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69:
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became apparent, native rulers once again established themselves independent. Among these the
Saffarids of Seistan shone briefly in the Afghan area. The fanatic founder of this dynasty, the coppersmith's apprentice Yaqub ibn Layth Saffari, came forth from his capital at Zaranj in 870 AD and marched
1728:
rulers. However, most historians claim that the rulers of Ghazni and Kabul remained non-Muslim. There is no information on the number of converts, although the Arabs unsuccessfully continued their missions of invading the land to spread Islam for the next 200 or so years. It was in 870 AD when
1754:
but in the east, in the mountains, cities submitted only to rise in revolt and the hastily converted returned to their old beliefs once the armies passed. The harshness and avariciousness of Arab rule produced such unrest, however, that once the waning power of the
1543:
Basawal is the site of a
Buddhist cave temple complex in eastern Afghanistan. The caves, 150 in all, are partly hewn out in two rows and arranged in seven groups, which presumably correspond to the seven monastic institutions of Buddhist times.
2170:
2199:
2102:
1095:, Wang-hiuon-tso, Huan-Tchao, and Wou-Kong) visited Afghanistan between 399 and 751 AD, they mentioned that Hinduism and Buddhism were practiced in different areas between the
1158:
in the north extended their
Islamic influence into the area. It is reported that Muslims and non-Muslims still lived side by side in Kabul before the arrival of
2314:
The
Cultural, Social And Intellectual State Of The People Of Afghanistan In The Era Just Before The Advent Of Islam by eminent Afghan historian Abdul Hai Habibi
1712:
with an army of around 6,000 Arab
Muslims. The General "broke off a hand of the idol and plucked out the rubies which were its eyes to persuade the Marzbān of
2185:
South Asian
Archaeology 1975: Papers from the Third International Conference of the Association of South Asian Archaeologists in Western Europe Held in Paris
2324:
2222:
The races of
Afghanistan Being a brief account of the principal nations inhabiting that country, by Henry Walter Bellow Asian Educational services, Page 73
1959:
1926:
1046:
1604:
803:
1896:
754:
2099:"South Asian archaeology 1975: papers from the third International Conference Edited by Johanna Engelberta Lohuizen-De Leeuw Page 121 to 126"
1981:
2349:
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145:
2183:
2098:
2032:
1720:, "My intention was to show you that this idol can do neither any harm nor good." The people of southern Afghanistan began accepting
1608:
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is surrounded by many miniature stupas and shrines, ornamented with clay bas reliefs. There were several colossal statues of the
704:
2193:
957:
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734:
1039:
1876:
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10th
Century AD. Durga was popularised during the Shahi period as several images of this deity are found in Afghanistan.
1142:
in the west. It is unknown how many accepted the new religion, but the Shahi rulers remained non-Muslim until they lost
1851:
984:
974:
967:
724:
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1615:) in the East was held by the dynasty called by later writers the Shahis. In addition to the natural products of the
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1989:
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These coins were issued from at least eight mint towns, which suggests a wider range for their circulation
952:
774:
744:
1454:. In one shrine which is in the Hindu style a clay sculpture of Durga slaying a buffalo-demon was found.
359:
185:
1916:
1841:
68:
2261:
Excavations at
Kandahar 1974 & 1975 (Society for South Asian Studies Monograph) by Anthony McNicoll
1724:
from this date onward. The Arabs then proceeded to Ghazni and Kabul to convert or conquer the
Buddhist
624:
117:
61:
2134:
History of Buddhism in Afghanistan By Sī. Esa Upāsaka, Kendrīya-Tibbatī-Ucca-Śikṣā-Saṃsthānam page 187
2125:
History of Buddhism in Afghanistan By Sī. Esa Upāsaka, Kendrīya-Tibbatī-Ucca-Śikṣā-Saṃsthānam page XX
1693:
1650:
1619:
region, the Shahi kings drew revenue from the constant caravan trade passing through their dominions.
135:
654:
39:
1111:
during these visits. It is reported that the Hephthalites were fervent followers of the Hindu god
1993:
1861:
1856:
1697:
1221:, and Hindu" wives. These names were often used as geographical terms by the Arabs. For example,
1689:
1135:
932:
684:
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215:
98:
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Communities of various religious and ethnic backgrounds have lived in the land of what is now
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2016:
1742:
in 642 AD and then they marched with confidence to the east. On the western periphery of the
1345:
Remains of settlement dating to the second half of the first millennium AD. Marble statue of
265:
2088:
History of civilizations of Central Asia, Volume 3 By Boris Abramovich Litvinovskiĭ Page 399
2076:
History of civilizations of Central Asia, Volume 3 By Boris Abramovich Litvinovskiĭ Page 427
1382:
109:
8:
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finally conquered Afghanistan by establishing Muslim governors throughout the provinces.
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Pakistan and the emergence of Islamic militancy in Afghanistan By Rizwan Hussain page 17
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By the mid ninth century the whole region from the fortress city of Kabul to at least
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were in power, the entire population of Afghanistan was practicing Islam, except the
1765:
1422:
1229:
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1202:
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429:
399:
175:
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Standard Catalog of World Coins 1901-2000 By Colin R. Bruce, Thomas Michael Page 35
1921:
1881:
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519:
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Early medieval Indian society: a study in feudalisation By R.S. Sharma Page 130
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Early medieval Indian society: a study in feudalisation By R.S. Sharma page 130
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Believed to be built in 507 AD, the larger in 554 AD. Destroyed in 2001 by the
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André Wink, "Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World", Brill 1990. p 120
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1738:"Arab armies carrying the banner of Islam came out of the west to defeat the
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celebrated for its strength, accessible only by one road. In it there are
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of the god's worthlessness." He explained to the worshippers of the
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42:
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34:
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term to describe someone who was native to the region known as
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Taller, 55 meter Buddha in 1963 and in 2008 after destruction
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24:
1213:, even though he had over 30 wives, which are described as "
1371:(Buddha lying down at the end of his cycle of rebirths).
2084:
2082:
80:
Smaller, 38 meter Buddha, before and after destruction.
1587:
Closing years of the 10th and the early 11th century.
2121:
2119:
56:. Similar stupas have been discovered in neighboring
2079:
1818:
2116:
1673:
1385:engraved on a marble statue of an elephant deity
2336:
2325:Afghan caves contain world's first oil paintings
1179:, and it has a town, in which are infidels from
2249:Medieval India Part 1 by Satish Chandra Page 17
1209:), who shows a public display of conversion to
2330:Buddhist Sites in Afghanistan and Central Asia
2240:Encyclopaedia of Historiography By M.M. Rahman
2182:Leeuw, Johanna Engelberta Lohuizen-De (1979).
2148:
2146:
2144:
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1897:Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent
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2255:
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1562:Table of pre-Islamic dynasties of Afghanistan
1245:as someone who was native to a region called
1130:) in 653-4 AD. They took the same message to
1040:
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2059:
2057:
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1784:and Herat, conquering in the name of Islam."
2137:
1450:, included one seated and of the Buddha in
2282:(1971) "Sites in Perspective (Chapter 3)"
2252:
2213:
1946:
1944:
1047:
1033:
2046:
2014:
1811:) which became Muslim in the late 1800s.
1205:, where it speaks of a king in "Ninhar" (
2067:The Afghans By Willem Vogelsang Page 184
2008:
1342:Tapa Skandar 31 km north of Kabul.
1103:in the south. The land was ruled by the
75:
67:
33:
18:
1974:
1941:
2337:
2273:
1929:from the original on December 24, 2018
1627:(eastern Afghanistan and northwestern
1462:Buddhist Cave Complex at Homay Qalay.
1393:Shahis who occupied the Kabul Valley.
2181:
1962:from the original on October 19, 2014
1909:
1328:Hindu Temple at Chaghan Saray in the
1201:in Afghanistan appears in the 982 AD
1118:The invading Muslim Arabs introduced
2286:Afghan Tourist Organization, Kabul,
1649:The Zunbils were finally deposed by
1598:. in 1013 Kabul's last Shahi ruler
1551:Buddhist cave complex at Homay Qala
1530:Hindu Temple, two marble statues of
2350:Archaeological sites in Afghanistan
1982:"A.—The Hindu Kings of Kábul (p.3)"
1877:Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription
13:
2370:History of religion in Afghanistan
2284:An Historical Guide To Afghanistan
1917:"Chinese Travelers in Afghanistan"
1852:Pre-Islamic scripts in Afghanistan
1425:inscription and a carved image of
1233:) has been historically used as a
1134:before returning to their already
1099:(Oxus River) in the north and the
16:Pre-Islamic history of Afghanistan
14:
2381:
2303:
1490:and Afghanistan have been found.
1439:Large Buddhist monastery complex
1821:
1014:
1004:
1003:
108:
23:7th century statue of Hindu God
2264:
2243:
2234:
2225:
2202:from the original on 2023-06-20
2175:
2164:
2155:
2128:
2105:from the original on 2023-06-20
2035:from the original on 2023-02-04
2021:. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 18.
1872:Kandahar Greek Edicts of Ashoka
1680:Islamic conquest of Afghanistan
1674:Islamic conquest of Afghanistan
2345:Ancient history of Afghanistan
2091:
2070:
1847:Ancient history of Afghanistan
1799:By the 11th century, when the
1746:area the princes of Herat and
1150:Muslims of Zaranj. Later, the
1:
1952:"Amir Kror and His pAncestry"
1902:
1731:Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar
1692:in 642 AD, during the end of
1486:Coins of the Shahi rulers of
1254:
1990:Packard Humanities Institute
60:, including in the northern
7:
1992:. 1867–1877. Archived from
1814:
980:Hindu and Buddhist heritage
790:Transitional Administration
360:Principality of Chaghaniyan
10:
2386:
2310:Professor Abdul Hai Habibi
2015:Vogelsang, Willem (2002).
1677:
1653:in 870 AD, founder of the
836:Related historical regions
1925:. alamahabibi.com. 1969.
1750:gave way to rule by Arab
1694:Muslim conquest of Persia
136:Indus Valley civilisation
1842:Gandhāran Buddhist texts
1667:(southern Afghanistan).
1631:) was overrun by Sultan
1332:in eastern Afghanistan.
1319:, slaying buffalo demon
1311:They show Hindu Goddess
655:Principality of Qandahar
2360:Buddhism in Afghanistan
2355:Hinduism in Afghanistan
1862:Hinduism in Afghanistan
1857:Buddhism in Afghanistan
1698:Abdur Rahman bin Samara
1696:. In 653-4 AD, General
1197:The first mention of a
2365:Hinduism in South Asia
2188:. BRILL. p. 119.
1797:
1621:
1195:
1021:Afghanistan portal
958:List of heads of state
216:Greco-Bactrian kingdom
81:
73:
65:
31:
1735:
1601:
1475:clay - 10th Century.
1459:Homay Qala in Ghazni
1168:
266:Indo-Parthian kingdom
246:Indo-Scythian kingdom
79:
71:
37:
22:
2171:Encyclopedia Iranica
1436:Tepe Sardar, Ghazni
1421:A stone slab with a
1308:Mahishasuramardini.
1122:to a Zunbil king of
2318:Shahi Coins in the
1958:. alamahabibi.com.
1469:Tepe Sardar Ghazni
1288:, the Hindu god of
1067:, the south of the
725:Democratic Republic
2293:2009-09-05 at the
1867:Buddhas of Bamiyan
1837:Gandharan Buddhism
1829:Afghanistan portal
1684:The region around
1501:Buddhas of Bamiyan
1284:Marble statues of
1268:Other information
928:Political violence
735:Tanai coup attempt
370:Rashidun Caliphate
315:Hephthalite Empire
236:Indo-Greek kingdom
82:
74:
66:
32:
2195:978-90-04-05996-2
1809:Nuristan Province
1671:
1670:
1559:
1558:
1369:Parinivana Buddha
1315:, the consort of
1146:in 870 AD to the
1079:rulers. When the
1071:was ruled by the
1057:
1056:
948:Afghan (ethnonym)
923:Political history
827:
826:
675:Saqqawist Emirate
625:Sadozai Sultanate
578:
577:
364:7th–8th centuries
333:
332:
186:Macedonian Empire
176:Achaemenid Empire
146:Oxus civilization
62:Samangan Province
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2012:
2006:
2005:
2003:
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1996:on July 26, 2013
1986:Sir H. M. Elliot
1978:
1972:
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1969:
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1956:Abdul Hai Habibi
1948:
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1913:
1882:Gandhara Kingdom
1831:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1795:
1655:Saffarid dynasty
1633:Mahmud of Ghazni
1596:Mahmud of Ghazni
1591:was defeated by
1566:
1565:
1273:Hindu temple at
1265:Artifacts found
1259:
1258:
1193:
1128:Helmand Province
1107:followed by the
1065:Islamic conquest
1049:
1042:
1035:
1019:
1018:
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1007:
1006:
990:Muslim conquests
975:Hinduism history
938:Economic history
822:
800:Islamic Republic
591:
590:
520:Chagatai Khanate
346:
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286:Kidarite kingdom
156:Gandhara kingdom
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484:before 879–1215
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276:Sasanian Empire
260:135 BC – 248 AD
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2000:September 18,
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259:
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256:Kushan Empire
254:
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230:247 BC–224 AD
229:
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206:Maurya Empire
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2312:See article
2283:
2275:
2266:
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2236:
2227:
2204:. Retrieved
2184:
2177:
2166:
2157:
2130:
2107:. Retrieved
2093:
2072:
2037:. Retrieved
2017:
2010:
1998:. Retrieved
1994:the original
1985:
1976:
1964:. Retrieved
1955:
1931:. Retrieved
1920:
1911:
1798:
1792:Nancy Dupree
1737:
1736:
1683:
1637:Kabul valley
1602:
1583:Hindu Shahis
1524:Khair Khana
1415:Airtam Near
1330:Kunar Valley
1275:Khair Khaneh
1246:
1242:
1235:geographical
1228:
1222:
1198:
1196:
1170:
1169:
1117:
1109:Hephthalites
1083:travellers (
1058:
979:
968:List of wars
817:(reinstated)
777:(reinstated)
150:2100–1800 BC
140:2200–1800 BC
29:Khair Khaneh
27:statue from
2288:OCLC 241390
2018:The Afghans
1887:Nava Vihara
1718:solar deity
1493:650-1000 AD
1402:Nava Vihara
1321:Mahishasura
1304:Statues of
1101:Indus River
1077:Kabul Shahi
1061:Afghanistan
888:Kushanshahr
765:US invasion
500:Khwarezmids
350:Kabul Shahi
305:Alchon Huns
160:1500–535 BC
101:Afghanistan
99:History of
2339:Categories
2206:2022-08-13
2109:2022-08-13
2039:2012-08-16
1988:. London:
1966:August 14,
1903:References
1892:Zabulistan
1805:Kafiristan
1801:Ghaznavids
1710:Zamindawar
1665:Zabulistan
1255:Archeology
1230:Hindustani
1160:Ghaznavids
1124:Zamindawar
1069:Hindu Kush
903:Zabulistan
878:Kafiristan
873:Kabulistan
695:Daoud coup
530:Qarlughids
470:Ghaznavids
380:Tang China
325:Nezak Huns
250:155–80? BC
220:256–125 BC
210:305–180 BC
200:312–150 BC
190:330–312 BC
180:550–330 BC
170:728–550 BC
1933:August 9,
1757:Caliphate
1752:governors
1740:Sasanians
1690:Islamized
1508:Hazarajat
1442:The main
1262:Location
1207:Nangarhar
1177:Musulmáns
1136:Islamized
1097:Amu Darya
843:Arachosia
809:2004–2021
794:2001–2004
759:1996–2001
749:1992–1996
729:1978–1992
709:1973–1978
689:1926–1973
669:1823–1926
659:1818–1855
649:1747–1823
639:1738–1747
629:1716–1732
619:1709–1738
609:1510–1709
599:1501–1738
574:1520–1591
564:1370–1507
554:1245–1381
544:1256–1335
540:Ilkhanate
534:1224–1266
524:1226–1245
514:1219–1226
504:1215–1231
494:1037–1194
450:Saffarids
240:180–90 BC
50:Mes Aynak
40:excavated
2291:Archived
2200:Archived
2103:Archived
2033:Archived
1960:Archived
1927:Archived
1815:See also
1807:region (
1789:—
1766:Kandahar
1760:through
1708:capital
1629:Pakistan
1625:Gandhara
1617:Gandhara
1589:Jayapala
1569:Dynasty
1540:Basawal
1483:Various
1423:Bactrian
1192:, 921 AD
1190:Istakhri
1187:—
1152:Samanids
1148:Saffarid
1138:city of
1093:Xuanzang
1089:Song Yun
1009:Category
883:Khorasan
863:Gandhara
804:politics
705:Republic
605:Safavids
560:Timurids
474:963–1187
460:Samanids
440:Tahirids
430:Abbasids
400:Umayyads
342:Medieval
118:Timeline
90:a series
88:Part of
43:Buddhist
1748:Seistan
1704:to the
1688:became
1645:Zunbils
1609:Waihind
1575:Domain
1572:Period
1517:Taliban
1510:region
1452:Nirvana
1379:Gardez
1351:Parvati
1248:Bactria
1156:Bukhara
1105:Kushans
1081:Chinese
933:Culture
858:Bactria
786:Interim
685:Kingdom
665:Emirate
595:Mughals
570:Arghuns
550:Kartids
490:Seljuks
480:Ghurids
464:875–999
454:863–900
444:821–873
434:750–821
424:750-977
414:680–870
410:Zunbils
404:661–750
394:660–842
384:660–669
374:652–661
354:565–879
329:484–711
319:410–557
309:380–560
290:320–465
280:230–651
127:Ancient
2192:
2025:
1794:, 1971
1778:Bamyan
1770:Ghazni
1744:Afghan
1714:Sīstān
1706:Zunbil
1702:Zaranj
1659:Zaranj
1593:Sultan
1488:Panjab
1448:Buddha
1417:Termez
1387:Ganesh
1362:Ghazni
1300:Gardez
1243:Afghan
1241:, and
1219:Afghan
1215:Muslim
1173:castle
1164:Ghazni
1140:Zaranj
1085:Faxian
1073:Zunbil
898:Sistan
853:Ariana
587:Modern
92:on the
38:Newly
1782:Balkh
1774:Kabul
1726:Shahi
1722:Islam
1613:Ohind
1532:Shiva
1526:Kabul
1473:Durga
1444:Stupa
1427:Shiva
1405:Balkh
1391:Hindu
1347:Shiva
1317:Shiva
1313:Durga
1306:Durga
1286:Surya
1279:Kabul
1239:India
1224:Hindu
1211:Islam
1199:Hindu
1162:from
1154:from
1144:Kabul
1132:Kabul
1120:Islam
1113:Surya
821:since
420:Lawik
46:stupa
25:Surya
2190:ISBN
2023:ISBN
2002:2010
1968:2012
1935:2012
1762:Bost
1227:(or
1181:Hind
1075:and
963:Wars
943:Name
868:Iran
848:Aria
823:2021
780:2001
769:2001
739:1990
719:1978
699:1973
679:1929
1657:in
1635:. (
1611:or
1290:sun
1277:in
296:Rob
52:in
48:at
2341::
2254:^
2215:^
2198:.
2139:^
2118:^
2101:.
2081:^
2048:^
2031:.
1984:.
1954:.
1943:^
1919:.
1780:,
1776:,
1772:,
1768:,
1764:,
1661:.
1639:)
1519:.
1429:.
1364:.
1353:.
1323:.
1292:.
1281:.
1251:.
1217:,
1183:."
1115:.
1091:,
1087:,
2209:.
2112:.
2042:.
2004:.
1970:.
1937:.
1786:.
1607:(
1166:.
1126:(
1048:e
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1034:v
806:)
802:(
788:/
64:.
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