History of animation

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theatre owners were willing to pay for them. Short cartoons were relatively expensive and could now be dropped from the program without people losing interest in the main feature, which became a sensible way to reduce costs when more and more potential movie-goers seemed to stay at home to watch movies on their television sets. Most cartoons had to be re-released several times to recoup the invested budget. By the end of the 1960s most studios had ceased producing theatrical cartoons. Even Warner Bros. and Disney, with occasional exceptions, stopped making short theatrical cartoons after 1969. Walter Lantz was the last of the classic cartoon producers to give up when he closed his studio in 1973.

3775:(1973) made Bakshi the first since Disney to have two financially successful animated feature films in a row. The film utilized an artistic blend of techniques with still photography as the background in parts, a live-action scene of models with painted faces rendered in negative cinematography, a scene rendered in very limited sketchy animation that was only partly colored, detailed drawing, archival footage, and most characters animated in a consistent cartoon style throughout it all, except the last ten minutes which were fully filmed as a standard live-action film. He continued to experiment with different techniques in most of his next projects. His next projects 1882: 1617: 502:

mixed techniques. While some were made as experiments (for example, a 20-minute drawn animation showing the flight of birds in a continuous line), most of his films were made for the educational purpose of showing ballet dancers what their choreography should look like. The puppet animations ranged in length from just over a minute to 10 minutes long. Shiryaev's films were only screened within the Mariinsky Theatre for the performers, not publicly, and were generally unknown until 2003, when Russian documentarist and ballet historian Viktor Bocharov released a one-hour movie titled

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coincided with the maturation of the "Nine Old Men", a tightly knit group of animators whom Walt entrusted with the development and animation of the films especially as Walt devoted increasingly more time to the construction of parks and other projects. Animators typically regard this period in the studio's history as the most accomplished in terms of the draftsmanship and overall quality of animation. Animation, character designs, and model sheets from this period are still used as reference by animation schools and studios today. "

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the end of the film McCay would walk behind the projection screen, seamlessly being replaced with a prerecorded image of himself entering the screen, getting on the cartoon dinosaur's back and riding out of frame. McCay personally hand-drew almost every one of the thousands of drawings for his films. Other noteworthy titles by McCay are

3493:. In general, anime was developed with limited-animation techniques that put more emphasis on aesthetic quality than on movement compared to US animation. It also applies a relatively "cinematic" approach with zooming, panning, complex dynamic shots, and more attention to backgrounds which were instrumental to creating an atmosphere. 1689:(1934) and most of the following episodes. The process involved three-dimensional sets built and sculpted on a large turntable. The photographed cells were placed within the movable set so that the animated characters would appear to move in front and behind the 3D elements within the scene when the turntable was made to rotate. 1624: 1623: 1625: 567: 2326: 1322: 569: 5899:(2009) was a moderate commercial and critical success, but not the comeback hit for traditional features that the studio had hoped it would be. Its perceived failure was mostly blamed on the use of "princess" in the title causing potential movie-goers to think it was only for little girls, and old-fashioned. 1330: 1326: 1325: 1321: 1320: 221: 217: 3396:

nurture the next generation of talent. The departure of Don Bluth sapped the studio of many veterans and forced many young animators into taking on bigger responsibilities. By the early 1980s, the Nine Old Men had retired, many veterans were gone, and this cohort was struggling to keep the studio viable.

6692: 1327: 218: 6272:, stop motion became a branch of animation that has been much less dominant than hand-drawn animation and computer animation. Nonetheless, there have been many successful stop-motion films and television series. Among the animators whose work with animated puppets has received the highest acclaim are 3878:

Anime import offered relatively inexpensive animated series, but some European broadcasters thought of animation as something for young children and programmed anime series accordingly. This led to a lot of criticism when some programs were deemed too violent for children. Child-friendly adaptions of

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featured an early example of character development in drawn animation. It was also the first film to combine live-action footage with animation. Originally, McCay used the film in his vaudeville act: he would stand next to the screen and speak to Gertie who would respond with a series of gestures. At

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that included animated elements, although this concerns just a few frames of changes in drawings. It shows Blackton doing "lightning sketches" of a face, cigars, a bottle of wine and a glass. The face changes expression when Blackton pours wine into the face's mouth and when Blackton takes his cigar.

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animated many monsters and creatures for live-action Hollywood films, using models or puppets with armatures. In comparison, hand-drawn animation has relatively often been combined with live-action, but usually in an obvious fashion and often used as a surprising gimmick that combines a "real" world

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launched in 1981 and further popularized the music video medium, which allowed relatively free artistic expression and creative techniques, since everyone involved wanted their video to stand out. Many of the most celebrated music videos of the 1980s featured animation, often created with techniques

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Most theatrical cartoons had been produced for non-specific audiences. Dynamic action and gags with talking animals in clear drawing styles and bright colors were naturally appealing to young children, but the cartoons regularly contained violence and sexual innuendo and were often screened together

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worked at the Slide Company (soon renamed to Kansas City Film Ad Company), which produced cutout animation commercials. Disney started experimenting with drawn animation techniques in his parents' garage and managed to sell a series that satirized current local topics to the owner of the three local

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was a Russian ballet dancer, ballet master, and choreographer who served at the Mariinsky Theatre who is credited with the independent invention of stop motion animation. From 1906 to 1909, he created the earliest known animated films made in Russia, using puppet animation, hand-drawn animation, and

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partly depended on the novelty of a technique that was able to record and reproduce life-like motion pictures. During the first years, drawing animated pictures seemed an archaic technique in comparison, until some artists produced popular and influential animated shorts and producers embraced cheap

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was mainly a medium for releases that were not expected to be popular enough to warrant a theatrical release or TV broadcast and therefore often produced on a much lower budget). Naturally, the OVA medium was also suited for the consumption of erotic and pornographic animation. The first erotic OVA

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prohibited "block bookings" in which hit feature films were exclusively offered to theatre owners in packages together with newsreels and cartoons or live-action short films. Instead of receiving a reasonable percentage of a package deal, short cartoons had to be sold separately for the prices that

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before his death in 1966. After Walt's passing, the studio went into a period of long decline. Led by the Nine Old Men, the studio continued to produce films that were successful enough to enable the continuation of the studio. As veteran animators began to age, a training program was introduced to

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process that eliminated the inking process. Although the relatively sketchy look produced by the xerox process is often maligned by historians and critics, the animators at the time embraced being able to have their drawings transferred directly onto the finished picture. This period at Disney also

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in 1916. Hearst lured most of Barré Studio's animators away, with Gregory La Cava becoming the head of the studio. They produced adaptations of many comic strips from Heart's newspapers in a rather limited fashion, giving just a little motion to the characters while mainly using the dialog balloons

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In contrast to the international film market (developed during the silent era when language problems were limited to title cards), TV-pioneering in most countries (often connected to radio broadcasting) focused on the domestic production of live programs. Rather than importing animated series that

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developed the peg system that made it easier to align drawings by perforating two holes below each drawing and placing them on two fixed pins. He also used a "slash and tear" technique to not have to draw the complete background or other motionless parts for every frame. The parts where something

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series of animated films each contained 300 to 700 frames manipulated back and forth to last 10 to 15 minutes per film. A background scene was projected separately. Piano music, song and some dialogue were performed live, while some sound effects were synchronized with an electromagnet. The first

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At the end of the 1950s, several studios dedicated to TV animation production started competing. While the focus for competition in theatrical animation had been on quality and innovation, it now shifted to delivering animation quickly and cheaply. Critics noted how the quality of many shows was

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American cel-animated films dominated the worldwide production and consumption of theatrical animated releases since the 1920s. Disney's work especially proved to be very popular and influential around the world. Studios from other countries could hardly compete with American productions so many

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were big flops on big budgets and it looked like Disney would only continue with 3D computer animation. Financial analysis in 2006 proved that Disney had lost money on their animation productions in the previous ten years. In the meantime, Pixar's CGI features did extremely well. To turn things

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Anime was first domestically broadcast on TV in Japan in 1960. The export of theatrical anime features started around the same time. Within a few years, several anime TV series was made that would also receive varying levels of airplay in the United States and other countries, starting with the

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were basically traditional toy magic lanterns, adapted with one or two small spools that used standard "Edison perforation" 35mm film, a crank, and a shutter. These projectors were intended for the same type of "home entertainment" toy market that most of the manufacturers already provided with

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Animation for Saturday morning US TV programming had grown formulaic by the end of the 1970s being based on older cartoons and comic strip characters (Superfriends, Scooby Doo, Popeye) The demand for more cartoon content arose with the Reagan administration deregulation of children's cartoons

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coined the term "illustrated radio" to refer to the shoddy style of most television cartoons that depended more on their soundtracks than visuals. Some producers also found that limited animation looked better than the fully animated styles on the small black-and-white TV screens of the time.

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Only a few animation studios were active in Europe and starting a new studio required a lot of time, effort, and money. For European producers interested in animated series, it made sense to collaborate with Japanese studios that could provide affordable animation of relatively high quality.

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thought that the idea of "grown men sitting in cubicles drawing butterflies floating over a field of flowers, while American planes are dropping bombs in Vietnam and kids are marching in the streets, is ludicrous." He, therefore, created a more sociopolitical type of animation, starting with

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technique. This involved animating moving objects on transparent celluloid sheets. Animators photographed the sheets over a stationary background image to generate the sequence of images. This, as well as Bray's innovative use of the assembly-line method, allowed John Bray Studios to create

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Hand-drawn animation continued to be very popular outside of the US, most notably in Japan, where traditionally styled anime remained the dominant technique. The popularity of anime continued to rise domestically, with a record-high 340 anime series airing on television in 2015, as well as

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turn mainstream in theatres. The production process and visual style of CGI lend themselves perfectly to 3D viewing, much more than traditional animation styles and methods. However, many traditionally animated films can be very effective in 3D. Disney successfully released a 3D version of

2753:. The sparser type of animation which originally had been an artistic choice of style for UPA was embraced as a means to cut back production time and costs. Full-frame animation ("on ones") became rare in the United States, outside its use for a decreasing amount of theatrical productions. 927: 2649:(1956). The distinctive style was influential and even affected the big studios, including Warner Bros. and Disney. Apart from effective freedom in artistic expression, UPA had proved that sparser animation could be appreciated as much as (or even more than) the expensive lavish styles. 393:

technique). These very short films typically depicted a simple repetitive action and most were designed to be projected as a loop - playing endlessly with the ends of the put together. The lithograph process and the loop format follow the tradition that was set by the stroboscopic disc,

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often poor in comparison to classic cartoons, with rushed animation and run-of-the-mill stories. Network executives were satisfied as long as there were enough viewers, and the huge amounts of young viewers were not bothered with the lack of quality that the critics perceived. Watching

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animation producers outside the US chose to work with techniques than other cel animation, such as puppet animation or cut-out animation. However, several countries (most notably Russia, China, and Japan) developed their own relatively large "traditional" animation industries. Russia's

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moving about and encountering all manner of morphing objects, such as a wine bottle that transforms into a flower. There are also sections of live action where the animator's hands enters the scene. The film was created by drawing each frame on paper and then shooting each frame onto

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from Screen Gems, and earned Oscar nominations for their first two theatrical shorts in 1948 and 1949. While the field of animation was dominated by anthropomorphic animals at the time when the studio was allowed to create a new character, they came up with the near-sighted old man.

2618:) had a different artistic vision. They developed a much sparser and more stylized type of animation, inspired by Russian examples. The studio was formed in 1943 and initially worked on government contracts. A few years later they signed a contract with Columbia Pictures, took over 2733: 820: 354: 476:: the single change to the scenes was the replacement of a drawing by a similar drawing with a different facial expression. In some scenes, a drawn bottle and glass were replaced by real objects. Blackton had possibly used the same technique in a lost 1896 lightning sketch film. 2972:(1959) lost money at the box office and caused doubts about the future of Walt Disney's animation department. Like "Alice in Wonderland" and most of Disney's flops, it would later be commercially successful through re-releases and would eventually be regarded as a true classic. 1219: 1091: 1332: 5165: 1331: 1329: 1328: 222: 1336: 1333: 1324: 437: 220: 1334: 2748:

The scheduling constraints of the 1950s American TV animation process, and notable issues of resource management (higher quantity needed to be made in less time for a lower budget compared to theatrical animation), led to the development of various techniques now known as

2220:(1941/1942) were all received favorably by critics, but failed at the box office during their initial theatrical runs. The primary cause was that World War II had cut off most foreign markets. These setbacks discouraged most companies that had plans for animated features. 95:, but in practice, computer animation with a relatively two-dimensional appearance, stark outlines and little shading, will generally be considered "traditional animation" even if it is created on a computer. The first feature movie made on computers, without a camera, is 1337: 933: 932: 931: 485:

is often regarded as the oldest known hand-drawn animation on standard film. It features a sequence made with blackboard drawings that are changed between frames to show two faces changing expressions and some billowing cigar smoke, as well as two sequences that feature

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and cable channels now targeted toward children. Cartoons reflecting action, fantasy, and science fiction were common, with more complex narratives than cartoons of the previous decade. Several popular animated TV series of this time were based on toy lines, including

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in 1930. Bosko was the star of 39 Warner Bros. cartoons before Harman and Ising took Bosko to MGM after leaving Warner Bros. After two MGM cartoons, the character received a dramatic make-over that was much less appreciated by audiences. Bosko's career ended in 1938.

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and European hand-drawn productions). Computer animation is mostly associated with a three-dimensional appearance with detailed shading, although many different animation styles have been generated or simulated with computers. Some productions may be recognized as

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for moral guidelines was applied in 1930 and rigidly enforced between 1934 and 1968. It had a big impact on filmmakers who had liked to create relatively saucy material. An infamous example, Betty Boop suffered greatly when she had to be changed from a carefree

830: 637: 635: 632: 425: 822: 2503:, but remained on the Universal lot and continued to produce cartoons for Universal to distribute. When Oswald's popularity dwindled and the character was eventually retired in 1938, Lantz's productions went without successful characters until he developed 438: 5907:(2011) received favorable reviews, but failed at the box office and was Disney's most recent traditional feature to date, though the studio has stated in 2019 and 2023 that they are open to proposals from filmmakers for future hand-drawn feature projects. 4215:

Mostly in retrospect, Disney feature films have been perceived as going through a dark age in the decades after Walt Disney died in 1966 (despite a more steady string of box office successes than during the decades in which Walt was alive). The failure of

4184:(1986–1987). Other cartoons were based on superhero comics, TV personalities (Garry Coleman, Chuck Norris, Mr. T), other live-action shows (Alf, Punky Brewster) adult action or science fiction movies (Robocop, Rambo, Ghostbusters, Teen Wolf), video games ( 1221: 435: 433: 636: 439: 432: 431: 430: 428: 2730: 1620: 441: 440: 436: 355: 5079:

to replicate Disney's success by turning their animated films into Disney-styled musicals. The 90s are sometimes referred to as the "Renaissance Age of Animation" for animation as a whole, including both theatrical animated films and cartoon TV series.

2030: 434: 429: 1094: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6693: 2235:(1941), animated in a relatively simple style and only 64 minutes long. The limited length and economically efficient techniques helped the movie make a profit at the box office, and critics and audiences reacted positively. Disney's next feature 2028: 3866:(1978) was a huge international success. It featured animal characters that looked more realistic than anthropomorphic, against watercolor backgrounds. Despite its dark and violent aspects, it was deemed suitable for all ages in the UK and rated 6698: 3307:

explained: "We are not making animated cartoons. We are photographing 'motorized movement' and—the biggest trick of all—combining it with live-action... Footage that Disney does for $ 250,000 we do for $ 18,000." Their most famous trick was the

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When it became known that Disney was working on a feature-length animation, critics regularly referred to the project as "Disney's folly", believing that audiences could not stand the expected bright colors and jokes for such a long time.

1737:, but it was the recognizable characters that stuck with audiences. Mickey Mouse was the first cartoon superstar who surpassed Felix the Cat's popularity, but soon dozens of cartoon superstars followed, many remaining popular for decades. 1166:(1921–1936) series, premiered on 1 September 1928 with a synchronized soundtrack that contained dialogue. Terry was urged to add the novelty against his wishes by the new studio owner Van Beuren. Although the series and its main character 1942:. It was received quite positively by critics, but did not become a hit and was an economic fiasco for the filmmaker. Cristiani soon realized that he could no longer make a career with animation in Argentina. The only other feature film, 546:

was a big hit in France and other European countries, and would have been the film that inspired local filmmakers, including Émile Cohl, to start working with the innovative animation technique. De Chomon also made the related short film

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with transparent hand-painted colorful pictures on a long perforated strip wound between two spools, which he patented in December 1888. From 28 October 1892 to March 1900, Reynaud gave over 12,800 shows to over 500,000 visitors at the

1373:(November 1928) involves the making of sounds, for instance Mickey uses livestock aboard the boat as musical instruments. The film became a huge success and Mickey Mouse would soon become the most popular cartoon character in history. 2185:, was meant to inspire dreams and hope for peace. The main characters are an anthropomorphic monkey, dog, bear, and pheasant who become parachute troopers (except the pheasant who becomes a pilot) tasked with invading the island of 634: 2698:

similarly found a new life in TV shows for children, with many reruns, for decades. Instead of studio settings and live-action presentations, some shows would feature new animation to present or string together the older cartoons.

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system replaced the expensive method of inking and coloring cells by hand and provided filmmakers with new creative tools. By 1990, the boom of animated hits was heralded as a comeback that might rival the golden age of cartoons.

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or Reiniger created depth of field by putting scenographic elements and figures on several levels of glass plates with illumination from below and the camera vertically above. Later, a similar technique became the basis for the

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theme park that opened in 1955. Walt Disney personally hosted the series that –apart from older cartoons– featured segments with looks behind the scenes at film-making processes or with new live-action adventures among others.

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usually would have to be dubbed, children's programming could more easily and more cheaply be produced in other ways (for instance, featuring puppetry). One notable method was the real-time "animation" of cutout figures in

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Warner Bros. had a vast music library that could be used in cartoons, and inspired many cartoons as well, while Disney needed to create the music for every cartoon. Leon Schlesinger sold Warner Bros. a second series called

3481:(1974–1976) was the last new series, but Pink Panther cartoons appeared in theaters until 1980, shortly before the demise of the studio in 1981. From 1966 to 1981 DePatie–Freleng also produced many TV series and specials. 1869:

with an innocent sex appeal into a more wholesome and much tamer character wearing a fuller dress. Her boyfriend Bimbo's disappearance was probably also the result of the Code's disapproval of mixed-species relationships.

376:, which they presented at a toy convention in Leipzig in November 1898. Soon after, other toy manufacturers in Germany and France, including Ernst Plank, Georges Carette, and Lapierre, started selling similar devices. The 2269:

animation studio, founded in 1936, employed up to 700 skilled workers and, during the Soviet period, produced 20 films per year on average. Some titles that were noticed outside their respective domestic markets include

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technique of superimposing talking lips on the faces of cartoon characters instead of animating mouths synchronized to dialogue. This optical printing system had been patented in 1952 by Cambria's partner and cameraman

2229:, mostly consisting of a live-action tour of the new studio in Burbank, partly in black and white, with four short cartoons. It was a mild success at the worldwide box office and was followed only a few months later by 6696: 1642:. The most common technique was to have characters move between several layers that could be moved independently, corresponding to the laws of perspective (e.g. the further away from the camera, the slower the speed). 2241:(1942) returned to a larger budget and a lavish style, but the more dramatic story, darker mood, and lack of fantasy elements were not well-received during its initial run and the movie lost money at the box office. 1828:. Disney kept on expanding his studio and started more and more production activities, including comics, merchandise, and theme parks. Most projects were based on the characters developed for theatrical short films. 315:(released between 1896 and 1913) occasionally contain elements that somewhat resemble animation, including painted props or painted creatures that were moved in front of painted backgrounds (mostly using wires), and 912:

series by John Bray Studios (and others). The series resulted from experimental rotoscoped images of Max's brother, Dave Fleischer, performing as a clown, which evolved into the character who would become known as

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animation some years later. It was not until 1906 that proper animated films appeared in cinemas. The dating of some presumed earlier films with animation is contested, while other early films that might have used

5745:(2001), computer animation grew into the dominant animation technique in the US and many other countries. Even animation that looked traditional was often created fully with computers, helped by for instance cel- 568: 2745:

with newsreels and feature films that were not for children. On US television, cartoons were mainly programmed for children, in convenient time slots on weekend mornings, weekday afternoons, or early evenings.

8231:"That Won't Be All, Folks, as Cartoons Make a Comeback : Animation: The recent box-office success of full-length features is creating a new boom in the industry that may rival the 'golden age of the '30s" 7773:"That Won't Be All, Folks, as Cartoons Make a Comeback : Animation: The recent box-office success of full-length features is creating a new boom in the industry that may rival the 'golden age of the '30s" 4682:(1982). Critics appreciated the visuals and action sequences, but not its script and the film flopped at the box office. After failing to get several projects off the ground, Bakshi retired for a few years. 3349:

that was spread and repeated through 126 segments of new animation (occasionally causing people to turn off their TV when live-action footage was repeated, convinced that they had already seen the episode).

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would be widely appreciated, the genre largely remained a relatively obscure avant-garde art form, while direct influences or similar ideas would occasionally pop up in mainstream animation like in Disney's

1323: 219: 5242:, the animation studio behind Rugrats, produced and animated era-defining shows for the children's network, in the 1990s and 2000s. Once the studio faded into obscurity in 2008, they were succeeded by 5177: 2806:

after Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer closed their animation studio in 1957 when MGM considered their back catalog sufficient for further sales. While Hanna-Barbera only made one theatrically released series with

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premiered on 21 December 1937 and became a worldwide success. The film continued Disney's tradition appropriating old fairy tales and other stories, as would most of the Disney features that followed.

194:. Although several pioneers hoped it could be applied to longer scenes for theatrical use, further development of the technique throughout the 19th century mostly concentrated on combinations with the 8199: 5913:(2013) was originally conceived in the traditional style but switched to 3D CGI to enable the creation of certain required visual elements. It became Disney's biggest hit at the time, surpassing both 5198:(1991–1996) garnered widespread acclaim. Throughout its initial run, it was the most popular cable TV show in the United States. Although it was programmed as a children's cartoon, it was notoriously 7911: 5660:(1993). Since then, techniques have developed to the stage that the difference between CGI and real-life cinematography is seldom obvious. Filmmakers can blend both types of images seamlessly with 3303:

only occasionally used traditional animation and would often resort to camera movements, real-time movements between foreground and background cels, and integration of live-action footage. Creator

1783:(1937) and was responsible for much of the energetic animation and irreverent humor associated with the series. The 1930s also saw early anonymous incarnations of characters who would later become 995:

was released in 1918, but it received no press coverage and poor public attendance before it was confiscated by the police for diplomatic reasons. None of Cristiani's feature films have survived.

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image with a plethora of experimental ident bumpers, most of them animated. Animators usually went uncredited, but were free to work in their identifiable styles. For instance, Canadian animator

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The multi-colored lithograph technique of the early European animated film loops for home use seems not to have been applied to theatrically release animated films. While the original prints of

1093: 4574:(1987–1989) was one of the first animated TV shows to recapture the earlier quality and originality of American cartoons. It was produced by Ralph Bakshi and the first season was supervised by 2729: 1479:, most theatrically released animated films before 1930 were black and white. Effective color processes thus were a welcome innovation in Hollywood and seemed especially suitable for cartoons. 542:. If the release dates are correct (and if translated titles have not been mixed up), Blackton must have been inspired by De Chomón's work rather than vice versa, but it has been believed that 352: 1544:. Disney temporarily had a deal for the exclusive use of Technicolor's full-color technique in animated films. He even waited before producing the ongoing Mickey Mouse series in color, so the 928: 5141:(1996) was a financial success at the time but contained very dark and adult themes and has since become one of Disney's lesser-known films, although it has a cult following. Only the sequel 4578:, who allowed plenty of artistic freedom for the animators. Rather than being a nostalgic rehash of the original Terrytoons series, it tried to recreate the quality and the zany humor of the 1822:

separate from animators would focus on developing the story alone, which proved its worth when Disney studio released, in 1933, the first animated short to feature well-developed characters:

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needed to be changed for the next frame were carefully cut away from the drawing and filled in with the required change on the sheet below. After Barré had started his career in animation at

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were still the norm and music was still a relevant element, but often lost its main stage appeal to Disney's melodramatic storytelling or the wild humor in Looney Tunes and other cartoons.

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is sometimes regarded as an unofficial sequel after Bakshi's intended second part was not made, but they had already independently started their adaptation of the story on television with

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in the U.K. and Japanese educational films. During World War II, animation became a common medium for propaganda. The US government contracted its best studios to work for the war effort.

3259:, and other violent acts made the public less at ease with violence in entertainment, networks hired censors to ban anything deemed too violent or suggestive from children's programming. 3109:(1966–1967). Animation for all of these series was produced at Gamma Studios in Mexico. Total Television stopped producing after 1969 when General Mills no longer wanted to sponsor them. 821: 5491:. Originally the programming consisted of classic cartoons from the back catalogs of Warner Bros, MGM, Fleischer/Famous, and Hanna-Barbera. From 1996 to 2003, new original series ran as 4656:(1981) was another success, was mostly made with the rotoscope technique in combination with some watercolors, computer graphics, live-action shots, and archival footage. His next film 3946:"is considered by many to be not just the best animator of his era, but the best of all time", according to Peter Finn. He released a handful of award-winning short films in the 1970s: 3629:(1969) by Marv Newland, another underground short film for adults, is considered a great classic and, based on a poll of 1,000 people working in the animation industry, was included in 1718:

After the additions of sound and color were a huge success for Disney, other studios followed. By the end of the decade, almost all the theatrical cartoons were produced in full color.

591:, with imaginative use of stop motion techniques. His next short can be regarded as the first animated film using what would come to be known as traditional animation methods: the 1908 4462:

that had influenced the language of animation in the 1920s and 1930s. At this time, many of the Nine were in the process of retiring. As an inside joke, many students in the classroom

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As cutouts often have been hand-drawn and some productions combine several animation techniques, cutout animation can sometimes look very similar to hand-drawn traditional animation.

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Cutout techniques were relatively often used in animated films until cel animation became the standard method (at least in the United States). The earliest animated feature films, by

4601: 3663:(1968) showed a broad audience how animation could be quite different from the well-known television cartoons and Disney features. Its distinctive design came from the art director 3569:

TV specials were relatively adult-oriented, while the specials were also enjoyable for children. In 1969 director Bill Mendelez expanded the success of the series to cinemas with

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in 1968. While television programming of animation had made most people think of it as a medium for children or family entertainment, new theatrical animations proved otherwise.

2027: 8300: 6695: 2007:. It was specially made for this broadcast by former Disney employee Chad Grothkopf, mainly with cutouts and a bit of cel animation. About a year later, on 3 May 1939, Disney's 5255:

Before 1991, Nickelodeon would import cartoons from other channels to their network, which is a practice that remains ongoing. Examples of cartoons imported to Nickelodeon are

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on Tuesday evenings on the New York WABD-TV channel, was one of the first TV series for children and featured many classic Van Beuren Studios cartoons. It was continued on the

426: 633: 5627:) dominated the animated television industry. These three channels are considered to be the "Big Three" of children's entertainment even today, but especially in the 1990s. 3939:(Italy 1971, 1978, 1986) is a popular animation series with the main character that is a part of an otherwise straight white line that runs horizontally across the screen. 3443:

in 1963 after Warner Bros. closed their animation department, was the only studio that found new success with short theatrical cartoon series after the 1950s. They created

8039: 4096:(1979) was made by Annabelle Jackel and Rocky Morton, known for their animated commercials. Despite an initially lukewarm reception, the video has since received acclaim. 1526:

series, started in 1929, was less popular than Disney had hoped, he turned to new technological innovation to improve the impact of the series. In 1932 he worked with the

2094:

was involved in screenwriting and the series was directed by Chuck Jones. Disney also produced several instructive shorts and even personally financed the feature-length

3787:(1975, suffered from protests against its perceived racism while satirizing it) were far less successful, but received more appreciation later on and became cult films. 3230:

animated series and became immensely popular, it remained the longest-running network animated television series for three decades. Hanna-Barbera scored more hits with

4226:

cited Disney's failure to train new animators during the 1960s and early 1970s as a reason for the decline, with Disney relying instead on an aging group of veterans.

2080:

To instruct service personnel about all kinds of military subjects and to boost morale, Warner Bros. was contracted for several shorts and the special animated series

3867: 3927:

Short animated films mostly became a medium for film festivals in which independent animators showcased their talents. With the big studios away from the field, the

1289:(who had already appeared in the Laugh-O-Gram fairy tales without a name). When Disney moved to Hollywood, he managed to close a deal with New York film distributor 3317:

and was first used for popular "talking animal" commercials. The method would later be widely used for comedic effect, but Cambria used it straight in their series

2627:(1949) became a hit and would be featured in many short films. Between 1949 and 1959, UPA received 15 Oscar nominations, winning their first Academy Award with the 1771:

continued without recurring characters. Eventually, the two series became indistinguishable and produced many new characters that became popular. Animator/director

5648:

More or less photo-realistic 3D animation has been used for special effects in some commercials and films since the 1980s before breakthrough effects were seen in

3559: 961:

and attracted a large audience, eventually becoming one of the most recognized cartoon characters in film history. Felix was the first cartoon to be merchandised.

687:

Between 1915 and 1916 Dudley Buxton and Anson Dyer produced a series of 26 topical cartoons, during WWI, mainly utilising cutout animation, which they released as

3112:

Many of the American animated TV series from the 1960s to 1980s were based on characters and formats that had already proved popular in other media. UPA produced

2256:(1944)), Disney kept faith in animated features. Only a few other American animation studios managed to release more than a handful of features before the 1990s. 299:

Despite the success of Reynaud's films, it took some time before animation was adapted in the film industry that came about after the introduction of Lumiere's

906:: the process of using live-action film recordings as a reference point to more easily create realistic animated movements. The technique was often used in the 6435:. Similar stylistic choices and blends with different techniques in computer animation have made it harder to differentiate between "traditional", cutout, and 4700:

and was co-produced by its founder. Mixed reviews thought the film was uneven, juvenile, and sexist. It was eventually followed in 2000 by the poorly received

4941:

Early experiments with computers to generate (abstract) moving images had been conducted since the 1940s but had not garnered much attention until commercial

3489:

Japan was notably prolific and successful with its style of animation, which became known in the English language initially as Japanimation and eventually as

9594: 6500: 1818:(1934). Disney also realized that the success of animated films depended upon telling emotionally gripping stories; he developed a "story department" where 9333: 9231: 9216: 7901: 6473: 6461: 5053:

The 1990s saw Disney release numerous films that were both critically and commercially successful, returning to heights not seen since their heyday of the

3589: 2657:

The back catalog of animated cartoons from many studios, originally produced for a short theatrical run, proved very valuable for television broadcasting.

1548:

would have their special appeal to audiences. After the exclusivity deal lapsed in September 1935, full-color animation soon became the industry standard.

55:

in 1888. Between 1895 and 1920, during the rise of the cinematic industry, several different animation techniques were developed or re-invented, including

5879:(2007) tested whether new paperless animation processes could be used for a look similar to cartoons of the 1940s and 1950s, with Goofy returning to his " 3554:(1928), presumably made by famous animators for a private party in honor of Winsor McCay, and not publicly screened until the late 1970s. After 1934, the 618:

During the 1910s larger-scale animation studios come into being and solo artists faded from the public eye. The first known professional female animator,

10176: 10149: 7871: 5132: 2861: 389:

starting in 1898 or 1899, but by 1902 at the latest they were produced in color. The pictures were often traced from live-action films (like the later

5474:

banner. By 2001, MTV closed its animation department, began to outsource its animated series, and eventually imported shows from associated networks.

1068:(1940), which Fischinger originally collaborated on until his work was scrapped, and which was partly inspired by the works of Lye or the later movie 6026:

Though the Big Three cartoon channels of the 1990s declined some after 2005, they still produced many new shows. The 21st century Nicktoons included

4409: 1906:, while at least another two earlier animated feature projects remained unfinished. Most of these films (of which only four survive) were made using 8358:"Walt Disney Animation Isn't Opposed to Hand-Drawn Features, Jennifer Lee Talks About Making Changes After John Lasseter's Exit [Interview]" 9420: 7933: 5440:(1991 to 1995) showcased contributions that were mostly created by independent animators specifically for the show and spawned the separate shows 1554:

inspired many cartoon series that boasted various other color systems until Technicolor was not exclusive to Disney anymore, including Ub Iwerks'

1504:

film and the first project Ub Iwerks worked on after he left Disney to set up his studio. In England, the cartoon was released in Harris Color, a

10171: 7812: 4246:

In comparison to the US animation output around the start of the 1980s, international co-productions seemed more imaginative and more promising.

4168: 6342:

Until largely replaced by computer-animated effects, stop motion was also a popular technique for special effects in live-action films. Pioneer

4600:, and then launched as a separate prime-time half-hour sitcom in December 1989. It became one of the biggest cartoon hits in history and is the 7465: 5692:

increased interest in motion graphics and computer animation, spawning many new applications, techniques, and markets for what became known as

5488: 3810:

it became a means to create a look that Bakshi described as "real illustration as opposed to cartoons" for a film that he wanted to be true to

3411:

in 1962, released by Warner Bros. It was well received by critics, but failed at the box office and would be the last feature the studio made.

3140: 2885: 957:, the studio head, took all of the credit for Felix, a common practice in the early days of studio animation. Felix the Cat was distributed by 381:

praxinoscopes and magic lanterns. Apart from relatively expensive live-action films, the manufacturers produced many cheaper films by printing

7256: 5635:

During the 1990s, 3D animation became more and more mainstream, especially in video games, and eventually had a big breakthrough in 1995 with

8099: 5153:(1997) underperformed box-office expectations, but they were both well received amongst the viewers like the other Disney Renaissance films. 3681: 2786:

Disney had entered into TV production relatively early, but for a long time refrained from creating new animated series. Instead, Disney had

8068: 3379:(1963) though over the years it has become one of the least-known Disney features. 1964 saw the release of the live-action/animation hybrid 10144: 5161: 4380: 2812:(1959–1965), they proved to be the most prolific and successful producers of animated television series for several decades. Starting with 1944: 7947: 7007: 6351:

and a fantasy or dream world. Only rarely has hand-drawn animation been used as convincing special effects (for instance in the climax of

4398: 9425: 8728:

Matsumoto, Natsuki (2011). "映画渡来前後の家庭用映像機器" [Home Movie Equipment from Earliest Days of Film in Japan]. In Iwamoto, Kenji (ed.).

7899: 6034: 4282: 1978: 1965: 1902: 1630: 1367:

on hold to start work on a special sound production which would launch the series more convincingly. Much of the action in the resulting

7420: 3928: 2429: 1897: 1541: 4232:, who had left Disney in 1979 together with nine other animators, started to compete with his former employer in cinemas in 1982 with 2783:

programming, up to four hours long, became a favorite pastime of most American children in mid-1960s, and was a mainstay for decades.

1357:

failed to impress a test audience and did not raise sufficient interest of potential distributors. After some live-action movies with

10186: 9373: 9317: 7394: 3769:. The X-rating was used to promote the film and it became the highest-grossing independent animated film of all time. The success of 9435: 9415: 4767: 4450:

Beginning in the mid-1980s, US animation would see a renaissance. This has been credited to a wave of talent that emerged from the

4353:(OVA) became a much-appreciated medium, often with higher-quality productions than those made for TV (in contrast to the US, where 5321:

in 1979 or 1980, and it was soon to be followed by two more failed attempts of original animation, which were the aired pilots of

4533:. The film won several Oscars and helped revive interest in theatrical feature animation and classic cartoons. The fully animated 9472: 9430: 9329: 5434:

The use of animation on MTV increased as the channel started to make more shows that did not fit the "music television" moniker.

5136: 4999:

3D computer animation started to have a much wider cultural impact during the 1980s, demonstrated for instance in the 1982 movie

3806:

the technique was used on archival footage as a solution to budgetary problems and rendered in a psychedelic artistic style. For

3252: 2787: 8043: 4378:(originally devised as a means to bypass Japanese censorship regulations). New anime series based on European material included 3385:(1964) which received 13 Academy Awards nominations, including Best Picture. Disney's biggest animated feature of the 1960s was 5996: 5252:(2001–2006, 2009–2017). Frederator remained active for most of the 2000s and the 2010s, before fading into obscurity by 2017. 5173: 4466:

have inserted the room code into their films, television series, and so forth in the years since. The students of A113 include

4158: 3536:

started in 1969 and is the longest-running animated TV show in the world according to Guinness, with more than 2,250 episodes.

2165: 1307:. The series was successful enough to last 57 episodes, but Disney eventually preferred to create a new fully animated series. 8443: 6382:

Before 1934, Japanese animation mostly used cutout techniques rather than cel animation, because celluloid was too expensive.

5749:

techniques to replicate the desired look of traditional animation (true real-time cel-shading was first introduced in 2000 by

4331:, had built an enormous fandom in Japan and became a big part of the country's mainstream culture. Among anime's many genres, 10181: 10166: 9236: 8977:: Examples and discussion of animation in the early Chinese film industry, from the scholarly website chinesefilmclassics.org 8807: 8769: 8741: 8717: 8677: 8658: 8639: 8620: 8561: 8531: 7723: 7404: 6477: 5685:, a medium that has been experimented with since 1962 and started to see commercial entertainment applications in the 1990s. 5272: 4977:), but computer animation had seldom been seen on TV or in movie theaters (with notable exceptions of some demonstrations of 3697: 2507:

in 1939. The anthropomorphic panda starred in over two dozen cartoons until 1949, but he was soon overshadowed by the iconic

2244:

Although all the other eight Disney features of the 1940s were package films, or combinations with live-action (for instance

4057:

Although the combination of music and animation has had a long tradition, it took some time before animation became part of

10134: 9403: 9398: 9322: 5991: 5542:

Television animation for children also continued to flourish in the United States on other specialized cable channels like

4630: 4619:(1988) had already helped to get the Disney studio back on track, they struck gold with the box office record-breaking hit 3186: 3087: 17: 8927: 8005: 7900:

Charles Bramesco, Alissa Wilkinson, Scott Tobias, Noel Murray, Jenna Scherer, Tim Grierson, and Sam Adams (28 June 2016).

2938:

After a string of package features and live-action/animation combos, Disney returned to fully animated feature films with

67:, and drawn or painted animation. Hand-drawn animation, which mostly consisted of a succession of still images painted on 9445: 9226: 9002: 6469: 3145: 2017:

channel, a few weeks before the short cartoon was released in movie theaters, as part of the first full-evening program.

1030: 8273: 7966: 3262:

Apart from regular TV series, there were several noteworthy animated television (holiday) specials, starting with UPA's

2775:(tested in 1948, original broadcasts in 1949–1952 and 1957–1959), with the successful use of a limited-animation style. 2495:

cartoons in 1929 (reportedly by winning the character and control of the studio in a poker bet with Universal president

2127:. Minnie Mouse and Pluto invited civilians to collect their cooking grease so it could be used for making explosives in 1696:

developed a multiplane camera that could have up to seven layers of artwork. It was tested in the Academy Award-winning

1138:

from June 1926 was probably the first film to feature a bit of synchronized animated dialogue, with an early version of

1051:

made short abstract animations which proved influential. Although some later abstract animation works by, for instance,

9095: 7178:

Who's who in Animated Cartoons: An International Guide to Film & Television's Award-winning and Legendary Animators

4847:(1984), which had attracted the attention of Warner Bros. Records executives and would be partly used again for A-ha's 3816: 3550: 3375: 3256: 2564: 2350:", new studios competed with the studios that survived the sound and color innovation battles of the previous decades. 2158:

Such wartime films were very appreciated. Bugs Bunny became something of a national icon and Disney's propaganda short

1142:

mouthing the words "Follow the ball, and join in, everybody". The Bimbo character was further developed in Fleischer's

722: 9312: 8788: 8696: 8601: 8580: 8512: 8489: 8340: 7682: 7576: 7191: 6824: 5135:

but the viewer and financial reception of both films were successful and each grossing over $ 300 million worldwide.

4892: 4793: 4336: 4276: 3844: 3798: 3583: 3456: 3420: 3264: 3220:

considered suing Hanna-Barbera, but he did not want to be known as "the guy who yanked Fred Flintstone off the air".

1987: 1303:

series (1923–1927), Iwerks also moved to Hollywood, later followed by Ising, Harman, Maxwell, and Film Ad colleague

9440: 9221: 9143: 8200:"What We Learned from a Conversation with James Baxter During Walt Disney Family Museum's Happily Ever After Hours" 6465: 5875: 5085: 5054: 4570: 4451: 2347: 2278: 2225: 2096: 1455:

through the 1930s, animation continued to flourish. Early color processes came into use, along with the use of the

1134: 1100: 726:(1916–1926). The studio employed several animators who would go on to have notable careers in animation, including 610:

near New York City in 1912, where he worked for French studio Éclair and spread its animation technique to the US.

3039: 1540:

technique (the first use in live-action movies came about two years later). The cartoon was successful and won an

9363: 7360: 6146: 5926: 5377: 5282: 5181: 4759: 4672: 4066: 3613: 3558:

gave filmmakers in the United States little leeway to release risky material, until the code was replaced by the

3432: 3405:(1959) (starring Mr. Magoo as Alladin's uncle) for Columbia Pictures, with little success. They tried again with 3401: 3284: 2950: 2369:, while Warner Bros. developed new characters to join their popular Merrie Melodies/Looney Tunes cast, including 1846: 1162: 8213: 8179: 1508:

process, probably as the first theatrically released standalone animated cartoon to boast both sound and color.

660:

gave much more detail to his hand-drawn animations than any animation previously seen in cinemas. His 1914 film

186:). These animated discs had an average of 8 to 16 images that were usually designed as endless loops (like many 160: 10254: 9378: 9307: 9203: 9173: 9153: 7126: 6572: 6560: 6453: 6394:), cutout animation has remained a relatively artistic and experimental medium in the hands of filmmakers like 5965: 5090: 5076: 5063: 5007: 4836: 4747: 4621: 3448: 3370: 3360: 3134: 3093: 2922: 2721: 2406: 1861: 1488:(April 1930), made by Walter Lantz and Bill Nolan, was the first animation presented in two-strip Technicolor. 481: 7879: 7008:"The History of Animation: Advantages and Disadvantages of the Studio System in the Production of an Art Form" 6840: 3814:'s work, with reference material shot with costumed actors in Spain. The more family-oriented television film 2487:

started his animation career at Hearst's studio at the age of 16. He had also worked for the Bray Studios and

987:. This successful 70-minute satire utilized a cardboard cutout technique, reportedly with 58,000 frames at 14 10244: 9821: 9590: 9388: 9178: 9158: 7034: 6666: 6457: 6302: 5859: 5843: 5586: 5313: 4936: 4295: 3200:(1961–1962) was a spin-off of a 1958 novelty song and the subsequent comic books with redesigned versions of 2834: 2272: 2178: 2060: 1008: 34: 9712: 9383: 9208: 9198: 9183: 9163: 8357: 8162: 6674: 6662: 6564: 6544: 6188: 5986: 5574: 4849: 4824: 4174: 4078: 4024: 3391:(1967) which was both a critical and commercial success. This was also the final film that was overseen by 3180: 3168: 3020: 2996: 1403: 954: 739: 692: 675: 329: 5870:. Under Lasseter, the Disney studio developed both traditionally styled and 3D-styled animation projects. 29:

This article is about the history of traditional animation. For the history of stop motion animation, see

9344: 9193: 9168: 8670:

Published proceedings‚ Confia‚ (International Conference on Illustration and Animation)‚ 29–30th Nov 2012

7837: 6670: 6556: 6212: 5903: 5813: 4734: 4562: 4386: 4248: 3646:

popular among teenagers and college students, and the film started to make a profit. Similarly, Disney's

3601: 3386: 3149: 3048: 2968: 2918: 2580: 1180: 8877: 4374:

and is infamous for often containing perverse subject matters, including underage sex, monster sex, and

9717: 9670: 8230: 7772: 6743: 6428: 6224: 6065: 6046: 5807: 5650: 5592: 5095: 4974: 4961:

became huge successes that paved the way for a medium that can be regarded as an interactive branch of

4763:(1986) showed hand-drawn characters against real backgrounds, with stop-motion for objects that moved. 4438: 4307:

parody featuring a mouse became popular with young as well as adult American audiences and spawned the

4193: 4180: 3777: 3499: 3244: 3128: 3032: 2826: 2820: 2465: 2139: 1747:, which until 1939 contractually needed to contain at least one refrain from the music catalog. Unlike 863: 848: 114: 48: 8383: 6000:(2013) was nominated for an Oscar for Best Animated Feature Film Academy Award and many other awards. 4779:(1988) garnered increased popularity for anime outside Japan and is now widely regarded as a classic. 4500:

in 1981, an instructional book that has been voted the best animation book of all time and influenced

1881: 9680: 9393: 9290: 9148: 9055: 8856: 7841: 6753: 6617: 5914: 5895: 5819: 5612: 5460: 4742: 4721: 4609: 4345:(1984–1995), and these series received successful long-running anime adaptations. The relatively new 4218: 4189: 4008: 3848: 3571: 3274: 2879:. One of the few early animated series for TV that was seen outside of the country of production was 2666: 2530: 2441: 1139: 1003:

A number of key events occurred in the 1920s, including the development of the first animations with

593: 575: 8840: 7469: 6388:

While sometimes used as a simple and cheap animation method in children's programs (for instance in

10249: 9959: 9939: 9339: 7260: 6158: 5535: 5194: 5016: 4658: 4542: 4534: 4459: 4350: 4335:(giant-robot science fiction) became particularly iconic. Print manga in particular entered into a 3951: 3717: 3631: 3471: 3444: 2780: 2714: 2645: 2500: 2173: 2119: 2047: 1824: 1492: 879: 712:, he founded one of the first film studios dedicated to animation in 1914 (initially together with 4256:'s SEPP International in collaboration with Hanna-Barbera, was highly successful, and followed by 4133:

was made by Oscar Grillo and won a Palme d'Or for Best Short Film at the Cannes festival in 1980.

691:, The episodes included events such as the shelling of Scarborough by German battleships, and the 10054: 9914: 9368: 8995: 8269: 8095: 8064: 6608: 6269: 6170: 6164: 5323: 5143: 5012: 4712: 4513: 4501: 4491: 3980: 3881: 3781:(finished in 1975, but shelved by Warner Bros. until release in an adjusted version in 1982) and 3659: 3619: 3607:

early on. In animation, anti-war sentiments were present in several short underground films like

3505: 3201: 3174: 3158: 3105: 3012: 2982: 2814: 2662: 2513: 2398: 1969: 1756: 1537: 1398: 1363: 1308: 1151: 844: 772: 669: 652: 97: 5317:(2000-2019). Years before Nick's heyday in the 90s, Nickelodeon launched the (unaired) pilot of 5067:(1989). Their success led other major film studios to establish new animation divisions such as 1315:

took direct control of production and Disney lost his character and most of his staff to Mintz.

771:, the first animated series. Many aspiring cartoonists started their careers at Bray, including 524: 175:

are closely related to animation, with a lot of influence on visual styles and types of humour.

9954: 9732: 9685: 9100: 9075: 8255: 8184: 7951: 7927: 7183: 7011: 6778: 6768: 5661: 5624: 5616: 5499: 5340: 5107: 4693: 4596: 4426: 4204:). Japanese anime series were also edited and combined match to American broadcast guidelines ( 3830: 2940: 2894: 2839: 2611: 2009: 1961: 1752: 613: 283: 277: 8421: 6814: 5554:, and in syndicated afternoon time slots. Examples of animated Disney cartoons in the 90s are 4791:

that differed from standard cel animation. For instance, the iconic video for Peter Gabriel's

4546:

and believed to have helped that movie's quick start at the box-office. In collaboration with

3345:(1965–1966), did not use Syncro-Vox. It contained 40 new live-action segments of the original 2444:

in 1941. The success came too late to save the studio from its financial problems and in 1942

2073:

Several governments had already used animation in public information films, like those by the

1392:

in mind. They were still working for Disney at the time, but they left in 1928 to work on the

10080: 10049: 10039: 9964: 9924: 9695: 9464: 9030: 7326: 6773: 5580: 5368: 5248: 5072: 4638: 4455: 4092: 4084:, animated by Gerald Scarfe, was initially only used as a backdrop for concert performances. 3862: 3460: 2956: 2906: 2708: 2610:

While Disney and most of the other studios sought a sense of depth and realism in animation,

2366: 2312: 2284: 2204: 2160: 2109: 1799: 1277: 1129: 1040: 713: 549: 468: 463: 446: 83: 72: 8903: 7754: 7150: 3839: 2722:

1950s: Shift from classic theatrical cartoons to limited animation in TV series for children

2448:

took over the studio from the resigning Fleischer Brothers. The studio which was renamed to

1271:

produced a series of circa seven-minute modernized fairy tale cartoons, inspired by Terry's

182:

illusion of motion that was introduced in 1833 with stroboscopic discs (better known as the

10223: 10029: 9877: 9861: 9722: 9652: 9622: 9604: 9535: 9524: 9270: 9125: 9085: 8820:

Walt Disney, the Art of Animation: The Story of the Disney Studio Contribution to a New Art

7491: 7282: 7102: 6236: 6140: 6070: 5982: 5801: 5736: 5656: 5448: 5148: 4978: 4969:

convention has been organized to demonstrate developments and new research in the field of

4877: 4551: 4496: 4071: 3935: 3757: 3625: 3099: 3025: 2633: 2252: 2216: 2210: 2041: 1911: 1764: 1655: 1193: 1070: 875: 727: 607: 250: 241: 8974: 6265: 5990:(2010), all grossing more than $ 100 million worldwide and appearing in the top 20 of the 5763:

console). By 2004, only small productions were still created with traditional techniques.

3650:

became popular with TV screenings in this period and with its 1974 theatrical re-release.

1960:

and lasts only 41 minutes. It does meet the official definitions of a feature film by the

515: 8: 10102: 9944: 9882: 9110: 9065: 9035: 7971: 7617: 6728: 6714: 6678: 6395: 6273: 6086: 6014: 5788: 5699: 5678: 5523: 5267: 5157: 5111:(1995) opened to mixed reviews from critics but was a financial success, it received two 4730: 4322: 4290: 4274:(1984–1988) was also handled by SEPP. Other notable international co-productions include 4253: 4185: 3994: 3909: 3381: 3300: 3114: 2560: 2362: 2145: 1721:

Initially, music and songs were the focus of many series, as indicated by titles such as

1290: 1256: 662: 642: 323:, with a single change made to the scene in between shots, that had already been used in 304: 179: 7755:"Docan't believe your eyes! How 'Clutch Cargo' cuts corners as a television comic strip" 4919:

and slowly started introducing more animation in between its music-related programming.

1311:

followed in 1927 and was a hit, but after failed negotiations for continuation in 1928,

10208: 10129: 10059: 10004: 9836: 9826: 9809: 9727: 9585: 9297: 9275: 9120: 9090: 9080: 9050: 8988: 8861: 8828: 8553: 8332: 8326: 8014: 7176: 6783: 6585: 6552: 6432: 6324: 6313: 6261: 6134: 5909: 5604: 5277: 5262: 5243: 5123: 5058: 5048: 4962: 4873: 4806: 4687: 4615: 4432: 4234: 3887: 3232: 2962: 2488: 2445: 2402: 2151: 2133: 1559: 1555: 1358: 1156: 1004: 908: 902:

applied for a patent, which was granted in 1917, for a technique which became known as

768: 751: 498: 454: 79: 6060:

Nicktoon. Following the channel's prime from 1991-2005, there have been cartoons with

4238:. The film garnered critical acclaim but was only a modest success at the box office. 3746: 406: 360: 10214: 9814: 9541: 9482: 9263: 9105: 9070: 9040: 8803: 8784: 8765: 8737: 8713: 8692: 8673: 8654: 8635: 8616: 8597: 8591: 8576: 8557: 8541: 8527: 8508: 8485: 8479: 8336: 7719: 7712: 7678: 7572: 7511: 7400: 7187: 7042: 6820: 6748: 6598: 6568: 6372: 6353: 6343: 6318: 5670:(1999) and its two sequels are usually regarded as breakthrough films in this field. 5436: 5352: 5117: 5022:

During the 1980s, computer animation also became a relatively common means to create

4970: 4942: 4891:

The original Moon landing bumpers on MTV were pulled in early 1986 in the wake of the

4862: 4775: 4667: 4404: 4129: 3346: 3341: 3279: 3122:, active from 1962 to 1989, created few original characters, but many adaptations of 2880: 2750: 2599: 2421: 2382: 2290: 1919: 1841:(1930–1939) and became Fleischer's best-known creation. In the 1930s they also added 1819: 1650: 1611: 1532: 1456: 1206: 1201: 992: 988: 980: 958: 776: 619: 534: 458: 316: 255: 168: 71:, was the dominant technique throughout most of the 20th century and became known as 7492:"The Disney-Fleischer dilemma: product differentiation and technological innovation" 6493: 4820: 2712:(43 five-minute episodes broadcast on Sunday mornings from January to November) and 1077: 10218: 10161: 10044: 10019: 9786: 9759: 9675: 9558: 9531: 9285: 9188: 8447: 7503: 6949: 6928: 6907: 6763: 6733: 6658: 6366: 6200: 6092: 6081: 5858:

around Disney acquired Pixar in 2006, and put creative control over both Pixar and

5825: 5620: 5493: 5487:

was launched in the United States on October 1, 1992, and was soon followed by its

5415: 5224: 5037: 4992: 4981: 4908: 4702: 4556: 4547: 4201: 3962: 3931:

and nominations of the 1970s and 1980s usually went to relatively unknown artists.

3903: 3577: 3440: 3268:(1962), followed a few years later by other classic examples such as the string of 3212: 3074: 3056: 2556: 2508: 1907: 1842: 1639: 1522: 1452: 1385: 1369: 1275:. The studio went bankrupt in 1923, but had already made the unsold 12-minute film 1048: 1017: 867: 859: 796: 755: 735: 538:(23 February 1907) contains stop motion elements that are very similar to those in 487: 64: 6970: 4823:" (1985) famously combined live-action with realistic pencil-drawing animation by 3879:

European stories ensured much more success in Europe, with popular titles such as

3204:. Other series contained unlicensed appropriations. For instance, Hanna-Barbera's 998: 246: 10156: 10075: 10024: 10014: 9969: 9700: 9617: 9546: 9410: 9045: 8818: 7672: 7566: 7421:"The Flip the Frog Project, part 2: Clean-up & the term "Restoration" |" 6758: 6548: 6436: 6418: 6390: 6347: 6230: 6128: 6110: 5831: 5682: 5511: 5484: 5390: 5257: 5211: 5169: 5023: 4984:

as futuristic technologies seen on screens in a few big Hollywood productions as

4903: 4885: 4678: 4575: 4508: 4354: 4124: 4112: 3915: 3783: 3689: 3545: 3517: 3206: 3000:(France, 1952 unfinished feature release, 1980 finished release, influential for 2954:(1951), which flopped at the box office and initially received negative reviews. 2948:). Its success practically saved the company from bankruptcy. It was followed by 2914: 2871: 2771: 2703: 2639: 2595: 2551: 2390: 2197: 1743: 1685: 1582: 1443: 1197: 1170:

had been popular, audiences were not impressed by this first episode with sound.

1167: 1115: 1044: 1036: 866:. Before the studio stopped in 1918, it had employed some new talents, including 731: 386: 183: 92: 8963: 8890: 8707: 8040:"Gunnar Strøm – The Two Golden Ages of Animated Music Video – Animation Studies" 6861:

Animated Film in Japan until 1919. Western Animation and the Beginnings of Anime

5880: 5011:(1985) by the Dire Straits. The concept even spawned a popular faux 3D-animated 1212: 717: 10085: 9974: 9856: 9831: 9690: 9642: 9632: 9497: 9115: 8545: 6738: 6594: 6407: 6376: 6332: 6285: 6218: 6176: 6104: 6061: 6003: 5977: 5718: 5689: 5674: 5543: 5529: 5112: 5031: 4958: 4663: 4522: 4487: 4479: 4393: 4099: 4087: 3792: 3734: 3593:(1980) were the only other theatrical traditionally animated feature films for 3523: 3331: 3314: 3217: 3196: 3001: 2671: 2572: 2449: 2351: 2246: 2131:. There were several more political propaganda short films, like Warner Bros.' 1957: 1831:

Fleischer Studios introduced an unnamed dog character as Bimbo's girlfriend in

1807: 1693: 1664: 1598: 1576: 1570: 1564: 1505: 1463:

debuted in theatres—the first full-length traditionally animated feature film.

1299: 1286: 1282: 1268: 1189: 1120: 1109: 1056: 914: 871: 807: 709: 369: 265: 227: 203: 140: 60: 8935: 8278: 8126: 8104: 8073: 7507: 6489: 3565:

Arguably, the philosophical, psychological, and sociological overtones of the

2802:

William Hanna and Joseph Barbera (the creators of Tom and Jerry) continued as

2378: 1924: 704: 414:

and it was probably made in imitation of similar Western printed film strips.

10238: 9841: 9774: 9627: 9520: 9487: 8501: 7906: 7515: 7439: 7046: 6602: 6399: 6336: 6242: 6206: 6076: 5959: 5863: 5755: 5562: 5481: 5466: 5373: 5101: 5027: 4920: 4916: 4899: 4810: 4755: 4726: 4725:(1982) contained 15 minutes worth of animated segments by British cartoonist 4585: 4530: 4471: 4421: 4417: 4309: 3943: 3853: 3771: 3729: 3664: 3604: 3477: 3465: 3452: 3269: 3153: 3078: 3005: 2910: 2845: 2824:(1958, the first half-hour television program to feature only animation) and 2808: 2803: 2576: 2469: 2394: 2306: 2295: 2266: 2082: 2074: 1936: 1501: 1438: 1312: 1285:) interacting with numerous cartoon characters, including the Felix-inspired 1264: 1178:

The earliest surviving animated feature film is the 1926 silhouette-animated

1125: 950: 899: 780: 720:

had success with the production of the adaptation of the popular comic strip

603: 324: 308: 300: 136: 8668:

López, Antonio (2012). "A New Perspective on the First Japanese Animation".

5929:, and winning the studio's first Academy Award for a best-animated feature. 5799:

Disney started producing their own 3D-style computer-animated features with

4566:(1988) was equally successful, but Bluth's next five feature films flopped. 4303:

nominations between 1983 and 1987. Also broadcast on Nickelodeon, the witty

975: 584: 10139: 10008: 9949: 9929: 9909: 9851: 9804: 9705: 9637: 9302: 9280: 6710: 6281: 6194: 6182: 6152: 6122: 6116: 6098: 5951: 5886: 5867: 5837: 5741: 5505: 5477: 5407:(1991-1996) prompted more original and relatively daring series, including 5399: 5239: 5203: 4881: 4832: 4828: 4652: 4590: 4518: 4375: 4360: 4304: 3762: 3751: 3722: 3608: 3532: 3436: 3319: 3191: 2890: 2855: 2683: 2679: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2496: 2484: 2417: 2386: 2338: 1929: 1857: 1833: 1803: 1772: 1702: 1484: 1476: 1413: 1408: 1348: 1304: 1185: 1012: 970: 946: 887: 883: 792: 657: 598: 399: 191: 172: 120: 8147: 4745:" and for the tour. Scarfe had also made animations for Pink Floyd's 1977 4424:

and others. Studio Ghibli continued its success with Takahata's WWII film

3667:. The film received widespread acclaim and would prove to be influential. 1873: 1751:

with Bosko, Merrie Melodies only featured a few recurring characters like

10107: 9887: 9665: 9507: 9492: 6634: 6627: 6597:'s most ambitious work and his third feature-length animation, after the 6255: 6028: 5921: 5890: 5517: 5346: 5308: 5292: 5235: 5215: 5199: 5068: 4986: 4950: 4867: 4857: 4738: 4560:(1986) became the highest-grossing non-Disney animated film at the time. 4526: 4366: 4341: 4197: 4058: 4036: 3821: 3741: 3654: 3639: 3617:(1968) (made independently from his employment at Disney) and the parody 3407: 3392: 3325: 3238: 3163: 3082: 2754: 2615: 2568: 2461: 2425: 2374: 2189:. An epilogue hints at America being the target for the next generation. 2087: 1915: 1885: 1815: 1814:(1932), and a character who would soon become the public's new favorite: 1662:

In 1933, Ub Iwerks developed a multiplane camera and used it for several

1527: 1420: 1353: 1260: 1247: 1239: 1233: 1144: 903: 410:(produced between 1907 and 1912), is speculated to be the oldest work of 390: 382: 339: 334: 271: 199: 195: 132: 124: 56: 30: 7992: 5442: 4737:. Some of the film's animated material was previously used for the 1979 2790:

on the air since 1954 in prime time three-hour slots, starting with the

2214:, both released in 1940) and Fleischer Studios' second animated feature 10112: 9979: 9892: 9575: 9570: 9515: 6859: 6423: 6403: 6277: 6052: 5943: 5666: 5598: 5568: 5421: 5409: 5385: 5287: 4802: 4798: 4475: 4467: 4454:- primarily among the cohort that had studied there in the 1970s under 4370:

series (August 1984 – 2005). The genre became internationally known as

4346: 4223: 4209: 4103: 3365: 3309: 3304: 3227: 2850: 2795: 2687: 2504: 2413: 2358: 1939: 1838: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1760: 1592: 1587: 1433: 806:

until 1928. Some of the first cartoon stars from the Bray studios were

784: 554: 473: 320: 312: 164: 7356: 6876: 6645: 6496:, the star of a long-running series of shorts and two motion pictures. 5700:

2000s–2010s: Traditional techniques overshadowed by computer animation

4299:

debuted in September 1981 and would continue until 1992, receiving 11

3851:, and in 2016, it was ranked the 36th-greatest animated movie ever by 10122: 10092: 9902: 9846: 9796: 9764: 9563: 9551: 9477: 9011: 7564: 7327:"Quirino Cristiani, The Untold Story of Argentina's Pioneer Animator" 6613: 6056:(2005-2007). The latter cartoon is considered by many to be the last 6040: 6008: 5760: 5731: 5693: 5641: 5547: 5397:, Animaniacs had adult humour and innuendos. The enormous success of 5335: 4770: 4483: 4229: 4107: 3897: 3712: 3668: 3555: 3289: 3123: 3119: 2886:

Les Aventures de Tintin, d'après Hergé (Hergé's Adventures of Tintin)

2628: 2624: 2587: 2473: 2333: 2104: 2091: 1933: 1792: 1776: 1243: 984: 854: 759: 522:. By 1906, he had used stop motion in several short films, including 156: 143:). Techniques with fanciful three-dimensional moving figures include 52: 43: 6012:(2016, highest-grossing anime film of all time internationally) and 5366:

was the flagship franchise of Nickelodeon before being surpassed by

4839:" in the same year. The A-ha video was inspired by Alex Patterson's 4070:(1974) that was broadcast internationally over decades, often as an 3539: 3178:(1972). Hanna-Barbera turned comedians into cartoon characters with 2301: 1948:—also by Disney—was hand-drawn. It was released seven months before 1918:

techniques. Among the lost animated features were three features by

1645:

Lotte Reiniger had already designed a type of multiplane camera for

1035:

In the early 1920s, the absolute film movement with artists such as

47:, the method for creating moving pictures from still images, has an 10117: 9984: 9934: 9919: 9897: 9769: 9746: 9258: 8980: 6414: 6192:(2011–2019). Following the Disney Renaissance, Disney has produced 5630: 5556: 5551: 5427: 5296: 5207: 4966: 4645: 4205: 3825: 3766: 3765:'s comic books and it was the first animated feature to receive an 3747:

Breakthrough of adult-oriented and counterculture feature animation

3705: 2766: 1952:

to promote that movie's upcoming release. Many do not consider the

395: 152: 8950: 7902:"40 Greatest Animated Movies Ever - 36. 'Fantastic Planet' (1973)" 4064:

Halas and Batchelor produced an animated video for Roger Glover's

3548:

had been produced. A notable exception was the pornographic short

3085:

commercials (1960–1969) and the General Mills-sponsored TV series

3069: 2966:(1955) were hits. The ambitious, much delayed, and more expensive 2223:

Disney cut back on costs for the next features and first released

2055: 2020: 1605: 614:

1910s: From original artists to "assembly-line" production studios

519: 8301:"Disney cancels 'Little Mermaid 3-D,' dates 'Pirates 5' for 2015" 6296: 6057: 5947: 5939: 5811:, but continued to make animated features with traditional look: 5767: 5746: 5300: 5230: 4953:, with very simple two-dimensional black-and-white graphics, and 4840: 4707: 4270: 4153: 3811: 3511: 3064: 2499:). In 1935, the Universal studio was turned into the independent 2186: 1866: 1767:

for the Looney Tunes series, but he lasted only two years, while

1653:

used a similar setup for his intricately detailed 25-minute film

1200:

created visual background effects. French/Hungarian collaborator

1052: 964: 148: 128: 8550:

The Anime Encyclopedia: A Guide to Japanese Animation Since 1917

8331:(1st paperback ed.). New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 8180:"The CalArts Class Who Created a Great Renaissance of Animation" 7257:"A Rather Incomplete but Still Fascinating History of Animation" 6150:(2024-present). Examples of CN cartoons of the 21st century are 5176:. In many ways, these direct-to-video films were similar to the 5038:

1990s: The Disney Renaissance and the rise of computer animation

4629:

was the first piece of feature animation to be created with the

3904:

Wickie und die to starken Männer/小さなバイキングビッケ (Vicky the Viking)

467:(1900) can be regarded as the first theatrical film recorded on 207:

techniques to turn popular comic strips into animated cartoons.

86:

continues to be popular around the world; for example, Japanese

9779: 9754: 9660: 8593:

The Film Industry in Argentina: An Illustrated Cultural History

8034: 8032: 7813:"Guinness Certifies Sazae-san as Longest Running Animated Show" 6706: 6638: 5358: 4594:

started in April 1987 as a short segment in-sketch comedy show

4371: 4264: 4258: 4163: 3447:

in 1963 for the opening and closing credits of the live-action

3060:(Japan, 1959 feature, first anime released in the U.S. in 1961) 2695: 2591: 2370: 1396:

cartoons at Universal for about a year, and then they produced

1389: 1361:

had become successful, Disney put the new Mickey Mouse cartoon

999:

1920s: Absolute film, synchronized sound and the rise of Disney

788: 606:, which gave the picture a blackboard look. Cohl later went to 7035:"Reclaiming a Place in Animation History for a Female Pioneer" 2198:

High ambitions, setbacks, and cutbacks in US feature animation

1972:, which require that the film has to be over 40 minutes long. 1763:

before Harman and Ising left in 1933. Bosko was replaced with

1402:

pilot in May 1929 to shop for a distributor. They signed with

1181:

Die Abenteuer des Prinzen Achmed (Adventures of Prince Achmed)

1132:" above lyrics to guide audiences to sing along to the music. 650:

Starting with a short 1911 film of his most popular character

10034: 9060: 8751:

Needham, Joseph (1962). "Science and Civilization in China".

6339:, stop motion has been regarded as a highly artistic medium. 6308: 6290: 5971: 5957:

Studio Ghibli continued its enormous success with Miyazaki's

5726: 5636: 5454: 5389:(1993–1998, 2020–2023) and in 1999 an Animaniacs film called 5304: 4954: 4912:

character that was allowed to utter his psychotic ramblings.

4831:, who would also direct the groundbreaking computer-animated 4634: 4332: 4328: 4300: 3802:(1978). Both used rotoscoping for massive battle scenes. For 3490: 2237: 2231: 2014: 1999:

In April 1938, when about 50 television sets were connected,

1811: 1381: 1213:

Early Disney: Laugh-O-Grams, Julius, Alice, Oswald and Mickey

411: 87: 8029: 7534: 4540:(1989) was then packaged with the live-action family comedy 4364:

series from February 1984 to May 1985, soon followed by the

3671:

further popularized a similar visual style in his artworks.

2928: 2282:(Russia 1947, winner special jury award in Cannes in 1950), 131:. Popular techniques with moving images before film include 9612: 6644:

1975: Škola Animiranog Filma Čakovec (ŠAF) inaugurates the

6413:

Today, cutout-style animation is frequently produced using

5791:

Pixar titles were not successful enough at the box office.

5750: 5383:

On September 13, 1993, Fox Kids aired the first episode of

5001: 4946: 4816: 4463: 3682:わんぱく王子の大蛇退治 (The Little Prince and the Eight-Headed Dragon) 1511: 1031:

Non-narrative film § 1920s: The absolute film movement

144: 8709:

Of Mice and Magic: A History of American Animated Cartoons

8214:"Disney's ILLUSION OF LIFE tops best animation books poll" 7691: 7431: 7289: 7212: 6984: 5133:

highest-grossing (traditionally) animated film of all time

3414: 1114:

From May 1924 to September 1926, Dave and Max Fleischer's

461:, and one of the first to use animation in his films. His 10097: 8384:"Disney Could Return to 2D Animation, Says Wish Director" 7546: 5285:. The most successful imported cartoon to the channel is 5057:. The period from 1989 to 1999 is now referred to as the 4787: 4148: 4061:

after the medium became a proper genre in the mid-1970s.

3156:

superheroes in 1966. Pop groups got animated versions in

2900: 2876: 2691: 2123:. Daffy Duck asked for scrap metal for the war effort in 2086:. The character was created by the famous movie director 2000: 763: 682: 210: 187: 102: 68: 8854: 8280:

Ultimate collection of 230 MTV ID Idents Adverts Bumpers

7236: 7200: 7071: 5458:(1997–2002). Other 1990s cartoon series on MTV included 5089:(1991) (the first animated film to be nominated for the 3837:

The imaginative French/Czech science fiction production

3581:(1972) was a box-office flop, despite positive reviews. 3560:

Motion Picture Association of America film rating system

3248:(1969–1970, later followed by other Scooby-Doo series). 2818:(1957–1960), they continued with successful series like 1428: 342:

or other animation techniques are lost or unidentified.

8781:

The Shorter Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 2

7622: 7374: 7337: 5954:

licensing and producing an increasing amount of anime.

5866:

as part of the deal. The studios would remain separate

5061:

or the Second Golden Age and began with the release of

4602:

longest-running scripted US primetime television series

3475:(1969–1971), and a handful of other theatrical series. 3463:(1969–1980). Pink Panther was followed by the spin-off 3364:(1961) production costs were restrained, helped by the 3353: 2718:(52 episodes, later also sold to Venezuela and Japan). 2181:. It was designed for children and, partly inspired by 101:(1990), but its style can hardly be distinguished from 8975:

Chinese Film Classics: Animation and cartoons (manhua)

7618:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ocUp840yj2c&t=311s

7224: 7083: 7059: 6888: 6628:

History of animation in Croatia (in former Yugoslavia)

5362:(1998-2001/2005). Initially the long-running Nicktoon 4625:(1989). A shot for the rainbow sequence at the end of 3922: 3742:

1970s: Adult-oriented cartoons and use in music videos

2706:

specifically produced for TV came about in 1949, with

2675:(1948–1951) with a live audience in a studio setting. 1991:

in 1939, which was a minor success at the box office.

813: 758:, which revolutionized the way animation was created. 7799:

The encyclopedia of animated cartoons - Third edition

7741:

The encyclopedia of animated cartoons - Third edition

7658:

The encyclopedia of animated cartoons - Third edition

7643:

The encyclopedia of animated cartoons - Third edition

7301: 6717:", 1914, the first cartoon with personality animation 6501:

Festival Internacional del Nuevo Cine Latinoamericano

4141: 2100:(1943) that promoted the idea of long-range bombing. 1985:

The Fleischer studios followed Disney's example with

291:(created in 1894) would be part of the performances. 82:

is the dominant animation technique in most regions (

8613:

Walt Disney: The Triumph of the American Imagination

7677:. Internet Archive. Dallas, Tex. : Taylor Pub. 7522: 6474:

Animation in the United States in the television era

6462:

Animation in the United States during the silent era

6021: 5311:. The most successful cartoon native to Nick Jr. is 4222:(1985), made on an ambitious budget, was a new low. 3895:

Resulting productions of these arrangements include

2849:(1957–1960, the first animated TV series in color), 1293:, who had just lost the rights to Felix the Cat and 532:(both released in the US in April 1906). Blackton's 457:

was a British-American filmmaker, co-founder of the

10177:

List of animated television series by episode count

8406:Sharp, Jasper (2009). "The First Frames of Anime". 7864: 7396:

Walt before Mickey: Disney's Early Years, 1919-1928

5222:was the third cartoon that premiered together with 4691:(1981) was based on comics published in the popular 51:and a modern history that began with the advent of 8904:"The Untold Story of Argentina's Pioneer Animator" 8507:. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. 8500: 7711: 7571:(in Spanish). Editorial Corregidor, Buenos Aires. 7175: 2862:The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle and Friends 2761: 2166:its tenth Academy Award for cartoon short subjects 1713: 472:The technique used in this film was basically the 178:The principle of modern animation is based on the 119:Animated movies are part of ancient traditions in 8174: 8172: 6427:is a notable example of the transition since its 5883:" role in his first solo appearance in 42 years. 3590:Bon Voyage, Charlie Brown (and Don't Come Back!!) 3540:Early adult-oriented and counterculture animation 2997:Le Roi et l'Oiseau (The King and the Mockingbird) 2357:Disney continued their cartoon successes, adding 2302:Successful theatrical short cartoons of the 1940s 2192: 1530:company to create the first full-color animation 1351:in 1928 to replace Oswald. A first film entitled 852:to deliver the story. The most notable series is 385:drawings. These animations were probably made in 10236: 8540: 7836: 7565:Manrupe, Raúl; Portela, María Alejandra (2001). 6431:was made with paper cutouts before switching to 5631:Breakthrough of computer animation and new media 5271:(2005, 2007–2008), from the Canadian channel of 4880:" (1986) featured animated elements directed by 4646:Adult-oriented theatrical animation in the 1980s 3790:Bakshi found new success with the fantasy films 3674: 3642:reportedly made the 1969 re-release of Disney's 2517:in 1940. Other popular Lantz characters include 1638:Several techniques were developed to create the 810:(by Paul Terry) and Bobby Bumps (by Earl Hurd). 10172:List of animated films by box office admissions 8503:Cartoons: One Hundred Years of Cinema Animation 6577: 6507: 6442: 6331:In the hands of influential filmmakers such as 5766:The first decades of the 21st century also saw 3653:Also influenced by the psychedelic revolution, 3070:US animated TV series and specials in the 1960s 2021:1940s: Feature films and the rise of television 1606:Multiplane cameras and the stereopticon process 1259:, Disney, together with Iwerks, Fred's brother 506:which included fragments of the various films. 333:in 1895 and probably led to the development of 281:(created in 1892, now lost). Later, the titles 249:developed his projection praxinoscope into the 8689:CG 101: A Computer Graphics Industry Reference 8225: 8223: 8169: 8106:Kraftwerk - The Making of the Autobahn Cartoon 7568:Un Diccionario de films Argentinos (1930-1995) 7466:"Drawn to be Wild: The life of Lotte Reiniger" 6878:Japanese color animation from ca. 1907 to 1945 6612:, and after several notable shorts (including 6524:, Mexico's first animated feature-length film. 6421:taking the place of physically cut materials. 5946:(since 2012) and with streaming services like 5299:, where programs on that station are aimed at 5291:(2013-present), from another Canadian network 5105:(1994) successively broke box-office records. 4915:From around 1987, MTV had their own dedicated 4906:'s anonymously contributed a feature with his 4445: 4052: 4042: 3919:(The Netherlands/West Germany/Japan/US 1979). 3698:ガリバーの宇宙旅行 (Gulliver's Travels Beyond the Moon) 3597:, while the TV specials continued until 2011. 3065:1960s: Animated TV shows and the rise of anime 1011:. The decade also saw the first appearance of 965:Quirino Cristiani: the first animated features 518:made many trick films for French film company 135:, mechanical slides, and mobile projectors in 8996: 8248: 7967:"20 Years of Toil, 20 Minutes of Unique Film" 7283:"Method of producing moving-picture cartoons" 6482: 4930: 4316: 4029: 4013: 3999: 3985: 3971: 3956: 3103:(1964–1967, repackaged shows until 1973) and 3081:products with original cartoon characters in 2983:Jeannot l'intrépide (Johnny the Giant Killer) 2412:Other new popular characters and series were 190:animations), for home use as a hand-operated 33:. For the history of computer animation, see 8951:"List of animation films produced in Europe" 8800:Enchanted Drawings: The History of Animation 8778: 7932:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 7893: 7320: 7318: 7316: 6499:1992: An animation category is added to the 5162:Tinker Bell and the Legend of the NeverBeast 4945:started to get marketed in the early 1970s. 4381:ニルスのふしぎな旅 (The Wonderful Adventures of Nils) 2652: 2614:animators (including former Disney employee 2171:Japan's first feature length animated film, 1945:Academy Award Review of Walt Disney Cartoons 1877:and the breakthrough of the animated feature 1675:The Fleischers developed the very different 1451:While the global economy suffered under the 1421:1930s: Color, depth, cartoon superstars and 108: 8755:. Vol. IV. Cambridge University Press. 8653:. London: Springer Science+Business Media. 8629: 8220: 7558: 7540: 4339:during the 1980s, buoyed by series such as 4147:allowing for morning and afternoon time on 3602:counterculture boom at the end of the 1960s 2479: 2435: 2285:I Fratelli Dynamite (The Dynamite Brothers) 1966:Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences 1898:animated feature films were released before 1852: 1634:(1937) trailer clip with multiplane effects 1128:" process. The series also introduced the " 490:with a similar look for more fluid motion. 9003: 8989: 8589: 8573:Before Mickey: The Animated Film 1898–1928 8446:. Qnetwork.com. 2004-02-03. Archived from 8148:"Saturday Morning TV Schedules of the 80s" 7254: 7248: 7001: 6999: 5987:借りぐらしのアリエッティ(The Secret World of Arrietty) 5927:highest-grossing animated film of all time 5334:These early shows paved the way for later 4782: 3929:Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film 3910:Il était une fois... (Once Upon a Time...) 3901:(The Netherlands/Japan/France 1973–1977), 3524:マッハGoGoGo (Mach GoGoGo a.k.a. Speed Racer) 3097:(1963–1966, repackaged shows until 1972), 3091:(1960–1963, repackaged shows until 1969), 2794:series (1954–1958), clearly promoting the 2567:in 1937. The studio had much success with 2464:(1943–1948, licensed by Gold Key Comics), 2294:(Italy 1949, the 1952 English dub starred 2259: 2129:Out of the Frying Pan Into the Firing Line 2117:and a whole bunch of Disney characters in 2003:aired the eight-minute low-budget cartoon 1837:(1930), who evolved into the human female 1795:performed most of the characters' voices. 1542:Academy Award for Short Subjects, Cartoons 1255:in 1921. With his short-lived own company 553:(1908), which includes a short scene with 202:(introduced in 1839). The breakthrough of 8925: 8727: 8477: 8422:"Pioneers of Japanese Animation (Part 1)" 8318: 8163:"Dr. Toon: When Reagan Met Optimus Prime" 7830: 7709: 7380: 7343: 7313: 7295: 6990: 5997:かぐや姫の物語 (The Tale of the Princess Kaguya) 5942:block on Cartoon Network (1997–2008) and 4486:. Two other members of the nine old men, 2929:Theatrical feature animation in the 1950s 2460:series, developed popular adaptations of 1802:who would become very popular, including 345: 8901: 8779:Ronan, Colin A; Needham, Joseph (1985). 8575:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 8498: 8413: 8324: 8003: 7697: 7670: 7628: 7324: 7065: 5703: 5372:(1999–present) in 2004 when the network 5295:, which is on Nickeoldeon's sub-channel 4866:(1989), featuring his animated creation 4408:(1986) are regularly praised as some of 4116:in 1979. The short wordless documentary 4022:Norstein has since 1981 been working on 3544:Before the end of the 1960s, hardly any 3138:), some live-action features (including 3044:(Czechoslovakia, 1956 short film series) 2897:in the United States from 1963 to 1971. 2725: 2511:, who debuted in the Andy Panda cartoon 2319: 2305: 2177:, was made in 1944, under orders of the 2054: 2040: 2024: 1956:a genuine feature film, because it is a 1880: 1798:Disney introduced new characters to the 1615: 1427: 1317: 1216: 1118:produced 19 sound cartoons, part of the 1088: 924: 817: 799:fame). The cartoon studio operated from 762:, one of Bray's employees, patented the 629: 564: 421: 349: 294: 214: 8855:Anime News Network staff (2005-08-07). 8797: 8750: 8570: 8355: 8160: 7796: 7738: 7655: 7640: 7598: 7392: 7307: 7242: 7230: 7218: 7206: 7173: 7089: 7077: 6996: 6812: 4662:(1983) was a collaboration with artist 4410:the greatest animated films of all time 4268:(1986–1988). Production for Bzz Films' 3721:(Belgium/USA 1965, feature directed by 3415:Decline of the theatrical short cartoon 3339:was a surprise hit. Their last series, 3335:(1965). Thanks to imaginative stories, 3253:assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. 3210:(1960–1966) was inspired by the sitcom 3021:乌鸦为什么是黑的 (Why Is the Crow Black-Coated) 2905:Warner Bros. introduced new characters 2491:, where he had gained control over the 2468:(1945) and created new series, such as 2291:La Rosa di Bagdad (The Rose of Baghdad) 2164:(starring Donald Duck) won the company 14: 10237: 8928:"Chronology of Animation Introduction" 8816: 8762:The Oxford Handbook of Chinese Cinemas 8705: 8686: 8610: 8521: 7872:"Festival de Cannes: Fantastic Planet" 7552: 7489: 7032: 6894: 6874: 6808: 6806: 6804: 6260:After pioneering work by the likes of 5431:(1999–2003, 2008–2013, 2023–present). 5174:Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment 4159:He-Man and the Masters of the Universe 3295: 2901:Theatrical short cartoons in the 1950s 2590:left Warner Bros. for MGM and created 2279:Конёк-Горбуно́к (The Humpbacked Horse) 1482:A cartoon segment in the feature film 683:Cartoon Film Company – Buxton and Dyer 211:1888–1909: Earliest animations on film 8984: 8891:"Oldest Animation Discovered In Iran" 8759: 8706:Maltin, Leonard; Beck, Jerry (1980). 8667: 8649:Lee, Newton; Madej, Krystina (2012). 8419: 7601:The encyclopedia of animated cartoons 7359:. Specchio Producciones. 2011-08-24. 6875:Litten, Frederick S. (17 June 2014). 6478:Modern animation in the United States 5994:of all time (as of 2024). Takahata's 5164:in 2015, Disney continued to produce 5042: 4898:MTV then furthered its wild artistic 2068: 1994: 493: 417: 319:by hand. Méliès also popularized the 10145:Films with live action and animation 9010: 8888: 8875: 8736:]. Shinwa-sha. pp. 95–128. 8420:Sharp, Jasper (September 23, 2004). 8381: 7964: 6068:from 2005 to the present, including 4670:genre released after the success of 4637:had collaboratively assembled. This 4631:Computer Animation Production System 4106:created an animated music video for 3882:アルプスの少女ハイジ (Heidi, Girl of the Alps) 3354:US theatrical animation in the 1960s 3187:The Abbott and Costello Cartoon Show 3088:King Leonardo and His Short Subjects 2893:), broadcast by the BBC in 1962 and 2276:(China 1941, influential in Japan), 2208:and the very ambitious concert film 2013:was premiered on NBC's experimental 509: 8961: 8648: 8356:Pearson, Ben (September 30, 2019). 8161:Goodman, Martin (12 October 2010). 7528: 7182:. Hal Leonard Corporation. p. 7005: 6801: 6527:1977: Anuar Badin creates the film 6470:World War II and American animation 6360: 5234:(1991–1994, 1997–2004) on the paid 4420:, founded in 1985 by Miyazaki with 3923:Artistic short-animation highlights 3282:'s comic strip), and Chuck Jones's 3126:, live-action TV series (including 3118:(1961–1962), based on comic books. 2661:(1947), presented by "big brother" 2440:Fleischer launched its spectacular 2174:桃太郎海の神兵 (Momotaro: Sacred Sailors) 2048:桃太郎海の神兵 (Momotaro: Sacred Sailors) 1683:. It was used in the first episode 1238:Between 1920 and 1922, cartoonists 814:Hearst's International Film Service 745: 587:started his filmmaking career with 372:had a first prototype of their toy 24: 8651:Disney Stories: Getting to Digital 8526:. New York and London: Routledge. 8004:Cavalier, Stephen (19 June 2015). 7950:. February 2, 2015. Archived from 7710:Mair, George; Green, Anna (1997). 7393:Susanin, Timothy S. (2011-06-30). 6857: 5938:internationally, with a dedicated 5168:to successful titles, but only as 5115:and was well received by viewers. 4731:related artwork for the 1979 album 4666:. It was one of many films in the 4399:Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind 4142:US Animation Explosion (the 1980s) 3873: 3709:(Italy/Japan 1963–1972, TV series) 3623:(1969). The less political parody 3551:Eveready Harton in Buried Treasure 3427: 3373:" was a hit for the studio as was 3141:Journey to the Center of the Earth 2155:(nominated for an Academy Award). 2037:, directed by Friz Freleng in 1945 1922:, who premiered his third feature 1466: 656:, successful newspaper cartoonist 235: 25: 10266: 9237:Modern TV cable and streaming era 8919: 8878:"The Visual Linguist: Burnt City 8042:. 6 February 2008. Archived from 7914:from the original on 12 July 2017 7671:Hanna, William; Ito, Tom (1996). 7437: 7174:Lenburg, Jeff (August 23, 2006). 6909:The House of Ghosts (1906) - IMDb 6813:Crafton, Donald (July 14, 2014). 6520:1974: Fernando Ruiz produces Los 6022:The Big Three in the 21st century 5779:in 2012. A planned 3D version of 5623:), and Cartoon Network (owned by 4743:Another Brick in the Wall: Part 2 4252:(1981–1989), produced by Belgian 3584:Race for Your Life, Charlie Brown 3421:Hollywood Anti-trust Case of 1948 3399:UPA produced their first feature 3049:白蛇伝 (Panda and the Magic Serpent) 3033:Снежная королева (The Snow Queen) 2637:(1950), followed by two more for 2310:A yet unnamed Tweety debuting in 2103:Many popular characters promoted 1173: 983:, released on 9 November 1917 in 862:cartoon cat characters and other 597:. The film largely consists of a 368:By 1897, German toy manufacturer 275:(created in 1892, now lost), and 263:program included three cartoons: 10213: 10204: 10203: 8876:Cohn, Neil (February 15, 2006). 8006:"100 Greatest Animated Shorts / 7993:The Fox and the Hare (1973)-IMDB 6816:Emile Cohl, Caricature, and Film 6690: 6466:Golden age of American animation 6108:(2016–present), the TLH spinoff 5876:How to Hook Up Your Home Theater 5497:and included the popular titles 4685:The Canadian anthology hit film 4571:Mighty Mouse: The New Adventures 4452:California Institute of the Arts 4439:魔女の宅急便 (Kiki's Delivery Service) 4402:(1984), based on his manga, and 3484: 3419:The Supreme Court ruling of the 2889:(Belgium 1957–1964, directed by 2348:Golden Age of American animation 1791:(1938/1940). Beginning in 1937, 1647:Die Abenteuer des Prinzen Achmed 1596:(1932–1948), and Walter Lantz's 1281:, featuring a live-action girl ( 1024: 949:of Pat Sullivan Studios created 920: 8902:Bendazzi, Giannalberto (1996). 8802:. New York: Random House, Inc. 8753:Physics and Physical Technology 8499:Bendazzi, Giannalberto (1994). 8444:"QNetwork Entertainment Portal" 8436: 8400: 8375: 8349: 8293: 8262: 8206: 8192: 8154: 8140: 8119: 8088: 8057: 7997: 7986: 7958: 7940: 7805: 7790: 7765: 7747: 7732: 7714:Rosie O'Donnell: Her True Story 7703: 7664: 7649: 7634: 7616:(1941) with English subtitles: 7607: 7592: 7483: 7458: 7413: 7386: 7363:from the original on 2011-08-24 7349: 7325:Bendazzi, Giannalberto (1996). 7275: 7167: 7143: 7127:"Watch John Bull's Sketch Book" 7119: 7095: 7026: 6951:The Haunted Hotel (1907) - IMDb 6930:Miniature Theatre (1906) - IMDb 6845:www.zinnfiguren-bleifiguren.com 6513:1935: Alfonso Vergara produces 5794: 4754:The successful British nuclear 4120:showed the production process. 3961:, 1971), in collaboration with 3888:みつばちマーヤの冒険 (Maya the Honey Bee) 3285:How the Grinch Stole Christmas! 3077:was founded in 1959 to promote 2833:Other notable programs include 2762:Animated TV series of the 1950s 1979:Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs 1903:Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs 1714:New colorful cartoon superstars 1706:(1937) and used prominently in 1631:Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs 1473:The Adventures of Prince Achmed 698: 689:John Bull's Animated Sketchbook 625: 8783:. Cambridge University Press. 8465: 7399:. Univ. Press of Mississippi. 6963: 6942: 6921: 6900: 6868: 6851: 6833: 6819:. Princeton University Press. 6589:, a parody/homage to Disney's 6573:History of Ukrainian animation 6561:History of Hungarian animation 6454:History of Brazilian animation 6249: 5966:ハウルの動く城 (Howl's Moving Castle) 5721:system for character animation 5192:John Kricfalusi's influential 5091:Academy Award for Best Picture 5077:Warner Bros. Feature Animation 4633:(CAPS) system that Disney and 4504:among other modern animators. 4427:火垂るの墓 (Grave of the Fireflies) 3907:(Austria/Germany/Japan 1974), 3733:(Italy 1965, first feature by 3506:ジャングル大帝 (Kimba the White Lion) 3371:One Hundred and One Dalmatians 3361:One Hundred and One Dalmatians 3278:specials (1965–2011, based on 3265:Mister Magoo's Christmas Carol 3152:was the first studio to adapt 3135:Star Trek: The Animated Series 3094:Tennessee Tuxedo and His Tales 2541:After distributing Ub Iwerks' 2407:Wile E. Coyote and Road Runner 2193:Feature animation in the 1940s 1862:Motion Picture Production Code 893: 695:in episode No.4 in June 1915. 482:Humorous Phases of Funny Faces 13: 1: 10167:Most expensive animated films 9822:Direct manipulation animation 9473:Barrier-grid and stereography 8889:Ball, Ryan (March 12, 2008). 8596:. North Carolina: McFarland. 7196:– via Internet Archive. 7103:"BFI Screenonline: Animation" 7033:Barnes, Brooks (2022-12-13). 6789: 6667:History of animation in India 6458:History of Canadian animation 5860:Walt Disney Animation Studios 5611:The Disney Channel (owned by 5187: 4937:History of computer animation 4430:(1988) and Miyazaki's iconic 4327:Anime, together with printed 4323:History of anime § 1980s 4196:), or children's literature ( 3845:Grand Prix special jury prize 3675:Non-US animation in the 1960s 3288:(1966, based on the story by 3242:(1962–1963, 1985, 1987), and 2738:Col. Bleep's Arrival on Earth 2179:Ministry of the Navy of Japan 1847:animated adaptation of Popeye 1686:Betty Boop in Poor Cinderella 1574:(1934–1941), Charles Mintz's 1124:series, using the Phonofilm " 858:, probably the first of many 800: 560: 35:History of computer animation 9713:Non-photorealistic rendering 8691:. Digital Fauxtography Inc. 8634:. Santa Barbara: Greenwood. 8630:Krasniewicz, Louise (2010). 7603:(Third ed.). p. 8. 7468:. 2001-03-03. Archived from 7155:s200354603.websitehome.co.uk 6972:Japanese Magic (1907) - IMDb 6794: 6675:History of Iranian animation 6663:History of Chinese animation 6578:History of Italian animation 6565:History of Russian animation 6545:History of British animation 6508:History of Mexican animation 6443:Other developments by region 6189:The Amazing World of Gumball 5992:highest-grossing anime films 4827:. The video was directed by 4511:' live-action/animation hit 4433:となりのトトロ (My Neighbor Totoro) 4405:天空の城ラピュタ (Castle in the Sky) 4396:'s epic theatrical features 4293:' very successful TV series 3251:From around 1968, after the 3036:(Soviet Union, 1957 feature) 2202:Disney's next two features ( 1849:(1933) to their repertoire. 1404:Leon Schlesinger Productions 1386:Hugh Harman and Rudolf Ising 1347:Disney and Iwerks developed 1188:. It was directed by German 1062:Toccata and Fugue in D Minor 693:sinking of the RMS Lusitania 676:The Sinking of the Lusitania 622:, began her career in 1917. 330:The Execution of Mary Stuart 161:Illustrated children's books 7: 9345:International Animation Day 8926:Llewellyn, Richard (2013). 8764:. Oxford University Press. 8615:. New York: Vintage Books. 8408:The Roots of Japanese Anime 7965:Finn, Peter (31 May 2005). 7490:Langer, Mark (1992-12-01). 6722: 6671:History of Korean animation 6557:History of French animation 6538: 6447: 6213:Star vs. the Forces of Evil 5393:was released. Similarly to 5228:(1991–1994, 1996–1999) and 5138:The Hunchback of Notre Dame 4729:, who had already designed 4446:Renaissance of US animation 4349:market grew very large and 4053:Early animated music videos 3657:' animated musical feature 3575:. The theatrical follow-up 3433:DePatie–Freleng Enterprises 3150:Grantray-Lawrence Animation 3016:(U.K./U.S.A., 1954 feature) 2919:Ralph Wolf and Sam Sheepdog 2678:Many classical series from 991:. Cristiani's next feature 583:In 1907, the French artist 10: 10271: 9815:Linear Animation Generator 9718:Physically based animation 8672:. IPCA. pp. 579–586. 8590:Finkielman, Jorge (2004). 8481:Animation: The Whole Story 8478:Beckerman, Howard (2003). 7718:. Carol Publishing Group. 6744:History of Cartoon Network 6656: 6542: 6483:History of Cuban animation 6451: 6379:, were cutout animations. 6364: 6253: 6047:Avatar: The Last Airbender 6015:天気の子 (Weathering with You) 5651:Terminator 2: Judgment Day 5178:live action Disney remakes 5046: 4934: 4931:Rise of computer animation 4888:, created in a few weeks. 4416:was the first feature for 4387:スプーンおばさん (Mrs. Pepper Pot) 4320: 4317:Studio Ghibli and TV anime 4286:(Canada/Japan 1986–1987). 4283:The Wonderful Wizard of Oz 3245:Scooby-Doo, Where Are You! 2827:The Quick Draw McGraw Show 2821:The Huckleberry Hound Show 2466:Casper, the Friendly Ghost 2113:, Disney's little pigs in 1609: 1251:Newman Theatres as weekly 1231: 1107: 1078:Early synchronized sound: 1028: 1007:, and the founding of the 849:International Film Service 239: 115:Early history of animation 112: 28: 10199: 10068: 9997: 9870: 9795: 9745: 9651: 9603: 9584: 9506: 9463: 9456: 9404:Children's animated films 9353: 9251: 9134: 9026: 9019: 8932:Richard's Animated Divots 8906:. Animation World Network 8798:Solomon, Charles (1989). 8712:. New York: McGraw-Hill. 8687:Masson, Terrence (1999). 8382:Bate, Josh (2023-11-20). 8325:Isaacson, Walter (2013). 8256:"More than 75,000 times!" 6829:– via Google Books. 6754:History of Disney Channel 6606:and the superhero parody 6517:, an animated short film. 6492:creates the character of 6417:, with scanned images or 5896:The Princess and the Frog 5820:Atlantis: The Lost Empire 5615:), Nickelodeon (owned by 5613:Disney Branded Television 5405:The Ren & Stimpy Show 5395:The Ren & Stimpy Show 5265:(with foreign releases), 5220:The Ren & Stimpy Show 5195:The Ren & Stimpy Show 4965:. Since 1974, the annual 4719:The dark rock opera film 4610:The Great Mouse Detective 4280:(France/U.S.A. 1983) and 4241: 4136: 4043: 4030: 4014: 4000: 3986: 3972: 3957: 3849:1973 Cannes Film Festival 3572:A Boy Named Charlie Brown 3530:The domestically popular 3518:魔法使いサリー (Sally the Witch) 3024:(China, 1956 short film, 2975: 2944:in 1950 (the first since 2933: 2921:(all three in 1953), and 2667:DuMont Television Network 2653:TV animation in the 1940s 2531:Hickory, Dickory, and Doc 2097:Victory Through Air Power 1568:(1934–1936), Fleischer's 1496:, released together with 1110:Sound film § History 969:The first known animated 198:(introduced in 1838) and 109:Influence of predecessors 9313:Animation film festivals 8632:Walt Disney: A Biography 8571:Crafton, Donald (1993). 8522:Buchan, Suzanne (2013). 8410:, official booklet, DVD. 7761:: 29. December 24, 1960. 7255:McLaughlin, Dan (2001). 6683: 6616:and the Oscar-nominated 6159:Codename: Kids Next Door 5932: 5862:in the hands of Pixar's 5814:The Emperor's New Groove 5536:Courage the Cowardly Dog 5376:with the release of the 5329:Nick's Thanksgiving Fest 5005:and the music video for 4856:Patterson also directed 4713:Love, Death & Robots 4543:Honey, I Shrunk the Kids 4351:original video animation 3952:The Battle of Kerzhenets 3942:Soviet/Russian animator 3913:(France/Japan 1978) and 3718:Pinocchio in Outer Space 3632:The 50 Greatest Cartoons 3546:adult-oriented animation 3472:The Ant and the Aardvark 2792:Walt Disney's Disneyland 2781:Saturday-morning cartoon 2715:Jim and Judy in Teleland 2501:Walter Lantz Productions 2480:Walter Lantz Productions 2436:Fleischer/Famous Studios 2273:铁扇公主 (Princess Iron Fan) 2061:铁扇公主 (Princess Iron Fan) 1928:on 18 September 1931 in 1853:Hays code and Betty Boop 1376: 1257:Laugh-O-Gram Films, Inc. 10135:Twelve basic principles 10055:Instructional animation 8964:"Animation before film" 7508:10.1093/screen/33.4.343 7440:"Animated Films Part 1" 7107:www.screenonline.org.uk 6652: 6609:VIP my Brother Superman 6284:. Popular titles using 6270:Arthur Melbourne-Cooper 5470:(1995), both under the 5452:(1993–1997) as well as 5324:Christmas in Tattertown 5144:The Rescuers Down Under 5127:(1999) did not surpass 4783:MTV and animated videos 4706:and re-imagined as the 4607:While the successes of 4535:Roger Rabbit short film 4514:Who Framed Roger Rabbit 3981:The Heron and the Crane 3860:The British production 3843:(1973) was awarded the 3620:Mickey Mouse in Vietnam 3600:The anti-establishment 3455:. Its success led to a 3202:Alvin and the Chipmunks 3129:Lassie's Rescue Rangers 2859:(1958), and Jay Ward's 2843:(1956–1957), Soundac's 2815:The Ruff and Reddy Show 2571:(1939–1954), Hanna and 2493:Oswald the Lucky Rabbit 2260:Non-US animation forces 1970:American Film Institute 1940:synchronized soundtrack 1845:(1938) and the popular 1399:Bosko, the Talk-Ink Kid 1394:Oswald the Lucky Rabbit 1384:was created in 1927 by 1309:Oswald the Lucky Rabbit 1074:(1965) by Chuck Jones. 845:William Randolph Hearst 670:How a Mosquito Operates 98:The Rescuers Down Under 59:with objects, puppets, 9733:Virtual cinematography 9330:Highest-grossing films 9232:Early TV broadcast era 8884:. The Visual Linguist. 8760:Rojas, Carlos (2013). 8734:Birth of Japanese Film 7797:Lenburg, Jeff (2009). 7739:Lenburg, Jeff (2009). 7656:Lenburg, Jeff (2009). 7641:Lenburg, Jeff (2009). 7599:Lenburg, Jeff (2009). 7259:. UCLA. Archived from 6779:History of video games 6769:History of Nickelodeon 6515:Paco Perico en premier 6080:(2008-2011), Avatar's 5722: 5662:virtual cinematography 5625:Warner Bros. Animation 5489:international versions 5166:feature-length sequels 5026:for logos and text in 5019:(introduced in 1985). 4650:Bakshi's rock musical 4597:The Tracey Ullman Show 4361:ロリータアニメ (Lolita Anime) 4313:(1988–1993) spin-off. 4080:Welcome to the Machine 4034:) and participated in 3870:in the United States. 3817:The Return of the King 3690:大鬧天宮 (Havoc in Heaven) 3451:film series featuring 3376:The Sword in the Stone 2986:(France, 1950 feature) 2788:their anthology series 2741: 2702:The earliest American 2605: 2565:its own cartoon studio 2536: 2343: 2317: 2065: 2052: 2038: 1962:British Film Institute 1893: 1635: 1448: 1344: 1229: 1105: 942: 840: 837:Krazy Kat – Bugologist 647: 580: 451: 365: 346:Printed animation film 287:(created in 1894) and 278:Le Clown et ses chiens 232: 10255:Art history by medium 10050:Independent animation 10040:Educational animation 8823:. Simon and Schuster. 8611:Gabler, Neal (2007). 6858:Litten, Frederick S. 6774:History of television 6534:1983: Roy del espacio 6531:, based on the comic. 6312:(1990–2000) and many 5978:風立ちぬ (The Wind Rises) 5873:The theatrical short 5775:in 2011, followed by 5725:After the success of 5716: 5369:SpongeBob SquarePants 5249:The Fairly OddParents 5073:Fox Animation Studios 4927:is an early example. 4805:, and stop motion by 4722:Pink Floyd – The Wall 4639:digital ink and paint 4093:Accidents Will Happen 3863:Watership Down (film) 3808:The Lord of the Rings 3799:The Lord of the Rings 3701:(Japan, 1965 feature) 3693:(China, 1963 feature) 3685:(Japan, 1963 feature) 3457:series of short films 3052:(Japan, 1958 feature) 2992:(Spain, 1950 feature) 2769:produced the popular 2736: 2709:Adventures of Pow Wow 2646:Magoo's Puddle Jumper 2367:Mickey Mouse universe 2332: 2313:A Tale of Two Kitties 2309: 2143:and the more serious 2107:, like Bugs Bunny in 2058: 2044: 2033: 1884: 1800:Mickey Mouse universe 1649:and her collaborator 1628: 1431: 1340: 1225: 1098: 936: 835: 640: 573: 479:Blackton's 1906 film 469:standard picture film 464:The Enchanted Drawing 447:The Enchanted Drawing 444: 358: 295:Standard picture film 289:A rêve au coin du feu 260:Pantomimes Lumineuses 247:Charles-Émile Reynaud 225: 73:traditional animation 10245:History of animation 10030:Animated documentary 9862:Whiteboard animation 9755:Traditional puppetry 9399:Adult animated films 9308:Biologist simulators 9271:Animation department 8857:"Oldest Anime Found" 8817:Thomas, Bob (1958). 8128:Seaside Woman - IMDb 8075:Kraftwerk - Autobahn 7954:on February 2, 2015. 6648:school of animation. 6641:school of animation. 6303:The Red and the Blue 6147:Rock Papper Scissors 6071:Back at the Barnyard 5983:Hiromasa Yonebayashi 5785:Beauty and the Beast 5777:Beauty and the Beast 5737:DreamWorks Animation 5639:'s feature film hit 5608:(1997–2001, 2003). 5572:(1992, 1995, 2000), 5449:Beavis and Butt-Head 5425:(1999-present), and 5378:first SpongeBob film 5246:, the studio behind 5238:television channel. 5086:Beauty and the Beast 4917:animation department 4735:1980-81 concert tour 4563:The Land Before Time 4552:Amblin Entertainment 4497:The Illusion of Life 4072:interstitial program 3968:The Fox and the Hare 3626:Bambi meets Godzilla 3503:(1963), followed by 3026:Venice Film Festival 2840:Gerald McBoing Boing 2659:Movies for Small Fry 2634:Gerald McBoing-Boing 2620:The Fox and the Crow 2430:The Fox and the Crow 2253:The Three Caballeros 2226:The Reluctant Dragon 2217:Mr. Bug Goes to Town 1710:and later features. 1677:stereopticon process 1388:, specifically with 1364:The Gallopin' Gaucho 1253:Newman Laugh-O-Grams 1135:My Old Kentucky Home 1101:My Old Kentucky Home 1084:Aesop's Sound Fables 1071:The Dot and the Line 608:Fort Lee, New Jersey 540:La Maison ensorcelée 525:La Maison ensorcelée 284:Autour d'une cabine 84:hand-drawn animation 18:History of Animation 10103:Character animation 9883:Character animation 9421:Children's animated 8524:Pervasive Animation 8188:. 11 February 2014. 8109:, 16 September 2013 8008:Hedgehog in the Fog 7972:The Washington Post 7876:festival-cannes.com 7846:: Bucking the Tide" 7555:, pp. 181–189. 7425:cartoonresearch.com 7357:"Quirino Cristiani" 7263:on 19 November 2009 7221:, pp. 153–154. 6729:Firsts in animation 6715:Gertie the Dinosaur 6679:Malaysian Animation 6396:Harry Everett Smith 6274:Wladyslaw Starewicz 6198:(2002–2006, 2007), 6156:(2001–2004, 2017), 6114:(2019-2022, 2024). 6087:The Legend of Korra 6074:(2006, 2007-2011), 6038:(2001, 2002–2006), 6032:(2001–2006, 2019), 5578:(1994–1995, 1996), 5524:The Powerpuff Girls 5500:Dexter's Laboratory 5403:(1989-present) and 5350:(1996–2004, 2017), 5344:(1993–1996, 2019), 5341:Rocko's Modern Life 5319:Video Dream Theatre 5182:Alice in Wonderland 5158:The Return of Jafar 4760:When the Wind Blows 4673:Conan the Barbarian 4291:Cosgrove Hall Films 4254:Freddy Monnickendam 3995:Hedgehog in the Fog 3648:Alice in Wonderland 3497:highly influential 3402:1001 Arabian Nights 3301:Cambria Productions 3296:Cambria Productions 3115:The Dick Tracy Show 2951:Alice in Wonderland 2561:Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer 2442:Superman adaptation 2365:(1943/1947) to the 2146:Education for Death 2010:Donald's Cousin Gus 1640:impression of depth 1580:(1936–1949), MGM's 1291:Margaret J. Winkler 1227:Newman Laugh-O-gram 890:and Isadore Klein. 663:Gertie the Dinosaur 643:Gertie the Dinosaur 269:(created in 1892), 192:"philosophical toy" 10130:Creature animation 10060:Virtual newscaster 10005:Abstract animation 9837:Ink-wash animation 9827:Humanoid animation 9810:Audio-Animatronics 9374:Lost or unfinished 9298:Animation database 9276:Animation director 8962:Herbert, Stephen. 8895:Animation Magazine 8862:Anime News Network 8554:Stone Bridge Press 8542:Clements, Jonathan 8484:. Allworth Press. 8202:. 5 February 2021. 8078:, 21 December 2010 7817:Anime News Network 7700:, pp. 234–35. 7039:The New York Times 7006:Crandol, Michael. 6784:History of YouTube 6586:Allegro Non Troppo 6583:1977: The classic 6553:Estonian animation 6325:Wallace and Gromit 6314:Aardman Animations 6262:J. Stuart Blackton 6135:Star Trek: Prodigy 5783:was canceled when 5781:The Little Mermaid 5723: 5688:The launch of the 5587:Timon & Pumbaa 5278:Growing Up Creepie 5263:Fox Family Channel 5244:Frederator Studios 5064:The Little Mermaid 5059:Disney Renaissance 5049:Disney Renaissance 5043:Disney Renaissance 4963:computer animation 4943:arcade video games 4878:The Harlem Shuffle 4874:The Rolling Stones 4807:Aardman Animations 4627:The Little Mermaid 4622:The Little Mermaid 4616:Oliver and Company 4458:, a member of the 4235:The Secret of NIMH 4219:The Black Cauldron 4077:Pink Floyd's 1977 3840:La Planète sauvage 3638:The popularity of 3605:impacted Hollywood 3233:The Yogi Bear Show 3057:少年猿飛佐助 (Magic Boy) 2963:Lady and the Tramp 2742: 2669:as the daily show 2489:Universal Pictures 2446:Paramount Pictures 2403:Marvin the Martian 2344: 2318: 2161:Der Fuehrer's Face 2152:Reason and Emotion 2134:Fifth Column Mouse 2069:Wartime propaganda 2066: 2053: 2039: 1995:Early TV animation 1988:Gulliver's Travels 1894: 1820:storyboard artists 1679:in 1933 for their 1670:ComiColor Cartoons 1636: 1560:Van Beuren Studios 1556:ComiColor Cartoons 1449: 1359:synchronized sound 1345: 1295:Out of the Inkwell 1278:Alice's Wonderland 1230: 1186:colour-tinted film 1106: 1009:Walt Disney Studio 1005:synchronized sound 943: 909:Out of the Inkwell 841: 769:Colonel Heeza Liar 648: 589:Japon de faintasie 581: 514:Spanish filmmaker 504:A Belated Premiere 499:Alexander Shiryaev 494:Alexander Shiryaev 455:J. Stuart Blackton 452: 418:J. Stuart Blackton 412:animation in Japan 366: 233: 169:political cartoons 139:shows (especially 80:computer animation 10232: 10231: 9993: 9992: 9920:Erasure animation 9741: 9740: 9483:Limited animation 9426:Computer-animated 9364:Computer-animated 9286:Animation studios 9247: 9246: 8809:978-0-394-54684-1 8771:978-0-19-998844-0 8743:978-4-86405-029-6 8719:978-0-0703-9835-1 8679:978-989-97567-6-2 8660:978-1-4614-2101-6 8641:978-0-3133-5830-2 8622:978-0-6797-5747-4 8563:978-1-84576-500-2 8533:978-0-415-80723-4 8305:Los Angeles Times 8235:Los Angeles Times 7948:"Anime in Europe" 7882:on 22 August 2011 7777:Los Angeles Times 7725:978-1-55972-416-6 7674:A cast of friends 7660:. pp. 10–11. 7614:Princess Iron Fan 7543:, pp. 60–64. 7531:, pp. 55–56. 7406:978-1-62674-456-1 7245:, pp. 24–26. 7209:, pp. 22–23. 7080:, pp. 14–19. 7014:on 21 August 2011 6993:, pp. 17–18. 6749:History of comics 6700: 6599:Spaghetti Western 6569:Spanish animation 6433:computer software 6373:Quirino Cristiani 6266:Segundo de Chomón 6240:(2019–2022), and 6180:(2010–2018), the 6144:(2022-2024), and 6064:of Nickelodeon's 6050:(2005–2008), and 5855:Home on the Range 5844:Home on the Range 5826:Lilo & Stitch 5714: 5602:(1997–2000), and 5533:(1999–2009), and 5437:Liquid Television 5356:(1997–2001), and 5353:The Angry Beavers 5314:Dora the Explorer 5281:(2006–2008) from 5261:(1999–2001) from 5008:Money for Nothing 4982:wire-frame models 4971:computer graphics 4863:Opposites Attract 4837:Money for Nothing 4825:Michael Patterson 4668:sword and sorcery 4414:Castle in the Sky 4271:Bibifoc (Seabert) 4118:Making it move... 3958:Сеча при Керженце 3761:(1972), based on 3533:サザエさん / Sazae-san 3500:鉄腕アトム (Astro Boy) 3342:The New 3 Stooges 3280:Charles M. Schulz 3257:Robert F. Kennedy 3144:(1967–1969), and 3100:The Underdog Show 2881:Belvision Studios 2751:limited animation 2734: 2600:George and Junior 2424:(1946–1966), and 2422:Heckle and Jeckle 2383:Sylvester the Cat 2330: 2288:(Italy 1949) and 2125:Scrap Happy Daffy 2064:(1941) screenshot 2031: 1920:Quirino Cristiani 1825:Three Little Pigs 1651:Berthold Bartosch 1626: 1612:Multiplane camera 1533:Flowers and Trees 1457:multiplane camera 1338: 1223: 1207:multiplane camera 1202:Berthold Bartosch 1096: 993:Sin dejar rastros 989:frames per second 981:Quirino Cristiani 959:Paramount Studios 934: 843:Newspaper tycoon 833: 777:Heckle and Jeckle 756:John Bray Studios 738:, Tom Norton and 638: 620:Bessie Mae Kelley 571: 544:The Haunted Hotel 535:The Haunted Hotel 530:Le théâtre de Bob 516:Segundo de Chomón 510:Segundo de Chomón 459:Vitagraph Studios 442: 356: 317:film colorization 223: 16:(Redirected from 10262: 10217: 10207: 10206: 10187:anime franchises 10162:Cartoon violence 10150:highest grossing 10045:Erotic animation 10020:Animated cartoon 9787:Supermarionation 9760:Digital puppetry 9681:Facial animation 9601: 9600: 9461: 9460: 9334:Opening weekends 9024: 9023: 9005: 8998: 8991: 8982: 8981: 8971: 8958: 8955:Animation Europe 8946: 8944: 8943: 8934:. Archived from 8914: 8912: 8911: 8898: 8885: 8872: 8870: 8869: 8844: 8838: 8834: 8832: 8824: 8813: 8794: 8775: 8756: 8747: 8723: 8702: 8683: 8664: 8645: 8626: 8607: 8586: 8567: 8537: 8518: 8506: 8495: 8459: 8458: 8456: 8455: 8440: 8434: 8433: 8431: 8429: 8417: 8411: 8404: 8398: 8397: 8395: 8394: 8379: 8373: 8372: 8370: 8368: 8353: 8347: 8346: 8322: 8316: 8315: 8313: 8312: 8297: 8291: 8290: 8289: 8288: 8283:, 20 August 2014 8266: 8260: 8259: 8252: 8246: 8245: 8243: 8242: 8227: 8218: 8217: 8210: 8204: 8203: 8196: 8190: 8189: 8176: 8167: 8166: 8158: 8152: 8151: 8144: 8138: 8137: 8136: 8135: 8123: 8117: 8116: 8115: 8114: 8092: 8086: 8085: 8084: 8083: 8061: 8055: 8054: 8052: 8051: 8036: 8027: 8026: 8024: 8022: 8010:/ Yuri Norstein" 8001: 7995: 7990: 7984: 7983: 7981: 7979: 7962: 7956: 7955: 7944: 7938: 7937: 7931: 7923: 7921: 7919: 7897: 7891: 7890: 7888: 7887: 7878:. Archived from 7868: 7862: 7861: 7859: 7857: 7842:"The Filming of 7838:Barrier, Michael 7834: 7828: 7827: 7825: 7824: 7809: 7803: 7802: 7794: 7788: 7787: 7785: 7784: 7769: 7763: 7762: 7751: 7745: 7744: 7736: 7730: 7729: 7717: 7707: 7701: 7695: 7689: 7688: 7668: 7662: 7661: 7653: 7647: 7646: 7638: 7632: 7626: 7620: 7611: 7605: 7604: 7596: 7590: 7589: 7587: 7585: 7562: 7556: 7550: 7544: 7541:Krasniewicz 2010 7538: 7532: 7526: 7520: 7519: 7487: 7481: 7480: 7478: 7477: 7462: 7456: 7455: 7453: 7451: 7435: 7429: 7428: 7417: 7411: 7410: 7390: 7384: 7378: 7372: 7371: 7369: 7368: 7353: 7347: 7341: 7335: 7334: 7322: 7311: 7305: 7299: 7298:, p. 27–28. 7293: 7287: 7286: 7279: 7273: 7272: 7270: 7268: 7252: 7246: 7240: 7234: 7228: 7222: 7216: 7210: 7204: 7198: 7197: 7181: 7171: 7165: 7164: 7162: 7161: 7147: 7141: 7140: 7138: 7137: 7123: 7117: 7116: 7114: 7113: 7099: 7093: 7087: 7081: 7075: 7069: 7063: 7057: 7056: 7054: 7053: 7030: 7024: 7023: 7021: 7019: 7010:. Archived from 7003: 6994: 6988: 6982: 6981: 6980: 6979: 6967: 6961: 6960: 6959: 6958: 6946: 6940: 6939: 6938: 6937: 6925: 6919: 6918: 6917: 6916: 6904: 6898: 6897:, p. 11–15. 6892: 6886: 6885: 6883: 6872: 6866: 6865: 6855: 6849: 6848: 6837: 6831: 6830: 6810: 6764:History of manga 6734:History of anime 6702: 6701: 6659:History of anime 6637:inaugurates the 6522:tres Reyes Magos 6367:cutout animation 6361:Cutout animation 6346:and his protégé 6234:(2018-present), 6201:Phineas and Ferb 6186:(2010–2017) and 6093:Sanjay and Craig 6009:君の名は。(Your Name) 5715: 5673:The creation of 5621:Paramount Global 5494:Cartoon Cartoons 5464:(1994–1996) and 5416:King of the Hill 5413:(1997-present), 5374:rebranded itself 5208:sexual innuendos 5184:(2010) onwards. 4909:Lupo the Butcher 4850:Train of Thought 4843:graduation film 4797:(1986) featured 4768:post-apocalyptic 4703:Heavy Metal 2000 4557:An American Tail 4548:Steven Spielberg 4384:(1980–1981) and 4358:release was the 4277:Inspector Gadget 4262:(1984–1989) and 4202:Berenstain Bears 4178:(1984–1987) and 4175:The Transformers 4162:(1983–1985) and 4048: 4046: 4045: 4033: 4032: 4017: 4016: 4003: 4002: 3989: 3988: 3975: 3974: 3963:Ivan Ivanov-Vano 3960: 3959: 3778:Hey Good Lookin' 3660:Yellow Submarine 3578:Snoopy Come Home 3521:(1966–1967) and 3459:(1964–1980) and 3449:The Pink Panther 3441:David H. DePatie 3213:The Honeymooners 3184:(1966–1967) and 3181:Laurel and Hardy 3172:(1971–1972) and 3169:The Jackson 5ive 3162:(1965–1966) and 3132:(1973–1975) and 3075:Total Television 2990:Érase una vez... 2913:(both in 1950), 2735: 2557:Harman and Ising 2509:Woody Woodpecker 2472:(1947–1958) and 2420:(1942–1961) and 2377:(both in 1942), 2361:(1937/1940) and 2331: 2110:Any Bonds Today? 2045:Screenshot from 2032: 1843:Hunky and Spunky 1787:(1937/1940) and 1727:Silly Symphonies 1692:Disney employee 1668:(1933–1934) and 1627: 1552:Silly Symphonies 1546:Silly Symphonies 1523:Silly Symphonies 1514:Silly Symphonies 1500:, was the first 1453:Great Depression 1406:and started the 1370:Steamboat Willie 1342:Steamboat Willie 1339: 1224: 1192:and her husband 1097: 1049:Oskar Fischinger 1018:Steamboat Willie 935: 868:Vernon Stallings 834: 805: 802: 797:Woody Woodpecker 746:Bray Productions 736:Vernon Stallings 639: 572: 550:Hôtel électrique 488:cutout animation 443: 357: 224: 93:Flash animations 21: 10270: 10269: 10265: 10264: 10263: 10261: 10260: 10259: 10250:History of film 10235: 10234: 10233: 10228: 10195: 10157:Cartoon physics 10076:Animation music 10064: 10025:Animated sitcom 10015:Adult animation 9989: 9970:Special effects 9866: 9791: 9737: 9647: 9588: 9580: 9502: 9452: 9431:Direct-to-video 9349: 9243: 9130: 9015: 9009: 8949: 8941: 8939: 8922: 8917: 8909: 8907: 8867: 8865: 8836: 8835: 8826: 8825: 8810: 8791: 8772: 8744: 8720: 8699: 8680: 8661: 8642: 8623: 8604: 8583: 8564: 8546:McCarthy, Helen 8534: 8515: 8492: 8468: 8463: 8462: 8453: 8451: 8442: 8441: 8437: 8427: 8425: 8418: 8414: 8405: 8401: 8392: 8390: 8380: 8376: 8366: 8364: 8354: 8350: 8343: 8323: 8319: 8310: 8308: 8299: 8298: 8294: 8286: 8284: 8277: 8274:Wayback Machine 8267: 8263: 8254: 8253: 8249: 8240: 8238: 8229: 8228: 8221: 8212: 8211: 8207: 8198: 8197: 8193: 8178: 8177: 8170: 8159: 8155: 8146: 8145: 8141: 8133: 8131: 8125: 8124: 8120: 8112: 8110: 8103: 8100:Wayback Machine 8093: 8089: 8081: 8079: 8072: 8069:Wayback Machine 8062: 8058: 8049: 8047: 8038: 8037: 8030: 8020: 8018: 8002: 7998: 7991: 7987: 7977: 7975: 7963: 7959: 7946: 7945: 7941: 7925: 7924: 7917: 7915: 7898: 7894: 7885: 7883: 7870: 7869: 7865: 7855: 7853: 7840:(Spring 1972). 7835: 7831: 7822: 7820: 7811: 7810: 7806: 7801:. pp. 6–7. 7795: 7791: 7782: 7780: 7771: 7770: 7766: 7753: 7752: 7748: 7737: 7733: 7726: 7708: 7704: 7696: 7692: 7685: 7669: 7665: 7654: 7650: 7639: 7635: 7627: 7623: 7612: 7608: 7597: 7593: 7583: 7581: 7579: 7563: 7559: 7551: 7547: 7539: 7535: 7527: 7523: 7488: 7484: 7475: 7473: 7464: 7463: 7459: 7449: 7447: 7436: 7432: 7419: 7418: 7414: 7407: 7391: 7387: 7379: 7375: 7366: 7364: 7355: 7354: 7350: 7342: 7338: 7323: 7314: 7306: 7302: 7294: 7290: 7281: 7280: 7276: 7266: 7264: 7253: 7249: 7241: 7237: 7229: 7225: 7217: 7213: 7205: 7201: 7194: 7172: 7168: 7159: 7157: 7151:"Dudley Buxton" 7149: 7148: 7144: 7135: 7133: 7125: 7124: 7120: 7111: 7109: 7101: 7100: 7096: 7088: 7084: 7076: 7072: 7064: 7060: 7051: 7049: 7031: 7027: 7017: 7015: 7004: 6997: 6989: 6985: 6977: 6975: 6969: 6968: 6964: 6956: 6954: 6948: 6947: 6943: 6935: 6933: 6927: 6926: 6922: 6914: 6912: 6906: 6905: 6901: 6893: 6889: 6881: 6873: 6869: 6856: 6852: 6839: 6838: 6834: 6827: 6811: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6759:History of film 6725: 6718: 6703: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6655: 6630: 6580: 6575: 6549:Czech animation 6541: 6529:Los supersabios 6510: 6485: 6480: 6450: 6445: 6437:Flash animation 6419:vector graphics 6391:Ivor the Engine 6369: 6363: 6348:Ray Harryhausen 6258: 6252: 6231:Big City Greens 6129:Middlemost Post 6111:The Casagrandes 6062:cult followings 6024: 5972:崖の上のポニョ (Ponyo) 5935: 5904:Winnie the Pooh 5851:Treasure Planet 5832:Treasure Planet 5797: 5704: 5702: 5683:virtual reality 5633: 5619:, now known as 5605:Disney's Recess 5512:Cow and Chicken 5485:Cartoon Network 5478:Warner Brothers 5258:Angela Anaconda 5190: 5170:direct-to-video 5051: 5045: 5040: 5032:title sequences 5024:motion graphics 4939: 4933: 4904:Danny Antonucci 4886:John Kricfalusi 4785: 4679:The Beastmaster 4648: 4576:John Kricfalusi 4509:Robert Zemeckis 4448: 4355:direct-to-video 4325: 4319: 4244: 4144: 4139: 4125:Linda McCartney 4055: 4040: 3987:Цапля и журавль 3925: 3916:Doctor Snuggles 3876: 3874:Anime in Europe 3749: 3744: 3677: 3542: 3512:エイトマン (8th Man) 3487: 3430: 3428:DePatie–Freleng 3417: 3388:The Jungle Book 3356: 3298: 3224:The Flintstones 3207:The Flintstones 3072: 3067: 2978: 2969:Sleeping Beauty 2936: 2931: 2923:Tasmanian Devil 2915:Speedy Gonzales 2903: 2872:Captain Pugwash 2772:Crusader Rabbit 2764: 2726: 2724: 2704:animated series 2655: 2640:When Magoo Flew 2608: 2596:Screwy Squirrel 2552:Happy Harmonies 2539: 2482: 2438: 2401:(all in 1946), 2391:Foghorn Leghorn 2389:(all in 1945), 2352:Cartoon animals 2320: 2304: 2262: 2200: 2195: 2115:The Thrifty Pig 2071: 2035:Operation Snafu 2025: 2023: 2005:Willie the Worm 1997: 1896:At least eight 1879: 1855: 1769:Merrie Melodies 1744:Merrie Melodies 1731:Merrie Melodies 1716: 1616: 1614: 1608: 1583:Happy Harmonies 1536:, debuting the 1518: 1469: 1467:Two-strip color 1444:Poor Cinderella 1426: 1379: 1318: 1236: 1217: 1215: 1198:Walter Ruttmann 1176: 1168:Farmer Al Falfa 1116:Inkwell Studios 1112: 1089: 1087: 1045:Viking Eggeling 1037:Walter Ruttmann 1033: 1027: 1001: 967: 941:by Pat Sullivan 925: 923: 896: 864:talking animals 860:anthropomorphic 818: 816: 803: 748: 732:Gregory La Cava 701: 685: 630: 628: 616: 565: 563: 512: 496: 422: 420: 407:Katsudō Shashin 387:black-and-white 361:Katsudō Shashin 350: 348: 297: 251:Théâtre Optique 244: 242:Théâtre Optique 238: 236:Théâtre Optique 215: 213: 184:phenakistiscope 171:and especially 117: 111: 38: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10268: 10258: 10257: 10252: 10247: 10230: 10229: 10227: 10226: 10221: 10211: 10200: 10197: 10196: 10194: 10193: 10192: 10191: 10190: 10189: 10174: 10169: 10164: 10159: 10154: 10153: 10152: 10142: 10137: 10132: 10127: 10126: 10125: 10120: 10115: 10110: 10100: 10095: 10090: 10089: 10088: 10086:Mickey Mousing 10083: 10072: 10070: 10069:Related topics 10066: 10065: 10063: 10062: 10057: 10052: 10047: 10042: 10037: 10032: 10027: 10022: 10017: 10012: 10001: 9999: 9995: 9994: 9991: 9990: 9988: 9987: 9982: 9977: 9972: 9967: 9962: 9960:Straight ahead 9957: 9952: 9947: 9942: 9940:Paint-on-glass 9937: 9932: 9927: 9922: 9917: 9912: 9907: 9906: 9905: 9900: 9895: 9890: 9880: 9874: 9872: 9868: 9867: 9865: 9864: 9859: 9857:Squigglevision 9854: 9849: 9844: 9839: 9834: 9832:Idle animation 9829: 9824: 9819: 9818: 9817: 9812: 9801: 9799: 9793: 9792: 9790: 9789: 9784: 9783: 9782: 9777: 9772: 9767: 9757: 9751: 9749: 9743: 9742: 9739: 9738: 9736: 9735: 9730: 9725: 9720: 9715: 9710: 9709: 9708: 9703: 9698: 9691:Motion capture 9688: 9683: 9678: 9673: 9668: 9663: 9657: 9655: 9649: 9648: 9646: 9645: 9643:Onion skinning 9640: 9635: 9630: 9625: 9620: 9615: 9609: 9607: 9598: 9582: 9581: 9579: 9578: 9573: 9568: 9567: 9566: 9556: 9555: 9554: 9544: 9539: 9529: 9528: 9527: 9512: 9510: 9504: 9503: 9501: 9500: 9498:Exposure sheet 9495: 9490: 9485: 9480: 9475: 9469: 9467: 9458: 9454: 9453: 9451: 9450: 9449: 9448: 9443: 9438: 9433: 9428: 9423: 9418: 9416:Adult animated 9408: 9407: 9406: 9401: 9396: 9391: 9386: 9381: 9376: 9371: 9369:Feature-length 9366: 9357: 9355: 9351: 9350: 9348: 9347: 9342: 9337: 9327: 9326: 9325: 9320: 9310: 9305: 9300: 9295: 9294: 9293: 9283: 9278: 9273: 9268: 9267: 9266: 9255: 9253: 9249: 9248: 9245: 9244: 9242: 9241: 9240: 9239: 9234: 9229: 9224: 9222:The Golden Age 9219: 9213:United States 9211: 9209:United Kingdom 9206: 9201: 9196: 9191: 9186: 9181: 9176: 9171: 9166: 9161: 9156: 9151: 9146: 9140: 9138: 9132: 9131: 9129: 9128: 9123: 9118: 9113: 9108: 9103: 9098: 9093: 9088: 9083: 9078: 9073: 9068: 9063: 9058: 9053: 9048: 9043: 9038: 9033: 9027: 9021: 9017: 9016: 9008: 9007: 9000: 8993: 8985: 8979: 8978: 8972: 8959: 8947: 8921: 8920:External links 8918: 8916: 8915: 8899: 8886: 8873: 8849:Online sources 8846: 8845: 8814: 8808: 8795: 8789: 8776: 8770: 8757: 8748: 8742: 8725: 8718: 8703: 8697: 8684: 8678: 8665: 8659: 8646: 8640: 8627: 8621: 8608: 8602: 8587: 8581: 8568: 8562: 8538: 8532: 8519: 8513: 8496: 8490: 8469: 8467: 8464: 8461: 8460: 8435: 8424:. Midnight Eye 8412: 8399: 8374: 8348: 8341: 8317: 8292: 8261: 8247: 8219: 8205: 8191: 8168: 8153: 8139: 8118: 8087: 8056: 8028: 7996: 7985: 7957: 7939: 7892: 7863: 7829: 7804: 7789: 7764: 7746: 7731: 7724: 7702: 7690: 7683: 7663: 7648: 7633: 7631:, p. 231. 7621: 7606: 7591: 7577: 7557: 7545: 7533: 7521: 7502:(4): 343–360. 7482: 7457: 7446:. AMC Networks 7430: 7412: 7405: 7385: 7381:Beckerman 2003 7373: 7348: 7344:Beckerman 2003 7336: 7312: 7300: 7296:Beckerman 2003 7288: 7274: 7247: 7235: 7233:, p. 150. 7223: 7211: 7199: 7192: 7166: 7142: 7118: 7094: 7092:, p. 116. 7082: 7070: 7058: 7025: 6995: 6991:Beckerman 2003 6983: 6962: 6941: 6920: 6899: 6887: 6867: 6850: 6832: 6825: 6799: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6787: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6739:History of art 6736: 6731: 6724: 6721: 6720: 6719: 6704: 6689: 6685: 6682: 6654: 6651: 6650: 6649: 6642: 6629: 6626: 6625: 6624: 6595:Bruno Bozzetto 6579: 6576: 6540: 6537: 6536: 6535: 6532: 6525: 6518: 6509: 6506: 6505: 6504: 6497: 6494:Elpidio Valdés 6484: 6481: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6408:Jim Blashfield 6377:Lotte Reiniger 6365:Main article: 6362: 6359: 6344:Willis O'Brien 6333:Jan Svankmajer 6254:Main article: 6251: 6248: 6219:The Lion Guard 6177:Adventure Time 6132:(2021-2022), 6105:The Loud House 6023: 6020: 6004:Makoto Shinkai 5934: 5931: 5868:legal entities 5808:Chicken Little 5796: 5793: 5719:motion capture 5701: 5698: 5690:World Wide Web 5675:virtual worlds 5632: 5629: 5593:101 Dalmatians 5544:Disney Channel 5530:Ed, Edd n Eddy 5472:MTV's Oddities 5283:Discovery Kids 5189: 5186: 5113:Academy Awards 5055:1930s to 1960s 5047:Main article: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5028:TV-commercials 4959:Space Invaders 4935:Main article: 4932: 4929: 4784: 4781: 4664:Frank Frazetta 4647: 4644: 4523:Jessica Rabbit 4488:Ollie Johnston 4480:Michael Peraza 4447: 4444: 4394:Hayao Miyazaki 4321:Main article: 4318: 4315: 4243: 4240: 4181:My Little Pony 4143: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4123:A cartoon for 4100:Roger Mainwood 4088:Elvis Costello 4054: 4051: 4020: 4019: 4005: 3991: 3977: 3965: 3924: 3921: 3875: 3872: 3748: 3745: 3743: 3740: 3739: 3738: 3735:Bruno Bozzetto 3726: 3710: 3702: 3694: 3686: 3676: 3673: 3541: 3538: 3486: 3483: 3429: 3426: 3416: 3413: 3355: 3352: 3332:Captain Fathom 3315:Edwin Gillette 3297: 3294: 3226:was the first 3218:Jackie Gleason 3197:The Alvin Show 3071: 3068: 3066: 3063: 3062: 3061: 3053: 3045: 3037: 3029: 3017: 3009: 3002:Hayao Miyazaki 2993: 2987: 2977: 2974: 2935: 2932: 2930: 2927: 2902: 2899: 2875:(1957) on the 2763: 2760: 2723: 2720: 2672:Small Fry Club 2654: 2651: 2607: 2604: 2602:(1944) there. 2581:Spike and Tyke 2573:Joseph Barbera 2547:Willie Whopper 2538: 2535: 2481: 2478: 2452:continued the 2450:Famous Studios 2437: 2434: 2303: 2300: 2261: 2258: 2247:Saludos Amigos 2199: 2196: 2194: 2191: 2140:Chicken Little 2070: 2067: 2022: 2019: 1996: 1993: 1888:and dwarfs in 1878: 1872: 1854: 1851: 1723:Song Car-Tunes 1715: 1712: 1698:Silly Symphony 1694:William Garity 1681:Color Classics 1665:Willie Whopper 1610:Main article: 1607: 1604: 1599:Swing Symphony 1577:Color Rhapsody 1571:Color Classics 1565:Rainbow Parade 1517: 1516:in Technicolor 1510: 1468: 1465: 1425: 1419: 1378: 1375: 1300:Alice Comedies 1297:. To make the 1287:Julius the Cat 1283:Virginia Davis 1273:Aesop's Fables 1269:Carman Maxwell 1214: 1211: 1190:Lotte Reiniger 1175: 1174:Lotte Reiniger 1172: 1163:Aesop's Fables 1121:Song Car-Tunes 1086: 1080:Song Car-Tunes 1076: 1057:Norman McLaren 1029:Main article: 1026: 1023: 1000: 997: 966: 963: 939:Feline Follies 922: 919: 915:Koko the Clown 895: 892: 872:Ben Sharpsteen 815: 812: 808:Farmer Alfalfa 747: 744: 710:Edison Studios 700: 697: 684: 681: 627: 624: 615: 612: 562: 559: 511: 508: 495: 492: 419: 416: 378:kinematographs 347: 344: 305:Georges Méliès 296: 293: 266:Pauvre Pierrot 258:in Paris. His 240:Main article: 237: 234: 228:Pauvre Pierrot 212: 209: 204:cinematography 141:phantasmagoria 113:Main article: 110: 107: 53:celluloid film 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10267: 10256: 10253: 10251: 10248: 10246: 10243: 10242: 10240: 10225: 10222: 10220: 10216: 10212: 10210: 10202: 10201: 10198: 10188: 10185: 10184: 10183: 10180: 10179: 10178: 10175: 10173: 10170: 10168: 10165: 10163: 10160: 10158: 10155: 10151: 10148: 10147: 10146: 10143: 10141: 10138: 10136: 10133: 10131: 10128: 10124: 10121: 10119: 10116: 10114: 10111: 10109: 10106: 10105: 10104: 10101: 10099: 10096: 10094: 10091: 10087: 10084: 10082: 10081:Bouncing ball 10079: 10078: 10077: 10074: 10073: 10071: 10067: 10061: 10058: 10056: 10053: 10051: 10048: 10046: 10043: 10041: 10038: 10036: 10033: 10031: 10028: 10026: 10023: 10021: 10018: 10016: 10013: 10010: 10006: 10003: 10002: 10000: 9996: 9986: 9983: 9981: 9978: 9976: 9973: 9971: 9968: 9966: 9963: 9961: 9958: 9956: 9953: 9951: 9948: 9946: 9943: 9941: 9938: 9936: 9933: 9931: 9928: 9926: 9925:Hydrotechnics 9923: 9921: 9918: 9916: 9915:Drawn-on-film 9913: 9911: 9908: 9904: 9901: 9899: 9896: 9894: 9891: 9889: 9886: 9885: 9884: 9881: 9879: 9876: 9875: 9873: 9871:Other methods 9869: 9863: 9860: 9858: 9855: 9853: 9850: 9848: 9845: 9843: 9842:Magic Lantern 9840: 9838: 9835: 9833: 9830: 9828: 9825: 9823: 9820: 9816: 9813: 9811: 9808: 9807: 9806: 9803: 9802: 9800: 9798: 9794: 9788: 9785: 9781: 9778: 9776: 9775:Virtual human 9773: 9771: 9768: 9766: 9763: 9762: 9761: 9758: 9756: 9753: 9752: 9750: 9748: 9744: 9734: 9731: 9729: 9726: 9724: 9721: 9719: 9716: 9714: 9711: 9707: 9704: 9702: 9701:hand tracking 9699: 9697: 9694: 9693: 9692: 9689: 9687: 9684: 9682: 9679: 9677: 9674: 9672: 9669: 9667: 9664: 9662: 9659: 9658: 9656: 9654: 9650: 9644: 9641: 9639: 9636: 9634: 9631: 9629: 9626: 9624: 9621: 9619: 9616: 9614: 9611: 9610: 9608: 9606: 9602: 9599: 9596: 9592: 9587: 9583: 9577: 9574: 9572: 9569: 9565: 9562: 9561: 9560: 9557: 9553: 9550: 9549: 9548: 9545: 9543: 9540: 9537: 9533: 9530: 9526: 9522: 9521:clay painting 9519: 9518: 9517: 9514: 9513: 9511: 9509: 9505: 9499: 9496: 9494: 9491: 9489: 9486: 9484: 9481: 9479: 9476: 9474: 9471: 9470: 9468: 9466: 9462: 9459: 9455: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9429: 9427: 9424: 9422: 9419: 9417: 9414: 9413: 9412: 9409: 9405: 9402: 9400: 9397: 9395: 9392: 9390: 9387: 9385: 9382: 9380: 9377: 9375: 9372: 9370: 9367: 9365: 9362: 9361: 9359: 9358: 9356: 9352: 9346: 9343: 9341: 9338: 9335: 9331: 9328: 9324: 9321: 9319: 9318:international 9316: 9315: 9314: 9311: 9309: 9306: 9304: 9301: 9299: 9296: 9292: 9289: 9288: 9287: 9284: 9282: 9279: 9277: 9274: 9272: 9269: 9265: 9262: 9261: 9260: 9257: 9256: 9254: 9250: 9238: 9235: 9233: 9230: 9228: 9225: 9223: 9220: 9218: 9215: 9214: 9212: 9210: 9207: 9205: 9202: 9200: 9197: 9195: 9192: 9190: 9187: 9185: 9182: 9180: 9177: 9175: 9172: 9170: 9167: 9165: 9162: 9160: 9157: 9155: 9152: 9150: 9147: 9145: 9142: 9141: 9139: 9137: 9133: 9127: 9124: 9122: 9121:United States 9119: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9109: 9107: 9104: 9102: 9099: 9097: 9094: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9082: 9079: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9069: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9054: 9052: 9049: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9034: 9032: 9029: 9028: 9025: 9022: 9018: 9013: 9006: 9001: 8999: 8994: 8992: 8987: 8986: 8983: 8976: 8973: 8969: 8968:Wheel of Life 8965: 8960: 8956: 8952: 8948: 8938:on 2021-01-19 8937: 8933: 8929: 8924: 8923: 8905: 8900: 8896: 8892: 8887: 8883: 8881: 8874: 8864: 8863: 8858: 8853: 8852: 8851: 8850: 8842: 8830: 8822: 8821: 8815: 8811: 8805: 8801: 8796: 8792: 8790:0-521-31536-0 8786: 8782: 8777: 8773: 8767: 8763: 8758: 8754: 8749: 8745: 8739: 8735: 8731: 8726: 8721: 8715: 8711: 8710: 8704: 8700: 8698:0-7357-0046-X 8694: 8690: 8685: 8681: 8675: 8671: 8666: 8662: 8656: 8652: 8647: 8643: 8637: 8633: 8628: 8624: 8618: 8614: 8609: 8605: 8603:0-7864-1628-9 8599: 8595: 8594: 8588: 8584: 8582:0-226-11667-0 8578: 8574: 8569: 8565: 8559: 8555: 8551: 8547: 8543: 8539: 8535: 8529: 8525: 8520: 8516: 8514:0-253-20937-4 8510: 8505: 8504: 8497: 8493: 8491:1-58115-301-5 8487: 8483: 8482: 8476: 8475: 8474: 8473: 8450:on 2008-02-19 8449: 8445: 8439: 8423: 8416: 8409: 8403: 8389: 8385: 8378: 8363: 8359: 8352: 8344: 8342:9781451648546 8338: 8334: 8330: 8329: 8321: 8306: 8302: 8296: 8282: 8281: 8275: 8271: 8265: 8257: 8251: 8236: 8232: 8226: 8224: 8215: 8209: 8201: 8195: 8187: 8186: 8181: 8175: 8173: 8164: 8157: 8149: 8143: 8130: 8129: 8122: 8108: 8107: 8101: 8097: 8091: 8077: 8076: 8070: 8066: 8060: 8046:on 2019-08-05 8045: 8041: 8035: 8033: 8017: 8016: 8011: 8009: 8000: 7994: 7989: 7974: 7973: 7968: 7961: 7953: 7949: 7943: 7935: 7929: 7928:cite magazine 7913: 7909: 7908: 7907:Rolling Stone 7903: 7896: 7881: 7877: 7873: 7867: 7851: 7847: 7845: 7844:Fritz the Cat 7839: 7833: 7818: 7814: 7808: 7800: 7793: 7778: 7774: 7768: 7760: 7756: 7750: 7743:. p. 12. 7742: 7735: 7727: 7721: 7716: 7715: 7706: 7699: 7698:Bendazzi 1994 7694: 7686: 7684:9780878339167 7680: 7676: 7675: 7667: 7659: 7652: 7644: 7637: 7630: 7629:Bendazzi 1994 7625: 7619: 7615: 7610: 7602: 7595: 7580: 7578:950-05-0896-6 7574: 7570: 7569: 7561: 7554: 7549: 7542: 7537: 7530: 7525: 7517: 7513: 7509: 7505: 7501: 7497: 7493: 7486: 7472:on 2001-03-03 7471: 7467: 7461: 7445: 7441: 7434: 7426: 7422: 7416: 7408: 7402: 7398: 7397: 7389: 7383:, p. 44. 7382: 7377: 7362: 7358: 7352: 7346:, p. 25. 7345: 7340: 7332: 7328: 7321: 7319: 7317: 7310:, p. 34. 7309: 7304: 7297: 7292: 7284: 7278: 7262: 7258: 7251: 7244: 7239: 7232: 7227: 7220: 7215: 7208: 7203: 7195: 7193:9781557836717 7189: 7185: 7180: 7179: 7170: 7156: 7152: 7146: 7132: 7128: 7122: 7108: 7104: 7098: 7091: 7086: 7079: 7074: 7068:, p. 17. 7067: 7066:Bendazzi 1994 7062: 7048: 7044: 7040: 7036: 7029: 7013: 7009: 7002: 7000: 6992: 6987: 6974: 6973: 6966: 6953: 6952: 6945: 6932: 6931: 6924: 6911: 6910: 6903: 6896: 6891: 6880: 6879: 6871: 6863: 6862: 6854: 6846: 6842: 6836: 6828: 6826:9781400860715 6822: 6818: 6817: 6809: 6807: 6805: 6800: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6726: 6716: 6712: 6708: 6688: 6687: 6680: 6676: 6672: 6668: 6664: 6660: 6647: 6643: 6640: 6636: 6632: 6631: 6622: 6620: 6615: 6611: 6610: 6605: 6604: 6603:West and Soda 6600: 6596: 6592: 6588: 6587: 6582: 6581: 6574: 6570: 6566: 6562: 6558: 6554: 6550: 6546: 6533: 6530: 6526: 6523: 6519: 6516: 6512: 6511: 6502: 6498: 6495: 6491: 6487: 6486: 6479: 6475: 6471: 6467: 6463: 6459: 6455: 6440: 6438: 6434: 6430: 6429:pilot episode 6426: 6425: 6420: 6416: 6411: 6409: 6405: 6401: 6400:Terry Gilliam 6397: 6393: 6392: 6386: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6374: 6368: 6358: 6356: 6355: 6349: 6345: 6340: 6338: 6337:Brothers Quay 6334: 6329: 6327: 6326: 6321: 6320: 6316:productions ( 6315: 6311: 6310: 6305: 6304: 6299: 6298: 6293: 6292: 6287: 6286:animated clay 6283: 6279: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6263: 6257: 6247: 6246:(2020–2023). 6245: 6244: 6243:The Owl House 6239: 6238: 6233: 6232: 6228:(2017–2021), 6227: 6226: 6222:(2016–2019), 6221: 6220: 6216:(2015–2019), 6215: 6214: 6210:(2012–2016), 6209: 6208: 6207:Gravity Falls 6204:(2007–2015), 6203: 6202: 6197: 6196: 6191: 6190: 6185: 6184: 6179: 6178: 6174:(2005–2008), 6173: 6172: 6168:(2003–2006), 6167: 6166: 6162:(2002–2008), 6161: 6160: 6155: 6154: 6149: 6148: 6143: 6142: 6137: 6136: 6131: 6130: 6125: 6124: 6120:(2020–2022), 6119: 6118: 6113: 6112: 6107: 6106: 6102:(2015–2017), 6101: 6100: 6096:(2013–2016), 6095: 6094: 6090:(2012–2014), 6089: 6088: 6083: 6079: 6078: 6077:The Mighty B! 6073: 6072: 6067: 6063: 6059: 6055: 6054: 6049: 6048: 6044:(2002–2008), 6043: 6042: 6037: 6036: 6035:Jimmy Neutron 6031: 6030: 6019: 6017: 6016: 6011: 6010: 6005: 6001: 5999: 5998: 5993: 5989: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5979: 5974: 5973: 5968: 5967: 5962: 5961: 5960:Spirited Away 5955: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5941: 5930: 5928: 5924: 5923: 5918: 5917: 5916:The Lion King 5912: 5911: 5906: 5905: 5900: 5898: 5897: 5892: 5888: 5884: 5882: 5878: 5877: 5871: 5869: 5865: 5864:John Lasseter 5861: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5846: 5845: 5840: 5839: 5834: 5833: 5828: 5827: 5822: 5821: 5816: 5815: 5810: 5809: 5804: 5803: 5792: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5774: 5773:The Lion King 5769: 5764: 5762: 5758: 5757: 5756:Jet Set Radio 5752: 5748: 5744: 5743: 5738: 5734: 5733: 5728: 5720: 5697: 5695: 5691: 5686: 5684: 5681:animation in 5680: 5676: 5671: 5669: 5668: 5663: 5659: 5658: 5657:Jurassic Park 5653: 5652: 5646: 5644: 5643: 5638: 5628: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5609: 5607: 5606: 5601: 5600: 5596:(1997–1998), 5595: 5594: 5590:(1995–1999), 5589: 5588: 5584:(1994–1997), 5583: 5582: 5577: 5576: 5571: 5570: 5566:(1991–1992), 5565: 5564: 5563:Darkwing Duck 5560:(1990–1991), 5559: 5558: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5540: 5539:(1999–2002). 5538: 5537: 5532: 5531: 5527:(1998–2005), 5526: 5525: 5521:(1997–2000), 5520: 5519: 5515:(1997–1999), 5514: 5513: 5509:(1997–2004), 5508: 5507: 5503:(1996–2003), 5502: 5501: 5496: 5495: 5490: 5486: 5483: 5482:cable channel 5479: 5475: 5473: 5469: 5468: 5463: 5462: 5457: 5456: 5451: 5450: 5445: 5444: 5439: 5438: 5432: 5430: 5429: 5424: 5423: 5419:(1997–2010), 5418: 5417: 5412: 5411: 5406: 5402: 5401: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5387: 5381: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5370: 5365: 5361: 5360: 5355: 5354: 5349: 5348: 5343: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5330: 5326: 5325: 5320: 5316: 5315: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5289: 5284: 5280: 5279: 5274: 5270: 5269: 5264: 5260: 5259: 5253: 5251: 5250: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5232: 5227: 5226: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5200:controversial 5197: 5196: 5185: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5154: 5152: 5151: 5146: 5145: 5140: 5139: 5134: 5130: 5129:The Lion King 5126: 5125: 5120: 5119: 5114: 5110: 5109: 5104: 5103: 5102:The Lion King 5098: 5097: 5092: 5088: 5087: 5081: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5065: 5060: 5056: 5050: 5035: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5020: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5009: 5004: 5003: 4997: 4995: 4994: 4989: 4988: 4983: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4938: 4928: 4926: 4922: 4921:Bill Plympton 4918: 4913: 4911: 4910: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4895: 4889: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4869: 4865: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4852: 4851: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4812: 4811:Brothers Quay 4808: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4795: 4789: 4780: 4778: 4777: 4772: 4769: 4764: 4762: 4761: 4757: 4756:disaster film 4752: 4750: 4749: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4727:Gerald Scarfe 4724: 4723: 4717: 4715: 4714: 4709: 4705: 4704: 4699: 4698: 4696: 4690: 4689: 4683: 4681: 4680: 4675: 4674: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4660: 4655: 4654: 4643: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4623: 4618: 4617: 4612: 4611: 4605: 4603: 4599: 4598: 4593: 4592: 4587: 4586:Matt Groening 4583: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4572: 4567: 4565: 4564: 4559: 4558: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4544: 4539: 4538:Tummy Trouble 4536: 4532: 4531:Benny the Cab 4528: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4503: 4499: 4498: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4472:John Lasseter 4469: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4443: 4441: 4440: 4435: 4434: 4429: 4428: 4423: 4422:Isao Takahata 4419: 4418:Studio Ghibli 4415: 4411: 4407: 4406: 4401: 4400: 4395: 4391: 4390:(1983–1984). 4389: 4388: 4383: 4382: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4368: 4363: 4362: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4343: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4324: 4314: 4312: 4311: 4310:Count Duckula 4306: 4302: 4298: 4297: 4292: 4289:In the U.K., 4287: 4285: 4284: 4279: 4278: 4273: 4272: 4267: 4266: 4261: 4260: 4255: 4251: 4250: 4239: 4237: 4236: 4231: 4227: 4225: 4221: 4220: 4213: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4190:Pole Position 4187: 4183: 4182: 4177: 4176: 4172:(1983–1986), 4171: 4170: 4165: 4161: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4134: 4132: 4131: 4130:Seaside Woman 4126: 4121: 4119: 4115: 4114: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4095: 4094: 4089: 4085: 4083: 4081: 4075: 4073: 4069: 4068: 4062: 4060: 4050: 4039: 4038: 4027: 4026: 4015:Сказка сказок 4011: 4010: 4009:Tale of Tales 4006: 4001:Ёжик в тумане 3997: 3996: 3992: 3983: 3982: 3978: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3954: 3953: 3949: 3948: 3947: 3945: 3944:Yuri Norstein 3940: 3938: 3937: 3932: 3930: 3920: 3918: 3917: 3912: 3911: 3906: 3905: 3900: 3899: 3892: 3890: 3889: 3884: 3883: 3871: 3869: 3865: 3864: 3858: 3856: 3855: 3854:Rolling Stone 3850: 3846: 3842: 3841: 3835: 3833: 3832: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3818: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3800: 3795: 3794: 3788: 3786: 3785: 3780: 3779: 3774: 3773: 3772:Heavy Traffic 3768: 3764: 3760: 3759: 3758:Fritz the Cat 3753: 3736: 3732: 3731: 3730:West and Soda 3727: 3724: 3720: 3719: 3714: 3711: 3708: 3707: 3703: 3700: 3699: 3695: 3692: 3691: 3687: 3684: 3683: 3679: 3678: 3672: 3670: 3666: 3665:Heinz Edelman 3662: 3661: 3656: 3651: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3636: 3634: 3633: 3628: 3627: 3622: 3621: 3616: 3615: 3610: 3606: 3603: 3598: 3596: 3592: 3591: 3586: 3585: 3580: 3579: 3574: 3573: 3568: 3563: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3552: 3547: 3537: 3535: 3534: 3528: 3526: 3525: 3520: 3519: 3514: 3513: 3509:(1965–1966), 3508: 3507: 3502: 3501: 3494: 3492: 3485:Rise of anime 3482: 3480: 3479: 3478:The Dogfather 3474: 3473: 3469:(1965–1969), 3468: 3467: 3466:The Inspector 3462: 3458: 3454: 3453:Peter Sellers 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3435:, founded by 3434: 3425: 3422: 3412: 3410: 3409: 3404: 3403: 3397: 3394: 3390: 3389: 3384: 3383: 3378: 3377: 3372: 3367: 3363: 3362: 3351: 3348: 3347:Three Stooges 3344: 3343: 3338: 3334: 3333: 3328: 3327: 3323:(1959–1960), 3322: 3321: 3316: 3311: 3306: 3302: 3293: 3291: 3287: 3286: 3281: 3277: 3276: 3271: 3270:Bill Melendez 3267: 3266: 3260: 3258: 3254: 3249: 3247: 3246: 3241: 3240: 3236:(1960–1962), 3235: 3234: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3219: 3215: 3214: 3209: 3208: 3203: 3199: 3198: 3193: 3190:(1967–1968). 3189: 3188: 3183: 3182: 3177: 3176: 3171: 3170: 3165: 3161: 3160: 3155: 3154:Marvel Comics 3151: 3147: 3143: 3142: 3137: 3136: 3131: 3130: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3116: 3110: 3108: 3107: 3102: 3101: 3096: 3095: 3090: 3089: 3084: 3080: 3079:General Mills 3076: 3059: 3058: 3054: 3051: 3050: 3046: 3043: 3042: 3038: 3035: 3034: 3030: 3027: 3023: 3022: 3018: 3015: 3014: 3010: 3007: 3006:Isao Takahata 3003: 2999: 2998: 2994: 2991: 2988: 2985: 2984: 2980: 2979: 2973: 2971: 2970: 2965: 2964: 2959: 2958: 2953: 2952: 2947: 2943: 2942: 2926: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2911:Sylvester Jr. 2908: 2898: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2887: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2873: 2866: 2865:(1959–1964). 2864: 2863: 2858: 2857: 2852: 2848: 2847: 2846:Colonel Bleep 2842: 2841: 2836: 2831: 2830:(1959–1961). 2829: 2828: 2823: 2822: 2817: 2816: 2811: 2810: 2809:Loopy de Loop 2805: 2804:Hanna-Barbera 2800: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2784: 2782: 2776: 2774: 2773: 2768: 2759: 2756: 2752: 2746: 2739: 2719: 2717: 2716: 2711: 2710: 2705: 2700: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2676: 2674: 2673: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2650: 2648: 2647: 2642: 2641: 2636: 2635: 2630: 2626: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2603: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2584: 2582: 2578: 2577:Tom and Jerry 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2553: 2549:cartoons and 2548: 2544: 2543:Flip the Frog 2534: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2515: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2477: 2476:(1950–1959). 2475: 2471: 2470:Little Audrey 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2433: 2432:(1941–1950). 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2410: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2395:Barnyard Dawg 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2363:Chip 'n' Dale 2360: 2355: 2353: 2349: 2341: 2340: 2335: 2315: 2314: 2308: 2299: 2297: 2296:Julie Andrews 2293: 2292: 2287: 2286: 2281: 2280: 2275: 2274: 2268: 2267:Soyuzmultfilm 2257: 2255: 2254: 2249: 2248: 2242: 2240: 2239: 2234: 2233: 2228: 2227: 2221: 2219: 2218: 2213: 2212: 2207: 2206: 2190: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2175: 2169: 2167: 2163: 2162: 2156: 2154: 2153: 2148: 2147: 2142: 2141: 2136: 2135: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2121: 2116: 2112: 2111: 2106: 2101: 2099: 2098: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2084: 2083:Private Snafu 2078: 2076: 2075:GPO Film Unit 2063: 2062: 2057: 2051: 2049: 2043: 2036: 2018: 2016: 2012: 2011: 2006: 2002: 1992: 1990: 1989: 1983: 1981: 1980: 1973: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1946: 1941: 1938: 1937:sound-on-disc 1935: 1931: 1927: 1926: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1904: 1899: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1876: 1871: 1868: 1863: 1859: 1850: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1835: 1829: 1827: 1826: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1796: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1745: 1738: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1719: 1711: 1709: 1705: 1704: 1699: 1695: 1690: 1688: 1687: 1682: 1678: 1673: 1671: 1667: 1666: 1660: 1658: 1657: 1652: 1648: 1643: 1641: 1633: 1632: 1613: 1603: 1602:(1941–1945). 1601: 1600: 1595: 1594: 1589: 1585: 1584: 1579: 1578: 1573: 1572: 1567: 1566: 1561: 1558:(1933–1936), 1557: 1553: 1549: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1534: 1529: 1525: 1524: 1515: 1509: 1507: 1503: 1502:Flip the Frog 1499: 1495: 1494: 1489: 1487: 1486: 1480: 1478: 1474: 1464: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1446: 1445: 1441: 1440: 1439:Color Classic 1435: 1430: 1424: 1418: 1415: 1411: 1410: 1405: 1401: 1400: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1374: 1372: 1371: 1366: 1365: 1360: 1356: 1355: 1350: 1343: 1316: 1314: 1313:Charles Mintz 1310: 1306: 1302: 1301: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1279: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1265:Rudolph Ising 1262: 1258: 1254: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1235: 1228: 1210: 1208: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1184:, which used 1183: 1182: 1171: 1169: 1165: 1164: 1159: 1158: 1153: 1149: 1148:(1929–1932). 1147: 1146: 1141: 1137: 1136: 1131: 1130:bouncing ball 1127: 1126:sound-on-film 1123: 1122: 1117: 1111: 1103: 1102: 1085: 1081: 1075: 1073: 1072: 1067: 1063: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1032: 1025:Absolute film 1022: 1020: 1019: 1014: 1010: 1006: 996: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 977: 972: 962: 960: 956: 952: 951:Felix the Cat 948: 940: 921:Felix the Cat 918: 916: 911: 910: 905: 901: 900:Max Fleischer 891: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 856: 850: 846: 838: 811: 809: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 781:Max Fleischer 778: 774: 770: 765: 761: 757: 753: 743: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 724: 723:Mutt and Jeff 719: 715: 711: 706: 696: 694: 690: 680: 678: 677: 672: 671: 665: 664: 659: 655: 654: 645: 644: 623: 621: 611: 609: 605: 604:negative film 600: 596: 595: 594:Fantasmagorie 590: 586: 578: 577: 576:Fantasmagorie 558: 556: 552: 551: 545: 541: 537: 536: 531: 527: 526: 521: 517: 507: 505: 500: 491: 489: 484: 483: 477: 475: 470: 466: 465: 460: 456: 449: 448: 415: 413: 409: 408: 403: 401: 397: 392: 388: 384: 379: 375: 374:kinematograph 371: 370:Gebrüder Bing 363: 362: 343: 341: 336: 332: 331: 326: 325:Thomas Edison 322: 318: 314: 310: 309:fantasy films 306: 302: 301:Cinematograph 292: 290: 286: 285: 280: 279: 274: 273: 268: 267: 261: 257: 252: 248: 243: 230: 229: 208: 205: 201: 197: 193: 189: 185: 181: 176: 174: 170: 166: 162: 158: 154: 150: 146: 142: 138: 137:magic lantern 134: 130: 126: 122: 116: 106: 104: 100: 99: 94: 89: 85: 81: 76: 74: 70: 66: 62: 58: 54: 50: 49:early history 46: 45: 36: 32: 27: 19: 10182:anime series 10140:Motion comic 10009:visual music 9955:Pose to pose 9930:Inbetweening 9910:Chuckimation 9852:Shadowmation 9805:Animatronics 9706:eye tracking 9686:Morph target 9638:Multi-sketch 9389:Short series 9303:Art pipeline 9281:Story artist 9227:World War II 9135: 9096:South Africa 8967: 8954: 8940:. Retrieved 8936:the original 8931: 8908:. Retrieved 8894: 8879: 8866:. Retrieved 8860: 8848: 8847: 8819: 8799: 8780: 8761: 8752: 8733: 8729: 8724:</ref> 8708: 8688: 8669: 8650: 8631: 8612: 8592: 8572: 8549: 8523: 8502: 8480: 8472:Bibliography 8471: 8470: 8452:. Retrieved 8448:the original 8438: 8428:December 10, 8426:. Retrieved 8415: 8407: 8402: 8391:. Retrieved 8387: 8377: 8365:. Retrieved 8361: 8351: 8327: 8320: 8309:. Retrieved 8307:. 2013-01-14 8304: 8295: 8285:, retrieved 8279: 8270:Ghostarchive 8268:Archived at 8264: 8250: 8239:. Retrieved 8237:. 1990-05-25 8234: 8208: 8194: 8183: 8156: 8142: 8132:, retrieved 8127: 8121: 8111:, retrieved 8105: 8096:Ghostarchive 8094:Archived at 8090: 8080:, retrieved 8074: 8065:Ghostarchive 8063:Archived at 8059: 8048:. Retrieved 8044:the original 8019:. Retrieved 8013: 8007: 7999: 7988: 7976:. Retrieved 7970: 7960: 7952:the original 7942: 7916:. Retrieved 7905: 7895: 7884:. Retrieved 7880:the original 7875: 7866: 7854:. Retrieved 7849: 7843: 7832: 7821:. Retrieved 7819:. 2024-09-24 7816: 7807: 7798: 7792: 7781:. Retrieved 7779:. 1990-05-25 7776: 7767: 7758: 7749: 7740: 7734: 7713: 7705: 7693: 7673: 7666: 7657: 7651: 7645:. p. 9. 7642: 7636: 7624: 7613: 7609: 7600: 7594: 7582:. Retrieved 7567: 7560: 7548: 7536: 7524: 7499: 7495: 7485: 7474:. Retrieved 7470:the original 7460: 7448:. Retrieved 7444:filmsite.org 7443: 7438:Dirks, Tim. 7433: 7424: 7415: 7395: 7388: 7376: 7365:. Retrieved 7351: 7339: 7330: 7308:Solomon 1989 7303: 7291: 7277: 7265:. Retrieved 7261:the original 7250: 7243:Solomon 1989 7238: 7231:Crafton 1993 7226: 7219:Crafton 1993 7214: 7207:Solomon 1989 7202: 7177: 7169: 7158:. Retrieved 7154: 7145: 7134:. Retrieved 7130: 7121: 7110:. Retrieved 7106: 7097: 7090:Crafton 1993 7085: 7078:Solomon 1989 7073: 7061: 7050:. Retrieved 7038: 7028: 7016:. Retrieved 7012:the original 6986: 6976:, retrieved 6971: 6965: 6955:, retrieved 6950: 6944: 6934:, retrieved 6929: 6923: 6913:, retrieved 6908: 6902: 6890: 6877: 6870: 6860: 6853: 6847:(in German). 6844: 6835: 6815: 6711:Winsor McCay 6621:(Cavallette) 6619:Grasshoppers 6618: 6607: 6601: 6593:is director 6590: 6584: 6528: 6521: 6514: 6422: 6412: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6381: 6370: 6352: 6341: 6330: 6323: 6317: 6307: 6301: 6295: 6289: 6282:Henry Selick 6259: 6241: 6235: 6229: 6223: 6217: 6211: 6205: 6199: 6195:Kim Possible 6193: 6187: 6183:Regular Show 6181: 6175: 6169: 6163: 6157: 6153:Samurai Jack 6151: 6145: 6139: 6138:(2021-2022) 6133: 6127: 6123:Glitch Techs 6121: 6115: 6109: 6103: 6099:Harvey Beaks 6097: 6091: 6085: 6075: 6069: 6051: 6045: 6039: 6033: 6027: 6025: 6013: 6007: 6002: 5995: 5985: 5976: 5970: 5964: 5958: 5956: 5952:Amazon Prime 5936: 5920: 5919:and Pixar's 5915: 5908: 5902: 5901: 5894: 5887:Ron Clements 5885: 5874: 5872: 5854: 5850: 5849: 5842: 5838:Brother Bear 5836: 5830: 5824: 5818: 5812: 5806: 5800: 5798: 5795:Disney-Pixar 5789:3D-converted 5784: 5780: 5776: 5772: 5765: 5754: 5740: 5730: 5724: 5687: 5672: 5665: 5655: 5649: 5647: 5640: 5634: 5610: 5603: 5597: 5591: 5585: 5579: 5573: 5567: 5561: 5555: 5541: 5534: 5528: 5522: 5516: 5510: 5506:Johnny Bravo 5504: 5498: 5492: 5476: 5471: 5465: 5459: 5453: 5447: 5441: 5435: 5433: 5426: 5420: 5414: 5408: 5404: 5400:The Simpsons 5398: 5394: 5391:Wakko's Wish 5384: 5382: 5367: 5363: 5357: 5351: 5345: 5339: 5338:, including 5333: 5328: 5327:in 1988 and 5322: 5318: 5312: 5303:rather than 5286: 5276: 5266: 5256: 5254: 5247: 5240:Klasky Csupo 5229: 5223: 5219: 5193: 5191: 5172:releases by 5155: 5149: 5142: 5137: 5128: 5122: 5116: 5106: 5100: 5094: 5084: 5082: 5062: 5052: 5021: 5017:Max Headroom 5006: 5000: 4998: 4991: 4985: 4940: 4924: 4914: 4907: 4893: 4890: 4882:Ralph Bakshi 4872: 4861: 4855: 4848: 4844: 4833:Dire Straits 4829:Steve Barron 4815: 4794:Sledgehammer 4792: 4786: 4774: 4766:The violent 4765: 4758: 4753: 4748:In the Flesh 4746: 4720: 4718: 4711: 4701: 4694: 4692: 4686: 4684: 4677: 4671: 4659:Fire and Ice 4657: 4653:American Pop 4651: 4649: 4626: 4620: 4614: 4608: 4606: 4595: 4591:The Simpsons 4589: 4584: 4580:Looney Tunes 4579: 4569: 4568: 4561: 4555: 4541: 4537: 4519:Roger Rabbit 4512: 4507:In cinemas, 4506: 4502:James Baxter 4495: 4494:, published 4492:Frank Thomas 4460:Nine Old Men 4449: 4437: 4431: 4425: 4413: 4403: 4397: 4392: 4385: 4379: 4376:tentacle sex 4365: 4359: 4340: 4326: 4308: 4305:secret agent 4296:Danger Mouse 4294: 4288: 4281: 4275: 4269: 4263: 4257: 4247: 4245: 4233: 4228: 4217: 4214: 4179: 4173: 4167: 4157: 4145: 4128: 4122: 4117: 4111: 4098: 4091: 4086: 4079: 4076: 4065: 4063: 4059:music videos 4056: 4035: 4025:The Overcoat 4023: 4021: 4007: 3993: 3979: 3967: 3950: 3941: 3934: 3933: 3926: 3914: 3908: 3902: 3896: 3893: 3886: 3880: 3877: 3861: 3859: 3852: 3838: 3836: 3829: 3815: 3807: 3803: 3797: 3791: 3789: 3782: 3776: 3770: 3763:Robert Crumb 3756: 3752:Ralph Bakshi 3750: 3728: 3723:Ray Goossens 3716: 3704: 3696: 3688: 3680: 3658: 3652: 3647: 3643: 3637: 3630: 3624: 3618: 3612: 3609:Ward Kimball 3599: 3594: 3588: 3582: 3576: 3570: 3566: 3564: 3549: 3543: 3531: 3529: 3522: 3516: 3510: 3504: 3498: 3495: 3488: 3476: 3470: 3464: 3445:Pink Panther 3437:Friz Freleng 3431: 3418: 3406: 3400: 3398: 3387: 3382:Mary Poppins 3380: 3374: 3359: 3357: 3340: 3337:Clutch Cargo 3336: 3330: 3329:(1962), and 3324: 3320:Clutch Cargo 3318: 3299: 3283: 3273: 3263: 3261: 3250: 3243: 3237: 3231: 3223: 3222: 3216:and creator 3211: 3205: 3195: 3192:Format Films 3185: 3179: 3173: 3167: 3157: 3139: 3133: 3127: 3113: 3111: 3104: 3098: 3092: 3086: 3073: 3055: 3047: 3041:Krtek (Mole) 3040: 3031: 3019: 3011: 2995: 2989: 2981: 2967: 2961: 2955: 2949: 2945: 2939: 2937: 2904: 2891:Ray Goossens 2884: 2870: 2867: 2860: 2856:Tom Terrific 2854: 2844: 2838: 2832: 2825: 2819: 2813: 2807: 2801: 2791: 2785: 2777: 2770: 2765: 2747: 2743: 2737: 2713: 2707: 2701: 2684:Warner Bros. 2680:Walter Lantz 2677: 2670: 2658: 2656: 2644: 2638: 2632: 2619: 2609: 2585: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2540: 2527:Chilly Willy 2523:Buzz Buzzard 2519:Wally Walrus 2512: 2497:Carl Laemmle 2492: 2485:Walter Lantz 2483: 2457: 2453: 2439: 2418:Mighty Mouse 2411: 2405:(1948), and 2387:Yosemite Sam 2356: 2346:During the " 2345: 2339:Jerky Turkey 2337: 2311: 2289: 2283: 2277: 2271: 2263: 2251: 2245: 2243: 2236: 2230: 2224: 2222: 2215: 2209: 2203: 2201: 2182: 2172: 2170: 2159: 2157: 2150: 2144: 2138: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120:All Together 2118: 2114: 2108: 2102: 2095: 2081: 2079: 2072: 2059: 2046: 2034: 2008: 2004: 1998: 1986: 1984: 1977: 1974: 1958:package film 1953: 1949: 1943: 1930:Buenos Aires 1923: 1901: 1895: 1889: 1874: 1856: 1834:Dizzy Dishes 1832: 1830: 1823: 1804:Minnie Mouse 1797: 1773:Bob Clampett 1768: 1749:Looney Tunes 1748: 1742: 1739: 1735:Looney Tunes 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1720: 1717: 1707: 1703:The Old Mill 1701: 1697: 1691: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1674: 1669: 1663: 1661: 1654: 1646: 1644: 1637: 1629: 1597: 1591: 1586:(1934–1938) 1581: 1575: 1569: 1563: 1551: 1550: 1545: 1531: 1521: 1519: 1513: 1498:King of Jazz 1497: 1493:Fiddlesticks 1491: 1490: 1485:King of Jazz 1483: 1481: 1477:film tinting 1472: 1470: 1460: 1450: 1442: 1437: 1422: 1414:Warner Bros. 1409:Looney Tunes 1407: 1397: 1393: 1380: 1368: 1362: 1352: 1349:Mickey Mouse 1346: 1341: 1305:Friz Freleng 1298: 1294: 1276: 1272: 1252: 1237: 1226: 1179: 1177: 1161: 1155: 1150: 1143: 1133: 1119: 1113: 1099: 1083: 1079: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1041:Hans Richter 1034: 1016: 1013:Mickey Mouse 1002: 974: 971:feature film 968: 955:Pat Sullivan 947:Otto Messmer 944: 938: 907: 897: 888:Burt Gillett 884:Grim Natwick 853: 842: 836: 793:Walter Lantz 749: 740:Pat Sullivan 721: 718:Barré Studio 703:Around 1913 702: 699:Barré Studio 688: 686: 674: 668: 661: 658:Winsor McCay 651: 649: 641: 626:Winsor McCay 617: 599:stick figure 592: 588: 582: 574: 548: 543: 539: 533: 529: 523: 513: 503: 497: 480: 478: 462: 453: 445: 405: 404: 400:praxinoscope 383:lithographed 377: 373: 367: 359: 328: 298: 288: 282: 276: 270: 264: 259: 256:Musée Grévin 245: 226: 180:stroboscopic 177: 173:comic strips 121:storytelling 118: 96: 77: 41: 39: 26: 10108:model sheet 9965:Rubber hose 9888:model sheet 9666:Cel shading 9508:Stop motion 9493:Rotoscoping 9465:Traditional 9394:Stop-motion 9340:Outsourcing 9101:South Korea 9081:Philippines 9076:North Korea 8837:|work= 8466:Works cited 8185:Vanity Fair 7553:Gabler 2007 7331:www.awn.com 6895:Litten 2014 6635:Zagreb Film 6490:Juan Padrón 6322:(1977) and 6256:Stop motion 6250:Stop motion 6165:Teen Titans 6066:later years 6029:Invader Zim 5981:(2013) and 5975:(2008) and 5922:Toy Story 3 5893:'s feature 5891:John Musker 5841:(2003) and 5735:(1995) and 5654:(1991) and 5518:I Am Weasel 5347:Hey Arnold! 5293:Spin Master 5236:Nickelodeon 5216:shock value 5212:adult jokes 5160:in 1994 to 5147:(1990) and 5121:(1998) and 5099:(1992) and 5069:Amblimation 5030:and movies 5015:character: 4990:(1976) and 4987:Futureworld 4973:(including 4951:Atari, Inc. 4868:MC Skat Kat 4858:Paula Abdul 4739:music video 4695:Heavy Metal 4688:Heavy Metal 4676:(1982) and 4613:(1986) and 4527:Baby Herman 4436:(1988) and 4367:Cream Lemon 4342:Dragon Ball 4198:The Littles 4082:music video 4067:Love Is All 4037:Winter Days 3973:Лиса и заяц 3885:(1974) and 3822:Rankin/Bass 3796:(1977) and 3655:The Beatles 3640:psychedelia 3587:(1977) and 3408:Gay Purr-ee 3393:Walt Disney 3326:Space Angel 3239:The Jetsons 3175:The Osmonds 3164:Rankin/Bass 3159:The Beatles 3106:The Beagles 3083:Cocoa Puffs 3013:Animal Farm 2960:(1953) and 2755:Chuck Jones 2643:(1954) and 2631:adaptation 2616:John Hubley 2598:(1944) and 2579:(1940) and 2569:Barney Bear 2514:Knock Knock 2462:Little Lulu 2426:Screen Gems 2379:Pepé Le Pew 2375:Henery Hawk 2250:(1943) and 2137:, Disney's 2088:Frank Capra 1925:Peludópolis 1916:stop-motion 1816:Donald Duck 1779:(1935) and 1538:three-strip 1528:Technicolor 1459:. 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