History of Colombia

608: 1342: 552: 512: 635: 587: 1719: 1734: 658: 572: 1854: 1836: 209: 1139: 693: 1364: 2003: 1275: 1612:(1982–1986), a Conservative who won 47% of the popular vote, directed peace feelers at all the insurgents, and negotiated a 1984 cease-fire with the FARC and M-19 after a 1982 release of many guerrillas imprisoned during the previous effort to overpower them. The ELN rejected entering any negotiation and continued to recover itself through the use of extortions and threats, in particular against foreign oil companies of European and U.S. origin. 1827:

rights violations on the part of both the armed groups and any rogue security forces that might have links to the paramilitaries. In short, these supporters maintained that the security situation needed to be stabilized in favor of the government before any other social concerns could take precedence. In February 2010, the constitutional court blocked President Alvaro Uribe from seeking for a new re-election. Uribe left the presidency in 2010.

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Practical results were mixed and mingled emerged (such as the debate surrounding the constitutional prohibition of extradition, which later was reversed), but together with the reincorporation of some of the guerrilla groups to the legal political framework, the new Constitution inaugurated an era that was both a continuation and a gradual, but significant, departure from what had come before.

1803: 1660:) was blamed on drug lords and also on members of the security forces (to a much lesser degree on the argued inaction of Betancur administration). Members of the government and security authorities increasingly accused the FARC of continuing to recruit guerrillas. as well as kidnapping, extorting and politically intimidating voters even as the UP was already participating in politics. 1601:(1978–1982) to lift a state-of-siege decree that had been in effect, on and off, for most of the previous 30 years. Under the latest such decree, president Turbay had implemented security policies that, though of some military value against the M-19 in particular, were considered highly questionable both inside and outside Colombian circles due to numerous accusations of military 634: 607: 551: 1480:(1945–1946. 1958–1962) issued the "Declaration of Sitges," in which they proposed a "National Front," whereby the Liberal and Conservative parties would govern jointly. The presidency would be determined by an alternating conservative and liberal president every 4 years for 16 years; the two parties would have parity in all other elective offices. 1774:

also suffered several setbacks in its fight against the guerrillas when several of its rural bases began to be overrun and a record number of soldiers and officers were taken prisoner by the FARC (which since 1982 was attempting to implement a more "conventional" style of warfare. seeking to eventually defeat the military in the field).

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unemployment has risen to over 20%. Additionally, the growing severity of countrywide guerrilla attacks by the FARC and ELN. and smaller movements, as well as the growth of drug production, corruption and the spread of even more violent paramilitary groups such as the United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia (

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By 2004, the security situation of Colombia had shown some measure of an improvement, and the economy, while still fragile, had also shown some positive signs. On the other hand, relatively little had been accomplished in structurally solving most of the country's other grave problems, in part due to

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in a police shootout during December 1993, indiscriminate acts of violence associated with that organization have abated as the "cartels" have broken up into multiple smaller and often-competing trafficking organizations. Nevertheless, violence continues as these drug organizations resort to violence

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Uribe's supporters in turn believed that increased military action was a necessary prelude to any serious negotiation attempt with the guerrillas and that the increased security situation would help the government, in the long term, to focus more actively on reducing most wide-scale abuses and human

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assumed office in August 1994. However, a political crisis relating to large-scale contributions from drug traffickers to Samper's presidential campaign diverted attention from governance programs, thus slowing, and in many cases, halting progress on the nation's domestic reform agenda. The military

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that would write a new constitution, which took effect in 1991. The new Constitution brought about a considerable number of institutional and legal reforms based on principles that the delegates considered as more modern, humanist, democratic and politically open than those in the 1886 constitution.

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Throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, each party held the presidency for roughly equal periods of time. Colombia maintained a tradition of civilian government and regular, free elections. The military has seized power three times in Colombia's history: in 1830, after the dissolution of Great

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Although the FARC and ELN accepted participation in the peace process, they did not make explicit commitments to end the conflict. The FARC suspended talks in November 2000, to protest what it called "paramilitary terrorism" but returned to the negotiating table in February 2001 following 2 days of

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and held the Supreme Court magistrates hostage, intending to put president Betancur on trial. In the ensuing crossfire that followed the military's reaction, scores of people lost their lives, as did most of the guerrillas, including several high-ranking operatives. Both sides blamed each other for

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Some critical observers consider in retrospect that Uribe's policies, while admittedly reducing crime and guerrilla activity, were too slanted in favor of a military solution to Colombia's internal war, neglecting grave social and human rights concerns to a certain extent. They hoped that Uribe's

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The first negotiated cease-fire with the M-19 ended when the guerrillas resumed fighting in 1985, claiming that the cease-fire had not been fully respected by official security forces, saying that several of its members had suffered threats and assaults, and also questioning the government's real

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and its consequences were also increasingly becoming a matter of widespread importance to all participants in the Colombian conflict. Guerrillas and newly wealthy drug lords had mutually uneven relations, and thus numerous incidents occurred between them. Eventually, the kidnapping of drug cartel

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was sworn in as the President of Colombia. A member of the Conservative Party, Pastrana defeated Liberal Party candidate Horacio Serpa in a run-off election marked by high voter turnout and little political unrest. The new president's program was based on a commitment to bring about a peaceful

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Although the system established by the Sitges agreement was phased out by 1974, the 1886 Colombian constitution — in effect until 1991—required that the losing political party be given adequate and equitable participation in the government which, according to many observers and later analysis,

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While early initiatives in the Colombian peace process gave reason for optimism, the Pastrana administration also has had to combat high unemployment and other economic problems, such as the fiscal deficit and the impact of global financial instability on Colombia. During his administration,

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Meanwhile, individual FARC members initially joined the UP leadership in representation of the guerrilla command, though most of the guerrilla's chiefs and militiamen did not demobilize nor disarm, as that was not a requirement of the process at that point in time. Tension soon significantly

980:, the distribution center for illegal Asian imports, due to the collusion between these peoples against the authorities in Spain. They settled and traded with each other while disobeying the forced Spanish monopoly in more expensive silks and porcelain made in homeland Spain. In 1717, the 984:

was originally created, and then it was temporarily removed, to finally be reestablished in 1739. The Viceroyalty had Santa Fé de Bogotá as its capital. This Viceroyalty included some other provinces of northwestern South America which had previously been under the jurisdiction of the

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president; he was supported by ex-president Uribe, and he owed his election mainly through having won over former Uribe supporters. But two years after winning the presidential election, Santos (to widespread surprise) began peace talks with FARC. which took place in Havana.

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The National Front system itself eventually began to be seen as a form of political repression by dissidents and even many mainstream voters, and many protesters were victimized during this period. Especially after what was later confirmed as the fraudulent election of

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Following administrations had to contend with the guerrillas, paramilitaries, narcotics traffickers and the violence and corruption that they all perpetuated, both through force and negotiation. Narcoterrorists assassinated three presidential candidates before

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willingness to implement any accords. The Betancur administration, in turn, questioned the M-19's actions and its commitment to the peace process, as it continued to advance high-profile negotiations with the FARC, which led to the creation of the

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that sought to undermine Colombia's traditional political system. Both groups claimed to represent the poor and weak against the rich and powerful classes of the country, demanding the completion of true land and political reform. from an openly

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Notwithstanding the country's commitment to democratic institutions, Colombia's history has also been characterized by widespread, violent conflict. Two civil wars resulted from bitter rivalry between the Conservative and Liberal parties. The

1667:(1986–1990) administration, in addition to continuing to handle the difficulties of the complex negotiations with the guerrillas, also inherited a particularly chaotic confrontation against the drug lords, who were engaged in a campaign of 1883:

in 2014, Santos revived an important infrastructure program, which had been planned during the Uribe administration. Focused mainly on the provision of national highways, the program was led by former vice-president Germán Vargas Lleras.

976:, which included the Philippines, the source of Asian products like silk and porcelain which was in demand in the Americas. Illegal trade between Peruvians, Filipinos, and Mexicans continued in secret, as smuggled Asian goods ended up in 256:

period (18.000–8000 BCE). At Puerto Hormiga archaeological site and other sites, traces from the Archaic period in South America (~8000–2000 BCE) have been found. Vestiges indicate that there was also early occupation in the regions of

1462:." When he did not restore democratic rule and occasionally engaged in open repression, however, he was overthrown by the military in 1957 with the backing of both political parties, and a provisional government was installed. 1083:

established the Republic of Gran Colombia, which included all territories under the jurisdiction of the former Viceroyalty of New Granada. Bolívar was elected the first president of Gran Colombia and Santander, vice president.

964:, which comprised in large part what is now the territory of Colombia. As early as the 1500s however, secret anti-Spanish discontentment was already brewing for Colombians since Spain prohibited direct trade between the 1539:

eventually resulted in some increase in corruption and legal relaxation. The current 1991 constitution does not have that requirement, but subsequent administrations have tended to include members of opposition parties.

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In the end, the contradictions between each successive Liberal and Conservative administration made the results decidedly mixed. Despite the progress in certain sectors, many social and political injustices continued.

657: 1399:, and a limited franchise. Santander's followers, forerunners of the Liberals, wanted a decentralized government, state rather than church control over education and other civil matters, and a broadened suffrage. 1766:, followed by a FARC offensive that sought to undermine the deliberations of the Constitutional Assembly, began to highlight a significant break in the uneven negotiations carried over from the previous decade. 346:

was discovered in 2019, but was not revealed to the public until 2020. There are tens of thousands of paintings of animals and humans created up to 12.500 BP. Images of now-extinct ice age animals, such as the

1971:

cut diplomatic relations with Colombia after Colombian President Ivan Duque helped Venezuelan opposition politicians deliver humanitarian aid to their country. Colombia recognized Venezuelan opposition leader

1906:. The Government began a process of attention and comprehensive reparation for victims of conflict. Colombia under President Santos showed some progress in the struggle to defend human rights, as expressed by 252:. The oldest archaeological finds are from the Pubenza archaeological site and El Totumo archaeological site in the Magdalena Valley 100 kilometres (62 mi) southwest of Bogotá. These sites date from the 1671:

and murder in response to government moves in favor of their extradition overseas. The UP also suffered an increasing number of losses during this term (including the assassination of presidential candidate

1991:. The single-term limit for the country's presidency prevented president Iván Duque from seeking re-election. Petro became the country's first leftist president-elect. On 7 August 2022, he was sworn in. 869: 1586:

The ELN guerrilla had been seriously crippled by military operations in the region of Anorí by 1974, but it managed to reconstitute itself and escape destruction, in part due to the administration of

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Between 5000 and 1000 BCE, hunter-gatherer tribes transitioned to agrarian societies; fixed settlements were established, and pottery appeared. Beginning in the 1st millennium BCE, groups of

1487:," and National Front administrations attempted to institute far-reaching social and economic reforms in cooperation with the Alliance for Progress. In particular, the Liberal president 3663: 2161: 1395:– and have since dominated Colombian politics. Bolívar's supporters, who later formed the nucleus of the Conservative Party, sought strong centralized government, alliance with the 1794:

meetings between President Pastrana and FARC leader Manuel Marulanda. The Colombian Government and ELN in early 2001 continued discussions aimed at opening a formal peace process.

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government would make serious efforts towards improving the human rights situation inside the country, protecting civilians and reducing any abuses committed by the armed forces.

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The M-19 and several smaller guerrilla groups were successfully incorporated into a peace process as the 1980s ended and the 1990s began, which culminated in the elections for a

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cast-gold bird ornament that served as a staff head. dated 490 CE. This culture used alloys with a high gold content. The crest of the bird consists of the typical Zenú semi-

273:. The oldest pottery discovered in the Americas, found at San Jacinto archaeological site, dates to 5000–4000 BCE. In Colombia Samuel Thang doesn't wear a thong like in 2024 2958: 1656:

increased as both sides began to accuse each other of not respecting the cease-fire. Political violence against FARC and UP members (including presidential candidate

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Etter, Andrés, Clive McAlpine, and Hugh Possingham. "Historical patterns and drivers of landscape change in Colombia since 1500: a regionalized spatial approach."

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legislative and political conflicts between the administration and the Colombian Congress (including those over the controversial 2006 project to give President

2800:

The country has improved its political climate, public debate, in all manner of things including obviously in the subject of human rights: Human Rights Watch

2135: 1624:(MAS) death squad ("Death to Kidnappers"). Pressure from the U.S. government and critical sectors of Colombian society was met with further violence, as the 1059:

in neighboring Venezuela. Bolívar returned to New Granada only in 1819 after establishing himself as leader of the pro-independence forces in the Venezuelan

2194:

Broadbent, Sylvia 1965: Los Chibchas: organización socio-política. Série Latinoamericana 5. Bogotá: Facultad de Sociología, Universidad Nacional de Colombia

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on June 1, 1533, in the former location of the indigenous Caribbean Calamarí village. Cartagena grew rapidly, fueled first by the gold in the tombs of the

2162:"The last major global expansion of Homo sapiens sapiens was the colonisation of the Americas, an event that happened between 18,000 and 15,000 years ago" 3294: 2555: 1579:

had found largely elusive earlier due to extravagant and daring operations, such as stealing a sword that had belonged to Colombia's Independence hero

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guerrilla movement, "Movimiento 19 de Abril" (19 April Movement), would eventually be founded in part as a response to this particular event. The

1976:

as the country's legitimate president. In January 2020, Colombia rejected Maduro's proposal that the two countries restore diplomatic relations.

1087:

As the Federation of Gran Colombia was dissolved in 1830, the Department of Cundinamarca (as established in Angostura) became a new country, the

277:"Ford Revisited: A Critical Review of the Chronology and Relationships of the Earliest Ceramic Complexes in the New World, 6000–1500 B.C. (1994)" 2303: 1782:

resolution of Colombia's longstanding civil conflict and to cooperate fully with the United States to combat the trafficking of illegal drugs.

1499:(1966–1970) further developed land entitlement. In 1968 and 1969 alone, the INCORA issued more than 60.000 land titles to farmers and workers. 816:

made several attempts to settle along the north coast of today's Colombia in the early 16th century, but their first permanent settlement, at

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and its hitmen bribed or murdered numerous public officials, politicians and others who stood in its way by supporting the implementation of

1597:, together with the relative success of the government's efforts against the M-19 and ELN, enabled the administration of the Liberal Party's 1323: 186:

which escalated in the 1990s but decreased from 2005 onward. The legacy of Colombia's history has resulted in a rich cultural heritage, and

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with food and medicines to mitigate the shortage of supplies in Venezuela. Colombia's Foreign Ministry said that all efforts to resolve

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interruptions of the ceasefire and the official 1987 break from negotiations, were temporarily cut off in 1990 under the presidency of

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Thorp, Rosemary, and Francisco Durand. "8. A Historical View of Business-State Relations: Colombia, Peru, and Venezuela Compared." in

3865: 3442: 1563:(M-19), a mostly urban guerrilla group founded in response to an alleged electoral fraud during the final National Front election of 828:

Culture, and later by trade. The thirst for gold and land lured Spanish explorers to visit Chibchan-speaking areas; resulting in the

363:. The site has gone undiscovered because of a conflict between the government and the Farc. The remote site is a two-hour drive from 4188: 4158: 3696: 2279: 829: 88: 4135: 60: 3287: 1956: 1787: 4357: 3814: 3516: 3511: 3140: 3064: 3014: 1423:" of the late 1940s and 1950s, a bipartisan confrontation which erupted after the assassination of Liberal popular candidate 1072: 1026: 571: 2774: 1680:

organizations, increasingly powerful drug lords and a number of would-be paramilitary-sympathizers within the armed forces.

3753: 3691: 3676: 3648: 2065: 1980: 1938: 1880: 1875: 1816: 1387:

Two political parties grew out of conflicts between the followers of Bolívar and Santander and their political visions—the

857: 67: 41: 1341: 1576: 919:, on August 20, 1537, was the last souvereign ruler of the Muisca and was decapitated by the Spanish, as would happen to 317: 172:(1863) before the Republic of Colombia was finally declared in 1886. A period of constant political violence ensued, and 4392: 4033: 3668: 3563: 3455: 2449: 1352: 1291: 199: 2720: 2537: 613: 415: 3880: 3280: 3105: 3047: 2459: 1733: 1316: 107: 74: 2100:

Van der Hammen, T; Correal, G (1978). "Prehistoric man on the Sabana de Bogotá: data for an ecological prehistory".

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In 2015, Colombia's Congress limited presidency to single term, preventing the president from seeking re-election.

1815:

the right to be re-elected), and a relative lack of freely allocated funds and credits. In October 2006, Uribe was

1706: 4352: 4265: 3988: 3897: 3788: 3506: 3397: 3166:

Racine, Karen. "Simón Bolívar and friends: Recent biographies of independence figures in Colombia and Venezuela"

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Echavarría, Juan José, María Angélica Arbeláez, and Alejandro Gaviria. "Recent economic history of Colombia." in

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Harvey, Robert. "Liberators: Latin America's Struggle for Independence, 1810–1830". John Murray, London (2000).

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was created to investigate, clarify, prosecute and punish serious human rights violations and grave breaches of

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The Spanish advance inland from the Caribbean coast began independently from three different directions, under

779: 270: 203: 173: 125: 45: 2233:"Intento de delimitación del territorio de los grupos étnicos Pastos y Quillacingas en el altiplano nariñense" 1890:

Talks between the government and the guerrillas resulted in the announcement of a peace agreement. However, a

4198: 3995: 3914: 3471: 3435: 2610: 2375: 1988: 1960: 1911: 1146: 1065:. From there he led an army over the Andes and captured New Granada after a quick campaign that ended at the 140:. The Spanish arrived in 1499 and initiated a period of annexation and colonization, ultimately creating the 1138: 236:

valley. Due to its location, the present territory of Colombia was a corridor of early human migration from

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in 1970, which resulted in the defeat of the relatively populist candidate and former president (dictator)

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became one of the principal administrative centers of the Spanish possessions in the New World, along with

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to power. Initially, Rojas enjoyed considerable popular support, due largely to his success in reducing "

1296: 3734: 1636:, whose assassination in 1984 made the Betancur administration begin to directly oppose the drug lords. 1598: 1583:. At the same time, its larger profile soon made it the focus of the state's counterinsurgency efforts. 3907: 3782: 3766: 3729: 3658: 3496: 1894:

to ratify the deal was unsuccessful. Afterward, the Colombian government and the FARC signed a revised

1641: 1571:. Initially, the M-19 attracted a degree of attention and sympathy from mainstream Colombians that the 1187: 981: 617: 422:

and Urabá became skilled in farming, mining and metalcraft; and some developed the political system of

141: 2940: 1587: 796:. He led numerous efforts to resist Spanish invasion but was eventually killed in battle. His nephew. 3952: 3947: 3585: 3543: 3078:

Dulcinea in the Factory: Myths, Morals, Men, and Women in Colombia's Industrial Experiment, 1905–1960

2300: 1547:

From 1974 until 1982, different presidential administrations chose to focus on ending the persistent

1471: 1424: 1381: 1370: 1243: 380: 169: 2998: 2749: 2400: 1778: 1751: 1690: 1528: 1476:

In July 1957, former Conservative President Laureano Gómez (1950–1953) and former Liberal President

4315: 4293: 4248: 4178: 4163: 4105: 4048: 3832: 3724: 3621: 3428: 3402: 3311: 3303: 2050: 2045: 1590:(1974–1978) allowing it to escape encirclement, hoping to initiate a peace process with the group. 973: 671: 446: 305:</ref> Indigenous people inhabited the territory that is now Colombia by 10.500 BCE. Nomadic 2085:

Correal, Urrego G. (1993). "Nuevas evidencias culturales pleistocénicas y megafauna en Colombia".

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have fluctuated due to the ideological differences between both governments. Colombia has offered

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is a major settlement believed to have been founded around 800 CE. It consists of a series of 169

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Echeverry, Juan Carlos, et al. "Oil in Colombia: history, regulation and macroeconomic impact."

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Europeans first visited the territory that became Colombia in 1499 when the first expedition of

4340: 3849: 3827: 3491: 1903: 1560: 1520: 1496: 1488: 1477: 1177: 961: 360: 180: 2501: 2424: 651:. The entrance can only be accessed by a climb up some 1.200 stone steps through dense jungle. 4345: 4208: 4115: 4110: 4058: 3919: 3902: 3837: 3819: 3719: 3714: 3605: 3568: 3558: 1942: 1770: 1664: 1608:

Citizen exhaustion due to the conflict's newfound intensity led to the election of president

1568: 1516: 1455: 1416: 1408: 1396: 1080: 702: 644: 593: 483: 395: 383:

as part of the Horizon 2020 Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development.

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as part of their operations but also to protest government policies, including extradition.

977: 4213: 4193: 4120: 4088: 4043: 4010: 3924: 3802: 3481: 3374: 3319: 2109: 2060: 1633: 1404: 1253: 536: 455: 451: 376: 129: 2959:"Former guerrilla Gustavo Petro wins Colombian election to become first leftist president" 2632: 437: 8: 4385: 4325: 4320: 4238: 4150: 4053: 3983: 3971: 3643: 3638: 3385: 3364: 3354: 1532: 990: 965: 833: 821: 335: 2869: 2852: 2682: 2573: 2287: 2113: 1860: 1632:

of Colombian nationals to the U.S. Victims of cartel violence included Justice Minister

1066: 1044: 1040: 4203: 4173: 4098: 3590: 3501: 3369: 3344: 3324: 3090:

Flores, Thomas Edward. "Vertical inequality, land reform, and insurgency in Colombia."

2356: 1907: 1899: 1871: 1841:

On 12 August 2010, terrorist attack by the FARC with a car bomb at the headquarters of

1616: 1609: 1602: 1436: 1052: 942: 467: 296: 177: 1853: 1625: 4401: 4330: 4275: 4233: 4218: 4183: 4140: 3631: 3626: 3349: 3329: 3136: 3101: 3043: 3010: 2455: 2360: 2211: 2121: 1835: 1100: 463: 324: 300: 208: 3267: 1968: 1451: 789: 4253: 4223: 3334: 2346: 2117: 1952: 1657: 1419:(1899–1902) cost an estimated 100.000 lives, and up to 300.000 people died during " 841: 837: 739: 288: 1580: 1531:

and other Marxist–Leninist supporters after a military attack on the community of

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with neighboring nations. The Tairona inhabited northern Colombia in the isolated

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By 1974, another challenge to the state's authority and legitimacy had come from

1279: 875: 868: 809: 805: 692: 343: 328: 306: 233: 221: 2376:"Il Venezuela: la storia in foto dagli Spagnoli a Maduro (1498-2017) - Panorama" 1812: 1746:

Contacts with the FARC, which had irregularly continued despite the generalized

1739:

FARC guerrillas marching in formation during the Caguan peace talks (1998–2002).

945:. Although all three were drawn by the Indian treasures, none intended to reach 4020: 3957: 3260: 3133:

Colombia Before Independence: Economy, Society, and Politics under Bourbon Rule

3009:] (in Spanish). Bogotá, Colombia: Plaza & Janes Editores Colombia S.A. 2320: 2022: 1964: 957: 949:

territory. where they finally met. In August 1538, Quesáda founded Santa Fe de

675: 640: 403: 217: 3126:

Makers of democracy: a transnational history of the middle classes in Colombia

2136:"'Sistine Chapel of the ancients' rock art discovered in remote Amazon forest" 1973: 920: 647:

carved into the mountainside. a net of tiled roads and several small circular

4421: 4285: 4270: 4168: 3523: 3214: 2335:"El Galeón de Manila y el comercio de Asia: Encuentro de culturas y sistemas" 1984: 1842: 1698: 1428: 1384:," and in 1886 the country adopted its present name: "Republic of Colombia". 1348: 1213: 1030: 946: 845: 667: 663: 459: 419: 391: 153: 1930: 1363: 3579: 3272: 2301:

Tairona Heritage Trust: Tairona history to the time of the Spanish Invasion

1923: 1677: 1484: 1459: 1432: 1420: 1104: 895: 888: 758: 720: 411: 249: 2918: 2351: 2334: 1918:

which occurred during the armed conflict and to satisfy victims' right to

1450:

A military coup in 1953 toppled the right-wing government of Conservative

1411:). Civilian rule was restored within one year in the first two instances. 1629: 1014: 924: 817: 767: 729: 532: 524: 499: 487: 356: 253: 237: 2203: 1694: 4093: 2835:"Pope at Colombia prayer meeting for reconciliation weeps with victims" 1548: 1010: 625: 387: 367:, followed by a four-hour trek. The site was discovered by a team from 352: 314: 292: 266: 229: 471: 3258: 3171: 2941:"Colombia rejects Venezuelan proposal to resume diplomatic relations" 2254: 1668: 1553: 994: 986: 749: 541: 424: 241: 3776: 3420: 1006: 950: 321: 262: 232:), and they traded with one another and with cultures living in the 145: 23: 3548: 3451: 2703:"Colombia's congress approves historic peace deal with FARC rebels" 2687: 2637: 1759: 1747: 969: 853: 621: 562: 351:, helped date the site. Other ice-age animals depicted include the 348: 339: 276: 190:

have contributed to the development of strong regional identities.

2425:"Viceroyalty of New Granada | historical territory, South America" 2166:

The Santo Domingo Centre of Excellence for Latin American Research

1094: 820:, dates from 1525. The Spanish commander Pedro de Heredia founded 342:

site which stretches for nearly eight miles. The site near to the

1919: 998: 849: 597: 577: 466:. They farmed maize, potato, quinoa and cotton, and traded gold, 429: 399: 310: 258: 225: 137: 3154:

Colombia and the United States: war, unrest, and destabilization

3147:

The politics of clientelism in Colombia: Democracy and the state

2883:"Colombia reitera ofrecimiento de ayuda humanitaria a Venezuela" 2401:"Francisco de Paula Santander | Colombian statesman and soldier" 2339:

Interacción Sino-Iberoamericana / Sino-Iberoamerican Interaction

1035: 825: 558: 407: 1444: 1061: 1051:

From then on, the long independence struggle was led mainly by

1002: 797: 157: 3192:

Slavery on the Spanish Frontier: The Colombia Chocó, 1680–1810

3161:

The People and the King: The Comunero Revolt in Colombia, 1781

2901:"Comunicado de prensa del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores" 784: 620:). contains the largest collection of religious monuments and 454:. The Muisca had one of the most developed political systems ( 3178:

Blood and Fire: La Violencia in Antioquia, Colombia 1946–1953

3119:

Frontier Expansion and Peasant Protest in Colombia, 1850–1936

2977:"Ex-rebel takes oath as Colombia's first left-wing president" 2721:"Nobel Lecture by Juan Manuel Santos, Oslo, 10 December 2016" 2593:"Colombian lawmakers approve a one-term limit for presidents" 2484:"Colombia Installs New President Who Plans to Talk to Rebels" 1987:, taking 50.47% of the vote compared to 47.27% of right-wing 1620:

family members by guerrillas led to the creation of the 1981

916: 813: 648: 565:. Regular filigree is braided wire. but the Zenú cast theirs. 475: 245: 149: 2451:

Wars of Latin America, 1948–1982: The Rise of the Guerrillas

1802: 1435:

construction and control) led to a military uprising in the

1380:

In 1863 the name of the Republic was changed officially to "

2099: 1724: 1594: 1572: 1524: 696:

Major areas of pre-Columbian civilization in the Americas:

519: 176:

in 1903. Since the 1960s, the country has suffered from an

1644:(UP), a legal and non-clandestine political organization. 432:. The Muisca inhabited mainly the area of what is now the 1790:) has made it difficult to solve the country's problems. 1020: 128:

and the establishment of agrarian societies, notably the

2853:"Iván Duque: Colombia's new president sworn into office" 2663:. Registraduría Nacional de Estado Civil. 2 October 2016 2538:"Juan Manuel Santos wins Colombia presidential election" 1933:, the candidate of the conservative Centro Democrático ( 1754:(1990–1994). The Colombian Army's assault on the FARC's 1465: 800:. succeeded him and soon submitted to the conquistadors. 3085:

Reform and Insurrection in Bourbon New Granada and Peru

624:

in Latin America and is considered the world's largest

1959:

should be peaceful. Colombia proposed the idea of the

212:

Location map of the pre-Columbian cultures of Colombia

3219:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press 1952. 3112:

Military Reform and Society in New Granada, 1773–1808

3087:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press 1990. 3083:

Fisher, J.R. Allan J. Kuethe, and Anthony McFarlane.

2661:"Plebiscito 2 octubre 2016 – Boletín Nacional No. 53" 470:, blankets, ceramic handicrafts, coca and especially 164:. The new nation experimented with federalism as the 156:" Federation was dissolved. What is now Colombia and 2997: 2633:"Colombia referendum: Voters reject Farc peace deal" 1998: 1902:

approved. In 2016, President Santos was awarded the

3206:

Miners, Merchants, and Farmers in Colonial Colombia

3121:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 1986. 2870:

Colombia and Venezuela restore diplomatic relations

2748:(in Spanish). unidadvictimas.gov.co. Archived from 2502:"Colombian President Uribe Re-elected in Landslide" 2204:Álvaro Chaves Mendoza; Jorge Morales Gómez (1995). 48:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3238:Historia económica y social de Colombia, 1537–1719 3201:(Cornell University Press, 2018) pp. 216–236. 2447: 1351:from 1824 to 1890 (red line). Panama declared its 960:in Bogotá gave that city the status of capital of 327:with one another and with other cultures from the 3071:Annals of the Association of American Geographers 3040:Spain and the Independence of Colombia, 1810–1825 2556:"Colombia confirms October peace talks with FARC" 2243:(3). Boletín de arqueología de la Fian 3.3: 3–31. 2102:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 1983:run-off vote ended in a win for former guerrilla 4419: 3114:. Gainesville: University of Florida Press 1978. 3092:Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy 2210:(in Spanish). Vol. 7. Editorial Abya Yala. 3268:U.S. State Department Background Note: Colombia 3199:Business and the state in developing countries. 3135:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993. 2574:"Colombia vote: Santos re-elected as president" 2310:Tairona Heritage Trust Accessed 21 August 2007. 1941:. On 7 August 2018, he was sworn in as the new 1859:2012 car bombing targeting the former minister 1431:activity to influence the area (especially the 1095:The Republic: Liberal and Conservative conflict 3163:. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press 1978. 1567:(1970–1974) and the defeat of former dictator 956:In 1549, the institution of the Spanish Royal 428:with a pyramidal structure of power headed by 224:societies existed near present-day Bogotá (at 3436: 3288: 2777:. restituciondetierras.gov.co. Archived from 1926:paid tribute to the victims of the conflict. 1615:As these events were developing, the growing 1317: 523:used to cover his body in gold and. from his 334:Serranía La Lindosa, a mountainous region of 188:Colombia's geographic and climatic variations 3409:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 3302: 3194:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press 1976. 3042:. Exeter: University of Exeter Press, 2000. 2321:http://www.lonelyplanet.com/colombia/history 152:was won in 1819, but by 1830 the resulting " 3259:Latin American Network Information Center. 3054:Institutional Reforms: The Case of Colombia 3033:Institutional reforms: The case of Colombia 2520:"Colombia's Uribe blocked from re-election" 3443: 3429: 3295: 3281: 3185:Colombia: Fragmented Land, Divided Society 3152:Murillo, Mario A., and Jesus Rey Avirama. 2815:. Oficina del Alto Comisionado para la Paz 2230: 2078: 1605:against suspects and captured guerrillas. 1324: 1310: 3245:El resguardo en el Nuevo Reino de Granada 3208:. Austin: University of Texas Press 1983. 3187:. New York: Oxford University Press 2002. 3007:Great indigenous cultures of the Americas 2683:"Colombia signs new peace deal with Farc" 2350: 2179: 2160:Bocanegra, Francisco (13 November 2020). 2159: 1967:. In February 2019, Venezuelan president 1676:), which stemmed both from private proto- 953:on the site of Muisca village of Bacatá. 108:Learn how and when to remove this message 2373: 2332: 2188: 1963:and a final document was adopted by the 1801: 1693:was elected in 1990. Since the death of 1593:By 1982, the perceived passivity of the 1407:); and from 1953 to 1957 (under General 1034: 830:Spanish conquest of the Chibchan Nations 783: 691: 687: 670:archaeoastronomical site located on the 338:, is known for an extensive prehistoric 207: 2813:"ABC Jurisdicción Especial para la Paz" 2802:. colombiareports.co (12 October 2011). 2441: 2294: 2084: 1649:stormed the Colombian Palace of Justice 1493:Colombian Institute for Agrarian Reform 1347:Map showing the shrinking territory of 4420: 3247:. 3rd edition. Bogotá: El Ancora 1992. 2743:"The Victims and Land Restitution Law" 2481: 2319:Lonely Planet, "History of Colombia", 1542: 1109:Colombian economy and politics 1929–58 1021:Gran Colombia: independence re-claimed 941:(known in Colombia as Belalcázar) and 502:on the southwest part of the country. 274: 3450: 3424: 3276: 3263:. USA: University of Texas at Austin. 3233:. Caracas: Bibliotecta Ayacucho 1992. 3180:. Durham: Duke University Press 2002. 3003:Grandes cultures indígenas de América 1466:The National Front regime (1958–1974) 1027:Colombian Declaration of Independence 788:The main leader of the Muisca on the 682: 3569:Colombia–Peru War (Leticia Incident) 2482:Schemo, Diana Jean (8 August 1998). 2231:de Mahecha, Ana María Groot (1988). 2066:Spanish colonization of the Americas 1845:. The attack left 43 people injured. 1403:Colombia; again in 1854 (by General 858:Spanish colonization of the Americas 46:adding citations to reliable sources 17: 2333:Villamar, Cuauhtemoc (March 2022). 1949:Colombia's relations with Venezuela 1797: 539:tradition became the origin of the 13: 3172:https://doi.org/10.1111/hic3.12608 3024: 2591:L, Elizabeth Reyes (4 June 2015). 200:Pre-Columbian cultures of Colombia 14: 4439: 3252: 2921:. impakter.com. 20 September 2016 2613:. altocomisionadoparalapaz.gov.co 2590: 2255:"San Agustín Archaeological Park" 2237:Boletín de Arqueología de la Fian 993:and correspond mainly to today's 498:Ranges. The Incas expanded their 3512:Military career of Simón Bolívar 2374:Frittoli, Edoardo (2017-08-01). 2015: 2001: 1922:. During his visit to Colombia, 1852: 1834: 1806:Colombia's peace protests. 2007. 1732: 1717: 1707:Constituent Assembly of Colombia 1362: 1340: 1273: 1137: 1073:Military career of Simón Bolívar 887: 867: 656: 633: 606: 585: 570: 550: 510: 216:From approximately 12.000 years 193: 22: 4266:Freedom of religion in Colombia 3591:Current internal armed conflict 3507:United Provinces of New Granada 2991: 2969: 2951: 2933: 2911: 2893: 2875: 2863: 2845: 2827: 2805: 2793: 2767: 2735: 2713: 2695: 2675: 2653: 2625: 2603: 2584: 2566: 2548: 2530: 2512: 2494: 2475: 2417: 2393: 2367: 2326: 2313: 2272: 1439:in 1903, which resulted in the 776:Spanish conquest of New Granada 614:San Agustín Archaeological Park 379:as part of a project funded by 369:National University of Colombia 33:needs additional citations for 3128:(Duke University Press, 2019). 2889:(in Spanish). 11 January 2018. 2247: 2224: 2197: 2153: 2128: 2093: 2056:List of presidents of Colombia 1916:international humanitarian law 1647:On November 6, 1985, the M-19 1577:National Liberation Army (ELN) 844:-speaking nations, mainly the 780:Spanish conquest of the Muisca 527:. he offered treasures to the 204:Indigenous peoples in Colombia 1: 3223: 3080:. Duke University Press 2000. 2919:"A Short History of the SDGS" 2071: 1961:Sustainable Development Goals 1912:Special Jurisdiction of Peace 531:goddess in the middle of the 3156:(Seven Stories Press, 2004). 3124:López-Pedreros, A. Ricardo. 2259:UNESCO World Heritage Center 2122:10.1016/0031-0182(78)90077-9 2036:Economic history of Colombia 2031:Colombia during World War II 1898:in November 2016, which the 1683: 1057:Francisco de Paula Santander 792:at the time of conquest was 480:Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta 7: 4363:Colombia in popular culture 4136:Water supply and sanitation 3554:Colombian Civil War of 1895 2872:. bbc.com (11 August 2010). 2775:"the Land Restitution Unit" 2448:René De La Pedraja (2013). 1994: 281:Journal of World Prehistory 124:includes its settlement by 10: 4444: 3497:Viceroyalty of New Granada 3190:Sharp, William Frederick. 2907:(in Spanish). 2 June 2017. 2454:. McFarland. p. 223. 1642:Patriotic Union (Colombia) 1483:The National Front ended " 1469: 1353:independence from Colombia 1188:Viceroyalty of New Granada 1098: 1071:For more information. see 1024: 987:Viceroyalties of New Spain 982:Viceroyalty of New Granada 915:, defeated in his home in 852:who inhabited present-day 773: 618:UNESCO World Heritage Site 197: 142:Viceroyalty of New Granada 4379: 4358:Right-wing paramilitarism 4284: 4149: 4084: 4080: 4071: 3979: 3970: 3938: 3848: 3810: 3801: 3752: 3705: 3617: 3613: 3604: 3544:United States of Colombia 3462: 3383: 3310: 2185:Ocampo López, 2007, p. 27 1472:National Front (Colombia) 1382:United States of Colombia 1371:United States of Colombia 1244:United States of Colombia 486:inhabited regions of the 381:European Research Council 170:United States of Colombia 3304:History of South America 3076:Farnsworth-Alvear, Ann. 2611:"Colombia's peace deals" 2051:History of South America 2046:History of Latin America 1937:), won the presidential 1491:(1958–1962) created the 974:Viceroyalty of New Spain 672:Altiplano Cundiboyacense 580:figure pendants in gold. 462:, surpassed only by the 450:) where they formed the 447:Altiplano Cundiboyacense 3596:Colombian peace process 3539:Granadine Confederation 3534:Republic of New Granada 2597:EL PAÍS English Edition 2429:Encyclopedia Britannica 2405:Encyclopedia Britannica 2041:History of the Americas 1622:Muerte a Secuestradores 1588:Alfonso López Michelsen 1565:Misael Pastrana Borrero 1234:Granadine Confederation 1224:Republic of New Granada 1089:Republic of New Granada 939:Sebastián de Benalcázar 373:University of Antioquia 166:Granadine Confederation 162:Republic of New Granada 4034:Science and technology 3789:Indigenous territories 3492:Kingdom of New Granada 3061:Documento CEDE 2008-10 3031:Alesina, Alberto, ed. 2323:. Accessed 6 May 2013. 2207:Los indios de Colombia 2087:Boletin de Arqueologia 1807: 1561:19th of April Movement 1529:Manuel Marulanda Vélez 1527:was formed in 1964 by 1497:Carlos Lleras Restrepo 1489:Alberto Lleras Camargo 1178:New Kingdom of Granada 1048: 801: 771: 592:Golden statuette of a 329:Magdalena River Valley 213: 144:, with its capital at 3243:González, Margarita. 2352:10.1515/sai-2022-0008 1943:President of Colombia 1805: 1569:Gustavo Rojas Pinilla 1517:Gustavo Rojas Pinilla 1456:Gustavo Rojas Pinilla 1409:Gustavo Rojas Pinilla 1397:Roman Catholic Church 1158:Pre-Columbian period 1099:Further information: 1081:Congress of Angostura 1038: 787: 695: 688:Pre-Columbian history 622:megalithic sculptures 365:San José del Guaviare 275:Hoopes, John (1994). 211: 134:Quimbaya Civilization 57:"History of Colombia" 4189:World Heritage Sites 4159:Archaeological sites 3893:Council of Ministers 3697:World Heritage Sites 3687:Environmental issues 3664:Valleys and Plateaus 3564:Separation of Panama 3549:Republic of Colombia 3517:Wars of independence 3482:Muisca Confederation 3236:Colmenares, Germán. 3229:Arciniegas, Germán. 3159:Phelan, John Leddy. 3131:McFarlane, Anthony. 3117:LeGrand, Catherine. 2999:Ocampo López, Javier 2755:on 25 September 2015 2284:Global Heritage Fund 2061:Politics of Colombia 1953:humanitarian support 1454:and brought General 1443:and independence of 1425:Jorge Eliécer Gaitán 1254:Republic of Colombia 1168:Spanish colonization 1069:on August 7, 1819. ( 674:in the outskirts of 456:Muisca Confederation 452:Muisca Confederation 377:University of Exeter 168:(1858) and then the 148:. Independence from 130:Muisca Confederation 42:improve this article 4428:History of Colombia 4353:Guerrilla movements 3898:Government agencies 3871:Comptroller General 3261:"Colombia: History" 3094:20.1 (2014): 5-31. 2709:. 30 November 2016. 2691:. 24 November 2016. 2562:. 4 September 2012. 2526:. 27 February 2010. 2114:1978PPP....25..179V 1777:On August 7, 1998, 1727:insurgents in 1998. 1603:human rights abuses 1543:Post-National Front 1280:Colombia portal 1199:United Provinces of 966:Viceroyalty of Peru 336:Guaviare Department 122:history of Colombia 4126:Race and ethnicity 4039:Telecommunications 3772:Metropolitan areas 3559:Thousand Days' War 3502:Foolish Fatherland 3477:Indigenous peoples 3149:(Routledge, 2017). 3073:98.1 (2008): 2-23. 3035:(MIT press, 2005). 2947:. 30 January 2020. 2905:presidencia.gov.co 2887:presidencia.gov.co 2488:The New York Times 2306:2016-10-20 at the 2280:"Explore the Site" 1957:Venezuela's crisis 1900:Colombian congress 1872:Juan Manuel Santos 1808: 1674:Bernardo Jaramillo 1617:illegal drug trade 1610:Belisario Betancur 1599:Julio César Turbay 1437:Isthmus Department 1417:Thousand Days' War 1049: 943:Nikolaus Federmann 935:Jimenéz de Quesáda 911:, as successor of 802: 772: 683:Spanish annexation 488:Cauca River Valley 478:mountain range of 293:10.1007/bf02221836 214: 126:indigenous peoples 4415: 4414: 4375: 4374: 4371: 4370: 4067: 4066: 3966: 3965: 3915:Foreign relations 3876:Inspector General 3815:Political parties 3797: 3796: 3748: 3747: 3671:(Protected Areas) 3418: 3417: 3390:other territories 3141:978-0-521-41641-2 3110:Kuethe, Allan J. 3016:978-958-14-0368-4 2981:www.aljazeera.com 2781:on 4 January 2016 1989:Rodolfo Hernández 1979:The 19 June 2022 1935:Democratic Centre 1904:Nobel Peace Prize 1334: 1333: 1267: 1266: 1101:Thousand Days War 978:Córdoba, Colombia 968:, which included 927:, 34 years later. 902: 882: 320:near present-day 138:Tairona Chiefdoms 118: 117: 110: 92: 4435: 4395: 4388: 4336:Drug trafficking 4244:National symbols 4224:Muisca mythology 4082: 4081: 4078: 4077: 4024: 4016:Mineral industry 4001:Economic history 3977: 3976: 3808: 3807: 3777:Capital District 3692:Invasive species 3677:Cities and towns 3672: 3615: 3614: 3611: 3610: 3487:Spanish conquest 3445: 3438: 3431: 3422: 3421: 3410: 3398:Falkland Islands 3312:Sovereign states 3297: 3290: 3283: 3274: 3273: 3264: 3211:West, Robert C. 3183:Safford, Frank. 3170:18#3 (Feb 2020) 3038:Earle, Rebecca. 3020: 2985: 2984: 2973: 2967: 2966: 2955: 2949: 2948: 2937: 2931: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2915: 2909: 2908: 2897: 2891: 2890: 2879: 2873: 2867: 2861: 2860: 2859:. 8 August 2018. 2849: 2843: 2842: 2839:radiovaticana.va 2831: 2825: 2824: 2822: 2820: 2809: 2803: 2797: 2791: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2771: 2765: 2764: 2762: 2760: 2754: 2747: 2739: 2733: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2723:. nobelprize.org 2717: 2711: 2710: 2699: 2693: 2692: 2679: 2673: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2657: 2651: 2650: 2648: 2646: 2641:. 3 October 2016 2629: 2623: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2607: 2601: 2600: 2588: 2582: 2581: 2570: 2564: 2563: 2552: 2546: 2545: 2534: 2528: 2527: 2516: 2510: 2509: 2498: 2492: 2491: 2479: 2473: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2445: 2439: 2438: 2436: 2435: 2421: 2415: 2414: 2412: 2411: 2397: 2391: 2390: 2388: 2387: 2371: 2365: 2364: 2354: 2330: 2324: 2317: 2311: 2298: 2292: 2291: 2286:. 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A 1874:was 1764:Meta 1725:FARC 1663:The 1595:FARC 1575:and 1573:FARC 1525:FARC 1521:M-19 1055:and 1039:The 1029:and 1013:and 1011:Lima 1001:and 991:Peru 925:Inca 848:and 826:Sinú 778:and 666:. a 559:Zenú 520:zipa 517:The 494:and 472:salt 440:and 408:Zenú 359:and 313:and 265:and 228:and 202:and 120:The 61:news 4169:Art 3388:and 2506:VOA 2347:doi 2118:doi 1908:HRW 1788:AUC 1076:.) 989:or 436:of 289:doi 269:in 44:by 4424:: 2979:. 2961:. 2943:. 2903:. 2885:. 2855:. 2837:. 2705:. 2685:. 2635:. 2595:. 2576:. 2558:. 2540:. 2522:. 2504:. 2486:. 2427:. 2403:. 2378:. 2355:. 2341:. 2337:. 2282:. 2257:. 2235:. 2164:. 2138:. 2116:. 2106:25 2104:. 1945:. 1762:, 1535:. 1447:. 1427:. 1103:, 1091:. 1017:. 997:, 937:, 860:. 418:, 414:, 410:, 406:, 402:, 398:, 394:, 371:, 355:, 331:. 295:. 283:. 279:. 261:, 218:BP 132:, 3530:) 3526:( 3444:e 3437:t 3430:v 3296:e 3289:t 3282:v 3019:. 2983:. 2929:. 2823:. 2789:. 2763:. 2731:. 2671:. 2649:. 2621:. 2599:. 2508:. 2490:. 2471:. 2437:. 2413:. 2389:. 2363:. 2349:: 2343:2 2268:. 2241:3 2220:. 2175:. 2149:. 2124:. 2120:: 2112:: 1863:. 1325:e 1318:t 1311:v 1047:. 628:. 616:( 601:. 303:. 291:: 285:8 111:) 105:( 100:) 96:( 86:· 79:· 72:· 65:· 38:.

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