Commissioner issuing an early warning notice to the Permanent Council, alongside a request for the OSCE to issue her an āad hocā mandate for late prevention of the conflict. An early warning notice under paragraph 15 of the mandate has only been issued once before, in regards to the 1999 Kosovo crisis.
169:
efforts were deemed to have failed because of the limited knowledge of the international mediators of the ethnic situation. This often meant that tensions escalated because the international community did not fully understand the issues at play. Further, any international aid that was provided came too late. It was recognised that such tensions should be identified and addressed as early as possible in order to prevent escalation into endless conflict. The
Yugoslav conflict also made clear that many conflicts around the world were rooted in tensions involving national minorities. It was against this background that the proposal for the office of the HCNM was presented.
297:. Importantly, descent into violent conflict was prevented in all areas. However, while the HCNM's work was largely successful, it also exposed the limitations of the role. The Ukrainian government was unwilling to implement the majority of his recommendations, even though it was consistently willing to engage with the HCNM. Therefore, while the HCNM ultimately played a critical role in conflict prevention in Ukraine, his ability to secure a sustainable solution across all areas of tension was often limited.
34:
222:
directly concerned, the nature of the tensions and recent developments therein and, where possible, the potential consequences for peace and stability within the OSCE areaā. Her most important role is not necessarily to completely resolve all potential conflicts, but rather to manage them in a way that the tension between groups does not escalate but declines. This involves mediation as well as the introduction of sustainable solutions.
148:(CSCE), now known as the (OSCE), The HCNM focuses on the OSCE area and will alert the Organisation where a situation has the potential to develop into a conflict. The Organisation consists of 57 participating States across North America, Europe and Asia. The establishment of the HCNM is generally considered to be a āsuccess storyā and a useful instrument of conflict prevention.
230:
any state involvement, often by organising a one- or two-day workshop with leading experts in several relevant areas. The importance of this approach arose due to the failures of the international community during the
Yugoslav Wars, where a lack of understanding about the ethnic situation by international mediators often led to a worsening of the situation.
234:
invaluable in regards to conflict prevention involving minorities, because these situations are often very precarious and complex. No inter-ethnic tension is alike, and each will involve different factors and historical and cultural influences. There is therefore a clear need for a dedicated office specialised in and focused on minority issues.
284:
The flexibility of the HCNM's mandate and the nature of the role allowed van der Stoel to become involved in the tensions in
Ukraine at a very early stage. He was able to craft a tactful and creative approach to dealing with the precarious issues that had arisen at that stage. The success of his work
280:
in 1991, tensions began to arise as
Ukraine sought to establish its identity. In particular, these uneasy relations were caused by historical Russian domination over Ukraine, as well as the prevalence of Russian language in Ukrainian life. While the HCNM was not the only influential actor in managing
254:
In order to develop a peaceful society the High
Commissioner strives to ensure that all minority groups are sufficiently involved in public life, and are fairly represented at national, regional and local levels. By ensuring that minority groups are involved in decision-making processes and that they
250:
The HCNM will also focus on improving communication between the parties involved, including leaders of the state and leaders of the opposing national groups. This involves assisting processes of negotiations and ensuring participation by all relevant parties. When creating the role, it was recognised
229:
In order to promote social cohesion, the HCNM must provide advice and take actions that are context specific. Significant research should be undertaken about the specific society and ethnic groups involved in order to effectively respond to the situation. Van der Stoel always prepared extensively for
271:
between a substantial
Russian minority and the Ukraine government from 1994 to 2001. His work during this time was considered largely successful in reducing tensions and building towards peaceful solutions. This conflict was multi layered and emphasised the importance of finding durable solutions in
205:
The HCNM's mandate as defined at the
Helsinki Summit meeting in 1992 contained many ambiguities, the most significant of which is the definition of ānational minoritiesā. No clear guidance was given in the mandate on how to interpret this term. This was largely because the CSCE participating states
196:
Many states were also highly opposed to involvement by the HCNM in cases of terrorism. As a result, the HCNM was prohibited from considering ānational minority issues in situations involving organized acts of terrorismā. The international community further decided that the HCNM should not be able to
180:
States disagreed on whether the rights of national minorities were individual or group rights. Ultimately, there was a clear exclusion of individual cases through paragraph 5(c) of the HCNM mandate. This prohibits the High
Commissioner from considering āviolations of CSCE commitments with regard to
168:
failed to bring peace. The frustration at being unable to prevent such a devastating human tragedy led to the Netherlands government proposing the post of the HCNM. This office would aim to prevent conflicts based on tensions with ethnic minorities. In regards to the Yugoslav tragedy, international
242:
The HCNM employs several different techniques in order to achieve her purpose of conflict prevention. The High Commissioner works very closely with the particular state involved and with the leaders of the relevant parties. While the HCNM ultimately cannot enforce any compulsory action, there are
246:
The High Commissioner will assist in preventing an escalating conflict by introducing a minimum standard of minority rights, which should be upheld by the state and other majority actors. She may also assist in implementing those standards and helping them become the norm in that state. There are
233:
The work undertaken by the High Commissioners since the inception of the role is considered to have been largely successful. The role requires expertise, tools and experience in monitoring situations of potential tension, as well as in recognising signs of escalation. Such knowledge and skill is
221:
The main role of the HCNM is to identify and address tensions involving national minorities which could develop into a conflict. This involves āearly warningā of potential conflict followed by āearly actionā to dissolve tensions. The mandate authorises the HCNM to assess āthe role of the parties
225:
Ultimately, the role of the High Commissioner is one of preventative diplomacy. She must provide early warnings of escalating tensions as well as early action to prevent any further escalation. Tensions between different societal groups can arise over a variety of elements, such as ethnicity,
255:
enjoy some level of influence, states can prevent these groups from becoming marginalised. Active and effective participation also provides remedies for groups who feel their rights are being violated, and in doing so can prevent such groups from seeking remedies in a more violent manner.
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The HCNM was invited to Ukraine by the government in February 1994. In Ukraine at that time there were several minority issues that were causing tension. The HCNM was involved in managing the relations between the Russian minority and the Ukrainian majority, the status of
197:ācommunicate with and (...) acknowledge communications from any person or organization which practices or publicly condones terrorism or violenceā. In some instances this clause has become a way for states to ban the HCNM from interfering with their minority problems.
251:
that the most frequent cause of hostile inter-ethnic relations was insufficient or distorted communication. The HCNM plays an important role in setting up lines of effective communication before hostile relations begin to develop.
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Importantly, all governments may exercise a right of refusal against participation of the High Commissioner, and may prevent her from entering the country. In such a circumstance, the HCNM is to inform the OSCE.
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185:" for national minorities. The aim of the office was not to create a new human rights instrument, but to create a conflict prevention tool. This was emphasised in the title of the office: the High Commissioner
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137:(HCNM) is charged with identifying and seeking early resolution of ethnic tension that might endanger peace, stability or friendly relations between and within the participating states of the
373:
177:
Many concerns were raised in regards to the model put forward by the Netherlands. As a result, several major restrictions to the HCNM's role were implemented into the mandate.
160:
were ethnic conflicts that broke out after the collapse of the Berlin Wall and of Communism, and which eventually resulted in the break up of the country. Efforts of the CSCE,
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Confoerence for Security and Cooperation in Europe, āDocument of the Copenhagen Meeting of the Conference on the Human Dimension of the CSCEā 1990, paragraph 32, at
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there is in large part credited to his ability to build a relationship of trust with the parties involved and to approach all issues from the basis of impartiality.
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Conference for Security and Cooperation in Europe, āCSCE Helsinki Document 1992: The Challenges of Changeā. Part II, paragraph 11(b), at
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Integration as Conflict Prevention: Possibilities and Limitations in the experience of the OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities
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Conference for Security and Cooperation in Europe, āCSCE Helsinki Document 1992: The Challenges of Changeā. Part II, paragraph 5(b), at
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Conference for Security and Cooperation in Europe, āCSCE Helsinki Document 1992: The Challenges of Changeā. Part II, paragraph 5(c), at
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Conference for Security and Cooperation in Europe, āCSCE Helsinki Document 1992: The Challenges of Changeā. Part II, paragraph 28, at
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Conference for Security and Cooperation in Europe, āCSCE Helsinki Document 1992: The Challenges of Changeā. Part II, paragraph 25, at
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Conference for Security and Cooperation in Europe, āCSCE Helsinki Document 1992: The Challenges of Changeā. Part II, paragraph 3, at
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Working without Sanctions: Factors Contributing to the (Relative) Effectiveness of the OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities
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Working without Sanctions: Factors Contributing to the (Relative) Effectiveness of the OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities
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Working without Sanctions: Factors Contributing to the (Relative) Effectiveness of the OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities
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Working without Sanctions: Factors Contributing to the (Relative) Effectiveness of the OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities
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Working without Sanctions: Factors Contributing to the (Relative) Effectiveness of the OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities
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Working without Sanctions: Factors Contributing to the (Relative) Effectiveness of the OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities
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Working without Sanctions: Factors Contributing to the (Relative) Effectiveness of the OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities
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could not come to an agreement on the definition of "national minorities", and therefore opted to provide no definition at all.
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The creation of the office of HCNM was directly related to the political circumstances at the beginning of the 1990s. The
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Twenty Years On and Twenty Years Ahead: The Continuing Relevance of the OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities
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Twenty Years On and Twenty Years Ahead: The Continuing Relevance of the OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities
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Twenty Years On and Twenty Years Ahead: The Continuing Relevance of the OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities
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Twenty Years On and Twenty Years Ahead: The Continuing Relevance of the OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities
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Twenty Years On and Twenty Years Ahead: The Continuing Relevance of the OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities
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The Possibilities and Limitations of Preventive Action: The OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities in Ukraine
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The Possibilities and Limitations of Preventive Action: The OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities in Ukraine
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The Possibilities and Limitations of Preventive Action: The OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities in Ukraine
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The Possibilities and Limitations of Preventive Action: The OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities in Ukraine
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The Possibilities and Limitations of Preventive Action: The OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities in Ukraine
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The Possibilities and Limitations of Preventive Action: The OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities in Ukraine
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The Possibilities and Limitations of Preventive Action: The OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities in Ukraine
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an individual person belonging to a national minorityā. Many states feared that the HCNM would become a sort of "
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Personal Representative of the Chairperson-in-Office on the Conflict Dealt with by the OSCE Minsk Conference
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The High Commissioner on National Minorities after 15 Years: Achievements, Challenges and Promises
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The High Commissioner on National Minorities after 15 Years: Achievements, Challenges and Promises
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The High Commissioner on National Minorities after 15 Years: Achievements, Challenges and Promises
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The High Commissioner on National Minorities after 15 Years: Achievements, Challenges and Promises
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The High Commissioner on National Minorities after 15 Years: Achievements, Challenges and Promises
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and resolving these issues, he played a critical role in establishing movement towards peace.
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United States Mission to the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe
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The first HCNM, Max van der Stoel, was involved with inter-ethnic tensions in
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The office was created on 8 July 1992, by the Helsinki Summit Meeting of the
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780:. Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe: 12(3), 15 at 21
702:. Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe: 12(3), 25 at 17
652:. Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe: 12(3), 25 at 29
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858:. Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe: 12(3), 63 at 65
845:. Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe: 12(3), 25 at 30
832:. Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe: 12(3), 63 at 64
819:. Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe: 12(3), 63 at 64
806:. Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe: 12(3), 63 at 75
793:. Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe: 12(3), 15 at 17
741:. Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe: 12(3), 25 at 27
715:. Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe: 12(3), 25 at 26
601:. Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe: 12(3), 15 at 22
588:. Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe: 12(3), 15 at 21
575:. Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe: 12(3), 15 at 18
562:. Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe: 12(3), 15 at 19
525:. Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe: 12(3), 15 at 19
512:. Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe: 12(3), 15 at 18
487:. Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe: 12(3), 15 at 17
474:. Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe: 12(3), 15 at 17
461:. Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe: 12(3), 15 at 16
448:. Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe: 12(3), 15 at 15
435:. Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe: 12(3), 15 at 15
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The High Commissioner on National Minorities: Origins and Background
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The High Commissioner on National Minorities: Origins and Background
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The High Commissioner on National Minorities: Origins and Background
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The High Commissioner on National Minorities: Origins and Background
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The High Commissioner on National Minorities: Origins and Background
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The High Commissioner on National Minorities: Origins and Background
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The High Commissioner on National Minorities: Origins and Background
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The High Commissioner on National Minorities: Origins and Background
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The High Commissioner on National Minorities: Origins and Background
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The High Commissioner on National Minorities: Origins and Background
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The High Commissioner on National Minorities: Origins and Background
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The High Commissioner on National Minorities: Origins and Background
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The High Commissioner on National Minorities: Origins and Background
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OSCE HCNM Promoting effective participation in public life, at
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Integration and Development Centre for Information and Research
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Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)
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the search for peace. Following the disintegration of the
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http://www.osce.org/odihr/elections/14304?download=true
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Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
754:. Security and Human Rights: 20(2), 111 at 113 CHECK
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Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
65:
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
1573:
List of diplomats of the United Kingdom to the OSCE
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Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights
661:OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities, at
243:many ways that the HCNM can assist the situation.
724:OSCE HCNM Conflict prevention and resolution, at
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906:OSCE HCNM Education and conflict prevention, at
893:OSCE HCNM Education and conflict prevention, at
146:Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe
936:. Security and Human Rights: 20(2), 111 at 115
923:. Security and Human Rights: 20(2), 111 at 113
867:OSCE HCNM Minority and majority languages, at
767:. Security and Human Rights: 20(2), 111 at 115
422:. Security and Human Rights: 20(2), 111 at 111
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1065:. International Negotiation: 17(3) 389 at 394
1052:. International Negotiation: 17(3) 389 at 393
1039:. International Negotiation: 17(3) 389 at 393
1026:. International Negotiation: 17(3) 389 at 392
1013:. International Negotiation: 17(3) 389 at 393
1000:. International Negotiation: 17(3) 389 at 391
987:. International Negotiation: 17(3) 389 at 389
884:. Security and Human Rights, 21(3) 220 at 221
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135:OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities
22:OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities
1094:High Commissioner's thematic recommendations
1673:Community Security Initiative in Kyrgyzstan
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1123:
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973:http://www.osce.org/mc/39530?download=true
688:http://www.osce.org/mc/39530?download=true
676:http://www.osce.org/mc/39530?download=true
548:http://www.osce.org/mc/39530?download=true
536:http://www.osce.org/mc/39530?download=true
498:http://www.osce.org/mc/39530?download=true
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293:within Ukraine, and resettlement of the
1537:Contact Point for Roma and Sinti Issues
1691:
1532:Representative on Freedom of the Media
1084:High Commissioner's mandate (pp. 9ā12)
1678:Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine
1517:Court of Conciliation and Arbitration
1104:
1568:List of ambassadors of Italy to OSCE
1527:Commissioner on National Minorities
238:Methods used in conflict prevention
13:
1640:Project Co-ordinator in Uzbekistan
14:
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1599:Mission to Bosnia and Herzegovina
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1658:Needs Assessment Team in Armenia
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32:
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209:The first High Commissioner,
1637:Programme Office in Dushanbe
7:
1668:Kosovo Verification Mission
1634:Programme Office in Bishkek
1079:High Commissioner's website
763:CHECK Ghebali, V-Y. (2009)
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10:
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1631:Programme Office in Astana
407:http://www.osce.org/states
173:Opposition to the proposal
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125:https://www.osce.org/hcnm/
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1563:AzerbaijanāOSCE relations
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949:. Retrieved 13 April 2016
910:. Retrieved 13 April 2016
897:. Retrieved 13 April 2016
871:. Retrieved 13 April 2016
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189:National Minorities, not
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663:http://www.osce.org/hcnm
201:Ambiguity in the mandate
1061:Kachuyevski, A. (2012)
1048:Kachuyevski, A. (2012)
1035:Kachuyevski, A. (2012)
1022:Kachuyevski, A. (2012)
1009:Kachuyevski, A. (2012)
996:Kachuyevski, A. (2012)
983:Kachuyevski, A. (2012)
1558:ArmeniaāOSCE relations
1512:Parliamentary Assembly
1181:Bosnia and Herzegovina
392:OSCE HCNM Mandate, at
278:Ukrainian independence
263:Involvement in Ukraine
1651:Former field missions
1609:Mission to Montenegro
1587:Active field missions
1089:Factsheet on the HCNM
932:Ghebali, V-Y. (2009)
919:Ghebali, V-Y. (2009)
750:Ghebali, V-Y. (2009)
418:Ghebali, V-Y. (2009)
193:National Minorities.
1594:Presence in Albania
841:Zellner, W. (2013)
737:Zellner, W. (2013)
711:Zellner, W. (2013)
698:Zellner, W. (2013)
648:Zellner, W. (2013)
635:Zellner, W. (2013)
610:Zellner, W. (2013)
357:Kairat Abdrakhmanov
86:Kairat Abdrakhmanov
1663:Mission to Croatia
1628:Centre in Ashgabat
1614:Mission to Moldova
880:Zanker, F. (2010)
133:The office of the
63:Office within the
1686:
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1624:Mission to Skopje
1619:Mission to Serbia
1604:Mission in Kosovo
958:Wolff, S. (2013)
854:Wolff, S. (2013)
828:Wolff, S. (2013)
815:Wolff, S. (2013)
802:Wolff, S. (2013)
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483:Bloed, A. (2013)
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431:Bloed, A. (2013)
307:Max van der Stoel
211:Max van der Stoel
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347:Lamberto Zannier
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1333:North Macedonia
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106:ā¢ Founded
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1418:United Kingdom
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1073:External links
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366:
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364:
363:) ā since 2020
354:
344:
334:
333:) ā 2007ā2013.
324:
323:) ā 2001ā2007.
314:
313:) ā 1993ā2001.
302:
299:
295:Crimean Tatars
264:
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218:
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171:
166:United Nations
162:European Union
153:
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1423:United States
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1288:Liechtenstein
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428:
421:
415:
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402:
395:
389:
385:
375:
372:
371:
362:
358:
355:
353:) ā 2017-2020
352:
348:
345:
343:) ā 2013ā2016
342:
338:
335:
332:
328:
327:Knut VollebƦk
325:
322:
318:
315:
312:
308:
305:
304:
301:Commissioners
298:
296:
292:
286:
282:
279:
275:
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260:
256:
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159:
158:Yugoslav Wars
149:
147:
142:
140:
136:
126:
122:
117:
113:
109:
103:
99:
96:Establishment
94:
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87:
84:
78:
74:
69:
66:
62:
58:
55:
51:
48:
44:
35:
28:
23:
17:
1709:Human rights
1526:
1408:Turkmenistan
1062:
1057:
1049:
1044:
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1031:
1023:
1018:
1010:
1005:
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992:
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337:Astrid Thors
287:
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228:
224:
220:
208:
204:
195:
190:
186:
179:
176:
155:
143:
134:
132:
120:
46:Headquarters
21:
1486:South Korea
1446:Afghanistan
1439:Cooperation
1393:Switzerland
1328:Netherlands
311:Netherlands
110:8 July 1992
54:Netherlands
1699:Minorities
1693:Categories
1428:Uzbekistan
1398:Tajikistan
1363:San Marino
1323:Montenegro
1298:Luxembourg
1278:Kyrgyzstan
1273:Kazakhstan
1166:Azerbaijan
380:References
361:Kazakhstan
317:Rolf EkƩus
1551:Relations
1456:Australia
1293:Lithuania
183:ombudsman
50:The Hague
1491:Thailand
1378:Slovenia
1373:Slovakia
1348:Portugal
1318:Mongolia
1248:Holy See
1186:Bulgaria
368:See also
217:Function
1496:Tunisia
1481:Morocco
1451:Algeria
1413:Ukraine
1353:Romania
1308:Moldova
1263:Ireland
1258:Iceland
1253:Hungary
1238:Germany
1233:Georgia
1223:Finland
1218:Estonia
1213:Denmark
1197:Croatia
1176:Belgium
1171:Belarus
1161:Austria
1156:Armenia
1151:Andorra
1146:Albania
1139:Members
341:Finland
269:Ukraine
152:History
121:Website
71:Leaders
1476:Jordan
1466:Israel
1403:Turkey
1388:Sweden
1368:Serbia
1358:Russia
1343:Poland
1338:Norway
1313:Monaco
1283:Latvia
1243:Greece
1228:France
1203:Cyprus
1191:Canada
331:Norway
321:Sweden
291:Crimea
1471:Japan
1461:Egypt
1383:Spain
1303:Malta
1268:Italy
351:Italy
276:and
274:USSR
164:and
60:Type
39:Logo
191:for
1695::
187:on
141:.
52:,
1124:e
1117:t
1110:v
359:(
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