5033:Ōhthere sǣde his hlāforde, Ælfrēde cyninge, ðæt hē ealra Norðmonna norþmest būde. Hē cwæð þæt hē būde on þǣm lande norþweardum wiþ þā Westsǣ. Hē sǣde þēah þæt þæt land sīe swīþe lang norþ þonan; ac hit is eal wēste, būton on fēawum stōwum styccemǣlum wīciað Finnas, on huntoðe on wintra, ond on sumera on fiscaþe be þǣre sǣ. Hē sǣde þæt hē æt sumum cirre wolde fandian hū longe þæt land norþryhte lǣge, oþþe hwæðer ǣnig mon be norðan þǣm wēstenne būde. Þā fōr hē norþryhte be þǣm lande: lēt him ealne weg þæt wēste land on ðæt stēorbord, ond þā wīdsǣ on ðæt bæcbord þrīe dagas. Þā wæs hē swā feor norþ swā þā hwælhuntan firrest faraþ. Þā fōr hē þā giet norþryhte swā feor swā hē meahte on þǣm ōþrum þrīm dagum gesiglau. Þā bēag þæt land, þǣr ēastryhte, oþþe sēo sǣ in on ðæt lond, hē nysse hwæðer, būton hē wisse ðæt hē ðǣr bād westanwindes ond hwōn norþan, ond siglde ðā ēast be lande swā swā hē meahte on fēower dagum gesiglan. Þā sceolde hē ðǣr bīdan ryhtnorþanwindes, for ðǣm þæt land bēag þǣr sūþryhte, oþþe sēo sǣ in on ðæt land, hē nysse hwæþer. Þā siglde hē þonan sūðryhte be lande swā swā hē meahte on fīf dagum gesiglan. Ðā læg þǣr ān micel ēa ūp on þæt land. Ðā cirdon hīe ūp in on ðā ēa for þǣm hīe ne dorston forþ bī þǣre ēa siglan for unfriþe; for þǣm ðæt land wæs eall gebūn on ōþre healfe þǣre ēas. Ne mētte hē ǣr nān gebūn land, siþþan hē from his āgnum hām fōr; ac him wæs ealne weg wēste land on þæt stēorbord, būtan fiscerum ond fugelerum ond huntum, ond þæt wǣron eall Finnas; ond him wæs āwīdsǣ on þæt bæcbord. Þā Boermas heafdon sīþe wel gebūd hira land: ac hīe ne dorston þǣr on cuman. Ac þāra Terfinna land wæs eal wēste, būton ðǣr huntan gewīcodon, oþþe fisceras, oþþe fugeleras.
5050:, that he of all Norsemen lived north-most. He quoth that he lived in the land northward along the West Sea. He said though that the land was very long from there, but it is all wasteland, except that in a few places here and there Finns encamp, hunting in winter and in summer fishing by the sea. He said that at some time he wanted to find out how long the land lay northward or whether any man lived north of the wasteland. Then he traveled north by the land. All the way he kept the waste land on his starboard and the wide sea on his port three days. Then he was as far north as whale hunters furthest travel. Then he traveled still north as far as he might sail in another three days. Then the land bowed east (or the sea into the land — he did not know which). But he knew that he waited there for west winds (and somewhat north), and sailed east by the land so as he might sail in four days. Then he had to wait for due-north winds, because the land bowed south (or the sea into the land — he did not know which). Then he sailed from there south by the land so as he might sail in five days. Then a large river lay there up into the land. Then they turned up into the river, because they dared not sail forth past the river for hostility, because the land was all settled on the other side of the river. He had not encountered earlier any settled land since he travelled from his own home, but all the way waste land was on his starboard (except fishers, fowlers and hunters, who were all Finns). And the wide sea was always on his port. The
1084:
1280:
1830:
5062:
1471:
4732:
2954:
5465:
2111:
1785:
1877:. The roots of this connection trace back to the Conquest of England by the Normans in 1066. The Normans spoke a dialect of Old French, and the comingling of Norman French and Old English resulted in Middle English, a language that reflects aspects of both Germanic and Romance languages and evolved into the English we speak today, where nearly 60% of the words are loanworded from Latin & romance languages like French.
937:, also known as Anglo-Norman French, as the language of the upper classes. This is regarded as marking the end of the Old English or Anglo-Saxon era, as during this period the English language was heavily influenced by Anglo-Norman, developing into a phase known now as Middle English. The conquering Normans spoke a
5431:
The evening arrived: the boys took their places; the master in his cook's uniform stationed himself at the copper; his pauper assistants ranged themselves behind him; the gruel was served out, and a long grace was said over the short commons. The gruel disappeared, the boys whispered each other and
1765:
Some scholars have claimed that Old
English died out entirely and was replaced by Norse towards the end of the Old English period and as part of the transition to Middle English, by virtue of the Middle English syntax being much more akin to Norse than Old English. Other scholars reject this claim.
1666:
standard that developed outside the
Danelaw. It is not clear to what extent Norse influenced the forms of the language spoken in eastern and northern England at that time. Later texts from the Middle English era, now based on an eastern Midland rather than a Wessex standard, reflect the significant
1049:
in the second half of the 20th century. This is especially true in Europe, where
English has largely taken over the former roles of French and, much earlier, Latin as a common language used to conduct business and diplomacy, share scientific and technological information, and otherwise communicate
2163:
at its height covered one quarter of the Earth's land surface, and the
English language adopted foreign words from many countries. British English and North American English, the two major varieties of the language, are together spoken by 400 million people. The total number of English speakers
1919:
made
English the only language in which court proceedings could be held, though the official record remained in Latin. By the end of the century, the royal court had switched to English. Anglo-Norman remained in use in limited circles somewhat longer, but it had ceased to be a living language.
1661:
Only about 100 or 150 Norse words, mainly connected with government and administration, are found in Old
English writing. The borrowing of words of this type was stimulated by Scandinavian rule in the Danelaw and during the later reign of Cnut. Most surviving Old English texts are based on the
2090:, often terms for abstract concepts not available in English. In the 17th century, Latin words were often used with their original inflections, but these eventually disappeared. As there are many words from different languages and English spelling is variable, the risk of
5432:
winked at Oliver, while his next neighbours nudged him. Child as he was, he was desperate with hunger and reckless with misery. He rose from the table, and advancing, basin and spoon in hand, to the master, said, somewhat alarmed at his own temerity—
2057:, which took place mainly during the 15th century. The language was further transformed by the spread of a standardized London-based dialect in government and administration and by the standardizing effect of printing, which also tended to regularize
1331:, and many compound Celtic-Germanic place names survive, hinting at early language mixing. Old English continued to exhibit local variation, the remnants of which continue to be found in dialects of Modern English. The four main dialects were
5438:
The master was a fat, healthy man, but he turned very pale. He gazed in stupefied astonishment on the small rebel for some seconds, and then clung for support to the copper. The assistants were paralysed with wonder, and the boys with fear.
1821:
dialect. Merchants and lower-ranked nobles were often bilingual in Anglo-Norman and
English, whilst English continued to be the language of the common people. Middle English was influenced by both Anglo-Norman, and later Anglo-French. See
948:, which in Britain developed into Anglo-Norman. Many Norman and French loanwords entered the local language in this period, especially in vocabulary related to the church, the court system and the government. As Normans are descendants of
2061:. As a result, the language acquired self-conscious terms such as "accent" and "dialect". As most early presses came from continental Europe, a few native English letters such as þ and ð died out. For some time
2343:, c. 1500 CE, which transformed the pronunciation of all long vowels. This occurred after the spelling system was fixed, and accounts for the drastic differences in pronunciation between "short"
5018:
1611:
family. Many of their lexical roots were the same or similar, although their grammatical systems were more divergent. It is likely that significant numbers of Norse speakers settled in the
1255:. Vocabulary came largely from the core Germanic stock, although due to the Germanic peoples' extensive contacts with the Roman world, the settlers' languages already included a number of
960:
that was established during the Middle
English period is largely still in use today. Later changes in pronunciation, combined with the adoption of various foreign spellings, mean that the
6447:
1299:
The
Germanic settlers in the British Isles initially spoke a number of different dialects, which developed into a language that came to be called Anglo-Saxon. It displaced the indigenous
1858:
Until the 14th century, Anglo-Norman and then French were the language of the courts and government. Even after the decline of Norman, standard French retained the status of a formal or
3672:
Although some grammarians continue to use the traditional terms "accusative" and "dative", these are functions rather than morphological cases in Modern
English. That is, the form
1754:, except in pronouns. That is possibly confirmed by observations that simplification of the case endings occurred earliest in the north, and latest in the southwest. The spread of
874:
from the mid-5th century and came to dominate the bulk of southern Great Britain. Their language originated as a group of Ingvaeonic languages which were spoken by the settlers in
2155:
Early Modern English and Late Modern English, also called Present-Day English (PDE), differ essentially in vocabulary. Late Modern English has many more words, arising from the
5740:
1422:
Most native English speakers today find Old English unintelligible, even though about half of the most commonly used words in Modern English have Old English roots. The
1347:. West Saxon formed the basis for the literary standard of the later Old English period. The dominant forms of Middle and Modern English developed mainly from Mercian.
1646:, the status of the minority Norse language presumably declined relative to that of English, and its remaining speakers assimilated to English in a process involving
1623:, for example. It is believed that the settlers often established new communities in places that had not previously been developed by the Anglo-Saxons. The extensive
5054:
have cultivated their land very well, but they did not dare go in there. But the Terfinn's land was all waste except where hunters encamped, or fishers or fowlers.
1862:. About 10,000 French and Norman loan words entered Middle English, particularly terms associated with government, church, law, the military, fashion, and food. See
1209:, although the precise nature of the invasion and settlement and the contributions made by these particular groups are the subject of much dispute among historians.
4235:
Note that the ye/you distinction still existed, at least optionally, in Early Modern English: "Ye shall know the truth and the truth shall make you free" from the
6417:
Hejná, Míša & Walkden, George. 2022. A history of English. (Textbooks in Language Sciences 9). Berlin: Language Science Press. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6560337 .
504:
1045:, and elsewhere. Partially due to influence of the United States and its globalized efforts of commerce and technology, English took on the status of a global
1638:
may have come about, with the West Saxon literary language existing alongside the Norse-influenced Midland dialect of English, which could have served as a
7312:
1933:
The English language changed enormously during the Middle English period, in vocabulary, in pronunciation, and in grammar. While Old English is a heavily
6657:
6619:
6606:
6598:
2204:
826:
2073:(mid 16th - early 17th century), the language had become clearly recognizable as Modern English. In 1604, the first English dictionary was published,
6614:
9330:
6634:
800:
5755:
5545:
2292:
vs. "vixen"); verbal derivatives ("food" vs. "to feed"); and comparative adjectives ("old" vs. "elder"). Consonants were more stable, although
1888:
that English continued to displace is generally held to be very small, although a few scholars have attributed some grammatical forms, such as
5088:("the prick of conscience"), a translation of a French confessional prose work into the Kentish dialect of Middle English, completed in 1340:
1809:
For centuries after the Conquest, the Norman kings and high-ranking nobles in England and to some extent elsewhere in the British Isles spoke
5782:
4718:
forms þæir, þæim, þæira. The two different roots co-existed for some time, although currently the only common remnant is the shortened form
8722:
7687:
6765:
6474:
2164:
worldwide may exceed one billion. There have been attempts to predict future English evolution, though they have been met with skepticism.
1911:, released in 1258, was the first English government document to be published in the English language after the Norman Conquest. In 1362,
7485:
1179:, in return for lands in the southeast of Britain. This led to waves of settlers who eventually established seven kingdoms, known as the
31:
2217:
Over the last 1,200 years or so, English has undergone extensive changes in its vowel system, but many fewer changes to its consonants.
8949:
6649:
6624:
6182:
5488:
5540:
3892:- In some dialects "who" is used where formal English only allows "whom", though variation among dialects must be taken into account.
2983:
The vowel changes over time can be seen in the following example words, showing the changes in their form over the last 2,000 years:
2240:, c. 500 CE, which led to pervasive alternations of all sorts, many of which survive in the modern language: e.g. in noun paradigms (
1668:
316:
9417:
5622:
Das Westgermanische - von der Herausbildung im 3. Jahrhundert bis zur Aufgliederung im 7. Jahrhundert - Analyse und Rekonstruktion
5535:
956:, and many Norse loanwords in English came directly from French. Middle English was spoken to the late 15th century. The system of
906:
dialect eventually became dominant. A significant subsequent influence upon the shaping of Old English came from contact with the
6207:
Original translation for this article: In this close translation readers should be able to see the correlation with the original.
2297:
468:
6583:
1867:
1366:'s time, or the Late West Saxon, regarded as the "classical" form of Old English, of the Winchester school, inspired by Bishop
1193:
819:
3688:. Many grammarians use the labels "subjective", "objective", and "possessive" for nominative, oblique, and genitive pronouns.
3611:, that also replaced the genitive case after prepositions. Nouns in Modern English no longer decline for case, except for the
9361:
6722:
6703:
6683:
2049:
English underwent extensive sound changes during the 15th century, while its spelling conventions remained largely constant.
9323:
7302:
6591:
6143:
2116:
2380:
2352:
731:
9261:
2960:
2140:
in 1755. To a high degree, the dictionary standardized both English spelling and word usage. Meanwhile, grammar texts by
2098:. During the period, loan words were borrowed from Italian, German, and Yiddish. British acceptance of and resistance to
8214:
1110:, remained independent from Rome, although some southwestern parts were within the empire. Some Germanics served in the
9131:
8935:
8899:
6408:
6386:
6367:
6348:
6303:
5885:
Faarlund, Jan Terje, and Joseph E. Emonds. "English as North Germanic". Language Dynamics and Change 6.1 (2016): 1-17.
2132:
1074:
2458:
The following table shows the principal developments in the stressed vowels, from Old English through Modern English.
1607:. The Anglo-Saxons and the Scandinavians thus spoke related languages from different branches (West and North) of the
9042:
8925:
8786:
6448:
Scandinavian loans in Old and Middle English, and their legacy in the dialects of England and modern standard English
6325:
6286:
5741:
Origin of the Anglo-Saxon Race - A Study of the Settlement of England and the Tribal Origin of the Old English People
5602:
5573:
5523:
3653:, because it is used for objects of verbs (direct, indirect, or oblique) as well as for objects of prepositions. See
3639:, are a conflation of the old accusative and dative cases, as well as of the genitive case after prepositions, while
1143:
855:
812:
2228:
processes affected vowels in complex ways. Unstressed vowels were gradually eroded, eventually leading to a loss of
9371:
9245:
9213:
9032:
9007:
8873:
8853:
8715:
6758:
6467:
1897:
1139:
2930:
The following chart shows the primary developments of English vowels in the last 600 years, in more detail, since
1658:
that must have existed during the process possibly contributed to the rate of borrowings from Norse into English.
9396:
9316:
9266:
9185:
9079:
9037:
8991:
8945:
8920:
8894:
8878:
6571:
5508:
5483:
2964:
2186:
2173:
529:
1362:
introduced by Irish missionaries in the 8th century. Most literary output was in either the Early West Saxon of
9115:
9074:
9058:
8986:
8955:
5478:
1779:
5448:
The master aimed a blow at Oliver's head with the ladle, pinioned him in his arms, and shrieked aloud for the
2159:
and technologies that created a need for new words, as well as international development of the language. The
1627:
between Old English and Old Norse speakers, including the possibility of intermarriage that resulted from the
1083:
9164:
9159:
8930:
8822:
8817:
8791:
8766:
8581:
5518:
2439:
1823:
1340:
1251:
These dialects had most of the typical West Germanic features, including a significant amount of grammatical
1758:
in English is another grammatical development to which Norse may have contributed, although here a possible
1548:
from the late 8th century onward. In 865, a major invasion was launched by what the Anglo-Saxons called the
1187:
was not a contemporaneous work, however, and cannot be regarded as an accurate record of such early events.
8611:
7781:
7743:
7728:
6494:
2237:
1916:
1147:
561:
509:
7055:
6608:
6600:
3496:
3491:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3394:
3389:
3385:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
2919:
2914:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2872:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2844:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2682:
2677:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2620:
2615:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2534:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2200:
2196:
2008:
2004:
9195:
8708:
8591:
8451:
7801:
7760:
7750:
6751:
6460:
2082:
Increased literacy and travel facilitated the adoption of many foreign words, especially borrowings from
1859:
1545:
1308:
915:
783:
626:
3898:
3676:
may play accusative or dative roles, as well as instrumental or prepositional roles, but it is a single
9422:
8940:
6967:
1789:
1392:
1359:
489:
5998:
Robert McColl Millar, "English in the 'transition period': the sources of contact-induced change," in
5043:
1903:
English literature began to reappear after 1200, when a changing political climate and the decline in
1367:
8308:
5513:
4437:
4069:
3592:
2058:
5695:
1924:, who lived in the late 14th century, is the most famous writer from the Middle English period, and
8847:
8586:
8540:
8535:
8459:
8069:
8053:
7932:
7791:
7682:
7677:
6529:
3677:
2972:
1893:
1885:
1743:
1734:
1600:
1458:
of 1066, when the language came to be influenced significantly by the new ruling class's language,
1248:
grouping is also identified, although it does not necessarily represent a node in the family tree.
907:
631:
8915:
8525:
8469:
8464:
8384:
8057:
8007:
7307:
7125:
6881:
6809:
6797:
6509:
6504:
6499:
5786:
5218:, a collection of stories in poetry and prose written in the London dialect of Middle English by
1631:
in 878, undoubtedly influenced the varieties of those languages spoken in the areas of contact.
1119:
1088:
8647:
8367:
7765:
5807:
2094:
is high, but remnants of the older forms remain in a few regional dialects, most notably in the
1863:
1634:
During the rule of Cnut and other Danish kings in the first half of the 11th century, a kind of
1573:
9292:
9287:
9190:
8965:
8731:
8530:
8012:
7978:
7596:
7412:
7272:
7112:
7007:
5594:
4973:
2182:
1950:
1212:
The languages spoken by the Germanic peoples who initially settled in Britain were part of the
1051:
843:
756:
741:
463:
8700:
1010:
proper, similar in most respects to that spoken today, was in place by the late 17th century.
9152:
8981:
8868:
8688:
8652:
7920:
7913:
7865:
7635:
7606:
7575:
7538:
7463:
7220:
7133:
6994:
6956:
6541:
5682:
3595:
was distinguished from the singular and plural. Declension was greatly simplified during the
2968:
2156:
2095:
2024:
1912:
1904:
1835:
1810:
1155:
934:
751:
636:
8153:
7028:
6194:
9282:
9147:
8960:
8801:
8781:
8756:
8657:
8637:
8606:
8479:
8339:
8085:
7903:
7495:
7322:
7284:
7279:
7153:
7100:
6858:
6690:
6551:
6000:
Contact: The Interaction of Closely-Related Linguistic Varieties and the History of English
5735:
5214:
5017:, a prose text in Old English dated to the late 9th century. The full text can be found at
4457:
4270:
4096:
3927:
3719:
3568:
2225:
2044:
1926:
1908:
1729:
1411:
loan words. The speech of eastern and northern parts of England was also subject to strong
1336:
1279:
967:
899:
235:
8313:
1900:
language resulting from contact between Old English and either Old Norse or Anglo-Norman.
1371:
8:
9386:
9366:
8596:
7832:
7786:
7720:
7473:
7120:
7033:
6831:
6519:
6317:
2931:
2075:
2070:
2028:
2000:
1896:
have been criticized by a number of other linguists. Some scholars have also put forward
1423:
971:
961:
711:
606:
581:
576:
571:
494:
242:
8143:
7988:
7235:
1818:
9100:
8858:
8838:
8796:
8735:
8642:
8566:
8494:
8484:
8439:
8201:
8128:
8025:
7870:
7845:
7840:
7733:
7561:
7446:
7267:
7045:
7040:
7019:
6980:
6784:
6774:
6639:
6534:
6278:
5921:
4756:
3666:
3564:
2438:
Among the more significant recent changes to the language have been the development of
2408:
2233:
1978:
1938:
1934:
1849:
1751:
1747:
1663:
1608:
1549:
1525:
1344:
1316:
938:
847:
776:
761:
726:
566:
394:
27:
9308:
7796:
4759:. It is dated from the 8th to the early 11th centuries. These are the first 11 lines:
1920:
Official documents began to be produced regularly in English during the 15th century.
1580:
was briefly declared king of England in 1013, followed by the longer reign of his son
1374:, "the Grammarian". The most famous surviving work from the Old English period is the
941:
9356:
9229:
9169:
9084:
8843:
8776:
8761:
8616:
8415:
8331:
8324:
8279:
8223:
7983:
7973:
7956:
7951:
7855:
7738:
7617:
7417:
7378:
7358:
7196:
7088:
7070:
6922:
6629:
6404:
6382:
6363:
6344:
6321:
6299:
6282:
6260:
6163:
6065:
5925:
5749:
5598:
5569:
5493:
5363:
5084:
3858:
3785:
3657:. The information formerly conveyed by distinct case forms is now mostly provided by
3588:
2939:
2340:
2054:
1946:
1874:
1628:
1561:
1474:
The approximate extent of Old Norse and related languages in the early 10th century:
1217:
1172:
999:
746:
721:
686:
616:
591:
556:
551:
525:
423:
4714:- The origin of the modern forms is generally thought to have been a borrowing from
2963:, the changes before /r/, or various special cases and exceptions. For details, see
1639:
1556:, under Scandinavian control. Most of these areas were retaken by the English under
1489:
1480:
9376:
9340:
9110:
9012:
8863:
8571:
8362:
8296:
8252:
8247:
8207:
8196:
8188:
7993:
7961:
7908:
7897:
7810:
7519:
7458:
7248:
7230:
7065:
6826:
6818:
6695:
6247:, third edition, Larry D. Benson, gen. ed., Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1987.
6155:
5911:
5296:
5219:
5047:
4236:
3544:
2229:
2099:
2091:
1942:
1921:
1759:
1624:
1557:
1363:
1135:
1099:
1058:
919:
887:
839:
736:
716:
706:
681:
676:
666:
651:
646:
611:
586:
546:
449:
19:
8408:
5591:
ESL: Creating a quality English as a second language program: A guide for churches
4784:
9381:
9351:
8601:
8561:
8394:
8301:
8284:
8269:
8264:
8257:
7966:
7875:
7860:
7815:
7667:
7630:
7622:
7601:
7588:
7568:
7554:
7317:
7294:
7225:
7215:
7207:
6987:
6524:
6190:
5498:
5470:
5424:
4839:
4820:
4673:
4657:
4615:
4596:
4554:
4538:
4493:
4477:
4376:
4348:
4193:
4177:
4132:
4116:
4024:
4008:
3963:
3947:
3835:
3819:
3759:
3743:
3692:
3662:
3600:
3576:
3572:
3560:
2447:
2443:
2293:
2149:
1839:
1803:
1728:. Norse influence is also believed to have reinforced the adoption of the plural
1643:
1585:
1577:
1455:
1332:
1062:
991:
987:
930:
903:
766:
696:
661:
641:
621:
596:
278:
6144:"Predicting the future of English: Considerations when engaging with the public"
5970:
The Celtic Englishes IV – The Interface Between English and the Celtic Languages
1572:
in 954. Scandinavian raids resumed in the late 10th century during the reign of
8682:
8576:
8556:
8508:
8400:
8274:
7944:
7711:
7650:
7429:
7386:
7343:
7260:
7255:
7144:
7094:
6945:
6896:
6851:
6844:
6675:
6556:
6546:
6431:
6396:
6083:
5861:
The Cambridge History of the English Language (Vol. 1): the Beginnings to 1066.
5503:
4467:
4462:
4280:
4275:
4244:
4106:
4101:
3937:
3932:
3729:
3724:
3654:
3596:
3556:
2336:
2160:
2145:
2137:
2125:
2087:
2050:
2032:
2016:
1958:
1799:
1775:
1672:
1651:
1647:
1581:
1516:
1451:
1435:
1408:
1198:
1168:
1111:
1014:
1007:
995:
923:
671:
656:
601:
499:
362:
Growth of cinema, popular music, the Internet, and other English dominant media
341:
228:
23:
6401:
Words on the Move: Why English Won't - and Can't - Sit Still (Like, Literally)
6159:
5916:
5899:
3587:
cases, and for strongly declined adjectives and some pronouns also a separate
1829:
9411:
9105:
8632:
8474:
8230:
8181:
7998:
7937:
7850:
7755:
7693:
7640:
7524:
7451:
6418:
6270:
6167:
5617:
5354:
5327:
4696:
4638:
4608:
4580:
4519:
4408:
4216:
4158:
4050:
3989:
3874:
3798:
3700:
3584:
1569:
1312:
1300:
1245:
1213:
1131:
1046:
1022:
1013:
English as we know it today was exported to other parts of the world through
983:
891:
871:
851:
771:
282:
5886:
3691:
Modern English nouns exhibit only one inflection of the reference form: the
1989:, first appearing in East and North England as a substitute for Old English
1642:
or spoken lingua franca. When Danish rule ended, and particularly after the
1552:, which eventually brought large parts of northern and eastern England, the
8501:
7925:
7889:
7822:
7645:
7468:
7441:
7424:
7368:
7327:
6909:
6888:
6309:
5419:
3645:
3608:
2236:
in the Early Middle English period. The most important umlaut process was *
2141:
1755:
1655:
1388:
1103:
1054:
have resulted in English becoming a second language for many other groups.
691:
390:
8148:
6436:
5061:
1949:). Grammar distinctions were lost as many noun and adjective endings were
1847:, including words used only in scientific, medical or legal contexts: ~29%
918:, which led to much lexical borrowing and grammatical simplification. The
8318:
8291:
8109:
8017:
7699:
7660:
7243:
6938:
6902:
6837:
6715:
6710:
6514:
6296:
The Development of Old English - A Linguistic History of English, vol. II
5367:
5359:
4752:
4686:
4628:
4570:
4509:
4395:
4206:
4148:
4040:
3979:
3848:
3775:
3658:
3604:
3580:
2221:
1889:
1884:
on English becomes apparent during this period. The impact of the native
1565:
1507:
1498:
1375:
1294:
1241:
1237:
1134:) under Roman command. Germanic settlement and power expanded during the
1078:
1034:
975:
957:
916:
conquered and colonized parts of Britain during the 8th and 9th centuries
895:
883:
867:
221:
8163:
6442:
6379:
Wordsmiths and Warriors: The English-Language Tourist's Guide to Britain
1833:
The percentage of modern English words derived from each language group:
8158:
8138:
7503:
7173:
6874:
6667:
5051:
4731:
4086:
Old and Middle English singular to the Modern English archaic informal
3548:
1814:
1589:
1459:
1431:
1427:
1252:
1221:
1003:
945:
250:
5966:
On the Areal Pattern of 'Brittonicity' in English and Its Implications
3591:(which otherwise and later completely coincided with the dative). The
1667:
impact that Norse had on the language. In all, English borrowed about
8344:
8092:
7655:
7436:
7391:
7363:
7189:
6743:
6452:
6291:
4715:
1881:
1873:
Although English is a Germanic language, it has a deep connection to
1635:
1604:
1412:
1225:
1180:
1160:
1030:
953:
8168:
5674:
2953:
2110:
2023:, which did not exist in Norman. These letters remain in the modern
1470:
1037:
and many smaller former colonies, as well as being widely spoken in
8133:
7481:
6662:
5464:
5246:
4440:, ġit ("ye two") etcetera; however, no later forms derive from it.)
4263:
Formal and informal forms of the second person singular and plural
3643:
also includes the genitive case. This conflated form is called the
3612:
2192:
1616:
1596:
1328:
1320:
1256:
1107:
879:
4924:
2130:
The first authoritative and full-featured English dictionary, the
1784:
9297:
8174:
7770:
7672:
5951:
Filppula, Markku, Juhani Klemola and Heli Pitkänen (eds.). 2002.
4747:
2935:
2272:); nominal derivatives from adjectives ("strong" vs. "strength",
2152:, and others attempted to prescribe standard usage even further.
1612:
1553:
1541:
1533:
1434:, and was grammatically quite similar in some respects to modern
1416:
1380:
1355:
1285:
1233:
1229:
1164:
1123:
1018:
986:, as well as borrowings from other European languages, including
911:
875:
863:
859:
701:
4808:
1450:. The Old English period is considered to have evolved into the
998:. Significant pronunciation changes in this period included the
8730:
7477:
5449:
3696:
1619:
in those areas are of Scandinavian provenance, those ending in
1537:
1528:
with which Old Norse still retained some mutual intelligibility
1202:
1127:
1115:
1042:
1026:
312:
5255:
4871:
7395:
5942:. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. pp. 158-178.
4929:
3552:
2351:. Other changes that left echoes in the modern language were
2083:
1844:
1391:
from around the year 600 encouraged the addition of over 400
1324:
1304:
1260:
1206:
1176:
1038:
979:
949:
6216:
Translation: Now I want that you understand how it has come
5876:. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. pp. 92-105.
4076:("we two") etcetera; however, no later forms derive from it.
1915:
became the first king to address Parliament in English. The
1746:
simplification found in Middle English, such as the loss of
1050:
across national boundaries. The efforts of English-speaking
5772:. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. pp. 91-92.
5712:. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. pp. 79-81.
5263:
4256:
2339:
period saw further vowel changes. Most significant was the
1802:
is the form of English spoken roughly from the time of the
1724:
1351:
1188:
1742:. It is considered to have stimulated and accelerated the
1146:
took place from the 5th to the 7th century, following the
5566:
English Teaching as Christian Mision: An Applied Theology
4248:
3695:, which some linguists argue is not a case at all, but a
2020:
1678:
Norse borrowings include many very common words, such as
1438:. The language had demonstrative pronouns, equivalent to
1419:
and settlement beginning in the 9th century (see below).
1395:
into Old English, such as the predecessors of the modern
1240:. Due to specific similarities between early English and
9338:
6013:
Kulturelle Integration und Personnenamen in Mittelalter
4828:
3897:- An explanation may be found in the last paragraph of
2003:
was also influenced by Norman in this period, with the
18:
This article is about the history and evolution of the
5955:
Joensuu: University of Joensuu, Faculty of Humanities.
4888:
4770:
5442:"What!" said the master at length, in a faint voice.
5249:
4845:
4825:
3669:
as further examples, these cases had distinct forms.
1267:
had been borrowed into early Germanic from the Latin
5828:
The Oxford history of English lexicography, Volume 1
5460:
4803:
2191:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
2114:
The title page from the second edition of the first
6341:
The Mother Tongue - English And How It Got That Way
6130:
The Origins and Development of the English Language
6117:
The Origins and Development of the English Language
5808:"4.1 The change from Old English to Middle English"
5445:"Please, sir," replied Oliver, "I want some more."
1898:
hypotheses that Middle English was a kind of creole
36:
6226:that in their conscience not remain no foul wen .
5728:
5006:
4080:
1263:. For instance, the predecessor of Modern English
1017:, and is now the dominant language in Britain and
974:– is dated from around 1500. It incorporated many
933:in 1066, Old English was replaced, for a time, by
6265:Shakespeare's Works and Elizabethan Pronunciation
6070:Shakespeare's Works and Elizabethan Pronunciation
5863:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 320ff.
5650:. Brimscombe, Gloucestershire, Tempus, pp. 43-47.
4444:
3914:
3661:and word order. In Old English as well as modern
1568:were not permanently regained until the death of
9409:
6218:that this book is written with English of Kent.
6027:, Yves Montenay, Les Belles lettres, Paris, 2005
5842:A History of English: A Sociolinguistic Approach
5395:Delight thee more, and Siloa's Brook that flow'd
5389:That Shepherd, who first taught the chosen Seed,
4985:we have heard, and what honor the athelings won!
3618:
2411:, which is responsible for alternations such as
2205:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
1738:rather, than alternative Old English forms like
1615:during the period of Scandinavian control. Many
6232:of angels of heaven and in addition His council
5898:Bech, Kristin; Walkden, George (May 15, 2016).
4999:who house by the whale-path, heard his mandate,
4995:for he waxed under welkin, in wealth he throve,
4949:
4789:
1370:, and followed by such writers as the prolific
902:established in different parts of Britain. The
6395:
6180:
5675:"Remarks on the 'Anglo-Frisian' Thesis (1995)"
5546:Lists of English words of international origin
5379:Brought Death into the World, and all our woe,
5232:The droghte of March hath perced to the roote,
2942:can be seen in the dramatic developments from
2383:, which resulted in the vowel alternations in
1114:, and troops from Germanic tribes such as the
1098:English has its roots in the languages of the
26:. For the history of the English culture, see
9324:
8716:
6759:
6468:
6376:
6357:
6222:for father, and for mother, and for other kin
5900:"English is (still) a West Germanic language"
5624:. Berlin, Inspiration Unlimited, p. 1 (cover)
4859:
820:
22:. For the history of the English people, see
6234:and receive his soul when he has died. Amen.
6011:John Insley, "Britons and Anglo-Saxons," in
5267:
4997:till before him the folk, both far and near,
2031:, having been borrowed from Old English via
1824:characteristics of the Anglo-Norman language
1220:family. They consisted of dialects from the
6338:
6230:that this book made God give him that bread
6224:them for to protect from all manner of sin
5897:
4987:Oft Scyld the Scefing from squadroned foes,
4936:
4909:
3607:cases of the pronouns merged into a single
2015:, rather than with the Old English letters
1806:in 1066 until the end of the 15th century.
32:History of the English language (education)
9331:
9317:
8723:
8709:
6766:
6752:
6475:
6461:
6187:The Electronic Introduction to Old English
5855:
5853:
5851:
5754:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
5489:Comparison of American and British English
5405:Things unattempted yet in Prose or Rhime.
5401:That with no middle flight intends to soar
5391:In the Beginning how the Heav'ns and Earth
5385:Sing Heav'nly Muse, that on the secret top
5293:Thanne longen folk to goon on pilgrimages,
5284:
5186:
5158:
1087:Proto-English (early Anglo-Saxon) and the
827:
813:
6041:. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. p. 147.
5968:in Hildegard L. C. Tristram (ed.). 2006.
5915:
5887:https://doi.org/10.1163/22105832-00601002
5541:List of Germanic and Latinate equivalents
5427:in Modern English and published in 1838:
5383:Restore us, and regain the blissful Seat,
5377:Of that Forbidden Tree, whose mortal tast
5375:Of Mans First Disobedience, and the Fruit
5309:
5150:
4993:friendless, a foundling, fate repaid him:
4981:Lo, praise of the prowess of people-kings
3706:
1465:
1430:than modern English, combined with freer
1228:coast, in regions that lie within modern
319:and simplification of Old English grammar
6570:
6084:"Mental furniture from the philosophers"
6081:
6036:
6025:La langue française et la mondialisation
5536:List of dialects of the English language
5403:Above th' Aonian Mount, while it pursues
5300:
5060:
4983:of spear-armed Danes, in days long sped,
4730:
2367:, which accounts for the long vowels in
2109:
1828:
1783:
1469:
1446:, but did not have the definite article
1278:
1082:
5938:Baugh, Albert and Cable, Thomas. 2002.
5872:Baugh, Albert and Cable, Thomas. 2002.
5848:
5839:
5768:Baugh, Albert and Cable, Thomas. 2002.
5744:(1st ed.), London, pp. 3, 393
5708:Baugh, Albert and Cable, Thomas. 2002.
5648:Britain and the End of the Roman Empire
5381:With loss of Eden, till one greater Man
5333:
5260:The tendre croppes, and the yonge sonne
5205:
4989:from many a tribe, the mead-bench tore,
2959:Neither of the above tables covers the
2167:
2038:
1629:acceptance of Christianity by the Danes
1319:. Celtic languages remained in most of
1171:allegedly led by the Germanic brothers
1106:, most of the Germanic-inhabited area,
1002:, which affected the qualities of most
9410:
6773:
6482:
6141:
5981:
5321:
5138:
4722:. Cf. also the demonstrative pronouns.
3538:
2300:, which produced alternations such as
1985:appears around 1200, later spelled as
1868:List of English words of French origin
1350:Old English was first written using a
854:in the mid-5th to 7th centuries AD by
435:
315:invasions; assimilation of words from
9312:
8704:
8437:
8051:
6795:
6747:
6569:
6456:
6132:. Boston, MA: Wadsworth. pp. 182-187.
6119:. Boston, MA: Wadsworth. pp. 140-141.
5734:
5588:
5399:Invoke thy aid to my adventrous Song,
5313:
5273:
5180:
5154:
5129:Vor vader and vor moder and vor oþer
4792:
4735:The dialects of Old English c. 800 CE
894:, that had previously been dominant.
801:Teaching English as a second language
344:helps spread English around the world
281:; replacement of Germanic elite with
5563:
5318:And specially from every shires ende
5288:
5075:
2961:history of Middle English diphthongs
2195:. For the distinction between ,
1560:in the early 10th century, although
898:reflected the varied origins of the
403:
369:
351:
326:
292:
264:
39:
7328:Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German
6220:This book is made for unlearned men
6039:A Biography of the English Language
6002:, Edinburgh University Press (2016)
5940:The History of the English Language
5874:The History of the English Language
5785:. Bl.uk. 2007-03-12. Archived from
5770:The History of the English Language
5710:The History of the English Language
5397:Fast by the Oracle of God; I thence
5387:Of Oreb, or of Sinai, didst inspire
5366:written in Early Modern English by
5278:That slepen al the nyght with open
5235:
5179:Of angles of hevene, and þerto his
5015:The Voyages of Ohthere and Wulfstan
4941:
1584:from 1016 to 1035, and Cnut's sons
1224:grouping, spoken mainly around the
13:
8687:Languages between parentheses are
8052:
6443:Penn Corpora of Historical English
6332:
6312:(2007) translated by Angela Hall.
6228:"Who like God?" in His name said
5672:
5393:Rose out of Chaos: Or if Sion Hill
5227:Whan that Aprill with his shoures
5222:, at the end of the 14th century:
4991:awing the earls. Since erst he lay
4891:
4856:
4068:- Old English also had a separate
3680:form, contrasting with nominative
2133:Dictionary of the English Language
2117:Dictionary of the English Language
1965:, retained in a few cases such as
1075:Celtic language decline in England
952:, Norman French was influenced by
870:. The Anglo-Saxons settled in the
14:
9434:
6425:
6360:The Story of English in 100 Words
5524:Changes to Old English vocabulary
5435:"Please, sir, I want some more."
4912:
4878:
4776:
4436:(Old English also had a separate
3899:this section of Instrumental case
2105:
1769:
1197:in AD 731, writes of invasion by
1159:relates that around the year 449
1057:Global variation among different
30:. For the pedagogical field, see
6314:Dictionary of Northern Mythology
6267:, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1981.
6072:, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1981.
5972:. Potsdam: University of Potsdam
5859:Hogg, Richard M. (ed.). (1992).
5463:
5345:
5320:Of Engelond to Caunterbury they
5239:Of which vertu engendred is the
5001:gave him gifts: a good king he!
4848:
2952:
2453:
1981:was discarded. Definite article
1140:fall of the Western Roman Empire
1068:
962:spelling of modern English words
41:Timeline of the English language
9418:History of the English language
6275:In Search of the Indo-Europeans
6237:
6210:
6201:
6174:
6135:
6122:
6109:
6075:
6058:
6055:. London: Penguin. pp. 341-343.
6045:
6030:
6018:
6005:
5992:
5975:
5958:
5945:
5932:
5891:
5879:
5866:
5844:. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
5833:
5821:
5800:
5775:
5762:
5509:Languages in the United Kingdom
5484:Phonological history of English
5410:
5111:
5065:The dialects of Middle English
5008:Voyages of Ohthere and Wulfstan
4251:in manuscripts) corresponds to
4166:þi, þīn, þīne, thy; thin, thine
4081:Second person personal pronouns
2965:phonological history of English
2296:were significantly modified by
2212:
2187:International Phonetic Alphabet
2174:Phonological history of English
1671:, several hundred surviving in
1384:, composed by an unknown poet.
1102:of northern Europe. During the
8691:of the language on their left.
6437:The Spread of English Language
6432:The History of English Podcast
5715:
5702:
5666:
5663:London, Robinson, pp. 364-374.
5653:
5640:
5637:London, Robinson, pp. 364-374.
5627:
5611:
5582:
5564:Snow, Donald (27 April 2001).
5557:
5479:Influence of French on English
5240:
4903:
4678:hem, ham, heom, þaim, þem, þam
4445:Third person personal pronouns
3915:First person personal pronouns
3317:(Late Middle English spelling)
2065:(modern "the") was written as
1997:, nominative forms of "that."
1945:diminished in Middle English (
1907:made it more respectable. The
1817:, originating from a northern
1780:Influence of French on English
1274:
1144:Germanic settlement of Britain
263:
1:
8582:Germanic substrate hypothesis
8438:
6343:. William Morrow Paperbacks.
6253:
6142:Jansen, Sandra (March 2018).
5986:English and Celtic in Contact
5904:Nordic Journal of Linguistics
5725:. London: Penguin. pp. 24-26.
5519:History of the Scots language
5228:
5147:
5066:
4952:
4920:
4881:
4868:
4865:
4726:
3619:Evolution of English pronouns
3449:
3377:
3256:
3135:
3091:
3027:
2943:
2495:
2483:
2471:
2440:rhotic and non-rhotic accents
1864:English language word origins
1360:version of the Latin alphabet
1091:
415:
381:
304:
8612:Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law
7303:Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch
5953:The Celtic Roots of English.
5659:Oppenheimer, Stephen, 2006.
5633:Oppenheimer, Stephen, 2006.
5337:
5197:
5193:
5190:
5174:
5168:
5134:
5120:
5114:
5106:
5098:
4962:
4959:
4899:
4836:
4766:
4704:here, heore, hore, þair, þar
2442:(i.e. "r-dropping") and the
1917:Pleading in English Act 1362
7:
8592:High German consonant shift
6381:. Oxford University Press.
5456:
5417:A selection from the novel
5370:, first published in 1667:
5306:
5279:
5164:
5142:
5130:
5124:
4811:
4800:
4585:hir, hire, heore, her, here
3196:(Late Old English spelling)
2978:
2967:as well as the articles on
2349:mate, mete/meet, bite, coat
1892:"do", to Celtic influence.
1454:period some time after the
1311:, in parts of the areas of
1167:, invited the "Angle kin",
1065:remains significant today.
922:had a greater influence on
910:spoken by the Scandinavian
858:from what is now northwest
784:List of dialects of English
393:tribes in England speaking
218:
10:
9439:
7130:Westlauwers–Terschellings
6783:According to contemporary
5661:The Origins of the British
5635:The Origins of the British
5234:And bathed every veyne in
5102:
4739:
2171:
2123:
2102:began during this period.
2042:
1773:
1669:2,000 words from Old Norse
1407:, and a smaller number of
1292:
1072:
964:appears highly irregular.
950:Vikings who invaded France
490:English as a lingua franca
17:
9362:Stress and reduced vowels
9347:
9275:
9254:
9238:
9222:
9206:
9178:
9140:
9124:
9093:
9067:
9051:
9025:
9000:
8974:
8908:
8887:
8831:
8810:
8749:
8742:
8674:
8625:
8549:
8518:
8450:
8446:
8433:
8382:
8355:
8309:Southern Schleswig Danish
8240:
8121:
8077:
8068:
8064:
8047:
7888:
7831:
7719:
7710:
7615:
7587:
7546:
7537:
7512:
7494:
7405:
7377:
7351:
7342:
7293:
7206:
7181:
7172:
7111:
7006:
6955:
6930:
6921:
6817:
6808:
6804:
6791:
6781:
6648:
6582:
6578:
6565:
6490:
6160:10.1017/S026607841700027X
5917:10.1017/S0332586515000219
5514:Middle English declension
5173:Þet þis boc made god him
5094:
5013:This is the beginning of
4680:
4677:
4665:he, hi, ho, hie, þai, þei
4661:
4653:
4622:
4619:
4600:
4592:
4574:
4564:
4561:
4534:
4503:
4500:
4473:
4427:
4424:
4415:
4412:
4402:
4399:
4389:
4386:
4383:
4380:
4370:
4364:
4358:
4355:
4352:
4301:
4298:
4295:
4292:
4289:
4286:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4267:
4200:
4187:
4173:
4169:thy, thine (your, yours)
4142:
4139:
4112:
4034:
4031:
4004:
3973:
3970:
3943:
3842:
3829:
3813:
3769:
3766:
3735:
3422:
3402:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3039:
2905:
2890:
2885:
2824:
2745:
2694:
2562:
2462:indicates any consonant:
1788:The opening prologue of "
1762:influence is also noted.
1358:. This was replaced by a
1175:, to help repel invading
878:and southern and eastern
8587:West Germanic gemination
8541:Ancient Belgian language
8536:Germanic parent language
8480:Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic)
7602:Austrian Standard German
6796:
6607:Changes before historic
6599:Changes before historic
6294:and Taylor, Ann (2014).
6082:Franklin, James (1983).
6037:Millward, C. M. (1989).
5982:Coates, Richard (2010),
5551:
4972:Which, as translated by
3571:distinguished among the
2973:Middle English phonology
2543:oak, boat, whole, stone
2288:) and from other nouns (
2053:is often dated from the
1930:is his best-known work.
1886:British Celtic languages
1880:The strong influence of
908:North Germanic languages
46:
6510:Anglo-Frisian languages
6181:Peter S. Baker (2003).
5589:Burke, Susan E (1998).
5254:Inspired hath in every
3651:object (objective) case
2909:buck, up, love, wonder
2183:phonetic transcriptions
1790:The Wife of Bath's Tale
1722:, and even the pronoun
1368:Æthelwold of Winchester
1089:West Germanic languages
970:– the language used by
444:Part of a series on the
8648:Preterite-present verb
8531:Proto-Germanic grammar
8485:North Sea (Ingvaeonic)
7597:German Standard German
7273:East Frisian Low Saxon
6377:David Crystal (2015).
6358:David Crystal (2013).
6197:on September 11, 2015.
6053:The Stories of English
6051:Crystal, David. 2004.
5723:The Stories of English
5721:Crystal, David. 2004.
5690:Cite journal requires
5595:Grand Rapids, Michigan
5454:
5408:
5343:
5299:for to seken straunge
5252:with his sweete breeth
5203:
5072:
5004:
4974:Francis Barton Gummere
4970:
4736:
4562:hire, hure, her, heore
4546:heo, sche, ho, he, ȝho
4247:(interchangeable with
3906:- Usually replaced by
3707:Interrogative pronouns
3703:for more information.
3547:once had an extensive
2381:pre-cluster shortening
2353:homorganic lengthening
2264:); in verb paradigms (
2180:This section contains
2121:
1973:, largely gave way to
1855:
1796:
1750:and explicitly marked
1599:, spoke dialects of a
1595:The Scandinavians, or
1530:
1490:Old East Norse dialect
1481:Old West Norse dialect
1466:Scandinavian influence
1424:grammar of Old English
1315:that later formed the
1290:
1283:The first page of the
1194:Ecclesiastical History
1095:
1052:Christian missionaries
844:West Germanic language
732:San Andrés–Providencia
464:English-speaking world
8653:Grammatischer Wechsel
7636:Namibian Black German
7607:Swiss Standard German
7576:Early New High German
7134:Mainland West Frisian
6995:Harlingerland Frisian
6542:Anglo-Norman language
6245:The Riverside Chaucer
5830:By Anthony Paul Cowie
5736:Shore, Thomas William
5429:
5372:
5224:
5167:ase god' in his name
5090:
5064:
4978:
4761:
4734:
2969:Old English phonology
2157:Industrial Revolution
2113:
2076:A Table Alphabeticall
2011:sounds being spelled
1832:
1787:
1546:raid parts of Britain
1473:
1282:
1156:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
1086:
846:that originated from
562:Antiguan and Barbudan
9397:Phonological history
8658:Indo-European ablaut
8638:Germanic strong verb
8607:Germanic spirant law
7744:Southeast Limburgish
7240:Gelders-Overijssels
6869:Irish Middle English
6859:Early Modern English
6572:Phonological history
6552:Early Modern English
6419:A history of English
6339:Bill Bryson (1990).
5597:: CRC Publications.
5336:whan that they were
5328:hooly blisful martir
5215:The Canterbury Tales
5207:The Canterbury Tales
3699:. See the entry for
3374:Early Modern English
2492:Early Modern English
2446:in many dialects of
2224:period, a number of
2168:Phonological changes
2045:Early Modern English
2039:Early Modern English
1927:The Canterbury Tales
1909:Provisions of Oxford
1574:Æthelred the Unready
1387:The introduction of
1015:British colonisation
968:Early Modern English
900:Anglo-Saxon kingdoms
856:Anglo-Saxon migrants
848:Ingvaeonic languages
469:As a second language
236:Early Modern English
9339:Description of the
8626:Synchronic features
8597:Germanic a-mutation
8550:Diachronic features
7900:in the broad sense
7833:East Central German
7787:Lorraine Franconian
7761:Transylvanian Saxon
7721:West Central German
7496:East Low Franconian
7406:West Low Franconian
6505:Proto-West-Germanic
6495:Proto-Indo-European
6279:Thames & Hudson
6128:Algeo, John. 2010.
6115:Algeo, John. 2010.
6015:, De Gruyter (2018)
5840:Fennell, B (2001).
4474:Masculine singular
4264:
4087:
3539:Grammatical changes
3253:Late Middle English
2932:Late Middle English
2820:written, sit, kiss
2594:feed, deep, me, be
2136:, was published by
2071:William Shakespeare
1943:grammatical endings
1836:Anglo-Norman French
1499:Old Gutnish dialect
1309:former Roman rulers
1130:served in Britain (
972:William Shakespeare
243:Late Modern English
8643:Germanic weak verb
8452:Language subgroups
7802:Pennsylvania Dutch
7751:Moselle Franconian
7729:Central Franconian
7562:Middle High German
7313:Central Pomeranian
7268:Northern Low Saxon
6981:Wangerooge Frisian
6775:Germanic languages
6640:Trisyllabic laxing
6620:Close front vowels
6484:History of English
6261:Cercignani, Fausto
6243:Spelling based on
5285:priketh hem nature
5141:vram alle manyere
5073:
5046:said to his lord,
4757:alliterative verse
4751:is an Old English
4737:
4535:Feminine singular
4262:
4085:
3631:, contrasted with
3551:system similar to
2792:speak, meat, mete
2769:help, tell, seven
2741:name, bake, raven
2571:heal, beat, cheap
2409:trisyllabic laxing
2345:mat, met, bit, cot
2234:grammatical gender
2122:
1979:Grammatical gender
1935:inflected language
1856:
1797:
1748:grammatical gender
1603:language known as
1550:Great Heathen Army
1531:
1526:Germanic languages
1354:script called the
1317:Kingdom of England
1291:
1096:
28:Culture of England
9423:English phonology
9405:
9404:
9306:
9305:
9021:
9020:
8736:world's languages
8698:
8697:
8683:extinct languages
8670:
8669:
8666:
8665:
8617:Great Vowel Shift
8429:
8428:
8425:
8424:
8378:
8377:
8224:Greenlandic Norse
8043:
8042:
8039:
8038:
8035:
8034:
7974:Southern Bavarian
7957:Northern Bavarian
7933:Highest Alemannic
7884:
7883:
7618:standard variants
7533:
7532:
7379:Standard variants
7338:
7337:
7197:Middle Low German
7168:
7167:
7164:
7163:
6968:Saterland Frisian
6741:
6740:
6737:
6736:
6733:
6732:
6630:Great Vowel Shift
6615:Close back vowels
6066:Fausto Cercignani
5783:"Geordie dialect"
5673:Stiles, Patrick.
5646:Dark, Ken, 2000.
5494:English phonology
5364:iambic pentameter
5352:The beginning of
5316:in sondry londes;
5212:The beginning of
5085:Ayenbite of Inwyt
5077:Ayenbite of Inwyt
5059:
5058:
4969:
4968:
4930:þāra ymbsittendra
4723:
4711:
4710:
4441:
4432:
4431:
4240:
4231:
4230:
4077:
4065:
4064:
3911:
3910:(postpositioned).
3902:
3893:
3889:
3888:
3623:Pronouns such as
3599:period, when the
3589:instrumental case
3536:
3535:
2940:Great Vowel Shift
2928:
2927:
2881:foal, nose, over
2853:god, top, beyond
2690:mouse, out, loud
2628:ride, time, mice
2341:Great Vowel Shift
2055:Great Vowel Shift
2029:Faroese alphabets
1875:Romance languages
1860:prestige language
1654:. The widespread
1417:Scandinavian rule
1415:influence due to
1372:Ælfric of Eynsham
1218:Germanic language
1173:Hengist and Horsa
1148:end of Roman rule
1000:Great Vowel Shift
890:, and, possibly,
886:, displacing the
837:
836:
510:Linguistic purism
495:European language
439:
438:
431:
430:
424:Great vowel shift
402:
401:
395:Germanic dialects
368:
367:
350:
349:
325:
324:
291:
290:
209:2000 —
199:1900 —
189:1800 —
179:1700 —
169:1600 —
159:1500 —
149:1400 —
139:1300 —
129:1200 —
119:1100 —
109:1000 —
9430:
9392:Language history
9341:English language
9333:
9326:
9319:
9310:
9309:
9196:Standard Chinese
8747:
8746:
8725:
8718:
8711:
8702:
8701:
8475:Elbe (Irminonic)
8448:
8447:
8435:
8434:
8363:Mainland Gutnish
8253:Swedish dialects
8215:Middle Icelandic
8189:Middle Norwegian
8078:Historical forms
8075:
8074:
8066:
8065:
8049:
8048:
8008:South Franconian
7994:Hutterite German
7962:Central Bavarian
7782:Rhine Franconian
7717:
7716:
7547:Historical forms
7544:
7543:
7459:Surinamese Dutch
7352:Historical forms
7349:
7348:
7182:Historical forms
7179:
7178:
6931:Historical forms
6928:
6927:
6815:
6814:
6806:
6805:
6793:
6792:
6768:
6761:
6754:
6745:
6744:
6635:Open back vowels
6610:
6602:
6580:
6579:
6567:
6566:
6477:
6470:
6463:
6454:
6453:
6414:
6392:
6373:
6354:
6292:Ringe, Donald R.
6248:
6241:
6235:
6214:
6208:
6205:
6199:
6198:
6193:. Archived from
6178:
6172:
6171:
6139:
6133:
6126:
6120:
6113:
6107:
6106:
6104:
6102:
6088:
6079:
6073:
6062:
6056:
6049:
6043:
6042:
6034:
6028:
6022:
6016:
6009:
6003:
5996:
5990:
5989:
5979:
5973:
5962:
5956:
5949:
5943:
5936:
5930:
5929:
5919:
5895:
5889:
5883:
5877:
5870:
5864:
5857:
5846:
5845:
5837:
5831:
5825:
5819:
5818:
5816:
5815:
5804:
5798:
5797:
5795:
5794:
5779:
5773:
5766:
5760:
5759:
5753:
5745:
5732:
5726:
5719:
5713:
5706:
5700:
5699:
5693:
5688:
5686:
5678:
5670:
5664:
5657:
5651:
5644:
5638:
5631:
5625:
5615:
5609:
5608:
5586:
5580:
5579:
5568:. Herald Press.
5561:
5473:
5468:
5467:
5339:
5335:
5323:
5315:
5311:
5308:
5302:
5290:
5286:
5281:
5275:
5269:
5265:
5257:
5251:
5242:
5237:
5230:
5220:Geoffrey Chaucer
5199:
5195:
5192:
5188:
5182:
5176:
5170:
5166:
5160:
5156:
5152:
5149:
5144:
5140:
5136:
5132:
5126:
5122:
5117:Engliss of Kent.
5116:
5113:
5108:
5104:
5100:
5096:
5071:
5068:
5024:
5023:
4964:
4961:
4954:
4951:
4943:
4938:
4931:
4926:
4922:
4914:
4911:
4905:
4901:
4893:
4890:
4883:
4880:
4873:
4870:
4867:
4861:
4858:
4850:
4847:
4841:
4838:
4830:
4827:
4822:
4813:
4810:
4805:
4802:
4794:
4791:
4786:
4778:
4772:
4768:
4763:
4762:
4713:
4593:Neuter singular
4449:
4448:
4435:
4265:
4261:
4243:Here the letter
4237:King James Bible
4234:
4088:
4084:
4067:
3919:
3918:
3905:
3896:
3891:
3711:
3710:
3545:English language
3498:
3493:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3451:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3396:
3391:
3387:
3382:
3379:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3258:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3137:
3132:Late Old English
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3093:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3029:
2986:
2985:
2956:
2948:
2945:
2921:
2916:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2874:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2846:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2684:
2679:
2676:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2622:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2536:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2500:
2497:
2488:
2485:
2476:
2473:
2465:
2464:
2294:velar consonants
2230:grammatical case
2202:
2198:
2092:mispronunciation
2010:
2006:
2001:English spelling
1922:Geoffrey Chaucer
1794:Canterbury Tales
1558:Edward the Elder
1536:from modern-day
1523:
1514:
1505:
1496:
1487:
1478:
1393:Latin loan words
1364:Alfred the Great
1303:Celtic, and the
1191:, who wrote his
1150:on the island.
1138:, which saw the
1136:Migration Period
1100:Germanic peoples
1093:
1059:English dialects
978:-era loans from
920:Anglian dialects
888:Celtic languages
829:
822:
815:
632:Falkland Islands
450:English language
441:
440:
426:
420:
419: 1400–1700
417:
409:
404:
397:
386:
383:
375:
370:
363:
357:
352:
345:
332:
327:
320:
309:
306:
298:
293:
286:
270:
265:
259:
215:
210:
205:
200:
195:
190:
185:
180:
175:
170:
165:
160:
155:
150:
145:
140:
135:
130:
125:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
99:900 —
95:
90:
89:800 —
85:
80:
79:700 —
75:
70:
69:600 —
65:
60:
59:500 —
55:
50:
49:400 —
37:
20:English language
9438:
9437:
9433:
9432:
9431:
9429:
9428:
9427:
9408:
9407:
9406:
9401:
9372:Spelling reform
9343:
9337:
9307:
9302:
9271:
9250:
9234:
9218:
9202:
9174:
9136:
9120:
9089:
9063:
9047:
9017:
8996:
8970:
8904:
8883:
8827:
8806:
8738:
8729:
8699:
8694:
8662:
8621:
8602:Germanic umlaut
8567:Holtzmann's law
8545:
8514:
8442:
8421:
8374:
8351:
8285:South Jutlandic
8270:Danish dialects
8236:
8117:
8060:
8031:
8013:East Franconian
7967:Viennese German
7880:
7861:Silesian German
7827:
7816:Central Hessian
7706:
7631:Namibian German
7620:
7611:
7589:Standard German
7583:
7569:New High German
7555:Old High German
7529:
7508:
7490:
7401:
7373:
7334:
7318:East Pomeranian
7308:Brandenburgisch
7295:East Low German
7289:
7216:Dutch Low Saxon
7208:West Low German
7202:
7160:
7126:Schiermonnikoog
7107:
7002:
6988:Wursten Frisian
6951:
6917:
6800:
6787:
6777:
6772:
6742:
6729:
6699:-glottalization
6644:
6574:
6561:
6486:
6481:
6428:
6411:
6389:
6370:
6351:
6335:
6333:Further reading
6330:
6256:
6251:
6242:
6238:
6233:
6231:
6229:
6227:
6225:
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6221:
6219:
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6098:
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6080:
6076:
6063:
6059:
6050:
6046:
6035:
6031:
6023:
6019:
6010:
6006:
5997:
5993:
5984:Reviewed Work:
5980:
5976:
5964:David L. White
5963:
5959:
5950:
5946:
5937:
5933:
5896:
5892:
5884:
5880:
5871:
5867:
5858:
5849:
5838:
5834:
5826:
5822:
5813:
5811:
5810:. Uni-kassel.de
5806:
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5707:
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5680:
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5667:
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5587:
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5562:
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5554:
5499:English studies
5471:Language portal
5469:
5462:
5459:
5425:Charles Dickens
5415:
5407:
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5402:
5400:
5398:
5396:
5394:
5392:
5390:
5388:
5386:
5384:
5382:
5380:
5378:
5376:
5350:
5342:
5334:hem hath holpen
5331:
5325:
5319:
5317:
5304:
5294:
5292:
5282:
5277:
5271:
5266:his half cours
5261:
5259:
5253:
5244:
5238:
5233:
5231:
5210:
5202:
5184:
5178:
5172:
5162:
5145:
5133:
5128:
5118:
5110:þet þis boc is
5109:
5080:
5069:
5041:
5030:
5011:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4996:
4994:
4992:
4990:
4988:
4986:
4984:
4982:
4744:
4729:
4447:
4083:
3917:
3815:
3739:
3737:
3709:
3693:possessive case
3621:
3541:
3452:
3380:
3259:
3138:
3094:
3030:
2981:
2946:
2871:
2843:
2674:
2656:moon, food, do
2612:
2533:
2507:Modern spelling
2498:
2493:
2486:
2481:
2474:
2469:
2456:
2448:British English
2444:trap-bath split
2215:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2176:
2170:
2128:
2108:
2069:By the time of
2047:
2041:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1834:
1813:, a variety of
1804:Norman Conquest
1782:
1774:Main articles:
1772:
1644:Norman Conquest
1586:Harold Harefoot
1578:Sweyn Forkbeard
1529:
1521:
1519:
1512:
1510:
1503:
1501:
1494:
1492:
1485:
1483:
1476:
1468:
1456:Norman conquest
1297:
1277:
1081:
1073:Main articles:
1071:
931:Norman conquest
904:Late West Saxon
833:
482:Advanced topics
427:
418:
413:
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398:
384:
379:
373:
364:
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355:
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307:
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42:
35:
12:
11:
5:
9436:
9426:
9425:
9420:
9403:
9402:
9400:
9399:
9394:
9389:
9384:
9379:
9374:
9369:
9364:
9359:
9354:
9348:
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9336:
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9328:
9321:
9313:
9304:
9303:
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9300:
9295:
9290:
9285:
9279:
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9270:
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9264:
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9087:
9082:
9077:
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9069:
9065:
9064:
9062:
9061:
9055:
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9052:Other European
9049:
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9045:
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9019:
9018:
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8812:
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8804:
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8705:
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8609:
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8599:
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8574:
8569:
8564:
8559:
8553:
8551:
8547:
8546:
8544:
8543:
8538:
8533:
8528:
8526:Proto-Germanic
8522:
8520:
8516:
8515:
8513:
8512:
8505:
8498:
8490:
8489:
8488:
8487:
8482:
8477:
8467:
8462:
8456:
8454:
8444:
8443:
8431:
8430:
8427:
8426:
8423:
8422:
8420:
8419:
8412:
8405:
8401:Crimean Gothic
8390:
8388:
8380:
8379:
8376:
8375:
8373:
8372:
8371:
8370:
8365:
8356:
8353:
8352:
8350:
8349:
8348:
8347:
8337:
8336:
8335:
8328:
8321:
8316:
8311:
8306:
8305:
8304:
8299:
8289:
8288:
8287:
8277:
8275:Insular Danish
8272:
8262:
8261:
8260:
8258:Rinkebysvenska
8255:
8244:
8242:
8238:
8237:
8235:
8234:
8227:
8220:
8219:
8218:
8211:
8199:
8194:
8193:
8192:
8185:
8178:
8172:
8166:
8161:
8156:
8151:
8146:
8141:
8136:
8125:
8123:
8119:
8118:
8116:
8115:
8114:
8113:
8106:
8104:Old East Norse
8101:
8099:Old West Norse
8089:
8081:
8079:
8072:
8062:
8061:
8045:
8044:
8041:
8040:
8037:
8036:
8033:
8032:
8030:
8029:
8022:
8021:
8020:
8010:
8005:
8004:
8003:
8002:
8001:
7996:
7991:
7986:
7981:
7979:South Tyrolean
7971:
7970:
7969:
7959:
7949:
7948:
7947:
7942:
7941:
7940:
7930:
7929:
7928:
7921:High Alemannic
7918:
7917:
7916:
7911:
7894:
7892:
7886:
7885:
7882:
7881:
7879:
7878:
7873:
7868:
7863:
7858:
7853:
7848:
7843:
7837:
7835:
7829:
7828:
7826:
7825:
7820:
7819:
7818:
7808:
7807:
7806:
7805:
7804:
7799:
7789:
7779:
7778:
7777:
7776:
7775:
7774:
7773:
7763:
7758:
7748:
7747:
7746:
7741:
7725:
7723:
7714:
7712:Central German
7708:
7707:
7705:
7704:
7703:
7702:
7697:
7690:
7685:
7680:
7670:
7665:
7664:
7663:
7653:
7651:Barossa German
7648:
7643:
7638:
7633:
7627:
7625:
7613:
7612:
7610:
7609:
7604:
7599:
7593:
7591:
7585:
7584:
7582:
7581:
7580:
7579:
7565:
7558:
7550:
7548:
7541:
7535:
7534:
7531:
7530:
7528:
7527:
7522:
7516:
7514:
7510:
7509:
7507:
7506:
7500:
7498:
7492:
7491:
7489:
7488:
7471:
7466:
7461:
7455:
7454:
7449:
7444:
7439:
7434:
7433:
7432:
7430:French Flemish
7422:
7421:
7420:
7409:
7407:
7403:
7402:
7400:
7399:
7389:
7383:
7381:
7375:
7374:
7372:
7371:
7366:
7361:
7355:
7353:
7346:
7344:Low Franconian
7340:
7339:
7336:
7335:
7333:
7332:
7331:
7330:
7320:
7315:
7310:
7305:
7299:
7297:
7291:
7290:
7288:
7287:
7282:
7277:
7276:
7275:
7265:
7264:
7263:
7258:
7253:
7252:
7251:
7246:
7238:
7233:
7228:
7223:
7212:
7210:
7204:
7203:
7201:
7200:
7193:
7185:
7183:
7176:
7170:
7169:
7166:
7165:
7162:
7161:
7159:
7158:
7157:
7156:
7151:
7150:
7149:
7148:
7147:
7145:Westereendersk
7139:
7128:
7123:
7117:
7115:
7109:
7108:
7106:
7105:
7104:
7103:
7098:
7091:
7086:
7085:
7084:
7079:
7076:
7068:
7063:
7062:
7061:
7050:
7049:
7048:
7043:
7038:
7037:
7036:
7031:
7023:
7012:
7010:
7004:
7003:
7001:
7000:
6999:
6998:
6991:
6984:
6972:
6971:
6970:
6961:
6959:
6953:
6952:
6950:
6949:
6946:Middle Frisian
6942:
6934:
6932:
6925:
6919:
6918:
6916:
6915:
6914:
6913:
6906:
6894:
6893:
6892:
6885:
6878:
6866:
6865:
6864:
6863:
6862:
6852:Modern English
6848:
6845:Middle English
6841:
6834:
6823:
6821:
6812:
6802:
6801:
6789:
6788:
6782:
6779:
6778:
6771:
6770:
6763:
6756:
6748:
6739:
6738:
6735:
6734:
6731:
6730:
6728:
6727:
6720:
6719:
6718:
6713:
6701:
6693:
6688:
6681:
6673:
6665:
6660:
6654:
6652:
6646:
6645:
6643:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6604:
6596:
6588:
6586:
6576:
6575:
6563:
6562:
6560:
6559:
6557:Modern English
6554:
6549:
6547:Middle English
6544:
6539:
6538:
6537:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6500:Proto-Germanic
6497:
6491:
6488:
6487:
6480:
6479:
6472:
6465:
6457:
6451:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6434:
6427:
6426:External links
6424:
6423:
6422:
6421:. Open Access.
6415:
6410:978-1250143785
6409:
6397:John McWhorter
6393:
6388:978-0198729136
6387:
6374:
6369:978-1250024206
6368:
6355:
6350:978-0380715435
6349:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6328:
6307:
6304:978-0199207848
6289:
6268:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6249:
6236:
6209:
6200:
6173:
6134:
6121:
6108:
6074:
6057:
6044:
6029:
6017:
6004:
5991:
5974:
5957:
5944:
5931:
5890:
5878:
5865:
5847:
5832:
5820:
5799:
5774:
5761:
5727:
5714:
5701:
5692:|journal=
5665:
5652:
5639:
5626:
5618:Euler, Wolfram
5610:
5603:
5581:
5574:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5549:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5527:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5504:Inkhorn debate
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5475:
5474:
5458:
5455:
5414:
5409:
5373:
5349:
5344:
5276:maken melodye,
5225:
5209:
5204:
5091:
5079:
5074:
5057:
5056:
5039:A translation:
5036:
5010:
5005:
4979:
4967:
4966:
4956:
4946:
4945:
4939:
4933:
4932:
4927:
4917:
4916:
4907:
4896:
4895:
4885:
4875:
4874:
4863:
4853:
4852:
4843:
4833:
4832:
4823:
4816:
4815:
4806:
4797:
4796:
4787:
4781:
4780:
4773:
4743:
4738:
4728:
4725:
4709:
4708:
4707:their, theirs
4705:
4702:
4699:
4693:
4692:
4689:
4683:
4682:
4679:
4676:
4670:
4669:
4666:
4663:
4660:
4655:
4651:
4650:
4647:
4644:
4641:
4635:
4634:
4631:
4625:
4624:
4621:
4618:
4612:
4611:
4605:
4602:
4599:
4594:
4590:
4589:
4586:
4583:
4577:
4576:
4573:
4567:
4566:
4563:
4560:
4557:
4551:
4550:
4547:
4544:
4541:
4536:
4532:
4531:
4528:
4525:
4522:
4516:
4515:
4512:
4506:
4505:
4502:
4499:
4496:
4490:
4489:
4486:
4483:
4480:
4475:
4471:
4470:
4468:Modern English
4465:
4463:Middle English
4460:
4455:
4452:
4446:
4443:
4430:
4429:
4426:
4423:
4420:
4417:
4414:
4411:
4405:
4404:
4401:
4398:
4392:
4391:
4388:
4385:
4382:
4379:
4373:
4372:
4369:
4366:
4363:
4360:
4357:
4354:
4351:
4345:
4344:
4341:
4338:
4335:
4332:
4329:
4326:
4323:
4320:
4317:
4314:
4311:
4308:
4304:
4303:
4300:
4297:
4294:
4291:
4288:
4284:
4283:
4281:Modern English
4278:
4276:Middle English
4273:
4268:
4229:
4228:
4225:
4222:
4219:
4213:
4212:
4209:
4203:
4202:
4199:
4196:
4190:
4189:
4186:
4183:
4180:
4175:
4171:
4170:
4167:
4164:
4161:
4155:
4154:
4151:
4145:
4144:
4141:
4138:
4135:
4129:
4128:
4125:
4122:
4119:
4114:
4110:
4109:
4107:Modern English
4104:
4102:Middle English
4099:
4094:
4091:
4082:
4079:
4063:
4062:
4059:
4056:
4053:
4047:
4046:
4043:
4037:
4036:
4033:
4030:
4027:
4021:
4020:
4017:
4014:
4011:
4006:
4002:
4001:
3998:
3995:
3992:
3986:
3985:
3982:
3976:
3975:
3972:
3969:
3966:
3960:
3959:
3956:
3953:
3950:
3945:
3941:
3940:
3938:Modern English
3935:
3933:Middle English
3930:
3925:
3922:
3916:
3913:
3887:
3886:
3883:
3880:
3877:
3871:
3870:
3867:
3864:
3861:
3855:
3854:
3851:
3845:
3844:
3841:
3838:
3832:
3831:
3828:
3825:
3822:
3817:
3811:
3810:
3807:
3804:
3801:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3790:
3788:
3782:
3781:
3778:
3772:
3771:
3768:
3765:
3762:
3756:
3755:
3752:
3749:
3746:
3741:
3733:
3732:
3730:Modern English
3727:
3725:Middle English
3722:
3717:
3714:
3708:
3705:
3655:object pronoun
3620:
3617:
3597:Middle English
3540:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3530:
3527:
3524:
3521:
3518:
3515:
3512:
3509:
3506:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3494:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3446:Modern English
3442:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3392:
3383:
3370:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3249:
3248:
3246:(hēran, hȳran)
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3128:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3084:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3024:Proto-Germanic
3020:
3019:
3016:
3013:
3010:
3007:
3004:
3001:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2989:
2980:
2977:
2926:
2925:
2922:
2917:
2911:
2910:
2907:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2879:
2876:
2866:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2851:
2848:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2818:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2771:
2770:
2767:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2739:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2720:
2719:
2718:man, sat, wax
2716:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2688:
2685:
2680:
2669:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2654:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2618:
2607:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2569:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2504:Modern English
2502:
2499: 1600 AD
2490:
2487: 1400 AD
2480:Middle English
2478:
2455:
2452:
2337:Middle English
2298:palatalization
2214:
2211:
2203:⟩, see
2179:
2178:
2177:
2172:Main article:
2169:
2166:
2161:British Empire
2138:Samuel Johnson
2126:Modern English
2124:Main article:
2107:
2106:Modern English
2104:
2059:capitalization
2051:Modern English
2043:Main article:
2040:
2037:
2033:Old West Norse
1941:), the use of
1894:These theories
1800:Middle English
1776:Middle English
1771:
1770:Middle English
1768:
1673:Modern English
1652:language death
1648:language shift
1601:North Germanic
1592:, until 1042.
1520:
1517:Crimean Gothic
1511:
1502:
1493:
1484:
1475:
1467:
1464:
1452:Middle English
1426:was much more
1293:Main article:
1276:
1273:
1216:branch of the
1163:, king of the
1112:Roman military
1070:
1067:
1008:Modern English
924:Middle English
835:
834:
832:
831:
824:
817:
809:
806:
805:
804:
803:
795:
794:
790:
789:
788:
787:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
757:South Atlantic
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
541:
540:
536:
535:
534:
533:
520:
519:
515:
514:
513:
512:
507:
502:
500:Modern English
497:
492:
484:
483:
479:
478:
477:
476:
471:
466:
458:
457:
453:
452:
446:
445:
437:
436:
433:
432:
429:
428:
412:
410:
400:
399:
389:Settlement of
378:
376:
366:
365:
360:
358:
348:
347:
342:British empire
335:
333:
323:
322:
301:
299:
289:
288:
273:
271:
262:
256:
255:
248:
247:
241:
240:
234:
233:
229:Middle English
227:
226:
220:
219:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
157:
152:
147:
142:
137:
132:
127:
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
44:
43:
40:
24:English people
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9435:
9424:
9421:
9419:
9416:
9415:
9413:
9398:
9395:
9393:
9390:
9388:
9385:
9383:
9380:
9378:
9375:
9373:
9370:
9368:
9365:
9363:
9360:
9358:
9355:
9353:
9350:
9349:
9346:
9342:
9334:
9329:
9327:
9322:
9320:
9315:
9314:
9311:
9299:
9296:
9294:
9291:
9289:
9286:
9284:
9281:
9280:
9278:
9274:
9268:
9265:
9263:
9260:
9259:
9257:
9253:
9247:
9244:
9243:
9241:
9237:
9231:
9228:
9227:
9225:
9221:
9215:
9212:
9211:
9209:
9205:
9197:
9194:
9192:
9189:
9188:
9187:
9184:
9183:
9181:
9177:
9171:
9168:
9166:
9163:
9161:
9158:
9154:
9151:
9150:
9149:
9146:
9145:
9143:
9139:
9133:
9130:
9129:
9127:
9125:Austroasiatic
9123:
9117:
9114:
9112:
9109:
9107:
9104:
9102:
9099:
9098:
9096:
9092:
9086:
9083:
9081:
9078:
9076:
9073:
9072:
9070:
9066:
9060:
9057:
9056:
9054:
9050:
9044:
9041:
9039:
9036:
9034:
9031:
9030:
9028:
9024:
9014:
9011:
9009:
9006:
9005:
9003:
8999:
8993:
8990:
8988:
8985:
8983:
8980:
8979:
8977:
8973:
8967:
8964:
8962:
8959:
8957:
8954:
8951:
8947:
8944:
8942:
8939:
8937:
8934:
8932:
8929:
8927:
8924:
8922:
8919:
8917:
8914:
8913:
8911:
8907:
8901:
8898:
8896:
8893:
8892:
8890:
8886:
8880:
8877:
8875:
8872:
8870:
8867:
8865:
8862:
8860:
8857:
8855:
8852:
8849:
8845:
8842:
8840:
8837:
8836:
8834:
8830:
8824:
8821:
8819:
8816:
8815:
8813:
8809:
8803:
8800:
8798:
8795:
8793:
8790:
8788:
8785:
8783:
8780:
8778:
8775:
8773:
8770:
8768:
8765:
8763:
8760:
8758:
8755:
8754:
8752:
8748:
8745:
8743:Indo-European
8741:
8737:
8733:
8726:
8721:
8719:
8714:
8712:
8707:
8706:
8703:
8690:
8686:
8684:
8680:
8677:
8676:
8673:
8659:
8656:
8654:
8651:
8649:
8646:
8644:
8641:
8639:
8636:
8634:
8633:Germanic verb
8631:
8630:
8628:
8624:
8618:
8615:
8613:
8610:
8608:
8605:
8603:
8600:
8598:
8595:
8593:
8590:
8588:
8585:
8583:
8580:
8578:
8575:
8573:
8572:Sievers's law
8570:
8568:
8565:
8563:
8560:
8558:
8555:
8554:
8552:
8548:
8542:
8539:
8537:
8534:
8532:
8529:
8527:
8524:
8523:
8521:
8519:Reconstructed
8517:
8511:
8510:
8506:
8504:
8503:
8499:
8497:
8496:
8492:
8491:
8486:
8483:
8481:
8478:
8476:
8473:
8472:
8471:
8468:
8466:
8463:
8461:
8458:
8457:
8455:
8453:
8449:
8445:
8441:
8436:
8432:
8418:
8417:
8413:
8411:
8410:
8406:
8403:
8402:
8397:
8396:
8392:
8391:
8389:
8387:
8386:
8381:
8369:
8366:
8364:
8361:
8360:
8358:
8357:
8354:
8346:
8343:
8342:
8341:
8338:
8334:
8333:
8332:Middle Danish
8329:
8327:
8326:
8322:
8320:
8317:
8315:
8312:
8310:
8307:
8303:
8300:
8298:
8295:
8294:
8293:
8290:
8286:
8283:
8282:
8281:
8278:
8276:
8273:
8271:
8268:
8267:
8266:
8263:
8259:
8256:
8254:
8251:
8250:
8249:
8246:
8245:
8243:
8239:
8233:
8232:
8228:
8226:
8225:
8221:
8217:
8216:
8212:
8210:
8209:
8208:Old Icelandic
8205:
8204:
8203:
8200:
8198:
8195:
8191:
8190:
8186:
8184:
8183:
8182:Old Norwegian
8179:
8176:
8173:
8170:
8167:
8165:
8162:
8160:
8157:
8155:
8152:
8150:
8147:
8145:
8142:
8140:
8137:
8135:
8132:
8131:
8130:
8127:
8126:
8124:
8120:
8112:
8111:
8107:
8105:
8102:
8100:
8097:
8096:
8095:
8094:
8090:
8088:
8087:
8083:
8082:
8080:
8076:
8073:
8071:
8067:
8063:
8059:
8055:
8050:
8046:
8028:
8027:
8023:
8019:
8016:
8015:
8014:
8011:
8009:
8006:
8000:
7999:Gottscheerish
7997:
7995:
7992:
7990:
7987:
7985:
7982:
7980:
7977:
7976:
7975:
7972:
7968:
7965:
7964:
7963:
7960:
7958:
7955:
7954:
7953:
7950:
7946:
7943:
7939:
7938:Walser German
7936:
7935:
7934:
7931:
7927:
7924:
7923:
7922:
7919:
7915:
7912:
7910:
7907:
7906:
7905:
7904:Low Alemannic
7902:
7901:
7899:
7896:
7895:
7893:
7891:
7887:
7877:
7874:
7872:
7869:
7867:
7866:High Prussian
7864:
7862:
7859:
7857:
7854:
7852:
7851:Erzgebirgisch
7849:
7847:
7844:
7842:
7839:
7838:
7836:
7834:
7830:
7824:
7821:
7817:
7814:
7813:
7812:
7809:
7803:
7800:
7798:
7795:
7794:
7793:
7790:
7788:
7785:
7784:
7783:
7780:
7772:
7769:
7768:
7767:
7764:
7762:
7759:
7757:
7756:Luxembourgish
7754:
7753:
7752:
7749:
7745:
7742:
7740:
7737:
7736:
7735:
7732:
7731:
7730:
7727:
7726:
7724:
7722:
7718:
7715:
7713:
7709:
7701:
7698:
7696:
7695:
7694:Klezmer-loshn
7691:
7689:
7688:Scots Yiddish
7686:
7684:
7681:
7679:
7676:
7675:
7674:
7671:
7669:
7666:
7662:
7659:
7658:
7657:
7654:
7652:
7649:
7647:
7644:
7642:
7639:
7637:
7634:
7632:
7629:
7628:
7626:
7624:
7619:
7614:
7608:
7605:
7603:
7600:
7598:
7595:
7594:
7592:
7590:
7586:
7578:
7577:
7573:
7572:
7571:
7570:
7566:
7564:
7563:
7559:
7557:
7556:
7552:
7551:
7549:
7545:
7542:
7540:
7536:
7526:
7525:Meuse-Rhenish
7523:
7521:
7518:
7517:
7515:
7511:
7505:
7502:
7501:
7499:
7497:
7493:
7487:
7483:
7479:
7475:
7472:
7470:
7467:
7465:
7462:
7460:
7457:
7456:
7453:
7452:Kleverlandish
7450:
7448:
7445:
7443:
7440:
7438:
7435:
7431:
7428:
7427:
7426:
7423:
7419:
7416:
7415:
7414:
7413:Central Dutch
7411:
7410:
7408:
7404:
7397:
7393:
7390:
7388:
7385:
7384:
7382:
7380:
7376:
7370:
7367:
7365:
7362:
7360:
7357:
7356:
7354:
7350:
7347:
7345:
7341:
7329:
7326:
7325:
7324:
7321:
7319:
7316:
7314:
7311:
7309:
7306:
7304:
7301:
7300:
7298:
7296:
7292:
7286:
7283:
7281:
7278:
7274:
7271:
7270:
7269:
7266:
7262:
7259:
7257:
7254:
7250:
7247:
7245:
7242:
7241:
7239:
7237:
7234:
7232:
7229:
7227:
7224:
7222:
7221:Stellingwarfs
7219:
7218:
7217:
7214:
7213:
7211:
7209:
7205:
7199:
7198:
7194:
7192:
7191:
7187:
7186:
7184:
7180:
7177:
7175:
7171:
7155:
7152:
7146:
7143:
7142:
7141:Wood Frisian
7140:
7137:
7136:
7135:
7132:
7131:
7129:
7127:
7124:
7122:
7119:
7118:
7116:
7114:
7110:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7096:
7092:
7090:
7087:
7083:
7080:
7077:
7074:
7073:
7072:
7069:
7067:
7064:
7059:
7058:
7057:
7054:
7053:
7051:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7039:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7026:
7024:
7022:
7021:
7017:
7016:
7014:
7013:
7011:
7009:
7008:North Frisian
7005:
6997:
6996:
6992:
6990:
6989:
6985:
6983:
6982:
6978:
6977:
6976:
6973:
6969:
6966:
6965:
6963:
6962:
6960:
6958:
6954:
6948:
6947:
6943:
6941:
6940:
6936:
6935:
6933:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6920:
6912:
6911:
6907:
6905:
6904:
6900:
6899:
6898:
6895:
6891:
6890:
6886:
6884:
6883:
6879:
6877:
6876:
6872:
6871:
6870:
6867:
6861:
6860:
6856:
6855:
6854:
6853:
6849:
6847:
6846:
6842:
6840:
6839:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6829:
6828:
6825:
6824:
6822:
6820:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6810:Anglo-Frisian
6807:
6803:
6799:
6794:
6790:
6786:
6780:
6776:
6769:
6764:
6762:
6757:
6755:
6750:
6749:
6746:
6726:
6725:
6721:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6709:
6708:
6707:
6706:
6702:
6700:
6698:
6694:
6692:
6689:
6687:
6686:
6682:
6680:
6679:-vocalization
6678:
6674:
6672:
6670:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6655:
6653:
6651:
6647:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6605:
6603:
6597:
6595:
6594:
6590:
6589:
6587:
6585:
6581:
6577:
6573:
6568:
6564:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6517:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6492:
6489:
6485:
6478:
6473:
6471:
6466:
6464:
6459:
6458:
6455:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6429:
6420:
6416:
6412:
6406:
6402:
6398:
6394:
6390:
6384:
6380:
6375:
6371:
6365:
6361:
6356:
6352:
6346:
6342:
6337:
6336:
6327:
6326:0-85991-513-1
6323:
6319:
6315:
6311:
6310:Simek, Rudolf
6308:
6305:
6301:
6297:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6287:0-500-27616-1
6284:
6280:
6276:
6272:
6271:Mallory, J. P
6269:
6266:
6262:
6259:
6258:
6246:
6240:
6213:
6204:
6196:
6192:
6188:
6184:
6177:
6169:
6165:
6161:
6157:
6153:
6149:
6148:English Today
6145:
6138:
6131:
6125:
6118:
6112:
6096:
6092:
6085:
6078:
6071:
6067:
6061:
6054:
6048:
6040:
6033:
6026:
6021:
6014:
6008:
6001:
5995:
5988:
5985:
5978:
5971:
5967:
5961:
5954:
5948:
5941:
5935:
5927:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5910:(1): 65–100.
5909:
5905:
5901:
5894:
5888:
5882:
5875:
5869:
5862:
5856:
5854:
5852:
5843:
5836:
5829:
5824:
5809:
5803:
5789:on 2019-07-22
5788:
5784:
5778:
5771:
5765:
5757:
5751:
5743:
5742:
5737:
5731:
5724:
5718:
5711:
5705:
5697:
5684:
5676:
5669:
5662:
5656:
5649:
5643:
5636:
5630:
5623:
5619:
5614:
5606:
5604:9781562123437
5600:
5596:
5592:
5585:
5577:
5575:9780836191585
5571:
5567:
5560:
5556:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5533:
5532:
5531:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5476:
5472:
5466:
5461:
5453:
5451:
5446:
5443:
5440:
5436:
5433:
5428:
5426:
5423:, written by
5422:
5421:
5413:
5406:
5371:
5369:
5365:
5361:
5357:
5356:
5355:Paradise Lost
5348:
5347:Paradise Lost
5341:
5329:
5298:
5248:
5223:
5221:
5217:
5216:
5208:
5201:
5097:wille þet ye
5089:
5087:
5086:
5078:
5063:
5055:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5034:
5029:
5026:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5016:
5009:
5002:
4977:
4975:
4957:
4948:
4947:
4940:
4937:ofer hronrāde
4935:
4934:
4928:
4919:
4918:
4908:
4898:
4897:
4886:
4877:
4876:
4864:
4855:
4854:
4844:
4835:
4834:
4824:
4821:Scyld Scēfing
4818:
4817:
4807:
4799:
4798:
4788:
4783:
4782:
4774:
4765:
4764:
4760:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4749:
4742:
4733:
4724:
4721:
4717:
4706:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4694:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4684:
4675:
4672:
4671:
4667:
4664:
4659:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4636:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4626:
4617:
4614:
4613:
4610:
4606:
4603:
4598:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4578:
4572:
4569:
4568:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4552:
4548:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4517:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4507:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4491:
4487:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4472:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4450:
4442:
4439:
4421:
4418:
4410:
4407:
4406:
4397:
4394:
4393:
4378:
4375:
4374:
4367:
4361:
4350:
4347:
4346:
4342:
4339:
4336:
4333:
4330:
4327:
4324:
4321:
4318:
4315:
4312:
4309:
4306:
4305:
4285:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4266:
4260:
4258:
4255:. For ȝ, see
4254:
4250:
4246:
4241:
4238:
4226:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4214:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4204:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4191:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4156:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4146:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4130:
4126:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4111:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4089:
4078:
4075:
4071:
4060:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4048:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4038:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4022:
4018:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3987:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3977:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3961:
3957:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3942:
3939:
3936:
3934:
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3929:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3920:
3912:
3909:
3903:
3900:
3894:
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3881:
3878:
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3873:
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3868:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
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3852:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3812:
3808:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3753:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3734:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3712:
3704:
3702:
3701:genitive case
3698:
3694:
3689:
3687:
3684:and genitive
3683:
3679:
3678:morphological
3675:
3670:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3647:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3616:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3531:
3528:
3525:
3522:
3519:
3516:
3513:
3510:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3501:
3495:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3393:
3384:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3189:heːran,hyːran
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3139: AD 900
3133:
3130:
3129:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3095: AD 400
3089:
3088:West Germanic
3086:
3085:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3049:
3044:
3034:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3017:
3014:
3011:
3008:
3005:
3002:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2987:
2984:
2976:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2957:
2955:
2950:
2941:
2938:'s time. The
2937:
2933:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2912:
2908:
2900:
2895:
2884:
2880:
2877:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2856:
2852:
2849:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2823:
2819:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2795:
2791:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2744:
2740:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2721:
2717:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2693:
2689:
2686:
2681:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2659:
2655:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2624:
2619:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2574:
2570:
2567:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2546:
2542:
2539:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2491:
2479:
2475: 900 AD
2467:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2454:Vowel changes
2451:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2218:
2206:
2194:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2175:
2165:
2162:
2158:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2127:
2119:
2118:
2112:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2080:
2078:
2077:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2046:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2002:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1878:
1876:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1837:
1831:
1827:
1825:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1795:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1777:
1767:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1756:phrasal verbs
1753:
1749:
1745:
1744:morphological
1741:
1737:
1736:
1731:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1570:Eric Bloodaxe
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1527:
1518:
1509:
1500:
1491:
1482:
1472:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1383:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1296:
1288:
1287:
1281:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1247:
1246:Anglo-Frisian
1243:
1239:
1235:
1232:, north-west
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1214:West Germanic
1210:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1195:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1157:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1076:
1069:Proto-English
1066:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1053:
1048:
1047:lingua franca
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1023:United States
1020:
1016:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
984:Ancient Greek
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
940:
936:
932:
927:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
892:British Latin
889:
885:
882:in the early
881:
877:
873:
872:British Isles
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
830:
825:
823:
818:
816:
811:
810:
808:
807:
802:
799:
798:
797:
796:
792:
791:
786:
785:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
752:South African
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
544:
543:
542:
538:
537:
531:
527:
524:
523:
522:
521:
517:
516:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
487:
486:
485:
481:
480:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
461:
460:
459:
455:
454:
451:
448:
447:
443:
442:
434:
425:
422:
411:
406:
405:
396:
392:
388:
377:
372:
371:
359:
354:
353:
343:
339:
334:
329:
328:
318:
314:
311:
300:
295:
294:
284:
283:Norman French
280:
277:
272:
267:
266:
252:
244:
237:
230:
223:
45:
38:
33:
29:
25:
21:
16:
9391:
9179:Sino–Tibetan
9141:Austronesian
8975:Indo-Iranian
8771:
8678:
8562:Verner's law
8507:
8502:Gotho-Nordic
8500:
8493:
8414:
8407:
8399:
8393:
8383:
8368:Fårö Gutnish
8330:
8323:
8229:
8222:
8213:
8206:
8187:
8180:
8108:
8103:
8098:
8091:
8084:
8024:
7926:Swiss German
7890:Upper German
7823:Amana German
7797:Volga German
7766:Hunsrückisch
7692:
7646:Unserdeutsch
7641:Berlinerisch
7574:
7567:
7560:
7553:
7513:Cover groups
7469:Mohawk Dutch
7464:Jersey Dutch
7442:East Flemish
7425:West Flemish
7369:Middle Dutch
7323:Low Prussian
7195:
7188:
7154:Terschelling
7138:Clay Frisian
7113:West Frisian
7101:Wiedingharde
7093:
7081:
7041:Heligolandic
7018:
6993:
6986:
6979:
6974:
6957:East Frisian
6944:
6937:
6910:Middle Scots
6908:
6901:
6887:
6880:
6873:
6868:
6857:
6850:
6843:
6836:
6723:
6704:
6696:
6684:
6676:
6668:
6592:
6530:Northumbrian
6483:
6400:
6378:
6359:
6340:
6313:
6295:
6274:
6264:
6244:
6239:
6212:
6203:
6195:the original
6186:
6176:
6154:(1): 52–55.
6151:
6147:
6137:
6129:
6124:
6116:
6111:
6099:. Retrieved
6094:
6090:
6077:
6069:
6060:
6052:
6047:
6038:
6032:
6024:
6020:
6012:
6007:
5999:
5994:
5987:
5983:
5977:
5969:
5965:
5960:
5952:
5947:
5939:
5934:
5907:
5903:
5893:
5881:
5873:
5868:
5860:
5841:
5835:
5827:
5823:
5812:. Retrieved
5802:
5791:. Retrieved
5787:the original
5777:
5769:
5764:
5739:
5730:
5722:
5717:
5709:
5704:
5683:cite journal
5668:
5660:
5655:
5647:
5642:
5634:
5629:
5621:
5613:
5590:
5584:
5565:
5559:
5529:
5528:
5447:
5444:
5441:
5437:
5434:
5430:
5420:Oliver Twist
5418:
5416:
5412:Oliver Twist
5411:
5374:
5362:in unrhymed
5353:
5351:
5346:
5330:for to seke,
5262:Hath in the
5236:swich licour
5226:
5213:
5211:
5206:
5092:
5083:
5081:
5076:
5042:
5038:
5032:
5031:
5027:
5014:
5012:
5007:
4980:
4971:
4942:hȳran scolde
4804:ðā æþelingas
4746:
4745:
4740:
4719:
4712:
4620:hit, it, him
4433:
4428:your, yours
4252:
4242:
4232:
4227:your, yours
4073:
4066:
3907:
3904:
3895:
3890:
3859:Instrumental
3786:Instrumental
3764:hwone, hwæne
3690:
3685:
3681:
3673:
3671:
3659:prepositions
3650:
3646:oblique case
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3622:
3609:oblique case
3542:
3445:
3373:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3252:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3131:
3087:
3023:
2982:
2958:
2951:
2929:
2459:
2457:
2437:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2348:
2344:
2334:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2219:
2216:
2213:Introduction
2199:and ⟨
2181:
2154:
2131:
2129:
2115:
2100:Americanisms
2096:West Country
2081:
2074:
2066:
2062:
2048:
2012:
1999:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1957:. The older
1954:
1932:
1925:
1905:Anglo-Norman
1902:
1890:periphrastic
1879:
1872:
1857:
1854:Others: ~16%
1819:langue d'oïl
1811:Anglo-Norman
1808:
1798:
1793:
1764:
1739:
1733:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1677:
1660:
1656:bilingualism
1633:
1620:
1594:
1532:
1524: Other
1447:
1443:
1439:
1421:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1389:Christianity
1386:
1379:
1349:
1337:Northumbrian
1298:
1284:
1268:
1264:
1250:
1211:
1192:
1184:
1154:
1152:
1104:Roman Empire
1097:
1056:
1012:
966:
942:langue d'oïl
935:Anglo-Norman
928:
838:
781:
742:Sierra Leone
473:
414:
380:
337:
303:
275:
15:
9367:Orthography
9293:Interlingue
9288:Interlingua
9276:constructed
9191:Gan Chinese
9068:Afroasiatic
8577:Kluge's law
8557:Grimm's law
8340:Dalecarlian
8319:Perkerdansk
8292:East Danish
8110:Old Gutnish
8086:Proto-Norse
8026:Langobardic
8018:Vogtlandian
7846:Upper Saxon
7700:Lachoudisch
7661:Lotegorisch
7539:High German
7285:Westphalian
7280:Eastphalian
7244:Achterhooks
7121:Hindeloopen
7056:Bökingharde
7025:Föhr–Amrum
6939:Old Frisian
6903:Early Scots
6838:Old English
6515:Old English
6403:. Picador.
6362:. Picador.
6318:D.S. Brewer
5368:John Milton
5289:hir corages
5119:Þis boc is
5070: 1300
5048:King Alfred
4910:weorðmyndum
4785:þēodcyninga
4649:its, their
4458:Old English
4425:your, yours
4419:your, yours
4271:Old English
4185:ye, ȝe, you
4143:thee (you)
4127:thou (you)
4097:Old English
3928:Old English
3853:hwām, hwǣm
3843:what, whom
3780:hwām, hwǣm
3720:Old English
3593:dual number
3569:Old English
3453: 2000
3381: 1600
3260: 1350
3031: AD 1
2947: 1400
2924:full, bull
2468:Old English
2347:vs. "long"
2222:Old English
1959:plural noun
1792:" from the
1617:place-names
1566:Northumbria
1508:Old English
1295:Old English
1275:Old English
1242:Old Frisian
1238:Netherlands
1079:Saxon Shore
1041:, parts of
1035:New Zealand
1004:long vowels
976:Renaissance
958:orthography
896:Old English
884:Middle Ages
868:Netherlands
862:, southern
850:brought to
712:New Zealand
607:Cameroonian
582:Bay Islands
577:Bangladeshi
391:Anglo-Saxon
222:Old English
9412:Categories
9132:Vietnamese
8982:Hindustani
8950:in Ukraine
8936:Macedonian
8916:Belarusian
8900:Lithuanian
8869:Portuguese
8409:Burgundian
8325:Old Danish
8314:Gøtudanskt
8297:Bornholmsk
8159:Vestlandsk
8139:Kebabnorsk
7876:Halcnovian
7841:Thuringian
7504:Limburgish
7474:Stadsfries
7447:Brabantian
7174:Low German
7020:Eiderstedt
6875:Fingallian
6650:Consonants
6625:Diphthongs
6535:West Saxon
6254:References
6189:. Oxford:
6183:"Pronouns"
5814:2010-06-19
5793:2010-06-19
5272:And smale
5196:þet he is
5187:ondervonge
5177:þet bread,
5019:Wikisource
4889:þæs frōfre
4846:meodosetla
4674:Accusative
4658:Nominative
4616:Accusative
4597:Nominative
4588:her, hers
4555:Accusative
4539:Nominative
4494:Accusative
4478:Nominative
4422:thy, thine
4384:ēow, ēowiċ
4377:Accusative
4349:Nominative
4198:ēow, ēowiċ
4194:Accusative
4178:Nominative
4133:Accusative
4117:Nominative
4061:our, ours
4025:Accusative
4009:Nominative
3964:Accusative
3955:I, ich, ik
3948:Nominative
3836:Accusative
3820:Nominative
3770:whom, who
3760:Accusative
3744:Nominative
3736:Masculine,
3601:accusative
3577:accusative
3573:nominative
3549:declension
3367:(heere(n))
2238:i-mutation
1913:Edward III
1815:Old Norman
1732:verb form
1664:West Saxon
1590:Harthacnut
1460:Old Norman
1432:word order
1345:West Saxon
1289:manuscript
1253:inflection
1222:Ingvaeonic
946:Old Norman
929:After the
782:see also:
777:Zimbabwean
762:Sri Lankan
727:Philippine
567:Australian
552:Anguillian
385: 450
308: 800
251:Ingvaeonic
9357:Phonology
9283:Esperanto
9239:Iroquoian
9165:Sundanese
9106:Malayalam
9094:Dravidian
9043:Hungarian
8966:Ukrainian
8926:Bulgarian
8787:Norwegian
8782:Icelandic
8757:Afrikaans
8732:Histories
8689:varieties
8681:indicate
8495:Northwest
8440:Philology
8345:Elfdalian
8280:Jutlandic
8202:Icelandic
8177:(written)
8171:(written)
8149:Trøndersk
8129:Norwegian
8093:Old Norse
7914:Coloniero
7898:Alemannic
7871:Wymysorys
7739:Colognian
7734:Ripuarian
7656:Rotwelsch
7486:Midslands
7437:Zeelandic
7418:Hollandic
7392:Afrikaans
7364:Old Dutch
7190:Old Saxon
7089:Karrharde
7071:Goesharde
7052:Mainland
6785:philology
6691:Rhoticity
6671:-dropping
6306:. Oxford.
6191:Blackwell
6168:0266-0784
6097:: 177–191
6091:Et Cetera
5926:146920677
5360:epic poem
5258:and heeth
5052:Bjarmians
5028:Original:
4976:, reads:
4879:fēasceaft
4777:geārdagum
4753:epic poem
4716:Old Norse
4623:it, them
4343:Informal
4337:Informal
4331:Informal
4325:Informal
4319:Informal
4313:Informal
4299:Singular
4293:Singular
4287:Singular
4113:Singular
4055:ūser, ūre
4000:my, mine
3944:Singular
3863:hwȳ, hwon
3740:(person)
3667:Icelandic
3565:Icelandic
3559:, modern
3081:hauzijanã
2949:to 1600.
2510:Examples
2417:gratitude
2025:Icelandic
2017:þ (thorn)
1939:synthetic
1882:Old Norse
1636:diglossia
1605:Old Norse
1544:began to
1428:inflected
1413:Old Norse
1301:Brittonic
1257:loanwords
1226:North Sea
1185:Chronicle
1181:heptarchy
1161:Vortigern
1132:Britannia
1031:Australia
954:Old Norse
747:Singapore
722:Pakistani
687:Malaysian
617:Caribbean
592:Bermudian
557:Antarctic
526:Phonology
518:Phonology
505:Loanwords
317:Old Norse
9387:Dialects
9377:Alphabet
9246:Cherokee
9223:Koreanic
9214:Japanese
9153:Filipino
9033:Estonian
9008:Albanian
8874:Romanian
8854:Galician
8750:Germanic
8416:Vandalic
8359:Gutnish
8164:Vikværsk
8144:Sognamål
8134:Bergensk
7984:Cimbrian
7952:Bavarian
7909:Alsatian
7856:Lusatian
7792:Palatine
7482:Amelands
7359:Frankish
7249:Sallaans
7231:Gronings
7082:Southern
7075:Northern
7066:Halligen
7015:Insular
6832:dialects
6716:stopping
6711:fronting
6663:Flapping
6658:Clusters
6399:(2017).
6298:, 632p.
6273:(2005).
5750:citation
5738:(1906),
5457:See also
5301:strondes
5297:palmeres
5247:Zephirus
5200:. Amen.
5157:no voul
5146:þet ine
4958:Þæt wæs
4826:sceaþena
4812:fremedon
4793:gefrūnon
4771:Gār-Dena
4727:Examples
4697:Genitive
4639:Genitive
4581:Genitive
4520:Genitive
4409:Genitive
4217:Genitive
4201:you, ya
4159:Genitive
4140:þé, thee
4124:þu, thou
4058:ure, our
4051:Genitive
4029:ūs, ūsiċ
3990:Genitive
3875:Genitive
3816:(thing)
3799:Genitive
3738:feminine
3613:genitive
3585:genitive
3497:hiːr/hiə
3357:(mother)
3310:hɛːrə(n)
3241:(heorte)
3231:(seofon)
3216:(fēowor)
3125:haurijan
2979:Examples
2433:solitary
2425:divinity
2413:grateful
2389:children
2379:, etc.;
2262:brethren
2197:/ /
2193:Help:IPA
2150:Priestly
1967:children
1951:levelled
1947:analytic
1850:Germanic
1609:Germanic
1597:Norsemen
1329:Cornwall
1321:Scotland
1236:and the
1108:Germania
880:Scotland
866:and the
793:Teaching
737:Scottish
717:Nigerian
702:Namibian
682:Malawian
677:Liberian
667:Jamaican
652:Gustavia
647:Ghanaian
612:Canadian
587:Belizean
547:American
539:Dialects
285:speakers
9382:Braille
9352:Grammar
9267:Turkish
9207:Japonic
9186:Chinese
9170:Cebuano
9148:Tagalog
9101:Kannada
9080:Aramaic
9038:Finnish
8992:Persian
8961:Slovene
8946:Russian
8921:Bosnian
8895:Latvian
8879:Spanish
8859:Italian
8839:Catalan
8802:Yiddish
8797:Swedish
8772:English
8734:of the
8679:Italics
8302:Scanian
8248:Swedish
8197:Faroese
8175:Nynorsk
8154:Valdris
7989:Mòcheno
7945:Swabian
7811:Hessian
7771:Hunsrik
7683:Western
7678:Eastern
7673:Yiddish
7623:creoles
7520:Bergish
7236:Drèents
7226:Tweants
7078:Central
7060:Mooring
6923:Frisian
6882:Kildare
6827:English
6525:Mercian
6520:Kentish
6439:(video)
6101:29 June
5274:foweles
5151:inwytte
5137:vor to
5044:Ohthere
4925:ǣghwylc
4904:wolcnum
4837:monegum
4829:þrēatum
4748:Beowulf
4741:Beowulf
4654:Plural
4604:hit, it
4381:þē, þeċ
4340:Formal
4334:Formal
4328:Formal
4322:Formal
4316:Formal
4310:Formal
4302:Plural
4296:Plural
4290:Plural
4174:Plural
4137:þē, þeċ
4005:Plural
3997:min, mi
3968:mē, meċ
3908:of what
3649:or the
3483:mʌðə(r)
3362:(herte)
3352:(seven)
3337:(fower)
3332:(three)
3236:(mōdor)
3076:hertoːː
3071:moːðeːr
3051:feðwoːr
2936:Chaucer
2878:oa, oCe
2789:ea, eCe
2540:oa, oCe
2355:before
2278:breadth
2258:brother
2220:In the
2185:in the
2021:ð (eth)
1961:marker
1838:, then
1730:copular
1625:contact
1613:Danelaw
1554:Danelaw
1542:Denmark
1534:Vikings
1381:Beowulf
1356:futhorc
1341:Kentish
1333:Mercian
1313:Britain
1307:of the
1286:Beowulf
1234:Germany
1230:Denmark
1165:Britons
1124:Menapii
1094:476 AD.
1063:accents
1019:Ireland
944:called
939:Romance
912:Vikings
876:England
864:Denmark
860:Germany
852:Britain
840:English
767:Ugandan
697:Myanmar
642:Gambian
627:England
622:Cornish
597:British
530:History
474:History
408:←
374:←
356:←
331:←
297:←
269:←
258:↑Future
214:–
204:–
194:–
184:–
174:–
164:–
154:–
144:–
134:–
124:–
114:–
104:–
94:–
84:–
74:–
64:–
54:–
9255:Turkic
9230:Korean
9116:Telugu
9085:Hebrew
9075:Arabic
9059:Basque
9026:Uralic
8987:Nepali
8956:Slovak
8941:Polish
8909:Slavic
8888:Baltic
8848:Quebec
8844:French
8832:Italic
8811:Celtic
8777:German
8762:Danish
8395:Gothic
8265:Danish
8169:Bokmål
7668:Yenish
7478:Bildts
7261:Veluws
7256:Urkers
7095:Strand
6819:Anglic
6584:Vowels
6407:
6385:
6366:
6347:
6324:
6302:
6285:
6166:
5924:
5620:2022.
5601:
5572:
5530:Lists:
5450:beadle
5314:kowthe
5310:halwes
5268:yronne
5194:huanne
5125:lewede
5112:ywrite
4963:cyning
4953:gyldan
4950:gomban
4902:under
4882:funden
4866:Syððan
4860:eorlas
4857:egsode
4849:oftēah
4840:mǣgþum
4687:Dative
4629:Dative
4571:Dative
4510:Dative
4396:Dative
4207:Dative
4149:Dative
4041:Dative
3980:Dative
3885:whose
3849:Dative
3814:Neuter
3809:whose
3776:Dative
3697:clitic
3663:German
3605:dative
3583:, and
3581:dative
3561:German
3526:mother
3468:fɔː(r)
3388:>!
3342:(five)
3300:moːðər
3211:(þrēo)
3184:hĕŏrte
3179:moːdor
3174:sĕŏvon
3159:feowor
3115:moːdar
3110:fewwur
3012:mother
2696:ɑ,æ,æɑ
2653:oo, -o
2591:ee, -e
2577:eː,eːo
2549:æː,æːɑ
2421:divine
2407:; and
2314:drench
2306:speech
2226:umlaut
2201:
2146:Murray
2120:, 1755
1852:: ~26%
1842:: ~29%
1840:French
1760:Celtic
1720:window
1538:Norway
1522:
1515:
1513:
1506:
1504:
1497:
1495:
1488:
1486:
1479:
1477:
1436:German
1405:school
1403:, and
1397:priest
1203:Saxons
1199:Angles
1183:. The
1169:Angles
1128:Frisii
1120:Batavi
1116:Tungri
1043:Africa
1027:Canada
1021:, the
992:German
988:French
707:Nepali
672:Kenyan
657:Indian
637:Fijian
602:Brunei
456:Topics
313:Viking
9262:Azeri
9160:Malay
9111:Tamil
9013:Greek
9001:other
8931:Czech
8864:Latin
8823:Welsh
8818:Irish
8792:Scots
8767:Dutch
8509:South
8460:North
8070:North
8054:North
7396:Kaaps
7387:Dutch
7034:Amrum
6975:Weser
6897:Scots
6087:(PDF)
5922:S2CID
5552:Notes
5358:, an
5338:seeke
5332:That
5322:wende
5307:ferne
5245:Whan
5241:flour
5229:soote
5191:zaule
5155:bleve
5139:berȝe
5107:ywent
5099:ywite
5082:From
4921:oðþæt
4892:gebād
4872:wearð
4869:ǣrest
4809:ellen
4769:! Wē
4681:them
4668:they
4575:hire
4416:ēower
4307:Case
4221:ēower
3830:what
3686:whose
3557:Greek
3553:Latin
3532:hear
3529:heart
3523:seven
3511:three
3429:mʊðər
3424:sevən
3397:>
3347:(six)
3327:(two)
3322:(oon)
3305:hertə
3295:sevən
3285:fiːvə
3280:fowər
3226:(six)
3221:(fīf)
3206:(twā)
3120:herta
3105:θriju
3066:seβun
3046:θriːz
3036:ainaz
3018:hear
3015:heart
3009:seven
2997:three
2600:iː,yː
2385:child
2377:climb
2369:child
2330:batch
2322:watch
2310:drink
2302:speak
2286:filth
2274:broad
2250:mouse
2189:(IPA)
2142:Lowth
2088:Greek
2084:Latin
1845:Latin
1708:skill
1680:anger
1640:koine
1409:Greek
1401:paper
1378:poem
1352:runic
1325:Wales
1305:Latin
1269:vinum
1261:Latin
1259:from
1244:, an
1207:Jutes
1177:Picts
1039:India
996:Dutch
980:Latin
842:is a
772:Welsh
662:Irish
572:Bajan
338:1600:
310:–950:
276:1066:
8470:West
8465:East
8385:East
8241:East
8231:Norn
8122:West
8058:East
8056:and
7621:and
7616:Non-
7046:Sylt
7029:Föhr
6964:Ems
6889:Yola
6798:West
6405:ISBN
6383:ISBN
6364:ISBN
6345:ISBN
6322:ISBN
6300:ISBN
6283:ISBN
6164:ISSN
6103:2021
6064:See
5756:link
5696:help
5599:ISBN
5570:ISBN
5326:The
5295:And
5283:(So
5256:holt
5198:dyad
5189:his
5185:And
5175:yeve
5169:yzed
5148:hare
5123:vor
5121:ymad
5101:hou
5093:Nou
4923:him
4900:wēox
4819:Oft
4790:þrym
4767:Hwæt
4701:hira
4691:him
4633:him
4609:they
4607:it,
4565:her
4549:she
4530:his
4514:him
4504:him
4498:hine
4454:Case
4438:dual
4403:ēow
4390:you
4387:thee
4371:you
4362:thou
4257:Yogh
4224:your
4211:ēow
4188:you
4093:Case
4070:dual
3924:Case
3882:whos
3879:hwæs
3869:why
3840:hwæt
3827:what
3824:hwæt
3806:whos
3803:hwæs
3767:whom
3754:who
3716:Case
3674:whom
3665:and
3635:and
3627:and
3625:whom
3603:and
3563:and
3543:The
3517:five
3514:four
3492:hɑːt
3488:hɑrt
3478:sɪks
3473:faiv
3439:heːr
3434:hert
3419:siks
3414:fəiv
3409:foːr
3404:θriː
3395:twuː
3290:siks
3275:θreː
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