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487:, may be based on actual anecdotes which existed at the time. In two of the letters, we are told that Hipparchia sent a cloak to Crates which she had made. Crates, though, fears that she may have undertaken the task "so that you might appear to the masses to be someone who loves her husband." Crates urges her to renounce wool-spinning and take-up philosophy since that is the reason she married him. In another letter, Crates learns why she has taken up domestic tasks: Hipparchia, we are told, has given birth. After agreeing with her that she gave birth easily because of her Cynic training, Crates proceeds to give advice on how to rear the child:
95:
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298:. Hipparchia fell in love with Crates, and developed such a passion for him, that she told her parents that if they refused to allow her to marry him, she would kill herself. They begged Crates to dissuade her, and he stood before her, removed his clothes, and said, "Here is the bridegroom, and this is his property." Hipparchia, however, was quite happy with this; she adopted the Cynic life assuming the same clothes that he wore, and appearing with him in public everywhere. Crates called their marriage "dog-coupling" (
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Little survives of her own philosophical views, but like most Cynics, her influence lies in the example of her life, choosing a way of life which was usually considered unacceptable for respectable women of the time. The story of her attraction to Crates, and her rejection of conventional values,
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Our philosophy is called Cynic not because we are indifferent to everything, but because we aggressively endure what others, due to being soft or general opinion find unbearable. So it is for this reason and not the former that they have called us Cynics. Stay, therefore, and continue as a
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like this: "That which if
Theodoros did, he would not be said to do wrong, neither should Hipparchia be said to do wrong if she does it. Theodoros hitting himself does not do wrong, nor does Hipparchia do wrong hitting Theodoros." He did not reply to what she said, but pulled up her
322:), the mere fact that Hipparchia adopted male clothes and lived on equal terms with her husband would have been enough to shock Athenian society. Hipparchia had at least two children, a daughter, and a son named Pasicles. It is not known how or when she died. There is an
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You did well when you changed the name of the city and, instead of
Maroneia, called it Hipparchia, its present name, since it is better for you to be named after Hipparchia, a woman, it's true, but a philosopher, than after
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Let his bath water be cold, his clothes be a cloak, his food be milk, yet not to excess. Rock him in a cradle made from a tortoise shell. ... When he is able to speak and walk, dress him, not with a sword, as
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Cynic—for you are not by nature worse than we are, for neither are female dogs worse than male—in order that you might be freed from Nature, as all either because of law or due to vices, live as slaves.
458:. Although there were other women who chose to live as Cynics, Hipparchia is the only one whose name is known. She is also the only woman to have her own entry among the 82 philosophers in
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The story of
Hipparchia's pursuit of Crates, despite the disapproval of her parents and the initial reluctance of Crates, was a popular tale from the 16th century onwards. It featured in
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Hipparchia's fame undoubtedly rests on the fact that she was a woman practising philosophy and living a life on equal terms with her husband. Both facts were unusual for ancient
593:; and choose a Life of Temperance, before a Life of Delicacies: For true Satisfaction, thou knowest, is in the Mind; and that Pleasure is only worth seeking, that lasts for ever.
408:
I, Theodorus, am that person, but do I appear to you to have come to a wrong decision, if I devote that time to philosophy, which I otherwise should have spent at the loom?"
625:). The play deals with Hipparchia's desire to marry Crates, and the obstacles which are placed in her way until she achieves her desire. The play was written for
664:(1921), a highly fictionalised account of Hipparchia's daughter, (whom H.D. imagines is also called Hipparchia). Hipparchia was an inspiration for the book
394:
We are told she was neither offended nor ashamed by this "as most women would have been." We are also told that when
Theodorus (quoting a line from
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graduating class of 2010, presented
Hipparchia'a life as an illustrative example of the benefits of continuing education beyond academic settings.
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542:. Depicted in 17th-century clothing, Crates tries to dissuade Hipparchia from her affections for him by pointing to his head to show how ugly he is
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at that time. She fell in love with him, and, despite the disapproval of her parents, she married him. She went on to live a life of Cynic
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1190:(1996), "The Socratic Tradition: Diogenes, Crates, and Hellenistic Ethics", in Bracht Branham, R.; Goulet-Cazé, Marie-Odile (eds.),
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367:. Hipparchia approaches Crates carrying a box, implying that she has come to Crates as a potential bride bearing her possessions.
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Hipparchia leaves home to live as a philosopher, carrying all her possessions in a box. Detail from a Roman wall painting in the
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Many other anecdotes existed about
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Women of the golden age: an international debate on women in seventeenth-century
Holland, England and Italy
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performance (with all the parts played by nuns) and was not published until the 19th century. The
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When she went into a symposium with Crates, she tested
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I, Hipparchia chose not the tasks of rich-robed woman, but the manly life of the Cynic.
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Dogs' tales: representations of ancient
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says she wrote some philosophical treatises and some letters addressed to
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published in 1568, and it was one of the stories told by the
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Perhaps most remarkable is a letter purporting to come from
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The Cynics: The Cynic Movement in Antiquity and Its Legacy
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The Cynics: The Cynic Movement in Antiquity and Its Legacy
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Ascetic Behavior in Greco-Roman Antiquity: A Sourcebook
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Other letters mention events, which, like a lot of the
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Roman wall painting of Hipparchia and Crates from the
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The philosophy of Cynicism: an annotated bibliography
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607:Cynogamia, sive de Cratetis et Hipparches amoribus
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1127:The New Oxford Companion to Literature in French
330:, as to what may have been written on her tomb:
668:(1989) (translated in English under the title
345:: for wisdom is better than mountain running.
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1182:(Two volume ed.), Loeb Classical Library
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637:made Crates and Hipparchia the heroes of his
1102:An Encyclopedia of Continental Women Writers
534:Engraving of Hipparchia and Crates from the
262:on the streets of Athens with her husband.
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644:(1804). Crates and Hipparchia feature in
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1524:Metic philosophers in Classical Athens
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1032:The Cynic Epistles: A Study Edition
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1194:, University of California Press,
1143:, University of Chicago Law School
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420:, but Zeno's own radical views on
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1175:Lives of the Eminent Philosophers
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274:Hipparchia was born c. 350 BC in
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970:29, from Wimbush, L., (1990),
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609:in 1676. In the same century,
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341:My name shall be greater than
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286:, where Hipparchia's brother,
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1100:Katharina M. Wilson, (1991),
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656:, 1896). The American writer
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1043:Hugh Gerald Arthur Roberts,
945:, a courtesan nicknamed the
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862:Diogenes Laërtius, vi. 88
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242:. She was the sister of
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1327:Anaximenes of Lampsacus
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666:L'Étude et le rouet
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446:Engraving from 1580
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1164:Laërtius, Diogenes
1076:No Cross, No Crown
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59:
49:
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21:
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1336:
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927:
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858:
849:
844:, p. 42
824:
819:
811:
804:
795:
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717:
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694:
669:
665:
661:
653:
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622:
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599:Pierre Petit
596:
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588:
578:
575:William Penn
570:
566:
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484:
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334:
326:ascribed to
319:
299:
294:philosopher
273:
264:
185:
184:
62:
53:
37:
33:
1448:Asclepiades
1408:Agathobulus
1307:Onesicritus
1297:Antisthenes
1188:Long, A. A.
397:The Bacchae
236:philosopher
1478:Categories
1463:Sallustius
1337:Hipparchia
1115:Palimpsest
953:quoted by
823:Apuleius,
751:Hipparchia
709:References
702:Hipparchia
662:Hipparchia
563:Jacob Cats
540:Jacob Cats
351:Philosophy
1443:Heraclius
1433:Pancrates
1423:Theagenes
1398:Demetrius
1386:Roman era
1362:Menedemus
1347:Cleomenes
1342:Metrocles
1317:Philiscus
1290:Greek era
955:Athenaeus
842:Long 1996
496:did with
402:Euripides
288:Metrocles
244:Metrokles
129:c. 280 BC
111:c. 350 BC
46:and help
1438:Crescens
1428:Oenomaus
1393:Favonius
1377:Meleager
1367:Cercidas
1357:Menippus
1302:Diogenes
1166:(1925),
1129:, p. 450
691:Namesake
510:Maroneia
431:Republic
418:Stoicism
390:garment.
343:Atalanta
320:anaideia
312:Apuleius
300:cynogamy
276:Maroneia
248:Maroneia
174:Cynicism
115:Maroneia
88:Ἱππαρχία
56:May 2023
36:between
1413:Demonax
1312:Monimus
1151:Sources
1028:Epistle
1011:Epistle
998:Epistle
985:Epistle
968:Epistle
947:Dog-Fly
893:(1991).
825:Florida
633:writer
627:convent
583:puritan
565:in his
498:Theseus
387:sophism
324:epigram
260:poverty
1332:Crates
1216:
1198:
1161:
987:30, 32
943:Nicion
788:Krates
786:Suda,
749:Suda,
631:German
591:Crates
494:Aethra
452:Greece
284:Athens
280:Thrace
256:Greece
252:Athens
169:School
158:Region
134:Spouse
119:Thrace
1458:Horus
1372:Teles
1034:. SBL
1017:. SBL
697:genus
605:poem
603:Latin
561:poet
559:Dutch
519:Maron
304:stoas
292:Cynic
233:Cynic
225:Greek
1352:Bion
1214:ISBN
1196:ISBN
880:The
658:H.D.
456:Rome
424:and
422:love
374:Suda
371:The
365:Rome
270:Life
126:Died
108:Born
827:14.
648:'s
615:nun
550:'s
538:by
454:or
426:sex
400:of
207:ɑːr
148:Era
1480::
1236:.
1172:,
1000:33
915:^
878:,
832:^
779:^
767:^
740:^
728:^
695:A
512::
462:'
363:,
278:,
227::
223:;
117:,
1275:e
1268:t
1261:v
1242:.
974:.
790:.
753:.
652:(
621:(
569:(
219:/
216:ə
213:i
210:k
204:p
201:ˈ
198:ɪ
195:h
192:/
188:(
69:)
63:(
58:)
54:(
50:.
40:.
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