History of Germany

1963: 6946: 8169: 9187: 6010:. Around 20,000 Huguenot refugees arrived in an immediate wave and settled in the cities, 40% in Berlin, the ducal residence alone. The French Lyceum in Berlin was established in 1689 and the French language had by the end of the 17th century replaced Latin to be spoken universally in international diplomacy. The nobility and the educated middle-class of Prussia and the various German states increasingly used the French language in public conversation in combination with universal cultivated manners. Like no other German state, Prussia had access to and the skill set for the application of pan-European Enlightenment ideas to develop more rational political and administrative institutions. The princes of Saxony carried out a comprehensive series of fundamental fiscal, administrative, judicial, educational, cultural and general economic reforms. The reforms were aided by the country's strong urban structure and influential commercial groups, who modernized pre-1789 Saxony along the lines of classic Enlightenment principles. 17344:, p. 178"On the whole, industrialisation in Germany must be considered to have been positive in its effects. Not only did it change society and the countryside, and finally the world...it created the modern world we live in. It solved the problems of population growth, under-employment and pauperism in a stagnating economy, and abolished dependency on the natural conditions of agriculture, and finally hunger. It created huge improvements in production and both short- and long-term improvements in living standards. However, in terms of social inequality, it can be assumed that it did not change the relative levels of income. Between 1815 and 1873 the statistical distribution of wealth was on the order of 77% to 23% for entrepreneurs and workers respectively. On the other hand, new problems arose, in the form of interrupted growth and new crises, such as urbanisation, "alienation", new underclasses, proletariat and proletarian misery, new injustices and new masters and, eventually, class warfare." 9922: 2406: 10498: 10431: 4323: 10354: 10269: 4278: 8440: 4923: 9812: 9387: 5103: 6834: 8327: 8189:

Europe, high-charged political rhetoric and domestic pressure-groups. Germany's reliance time and again on sheer power, while Britain increasingly appealed to moral sensibilities, played a role, especially in seeing the invasion of Belgium as a necessary military tactic or a profound moral crime. The German invasion of Belgium was not important because the British decision had already been made and the British were more concerned with the fate of France. Kennedy argues that by far the main reason was London's fear that a repeat of 1870 – when Prussia and the German states smashed France – would mean that Germany, with a powerful army and navy, would control the English Channel and northwest France. British policy makers insisted that would be a catastrophe for British security.

5251: 6722: 6927: 7304: 2240: 6883:" of Catholics highly loyal to Rome. A sharp controversy broke out in 1837–1838 in the largely Catholic Rhineland over the religious education of children of mixed marriages, where the mother was Catholic and the father Protestant. The government passed laws to require that these children always be raised as Protestants, contrary to Napoleonic law that had previously prevailed and allowed the parents to make the decision. It put the Catholic Archbishop under house arrest. In 1840, the new King Frederick William IV sought reconciliation and ended the controversy by agreeing to most of the Catholic demands. However Catholic memories remained deep and led to a sense that Catholics always needed to stick together in the face of an untrustworthy government. 5323: 12911:, p. 17: "Missionaries, mainly from the British Isles, continued to operate in the Merovingian kingdoms throughout the sixth to the eighth centuries. Yet, their efforts were directed at the fringes of the Merovingian territory, that is, at Frisia, north-east Austrasia and Thuringia. These areas were hardly Romanised, if at all, and therefore lacked any social, cultural or physical basis for the expansion of Christianity. These areas stayed pagan long after Merovingian society completed its conversion, and thus attracted the missionaries' attention. Moreover, there is evidence of missionary and evangelising activity from Merovingian Gual, out of places like Metz, Strasbourg or Worms, into the 'pagan regions' ." 5646: 9439: 10555: 4533: 8476: 4409: 5288: 4448: 3524: 4363: 4216: 10183: 7420: 10657: 8563: 10589: 9721: 1122: 9070: 10945:, found from Wuhan, China. In March 2020, Germany went to the national lockdowns, which was greatly affected by the pandemic, and greatly impact on German economy, healthcare system, and society, and also commended for being an effective model for instituting methods of curbing infections and deaths, but lost this status by the end of the year due to rising number of cases, hospitalizations, and deaths. In December 2020, COVID-19 vaccines began to be administered in Germany. Unfortunately, from June 2021 to the end of March 2022, Germany has might seeing a new surge of huge COVID-19 infection wave, fueled by the highly transmissible 3116: 8620: 12305:, p. 147: "In the 1st century BC it was the Suebic tribes who were expanding most conspicuously. Originating from central Germania, they moved to the south and southwest. As Rome was conquering the Gauls, Germans were expanding to meet them, and this was the threat from which Caesar claimed to be saving the Gauls. For the next half-century the expansion concentrated on southern Germany and Bohemia, assimilating or driving out the previous Gallic or Celtic inhabitants. The oppida in this area fell and were abandoned one after another as simple, egalitarian Germanic societies replaced the complex, stratified Celtic ones." 12840:, p. 222: "Surrounding the core of Frankish kingdoms were other regions more or less subservient to the Merovingian kings. In some regions the Merovingians appointed, or perhaps simply acknowledged, various dukes, such as the duke of the Alamans, the duke of the Vascones in the western Pyrenees, and the duke of the Bavarians. Since these dukes, unlike those who served at the court of the Merovingians or administered particular regions in the Merovingian kingdoms, ruled over distinct ethnic groups, they had much local support and tended to act independently of the Merovingians, and even to make war on them occasionally." 5063:, and stimulated printing and distribution of religious books and pamphlets. From 1517 onward religious pamphlets flooded Germany and much of Europe. The Reformation instigated a media revolution as by 1530 over 10,000 individual works are published with a total of ten million copies. Luther strengthened his attacks on Rome by depicting a "good" against "bad" church. It soon became clear that print could be used for propaganda in the Reformation for particular agendas. Reform writers used pre-Reformation styles, clichés, and stereotypes and changed items as needed for their own purposes. Especially effective were Luther's 9651: 6449: 10017:

from government approved ideals, and through the enforcement of Communist principals by physical force and intellectual repression by government agencies, particularly the Stasi. Critics of the East German state have claimed that the state's commitment to communism was a hollow and cynical tool of a ruling elite. This argument has been challenged by some scholars who claim that the Party was committed to the advance of scientific knowledge, economic development, and social progress. However, the vast majority regarded the state's Communist ideals to be nothing more than a deceptive method for government control.

10581:'s idea developed the greatest mass exodus since the construction of the Berlin Wall and it was shown that the USSR and the rulers of the Eastern European satellite states were not ready to keep the Iron Curtain effective. This made their loss of power visible and clear that the GDR no longer received effective support from the other communist Eastern Bloc countries. Thousands of East Germans then tried to reach the West by staging sit-ins at West German diplomatic facilities in other East European capitals, most notably in Prague. The exodus generated demands within East Germany for political change, and 9028: 7591: 6502:

male adults, chiefly from the aristocratic and upper middle class. Liberal publishers outnumbered conservative ones by a wide margin. Foreign governments bribed editors to guarantee a favorable image. Censorship was strict, and the imperial government issued the political news that was supposed to be published. After 1871, strict press laws were enforced by Bismarck to contain the Socialists and hostile editors. Editors focused on political commentary, culture, the arts, high culture and the popular serialized novels. Magazines were politically more influential and attracted intellectual authors.

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were a major impetus for the growth of the new steel industry. Observers found that even as late as 1890, their engineering was inferior to Britain. However, German unification in 1870 stimulated consolidation, nationalisation into state-owned companies, and further rapid growth. Unlike the situation in France, the goal was the support of industrialisation. Eventually numerous lines criss-crossed the Ruhr area and other industrial centers and provided good connections to the major ports of Hamburg and Bremen. By 1880, 9,400 locomotives pulled 43,000 passengers and 30,000 tons of freight a day.

6362: 4341: 7973:("Imperial Statistical Bureau) are often disputed or just assessments. Classification and naming of internationally traded commodities and exported goods was still in progress and the structure of production and export had changed during four decades. Published documents provide numbers such as: The proportion of goods manufactured by the modern industry was approximately 25% in 1900, while the proportion of consumer related products in manufactured exports stood at 40%. Reasonably exact are the figures for the entire industrial production between 1870 and 1914, which increased about 500%. 7399: 2942: 5269: 3105: 9144: 7230: 4735: 9559: 8662:. 12.5 billion was cash that came mostly from loans from New York bankers. The rest was goods like coal and chemicals, or from assets like railway equipment. The reparations bill was fixed in 1921 on the basis of a German capacity to pay, not on the basis of Allied claims. The highly publicized rhetoric of 1919 about paying for all the damages and all the veterans' benefits was irrelevant for the total, but it did determine how the recipients spent their share. Germany owed reparations chiefly to France, Britain, Italy and Belgium; the US received $ 100 million. 9291: 5308: 6736: 4201: 1432: 7246: 4300: 3932: 3351: 2990: 4974:

were also the countless bands of murderous outlaws, sick, homeless, disrupted people and invalid soldiery. Overall social and economic disruption caused a dramatic decline in population as a result of pandemic murder and random rape and killings, endemic infectious diseases, crop failures, famine, declining birth rates, wanton burglary, witch-hunts and the emigration of terrified people. Estimates vary between a 38% drop from 16 million people in 1618 to 10 million by 1650 and a mere 20% drop from 20 million to 16 million. The

3947: 3983: 9097: 5338: 4601:) with the printing system invented by Gutenberg produced a communication revolution – the Empire's decentralized nature made censorship difficult and this combined with the new communication system to facilitate free expression, thus elevating cultural life. The system also helped the authorities to disseminate orders and policies, boosted the Empire's coherence in general, and helped reformers like Luther to broadcast their views and communicate with each other effectively, thus contributing to the religious Reformation. 6652: 6067: 3911: 8198: 7981: 4238: 1675: 6778: 6680: 8719:. The Communist KPD came third, with 15%. Together, the anti-democratic parties of the far right were now able to hold a considerable share of seats in Parliament, but they were at sword's point with the political left, fighting it out in the streets. The Nazis were particularly successful among Protestants, among unemployed young voters, among the lower middle class in the cities and among the rural population. It was weakest in Catholic areas and in large cities. On 30 January 1933, pressured by former Chancellor 1897: 8044: 2781: 4496: 6666: 9883:

1946–1948 was only two-thirds of the prewar level, while grain and meat shipments – which usually supplied 25% of the food – no longer arrived from the East. Furthermore, the end of the war brought the end of large shipments of food seized from occupied nations that had sustained Germany during the war. Coal production was down 60%, which had cascading negative effects on railroads, heavy industry, and heating. Industrial production fell more than half and reached prewar levels only at the end of 1949.

3539: 6793: 5221: 7953: 5134:, described by Fletcher as "a founder figure of various disciplines—of geology (certainly vulcanology), musicology (as a surveyor of musical forms), museum curatorship, Coptology, to name a few—and might be claimed today as the first theorist of gravity and a long-term originator of the moving pictures (with his magic lantern shows). Through his many enthusiasms, moreover, he was the conduit of others' pursuits in the rapidly widening horizon of knowledge that marks the later Renaissance."; and 4774: 10041: 8520: 5750: 4260: 2906: 2612: 6393: 9042: 8467:. Both parties, as well as parties supporting the republic, built militant auxiliaries that engaged in increasingly violent street battles. Electoral support for both parties increased after 1929 as the Great Depression hit the economy hard, producing many unemployed men who became available for the paramilitary units. The Nazis (NSDAP), with a mostly rural and lower middle class base, came to power by appearing to work within the Weimar constitution and ruled Germany from 1933 to 1945. 8888: 7515:

universities and the churches. The 1914 German diplomatic corps consisted of 8 princes, 29 counts, 20 barons, 54 representants of the lower nobility and a mere 11 commoners. These commoners were indiscriminately recruited from elite industrialist and banking families. The consular corps employed numerous commoners, that however, occupied positions of little to no executive power. The Prussian tradition to reserve the highest military ranks for young aristocrats was adopted and the new

12317:, p. 29: "Greek may have followed the Persians in devising its terms for their military formations, but the Goths were dependent on Iranians of the Pontic region for terms which followed the Iranian model more closely in using the cognate Gothic term for the second element of its compounds. (Gothic dependence on Iranian may have gone even further, affecting the numeral itself, if we recall that the two Iranian loanwords in Crimean Gothic are words for 'hundred' and 'thousand')." 4627: 7798: 6750: 162: 8291:

imports from abroad. The winter of 1916–1917 was known as the "turnip winter", because that vegetable, usually fed to livestock, was used by people as a substitute for potatoes and meat, which were increasingly scarce. Thousands of soup kitchens were opened to feed the hungry people, who grumbled that the farmers were keeping the food for themselves. Even the army had to cut the rations for soldiers. Morale of both civilians and soldiers continued to sink. According to historian

7897:, Tirpitz theorized, that its mere existence would force Great Britain, dependent on unrestricted movement on the seas, to agree to diplomatic compromises. Tirpitz started the program of warship construction in 1898 and enjoyed the full support of Kaiser Wilhelm. Wilhelm entertained less rational ideas on the fleet, that circled around his romantic childhood dream to have a "fleet of [his] own some day" and his obsessive adherence to direct his policies along the line of 6425:

private hands. Without a central regulatory agency the construction projects were quickly realized. Actual industrialization only took off after 1850 in the wake of the railroad construction. The textile industry grew rapidly, profiting from the elimination of tariff barriers by the Zollverein. During the second half of the 19th century the German industry grew exponentially and by 1900, Germany was an industrial world leader along with Britain and the United States.</ref>

5761: 11187:. Not every vassal of the emperor, even in the German lands, participated in the emerging political system from the start. In the period around 1500 what might be described as the political nation was largely confined to the south, to the old Hohenstaufen core territories south of the Main and the Saale, to the areas between Alsace in the west and the Austrian duchies in the east, where the Habsburgs had extended their territories and around them, their clientele.", pg. 39. 7576:. His paternalistic programs won the support of German industry because its goals were to win the support of the working classes for the Empire and reduce the outflow of immigrants to America, where wages were higher but welfare did not exist. Bismarck further won the support of both industry and skilled workers by his high tariff policies, which protected profits and wages from American competition, although they alienated the liberal intellectuals who wanted free trade. 3241: 6328:, a loose agreement for mutual defense. Attempts of economic integration and customs coordination were frustrated by repressive anti-national policies. Great Britain approved of the union, convinced that a stable, peaceful entity in central Europe could discourage aggressive moves by France or Russia. Most historians, however, concluded, that the Confederation was weak and ineffective and an obstacle to German nationalism. The union was undermined by the creation of the 3251: 8902: 2966: 1914: 3968: 10138: 2437: 8916: 5937: 27232: 1943: 1269: 9000: 8267: 1564: 6903: 27222: 9120:(secret police) destroyed the political opposition and persecuted the Jews, trying to force them into exile. The Party took control of the courts, local government, and all civic organizations except the Christian churches. All expressions of public opinion were controlled the propaganda ministry, which used film, mass rallies, and Hitler's hypnotic speaking. The Nazi state idolized Hitler as its Führer (leader), putting all powers in his hands. 9848: 6966: 9056: 8958: 6409: 9014: 6251: 10084: 8930: 6807: 6239: 11065: 10823: 10174:, which lasted from 24 June 1948 to 12 May 1949. In response, the U.S. and Britain launched an airlift of food and coal and distributed the new currency in West Berlin as well. The city thereby became economically integrated into West Germany. Until the mid-1960s, it served as "America's Berlin", symbolizing the United States' commitment to defending its freedom, which John F. Kennedy underscored during his visit in June 1963. 623: 10241:, and was in close touch with professional economists. Erhard viewed the market itself as social and supported only a minimum of welfare legislation. However, Erhard suffered a series of decisive defeats in his effort to create a free, competitive economy in 1957; he had to compromise on such key issues as the anti-cartel legislation. Thereafter, the West German economy evolved into a conventional west European welfare state. 3363: 6083: 1875: 7659: 6708: 2926: 1106: 8986: 8944: 84: 11738:

Garrido; Hallgren, Fredrik; Khartanovich, Valery; Khokhlov, Aleksandr; Kunst, Michael; Kuznetsov, Pavel; Meller, Harald; Mochalov, Oleg; Moiseyev, Vayacheslav; Nicklisch, Nicole; Pichler, Sandra L.; Risch, Roberto; Rojo Guerra, Manuel A.; Roth, Christina; Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna; Wahl, Joachim; Meyer, Matthias; Krause, Johannes; Brown, Dorcas; Anthony, David; Cooper, Alan; Alt, Kurt Werner; Reich, David (11 June 2015).

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colonization of Africa and Asia for the lands that were not already colonies of other European powers. The Kaiser took a mostly unilateral approach in Europe only allied with the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and embarked on a dangerous naval arms race with Britain. His aggressive and erroneous policies greatly contributed to the situation in which the assassination of the Austrian-Hungarian crown prince would spark off

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decisive victory before the American army arrived in strength. However, the spring offensives all failed, as the Allies fell back and regrouped, and the Germans lacked the reserves necessary to consolidate their gains. In the summer, with the Americans arriving at 10,000 a day, and the German reserves exhausted, it was only a matter of time before multiple Allied offenses destroyed the German army.

7537:. Berlin's rapidly increasing rich middle-class copied the aristocracy and tried to marry into it. A peerage could permanently boost a rich industrial family into the upper reaches of the establishment. However, the process tended to work in the other direction as the nobility became industrialists. For example, 221 of the 243 mines in Silesia were owned by nobles or by the King of Prussia himself. 6032:, a poet and historian. Herder argued that every folk had its own particular identity, which was expressed in its language and culture. This legitimized the promotion of German language and culture and helped shape the development of German nationalism. Schiller's plays expressed the restless spirit of his generation, depicting the hero's struggle against social pressures and the force of destiny. 8185:, which started in August 1914. Germany stood behind its ally Austria in a confrontation with Serbia, but Serbia was under the protection of Russia, which was allied to France. Germany was the leader of the Central Powers, which included Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and later Bulgaria; arrayed against them were the Allies, consisting chiefly of Russia, France, Britain, and in 1915 Italy. 24: 9613: 3019: 12899:, pp. 8–9: "Some of the success of the Merovingian Frankish rulers may be their acceptance of the personality of law policy. Not only did Roman law remain in use among Gallo-Romans and churchmen, Burgundian law among the Burgundians, and Visigothic law among the Visigoths, but the more purely Germanic peoples of the eastern frontier were allowed to retain their own 'national' law." 6764: 8972: 9894:

machinery had ended, thanks to lobbying by the U.S. Army. The Truman administration finally realised that economic recovery in Europe could not go forward without the reconstruction of the German industrial base on which it had previously been dependent. Washington decided that an "orderly, prosperous Europe requires the economic contributions of a stable and productive Germany".

4567:, Imholts, generated unprecedented financial means. As financiers to both the leading ecclesiastical and secular rulers, these families fundamentally influenced the political affairs in the empire during the fifteenth and sixteenth century. The increasingly money based economy also provoked social discontent among knights and peasants and predatory "robber knights" became common. 10850:) was one of the main supporters of admitting many East European countries to the EU. Germany is at the forefront of European states seeking to exploit the momentum of monetary union to advance the creation of a more unified and capable European political, defence and security apparatus. German Chancellor Schröder expressed an interest in a permanent seat for Germany in the 8582:: shops would not sell goods to the foreign soldiers, coal-miners would not dig for the foreign troops, trams in which members of the occupation army had taken a seat would be left abandoned in the middle of the street. The passive resistance proved effective, insofar as the occupation became a loss-making deal for the French government. But the Ruhr fight also helped fuel 4815:, Luther translated the Bible into German, thereby greatly contributing to the establishment of the modern German language. This is highlighted by the fact that Luther spoke only a local dialect of minor importance during that time. After the publication of his Bible, his dialect suppressed others and constitutes to a great extent what is now modern German. With the 10450:

number of unemployed workers, and many factories reduced their labor force and began to concentrate on high-profit specialty items. After 1990 the Ruhr moved into service industries and high technology. Cleaning up the heavy air and water pollution became a major industry in its own right. Meanwhile, formerly rural Bavaria became a high-tech center of industry.

7650:, as leaving a lasting influence on the German consciousness, whereby national unity can be encouraged by excluding or persecuting a minority. This strategy, later referred to as "negative integration", set a tone of either being loyal to the government or an enemy of the state, which directly influenced German nationalist sentiment and the later Nazi movement. 7502:, via secularization of all education and introduction of civil marriage, but without success. The Kulturkampf antagonised many Protestants as well as Catholics and was eventually abandoned. The millions of non-German imperial subjects, like the Polish, Danish and French minorities, were left with no choice but to endure discrimination or accept the policies of 10646: 5473:) grew from 16 million in 1700 to 17 million in 1750 and reached 24 million in 1800. The 18th-century economy noticeably profited from widespread practical application of the Scientific method as greater yields and a more reliable agricultural production and the introduction of hygienic standards positively affected the birth rate – death rate balance. 4703:

Estates resisted. Through many compromises between emperor and estates though, a flexible, future-oriented problem-solving mechanism for the Empire was formed, together with a monarchy through which the emperor shared power with the Estates. Whether the Reform also equated to a (successful or unsuccessful) nation building process remains a debate.

8543:, extreme right-wing politician Wolfgang Kapp let Freikorps soldiers march on Berlin and proclaimed himself Chancellor of the Reich. After four days the coup d'état collapsed, due to popular opposition and lack of support by the civil servants and the officers. Other cities were shaken by strikes and rebellions, which were bloodily suppressed. 5076:, the painter patronized by the electors of Wittenberg, was a close friend of Luther, and illustrated Luther's theology for a popular audience. He dramatized Luther's views on the relationship between the Old and New Testaments, while remaining mindful of Luther's careful distinctions about proper and improper uses of visual imagery. 7643:. Peace was restored, the bishops returned and the jailed clerics were released. Laws were toned down or taken back, but the laws concerning education, civil registry of marriages and religious disaffiliation remained in place. The Center Party gained strength and became an ally of Bismarck, especially when he attacked socialism. 7447:. The inhabitants of the smaller territorial lands, especially in central and southern Germany greatly rejected the Prussianized concept of the nation and preferred to associate such terms with their individual home state. The Hanseatic port cities of Hamburg, Bremen and Lübeck ranked among the most ferocious opponents of the 4408: 7869:, as both countries were concerned about the novel disagreeability of Germany. Furthermore, Anglo–German relations provided, from a British point of view, no basis for any consensus as the Kaiser refused to divert from his, although somewhat peculiarly desperate and anachronistic, aggressive imperial engagement and the 3803:. In the Empire, extensive sovereign powers were granted to ecclesiastical and secular princes, leading to the rise of independent territorial states. The struggle with the Pope sapped the Empire's strength, as Frederick II was excommunicated three times. After his death, the Hohenstaufen dynasty fell, followed by an 8300:

Staff. Military officers controlled civilian government officials, the staffs of banks, cartels, firms, and factories, engineers and scientists, workingmen, farmers-indeed almost every element in German society; and all efforts were directed in theory and in large degree also in practice to forwarding the war effort.

7210:) was established under the leadership of Prussia. Austria was excluded and its immense influence over Germany finally came to an end. The North German Federation was a transitional organisation that existed from 1867 to 1871, between the dissolution of the German Confederation and the founding of the German Empire. 7977:

tools. Intensive methodical farming of sugar and other root crops made Germany the most efficient agricultural producer in Europe by 1914. Even so, farms were usually small in size and women did much of the field work. An unintended consequence was the increased dependence on migratory, especially foreign, labor.

10469:. The debt grew rapidly as he borrowed to cover the cost of the ever more expensive welfare state. After 1979, foreign policy issues grew central as the Cold War turned hot again. The German peace movement mobilized hundreds of thousands of demonstrators to protest against American deployment in Europe of new 7339:. The conflict was quickly decided as Prussia, joined by forces of a pan-German alliance never gave up the tactical initiative. A series of victories in north-eastern France followed and another French army group was simultaneously encircled at Metz. A few weeks later, the French army contingent under Emperor 11196:" it is a tribute to his success that what emerged by the end of his reign was not an oligarchy of princes but a strengthened monarchy", pg. 75; "The Reich emerged from the reforms of 1495 and 1500 as a polity in which the emperor and the Estates coexisted, but also competed, in uneasy equilibrium", pg. 95. 9252:; and by these manoeuvres Hitler achieved movement of these Catholic voters into the Nazi Party, and a long-awaited international diplomatic acceptance of his regime. The Nazis gained a larger share of their vote in Protestant areas than in Catholic areas. The Communist Party was proscribed in April 1933. 6549:. His use of tonal architecture in such a way as to allow significant expansion of musical forms and structures was immediately recognized as bringing a new dimension to music. His later piano music and string quartets, especially, showed the way to a completely unexplored musical universe, and influenced 7936:

speech regarding this. The following year, a conference was held in which all of the European powers except Austria-Hungary (by now little more than a German satellite) sided with France. A compromise was brokered by the United States where the French relinquished some, but not all, control over Morocco.

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For on the bitterly cold night of December 31, 406, there was apparently no Roman army on guard when a host of Vandal, Alan, Suevi and Burgundian warriors, with their families and possessions, crossed the frozen Rhine and headed southwest through Gaul. This time, Rome's frontiers had been breached by

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region was hardest hit, as its easy-to-reach coal mines petered out, and expensive German coal was no longer competitive. Likewise the Ruhr steel industry went into sharp decline, as its prices were undercut by lower-cost suppliers such as Japan. The welfare system provided a safety net for the large

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or "Economic Miracle"). Industrial production doubled from 1950 to 1957, and gross national product grew at a rate of 9 or 10% per year, providing the engine for economic growth of all of Western Europe. Labor unions supported the new policies with postponed wage increases, minimized strikes, support

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The actual amount of reparations that Germany was obliged to pay out was not the 132 billion marks decided in the London Schedule of 1921 but rather the 50 billion marks stipulated in the A and B Bonds. Historian Sally Marks says the "C bonds" were entirely chimerical—a device to fool the public into

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was signed by Germany, France, Belgium, Britain and Italy; it recognised Germany's borders with France and Belgium. Moreover, Britain, Italy and Belgium undertook to assist France in the case that German troops marched into the demilitarised Rheinland. Locarno paved the way for Germany's admission to

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to Australia, France, Japan, New Zealand, Portugal, and the United Kingdom. The new owners were required to act as disinterested trustee over the region, promoting the welfare of its inhabitants in a variety of ways until they were able to govern themselves. The left and right banks of the Rhine were

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By 1917, after three years of war, the various groups and bureaucratic hierarchies which had been operating more or less independently of one another in peacetime (and not infrequently had worked at cross purposes) were subordinated to one (and perhaps the most effective) of their number: the General

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union of 25 states that varied considerably in size, demography, constitution, economy, culture, religion and socio-political development. However, even Prussia itself, which accounted for two-thirds of the territory as well as of the population, had emerged from the empire's periphery as a newcomer.

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In the early 19th century the Industrial Revolution was in full swing in Britain, France, and Belgium. The various small federal states in Germany developed only slowly and independently as competition was strong. Early investments for the railway network during the 1830s came almost exclusively from

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The war ranks among the most catastrophic in history as three decades of constant warfare and destruction had left the land devastated. Marauding armies incessantly pillaged the countryside, seized and levied heavy taxes on cities and indiscriminately plundered the food stocks of the peasantry. There

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attempted to achieve the religious and political unity of the empire, while the opposing Protestant Union forces were determined to defend their religious rights. The religious motive served as the universal justification for the various territorial and foreign princes, who over the course of several

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was in charge of economic policy as economics director for the British and American occupation zones and was Adenauer's long-time economics minister. Erhard's decision to lift many price controls in 1948 (despite opposition from both the social democratic opposition and Allied authorities), plus his

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In explaining why neutral Britain went to war with Germany, author Paul M. Kennedy recognized it was critical for war that Germany become economically more powerful than Britain, but he downplays the disputes over economic trade imperialism, the Baghdad Railway, confrontations in Central and Eastern

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Catholics, although nearly a third of the national population, were seldom allowed to hold major positions in the Imperial government, or the Prussian government. After 1871, there was a systematic purge of the remaining Catholics; in the powerful interior ministry, which handled all police affairs,

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hastily proclaimed in Paris. The new government resolved to fight on and tried to reorganize the remaining armies while the Germans settled down to besiege Paris. The starving city surrendered in January 1871 and Jules Favre signed the surrender at Versailles. France was forced to pay indemnities of

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In 1800, the population was predominantly rural, as only 10% lived in communities of 5,000 or more people, and only 2% lived in cities of more than 100,000 people. After 1815, the urban population grew rapidly, due to the influx of young people from the rural areas. Berlin grew from 172,000 in 1800,

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of Britain, Russia, and Austria then attacked France but failed. Napoleon established direct or indirect control over most of western Europe, including the German states apart from Prussia and Austria. The old Holy Roman Empire was little more than a farce; Napoleon simply abolished it in 1806 while

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In the end, while the Reformation emphasis on Protestants reading the Scriptures was one factor in the development of literacy, the impact of printing itself, the wider availability of printed works at a cheaper price, and the increasing focus on education and learning as key factors in obtaining a

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East Germany's culture was shaped by Communism and particularly Stalinism. It was characterized by East German psychoanalyst Hans-Joachim Maaz in 1990 as having produced a "Congested Feeling" among Germans in the East as a result of Communist policies criminalizing personal expression that deviates

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to stop them – shooting those who attempted it. What the GDR called the "Anti-Fascist Protective Wall" was a major embarrassment for the program during the Cold War, but it did stabilize East Germany and postpone its collapse. Ulbricht lost power in 1971, but was kept on as a nominal head of state.

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In 1945–1946 housing and food conditions were bad, as the disruption of transport, markets, and finances slowed a return to normal. In the West, bombing had destroyed the fourth of the housing stock, and over 10 million refugees from the east had crowded in, most living in camps. Food production in

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by the Soviet Union's Red Army in a fight to the death on the city streets. 2,000,000 Soviet troops took part in the assault, and they faced 750,000 German troops. 78,000–305,000 Soviets were killed, while 325,000 German civilians and soldiers were killed. Hitler committed suicide on 30 April 1945.

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for 15 years and its coalfields administered by France. At the end of that time a plebiscite was to determine the Saar's future status. To ensure the execution of the treaty's terms, Allied troops would occupy the left (German) bank of the Rhine for a period of 5–15 years. The German army was to be

8372:

was signed on 28 June 1919. Germany was to cede Alsace-Lorraine to France. Eupen-Malmédy would temporarily be ceded to Belgium, with a plebiscite to be held to allow the people the choice of the territory either remaining with Belgium or being returned to German control. Following a plebiscite, the

8024:

corporation in the United States. The new company emphasized rationalization of management structures and modernization of the technology; it employed a multi-divisional structure and used return on investment as its measure of success. By 1913, American and German exports dominated the world steel

8000:, task-oriented working principles and team research originated in 19th-century Germany and France. The organisation of knowledge acquisition was further refined by laboratory integration in research institutes of the universities and the industries. Germany acquired the leading role in the world's 7269:

became emperor. He rejected advice from experienced politicians and ordered Bismarck's resignation in 1890. He opposed Bismarck's careful and delicate foreign policy and was determined to pursue colonialist policies, as Britain and France had been doing for centuries. The Kaiser promoted the active

7098:

refused the imperial crown, the Frankfurt parliament was dissolved, the ruling princes repressed the risings by military force, and the German Confederation was re-established by 1850. Many leaders went into exile, including a number who went to the United States and became a political force there.

6869:

From the religious point of view of the typical Catholic or Protestant, major changes were underway in terms of a much more personalized religiosity that focused on the individual more than the church or the ceremony. The rationalism of the late 19th century faded away, and there was a new emphasis

6477:

4. It promotes the spirit of the nation, as it has a tendency to destroy the Philistine spirit arising from isolation and provincial prejudice and vanity. It binds nations by ligaments, and promotes an interchange of food and of commodities, thus making it feel to be a unit. The iron rails become a

3822:

to the effect that election by all or the majority of the electors automatically conferred the royal title and rule over the empire, without papal confirmation. As result, the monarch was no longer subject to papal approbation and became increasingly dependent on the favour of the electors. Between

10952:

hybrid variant, which is combined of Delta and Omicron mutations. However, Germany has suffered from a recombination event of Deltacron, which was caused of less access to vaccine shortage in the first quarter. As of May 2022, Germany has reported 140,292 COVID-19-related deaths, the fifth highest

8225:

to the Swiss border. The British imposed a tight naval blockade in the North Sea which lasted until 1919, sharply reducing Germany's overseas access to raw materials and foodstuffs. Food scarcity became a serious problem by 1917. The United States joined with the Allies in April 1917. The entry of

7976:

Historian J. A. Perkins argued that more important than Bismarck's new tariff on imported grain was the introduction of the sugar beet as a main crop. Farmers quickly abandoned traditional, inefficient practices in favor of modern methods, including the use of artificial fertilizers and mechanical

7968:

By 1890, the economy continued to industrialize and grow on an even higher rate than during the previous two decades and increased dramatically in the years leading up to World War I. Growth rates for the individual branches and sectors often varied considerably, and periodical figures provided by

7634:

Bismarck underestimated the resolve of the Catholic Church and did not foresee the extremes that this struggle would attain. The Catholic Church denounced the harsh new laws as anti-Catholic and mustered the support of its rank and file voters across Germany. In the following elections, the Center

7257:

determined the political course of the German Empire until 1890. He fostered alliances in Europe to contain France on the one hand and aspired to consolidate Germany's influence in Europe on the other. His principal domestic policies focused on the suppression of socialism and the reduction of the

6846:

was determined to handle unification entirely on his own terms, without consultation. His goal was to unify the Protestant churches, and to impose a single standardized liturgy, organization and even architecture. The long-term goal was to have fully centralized royal control of all the Protestant

6373:

took place as the high birth rates and high death rates of the pre-industrial country shifted to low birth and death rates of the fast-growing industrialized urban economic and agricultural system. Increased agricultural productivity secured a steady food supply, as famines and epidemics declined.

5780:

was in economically good shape, although numerous wars had taken their toll. During the time when Prussia rose rapidly within Germany, Saxony was distracted by foreign affairs. The House of Wettin concentrated on acquiring and then holding on to the Polish throne which was ultimately unsuccessful.

4385: 12345:

119) and associates them more closely than the Balts with the center of Gothic power. This location of the early Slavs partly at least in the region covered by the Cernjahov culture, together with their contacts (warlike or not) with the Goths under Ermanric and almost certainly before, explains

10918:

entering the EU. The country took in over a million refugees and migrants and developed a quota system which redistributed migrants around its federal states based on their tax income and existing population density. The decision by Merkel to authorize unrestricted entry led to heavy criticism in

10338:

The agreement with Turkey ended in 1973 but few workers returned because there were few good jobs in Turkey. By 2010 there were about 4 million people of Turkish descent in Germany. The generation born in Germany attended German schools, but had a poor command of either German or Turkish, and had

9827:

was 8% to 10% out of a prewar population of 69,000,000, or between 5.5 million and 7 million people. This included 4.5 million in the military, and between 1 and 2 million civilians. There was chaos as 11 million foreign workers and POWs left, while soldiers returned home and more than 14 million

9124:

centered on Hitler and created the "Hitler Myth"—that Hitler was all-wise and that any mistakes or failures by others would be corrected when brought to his attention. In fact Hitler had a narrow range of interests and decision making was diffused among overlapping, feuding power centers; on some

8290:

Steadily conditions deteriorated rapidly on the home front, with severe food shortages reported in all urban areas. Causes involved the transfer of many farmers and food workers into the military, an overburdened railroad system, shortages of coal, and especially the British blockade that cut off

8253:

the Bolsheviks were forced to sign on 3 March 1918 as Russia withdrew from the war. It gave Germany control of Eastern Europe. Spencer Tucker says, "The German General Staff had formulated extraordinarily harsh terms that shocked even the German negotiator." When Germany later complained that the

8028:

In machinery, iron and steel, and other industries, German firms avoided cut-throat competition and instead relied on trade associations. Germany was a world leader because of its prevailing "corporatist mentality", its strong bureaucratic tradition, and the encouragement of the government. These

7917:

with Britain in 1890, and converted the island into a naval base and installed immense coastal defense batteries. Britain considered the imperial German endeavours to be a dangerous infringement on the century-old delicate balance of global affairs and trade on the seas under British control. The

7107:

The 1850s were a period of extreme political reaction. Dissent was vigorously suppressed, and many Germans emigrated to America following the collapse of the 1848 uprisings. Frederick William IV became extremely depressed and melancholic during this period, and was surrounded by men who advocated

6853:

was formed, bringing together the more numerous Lutherans, and the less numerous Reformed Protestants. The government of Prussia now had full control over church affairs, with the king himself recognized as the leading bishop. Opposition to unification came from the "Old Lutherans" in Silesia who

6501:

While there existed no national newspaper the many states issued a great variety of printed media, although they rarely exceeded regional significance. In a typical town existed one or two outlets, urban centers, such as Berlin and Leipzig had dozens. The audience was limited to a few per cent of

6482:

Lacking a technological base at first, engineering and hardware was imported from Britain. In many cities, the new railway shops were the centres of technological awareness and training, so that by 1850, Germany was self-sufficient in meeting the demands of railroad construction, and the railways

6459:

The takeoff stage of economic development came with the railroad revolution in the 1840s, which opened up new markets for local products, created a pool of middle managers, increased the demand for engineers, architects and skilled machinists and stimulated investments in coal and iron. Political

4702:

that Maximilian created became a form of imperial army; a national political culture began to emerge; and the German language began to attain an unified form. The political structure remained incomplete and piecemeal though, mainly due to the failure of the Common Penny (an imperial tax) that the

4062:

river placed it at the intersection of the major trade routes between east and west and was the basis of Cologne's growth. The economic structures of medieval and early modern Cologne were characterized by the city's status as a major harbor and transport hub upon the Rhine. It was the seat of an

10484:

the FDP adopted the market-oriented "Kiel Theses" in 1977; it rejected the Keynesian emphasis on consumer demand, and proposed to reduce social welfare spending, and try to introduce policies to stimulate production and facilitate jobs. Lambsdorff argued that the result would be economic growth,

10162:

In addition, the Marshall Plan forced German companies, as well as those in all of Western Europe, to modernize their business practices and take account of the international market. Marshall Plan funding helped overcome bottlenecks in the surging economy caused by remaining controls (which were

10154:

at the rate of 1 new per 10 old. This wiped out 90% of government and private debt, as well as private savings. Prices were decontrolled, and labor unions agreed to accept a 15% wage increase, despite the 25% rise in prices. The result was that prices of German export products held steady, while

9985:

was the party boss from 1950 to 1971. In 1933, Ulbricht had fled to Moscow, where he served as a Comintern agent loyal to Stalin. As World War II was ending, Stalin assigned him the job of designing the postwar German system that would centralize all power in the Communist Party. Ulbricht became

9701:

By September 1945, Nazi Germany and its Axis partners (mainly Italy and Japan) had all been defeated, chiefly by the forces of the Soviet Union, the United States, and Great Britain. Much of Europe lay in ruins, over 60 million people worldwide had been killed (most of them civilians), including

7943:

of 1911 saw another dispute over Morocco erupt when France tried to suppress a revolt there. Germany, still smarting from the previous quarrel, agreed to a settlement whereby the French ceded some territory in central Africa in exchange for Germany's renouncing any right to intervene in Moroccan

7723:

was signed between Germany and Russia. In it, the two powers agreed on mutual military support in the case that France attacked Germany or an Austrian attack on Russia. Russia turned its attention eastward to Asia and remained largely inactive in European politics for the next 25 years. In 1882,

3430:

and install a civilian administration. There is no discernible chronology of the immigration process as it took place in many individual efforts and stages, often even encouraged by the Slavic regional lords. However, the new communities were subjected to German law and customs. Total numbers of

10149:

The most dramatic and successful policy event was the currency reform of 1948. Since the 1930s, prices and wages had been controlled, but money had been plentiful. That meant that people had accumulated large paper assets, and that official prices and wages did not reflect reality, as the black

7935:

of 1905, Germany nearly clashed with Britain and France when the latter attempted to establish a protectorate over Morocco. Kaiser Wilhelm II was upset at having not been informed about French intentions, and declared their support for Moroccan independence. William II made a highly provocative

7817:

followed him on the throne at the age of 29. Wilhelm rejected the liberal ideas of his parents and embarked on a conservative autocratic rule. He early on decided to replace the political elite and in March 1890 he forced chancellor Bismarck into retirement. Following his principle of "Personal

7514:

The new Empire provided attractive top level career opportunities for the national nobility in the various branches of the consular and civil services and the army. As a consequence the aristocratic near total control of the civil sector guaranteed a dominant voice in the decision making in the

6420:

In 1800, Germany's social structure was poorly suited to entrepreneurship or economic development. Domination by France during the French Revolution (1790s to 1815), however, produced important institutional reforms, that included the abolition of feudal restrictions on the sale of large landed

6352:

Increasingly after 1815, a centralized Prussian government based in Berlin took over the powers of the nobles, which in terms of control over the peasantry had been almost absolute. To help the nobility avoid indebtedness, Berlin set up a credit institution to provide capital loans in 1809, and

4765:

and handed copies of to feudal lords. Whether he nailed them to a church door at Wittenberg remains unclear. The list detailed 95 assertions, he argued, represented corrupt practice of the Christian faith and misconduct within the Catholic Church. Although perhaps not Luther's chief concern, he

11919:

Saupe, Tina; Montinaro, Francesco; Scaggion, Cinzia; Carrara, Nicola; Kivisild, Toomas; D’Atanasio, Eugenia; Hui, Ruoyun; Solnik, Anu; Lebrasseur, Ophélie; Larson, Greger; Alessandri, Luca; Arienzo, Ilenia; De Angelis, Flavio; Rolfo, Mario Federico; Skeates, Robin; Silvestri, Letizia; Beckett,

8278:

By defeating Russia in 1917, Germany was able to bring hundreds of thousands of combat troops from the east to the Western Front, giving it a numerical advantage over the Allies. By retraining the soldiers in new storm-trooper tactics, the Germans expected to unfreeze the Battlefield and win a

7629:

As of 1878, only three of eight Prussian dioceses still had bishops, some 1,125 of 4,600 parishes were vacant, and nearly 1,800 priests ended up in jail or in exile ... Finally, between 1872 and 1878, numerous Catholic newspapers were confiscated, Catholic associations and assemblies were

11737:

Haak, Wolfgang; Lazaridis, Iosif; Patterson, Nick; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Llamas, Bastien; Brandt, Guido; Nordenfelt, Susanne; Harney, Eadaoin; Stewardson, Kristin; Fu, Qiaomei; Mittnik, Alissa; Bánffy, Eszter; Economou, Christos; Francken, Michael; Friederich, Susanne; Pena, Rafael

11471:

Smith, Geoff M.; Ruebens, Karen; Zavala, Elena Irene; Sinet-Mathiot, Virginie; Fewlass, Helen; Pederzani, Sarah; Jaouen, Klervia; Mylopotamitaki, Dorothea; Britton, Kate; Rougier, Hélène; Stahlschmidt, Mareike; Meyer, Matthias; Meller, Harald; Dietl, Holger; Orschiedt, Jörg; Krause, Johannes;

9893:

However, deindustrialization became impractical and the U.S. instead called for a strong industrial base in Germany so it could stimulate European economic recovery. The U.S. shipped food in 1945–1947 and made a $ 600 million loan in 1947 to rebuild German industry. By May 1946 the removal of

7624:

which made it a crime for any cleric to discuss public issues in a way that displeased the government. Nearly all Catholic bishops, clergy, and laymen rejected the legality of the new laws and defiantly faced the increasingly heavy penalties and imprisonments imposed by Bismarck's government.

8416:

limited to 100,000 officers and men; the general staff was to be dissolved; vast quantities of war material were to be handed over and the manufacture of munitions rigidly curtailed. The navy was to be similarly reduced, and no military aircraft were allowed. Germany was also required to pay

9902:

It was edited by German and Jewish émigrés who fled to the United States before the war. Its mission was to encourage democracy by exposing Germans to how American culture operated. The paper was filled with details on American sports, politics, business, Hollywood, and fashions, as well as

9462:

Hitler's diplomatic strategy in the 1930s was to make seemingly reasonable demands, threatening war if they were not met. When opponents tried to appease him, he accepted the gains that were offered, then went to the next target. That aggressive strategy worked as Germany pulled out of the

8558:

recognition, and the two signatories mutually cancelled all pre-war debts and renounced war claims. For the next twenty years Russia and Germany would work together helping to re-establish a military build up in Germany, and assist Russia in creating an industrial power under the weight of

6057:

tried to reconcile rationalism and religious belief, individual freedom, and political authority. Kant's work contained basic tensions that would continue to shape German thought – and indeed all of European philosophy – well into the 20th century. The ideas of the Enlightenment and their

7163:

to Austria and Prussia. The subsequent management of the two duchies led to tensions between Austria and Prussia. Austria wanted the duchies to become an independent entity within the German Confederation, while Prussia intended to annex them. The disagreement served as a pretext for the

3066:

rights over ecclesiastical appointments. Otto wrested from the nobles the powers of appointment of the bishops and abbots, who controlled large land holdings. Additionally, Otto revived the old Carolingian program of appointing missionaries in the border lands. Otto continued to support

10903:, which at the time produced a fourth of the electricity supply. In response Merkel announced plans to close down the nuclear power plants over the following decade, and a commitment to rely more heavily on wind and other alternative energy sources, in addition to coal and natural gas. 6097:

was mixed at first. German intellectuals celebrated the outbreak, hoping to see the triumph of Reason and The Enlightenment. The royal courts in Vienna and Berlin denounced the overthrow of the king and the threatened spread of notions of liberty, equality, and fraternity. By 1793, the

7853:. Wilhelm's increasingly erratic and reckless conduct was unmistakably related to character deficits and the lack of diplomatic skills. The foreign office's rather sketchy assessment of the current situation and its recommendations for the empire's most suitable course of action were: 7718:

with Austria-Hungary, an agreement of mutual military assistance in the case of an attack from Russia, which was not satisfied with the agreement of the Congress of Berlin. The establishment of the Dual Alliance led Russia to take a more conciliatory stance and in 1887, the so-called

7605:("culture war") against the power of the pope and the Catholic Church in 1873, but only in the state of Prussia. This gained strong support from German liberals, who saw the Catholic Church as the bastion of reaction and their greatest enemy. The Catholic element, in turn, saw in the 9940:

On 7 October 1949, the Soviet zone became the "Deutsche Demokratische Republik" – "DDR" ("German Democratic Republic" – "GDR", simply often "East Germany"), under control of the Socialist Unity Party. Neither country had a significant army until the 1950s, but East Germany built the

9756:

No one doubted Germany's economic and engineering prowess; the question was how long bitter memories of the war would cause Europeans to distrust Germany, and whether Germany could demonstrate it had rejected totalitarianism and militarism and embraced democracy and human rights.

10237:, argues that "Germany owes its rapid economic advance after World War II to the system of the Social Market Economy, established by Ludwig Erhard." Erhard was politically less successful when he served as the CDU Chancellor from 1963 until 1966. Erhard followed the concept of a 7057:), removed liberal university professors, and expanded the censorship of the press. The decrees began the "persecution of the demagogues", which was directed against individuals who were accused of spreading revolutionary and nationalist ideas. Among the persecuted were the poet 9991:

He was replaced because he failed to solve growing national crises, such as the worsening economy in 1969–1970, the fear of another popular uprising as had occurred in 1953, and the disgruntlement between Moscow and Berlin caused by Ulbricht's détente policies toward the West.

9495:

with Japan – which was joined by Italy a year later in 1937 – Hitler felt able to take the offensive in foreign policy. On 12 March 1938, German troops marched into Austria, where an attempted Nazi coup had been unsuccessful in 1934. When Austrian-born Hitler entered

9619: 9617: 9614: 3302:

joined the union, which resulted in greater diplomatic esteem. Recognized by the various regional princes for the great economic potential, favorable charters for, often exclusive, commercial operations were granted. During its zenith the alliance maintained trading posts and

6133:, imposed French-style reforms, abolished feudalism, established constitutions, promoted freedom of religion, emancipated Jews, opened the bureaucracy to ordinary citizens of talent, and forced the nobility to share power with the rising middle class. Napoleon created the 4509:, 1515, printed 1517–1518 (The Metropolitan Museum of Art). The scene shows "a new coordinated professional military, which features large-scale infantry, complemented by traditional cavalry, but now supplemented with a newer military weapon resource, portable artillery". 3327:

with the sovereign Kingdom of Denmark from 1361 to 1370. Principal city of the Hanseatic League remained Lübeck, where in 1356 the first general diet was held and its official structure was announced. The league declined after 1450 due to a number of factors, such as the

10163:

removed in 1949), and Marshall Plan business reforms opened up a greatly expanded market for German exports. Overnight, consumer goods appeared in the stores, because they could be sold for realistic prices, emphasizing to Germans that their economy had turned a corner.

10029:

Conceptualizing the GDR as a dictatorship has become widely accepted, while the meaning of the concept dictatorship varies. Massive evidence has been collected that proves the repressive, undemocratic, illiberal, nonpluralistic character of the GDR regime and its ruling

9618: 4362: 10070:

and gained full sovereignty over Berlin. At all points West Germany was much larger and richer than East Germany, which became a dictatorship under the control of the Communist Party and was closely monitored by Moscow. Germany, especially Berlin, was a cockpit of the

8385:

was ceded to the Allied and Associated powers, to decide the future of the area. On 9 January 1923, Lithuanian forces invaded the territory. Following negotiations, on 8 May 1924, the League of Nations ratified the annexation on the grounds that Lithuania accepted the

5694:

ruled that Austria and Saxony had to relinquish all claims to Silesia. Prussia, that had nearly doubled its territory was eventually recognized as a great European power with the consequence that the politics of the following century were fundamentally influenced by

4854:

and Austria, was a series of economic and religious revolts of the rural lower classes, encouraged by the rhetoric of various radical religious reformers and Anabaptists against the ruling feudal lords. Although occasionally assisted by war-experienced noblemen like

9732:

in 1947, the country's territory was shrunk and split between the two global blocs in the East and West, a period known as the division of Germany. Millions of refugees from Central and Eastern Europe moved west, most of them to West Germany. Two countries emerged:

1157:

mandible in 1907 affirms archaic human presence in Germany by at least 600,000 years ago, so stone tools were dated as far back as 1.33 million years ago. The oldest complete set of hunting weapons ever found anywhere in the world was excavated from a coal mine in

6841:

Two main developments reshaped religion in Germany. Across the land, there was a movement to unite the larger Lutheran and the smaller Reformed Protestant churches. The churches themselves brought this about in Baden, Nassau, and Bavaria. However, in Prussia King

7849:, "world politics"), as he envisaged a gratuitously aggressive political course to increase the empire's influence in and control over the world. After the removal of Bismarck, foreign policies were tackled with by the Kaiser and the Federal Foreign Office under 3484:, without the consent of duke Konrad. Recognizing only papal authority and based on a solid economy, the order steadily expanded the Teutonic state during the following 150 years, engaging in several land disputes with its neighbors. Permanent conflicts with the 4710:(of German Nation) to the emperor's title appeared first in the 15th century: in a 1486 law decreed by Frederick III and in 1512 in reference to the Imperial Diet in Cologne by Maximilian I. In 1525, the Heilbronn reform plan – the most advanced document of the 5466:, who reigned from 1713 to 1740, established the structures for the highly centralized Prussian state and raised a professional army, that was to play a central role. He also successfully operated a command economy that some historians consider mercantilist. 10485:

which would itself solve both the social problems and the financial problems. As a consequence, the FDP switched allegiance to the CDU and Schmidt lost his parliamentary majority in 1982. For the only time in West Germany's history, the government fell on a

3416:, fortified borderlands with garrisoned troops in strongholds and castles, who were to ensure military control and enforce the exaction of tributes. Contemporary sources do not support the idea of policies or plans for the organized settlement of civilians. 6629:, founded in 1810, became the world's leading university. Von Ranke, for example, professionalized history and set the world standard for historiography. By the 1830s mathematics, physics, chemistry, and biology had emerged with world class science, led by 3286:, guilds cooperated in order to strengthen and combine their economic assets, like securing trading routes and tax privileges, to control prices and better protect and market their local commodities. Important centers of commerce within the empire, such as 7068:

was established, a customs union between Prussia and most other German states, but excluding Austria. As industrialisation developed, the need for a unified German state with a uniform currency, legal system, and government became more and more obvious.

6460:

disunity of three dozen states and a pervasive conservatism made it difficult to build railways in the 1830s. However, by the 1840s, trunk lines did link the major cities; each German state was responsible for the lines within its own borders. Economist

4726:(of German nation). During the fifteen century, the term "German nation" had witness a rise in use due to the growth of a "community of interests". The Estates also increasingly distinguished between their German Reich and the wider, "universal" Reich. 7294:

decided he was basically a traditional Prussian whose highest priorities were to reinforce the monarchy, the Army, and the social and economic dominance of his own Junker class, thereby being responsible for a tragic history after his removal in 1890.

3873:. Estimated to have caused the abrupt death of 30 to 60% of Europe's population, it led to widespread social and economic disruption and deep religious disaffection and fanaticism. Minority groups, and Jews in particular were blamed, singled out and 6588:

University professors developed international reputations, especially in the humanities led by history and philology, which brought a new historical perspective to the study of political history, theology, philosophy, language, and literature. With

9616: 8714:

The Nazi Party was the largest party in the national elections of 1932. On 31 July 1932 it received 37.3% of the votes, and in the election on 6 November 1932 it received less, but still the largest share, 33.1%, making it the biggest party in the

7571:

Bismarck built on a tradition of welfare programs in Prussia and Saxony that began as early as the 1840s. In the 1880s he introduced old age pensions, accident insurance, medical care, and unemployment insurance that formed the basis of the modern

6024:("Weimarer Klassik") was a cultural and literary movement based in Weimar that sought to establish a new humanism by synthesizing Romantic, classical, and Enlightenment ideas. The movement, from 1772 until 1805, involved Herder as well as polymath 5250: 8390:, a power-sharing arrangement to protect non-Lithuanians in the territory and its autonomous status. Until 1929, German-Lithuanian co-operation increased and this power-sharing arrangement worked. Poland was restored and most of the provinces of 8011:

Germany became Europe's leading steel-producing nation in the 1890s, thanks in large part to the protection from American and British competition afforded by tariffs and cartels. The leading firm was "Friedrich Krupp AG Hoesch-Krupp", run by the

7735:

Bismarck had always argued that the acquisition of overseas colonies was impractical and the burden of administration and maintenance would outweigh the benefits. Eventually, Bismarck gave way, and a number of colonies were established in Africa

9471:

and began to re-arm, won back the Saar, remilitarized the Rhineland, formed an alliance with Mussolini's Italy, sent massive military aid to Franco in the Spanish Civil War, annexed Austria, took over Czechoslovakia after the British and French

9410:. As the territory was part of Germany, the British and French governments did not feel that attempting to enforce the treaty was worth the risk of war. The move strengthened Hitler's standing in Germany. His reputation swelled further with the 3998:

Total population estimates of the German territories range around 5 to 6 million by the end of Henry III's reign in 1056 and about 7 to 8 million after Friedrich Barbarossa's rule in 1190. The vast majority were farmers, typically in a state of

10604:

was forced to resign in October, and on 9 November, East German authorities unexpectedly allowed East German citizens to enter West Berlin and West Germany. Hundreds of thousands of people took advantage of the opportunity; new crossing points

6185:

and occupied Berlin. Prussia lost its recently acquired territories in western Germany, its army was reduced to 42,000 men, no trade with Britain was allowed and Berlin had to pay Paris high reparations and fund the French army of occupation.

987:

efforts took place, large populations under former German-occupied territories were displaced, German territories were split up by the victorious powers and in the east annexed by Poland and the Soviet Union. Germany spent the entirety of the

5553:

of 1689 took up arms against France and countered any further military advances of Louis. The conflict ended in 1697 as both parties agreed to peace talks after either side had realized, that a total victory was financially unattainable. The

4969:

from 1635 to 1648. The conflict increasingly evolved into a struggle between the French House of Bourbon and the House of Habsburg for predominance in Europe, for which the central German territories of the empire served as the battleground.

1830:

and led a military contingent across and into the territories of the local Germanic tribes. After several days and having made no contact with Germanic troops (who had retreated inland) Caesar returned to the west of the river. By 60 BC, the

4299: 8349:. Units of the German Navy refused to set sail for a last, large-scale operation in a war which they saw as good as lost, initiating the uprising. On 3 November, the revolt spread to other cities and states of the country, in many of which 6109:

Europe was racked by two decades of war revolving around France's efforts to spread its revolutionary ideals, and the opposition of reactionary royalty. War broke out in 1792 as Austria and Prussia invaded France, but were defeated at the

20451: 8873:, attacked Einstein's theory of relativity as a degenerate example of Jewish materialism in the realm of science. Many scientists and humanists emigrated; Einstein moved permanently to the U.S. but some of the others returned after 1945. 9897:

In 1945, the occupying powers took over all newspapers in Germany and purged them of Nazi influence. The American occupation headquarters, the Office of Military Government, United States (OMGUS) began its own newspaper based in Munich,

2010:, the area north of the Upper Danube and east of the Rhine, attempting to subdue the various tribes. Roman ideas of administration, the imposition of taxes and a legal framework were frustrated by the total absence of an infrastructure. 1241:

include various mammoth ivory sculptures that rank among the oldest uncontested works of art and several flutes, made of bird bone and mammoth ivory that are confirmed to be the oldest musical instruments ever found. The 41,000-year-old

9230:

shortly thereafter. The coalition parliament was rigged by defining the absence of arrested and murdered deputies as voluntary and therefore cause for their exclusion as wilful absentees. The Centre Party was voluntarily dissolved in a

14110: 7493:

Bismarck's domestic policies as Chancellor of Germany were based on his effort to universally adopt the idea of the Protestant Prussian state and achieve the clear separation of church and state in all imperial principalities. In the

7258:

strong influence of the Roman Catholic Church on its adherents. He issued a series of anti-socialist laws in accord with a set of social laws, that included universal health care, pension plans and other social security programs. His

4886:. Its intent was to challenge and contain the Protestant Reformation via apologetic and polemical writings and decrees, ecclesiastical reconfiguration, wars and imperial political maneuverings. In 1547, emperor Charles V defeated the 5784:

Many of the smaller states of Germany were run by bishops, who in reality were from powerful noble families and showed scant interest in religion. While none of the later ecclesial rulers reached the outstanding reputation of Mainz'

6118:, almost two centuries before), but also bringing new ideas of liberty and civil rights for the people. Prussia and Austria ended their failed wars with France but (with Russia) partitioned Poland among themselves in 1793 and 1795. 5722:, who effects his absolute political power for the benefit of the population as a whole. A number of legal reforms (e.g. the abolition of torture and the emancipation of the rural population and the Jews), the reorganization of the 12346:

their openness to Gothic loanword influence. That this may have begun early, before the expansion of the Slavs from their primeval habitat, is implied by the presence of individual loan-words in a wide range of Slavonic languages."

6278:. The victorious members of the Coalition had negotiated a new peaceful balance of powers in Vienna and agreed to maintain a stable German heartland that keeps French imperialism at bay. However, the idea of reforming the defunct 23724: 6353:

extended the loan network to peasants in 1849. When the German Empire was established in 1871, the Junker nobility controlled the army and the navy, the bureaucracy, and the royal court; they generally set governmental policies.

9334:

banned sexual relations between Jews and Germans and only those of German or related blood were eligible to be considered citizens; the remainder were classed as state subjects, without citizenship rights. This stripped Jews,

7439:. The local people, who had benefited from the liberal, civil reforms, that were derived from the ideas of the French Revolution, had only little in common with predominantly rural communities in authoritarian and disjointed 5974:

During the mid-18th century, the recognition and application of Enlightenment cultural, intellectual and spiritual ideals and standards, led to a flourishing of art, music, philosophy, science and literature. The philosopher

4698:, which would serve the purpose of organize imperial armies, collect taxes and enforce orders of the imperial institutions); the Imperial and Court Chanceries were combined to become the decisive government institution; the 9851:

Occupation zone borders, 1947. Berlin, although within the Soviet zone, was also divided among the four occupied powers. The areas in white to the east were transferred to Poland and the Soviet Union under the terms of the

9844:. This figure remained unchallenged until the 1990s, when some historians put the death toll at 500,000–600,000 confirmed deaths. In 2006, the German government reaffirmed its position that 2.0–2.5 million deaths occurred. 10118:, the breaking down of old trade barriers and traditional practices, and the opening of the global market. West Germany gained legitimacy and respect, as it shed the horrible reputation Germany had gained under the Nazis. 9217:

marked the beginning of Nazi Germany, allowing Hitler and his cabinet to enact laws on their own without the President or the Reichstag. The Enabling Act formed the basis for the dictatorship and the dissolution of the

10202:

that dominated West Germany politics for most of its history. During his chancellorship, the West Germany economy grew quickly, and West Germany established friendly relations with France, participated in the emerging

8577:

When Germany defaulted on its reparation payments, French and Belgian troops occupied the heavily industrialised Ruhr district (January 1923). The German government encouraged the population of the Ruhr to engage in

5071:

for pastors. Using the German vernacular they expressed the Apostles' Creed in simpler, more personal, Trinitarian language. Illustrations in the newly translated Bible and in many tracts popularized Luther's ideas.

2816:. Loyal Frankish nobles replaced the old Lombard aristocracy following a rebellion in 776. The next 30 years of his reign were spent ruthlessly strengthening his power in Francia and on the conquest of the Slavs and 8697:

were unable to build a governing majority in the face of escalating extremism from both the far right (the Nazis, NSDAP) and the far left (Communist Party of Germany). In March 1930, President Hindenburg appointed

6421:

estates, the reduction of the power of the guilds in the cities, and the introduction of a new, more efficient commercial law. The idea, that these reforms were beneficial for Industrialization has been contested.

10193:

was the dominant leader in West Germany. He was the first chancellor (top official) of the FRG and until his death was the founder and leader of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), a coalition of conservatives,

7635:

Party won a quarter of the seats in the Imperial Diet. The conflict ended after 1879 because Pope Pius IX died in 1878 and Bismarck broke with the Liberals to put his main emphasis on tariffs, foreign policy, and

4003:

under feudal lords and monasteries. Towns gradually emerged and in the 12th century many new cities were founded along the trading routes and near imperial strongholds and castles. The towns were subjected to the

978:

which killed 17 million people, including 6 million Jews (representing 2/3rds of the European Jewish population). By 1944, the German Army was pushed back on all fronts until finally collapsing in May 1945. Under

11046:, Germany announced a major shift in policy, pledging a €100 billion special fund for the Bundeswehr – to remedy years of underinvestment – along with raising the budget to above 2% 10854:, identifying France, Russia, and Japan as countries that explicitly backed Germany's bid. Germany formally adopted the Euro on 1 January 1999 after permanently fixing the Deutsche Mark rate on 31 December 1998. 9828:

displaced German-speaking refugees from both the eastern provinces and East-Central and Eastern Europe were expelled from their native land and came to the western German lands, often foreign to them. During the

8353:

were established. Meanwhile, Hindenburg and the senior commanders had lost confidence in the Kaiser and his government. The Kaiser and all German ruling princes abdicated. On 9 November 1918, the Social Democrat

8381:, the Danish-speaking population in the north voted for Denmark and the southern, German speaking populace, part voted for Germany. Schleswig was thus partitioned. Holstein remained German without a referendum. 962:, a central tenet of its policies, and became increasingly aggressive with its territorial demands, threatening war if they were not met. Germany quickly remilitarized, annexed its German-speaking neighbors and 12676:, p. 3: "It was plagued by the existence of immensely strong tribal duchies, such as Bavaria, Swabia, Thuringia, and Saxony – often referred to as stem duchies, from the German word Stamm, meaning tribe ." 7560:, SPD), aimed to peacefully establish a socialist order through the transformation of the existing political and social conditions. From 1878, Bismarck tried to oppose the growing social democratic movement by 4937:, that took place almost exclusively in the Holy Roman Empire has its origins, which remain widely debated, in the unsolved and recurring conflicts of the Catholic and Protestant factions. The Catholic emperor 13237: 12887:, p. 74: "The area of Merovingian settlement in southwest Germany was pretty much confined to the so called 'Altsiedelland', those fertile regions which had been under the plough since neolithic times ." 9863:

removed, imprisoned, or executed most top officials of the old regime, but most middle and lower ranks of civilian officialdom were not seriously affected. In accordance with the Allied agreement made at the

7552:

organization, its members working toward equality with men in such areas as education, financial opportunities, and political life. Working-class women were not welcome and were organized by the Socialists.

2018:, for example, were almost exclusively characterized by frequent massacres of villagers and indiscriminate pillaging. The tribes, however maintained their elusive identities. A coalition of tribes under the 1516:, which were then buried in fields. The first usage of the name occurred in publications over grave sites in southern Germany in the late 19th century. Over much of Europe, the Urnfield culture followed the 6874:

were common among Protestants. Among, Catholics there was a sharp increase in popular pilgrimages. In 1844 alone, half a million pilgrims made a pilgrimage to the city of Trier in the Rhineland to view the

1962: 5174:

produced the first planispheres of both southern and northerns hemispheres, also the first printed celestial maps. These maps prompted the revival of interest in the field of uranometry throughout Europe.

4277: 4686:) became the all-important political forum and the supreme legal and constitutional institution, which would act as a guarantee for the preservation of the Empire in the long run; a Permanent Land Piece ( 4340: 4016:, were no longer answerable to the local landlords or bishops, but immediate subjects of the Emperor and enjoyed greater commercial and legal liberties. The towns were ruled by a council of the – usually 2651:

strategic traditions of social and political integration of the newly conquered territories. While allowed to preserve their own legal systems, the conquered Germanic tribes were pressured to abandon the

8702:

Chancellor. To push through a package of austerity measures against a majority of Social Democrats, Communists and the NSDAP (Nazis), Brüning and Hindenburg made use of emergency decrees provided for in

8605:), together with other measures to stop the hyperinflation. In the following six years the economic situation improved. In 1928, Germany's industrial production even regained the pre-war levels of 1913. 7873:

in particular. Holstein's analysis proved to be mistaken on every point and Wilhelm failed too, as he did not adopt a nuanced political dialogue. Germany was left gradually isolated and dependent on the

7686:

were common enemies and that the three powers would discuss any matters concerning foreign policy. Bismarck needed good relations with Russia in order to keep France isolated. Russia fought a victorious

6879:, said to be the robe that Jesus wore on the way to his crucifixion. Catholic bishops in Germany had historically been largely independent of Rome, but now the Vatican exerted increasing control, a new " 4322: 9978:

was based on the benefits of the GDR's social programs and the alleged constant threat of a West German invasion, many of her citizens looked to the West for political freedoms and economic prosperity.

9362:. Between 1941 and 1945 Jews, Gypsies, Slavs, communists, homosexuals, the mentally and physically disabled and members of other groups were targeted and methodically murdered – the origin of the word " 9125:

issues he was passive, simply assenting to pressures from whoever had his ear. All top officials reported to Hitler and followed his basic policies, but they had considerable autonomy on a daily basis.

3071:

for the higher clergy, so ecclesiastical appointments never became hereditary. By granting lands to the abbots and bishops he appointed, Otto actually turned these bishops into "princes of the Empire" (

9643:

in 1942–1943, the Germans were forced into the defensive. By late 1944, the United States, Canada, France, and Great Britain were closing in on Germany in the West, while the Soviets were victoriously

3274:

and along the connected navigable rivers during the Late Middle Ages ( 12th to 15th centuries ). Each of the affiliated cities retained the legal system of its sovereign and, with the exception of the

2030:. Consequently, Rome resolved to permanently establish the Rhine/Danube border and refrain from further territorial advance into Germania. By AD 100 the frontier along the Rhine and the Danube and the 2002:

not only regular foreign policy but also necessary to counter Germanic incursions into a still rebellious Gaul. Forts and commercial centers were established along the rivers. Some tribes, such as the

14111:

https://www.scientificlib.com/en/Mathematics/Biographies/AdamRies.html#:~:text=Adam%20Ries%20is%20generally%20considered%20to%20be%20the,more%20structured%20Arabic%20numerals%20to%20a%20large%20extent

11053:

As of December 2023, Germany is the fourth largest economy in the world after the United States, China and Japan and the largest economy in Europe. It is the third largest export nation in the world.

10761:

became the first female chancellor. In 2009 the German government approved a €50 billion stimulus plan. Among the major German political projects of the early 21st century are the advancement of

7044: 7014: 7001: 6854:

clung tightly to the theological and liturgical forms they had followed since the days of Luther. The government attempted to crack down on them, so they went underground. Tens of thousands migrated,

4803:

after his refusal to repent. The ideas of the reformation spread rapidly, as the new technology of the modern printing press ensured cheap mass copies and distribution of the theses and helped by the

2258: 8741:

and high culture, before the Nazi regime resulted in a decline in the scientific and cultural life in Germany and forced many renowned scientists and writers to flee. German recipients dominated the

10404:

was opposed by the conservative elements in Germany, but won Brandt an international reputation and the Nobel Peace Prize in 1971. In September 1973, both West and East Germany were admitted to the

5545:

as sufficient justification for his boundless annexations. Louis' forces operated inside the Holy Roman Empire largely unopposed, because all available imperial contingents fought in Austria in the

3614:

in the same year. Adalbert began to assert the powers of the Church against secular authorities, that is, the Emperor. This precipitated the "Crisis of 1111" as yet another chapter of the long-term

7519:

put all military affairs under the direct control of the Emperor and beyond control of the Reichstag. With its large corps of reserve officers across Germany, the military strengthened its role as

20458: 7857:

First a long-term coalition between France and Russia had to fall apart, secondly, Russia and Britain would never get together, and finally, Britain would eventually seek an alliance with Germany.

10256:

and the welfare state. Instead it now sought to move beyond its old working class base to appeal the full spectrum of potential voters, including the middle class and professionals. Labor unions

9706:. World War II destroyed Germany's political and economic infrastructure, caused its partition, considerable loss of territory (especially in the East), and historical legacy of guilt and shame. 5979:

was a pioneering author in a vast number of fields of Enlightenment rationality, and established German as the prevailing language of philosophical reasoning, scholarly instruction and research.

3408:

from the 11th to the 14th century. The primary purpose of the early imperial military campaigns into the lands to the east during the 10th and 11th century, was to punish and subjugate the local

6137:

as a model state. These reforms proved largely permanent and modernized the western parts of Germany. When the French tried to impose the French language, German opposition grew in intensity. A

6106:

disillusioned the Bildungsbürgertum (educated middle classes). Reformers said the solution was to have faith in the ability of Germans to reform their laws and institutions in peaceful fashion.

4867:(in Thuringia), the peasant forces lacked military structure, skill, logistics and equipment and as many as 100,000 insurgents were eventually defeated and massacred by the territorial princes. 2941: 18925:

Feldman, Gerald D.; Nocken, Ulrich (Winter 1975). "Trade Associations and Economic Power: Interest Group Development in the German Iron and Steel and Machine Building Industries, 1900–1933".

10150:

market dominated the economy and more than half of all transactions were taking place unofficially. On 21 June 1948, the Western Allies withdrew the old currency and replaced it with the new

9524:. Hitler thereupon declared that all of German Reich's territorial claims had been fulfilled. However, hardly six months after the Munich Agreement Hitler used the smoldering quarrel between 6945: 6378:. Emigration totaled at 480,000 in the 1840s, 1,200,000 in the 1850s, and at 780,000 in the 1860s. The upper and middle classes first practiced birth control, soon to be universally adopted. 6286:

was continued and the remaining princes were allowed to keep their titles. In 1813, in return for guarantees from the Allies that the sovereignty and integrity of the Southern German states (

4447: 9209:

Despite the terror and unprecedented propaganda, the last free General Elections of 5 March 1933, while resulting in 43.9% failed to give the Nazis their desired majority. Together with the

5337: 5287: 10515:

in 1982, and served as Chancellor until 1998. He orchestrated reunification with the approval of all the Four Powers from World War II, who still had a voice in German affairs. He lost in

9890:

plus building the agricultural sector. In the western sectors, most of the industrial plants had minimal bomb damage and the Allies dismantled 5% of the industrial plants for reparations.

7262:

policies were vehemently resisted by Catholics, who organized political opposition in the Center Party (Zentrum). German industrial and economic power had grown to match Britain by 1900.

6217:

in late 1813. The German states of the Confederation of the Rhine defected to the Coalition against Napoleon, who rejected any peace terms. Coalition forces invaded France in early 1814,

3670:(the focus on ducal interests against the central imperial authority). The Waiblings, on the other hand, championed strict control of the church and a strong central imperial government. 1775:(Jastorf culture). From their homes in southern Scandinavia and northern Germany the tribes began expanding south, east and west during the 1st century BC, and came into contact with the 10742:

was subsequently defeated after Schröder urged members not to vote for his government to trigger new elections. In response, a grouping of left-wing SPD dissidents and the neo-communist

8287:

Although war was not expected in 1914, Germany rapidly mobilized its civilian economy for the war effort, the economy was handicapped by the British blockade that cut off food supplies.

5220: 3380:(lit. Eastern settlement) is the term for a process of largely uncoordinated immigration and chartering of settlement structures by ethnic Germans into territories, already inhabited by 10708:

job training; modernizing the welfare state by reducing entitlements; decreasing bureaucratic obstacles for small businesses; and providing new low-interest loans to local governments.

20034: 10321:

With a booming economy short of unskilled workers, especially after the Berlin Wall cut off the steady flow of East Germans, the FRG negotiated migration agreements with Italy (1955),

9986:

deputy prime minister in 1949 and secretary (chief executive) of the Socialist Unity (Communist) party in 1950. Some 2.6 million people had fled East Germany by 1961 when he built the

9609:) executed all Soviet Jews that it located, while the Germans went to Jewish households and forced the families into concentration camps for labor or to extermination camps for death. 10386:. Relations between the two German states had been icy at best, with propaganda barrages in each direction. The heavy outflow of talent from East Germany prompted the building of the 9785:

on 17 December 1947 (joined West Germany on 1 January 1957), pending a final peace conference with Germany, which eventually never took place. Most of the remaining German population

8402:

were reincorporated into the reformed country after plebiscites and independence uprisings. All German colonies were to be handed over to League of Nations, who then assigned them as

4215: 3431:

settlers were generally rather low and, depending on who held a numerical majority, populations usually assimilated into each other. In many regions only enclaves would persist, like

2269:) in Germany refer to the traditional territory of the various Germanic tribes. The concept of such duchies survived especially in the areas which by the 9th century would constitute 21555:

Michael Frank: Paneuropäisches Picknick – Mit dem Picknickkorb in die Freiheit (German: Pan-European picnic – With the picnic basket to freedom), in: Süddeutsche Zeitung 17 May 2010.

11584: 9615: 9272:. Upon Hindenburg's death on 2 August 1934, Hitler's cabinet passed a law proclaiming the presidency to be vacant and transferred the role and powers of the head of state to Hitler. 7116:. The Prussian people once again lost interest in politics. Prussia not only expanded its territory but began to industrialize rapidly, while maintaining a strong agricultural base. 4638:, 1512. The "German woman", wearing her hair loose and a crown, sitting on the Imperial throne, corresponds both to the self-image of Maximilian I as King of Germany and the formula 10445:

After 1973, Germany was hard hit by a worldwide economic crisis, soaring oil prices, and stubbornly high unemployment, which jumped from 300,000 in 1973 to 1.1 million in 1975. The

10110:), which involved a satisfactory grievance resolution system as well as requiring representation of workers on the boards of large corporations. The recovery was accelerated by the 11042:

in 2022, Germany's previous foreign policy towards Russia (traditional Ostpolitik) has been severely criticized for having been too credulous and soft. Following concerns from the

1170:

between 1.82 and 2.25 m (5.97 and 7.38 ft) in length were eventually unearthed. One of the oldest buildings in the world and one of the oldest pieces of art was found in

11372: 4894:

decreed the recognition of the Lutheran Faith and religious division of the empire. It also stipulated the ruler's right to determine the official confession in his principality (

4032:, governed by strict rules, which sought to obtain control of the towns; a few were open to women. Society had diversified, but was divided into sharply demarcated classes of the 21516: 16020:

A Study of the Life and Works of Athanasius Kircher, 'Germanus Incredibilis': With a Selection of his Unpublished Correspondence and an Annotated Translation of his Autobiography

7038:, who had scoffed at liberal student organisations. In one of the few major actions of the German Confederation, Prince Metternich called a conference that issued the repressive 6374:

This allowed people to marry earlier, and have more children. The high birthrate was offset by a very high rate of infant mortality and after 1840, large-scale emigration to the

5268: 18251:

Margaret Lavinia Anderson, and Kenneth Barkin. "The myth of the Puttkamer purge and the reality of the Kulturkampf: Some reflections on the historiography of Imperial Germany".

10704:, a significant downsizing of the welfare state with five goals: tax cuts; labor market deregulation, especially relaxing rules protecting workers from dismissal and setting up 8168: 16307: 4642:(omitting other nations). While usually depicted during the Middle Age as subordinate to both imperial power and Italia or Gallia, she now takes central stage in Maximilian's 20932:

or CSU is the Bavaria branch of the CDU. It has always operated in close collaboration with the CDU, and the CDU/CSU is usually treated as a single party in national affairs.

19041: 7544:

in the cities grew exponentially, although it never acquired the powerful parliamentary representation and legislative rights as in France, Britain or the United States. The

4200: 24758: 17871:"A fistful of Fredericks – He considers the "invention of tradition" in Prussia, and the importance of memorials and ceremonies of remembrance in shaping patriotic identity" 3188:. With the conclusion of the dispute the Roman church and the papacy regained supreme control over all religious affairs. Consequently, the imperial Ottonian church system ( 1843:

tribe to the west of the Rhine. Consequent plans to populate the region with Germanic settlers from the east were vehemently opposed by Caesar, who had already launched his

1735:

Some sources also give a date of 750 BC for the earliest expansion out of southern Scandinavia and northern Germany along the North Sea coast towards the mouth of the Rhine.

4237: 19525: 11652:"Ancient DNA Analysis of 8000 B.C. Near Eastern Farmers Supports an Early Neolithic Pioneer Maritime Colonization of Mainland Europe through Cyprus and the Aegean Islands" 10295:

was Deputy Federal Chancellor and Foreign Minister. The 1966–1969 Grand Coalition reduced tensions with the Soviet bloc nations and establishing diplomatic relations with

9790: 9581:. The unexpectedly swift defeat of France resulted in an upswing in Hitler's popularity and an upsurge in war fever. Hitler made peace overtures to the new British leader 2479:. Afterwards, the Franks, like other post-Roman Western Europeans, emerged as a tribal confederacy in the Middle Rhine-Weser region, among the territory soon to be called 22779:"Non-Germans" under the Third Reich: The Nazi Judicial and Administrative System in Germany and Occupied Eastern Europe, with Special Regard to Occupied Poland, 1939–1945 10880:

that began in 2008, Germany did not experience as much economic hardship as other European nations. Germany later sponsored a massive financial rescue in the wake of the

7282:

Bismarck was the dominant personality not just in Germany but in all of Europe and indeed the entire diplomatic world 1870–1890. Historians continue to debate his goals.

1806:

Factual and detailed knowledge about the early history of the Germanic tribes is rare. Researchers have to be content with the recordings of the tribes' affairs with the

9186: 7813:, open for a more liberal political course, reigned only for ninety-nine days, as he was stricken with throat cancer and died three months after his coronation. His son 5322: 4513:

The early-modern European society gradually developed after the disasters of the 14th century as religious obedience and political loyalties declined in the wake of the

10609:

and along the border with West Germany. This led to the acceleration of the process of reforms in East Germany that ended with the dissolution of East Germany and the

8350: 2312:(reigned 1027–1125) retained the stem duchies as the major divisions of Germany, but they became increasingly obsolete during the early high-medieval period under the 1630:. How and if the Celts are related to the Urnfield culture remains disputed. However, Celtic cultural centres developed in central Europe during the late Bronze Age ( 13241: 9327: 9222:. Trade unions and all political parties other than the Nazi Party were suppressed. A centralised totalitarian state was established, no longer based on the liberal 7042:, designed to suppress liberal agitation against the conservative governments of the German states. The Decrees terminated the fast-fading nationalist fraternities ( 6870:

on the psychology and feeling of the individual, especially in terms of contemplating sinfulness, redemption, and the mysteries and the revelations of Christianity.

4647: 21724: 7132:

served as regent until 1861 when he became King William I. Although conservative, William was very pragmatic. His most significant accomplishment was the naming of

5605:, who served under emperor Leopold I, took supreme command in 1697 and decisively defeated the Ottomans in a series of spectacular battles and manoeuvres. The 1699 1149:, who were present in Germany over 11 million years ago, are theorized to be among the earliest apes to walk on two legs prior to other species and genera such as 21620: 10002:

from 1971 to 1989) led to a change in the direction of national policy and efforts by the Politburo to pay closer attention to the grievances of the proletariat.

7435:

It also faced colossal cultural and economic internal divisions. The Prussian provinces of Westphalia and the Rhineland for example had been under French control

6478:

nerve system, which, on the one hand, strengthens public opinion, and, on the other hand, strengthens the power of the state for police and governmental purposes.

5454:. In order to address the demographic problem of Prussia's largely rural population of about three million, he attracted the immigration and settlement of French 4052:. Political tensions arose from issues of taxation, public spending, regulation of business, and market supervision, as well as the limits of corporate autonomy. 825:

within the Catholic Church after 1517, as the northern and eastern states became Protestant, while most of the southern and western states remained Catholic. The

17759:

Keller, Wolfgang; Shiue, Carol H. (December 2014). "Endogenous Formation of Free Trade Agreements: Evidence from the Zollverein's Impact on Market Integration".

12329:, p. 433: "Baltic territory began to shrink shortly before the dawn of the Christian era due to the Gothic migrations into their southwestern territories ." 10577:

at the Pan-European Picnic in August 1989 then triggered a chain reaction, at the end of which there was no longer a GDR and the Eastern Bloc had disintegrated.

1615:, which had developed from the Urnfield culture, was the predominant Western and Central European culture from the 12th to 8th centuries BC and during the early 21930: 7151:

escalated, which was not part of the German Confederation, and which Danish nationalists wanted to incorporate into the Danish kingdom. The conflict led to the

5726:, the introduction of compulsory education for boys and girls and promotion of religious tolerance, among others, caused rapid social and economic development. 4605: 26685: 23253: 14533: 11920:

Jessica; Talamo, Sahra; Dolfini, Andrea; Miari, Monica; Metspalu, Mait; Benazzi, Stefano; Capelli, Cristian; Pagani, Luca; Scheib, Christiana L. (June 2021).

7772:

of 1885, a formal meeting of the European colonial powers, who sought to "established international guidelines for the acquisition of African territory" (see

5861:

The smaller states failed to form coalitions with each other, and were eventually overwhelmed by Prussia who swallowed up many of them between 1807 and 1871.

2647:

The Merovingians placed the various regions of their Frankish Empire under the control of semi-autonomous dukes – either Franks or local rulers, and followed

27051: 26250: 19785: 17794: 8221:. The stalemate lasted from 1914 until early 1918, with ferocious battles that moved forces a few hundred yards at best along a line that stretched from the 5130:, the first and foremost German cartographic writer and "the greatest lyric genius and certainly the greatest organizer and popularizer of German Humanism"; 4539:, who by 1500 was Emperor Maximilian I's most important financier and also personal friend. Having become a target of envy, he died in 1502, likely poisoned. 15247: 11035:

was elected for a second five-year term as Germany's president. Although largely ceremonial post, he has been seen as a symbol of consensus and continuity.

17071: 8004:

by the late 19th century through strictly organized methodology. In 1913, the German chemical industry produced almost 90 per cent of the global supply of

3807:

during which there was no Emperor (1250–1273). This interregnum came to an end with the election of a small Swabian count, Rudolf of Habsburg, as emperor.

3708:

Having become wealthy through trade, the confident cities of Northern Italy, supported by the Pope, increasingly opposed Barbarossa's claim of feudal rule

668: 2715:, however a lasting and mutually beneficial alliance would only materialize after Charles' death under his successor Duke of the Franks, Pepin the Short. 27187: 10936: 8250: 13584:

A SZÁSZOK BETELEPÜLÉSE ÉS A DÉLI HATÁRVÉDELEM ÁTSZERVEZÉSE In: Erdély története három kötetben. Editor: Köpeczi, Béla. Budapest, 1986, Akadémiai Kiadó.

3101:

from the papal throne and for years controlled the election of the pope, setting a firm precedent for imperial control of the papacy for years to come.

7548:

or BDF was established in 1894 to encompass the proliferating women's organizations that had emerged since the 1860s. From the beginning the BDF was a

6721: 6369:

Between 1815 and 1865 the population of the German Confederation (excluding Austria) grew around 60% from 21 million to 34 million. Simultaneously the

5659:

is best known for his military genius and unique utilisation of the highly organized army to make Prussia one of the great powers in Europe as well as

14124: 8226:

the United States into the war – following Germany's declaration of unrestricted submarine warfare – marked a decisive turning-point against Germany.

7670:

Chancellor Bismarck's imperial foreign policy basically aimed at security and the prevention of a Franco-Russian alliance, in order to avoid a likely

7031:. It was a loose coalition that failed to satisfy most nationalists. The member states largely went their own way, and Austria had its own interests. 4090:

wrote several influential theological, botanical, and medicinal texts, as well as letters, liturgical songs, poems, and arguably the oldest surviving

3077:). In this way, Otto was able to establish a national church. Outside threats to the kingdom were contained with the decisive defeat of the Hungarian 1641:, the oldest city north of the Alps, grew to become important cultural centres of the Iron Age in Central Europe, that maintained trade routes to the 1370:). The oldest traces for the use of wheel and wagon ever found are located at a northern German Funnelbeaker culture site and date to around 3400 BC. 10394:

tensions and prevented East Germans from travel. Although anxious to relieve serious hardships for divided families and to reduce friction, Brandt's

10233:

advocacy of free markets, helped set the Federal Republic on its strong growth from wartime devastation. Norbert Walter, a former chief economist at

9749:

was a totalitarian Communist dictatorship controlled by the Soviet Union as a satellite of Moscow. With the collapse of Communism in Europe in 1989,

9433: 5450:

in 1648. He reorganized his loose and scattered territories and managed to throw off the vassalage of Prussia under the Kingdom of Poland during the

4770:

and clerical offices, the pope's and higher clergy's abuse of power and his doubts of the very idea of the institution of the Church and the papacy.

6557:. In opera, a new Romantic atmosphere combining supernatural terror and melodramatic plot in a folkloric context was first successfully achieved by 2006:

consequently allied with Rome and readily adopted advanced Roman culture. During the 1st century CE Roman legions conducted extended campaigns into

24454:(Berghahn Books) scholarly analysis of treatment of Jehovah's Witnesses, Jews, guest workers from Vietnam and Mozambique, football fans and others. 22420: 21794: 20484: 14423: 10058:(American, British, and French) were combined into the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG, West Germany). The government was formed under Chancellor 9720: 22066:"The Ambush That Changed History: An amateur archaeologist discovers the field where wily Germanic warriors halted the spread of the Roman Empire" 6984:

After the fall of Napoleon, Europe's statesmen convened in Vienna in 1815 for the reorganisation of European affairs, under the leadership of the

4586:

in 1526, managed to permanently occupy the position of the Holy Roman Emperor until 1806 (with the exception of the years between 1742 and 1745).

829:, a civil war from 1618 to 1648 brought tremendous destruction to the Holy Roman Empire. The estates of the empire attained great autonomy in the 24925: 24768: 21642: 10155:

profits and earnings from exports soared and were poured back into the economy. The currency reforms were simultaneous with the $ 1.4 billion in

9589:. Hitler's bombing campaign against Britain (September 1940 – May 1941) failed. Some 43,000 British civilians were killed and 139,000 wounded in 8707:

of Weimar's constitution. They also used the power to prematurely dissolve Parliament. In March and April 1932, Hindenburg was re-elected in the

6008:

co-religionists, who are oppressed and assailed for the sake of the Holy Gospel and its pure doctrine...a secure and free refuge in all Our Lands

4658:, in a combined effort with the Estates (who sometimes acted as opponents and sometimes as cooperators to him), his officials and his humanists, 3192:) declined. It also ended the royal/imperial tradition of appointing selected powerful clerical leaders to counter the Imperial secular princes. 2965: 2015: 1860: 1333: 1280: 1189:. The archaic nature of the fossils, now known to be around 40,000 years old, was recognized and the characteristics published in the first-ever 547: 18586:

he Influence of History on Mahan: Proceedings of a Conference Marking the Centenary of Alfred Thayer Mahan's Influence of Sea Power Upon History

11227: 9921: 9281: 4259: 3062:

after the last imperial coronation in Rome in 1452 until its dissolution in 1806. Otto strengthened the royal authority by re-asserting the old

1216: 26700: 23394: 10413: 8513: 8241:. In the east, there were decisive victories against the Russian army, the trapping and defeat of large parts of the Russian contingent at the 5870: 2905: 12688:, p. 50: "Franz von Lothringen muß sein Stammherzogtum an Stanislaus Leszinski, den französischen Kandidaten für Polen, ueberlassen . .]" 25130: 20730: 20069: 20043: 14506: 13344: 10870: 6777: 5399: 1047:. In the early 2010s, Germany played a critical role in trying to resolve the escalating euro crisis, especially concerning Greece and other 21823: 8693:. This resulted in a disparate and myriad collection of minor parties that struggled to cooperate. The political parties represented in the 7878:, with Austria-Hungary and Italy. This agreement was hampered by differences between Austria and Italy and in 1915 Italy left the alliance. 26777: 11592: 9806: 8654:

thinking Germany would pay much more. The actual total payout from 1920 to 1931 (when payments were suspended indefinitely) was 20 billion

8128: 8120: 7184:

in Germany and Bismarck was deliberately lenient with defeated Austria, that was to play only a subordinate role in future German affairs.

6958: 1750: 16324: 13459: 10430: 6637:

in mathematics. Young intellectuals often turned to politics, but their support for the failed revolution of 1848 forced many into exile.

2076:), were formally established in 85 AD, after long campaigns as lasting military control was confined to the lands surrounding the rivers. 1291:

The first groups of early farmers different from the indigenous hunter-gatherers to migrate into Europe came from a population in western

25677: 22813: 21768: 21083: 19158:

Reflections from the Margins: Complexities, Transitions and Developmental Challenges: The Case of the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa

16127: 15311:

Wiesinger, Peter (16 August 2018). "Zwei Varietäten der deutschen Schriftsprache durch Konfessionalisierung im 16. und 17. Jahrhundert".

14698: 13937: 9841: 8460: 7328: 23297:

Milestones - Setbacks - Sidetracks: The Path to Parliamentary Democracy in Germany, Historical Exhibition in the Deutscher Dom in Berlin

21878: 10497: 6471:

2. It is a means to the improvement of the culture of the nation. It brings talent, knowledge and skill of every kind readily to market.

5032:

The population of Germany reached about twenty million people by the mid-16th century, the great majority of whom were peasant farmers.

3681:(Barbarossa), an accommodation was reached in 1156 between the two factions. The Duchy of Bavaria was returned to Henry the Proud's son 19557: 18313:"The Political Alignment of the Centre Party in Wilhelmine Germany: A Study of the Party's Emergence in Nineteenth-Century Württemberg" 16364: 15289: 12428: 10551:. Growing numbers of East Germans emigrated to West Germany, many via Hungary after Hungary's reformist government opened its borders. 9406:; Britain, France and Italy formally protested. Hitler had the officers swear their personal allegiance to him. In 1936, German troops 8245:, followed by huge Austrian and German successes. The breakdown of Russian forces – exacerbated by internal turmoil caused by the 1917 7498:(lit.: culture struggle) from 1871 to 1878, he tried to minimize the influence of the Roman Catholic Church and its political arm, the 5094:, and promoted the development of non-local forms of language and exposed all speakers to forms of German from outside their own area. 21897: 21280:

Shonick, Kaja (October 2009). "Politics, Culture, and Economics: Reassessing the West German Guest Worker Agreement with Yugoslavia".

17444:

Christopher Clark, "Confessional policy and the limits of state action: Frederick William III and the Prussian Church Union 1817–40".

9310:

propaganda attacks. The Nazis attempted to convince the German people to view and treat Jews as "subhumans" and immediately after the

8586:, and many who lost all their fortune would become bitter enemies of the Weimar Republic and voters of the anti-democratic right. See 7459:

merchants' overseas economic success corresponded with their globalist mindset. The citizen of Hamburg, whom Bismark characterized as

26243: 18007: 10372:

in 1964–1987 and West German Chancellor in 1969–1974. Under his leadership, the German government sought to reduce tensions with the

10353: 10217:

as well as firm ally of the United States. Adenauer's government also commenced the long process of reconciliation with the Jews and

8104:

in Africa in 1906–1907 led to charges of genocide against the Germans. Historians are examining the links and precedents between the

5983: 5431: 5293: 3323:

in Norway. By the late 14th century the powerful league enforced its interests with military means, if necessary. This culminated in

1238: 16304: 6866:

offered a general amnesty and allowed the Old Lutherans to form a separate church association with only nominal government control.

5386:

possessed the rights to explore, rule and colonize the area, also with the motivation of searching for the legendary golden city of

4989:. It resulted in increased autonomy for the constituent states of the Holy Roman Empire, limiting the power of the emperor. Most of 4922: 25416: 24656: 13710: 12615:, p. 349: "By 469, just sixteen years after death, the last of the Huns were seeking asylum inside the eastern Roman Empire." 10716: 10304: 10268: 9869: 7084: 7078: 7023: 6510:

19th-century artists and intellectuals were greatly inspired by the ideas of the French Revolution and the great poets and writers

6434:

to 826,000 inhabitants in 1870, Hamburg from 130,000 to 290,000, Munich from 40,000 to 269,000 and Dresden from 60,000 to 177,000.

5203: 3412:

tribes. Conquered territories were mostly lost after the troops had retreated, but eventually were incorporated into the empire as

661: 10166:

The success of the currency reform angered the Soviets, who cut off all road, rail, and canal links between the western zones and

9500:, he was greeted by loud cheers and Austrians voted in favour of the annexation of their country. After Austria, Hitler turned to 6474:

3. It secures the community against dearth and famine, and against excessive fluctuation in the prices of the necessaries of life.

3780:(unfree servants of the Emperor) as officials. Chivalry and the court life flowered, as expressed in the scholastic philosophy of 3226:, Holy Roman Empire, were only combined in July 1180 and would never consistently appear on official documents from 1254 onwards. 2405: 1250:

has been asserted as the oldest uncontested object of human figurative art ever discovered. These artefacts are attributed to the

25597: 21158: 13296: 10862: 10861:

has participated in a number of peacekeeping and disaster relief operations abroad. Since 2002, German troops formed part of the

10743: 9786: 8439: 8358: 7988:

The basics of the modern chemical research laboratory layout and the introduction of essential equipment and instruments such as

7902: 7035: 6496: 5817: 5102: 4482: 3666:

House of Hohenstaufen. During this early period, the Welfs generally maintained ecclesiastical independence under the papacy and

220: 22796:

Müller, Jan-Dirk (2003). Gosman, Martin; Alasdair, A.; MacDonald, A.; Macdonald, Alasdair James; Vanderjagt, Arie Johan (eds.).

19532: 16878:

Productive men, reproductive women: the agrarian household and the emergence of separate spheres during the German Enlightenment

15739: 12038:"The results suggest that the Steppe-related ancestry component could have first arrived through Late N/Bell Beaker groups from 11028:

was sworn in as Germany's new chancellor. He formed a coalition government with the Green Party and the liberal Free Democrats.

8516:

joined the party, transforming it into a mass organization. The Communist Party had a following of about 10% of the electorate.

7012:) was founded, a loose union of 39 states (35 ruling princes and 4 free cities) under Austrian leadership, with a Federal Diet ( 881:, grew in power. German universities became world-class centers for science and humanities, while music and art flourished. The 12753:"Gregory of Tours (539–594): The Conversion of Clovis, 42. When they were dead Clovis received all their kingdom and treasures" 10186:

Adenauer in 1952; he forged close ties with France and the U.S. and opposed the Soviet Union and its satellite of East Germany.

9811: 9386: 9381: 7534: 7168:

between Austria and Prussia, that broke out in June 1866. In July, the two armies clashed at Sadowa-Königgrätz (Bohemia) in an

5855: 2989: 22861: 12664:, p. 154: "East Francia consisted of four main principalities, the stem duchies – Saxony, Bavaria, Swabia and Franconia." 7083:

Growing discontent with the political and social order imposed by the Congress of Vienna led to the outbreak, in 1848, of the

4900:). The Counter-Reformation eventually failed to reintegrate the central and northern German Lutheran states. In 1608/1609 the 4690:) was declared in 1495 with regional leagues and unions providing the supporting structure, together with the creation of the 2925: 26655: 24890: 24325: 24287: 24260: 24126: 23892: 23777: 23510: 23452: 23378: 23285: 23218: 23185: 23157: 23129: 23093: 23064: 23029: 22998: 22979: 22925: 22902: 22871: 22840: 22807: 22786: 22767: 22735: 22705: 22684: 22578: 22518: 22487: 22464: 22433: 22408: 22389: 22364: 22337: 22316: 22288: 22244: 22217: 22190: 22157: 22135: 22116: 22088: 22054: 22025: 22003: 21604: 21264: 20913: 20679: 20645: 20548: 20435: 20357: 20337: 20317: 20290: 20241: 19954: 19673: 19439: 19397: 19370: 19343: 19288: 19250: 19166: 19132: 19098: 19064: 18707: 18674: 18463: 18312: 18091: 18064: 17853: 17612: 17311: 16758: 16731: 16698: 16674: 16629: 16580: 16499: 16465: 16338: 16265: 16231: 16185: 16121: 16087: 16028: 15994: 15936: 15902: 15868: 15834: 15800: 15662: 15623: 15581: 15393: 15283: 15163: 15129: 15095: 15061: 15027: 14993: 14959: 14925: 14876: 14842: 14746: 14692: 14634: 14600: 14482: 14448: 14400: 14366: 14332: 14298: 14271: 14094: 14045: 13912: 13805: 13778: 13747: 13615: 13562: 13536: 13509: 13272: 13194: 13167: 13050: 12971: 12932: 12797: 12597: 12287: 12201: 12174: 12147: 11348: 10582: 9879:. The Soviets extracted about 23% of the East German GNP for reparations, while in the West reparations were a minor factor. 9569:

At first Germany was successful in its military operations. In less than three months (April – June 1940), Germany conquered

9343:

of 1938, and about half of Germany's 500,000 Jews fled the country before 1939, after which escape became almost impossible.

8159: 7403: 5443: 601: 532: 465: 22745:

Lee, Loyd E. (1985). "The German Confederation and the Consolidation of State Power in the South German States, 1815–1848".

17922:"Germanization Policy: Speech by Ludwik Jazdzewski in a Session of the Prussian House of Representatives (January 15, 1901)" 10888: 8365: 6926: 5558:

provided for the return of the Lorraine and Luxembourg to the empire and the abandoning of French claims to the Palatinate.

3058:

in the 12th century. The name, that was to identify with Germany continued to be used officially, with the extension added:

26236: 25197: 23719:

Storring, Adam L. (2021) "'Our Age': Frederick the Great, Classical Warfare, and the Uses and Abuses of Military History."

14738:

Ruling the Waves: Emperor Maximilian I, the Search for Islands and the Transformation of the European World Picture c. 1500

10727: 10687: 9069: 6443: 5191: 4612:, caused a military revolution that broke the back of the knight class and spread all over Europe shortly after his death. 3563: 16572:

Eastern Europe!: Everything You Need to Know About the History (and More) of a Region that Shaped Our World and Still Does

15707: 11865:

Breaking and making the ancestors. Piecing together the urnfield mortuary process in the Lower-Rhine-Basin, c. 1300–400 BC

8326: 7699:, that was strongly opposed by France and Britain in particular, as they were long concerned with the preservation of the 6833: 5946:, depicting an elite fellowship of nobles and commoners, courtiers, civil servants, writers, artists and scientists among 5186:

was one of the pioneering minds of empirical and rational research. Through rigorous application of the principles of the

2634: 27111: 27086: 27026: 26192: 25044: 25027: 24860: 24234: 21316: 16901:

Marion W. Gray and June K. Burton, "Bourgeois Values in the Rural Household, 1810–1840: The New Domesticity in Germany",

16854: 9666: 8570: 7732:. In return for German and Austrian support, Italy committed itself to assisting Germany in the case of a French attack. 6992:

included the restoration, legitimacy and solidarity of rulers for the repression of revolutionary and nationalist ideas.

6333: 5931: 5660: 5622: 5550: 5490: 3740: 2746:(who ruled the Franks from 774 to 814) launched a decades-long military campaign against the Franks' heathen rivals, the 2112: 866: 654: 428: 196: 24379:

Main, Steven J. (2014) "The Soviet Occupation of Germany. Hunger, Mass Violence and the Struggle for Peace, 1945–1947".

18135:

Spencer, Elaine Glovka (Spring 1979), "Rules of the Ruhr: Leadership and Authority in German Big Business Before 1914",

17526:"What Killed August von Kotzebue? The Temptations of Virtue and the Political Theology of German Nationalism, 1789–1819" 13370: 12415: 10075:, with NATO and the Warsaw Pact assembling major military forces in west and east. However, there was never any combat. 8451:

provoked bitter indignation throughout Germany, and seriously weakened the new democratic regime. In December 1918, the

7564:, its assemblies and most of its newspapers. Nonetheless, the Social Democrats grew stronger and Bismarck initiated his 6114:(1792). The German lands saw armies marching back and forth, bringing devastation (albeit on a far lower scale than the 4678:

playing a more efficient role during the Early Modern period), together with the formalized Reception of Roman Law; the

3866:

Between 1347 and 1351 Germany and almost the entire European continent were consumed by the most severe outbreak of the

3054:

in 962. The tradition of the German King as protector of the Kingdom of Italy and the Latin Church resulted in the term

2239: 27202: 26378: 26046: 24935: 24900: 24845: 23953: 21911: 21628: 17948: 12080: 11888: 11531:

Conard, Nicholas J. (2009). "A female figurine from the basal Aurignacian of Hohle Fels Cave in southwestern Germany".

10896: 10866: 10369: 10284: 10249: 10062:

and his conservative CDU/CSU coalition. The CDU/CSU was in power during most of the period since 1949. The capital was

9715: 9311: 8682:– one of the biggest German banks – failed. In early 1932, the number of unemployed had soared to more than 6,000,000. 8346: 8317: 8172:

German soldiers on the way to the front in 1914. Awaiting a short war, a message on the car spells out "Trip to Paris".

8163: 7647: 7557: 6859: 6594: 6177:

and reorganisation of the German principalities. Induced by the queen and a pro-war party Frederick William joined the

5734: 5586: 5578: 5566: 5343: 5091: 5060: 3501: 2057: 1973: 927: 567: 361: 216: 24558: 13115:

Reuter, Timothy (25 March 2011). "The "Imperial Church System" of the Ottonian and Salian Rulers: a Reconsideration".

7451:. As advocates of free trade, they objected to Prussian ideas of economic integration and refused to sign the renewed 7303: 6693: 6158:'s weak rule (1786–1797) Prussia had undergone a serious economic, political and military decline. His successor king 27245: 27207: 26737: 26308: 25384: 25288: 25125: 24403: 24346: 24024: 23751: 23426: 20929: 18218:

Douglas W. Hatfield, "Kulturkampf: The Relationship of Church and State and the Failure of German Political Reform",

14191: 13589: 12634: 12254: 12226: 9655: 9570: 9427: 9407: 9315: 9210: 9180: 9027: 8732: 8708: 8613: 8535:

was to be reduced to 100,000 men, in accordance with the Treaty of Versailles. This included the dissolution of many

7688: 7516: 5741:

resolved to acquire the remaining lands with the effect that Poland ceased to exist as a sovereign state until 1918.

4820: 4679: 3732:

eventually settled that the Italian cities remained loyal to the empire but were granted local jurisdiction and full

3485: 2034:

was firmly established. Several Germanic tribes lived under Roman rule south and west of the border, as described in

123: 20257: 18879: 18817: 14540: 10260:

increasingly with industry, achieving labor representation on corporate boards and increases in wages and benefits.

7144:

set the stage for the military victories over Denmark, Austria, and France, that led to the unification of Germany.

5307: 26177: 25772: 24003:(Princeton University Press); scholarly essays on law, culture, politics, philosophy, science, art and architecture 20825:

Granville, Johanna (September 2006). "East Germany in 1956: Walter Ulbricht's Tenacity in the Face of Opposition".

11158: 11106: 11043: 11039: 9963: 9875:

In the East, the Soviets crushed dissent and imposed another police state, often employing ex-Nazis in the dreaded

8704: 7606: 7601:

Bismarck would not tolerate any power outside Germany—as in Rome—having a say in domestic affairs. He launched the

6159: 5846:, elector (ruler) from 1760 to 1820, never once visited Hanover. The local nobility who ran the country opened the 4938: 4655: 4594: 3792: 2956: 1470:

ancestry. The Indo-Europeans had, via mass-migration, arrived into the heartland of Europe around 4,500 years ago.

1171: 1060: 906:

By 1900, Germany was the dominant power on the European continent and its rapidly expanding industry had surpassed

740: 211: 114: 17525: 15087:

Dynastie, Reich und Reformation: die württembergischen Herzöge Ulrich und Christoph, die Habsburger und Frankreich

14389:

Meinrad, Kohler, Alfred; Arnold-Öttl, Herta; Ammann, Gert; Caramelle, Franz; Gürtler, Eleonore; Pizzinini (2016).

13319: 12712:

These stem duchies were: Franconia ; Lorraine (not strictly a stem duchy but with a tradition of unity); Swabia .

10842:

Together with France, Italy, Netherlands, and other EU member nations, Germany has played the leading role in the

10325:(1960), Greece (1960), and Turkey (1961) that brought in hundreds of thousands of temporary guest workers, called 8689:

that the political system operated on meant that for every 60,000 votes a party received, it earned a seat in the

4071:. By 1288 the city had secured its independence from the archbishop (who relocated to Bonn), and was ruled by its 3168:

on absolute papal authority over appointments to ecclesiastical offices. The subsequent conflict in which emperor

262: 26705: 26202: 25805: 25670: 25250: 24850: 21196:

Walter, Norbert. "The Evolving German Economy: Unification, the Social Market, European and Global Integration".

20600: 19750: 18437:

Popularizing the Nation: Audience, Representation, and the Production of Identity in "Die Gartenlaube", 1853–1900

17870: 16551: 11020:

On 8 December 2021 just three months after Germany's centre-left Social Democrats (SPD) narrowly won the federal

10636: 10477: 9837: 9339:

and others of their legal rights. Jews continued to suffer persecution under the Nazi regime, exemplified by the

9134: 8597:

to call an end to the passive resistance in the Ruhr. In November, his government introduced a new currency, the

8209:. But it failed due to Belgian resistance, Berlin's diversion of troops, and very stiff French resistance on the 7125: 7095: 6155: 5368: 4583: 4474: 4470: 3874: 3678: 3219: 2758:

lasted from 772 to 804. The Franks eventually overwhelmed the Saxons and Avars, forcibly converted the people to

2704: 2317: 373: 238: 24488:

McAdams, A. James. (1992 and 1993) "Germany Divided: From the Wall to Reunification". Princeton University Press

23973:

Edexcel GCSE History A : the making of the modern world : Unit 2A, Germany 1918–39 : student book

23149:

Germany and the Holy Roman Empire: Volume II: The Peace of Westphalia to the Dissolution of the Reich, 1648-1806

21966: 17075: 13955: 11922:"Ancient genomes reveal structural shifts after the arrival of Steppe-related ancestry in the Italian Peninsula" 10822: 9773:

by the Allies and did not regain independence until 1949. The provinces east of the Oder and Neisse rivers (the

9627:

The tide began to turn in December 1941, when the invasion of the Soviet Union hit determined resistance in the

9167:

were arrested and Communist agitation was banned. Communists and Socialists were brought into hastily prepared

8769:. Chemistry likewise was dominated by German professors and researchers at the great chemical companies such as 5851: 5802: 5786: 5090:

to Modern Standard German. The publication of Luther's Bible was a decisive moment in the spread of literacy in

899:, an elected parliament, had only a limited role in the imperial government. Germany joined the other powers in 27071: 27011: 26983: 26742: 25989: 25822: 25760: 25233: 25049: 24733: 21573:

For primary sources in English translation and a brief survey see Konrad H. Jarausch, and Volker Gransow, eds.

19499: 17712: 11136: 11126: 11116: 10694: 10470: 10013:. The main reasons for its collapse included severe economic problems and growing emigration towards the West. 9695: 9686: 8292: 7944:

affairs. This confirmed French control over Morocco, which became a full protectorate of that country in 1912.

7630:

dissolved, and Catholic civil servants were dismissed merely on the pretence of having Ultramontane sympathies.

7364: 7348: 7291: 6195: 5675: 5645: 5459: 4543:

The commercial enterprises of the mercantile elites in the quickly developing cities in South Germany (such as

3824: 3419: 3329: 2668: 2462: 2027: 1658: 1549: 1272: 1080: 712: 242: 201: 22538:] (in German). Translated from the French. Foreword by Alcide Ebray (3rd ed.). Internationaler Verlag 22065: 20766: 18271:

Anthony J. Steinhoff, "Christianity and the creation of Germany", in Sheridan Gilley and Brian Stanley, eds.,

12850:

Moreland, John; Van de Noort, Robert (1992). "Integration and Social Reproduction in the Carolingian Empire".

10715:

celebration, about more than nearly 540 Germans have died and many more thousands of Germans are missing from

10438: 8029:

associations regulate competition and allowed small firms to function in the shadow of much larger companies.

6058:

implementation received general approval and recognition as principal cause for widespread cultural progress.

5541:(1648) in particular in favor of his policies of conquest. He considered the conclusions of these courts, the 4532: 3638:—that led to war in southern Germany as the empire was divided into two powerful factions. The faction of the 3150:

of priests. Imperial authority over the Pope reached its peak. However, Rome reacted with the creation of the

2891:

served as the official site for all royal coronation ceremonies during the entire Medieval period until 1531.

2867:, all lands east of the Rhine river and to the north of Italy. This encompassed the territories of the German 27157: 26988: 26622: 26515: 26328: 26197: 26106: 25527: 25303: 25165: 25069: 24968: 22302: 21948: 12776:, p. 1159: "From time to time, Austrasia received a son of the Merovingian king as an autonomous ruler." 10622: 10335:

were young men who were paid full-scale wages and benefits, but were expected to return home in a few years.

9824: 9438: 9414:

in Berlin, and proved another great propaganda success for the regime as orchestrated by master propagandist

9299: 9263:

from 30 June to 2 July 1934. As a reward, the SS became an independent organisation under the command of the

8846:(1918–1923) on the inevitable decay of Western Civilization, and influenced intellectuals in Germany such as 7810: 6985: 6735: 6626: 6590: 6198:

was rewarded with the title of king and given a part of Poland taken from Prussia, which became known as the

5976: 5942: 5663:

at the last minute. He was also an artist, author and philosopher, who conceived and promoted the concept of

4804: 4781: 4251: 4021: 3131: 2080:

to Roman controlled western Germania before the Middle Ages, with Christian religious structures such as the

1597: 1043:. Germany remains one of the economic powerhouses of Europe, contributing about 1/4 of the eurozone's annual 18177:

Lambi, Ivo N. (March 1962), "The Protectionist Interests of the German Iron and Steel Industry, 1873–1879",

12369: 10554: 9793:, mostly within previously German lands, and the 3 million in German-settled regions of Czechoslovakia were 6665: 6529:

movement was embraced and emotion was given free expression in reaction to the perceived rationalism of the

6468:

1. As a means of national defence, it facilitates the concentration, distribution and direction of the army.

5141:

Cartography developed strongly, with the center being Nuremberg, at the beginning of the sixteenth century.

4394:

is known as the "father of modern calculating" because of his decisive contribution to the recognition that

3523: 26581: 26353: 25547: 25275: 25145: 24649: 23416: 21036: 20374: 14155: 12411: 11472:

Schüler, Tim; McPherron, Shannon P.; Weiss, Marcel; Hublin, Jean-Jacques; Welker, Frido (31 January 2024).

11340:

Rezension zu: H. Thieme (Hrsg.): Die Schöninger Speere, ...es sind acht Speere...(There are eight javelins)

11111: 11021: 10942: 10924: 10808: 10804: 10800: 10796: 10766: 10754: 10516: 10453:

A spy scandal forced Brandt to step down as Chancellor while remaining as party leader. He was replaced by

10331:. In 1968, the FRG signed a guest worker agreement with Yugoslavia that employed additional guest workers. 9887: 9259:

and Gestapo to purge the entire SA leadership—along with a number of Hitler's political adversaries in the

7928:

battleship concept in 1907. Germany quickly adopted the concept and by 1910 the arms race again escalated.

7919: 7886: 7870: 7545: 7475: 6679: 6492: 6387: 5813: 5790: 5723: 5526: 4950: 3811: 3765: 3599: 3169: 2809: 1032: 911: 234: 16979: 10111: 7646:

Historians have cited the campaign against the Catholic church, as well as a similar campaign against the

7395:

of a federal economic, political and administrative unit. Bismarck, was appointed to serve as Chancellor.

5259:, scientist, inventor and politician, famous for demonstrating the power of atmospheric pressure with the 4799:

was the first successful challenge to the Catholic Church and began in 1521 as Luther was outlawed at the

2879:, who ruled from 919 to 936. The royal court permanently moved in between a series of strongholds, called 1626:

The people who had adopted these cultural characteristics in central and southern Germany are regarded as

27268: 27167: 26156: 26151: 25767: 25342: 25255: 24707: 24511:

The fall: A comparative study of the end of Communism in Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary and Poland

22044: 21362:

Ewing, Katherine Pratt (Spring–Summer 2003). "Living Islam in the Diaspora: Between Turkey and Germany".

19454:

Feldman, Gerald D. "The Political and Social Foundations of Germany's Economic Mobilization, 1914–1916",

11143: 11121: 11096: 10656: 10126: 9159:, Hitler swiftly blamed an alleged Communist uprising, and convinced President Hindenburg to approve the 9113: 8686: 8242: 8238: 8214: 8105: 7419: 7356:

to Germany. This conclusion left the French national psyche deeply humiliated and further aggravated the

7324: 7181: 6262:

In 1815, continental Europe was in a state of overall turbulence and exhaustion, as a consequence of the

6178: 6013: 5839: 5806: 5702:

The concept of enlightened absolutism, although rejected by the nobility and citizenry, was advocated in

5696: 5274: 4962: 4182:

when he was still in his twenties and secured his reputation as one of the most important figures of the

3595: 3481: 3451: 3324: 3181: 2324: 2243:

Depiction of the German stem duchies and principal states in East Francia and the early Holy Roman Empire

2188: 1437: 950:

along with popular resentment over the terms imposed on Germany at the end of World War I to establish a

802: 254: 206: 191: 186: 141: 23994: 23495:

The Narrators of Barbarian History (A.D. 550–800): Jordanes, Gregory of Tours, Bede, and Paul the Deacon

19336:

Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015, 4th ed

19010:

Tilman Dedering, "The German-Herero war of 1904: revisionism of genocide or imaginary historiography?".

14808:

Strieder, Peter (8 May 2017). "Zur Entstehungsgeschichte von Dürers Ehrenpforte für Kaiser Maximilian".

13017: 10588: 10182: 8475: 6213:. A series of battles followed and Austria joined the alliance. Napoleon was decisively defeated in the 4067:

was built since 1240. The cathedral houses sacred Christian relics and it has since become a well known

27162: 27152: 27116: 26958: 26860: 26596: 26548: 26440: 26435: 26212: 26207: 25663: 25265: 25177: 25155: 25074: 25059: 24875: 24855: 24697: 22950: 22425: 21675: 21646: 20510: 18723: 18056:

Gender and the Modern Research University: The Admission of Women to German Higher Education, 1865–1914

17921: 17895: 16405:

Hornung, Erik (2014). "Immigration and the Diffusion of Technology: The Huguenot Diaspora in Prussia".

13797:

Knights at Court: Courtliness, Chivalry & Courtesy from Ottonian Germany to the Italian Renaissance

11163: 10949: 10377: 9999: 9933: 9355: 9354:. Under the plan, Jews and other "lesser races" along with political opponents from Germany as well as 9164: 9138: 8742: 8562: 8497: 8452: 8085:, financed by German banks, was designed to eventually connect Germany with the Turkish Empire and the 7833: 7814: 7436: 7234: 7193: 6848: 6828: 6685: 6511: 6341: 6311: 6255: 6210: 6191: 6163: 6143: 6071: 6025: 5959: 5829: 4631: 4221: 4105: 3031: 2585: 2336: 1177:

In 1856, the fossilized bones of an extinct human species were salvaged from a limestone grotto in the

858: 433: 403: 176: 17273:"The French Revolution and German industrialization: The new institutional economics rewrites history" 15248:"Whaley on Silver, "Marketing Maximilian: the Visual Ideology of a Holy Roman Emperor" H-German H-Net" 13501:

The North-Eastern Frontiers of Medieval Europe: The Expansion of Latin Christendom in the Baltic Lands

8887: 7533:

Power increasingly was centralized among the 7000 aristocrats, who resided in the national capital of

7470:

The Prusso-German authorities were aware of necessary integration concepts as the results and the 52%

6792: 5847: 26885: 26648: 26182: 25936: 25897: 25517: 24702: 22209: 21438: 19909: 16826:

Liebel, Helen P. (1965). "Enlightened bureaucracy versus enlightened despotism in Baden, 1750–1792".

15826:

The Orient in Spain: Converted Muslims, the Forged Lead Books of Granada, and the Rise of Orientalism

14592:

Kommunikation und Konfrontation: Diplomatie und Gesandtschaftswesen Kaiser Maximilians I. (1486–1519)

11079: 10812: 10408:. The two countries exchanged permanent representatives in 1974, and, in 1987, East Germany's leader 9952:

state under political and military control of the Soviet Union through her occupation forces and the

9323: 8671: 8403: 7565: 7483: 7169: 7129: 6651: 6263: 6206: 5914:

and divided up feudal land, giving rise to wealthier peasants and paved the way for a more efficient

5899: 5328: 5298: 5135: 5059:

was published in parts and completed in 1534) was a decisive impulse for the increase of literacy in

4957:

and a short-lived peace, the war grew to become a political European conflict by the intervention of

4896: 4191:

Influential German speaking authors, artists and scholars of the Late Middle Ages and the Renaissance

4101: 3580: 3504: 3115: 1823: 895: 250: 246: 181: 24388:

Konrad Adenauer: A German Politician and Statesman in a Period of War, Revolution and Reconstruction

24227:

The German Opposition to Hitler: The Resistance, the Underground, and Assassination Plots, 1938–1945

22229:"Dwellings, Settlements and Settlement Patterns in Merovingian Southwest Germany and adjacent areas" 11881:

Deutschland in der Bronzezeit : Bauern, Bronzegiesser und Burgherren zwischen Nordsee und Alpen

11474:"The ecology, subsistence and diet of ~45,000-year-old Homo sapiens at Ilsenhöhle in Ranis, Germany" 8949: 8750: 6749: 6291: 5842:

did not have to support a lavish court—its rulers were also kings of England and resided in London.

4979: 1906:– settlements and forts accessible via the navigable rivers, as the hinterland escapes Roman control 27136: 26553: 26400: 25494: 25456: 25293: 25064: 22145: 19842: 19630: 19036:

Kirsten Dyck, "Situating the Herero Genocide and the Holocaust among European Colonial Genocides".

18390: 17099:

The Society of the Enlightenment: The Rise of the Middle Class and Enlightenment Culture in Germany

11719: 11306:"Several Lower Palaeolithic Sites along the Rhine Rift Valley, Dated from 1.3 to 0.6 Million Years" 10946: 10900: 10199: 10009:

In 1989, the socialist regime collapsed after 40 years, despite its omnipresent secret police, the

9260: 8619: 7845: 7745: 7696: 7675: 7357: 6671: 6618: 6542: 6515: 5951: 5671: 5403: 4954: 4905: 4504: 4453: 3652:

of Henry the Proud, which was the ruling dynasty in the Duchy of Bavaria. The rival faction of the

3489: 2592:(558 to 561) ruled the greater part of what is now Germany and undertook military expeditions into 2573:. Authority over Austrasia passed back and forth from autonomy to royal subjugation, as successive 1848: 1466:), that had spread all over the fertile plains of Central Europe during the Late Neolithic were of 1028: 258: 22573:. Cultures, Beliefs and Traditions: Medieval and Early Modern Peoples Series. Vol. 1. Brill. 20738: 20077: 16935: 16378: 13607:

Ostsiedlung und Landesausbau in Sachsen: die Kührener Urkunde von 1154 und ihr historisches Umfeld

13430: 13348: 11702:"3400 BC: The oldest evidence for the use of the wheel and wagon originates from Northern Germany" 10819:

as chancellor. From 2009 to 2013, Merkel headed a centre-right government of the CDU/CSU and FDP.

9650: 6448: 4856: 1810:, linguistic conclusions, archaeological discoveries and the rather new yet auspicious results of 1230:, where up to 47,500-year-old remains were discovered, among the oldest in Europe. The remains of 26840: 26810: 26558: 26520: 26187: 25845: 25630: 25504: 25484: 25461: 25441: 25401: 25364: 25313: 25187: 25150: 24920: 24642: 23770:

The Peculiarities of German History: Bourgeois Society and Politics in Nineteenth-Century Germany

22556: 22269: 21698: 20585: 19824:

Forced Migration and Scientific Change: Emigré German-Speaking Scientists and Scholars after 1933

19192:

Koloniale Entwicklung und Ausbeutung: Wirtschaftsu. Sozialgeschichte Deutsch-Ostafrikas 1885-1914

18374:

The failure of Bismarck's Kulturkampf: Catholicism and state power in imperial Germany, 1871–1887

11304:

Fiedler, Lutz; Humburg, Christian; Klingelhöfer, Horst; Stoll, Sebastian; Stoll, Manfred (2019).

11131: 11084: 11032: 10920: 10907: 10606: 10006:'s plans were not successful, however, with the dissent growing among East Germany's population. 9916: 9319: 9168: 8842: 8648: 8551: 8417: 7866: 7203: 7180:

of the Austrians, proved to be elementary for Prussia's victory. The battle had also decided the

7152: 6914:

in 1832, intellectuals with various political backgrounds were among the first to use the future

6044: 5955: 5798: 5715: 5711: 5649: 5073: 4958: 4835: 4711: 3839:– four secular and three clerical – electors. The secular electors were the King of Bohemia, the 3804: 3667: 3658: 3644: 3615: 3571: 3177: 2888: 2785: 2700: 2553:

between 509 and 511. Clovis, unlike most Germanic rulers of the time, was baptized directly into

2443: 2077: 1052: 1020: 980: 810: 748: 525: 226: 58: 50: 22239:. Studies in Historical Archaeoethnology. Vol. 3 (Revised ed.). Boydell & Brewer. 20637: 19280: 18997:(1977) focuses on political and economic history; Perraudin, Michael, and Jürgen Zimmerer, eds. 18766:"Internal migration before and during the Industrial Revolution: the case of France and Germany" 17510: 17272: 15606:

Lobenstein-Reichmann, Anja (2017). "Martin Luther, Bible Translation, and the German Language".

14086: 12752: 11393: 11338: 9585:

in July 1940, but Churchill remained dogged in his defiance with major help from U.S. President

9330:

forced all Jewish civil servants to retire from the legal profession and the civil service. The

8258:

of 1919 was too harsh on them, the Allies responded that it was more benign than Brest-Litovsk.

7590: 6582: 5629:

left Austria to freely establish royal domains in Serbia and the Banat and maintain hegemony in

5142: 3278:, had only a limited degree of political autonomy. Beginning with an agreement of the cities of 2207:. Hunnic hegemony over a vast territory in central and eastern Europe lasted until the death of 1243: 27197: 26953: 26727: 26500: 26011: 25840: 25431: 25406: 25369: 25228: 25160: 24989: 24880: 24870: 22070: 21596: 21089: 20154: 20108: 19242:

Militarism in a Global Age: Naval Ambitions in Germany and the United States before World War I

16949:

Brakensiek, Stefan (April 1994), "Agrarian Individualism in North-Western Germany, 1770–1870",

15573:

Germany and the Holy Roman Empire: Volume I: Maximilian I to the Peace of Westphalia, 1493–1648

15119: 13456: 12699: 11987:

Aneli, Serena; Caldon, Matteo; Saupe, Tina; Montinaro, Francesco; Pagani, Luca (October 2021).

10731: 9636: 9632: 9562: 8587: 8271: 8047: 8038: 7875: 7850: 7827: 7773: 7729: 7663: 7610: 7573: 7388: 6973: 6876: 6713: 6630: 6574: 6370: 6361: 6218: 6099: 5995: 5691: 5664: 5602: 5517:(1670) and annexed the remainder of Alsace (1678–1681) that included the free imperial city of 5499: 5036: 4816: 4796: 4590: 4346: 4243: 3785: 3751: 3694: 3139: 2384: 1679: 1303: 1186: 1044: 900: 882: 822: 391: 285: 34: 24533:

Biography between Structure and Agency: Central European Lives in International Historiography

22967: 22797: 21459: 20280: 19808: 19360: 19240: 19215: 19122: 19090:

The Colonial Contest for the Nigerian Region, 1884-1900: A History of the German Participation

19054: 18081: 16864: 16688: 16570: 16489: 16455: 16255: 16113:

Understanding the Middle Ages: The Transformation of Ideas and Attitudes in the Medieval World

16111: 16077: 15926: 15892: 15858: 15824: 15153: 15017: 14983: 14915: 14682: 14624: 14438: 14390: 13737: 13526: 13184: 12961: 12164: 12137: 12120: 10473:. Schmidt supported the deployment but was opposed by the left wing of the SPD and by Brandt. 9041: 8181:

Ethnic demands for nation states upset the balance between the empires that dominated Europe,

8081:) led to frictions with Britain, Russia, Japan and the United States. The construction of the 7398: 5858:

ruled for 73 years and was an enthusiast for the Enlightenment; he abolished serfdom in 1783.

2726:

under the Merovingian king, himself assumed the title of king and was anointed by the Church.

1590: 27016: 26908: 26865: 26470: 26430: 26410: 26390: 26293: 26091: 25956: 25592: 25411: 25396: 25359: 23673:

The Cult of the Virgin Mary in Early Modern Germany: Protestant and Catholic Piety, 1500–1648

23147: 23056: 21824:"Far-right AfD enters German parliament: What it means for German politics | DW | 24.09.2017" 21256: 20903: 20767:"Art is democracy and democracy is art: Culture, propaganda, and the Neue Zeitung in Germany" 20695:

Gareau, Frederick H. (June 1961). "Morgenthau's Plan for Industrial Disarmament in Germany".

19910:"Who voted for the Nazis? (electoral history of the National Socialist German Workers Party)" 19779: 19387: 19156: 19088: 18054: 17788: 16748: 16522: 16520: 16518: 16221: 16175: 16052: 16018: 15984: 15790: 15615: 15051: 14949: 14866: 14832: 14590: 14322: 14235: 13965: 13904: 13795: 13605: 13499: 13159: 12922: 11089: 10919:

Germany as well as within Europe. This was a major factor in the rise of the far-right party

10632: 10486: 10238: 9770: 9586: 9160: 8901: 8893: 8746: 8378: 8182: 7932: 7692: 7499: 7266: 7113: 6843: 6783: 6134: 6036: 5769: 5626: 5260: 5087: 4824: 4635: 4148: 3815: 3674: 3623: 3606:

in 1111. Hoping to gain greater control over the church inside the Empire, Henry V appointed

3551: 3477: 3457: 2805: 2313: 2216: 1864: 1529: 1197: 870: 842: 588: 230: 23975: 21841: 21588: 21432: 20100: 19800: 18664: 18564:

Woodward, David (July 1963). "Admiral Tirpitz, Secretary of State for the Navy, 1897–1916".

17502: 16220:

Lachièze-Rey, Marc; Luminet, Jean-Pierre; France, Bibliothèque nationale de (16 July 2001).

15273: 14834:

The Origins of Nationalism: An Alternative History from Ancient Rome to Early Modern Germany

14261: 13770: 12787: 12590: 11012:

were lifted all COVID-19 restrictions, measures, and state of emergencies up in the future.

9745:

as one of the world's largest economies and under allied military control until 1955, while

9480:'s Soviet Union, and finally invaded Poland. Britain and France declared war on Germany and 6707: 4985:

The war was the last major religious struggle in mainland Europe and ended in 1648 with the

4368: 3440: 3104: 1664: 102: 27235: 27177: 26973: 26880: 26850: 26835: 26641: 26586: 26405: 26146: 26141: 26081: 26016: 25921: 25374: 25318: 25202: 25140: 25135: 25105: 25037: 25015: 24963: 24865: 24471:

Revenge of the Domestic: Women, the Family, and Communism in the German Democratic Republic

23250:

Mass Media and Historical Change: Germany in International Perspective, 1400 to the Present

22453:

The Visigoths from the Migration Period to the Seventh Century: An Ethnographic Perspective

22381: 22013: 21546:(German – Mass exodus of the GDR: A picnic clears the world) in: Die Presse 16 August 2018. 20671: 19124:"Schwarz-weiss-rot über Ostafrika !": deutsche Kolonialpläne und afrikanische Realität 19025:

Germany's Genocide of the Herero: Kaiser Wilhelm II, His General, His Settlers, His Soldier

18982:

The Berlin-Baghdad express: the Ottoman Empire and Germany's bid for world power, 1898–1918

18109:

The Origin of the Welfare State in England and Germany, 1850–1914: Social Policies Compared

16685:"The best introduction to Frederick the Great and indeed to European warfare in his time." 14868:

Germania und ihre Söhne: Repräsentationen von Nation, Geschlecht und Politik in der Moderne

12370:"Caesar's Description of Bridging the Rhine (Bellum Gallicum 4.16–19): A Literary Analysis" 11933: 11818: 11761: 11701: 11542: 11485: 11425: 11258: 10881: 10784: 10780: 10762: 10739: 10683: 10661: 10610: 10548: 10532: 10481: 9975: 9750: 9640: 9598: 9411: 9403: 9391: 9214: 8943: 8448: 8369: 8321: 8255: 8116: 7818:

Regiment", Wilhelm was determined to exercise maximum influence on all government affairs.

7761: 7715: 7380: 7372: 7312: 7177: 7088: 6996: 6930: 6892: 6863: 6755: 6727: 6634: 6558: 6538: 6530: 6464:

summed up the advantages to be derived from the development of the railway system in 1841:

6325: 6307: 6287: 6283: 6243: 6187: 6115: 5927: 5794: 5777: 5730: 5534: 5360: 5159:

marked the climax of a cartography revolution. The emperor himself dabbled in cartography.

4934: 4927: 4917: 4643: 4332: 4269: 4206: 4183: 4087: 3527: 3436: 3422:

re-established feudal sovereignty over Poland, Denmark and Bohemia from 1135 and appointed

3333: 3151: 2952: 2848: 2813: 2192: 2155: 2118: 1356: 1276: 874: 862: 846: 826: 583: 411: 398: 290: 23928: 21564:

Andreas Rödder, Deutschland einig Vaterland – Die Geschichte der Wiedervereinigung (2009).

21317:"The Guests Who Stayed – The Debate on "Foreigners Policy" in the German Federal Republic" 18690:

Buchheim, Christoph (1986). "Germany on the World Market at the End of the 19th Century".

16813:

The Hessian Mercenary State: Ideas, Institutions, and Reform under Frederick II, 1760–1785

16750:

Rebellious Prussians: Urban Political Culture Under Frederick the Great and His Successors

16515: 14440:

The Age of Wars of Religion, 1000-1650: An Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization

13476: 11632: 10480:

had been in coalition with the SPD, but now it changed direction. Led by Finance Minister

9558: 9108:

The Nazi regime suppressed labor unions and strikes, leading to prosperity which gave the

7327:, leaving the country's throne vacant. When Prussia suggested the Hohenzollern candidate, 5820:, ruled from 1760 to 1785 as an enlightened despot, and raised money by renting soldiers ( 5151: 1318: 1167: 8: 27121: 27101: 27081: 27046: 26978: 26890: 26757: 26606: 26591: 26538: 26485: 26480: 26455: 26313: 26111: 26041: 25984: 25901: 25727: 25557: 25451: 25426: 25421: 25298: 25243: 25182: 25088: 24819: 24753: 23358: 22456: 20452:"Die Arbeit der Suchdienste – 6o Jahre nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg: Narben bleiben – p.13" 19748:

Joll, James (April 1985). "Two Prophets of the Twentieth Century: Spengler and Toynbee".

18624: 18238:

John C.G. Roehl, "Higher civil servants in Germany, 1890–1900" in James J. Sheehan, ed.,

17329:

Banking in the Early Stages of Industrialization: A Study in Comparative Economic History

15383: 11409: 11153: 10851: 10788: 10628: 9644: 9513: 9492: 9359: 9306:

The Nazi regime was particularly hostile towards Jews, who became the target of unending

9290: 8915: 8623: 8609: 8355: 8330: 7898: 7636: 7617:

the only Catholic was a messenger boy. Jews were likewise heavily discriminated against.

7561: 7467:, were particularly appalled by Prussian militarism and its unopposed growing influence. 7336: 6862:, which is still in operation as a conservative denomination. Finally in 1845 a new king 6602: 6598: 6337: 6167: 6075: 5991: 5687: 5656: 5606: 5538: 5530: 5510: 5451: 5447: 5435: 5427:

Prussia became a European great power after 1763 and Austria's greatest rival in Germany.

5171: 5115: 4986: 4887: 4871: 4831:

by the Lutheran princes beginning in 1530, the separate Lutheran church was established.

4828: 4664: 4574:

dynasty, who had acquired control in the south-eastern empire over the Duchy of Austria,

4140: 3956: 3920: 3832: 3773: 3611: 3559: 3555: 3469: 3204: 2751: 2723: 2672: 2527: 1969: 1493: 1452: 1352: 1247: 1193: 1146: 830: 46: 26576: 26228: 24915: 24505:

The East German Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives in the Interpretation of the GDR

23633: 23245:(5th ed.); essays on German literature, music, philosophy, art and, especially, history. 16929: 15560:(2009) p. xix, estimates a 25% decline. Wilson (2009) pp. 780–795 reviews the estimates. 13714: 12708:

An encyclopedia of world history: ancient, medieval and modern, chronologically arranged

11937: 11822: 11765: 11546: 11508: 11489: 11473: 11429: 11262: 10735: 10675: 10520: 9517: 9455: 9055: 8699: 7893:

to build a sizeable naval force. Although basically posing only an indirect threat as a

7172:

involving half a million men. Prussian superior logistics and the modern breech-loading

5836:

plans for central control of the economy, and a militaristic approach toward diplomacy.

5609:

marked the end of the Great Turkish War and Prince Eugene continued his service for the

5573:, that had been founded the following year, embarked on the military containment of the 5001:

were given to Sweden as Imperial fiefs, and the Netherlands officially left the Empire.

4734: 2588:

and the principality of Metz and defeated the Danes, the Saxons and the Visigoths. King

2549:

By 500, Clovis had united all the Frankish tribes, ruled all of Gaul and was proclaimed

1131: 817:, the regional dukes, princes, and bishops gained power at the expense of the emperors. 27225: 27061: 27036: 26938: 26815: 26767: 26762: 26752: 26690: 26510: 26460: 26420: 26373: 26368: 26343: 26338: 26333: 26318: 26303: 26298: 26288: 26283: 26278: 26273: 26217: 26121: 25905: 25857: 25852: 25755: 25745: 25702: 25694: 25623: 25616: 25471: 25436: 25323: 25308: 25238: 25216: 25192: 25120: 25054: 24984: 24895: 24814: 24783: 24669: 24578: 24097: 23848: 23602: 23405: 23388: 23315: 22263: 21379: 21336: 21297: 21178: 21064: 21056: 21002: 20994: 20977:

Fürstenberg, Friedrich (May 1977). "West German Experience with Industrial Democracy".

20712: 20631: 20612: 20579: 20402: 20394: 19767: 19608: 19600: 19429: 19274: 18950: 18942: 18907: 18899: 18845: 18837: 18546: 18343: 18335: 18299:

Fighting for the Soul of Germany: The Catholic Struggle for Inclusion after Unification

18256: 18223: 18202: 18194: 18160: 18152: 17976: 17968: 17776: 17600: 17572: 17553: 17545: 17503: 17449: 17177: 17126: 16843: 15328: 14778: 14417: 14035: 13979: 13859: 13451:

Istvan Szepesi, "Reflecting the Nation: The Historiography of Hanseatic Institutions".

13278: 13132: 12867: 12532: 12389: 12270:

Liebeschuetz, Wolf (2015). "The Debate about the Ethnogenesis of the Germanic Tribes".

12013: 11988: 11969: 11839: 11806: 11782: 11751: 11739: 11678: 11651: 11566: 11281: 11246: 10776: 10257: 9778: 9766: 9674: 9670: 9574: 9532:

as a pretext for taking over the rest of Czechoslovakia. He then secured the return of

9213:(DNVP), however, he was able to form a slim majority government. On 23 March 1933, the 8999: 8957: 8579: 8374: 8246: 7882: 7862: 7802: 7749: 7720: 7708: 7524: 7148: 7058: 6989: 6798: 6699: 6519: 6336:, the rivalry between Prussia and Austria and was finally dissolved in the wake of the 6317: 6295: 6222: 6087: 6029: 5947: 5911: 5753: 5590: 5570: 5522: 5513:

waged a series of successful wars in order to extend the French territory. He occupied

5482: 5372: 5313: 5131: 5013: 4966: 4883: 4743: 4579: 4575: 4564: 4522: 4372: 4283: 4225: 4120: 4113: 4055: 4013: 3729: 3721: 3603: 3531: 3497: 3287: 3283: 3275: 3199:

to the Holy Land took place. Knightly religious orders were established, including the

3185: 3082: 2912: 2763: 2447: 2380: 2340: 2294: 2290: 2286: 1772: 1258: 1091: 1076: 963: 838: 771: 378: 338: 310: 54: 40: 23984: 23803: 23418:

The Course of German History: A Survey of the Development of German History since 1815

21898:"Frank-Walter Steinmeier elected to second term as German president | DW | 13.02.2022" 20233: 13667:

The Investiture Controversy: Church and Monarchy from the Ninth to the Twelfth Century

13265:

The Investiture Controversy: Church and Monarchy from the Ninth to the Twelfth Century

11740:"Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe" 11050:. As of April 2023, over 1.06 million refugees from Ukraine were recorded in Germany. 10121:

West Germany played a central role in the creation of European cooperation; it joined

9533: 9265: 9143: 7229: 7136:

as Prussian minister president in 1862. The cooperation of Bismarck, Defense Minister

3733: 3266:

of towns and cities in northern and central Europe that dominated marine trade in the

2026:, who was familiar with Roman tactical doctrines, defeated a large Roman force in the 1620: 1431: 873:

modernized the German economy, leading to rapid urban growth and the emergence of the

27221: 26963: 26933: 26923: 26913: 26830: 26820: 26805: 26672: 26601: 26543: 26505: 26495: 26475: 26465: 26450: 26445: 26425: 26395: 26363: 26348: 26323: 26259: 26096: 26071: 26051: 26031: 26021: 25911: 25893: 25862: 25795: 25712: 25686: 25577: 25552: 25499: 25446: 25260: 25032: 24824: 24582: 24415: 24399: 24342: 24321: 24283: 24256: 24122: 24020: 23888: 23858: 23773: 23747: 23652: 23619: 23506: 23448: 23422: 23374: 23371:

Germany, a nation in its time : before, during, and after nationalism, 1500–2000

23331: 23281: 23214: 23181: 23153: 23125: 23089: 23060: 23025: 22994: 22975: 22954: 22921: 22898: 22867: 22836: 22803: 22782: 22763: 22731: 22701: 22680: 22653: 22628: 22603: 22574: 22514: 22483: 22460: 22429: 22404: 22385: 22360: 22333: 22327: 22312: 22284: 22250: 22240: 22213: 22186: 22176: 22153: 22131: 22112: 22084: 22050: 22021: 21999: 21662:

Germany After the Grand Coalition: Governance and Politics in a Turbulent Environment

21600: 21589: 21453: 21383: 21344: 21301: 21260: 21250: 21232: 21182: 21068: 21006: 20909: 20838: 20675: 20641: 20544: 20431: 20406: 20353: 20333: 20313: 20286: 20237: 20101: 19950: 19801: 19771: 19669: 19638: 19612: 19435: 19393: 19366: 19339: 19284: 19246: 19162: 19128: 19094: 19060: 18954: 18911: 18849: 18818:"Tariffs, Cartels, Technology, and Growth in the German Steel Industry, 1879 to 1914" 18703: 18670: 18550: 18479:

Kroll, Franz-Lothar (2000), "Wilhelm II. (1888–1918)", in Kroll, Franz-Lothar (ed.),

18459: 18455: 18398: 18206: 18164: 18087: 18060: 17980: 17849: 17780: 17618: 17608: 17557: 17307: 16754: 16727: 16694: 16670: 16663: 16625: 16576: 16495: 16461: 16358: 16261: 16227: 16181: 16117: 16083: 16024: 15990: 15932: 15898: 15864: 15830: 15796: 15658: 15619: 15577: 15389: 15332: 15279: 15159: 15125: 15091: 15057: 15023: 14989: 14955: 14921: 14872: 14838: 14742: 14688: 14630: 14596: 14478: 14444: 14396: 14362: 14328: 14294: 14267: 14187: 14147: 14139: 14090: 14041: 13908: 13801: 13774: 13743: 13611: 13585: 13558: 13532: 13505: 13268: 13190: 13163: 13152: 13136: 13046: 12967: 12928: 12793: 12630: 12593: 12536: 12393: 12283: 12250: 12242: 12222: 12197: 12170: 12143: 12018: 11973: 11961: 11884: 11844: 11787: 11683: 11570: 11558: 11513: 11453: 11448: 11413: 11344: 11286: 11101: 10578: 10558: 10361:

in 1970, the first encounter of a Federal Chancellor with his East German counterpart

10245: 10097: 10088: 9929: 9853: 9582: 9468: 9464: 9227: 9219: 9075: 8929: 8806: 8778: 8766: 8636: 8631: 8602: 8598: 8594: 8566: 8412: 8391: 8305: 8001: 7769: 7757: 7509: 7456: 7254: 7160: 7141: 7137: 7133: 7028: 6977: 6969: 6855: 6622: 6279: 6271: 6214: 6174: 6094: 6021: 5821: 5610: 5594: 5555: 5546: 5503: 5486: 5379: 5376: 5346:, mathematician, physicist, physician, philosopher, co-inventor of European porcelain 5256: 5234: 5187: 5146: 4994: 4891: 4414: 4064: 3756: 3717: 3702: 3607: 3543: 3493: 3476:, succeeded primarily in the conquest of large territories. The order, emboldened by 3413: 3350: 3055: 2996: 2972: 2948: 2932: 2875:, and Bavarians – that were united in a federation under the first non-Frankish king 2743: 2735: 2596:, while the South-east of what is modern Germany remained under the influence of the 2554: 2531: 2376: 2065: 2053: 1903: 1768: 1612: 1601: 1570: 1521: 1508:

had developed in Scandinavia and northern Germany. The name comes from the custom of

1505: 1474: 1387: 1379: 1190: 1127: 1048: 1009: 886: 834: 775: 759: 732: 728: 343: 266: 106: 24629:

British and German Historiography, 1750–1950: Traditions, Perceptions, and Transfers

18347: 14021:

The Growth of the Medieval City: From Late Antiquity to the Early Fourteenth Century

10791:), and high-tech strategies for the transition of the German economy, summarised as 10457:(b. 1918), of the SPD, who served as Chancellor in 1974–1982. Schmidt continued the 9195: 9155:

majority for his party, Hitler called for new elections. After the 27 February 1933

5278: 5167: 4864: 4500: 4328: 4155: 3931: 2847:

Fighting among Charlemagne's three grandsons over the continuation of the custom of

2569:. After the death of Clovis in 511, his four sons partitioned his kingdom including 1348: 1008:. Germans also fled from Communist areas into West Germany, which experienced rapid 27182: 27131: 27126: 27066: 27031: 26943: 26900: 26870: 26792: 26710: 26680: 26490: 26415: 26385: 26086: 26001: 25946: 25916: 25867: 25827: 25810: 25800: 25735: 25707: 25639: 25587: 25582: 25572: 25567: 25562: 25389: 25354: 25328: 25000: 24804: 24773: 24728: 24723: 24570: 24110: 24037:

Imperial Germany 1867–1918: Politics, Culture and Society in an Authoritarian State

23761: 23739: 23683: 23498: 23055:] (in German) (first paperback ed.). Princeton University Press. pp. 23017: 22894: 22857: 22298: 21371: 21328: 21289: 21170: 21048: 20986: 20834: 20778: 20704: 20665: 20386: 19759: 19592: 18934: 18891: 18829: 18695: 18538: 18327: 18186: 18144: 17960: 17841: 17813: 17768: 17537: 17169: 16835: 16719: 16596: 16422: 16414: 15751:

Weimer, Christoph (2004). "Luther and Cranach on Justification in Word and Image".

15701:"Media, Markets and Institutional Change: Evidence from the Protestant Reformation" 15611: 15520: 15433:"Media, Markets and Institutional Change: Evidence from the Protestant Reformation" 15320: 14813: 14082: 13849: 13124: 13042: 13038: 12859: 12381: 12275: 12008: 12000: 11989:"Through 40,000 years of human presence in Southern Europe: the Italian case study" 11951: 11941: 11834: 11826: 11777: 11769: 11673: 11663: 11585:"Ice Age Lion Man is the world's earliest figurative sculpture – The Art Newspaper" 11550: 11533: 11503: 11493: 11443: 11433: 11317: 11276: 11266: 11228:"We Just Found an 11-Million-Year-Old Ancestor That Hints How Humans Began to Walk" 11148: 10835: 10747: 10288: 10103: 9865: 9816: 9794: 9774: 9690: 9682: 9678: 9659: 9628: 9578: 9509: 9488: 9451: 9295: 9269: 9047: 9013: 8855: 8847: 8675: 8655: 8501: 8464: 8229:

Total casualties on the Western Front were 3,528,610 killed and 7,745,920 wounded.

8074: 7997: 7765: 7704: 7620:

Most of the Kulturkampf was fought out in Prussia, but Imperial Germany passed the

7478:

had clearly demonstrated. Historians increasingly argue, that the nation-state was

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In 1180, Henry the Lion was outlawed, Saxony was divided, and Bavaria was given to

3725: 3698: 3635: 3512: 3465: 3461: 3405: 3370: 3332:, the territorial lords' shifting policies towards greater commercial control, the 3259: 3235: 3208: 3159: 3155: 3123: 3108: 2976: 2916: 2884: 2876: 2860: 2856: 2821: 2676: 2356: 2298: 2274: 2204: 2108: 2031: 1949: 1882: 1760: 1740: 1654: 1478: 1441: 1395: 1296: 1150: 1095: 947: 814: 786: 782: 751: 305: 300: 295: 23812:; 133 excerpts from primary sources put in historical context by Professor Hamerow 21403:

Cosmopolitan Anxieties: Turkish Challenges to Citizenship and Belonging in Germany

18745:

Perkins, J. A. (Spring 1981). "The Agricultural Revolution in Germany 1850–1914".

15792:

The Mathematics of Secrets: Cryptography from Caesar Ciphers to Digital Encryption

14203: 13764: 12863: 10910:

in 2015 as it became the final destination of choice for many asylum seekers from

10398:

was intent on holding to its concept of "two German states in one German nation".

8985: 8504:, who had split from the Social Democratic Party during the war. It was headed by 8455:(KPD) was founded, and in 1919 it tried and failed to overthrow the new republic. 8197: 7980: 7805:" – British editorial cartoon depicting Bismarck's dismissal by Wilhelm II in 1890 6806: 4379:

to continue the style of late medieval Central European art into the 16th century.

3982: 3946: 3073: 1653:, that historians attribute to the Heuneburg. Beginning around 700 BC (or later), 1221: 27192: 27106: 27076: 26800: 26717: 26126: 26101: 25889: 25872: 25717: 25542: 25537: 25532: 25479: 24905: 24423: 24390: 24293: 24266: 24132: 23898: 23592: 23432: 23412: 23274: 23202: 23175: 23113: 23083: 23070: 23035: 22913: 22877: 22830: 22723: 22695: 22661: 22636: 22611: 22568: 22529: 22508: 22477: 22444: 22375: 22356: 22350: 22278: 22228: 22202: 22180: 22108: 22102: 22031: 21993: 21859: 21742: 21375: 20538: 20347: 20327: 20307: 19626: 19190: 19155:

Makiwane, Monde; Gumede, Ntombizonke A.; Zembe-Mkabile, Wanga (11 October 2021).

18519:

On the Kaiser's "histrionic personality disorder", see Tipton (2003), pp. 243–245

18386: 17737: 17695: 17626: 17301: 16682: 16619: 16342: 16311: 16150: 15959: 15652: 15571: 15085: 14736: 14472: 14356: 14288: 13918: 13877: 13592: 13463: 12814: 12703: 12640: 12486: 12191: 12103: 12055: 11668: 10877: 10322: 10190: 10171: 10159:

money coming in from the United States, which was used primarily for investment.

10142: 10059: 9982: 9967: 9702:

approximately 6 million Jews and 11 million non-Jews in what became known as the

9447: 9415: 9248: 9223: 9199: 9121: 9033: 8837: 8818: 8754: 8720: 8539:– units made up of volunteers. In an attempt at a coup d'état in March 1920, the 8512:, and rejected the parliamentary system. In 1920, about 300,000 members from the 8509: 8490: 8486: 8479: 8429: 8334: 8206: 8082: 8070: 7781: 7368: 7353: 7344: 7308: 7287: 7245: 7199: 7165: 7061:, the publisher Johann Joseph Görres and the "Father of Gymnastics" Ludwig Jahn. 7048: 7018: 7005: 6919: 6915: 6741: 6554: 6523: 6267: 6199: 6111: 6103: 6017: 5999: 5773: 5634: 5395: 5238: 5226: 5195: 5179: 5083: 5017: 4946: 4942:

stages joined either of the two warring parties in order to gain land and power.

4812: 4659: 4621: 4598: 4526: 4399: 4313: 4265: 4132: 4005: 3910: 3819: 3781: 3720:

in 1176. The following year a reconciliation was reached between the emperor and

3631: 3627: 3575: 3200: 3135: 2817: 2797: 2780: 2727: 2712: 2622: 2616: 2543: 2282: 2278: 2262: 2040: 1811: 1784: 1616: 1545: 1517: 1501: 1497: 1416: 1391: 1383: 1246:

represents the oldest uncontested figurative work of art and the 40,000-year-old

935: 923: 850: 724: 475: 24609:

Paths of Continuity: Central European Historiography from the 1930s to the 1950s

23715:

The Course of German Nationalism: From Frederick the Great to Bismarck 1763–1867

20899: 20425: 18699: 15823:

Rodriquez, Mercedes Garcia-Arenal; Mediano, Fernando Rodríguez (15 April 2013).

15700: 15690:

Rubin, "Printing and Protestants" Review of Economics and Statistics pp. 270–286

15432: 14817: 14395:(in German). Museum With No Frontiers, MWNF (Museum Ohne Grenzen). p. 143. 11247:"Radiometric dating of the type-site for Homo heidelbergensis at Mauer, Germany" 11024:, ending 16 years of conservative-led rule under Angela Merkel, Social Democrat 10930: 10831: 10021: 8971: 6066: 4559:(the wealthiest family in Europe during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries), 4495: 3831:, king of Bohemia, sought to restore imperial authority. The 1356 decree of the 2518:, they absorbed large swaths of former Roman territory as they spread west into 1896: 926:, and stripped of its colonies and significant territory along its borders. The 27096: 27041: 26995: 26948: 26928: 26772: 26695: 26076: 26066: 26061: 26056: 26036: 26026: 25941: 25884: 25777: 25740: 25644: 25522: 25509: 25172: 24930: 24351: 24150: 24006: 23882: 23795:

German History, 1789–1871: From the Holy Roman Empire to the Bismarckian Reich.

23703: 23650:

Germany in the Eighteenth Century The Social Background of the Literary Revival

23487:

Power and Property in Medieval Germany: Economic and Social Change, c. 900–1300

23302: 23053:

Das Heilige Römische Reich Deutscher Nation: Vom Ende des Mittelalters bis 1806

21929:

Sheahan, Maria; Marsh, Sarah; Sheahan, Maria; Marsh, Sarah (27 February 2022).

21799: 20990: 20966:. Central European University Press. pp. 37–60, 103–118, 167–188, 221–264. 20421: 17964: 17392:

The Social Foundations of German Unification, 1858–1871: Ideas and Institutions

16690:

The Age of Battles: The Quest for Decisive Warfare from Breitenfeld to Waterloo

16658: 14534:"The Death of the Knight: Changes in Military Weaponry during the Tudor Period" 13980:"Economic structure and agricultural productivity in Europe, 1300-1800, page 9" 13431:"Medieval Sourcebook: Privileges Granted to German Merchants at Novgorod, 1229" 12723:

Clover, Frank M. (1999), "A Game of Bluff: The Fate of Sicily after A.D. 476",

12039: 12004: 11498: 11405: 11070: 10958: 10843: 10746:

agreed to run on a joint ticket in the general election, with Schröder's rival

10640: 10601: 10512: 10454: 10434: 10409: 10405: 10296: 10280: 10253: 10204: 10195: 10003: 9995: 9925: 9860: 9742: 9602: 9521: 9505: 9501: 9347: 9346:

In 1941, the Nazi leadership decided to implement a plan that they called the "

9331: 9156: 9096: 9061: 8907: 8870: 8866: 8833: 8810: 8738: 8659: 8583: 8505: 8218: 7894: 7700: 7392: 7384: 7053: 6911: 6880: 6769: 6763: 6585:("The German Dictionary"), the most comprehensive work on the German language. 6578: 6570: 6562: 6550: 6546: 6461: 6452: 6182: 5891: 5738: 5617:. He effectively ended Turkish rule over most of the territorial states in the 5574: 5439: 5382:, who was also King of Spain. In 1528, Charles V issued a charter by which the 5242: 5183: 5044: 4808: 4518: 4395: 4309: 4287: 4143:. Cheap printed books and pamphlets played central roles for the spread of the 4136: 3840: 3836: 3713: 3682: 3567: 3546: 3538: 3366: 3164: 3013: 2980: 2708: 2660: 2566: 2320:

finally abolished them in 1180 in favour of more numerous territorial duchies.

2309: 2302: 2153:. By the 3rd century the Germanic speaking peoples began to migrate beyond the 1930: 1926: 1847:

to subjugate all Gaul. Julius Caesar defeated the Suebi forces in 58 BC in the

1815: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1764: 1686: 1525: 1467: 1412: 1036: 984: 915: 907: 686: 641: 627: 368: 22607: 21052: 20390: 19763: 19596: 18895: 18833: 18542: 18331: 18190: 17845: 17772: 17549: 16257:

Scandalous Error: Calendar Reform and Calendrical Astronomy in Medieval Europe

15511:

Wilson, Peter H. (June 2008). "The Causes of the Thirty Years War 1618–1648".

13128: 12279: 11946: 11921: 9366:". In total approximately 11 million people were killed during the Holocaust. 8723:

and other conservatives, President Hindenburg appointed Hitler as Chancellor.

7952: 5749: 4982:

regions were especially hard hit, where it took generations to fully recover.

4773: 1674: 98: 27262: 26855: 26172: 25971: 24885: 23878: 23638: 23527:

State and Society in the Early Middle Ages: The Middle Rhine Valley, 400–1000

23349: 23210: 23117: 22504: 22448: 22308: 22254: 21293: 21236: 21174: 20226: 19914: 17836:

Berger, Stefan (2015). "Building the Nation Among Visions of German Empire".

17622: 17160:

Heyman, Neil M. (1966). "France Against Prussia: The Jena Campaign of 1806".

16379:"Molecular Expressions: Science, Optics and You - Timeline - Johannes Kepler" 15155:

Networked Nation: Mapping German Cities in Sebastian Münster's "Cosmographia"

14143: 12406: 10827: 10816: 10758: 10705: 10234: 10229: 10156: 10151: 10115: 10095:

West Germany enjoyed prolonged economic growth beginning in the early 1950s (

9525: 9477: 9340: 9336: 9285: 9256: 9112:

popularity, with only minor, isolated and subsequently unsuccessful cases of

9104:

at its greatest extent in 1942, Germany (Reich) is shown in the darkest blue.

8963: 8862: 8829: 8802: 8794: 8399: 8387: 8342: 8210: 8133: 8109: 8097: 8043: 7989: 7940: 7865:

with Russia. Russia promptly formed a closer relationship with France in the

7728:

against France's colonial policy, joined the Dual Alliance, which became the

7679: 7671: 7640: 7503: 7471: 7423: 7376: 7238: 7219: 6954: 6657: 6534: 6392: 6375: 6054: 5915: 5879: 5825: 5683: 5470: 5391: 5383: 5138:, one of the greatest, if not the greatest "Universal genius", of all times. 5127: 5119: 5056: 5052: 5021: 4998: 4860: 4800: 4785: 4777: 4754: 4669: 4589:

Some Europe-wide revolutions were born in the Empire: the combination of the

4560: 4171: 4096: 4091: 3777: 3690: 3649: 3473: 3098: 3047: 2852: 2833: 2611: 2476: 2427: 2424: 2412: 2344: 2200: 2089: 2081: 1991: 1819: 1642: 1337: 975: 890: 818: 690: 455: 24182:

Mothers in the Fatherland: Women, Family Life, and Nazi Ideology, 1919–1945.

24136: 23951:

From Bismarck to the World War: A History of German Foreign Policy 1870–1914

23788:

From Bismarck to the World War: A History of German Foreign Policy 1870–1914

23074: 22657: 22640: 22632: 22615: 22035: 21931:"Germany to increase defence spending in response to 'Putin's war' - Scholz" 20782: 20540:

Does Conquest Pay?: The Exploitation of Occupied Industrial Societies p. 147

20485:"Die Vertreibung der Deutschen aus den Gebieten jenseits von Oder und Neiße" 17630: 16723: 15471:

The German Reformation and the Peasants' War: A Brief History with Documents

15324: 12644: 11438: 11271: 9945:

into a powerful secret police that infiltrated every aspect of its society.

9728:

As a consequence of the defeat of Nazi Germany in 1945 and the onset of the

8092:

The largest colonial enterprises were in Africa. The harsh treatment of the

7797: 6957:

in the background. Liberal and nationalist pressure led to the unsuccessful

6050: 4626: 4398:

are unpractical and to their replacement by the considerably more practical

2483:(the "eastern land"), the northeastern portion of the future Kingdom of the 2121:

coincided with the emergence of a number of large West Germanic tribes: the

1661:

expanded south and gradually replaced the Celtic peoples in Central Europe.

1332:) of Denmark and northern Germany. The construction of the Central European 1182: 1159: 27021: 26918: 26722: 26131: 25961: 25832: 25750: 25270: 24945: 24940: 24910: 24809: 24763: 24574: 24559:"From the Margins to the Mainstream? Women's and Gender History in Germany" 24427: 24419: 24313: 24297: 24270: 23902: 23698:

A Bitter Living: Women, Markets, and Social Capital in Early Modern Germany

23632:

old; focus on political-military-diplomatic history of Germany and Austria

23436: 23039: 22881: 22700:. Garland Encyclopedias of the Middle Ages. Vol. 2. Psychology Press. 22665: 22595: 22098: 22083:. The Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 12. Cambridge University Press. 21389: 21348: 21110: 18666:

Colonialism: An International, Social, Cultural, and Political Encyclopedia

14151: 13922: 13282: 12022: 11965: 11848: 11791: 11687: 11562: 11517: 11457: 11290: 10972:

On 8 April 2022 just after the first two years of pandemic, Germany joined

10792: 10697: 10566: 10425: 10373: 10365: 10327: 10316: 10292: 10272: 10067: 10049: 9949: 9912: 9782: 9746: 9734: 9606: 9553: 9481: 9443: 9243: 9191: 9091: 8935: 8790: 8786: 8547: 8546:

Germany was the first state to establish diplomatic relations with the new

8456: 8395: 8143: 8086: 8066: 7961: 7914: 7890: 7725: 7541: 7340: 7332: 6980:, the senior political and military strategists of Prussia during the 1860s 6040: 5760: 5614: 5582: 5199: 5123: 5079: 5048: 5025: 4349:, most accomplished sculptor, woodcarver and master in stone from the late 4305: 4291: 4128: 3835:

stipulated that all future emperors were to be chosen by a college of only

3686: 3619: 3439:

in the medieval Hungarian Kingdom (today in Romania) who were called on by

2868: 2864: 2841: 2789: 2759: 2739: 2675:

renewed the war against the Saxons, who had allied with and aided the duke

2648: 2640: 2372: 2270: 2102: 1887: 1807: 1756: 1533: 1257:

Between 12,900 and 11,700 years ago, north-central Germany was part of the

1234: 1212: 1163: 1024: 1005: 997: 967: 959: 955: 951: 939: 763: 720: 564: 560: 495: 485: 446: 333: 110: 23872:

Gold and Iron: Bismark, Bleichroder, and the Building of the German Empire

23502: 23105:

Economic and Social History of Europe in the Later Middle Ages (1300–1530)

22237:

Franks and Alamanni in the Merovingian Period: An Ethnographic Perspective

21227:

Mierzejewski, Alfred C. (2004), "1957: Ludwig Erhard's Annus Terribilis",

17818: 16223:

Celestial Treasury: From the Music of the Spheres to the Conquest of Space

11807:"The Beaker Phenomenon and the Genomic Transformation of Northwest Europe" 11614: 10465:

in economics and was more interested in domestic issues, such as reducing

9623:

US Air Force photographs of the destruction in central Berlin in July 1945

9402:(air force) and reintroduced universal military service, in breach of the 8608:

The national elections of 1924 led to a swing to the right. Field Marshal

8205:

In the west, Germany sought a quick victory by encircling Paris using the

7155:

in 1864. Prussia, joined by Austria, easily defeated Denmark and occupied

6035:

German music, sponsored by the upper classes, came of age under composers

5533:

whose sole function was to reinterpret historic decrees and treaties, the

4209:, Benedictine abbess, philosopher, author, artist and visionary naturalist 3250: 3240: 161: 27172: 26875: 26782: 26664: 26116: 25994: 25979: 25951: 25787: 25280: 24994: 24829: 24778: 23822: 23260:

Modern Germany: An Encyclopedia of History, People, and Culture 1871–1990

22564: 22232: 21085:

Airbridge to Berlin: The Berlin Crisis of 1948, Its Origins and Aftermath

20036:

Interpreting the 20th Century: The Struggle Over Democracy, The Holocaust

19837: 19459: 16418: 15524: 15339: 14650: 14324:

The Fuggers of Augsburg: Pursuing Wealth and Honor in Renaissance Germany

13643: 12582: 11025: 10997: 10981: 10915: 10847: 10701: 10593: 10508: 10501: 10387: 10358: 10167: 10137: 9987: 9953: 9932:

celebrate the 40th (and last) anniversary of the socialist regime of the

9833: 9631:

and Hitler declared war on the United States in the wake of the Japanese

9541: 9307: 9203: 9101: 9005: 8991: 8921: 8851: 8825: 8814: 8782: 8540: 8155: 8093: 7924: 7602: 7585: 7549: 7495: 7320: 7283: 7271: 7259: 7109: 6934: 6526: 6275: 6142:

forming new countries under his control. In Germany Napoleon set up the "

5895: 5887: 4767: 4699: 4609: 4514: 4354: 4247: 4229: 4144: 4109: 4083: 4072: 3867: 3848: 3799:. He resumed the conquest of Italy, leading to further conflict with the 3795:

established a modern, professionally administered state from his base in

3744: 3508: 3355: 3345: 3119: 3063: 2801: 2775: 2711:

after his victory in 732 over the forces of the Umayyad Caliphate at the

2688: 2628: 2574: 2507: 2484: 2451: 2332: 2172: 2069: 1918: 1913: 1844: 1827: 1665:

Early history: Germanic tribes, Roman conquests, and the Migration Period

1251: 1231: 1205: 1135: 1016: 1001: 919: 798: 348: 24613:

Perkins, J. A. (April 1986) "Dualism in German Agrarian Historiography,

22972:

The Cambridge Ancient History: X, The Augustan Empire, 43 B.C. – A.D. 69

19056:

Performing Nordic Heritage: Everyday Practices and Institutional Culture

18227: 17697:

The War for the Rhine Frontier, 1870: Its Political and Military History

17407:

The history makers: The press of Europe from its beginnings through 1965

14782: 13324:. Vol. I: The first hundred years. Madison: University of Wisconsin 11956: 11830: 11773: 11554: 11183:"By no means all the Imperial Estates, for example, participated in the 10040: 8593:

In September 1923, the deteriorating economic conditions led Chancellor

8519: 8382: 8089:, but it also collided with British and Russian geopolitical interests. 6221:

and in April Napoleon surrendered. Prussia as one of the winners at the

5936: 5106:

The Northern Hemisphere of the Celestial Globe created by Albrecht Dürer

3967: 2855:

caused the Carolingian empire to be partitioned into three parts by the

1035:

became the basis for the political integration of Western Europe in the

26747: 26633: 25879: 25489: 25110: 24477:

Dictatorship As Experience: Towards a Socio-Cultural History of the GDR

24308: 24306:

Modern Germany: Society, Economy, and Politics in the Twentieth Century

24064:

Scheck, Raffael. (2008) "Lecture Notes, Germany and Europe, 1871–1945"

24046: 24041:

Morrow, Ian F. D. "The Foreign Policy of Prince Von Bulow, 1898–1909".

23937: 23935:

Modern Germany: society, economy, and politics in the twentieth century

23765: 22958: 21879:"'New era': Scholz becomes Germany's new chancellor as Merkel bows out" 21340: 21060: 20998: 20616: 20398: 19604: 18946: 18903: 18841: 18339: 18260: 18198: 18156: 17810:'Gateway to the World': Hamburg and the Global German Empire, 1881-1914 17453: 17303:

The Great Train Race: Railways and the Franco-German Rivalry, 1815–1914

17278:. Leibniz Institute of Agricultural Development in Transition Economies 17181: 16847: 16427: 13863: 13552: 10989: 10858: 10712: 10690: 10382: 10348: 10209: 9601:

in June 1941 swept forward until they reached the gates of Moscow. The

9358:

were systematically murdered at murder sites, and starting in 1942, at

9109: 8977: 8762: 8679: 8530: 8139: 8054: 8021: 7993: 7910: 7621: 7452: 7444: 7431: 7290:

consider Bismarck was a future-oriented modernizer. In sharp contrast,

7173: 7065: 6566: 6505: 6329: 5843: 5833: 5518: 4762: 4747: 4434: 4376: 4350: 4167: 4068: 3973: 3828: 3336:

and marginalization in the wider Eurasian trade network, among others.

3267: 2755: 2719: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2503: 2436: 2253: 2248: 2164: 2011: 1836: 1268: 1262: 1064: 943: 931: 853:, feudalism fell away and the Holy Roman Empire was dissolved in 1806. 790: 418: 24546:

Rereading German History: From Unification to Reunification, 1800–1996

22510:

The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History of Rome and the Barbarians

20716: 17972: 17327:

Tilly, Richard (1967), "Germany: 1815–1870", in Cameron, Rondo (ed.),

12871: 10252:(SPD) largely abandoned Marxism ideas and embraced the concept of the 9836:

government estimated a death toll of 2.2 million civilians due to the

9282:

History of the Jews in Germany § Jews under the Nazis (1933–1945)

8665: 8373:

territory was allotted to Belgium on 20 September 1920. The future of

8266: 6902: 5699:, the rivalry of Austria and Prussia for supremacy in Central Europe. 5211:

Scientists, scholars and artists of the Early modern period in Germany

1942: 27056: 26825: 25926: 25100: 24748: 24518:

The Plans That Failed: An Economic History of East Germany, 1945–1989

24221:

The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy

21860:"Germany elections: Centre-left claim narrow win over Merkel's party" 21533:

Miklós Németh in Interview, Austrian TV – ORF "Report", 25 June 2019.

21455:

Can Germany be saved?: the malaise of the world's first welfare state

20751:

For US and Allied official policy statements see U.S. Dept. of State

20507:

Historical Memory and the expulsion of ethnic Germans in Europe, 1944

17041:

Owens, Samantha; Reul, Barbara M.; Stockigt, Janice B., eds. (2011).

14777:(3, "The revival of infantry tactics in the Late Middle Ages"): 6–9. 14684:

Mercenaries: A Guide to Private Armies and Private Military Companies

14558: 13210: 13154:

The Cambridge Illustrated Atlas of Warfare: The Middle Ages, 768–1487

11322: 11305: 10543: 10466: 9958: 9703: 9590: 9540:

to Germany. Chamberlain was forced to acknowledge that his policy of

9537: 9399: 9375: 9351: 9019: 8798: 8758: 8536: 8308:

which struck hard at a population weakened by years of malnutrition.

8222: 8124: 7780:, can be seen as the formalisation of the "Scramble for Africa" and " 7683: 6965: 6938: 6812: 6610: 6606: 6413: 6130: 6003: 5903: 5455: 5387: 5230: 4851: 4847: 4758: 4548: 4430: 4391: 4159: 4037: 3937: 3776:. The power of the feudal lords was undermined by the appointment of 3511:

in 1525 and turned the remaining lands of the order into the secular

3312: 3299: 3271: 3023: 2829: 2804:" ("Charles the Great") consolidated his power over and expanded the 2707:, a Papal envoy for help had already been sent to the de facto ruler 2605: 2581: 2580:

During the 5th and 6th centuries the Merovingian kings conquered the

2570: 2480: 2467: 2212: 2160: 2150: 1669: 1646: 1638: 1574: 1563: 1509: 794: 25655: 23944:

Imperial Germany, 1871–1914: Economy, Society, Culture, and Politics

23447:. 992 pp covers many thinkers, writers, scientists etc. since 1750; 23299:, exhibit catalog; heavily illustrated; political history since 1800 23024:. Oxford History of Modern Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 22479:

The Crown and the Cosmos: Astrology and the Politics of Maximilian I

21332: 20524:

The death and life of Germany: an account of the American occupation

18938: 18148: 17173: 17013:

Katrin Keller, "Saxony: Rétablissement and Enlightened Absolutism".

16839: 15121:

Organisation und innere Ausgestaltung des Deutschen Bundes 1815–1819

14897: 14895: 14662: 14236:"Albrecht Dürer, The Triumphal Arch or Arch of Honor – Smarthistory" 12963:

The Roman Empire in Context: Historical and Comparative Perspectives

11863: 11414:"Hominids and hybrids: The place of Neanderthals in human evolution" 9520:

agreed upon the cession of Sudeten territory to the German Reich by

9326:

and from 1933 to 1935 the Nazi regime consolidated their power. The

7488:

an emperor as head of state and it was to develop imperial ambitions

7331:

as successor, France vehemently objected. The matter evolved into a

7159:. The Danes were forced to cede both the Duchy of Schleswig and the 6408: 6146:", comprising most of the German states except Prussia and Austria. 5768:

The smaller German states were overshadowed by Prussia and Austria.

5495: 5406:. The project failed due to a lack of funds and the outbreak of the 3877:. As a consequence, many Jews fled and resettled in Eastern Europe. 3279: 3244: 27091: 26968: 26845: 26136: 25931: 24634: 24333:

Three Germanies: West Germany, East Germany and the Berlin Republic

24282:. Vol. 2: Democracy and Its Discontents 1963–1991. Blackwell. 23010:

The Rise of the Medieval World, 500–1300: A Biographical Dictionary

22728:

Expansions: Competition and Conquest in Europe Since the Bronze Age

22380:. Blackwell Textbooks in Linguistics. Vol. 30 (2nd ed.). 21022:

The United States and Germany in the Era of the Cold War, 1945–1968

20708: 17541: 17072:"Immanuel Kant "An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?"" 14626:

The Paper Trail: An Unexpected History of a Revolutionary Invention

13901:

A pest in the land: new world epidemics in a global perspectiveress

13854: 13837: 13217:. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization 13081: 12551: 12385: 11756: 10738:

announced he would call federal elections "as soon as possible". A

10720: 10679: 10391: 10083: 10072: 9847: 9829: 9729: 9363: 9236: 8408: 8059: 7906: 7678:

was signed in 1873 by Russia, Austria, and Germany. It stated that

7034:

In 1819, a student radical assassinated the reactionary playwright

6181:

in October 1806. Napoleon easily defeated the Prussian army at the

6170: 5883: 5514: 5364: 5111: 5040: 4882:, that was founded just five years prior by several clerics around 4571: 4544: 4456:

is considered one of the greatest portraitists of the 16th century.

4179: 4175: 4163: 4041: 4017: 3888:

Towns and cities of the Medieval and Early Modern Holy Roman Empire

3870: 3423: 3409: 3316: 3147: 3068: 2872: 2684: 2664: 2653: 2558: 2535: 2523: 2511: 2420: 2348: 2323:

Successive kings of Germany founded a series of border counties or

2231:

who settled permanently within the crumbling Western Roman Empire.

2176: 2146: 2122: 2023: 2019: 2007: 1987: 1744: 1336:

falls in this time period with the best known and oldest being the

1292: 1112: 1040: 989: 971: 938:, an ultimately unstable parliamentary democracy. In January 1933, 854: 708: 699: 23607:

Robert A. Kann, (n.d). A HISTORY OF THE HABSBURG EMPIRE 1526–1918.

21983: 18765: 18584: 17228: 16773:

Lucjan R. Lewitter, "The Partitions of Poland" in A. Goodwyn, ed.

14595:(in German). Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. pp. 98, 99. 13183:

Ring, Trudy; Watson, Noelle; Schellinger, Paul (28 October 2013).

12249:. Chicago, IL, United States: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 1993. 7658: 7510:

A three-class system: Aristocracy, middle class, and working class

6642:

18th- and 19th-century German artists, scientists and philosophers

6250: 6082: 4746:

of the 15th and early 16th century promoted the excessive sale of

4529:

class eroded the societal, legal and economic order of feudalism.

3362: 3176:

in 1077, after having been excommunicated came to be known as the

26732: 26006: 25817: 25379: 24799: 24743: 24665: 21795:"Merkel Critic Says Chancellor's Refugee Policy Is a 'Time Bomb'" 19389:

The Lights that Failed: European International History, 1919–1933

15351: 14892: 10993: 10985: 10649: 10574: 10570: 10300: 10141:

Berliners watching a transport bringing food and coal during the

10055: 9971: 9172: 9117: 8878:

19th and 20th century German authors, scientists and philosophers

8101: 8065:

By the 1890s, German colonial expansion in Asia and the Pacific (

7753: 7741: 7711:

in 1878, where a more moderate peace settlement was agreed upon.

7407: 7156: 6871: 6246:

1815–1866. Prussia (in blue) considerably expanded its territory.

6238: 5875: 5707: 5703: 5679: 5618: 4975: 4438: 4049: 4045: 4025: 4009: 4000: 3952: 3901: 3860: 3769: 3401: 3397: 3196: 3173: 3078: 3018: 2680: 2499: 2495: 2472: 2395: 2360: 2328: 2220: 2168: 2130: 2061: 2045: 2035: 1977: 1874: 1284: 1178: 1154: 1039:. In 1998–1999, Germany was one of the founding countries of the 813:, the German Emperors resisted Catholic Church authority. In the 806: 755: 682: 513: 315: 24065: 23827:

Blood and Iron: The Rise and Fall of the German Empire 1871–1918

23668:, Yale University Press; political biography by French historian 22970:. In Bowman, Alan K.; Champlin, Edward; Lintott, Andrew (eds.). 22553:

Empires and Barbarians: The Fall of Rome and the Birth of Europe

18481:

Preussens Herrscher. Von den ersten Hohenzollern bis Wilhelm II.

18123:

Origins of the Authoritarian Welfare State in Prussia, 1815–1870

17419:

Elmer H. Antonsen, James W. Marchand, and Ladislav Zgusta, eds.

16177:

The Mapmakers' Quest: Depicting New Worlds in Renaissance Europe

12056:"Celtic City: Staatliche Schlösser und Gärten Baden-Württemberg" 9508:

minority was demanding equal rights and self-government. At the

6847:

churches. In a series of proclamations over several decades the

5906:

land purchasing rights and freedom of movement, and a series of

5423: 3468:. The campaign, that was supported by the forces of Polish duke 2600:. Saxons controlled the area from the northern sea board to the 789:, dominated by German port cities, established itself along the 24465:

The People's State: East German Society from Hitler to Honecker

24255:. Vol. 1: From Shadow to Substance, 1945–1963. Blackwell. 23833:

Germany: A New Social and Economic History Volume 3: Since 1800

23817:

Otto Von Bismarck and Imperial Germany: A Historical Assessment

22832:

Maximilian I. (1459–1519): Wahrnehmung – Übersetzungen – Gender

21743:"Migrant crisis: Migration to Europe explained in seven charts" 21117:. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008, pp. 1‒5, 125–163. 20812:

The People's State: East German Society from Hitler to Honecker

17649: 17252: 17043:

Music at German Courts, 1715–1760: Changing Artistic Priorities

16299:

Stillman Drake, "Copernicanism in Bruno, Kepler, and Galileo."

13766:

Courtly Culture: Literature and Society in the High Middle Ages

11470: 11303: 11009: 11005: 11001: 10973: 10966: 10954: 10911: 10667: 10218: 9594: 9529: 9497: 9394:

in Berlin – a great propaganda success for the Nazi regime

8726: 7440: 7087:

in the German states. In May the German National Assembly (the

6950: 4990: 4843: 4839: 4556: 4033: 3988: 3916: 3844: 3800: 3796: 3663: 3320: 3308: 3295: 3143: 3035: 2825: 2747: 2539: 2515: 2491: 2487: 2352: 2215:

in 469. Another pivotal moment in the Migration Period was the

2208: 2184: 2180: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2126: 2049: 1999: 1405: 878: 767: 744: 24340:

Germany, America, Europe: Forty Years of German Foreign Policy

20979:

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

20854:

Germany: a reference guide from the Renaissance to the present

18379: 17987: 14023:. Longman. pp. 69–72, 133–142, 202–220, 244–245, 300–307. 13238:"The clerical reform movement and the investiture controversy" 13064: 13062: 10674:

The SPD/Green coalition won the 1998 elections and SPD leader

9665:

In 1944–1945, Soviet forces completely or partially liberated

8685:

On top of the collapsing economy came a political crisis: the

7091:) met in Frankfurt to draw up a national German constitution. 6533:. Philosophical principles and methods were revolutionized by 6016:

broke new ground in philosophy and poetry, as a leader of the

5674:

succeeded in bringing about a favorable conclusion for her in

5009: 24759:

Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic peoples

24738: 23874:

Bismark worked closely with this leading banker and financier

23692:

Germany: A New Social and Economic History, Vol. 2: 1630–1800

23688:

Germany: A New Social and Economic History, Vol. 1: 1450–1630

23519:

Haverkamp, Alfred, Helga Braun, and Richard Mortimer. (1992)

20457:. Volksbund Deutsche Kriegsgräberfürsorge e.V. Archived from 18786: 13427:

Translation of the grant of privileges to merchants in 1229:

12035: 11918: 11736: 11394:

http://stanzon.husemann.net/download.php?id=201533&type=T

10977: 10962: 10931:

German government response to the COVID-19 pandemic (2020-22)

10892: 10010: 9942: 9876: 9512:

of September 1938, Hitler, Mussolini, British Prime Minister

8774: 8745:. Germany dominated the world of physics before 1933, led by 8678:, which hit Germany as hard as any nation. In July 1931, the 8115:

Other claimed territories of the German Colonial Empire are:

8078: 8013: 7556:

The rise of the Socialist Workers' Party (later known as the

6858:, and especially to the United States, where they formed the 6401: 6397: 4766:

received popular support for his condemnation of the sale of

4124: 4059: 4029: 3895: 3856: 3852: 3761: 3598:, great-grandson of Conrad II, who had overthrown his father 3432: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3291: 3263: 3086: 3043: 2808:. Charlemagne ended 200 years of Royal Lombard rule with the 2416: 2228: 2224: 2085: 2073: 1995: 1953: 1922: 1840: 1832: 1788: 1683: 1627: 1553: 1227: 1056: 736: 694: 24622:

Rewriting German history: New Perspectives on Modern Germany

24362:

Aftermath: Life in the Fallout of the Third Reich, 1945-1955

23744:

The Long Nineteenth Century: A History of Germany, 1780–1918

23721:

International Journal of Military History and Historiography

22283:. The Middle Ages Series. University of Pennsylvania Press. 21645:(in German). ARD Tagesschau. 29 January 2014. Archived from 21037:"The Consequences of the Currency Reform in Western Germany" 21024:. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. pp. 291–309. 20888:(4 ed.). University of Michigan Press. pp. 37, 59. 20178: 20166: 18083:

Trade Unionism in Germany from Bismarck to Hitler, 1869–1933

18008:"Hans Ulrich Wehler-The German Empire 1871-1918-Berg (1985)" 17574:

Refugees of Revolution: The German Forty-Eighters in America

16714:

Jörg Ulbert (2008). "France and German Dualism, 1756–1871".

15494: 15492: 14184:

Geological Sciences; Geology: Landforms, Minerals, and Rocks

13297:"What is the significance of the "Investiture Controversy?"" 13186:

Northern Europe: International Dictionary of Historic Places

12501: 10616: 10066:

until it was moved to Berlin in 1990. In 1990, FRG absorbed

8407:

to be permanently demilitarised. The industrially important

7343:'s personal command was finally forced to capitulate in the 7307:

On 18 January 1871, the German Empire was proclaimed in the

3097:

rivers were also subjugated. Otto marched on Rome and drove

2577:

kings alternately united and subdivided the Frankish lands.

1237:

occupation uncovered and documented in several caves in the

24493:

Socialist Modern: East German Everyday Culture and Politics

23280:. Cambridge concise histories. Cambridge University Press. 22974:. Vol. 10 (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. 22866:. Translated by Nolan, Daniel. Princeton University Press. 22602:. Vol. 1: The Reformation 1648–1840. Alfred A. Knopf. 22445:"Linguistic evidence for the early migrations of the Goths" 21544:

DDR-Massenflucht: Ein Picknick hebt die Welt aus den Angeln

20886:

Socialist modern: East German everyday culture and politics

20349:

The Oder-Neisse Line: a reappraisal under international law

19926: 19154: 18529:

Röhl, J. C. G. (September 1966). "Friedrich von Holstein".

17637: 17581: 17482: 17458: 17359: 16792: 16780: 16393:

The rise of Prussia: Rethinking Prussian history, 1700–1830

16201: 15770:

Stolt, Birgit (2014). "Luther's Translation of the Bible".

14474:

European History in a World Perspective: Early modern times

13409: 13084:. UNESCO World Heritage Centre, Outstanding Universal Value 13059: 12924:

Encyclopedia of Barbarian Europe: Society in Transformation

12533:"Lecture 23 – Rome of Constantine and a New Rome: Overview" 11206:

lucrative post, were also significant contributory factors.

10446: 10214: 10122: 10063: 9781:) while Saarland separated from Germany to become a French 9738: 9698:

was signed on 8 May 1945, marking the end of Nazi Germany.

8770: 7957: 7737: 5854:

sported perhaps the best government of the smaller states.

5850:

in 1737; it soon became a world-class intellectual center.

4521:

of the Church and prolonged dynastic wars. The rise of the

3697:

was separated from Bavaria and turned into the independent

3427: 3393: 3094: 3090: 3051: 2703:, who posed a permanent threat to the Holy See. Pressed by 2696: 2692: 2601: 2562: 2519: 2196: 2003: 1780: 1776: 1536:

emerged, come from the Urnfield culture of central Europe.

993: 861:

as a German puppet state, but after the French defeat, the

704: 24232:

Zentner, Christian and Bedürftig, Friedemann, eds. (1991)

24017:

The First World War: Germany and Austria–Hungary 1914–1918

23338:

History of Germany from the Medieval Empire to the Present

21475:

Germany at the polls: the Bundestag elections of the 1980s

19877: 19415:

The First World War: Germany and Austria–Hungary 1914–1918

17218: 17216: 17147:

History of Germany from the Medieval Empire to the Present

16883: 14917:

Popular Sovereignty in Early Modern Constitutional Thought

12467: 12296: 10275:, German Chancellor and Nobel Peace Prize laureate of 1971 9956:. Political power was solely executed by leading members ( 7375:

on 18 January 1871 and announced the establishment of the

5678:

for recognition of her succession to the throne. However,

5375:

or North of South America in return for debts owed by the

4634:, a figure reinvented by Maximilian and his humanists, by 4316:(bankers, merchants, and politicians) who were his patrons 4044:, various guilds of artisans, unskilled day labourers and 3180:. In 1122, a temporary reconciliation was reached between 1767:"it is obvious that a steady process" occurred during the 26258: 24607:

Lehmann, Hartmut, and James Van Horn Melton, eds. (2003)

24552:

Gendering Modern German History: Rewriting Historiography

24080:

Ring of Steel: Germany and Austria-Hungary in World War I

22747:

Consortium on Revolutionary Europe 1750–1850: Proceedings

22182:

Iron Kingdom: The Rise and Downfall of Prussia, 1600–1947

22079:

Bowman, Alan K.; Garnsey, Peter; Cameron, Averil (2005).

20305: 20163:, pp. 618, 623, 632–637, 641, 646–652, 671–674, 683. 20127: 19865: 19857:

Williamson, David (2002). "Was Hitler a Weak Dictator?".

19707: 19682: 19560:[The "Ruhrkampf" ruined the German bourgeoisie]. 18354: 18034: 17470: 17426: 17371: 17335: 16219: 15489: 15409: 15363: 15275:

The Habsburg Chancery Language in Perspective, Volume 114

15179: 14123:

Marshall, James L.; Marshall, Virginia R. (Autumn 2005).

13624: 13096: 12960:

Arnason, Johann P.; Kurt A. Raaflaub (23 December 2010).

11986: 11047: 10941:

In January 2020, Germany has confirmed the first case of

10462: 9709: 9328:

Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service

8005: 7625:

Historian Anthony Steinhoff reports the casualty totals:

6886: 5832:. He combined Enlightenment ideas with Christian values, 5458:

in urban areas. Many became craftsmen and entrepreneurs.

4926:

Population decline in the empire as a consequence of the

4154:

Around the transition from the 15th to the 16th century,

1513: 24591:

German History in Modern Times: Four Lives of the Nation

24374:

The United States and Germany in the Era of the Cold War

21928: 19726: 19001:(2010) focuses on cultural impact in Africa and Germany. 18880:"International Competition in Iron and Steel, 1850–1913" 18422:

Dangerous alliances: proponents of peace, weapons of war

17347: 17240: 15986:

Cartographic Humanism: The Making of Early Modern Europe

15601: 15599: 15597: 15595: 15593: 14769:

Brunner, Jean-Claude (2012). "Historical Introduction".

14263:

Class, Culture, and Race in American Schools: A Handbook

13678: 13676: 12679: 12513: 12332: 12169:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 363–. 10044:

Flag of West Germany and unified Germany, 1949 – present

7889:

devised his initially rather practical, yet nonetheless

7529:"it became an almost separate, self-perpetuating caste". 7482:. National identity was expressed in bombastic imperial 7187: 7147:

In 1863–1864, disputes between Prussia and Denmark over

5682:

was permanently lost to Prussia as a consequence of the

5118:, one of the founder of modern cryptography, founder of 4827:

in 1529 and the acceptance and adoption of the Lutheran

3262:

was a commercial and defensive alliance of the merchant

2219:

in December of 406 by a large group of tribes including

2103:

Migration Period and decline of the Western Roman Empire

23576:

Martin Luther: Exploring His Life and Times, 1483–1546.

21503:

Kohl: Genius of the Present: A Biography of Helmut Kohl

20905:

Civil Society and Dictatorship in Modern German History

20190: 19987: 19843:

The "Hitler Myth": Image and Reality in the Third Reich

19306:

Capital Cities at War: Paris, London, Berlin, 1914–1919

18662: 18452:

Die Hohenzollern. Band 2 – Dynastie im säkularen Wandel

17213: 16435: 14507:"So wurde Fugger zum reichsten Menschen der Geschichte" 14178: 14176: 13211:"Collegiate Church, Castle and Old Town of Quedlinburg" 12992: 12959: 12878: 12735: 12733: 12655: 10561:, who played a leading role in opening the Iron Curtain 9175:, the newly established secret police force. Communist 7094:

But the 1848 revolution turned out to be unsuccessful:

3447:, having arrived there and founding the city in 1147 . 2490:. As a whole, Austrasia comprised parts of present-day 716: 23708:

Flesh and Spirit: Private Life in Early Modern Germany

23541:

The Northern Lands: Germanic Europe, c. 1270 – c. 1500

23481:

Medieval Germany, 500–1300: A Political Interpretation

23365:, 862 pp; 35 essays by specialists; Germany since 1760 22570:

Culture and Religion in Merovingian Gaul: A.D. 481–751

22128:

German Histories in the Age of Reformations, 1400–1650

21842:"Germany COVID – Coronavirus Statistics – Worldometer" 20309:

The Politics Today Companion to West European Politics

18273:

Cambridge History of Christianity: Volume 8: 1814–1914

18022: 17896:"A German Voice of Opposition to Germanization (1914)" 16532: 15632: 15556:(1997) p. 178 has 15–20% decline; Tryntje Helfferich, 15227: 15191: 14186:. New York: Britannica Educational Publishing, p. 10. 13739:

Communes and Despots in Medieval and Renaissance Italy

13150:

Hooper, Nicholas; Bennett, Matthew (26 January 1996).

12831: 12767: 12606: 12487:"The Journal of the Anthropological Society of Bombay" 12455: 12320: 10645: 6837:

King Frederick William III ruled Prussia 1797 to 1840.

5194:. His ideas influenced contemporary Italian scientist 2769: 2734:

as protector of Rome and St. Peter in response to the

24481:

Jarausch, Konrad H., and Volker Gransow, eds. (1994)

24066:

Pressrsonal/r/rmscheck/Contents.html full text online

23999:

Gordon, Peter E., and John P. McCormick, eds. (2013)

22891:

A Mighty Fortress: A New History of the German People

22781:. Baltimore; London: Johns Hopkins University Press. 21591:

Joschka Fischer and the making of the Berlin Republic

20115: 19999: 19963: 19889: 18508:

Wilhelm II: the Kaiser's personal monarchy, 1888–1900

17097:

Van Dulmen, Richard; Williams, Anthony, eds. (1992).

16686: 16281: 15740:

Project Wittenberg: "Selected Hymns of Martin Luther"

15590: 15576:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 623–631. 15215: 15203: 15019:

The Historical and Institutional Context of Roman Law

14871:(in German). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 37. 14570: 13878:"The Golden Bull of the Emperor Charles IV 1356 A.D." 13673: 13262: 13182: 12443: 12349: 11903: 8201:

Entrenched German troops fighting off a French attack

8146:) (failed attempt in 1884), and the Farasan Islands. 8008:

and sold about 80 per cent of its production abroad.

7639:. Bismarck negotiated with the conciliatory new pope 6541:

was the most influential composer of the period from

4953:' succession policies. After imperial triumph at the 4890:, a military alliance of Protestant rulers. The 1555 2883:, that developed into economic and cultural centers. 2199:

invaded eastern and central Europe, establishing the

1012:, and became the dominant economy in Western Europe. 970:. During the war, the Nazis established a systematic 24595:

Jarausch, Konrad H., and Michael Geyer, eds. (2003)

24531:

Berghahn, Volker R., and Simone Lassig, eds. (2008)

24459:

Anatomy of a Dictatorship: Inside the GDR, 1949–1989

24202:

Hitler's Germany: Origins, Interpretations, Legacies

23700:

DOI:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205548.001.0001 online

22078: 21725:"Germany to close all of its nuclear plants by 2022" 21696: 21418:

Ostpolitik, 1969–1974: European and Global Responses

20563:

2.3 million units out of 9.5 million were destroyed.

20325: 19975: 19631:"The Weimar Republic and the Rise of the Nazi Party" 17201: 17074:. Internet Modern History Sourcebook. Archived from 17000:

Charles W. Ingrao, "A Pre-Revolutionary Sonderweg".

16457:

Pietism and the Making of Eighteenth-Century Prussia

15860:

White Magic, Black Magic in the European Renaissance

15605: 15278:. University of California Press. pp. 1, 3, 9. 15124:. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 1549. 14789: 14173: 14063:

Family, Commerce, and Religion in London and Cologne

13385: 12980: 12941: 12849: 12730: 12557: 12491:

The Journal of the Anthropological Society of Bombay

11817:(7695). National Center for Biotechnology: 190–196. 11060: 7119: 6506:

Science and culture during the 18th and 19th century

5359:

German Colonies in the Americas existed because the

4742:

In order to manage their ever growing expenses, the

2159:

and the Danube frontier. Several large tribes – the

1302:

Central Germany was one of the primary areas of the

885:

was achieved under the leadership of the Chancellor

24603:

The Divided Past: Rewriting Post-War German History

24550:Hagemann, Karen, and Jean H. Quataert, eds. (2008) 24188:

The Dictators: Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Russia

23536:, 650 articles by 200 scholars cover AD 500 to 1500 23207:

Heart of Europe: A History of the Holy Roman Empire

22377:

Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction

22130:. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. 20945:(Budapest, Central European University Press, 2004) 18804:

The chemical industry during the nineteenth century

18656: 14951:

German Political Philosophy: The Metaphysics of Law

14206:. University of California - Museum of Paleontology 12953: 12890: 12563: 12341:, pp. 172–173: "Jordanes mentions the Slavs ( 12308: 10937:

German government response to the COVID-19 pandemic

9970:was set up; later the GDR became the most advanced 9741:member, a founding member of what since became the 9128: 8666:

Economic collapse and political problems, 1929–1933

7486:and was to be achieved as an imperial people, with 5882:between the mid-17th and mid-18th centuries as the 5733:by occupying the western territories of the former 5198:and provided fundamental mechanical principles for 5110:Notable late fifteenth to early eighteenth-century 4375:painter of religious works who ignored Renaissance 3195:Between 1095 and 1291 the various campaigns of the 1851:and forced Ariovistus to retreat across the Rhine. 922:, but was defeated, partly occupied, forced to pay 693:, who referred to the unconquered area east of the 23772:. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press. 23329:A history of modern Germany : 1871 to present 23273: 23046: 22201: 20375:"Postwar Population Transfers in Europe: A Survey" 20225: 20022:. Vol. 1: The Years of Persecution 1933–1939. 19558:"Der "Ruhrkampf" ruinierte das deutsche Bürgertum" 19276:The Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism, 1860–1914 18650:Theodore Roosevelt and the International Rivalries 17096: 16828:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 16718:. Springer Nature Switzerland AG. pp. 39–48. 16662: 16529:, pp. 75, 207–291, 291–323, 324–371, 802–820. 15357: 14901: 14668: 14564: 14358:The ABC-CLIO World History Companion to Capitalism 13528:The Expansion of Central Europe in the Middle Ages 13397: 13151: 12667: 12189: 11404: 10537:During the summer of 1989, rapid changes known as 9872:by the Soviet Union and other European countries. 9476:of the Munich Agreement, formed a peace pact with 9454:draping the facade of the Embassy of Japan on the 6497:History of newspapers and magazines § Germany 5714:defended the idea in an essay and argued that the 5080:Luther's translation of the Bible into High German 5067:, for use of parents teaching their children, and 5049:Luther's translation of the Bible into High German 4417:was the first to drop the Arabic definite article 3618:. In 1137, the prince-electors turned back to the 3500:and containment by the mid-15th century. The last 1670:Early migrations, the Suebi and the Roman Republic 1619:(8th to 6th centuries BC). It was followed by the 805:along the Baltic coast in what would later become 797:. The growth of a crusading element within German 24627:Stuchtey, Benedikt, and Peter Wende, eds. (2000) 24483:Uniting Germany: Documents and Debates, 1944–1993 24376:, 150 short essays by scholars covering 1945–1990 23124:. Vol. 1, C.500–700. Cambridge University Press. 21769:"Chancellor Running Out of Time on Refugee Issue" 21660:Bolgherini, Silvia; Grotz, Florian, eds. (2010). 21621:"Germany agrees on 50-billion-euro stimulus plan" 21575:Uniting Germany: Documents and Debates, 1944–1993 21434:History of Germany, 1918–2000: the divided nation 20345: 19949:. McGill-Queen's Press — MQUP. p. 195. 19784:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 19583:Marks, Sally (1978). "The Myths of Reparations". 19531:. Deutscher Bundestag. March 2006. Archived from 18663:Page, Melvin Eugene; Penny M. Sonnenburg (2003). 17793:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 17577:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 17040: 16931:Stein and the era of reform in Prussia, 1807–1815 16903:The Consortium on Revolutionary Europe, 1750–1850 16753:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 92–. 16611: 16155:. Junta de Investigações do Ultramar. p. 124 14629:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 239. 14259: 12902: 12139:Bronze Age cultures in Central and Eastern Europe 11904:Chadwick and Corcoran, Nora and J.X.W.P. (1970). 11015: 10547:took place in East Germany, which quickly led to 10102:for technological modernization, and a policy of 9434:Relations between Nazi Germany and the Arab world 9275: 7653: 7426:, the main residence of the House of Hohenzollern 7335:and in July 1870, France resolved to end it in a 7202:, the German Confederation was dissolved and the 6190:changed sides to support Napoleon and joined the 4662:the empire. A dual system of Supreme Courts (the 3146:(the purchase of clerical offices), and required 1085: 93:contains too many pictures for its overall length 27260: 24620:Rüger, Jan, and Nikolaus Wachsmann, eds. (2015) 24412:Documents on Germany under Occupation, 1945–1954 24193:Spielvogel, Jackson J. and David Redles. (2009) 23180:(in German). Verlag für Geschichte und Politik. 23114:"8: Merovingian Gaul and the Frankish conquests" 22421:Language and history in the early Germanic world 21517:"SCHROEDER DEFEATS KOHL IN HISTORIC GERMAN VOTE" 21081: 19822:Ash, Mitchell G.; Söllner, Alfons, eds. (1996). 18789:A History of the International Chemical Industry 18610:Luxury Fleet: The Imperial German Navy 1888–1918 17295: 17293: 16982:. Deutsche Geschichte in Quellen und Darstellung 15822: 15272:Tennant, Elaine C.; Johnson, Carroll B. (1985). 14122: 13800:. University of California Press. pp. 17–. 13143: 13033:Benham, Jenny (2018). "Treaty of Verdun (843)". 12629:. Amsterdam: Time-Life Books. 1988. p. 38. 12618: 12587:Barbarian Migrations and the Roman West, 376–568 12183: 9777:) were transferred to Poland and Soviet Russia ( 9190:Key leaders of the Nazi regime (left to right): 9100:European territory occupied by Nazi Germany and 8345:, in northern Germany, saw the beginning of the 8020:(United Steel Works) in 1926 was modeled on the 7905:. In exchange for the eastern African island of 5932:Hymnody of continental Europe § Rationalism 3851:, the clerical electors were the Archbishops of 3472:, initially intended to Christianize the Baltic 1854: 24597:Shattered Past: Reconstructing German Histories 24539:Imperial Germany: A Historiographical Companion 23152:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 74. 21659: 20879: 20877: 20509:(PhD. Diss. University of Hertfordshire, 2009) 20306:Roberts, Patricia Hogwood, Geoffrey K. (2013). 20260:. A&E Television Networks. 13 November 2009 20208: 16775:The New Cambridge Modern History: vol 8 1763–93 16180:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 54. 15952: 15894:Reformations: The Early Modern World, 1450–1650 15152:Putten, Jasper Cornelis van (6 November 2017). 14985:John Selden and the Western Political Tradition 12813:Thompson, James Westfall (1928). "Old Saxony". 12156: 11424:(13). National Academy of Sciences: 7117–7119. 11418:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 11251:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 10899:, German public opinion turned sharply against 10783:for balanced budgets, measures to increase the 10717:Indian Ocean tsunami from Indonesian earthquake 10511:brought the conservatives back to power with a 10504:became first chancellor of a reunified Germany. 10035: 8420:for all civilian damage caused during the war. 7787: 7724:Italy, seeking supporters for its interests in 7597:, Bismarck (left) confronts Pope Pius IX, 1875. 7568:in 1883 in order to appease the working class. 6988:. The political principles agreed upon at this 6412:Many companies, such as steam-machine producer 6061: 5126:and literary studies as branches of knowledge; 4911: 4433:. He is generally referred to as the father of 3480:, quickly resolved to establish an independent 2679:. The Catholic Franks, who by 750 controlled a 2663:waged war against the Saxons in support of the 930:ended the German Empire with the abdication of 865:was established under Austrian presidency. The 24491:Pence, Katherine, and Paul Betts, eds. (2008) 24452:State and Minorities in Communist East Germany 23819:, excerpts from historians and primary sources 23810:Age of Bismarck: Documents and Interpretations 23760: 21895: 21821: 21129:Konrad Adenauer: The Father of the New Germany 19526:"The political parties in the Weimar Republic" 19127:(in German). LIT Verlag Münster. p. 232. 18969:Germany in the Pacific and Far East, 1870–1914 16716:A History of Franco-German Relations in Europe 16562: 15271: 14720:Kersken, Uwe (2014). "Die letzten ihrer Art". 14253: 14040:. Gainesville, University Presses of Florida. 13787: 13610:. Leipziger Universitätsverlag. pp. 17–. 13593:http://mek.oszk.hu/02100/02109/html/59.html#67 13176: 10207:, established the country's armed forces (the 9724:Territorial losses of modern Germany 1920–1945 9398:In 1935, Hitler officially re-established the 8514:Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany 6298:) would be preserved, they broke with France. 6121: 5871:Social changes in 18th to 19th-century Prussia 5661:escaping from almost certain national disaster 5597:had joined the league under the leadership of 4551:), with the most prominent families being the 3022:Equestrian monument, probably Otto the Great, 2561:. His successors would cooperate closely with 2461:The Western Roman Empire fell in 476 with the 26649: 26244: 25671: 24650: 24368:After Hitler: Recivilizing Germans, 1945–1995 23831:Ogilvie, Sheilagh, and Richard Overy. (2004) 23548:Germany in the Early Middle Ages, c. 800–1056 23466:Germany at War: 400 Years of Military History 22911: 22762:. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. 22513:(Reprint ed.). Oxford University Press. 21082:Giangreco, D. M.; Griffin, Robert E. (1988). 20633:The Reconstruction of Western Europe: 1945–51 20530: 20285:. University of Illinois Press. p. 176. 19662:Antifaschisten in "antifaschistischer" Gewalt 19473:Imperial Germany and the Great War, 1914–1918 18924: 18865:Krupp: A History of the Legendary German Firm 17949:"Higher Civil Servants in Germany, 1890–1900" 17714:History of the war between Germany and France 17290: 17196:The Cambridge companion to German romanticism 16916:An introduction to Nineteenth century Germany 15983:Piechocki, Katharina N. (13 September 2021). 15671: 13898: 13554:Ostsiedlung – ein gesamteuropäisches Phänomen 13149: 13022:, vol. 48, History Today, pp. 62–64 13011: 13009: 13007: 12914: 12819:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 167ff 12507: 12221:, vol. I, London: Penguin, p. 108, 12112: 12095: 10114:, U.S. gifts of $ 1.4 billion as part of the 9886:Allied economic policy originally was one of 9487:Having established a "Rome-Berlin axis" with 9298:views the bodies of prisoners at a liberated 8858:, as well as intellectuals around the world. 8824:Among the most important German writers were 8423: 8142:), Southwestern Madagascar, Santa Lucia Bay ( 8016:. The merger of several major firms into the 6577:and are ranked among the founding fathers of 6455:'s concept for a German railway net from 1833 6149: 5764:Karl Friedrich ruled Baden from 1738 to 1811. 5400:Friedrich Casimir, Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg 5028:helped establish modern Standard High German. 4331:, one of the most influential artists of the 2863:received the Eastern portion of the kingdom, 1317:), which was partially contemporary with the 662: 57:. Please discuss this issue on the article's 24121:] (in German). New York: Penguin Press. 24073:German Economy, 1870–1940: Issues and Trends 23408:. 167 primary sources in English translation 23363:The Oxford Handbook of Modern German History 23085:German Economy, 1870-1940: Issues and Trends 23047:Stollberg-Rilinger, Barbara (11 May 2021) . 22863:Germany from Napoleon to Bismarck: 1800–1866 22401:Germany in the High Middle Ages: C.1050–1200 21676:"Determination of the euro conversion rates" 21416:Fink, Carole; Schaefer, Bernd, eds. (2009). 21415: 21226: 21211: 20874: 20764: 19938: 19619: 18787:Aftalion, Otto Theodor Benfey, Fred (1991), 18483:(in German), Munich: C. H. Beck, p. 290 17655: 17599: 16953:, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 137–179 16669:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 16617: 16109: 15558:The Thirty Years' War: A Documentary History 15313:Jahrbuch für Germanistische Sprachgeschichte 15056:(in German). Walter de Gruyter. p. 48. 14734: 14422:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 14327:. University of Virginia Press. p. 59. 14116: 13371:"The Official Name of the Holy Roman Empire" 12806: 12779: 12426: 12269: 12243:"Languages of the World: Germanic languages" 12129: 11804: 11370: 10770: 10517:the left's biggest landslide victory in 1998 10339:either low-skilled jobs or were unemployed. 10287:alliance combining the two largest parties. 9807:Office of Military Government, United States 9163:, rescinding civil liberties. Four thousand 8727:Science and culture in 19th and 20th century 8528: 6365:Population of German territories 1800 – 2000 6207:Napoleon's military fiasco in Russia in 1812 5229:, one of the founders and fathers of modern 4947:revolt of the Protestant nobility of Bohemia 4485:for subdivisions and the political structure 4162:established his reputation across Europe as 3810:The failure of negotiations between Emperor 1751:List of Roman governors of Germania Inferior 1645:. In the 5th century BC the Greek historian 1059:and other troubled regions. Germany opposed 1055:as the main receiver of asylum seekers from 901:colonial expansion in Africa and the Pacific 530: 416: 24769:Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16) 24615:Comparative Studies in Society and History, 24475:Jarausch, Konrad H.. and Eve Duffy. (1999) 23624:Frederick the Great: The Magnificent Enigma 23173: 22828: 22721: 22652:. Vol. 3: 1840–1945. Alfred A. Knopf. 22627:. Vol. 2: 1648–1840. Alfred A. Knopf. 22104:The Routledge Companion to Medieval Warfare 22012: 20976: 20869:The Berlin Wall: A World Divided, 1961–1989 20636:. University of California Press. pp. 20017: 19798: 19195:(in German). Duncker u. Humblot. p. 27 17758: 17687: 17607:(2nd ed.). Routledge. pp. 83–98. 17331:, Oxford University Press, pp. 151–182 17270: 16713: 16460:. Cambridge University Press. p. 266. 16207: 15989:. University of Chicago Press. p. 26. 15015: 14988:. Cambridge University Press. p. 118. 14443:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 332. 14286: 14266:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 9–. 13820: 13769:. University of California Press. pp. 13102: 12575: 12302: 12162: 11861: 10670:– the seat of German parliament since 1999. 10419: 10283:was elected as Chancellor by a new CDU/CSU- 9771:divided into four military occupation zones 8559:centralised planning of Lenin's communism. 8217:became an extremely bloody battleground of 8025:market, as Britain slipped to third place. 7861:Subsequently, Wilhelm refused to renew the 7546:Association of German Women's Organizations 7213: 6486: 5998:, that decreed the abolishment of the 1598 5729:During 1772 to 1795 Prussia instigated the 5565:from a siege and the imminent seizure by a 5529:(1688–1697). Louis established a number of 5026:Bible translated into High German by Luther 4878:was spearheaded by the scholarly religious 4750:and offices and titles of the Roman Curia. 4063:archbishop, under whose patronage the vast 3254:Main trading routes of the Hanseatic League 3218:(Holy Empire) was first used officially by 2234: 1861:Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16) 1299:period between 10,000 and 8,000 years ago. 26656: 26642: 26251: 26237: 25678: 25664: 24657: 24643: 23738: 23561:Bainton, Roland H. (1978; reprinted 1995) 23393:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 22527: 20883: 20827:Australian Journal of Politics and History 20753:Germany, 1947–1949: The Story in Documents 20659: 20657: 20573: 20571: 20569: 20482: 20372: 20282:Demilitarization in the Contemporary World 19856: 19821: 19470: 19333: 19120: 18582: 18449: 18310: 18288:, Vol. 43, No. 3 (Oct. 1957), pp. 328–330. 18040: 17523: 16948: 16740: 16618:Hochedlinger, Michael (22 December 2015). 16491:Man The Measure: A New Approach To History 16254:Nothaft, C. Philipp E. (9 February 2018). 16226:. Cambridge University Press. p. 86. 15924: 15430: 15381: 14837:. Cambridge University Press. p. 45. 14392:Tiroler Ausstellungsstrassen: Maximilian I 13756: 13697:A History of the Habsburg Empire 1526–1918 13664: 13518: 13491: 13477:"The Great Depression of the 14th Century" 13004: 12789:Merovingian Military Organization, 481–751 12685: 10091:was an icon of West German reconstruction. 9656:raising the Soviet flag over the Reichstag 9085: 8658:, worth about US$ 5 billion or £1 billion 7918:British, however, resolved to keep up the 7836:set out to apply his imperialist ideas of 7821: 5710:and implemented since 1763. Prussian king 2530:conquered northern Gaul in 486 and in the 2327:in the east and the north. These included 2044:. Austria formed the regular provinces of 669: 655: 24450:Dennis, Mike, and Norman LaPorte. (2011) 24409: 24277: 24251:Bark, Dennis L.; Gress, David R. (1992). 24250: 23961:Wilhelm II: Prince and Emperor, 1859–1900 22993:(2002 ed.). Transaction Publishers. 22856: 22835:(in German). StudienVerlag. p. 245. 22757: 22724:"Germanic expansion and the fall of Rome" 22226: 22063: 21876: 21678:. European Central Bank. 31 December 1998 21643:"Government declaration by Angela Merkel" 21595:. Oxford University Press, USA. pp. 21487:For a primary source see Helmut Schmidt, 21034: 20957: 20955: 20953: 20951: 20851: 20824: 20332:. Harvard University Press. p. 303. 20209:Axelrod, Alan; Kingston, Jack A. (2007). 19668:] (in German). A. Peter. p. 21. 19635:A History of Hitler's Empire, 2nd Edition 19431:The defeat of imperial Germany, 1917–1918 19245:. Cornell University Press. p. 123. 18395:A History of Hitler's Empire, 2nd Edition 18086:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 149. 17831: 17829: 17817: 17377: 17365: 17341: 17258: 17246: 16963: 16889: 16665:Frederick the Great: A Historical Profile 16568: 16426: 16173: 15982: 15964:. Heldref Publications. 1951. p. 148 15684: 15519:(502). Oxford University Press: 554–586. 15310: 14947: 14810:Anzeiger des Germanischen Nationalmuseums 14354: 14320: 14087:10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t056734 14003: 13853: 13793: 13235: 12920: 12884: 12727:, 48 (1): 235–244, JSTOR 4436542, p. 237. 12725:Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte 12449: 12118: 12101: 12012: 11955: 11945: 11838: 11781: 11755: 11677: 11667: 11649: 11507: 11497: 11447: 11437: 11321: 11280: 11270: 10617:Federal Republic of Germany, 1990–present 10600:Unable to stop the growing civil unrest, 10125:in 1955 and was a founding member of the 8805:were pivotal figures of engineering, and 6786:, physicist and optical lens manufacturer 6416:, modeled themselves on English industry. 5640: 5294:Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen 5024:(1534). The widespread popularity of the 4729: 3134:(1039 to 1056), the empire supported the 3060:Nationis Germanicæ (of the German nation) 2951:at its greatest territorial extent under 2754:. The campaigns and insurrections of the 2738:, that guaranteed the sovereignty of the 1659:southern Scandinavia and northern Germany 762:'s heirs in 843, the eastern part became 124:Learn how and when to remove this message 26663: 24556: 24320:. New York: Cambridge University Press, 24147:abridged version of the standard history 23967:Wilhelm II: Emperor and Exile, 1900–1941 23271: 23102: 23007: 22679:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. 22398: 22348: 22268:. Longmans, Green, and Company. p. 22097: 21586: 21489:Men and Power: A Political Retrospective 21430: 21156: 21141: 21126: 20809: 20536: 20352:. East European Monographs. p. 33. 19625: 19427: 19318: 19188: 19086: 18999:German Colonialism and National Identity 18967:John Anthony Moses and Paul M. Kennedy, 18692:German Yearbook on Business History 1985 18689: 18563: 18419: 18385: 18185:(1), Cambridge University Press: 59–70, 17807: 17738:"Bismarck's Domestic Polices 1871 -1890" 17421:The Grimm brothers and the Germanic past 17299: 17198:(Cambridge University Press, 2009) ch 1. 17140: 17138: 17124: 16454:Gawthrop, Richard L. (2 November 2006). 16453: 16260:. Oxford University Press. p. 278. 16148: 16075: 16017:Fletcher, John Edward (26 August 2011). 16016: 15856: 15644: 15608:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion 15117: 15090:(in German). W. Kohlhammer. p. 54. 14920:. Oxford University Press. p. 243. 14807: 14290:Österreich, Reich und Europa 1502 – 1504 14018: 13961: 13838:"Emperor Frederick II., The Hohenstaufe" 13729: 13682: 13597: 13475:Rothbard, Murray N. (23 November 2009). 13474: 13415: 13068: 12966:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 212–. 12812: 12785: 12661: 12473: 12135: 12050: 12048: 11897: 11883:. München: C. Bertelsmann. p. 258. 10821: 10655: 10644: 10613:that came into force on 3 October 1990. 10587: 10553: 10496: 10429: 10352: 10342: 10267: 10181: 10136: 10082: 10039: 9920: 9846: 9810: 9719: 9649: 9611: 9557: 9437: 9408:marched into the demilitarised Rhineland 9385: 9289: 9226:constitution. Germany withdrew from the 9185: 9142: 9095: 8821:were three key figures in microbiology. 8618: 8561: 8518: 8474: 8461:National Socialist German Workers' Party 8438: 8377:was to be decided by plebiscite. In the 8325: 8265: 8196: 8167: 8053: 8042: 7979: 7951: 7809:Emperor William I died in 1888. His son 7796: 7768:). Consequently, Bismarck initiated the 7657: 7589: 7455:(Custom Union) treaties until 1888. The 7418: 7397: 7302: 7265:In 1888, the young and ambitious Kaiser 7244: 7228: 7079:Revolutions of 1848 in the German states 6964: 6944: 6925: 6901: 6832: 6573:collected folk stories into the popular 6447: 6407: 6391: 6360: 6249: 6237: 6081: 6065: 5935: 5759: 5748: 5644: 5506:commander during the Austro-Turkish wars 5494: 5469:The total population of Germany (in its 5422: 5394:. A never realized colonial project was 5101: 5008: 4921: 4772: 4733: 4625: 4531: 4494: 4100:, while supervising brilliant miniature 4048:. Full citizenship was not available to 3747:, which was to rule Bavaria until 1918. 3537: 3522: 3426:to turn the borderlands into hereditary 3404:, modern Hungary and Romania during the 3361: 3349: 3249: 3239: 3114: 3103: 3017: 2779: 2683:in Gaul, north-western Germany, Swabia, 2610: 2238: 2187:– migrated and played their part in the 1912: 1673: 1649:mentioned a Celtic city at the Danube – 1267: 97:Relevant discussion may be found on the 24208:The Routledge Companion to Nazi Germany 23846:Germany, 1789–1919: a political history 23612: 23492: 23111: 23081: 23016: 22988: 22937:Faust's Metropolis. A History of Berlin 22799:Princes and Princely Culture: 1450–1650 22674: 22647: 22622: 22594: 22550: 22503: 22373: 22199: 22166: 22064:Bordewich, Fergus M. (September 2005). 22020:(1st paperback ed.). W.W. Norton. 21314: 21279: 21229:Essays in Economic and Business History 20798:The Firm: The Inside Story of the Stasi 20654: 20629: 20566: 20487:. Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung 20312:. Oxford University Press. p. 50. 20278: 20258:"Allies end occupation of West Germany" 20196: 20145: 20098: 19993: 19944: 19932: 19836: 19803:The Routledge companion to Nazi Germany 19385: 19272: 18744: 18626:The Influence of Sea Power Upon History 18134: 18106: 17959:(3). Sage Publications, Ltd.: 101–121. 17643: 17587: 17524:Williamson, George S. (December 2000). 17488: 17464: 17389: 17353: 17234: 17026: 16966:Germany under the Old Regime, 1600–1790 16934:. Princeton University Press. pp. 16860: 16798: 16786: 16646:Frederick the Great: A Military History 16538: 16526: 16404: 16253: 16050: 15726:Printing, Propaganda, and Martin Luther 15723: 15650: 15638: 15426: 15424: 15118:Treichel, Eckhardt (14 December 2015). 15083: 15049: 14830: 14768: 14719: 14680: 14388: 14125:"Rediscovery of the Elements: Agricola" 14077:Vos, Dirk de (2003). "Memling , Hans". 14060: 13742:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 162–. 13630: 13531:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 194–. 13317: 13158:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 12837: 12612: 12589:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 12581: 12569: 12355: 12326: 12081:"Heuneburg (Herbertingen-Hundersingen)" 10873:in combat missions since World War II. 10863:International Security Assistance Force 10846:. Germany (especially under Chancellor 10132: 9789:. Around 6.7 million Germans living in 8237:More wide open was the fighting on the 7922:and introduced the highly advanced new 7903:The Influence of Sea Power upon History 7463:and the German ambassador in London as 6959:Revolution of 1848 in the German states 6301: 5166:(court astronomer under Maximilian I), 5004: 4483:List of states in the Holy Roman Empire 4464: 4078: 3716:and finally defeated Barbarossa in the 3662:(in Italian) pledged allegiance to the 3172:was compelled to submit to the Pope at 2784:Charlemagne surveying the works of the 27261: 24356:A History of Twentieth-Century Germany 24155:A History of Twentieth-Century Germany 24011:A History of Twentieth-Century Germany 23877: 23660:Germany under the Old Regime 1600–1790 23591:792 pp; by Germany's foremost scholar 23411: 23352:, and Deborah Lucas Schneider. (2001) 23313:A history of modern Germany, 1800–2000 23307:A History of Twentieth-Century Germany 23243:Germany: A Companion to German Studies 23201: 23145: 23049:The Holy Roman Empire: A Short History 22934: 22888: 22795: 22693: 22475: 22042: 21877:Crowcroft, Orlando (8 December 2021). 21722: 21400: 21248: 21019: 20948: 20943:Germany, 1945–1990: A Parallel History 20884:Pence, Katherine; Betts, Paul (2011). 20866: 20694: 20663: 20598: 20581:A History of Modern Germany since 1815 20577: 20420: 20211:Encyclopedia of World War II, Volume 1 20184: 20172: 19666:Antifascists in "antifascist" violence 19659: 19502:[Establishment of Nazi Rule]. 19412: 19358: 19303: 19238: 19214:Office, Great Britain Foreign (1927). 19213: 19052: 18995:The Rulers of German Africa, 1884–1914 18647: 18607: 18434: 18028: 17926:German History in Documents and Images 17900:German History in Documents and Images 17868: 17835: 17826: 17710: 17693: 17570: 17500: 17271:Kopsidis, Michael; Bromley, Daniel W. 17159: 16825: 16810: 16657: 16621:Austria's Wars of Emergence, 1683–1797 16487: 16363:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 16287: 15931:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 174. 15928:A Companion to the Classical Tradition 15925:Kallendorf, Craig W. (15 April 2008). 15897:. Yale University Press. p. 223. 15788: 15750: 15616:10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.382 15569: 15540:The Thirty Years War: Europe's Tragedy 15537: 15510: 15415: 15369: 15345: 15292:from the original on 27 September 2021 15233: 15221: 15197: 15185: 15151: 14981: 14864: 14795: 14701:from the original on 26 September 2021 14656: 14588: 14576: 14504: 14470: 14355:Belt, Forest H.; Allen, Larry (1998). 14033: 13903:. University of New Mexico P. p. 13835: 13524: 13504:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 23–. 13497: 13391: 13203: 13114: 13032: 13015: 12998: 12986: 12947: 12773: 12739: 12698: 12461: 12216: 11878: 11530: 11244: 10969:), out of 2 million deaths in Europe. 9710:Germany during the Cold War, 1945–1990 9597:was destroyed. Germany's armed forces 9382:Military Administration (Nazi Germany) 9171:, where they were at the mercy of the 9114:resistance among the German population 8801:, the inventor of the automobile, and 8674:marked the beginning of the worldwide 8523:Flag of the Weimar Republic, 1919–1933 8119:(occupied in 1899), Togo-Hinterlands, 7909:, Germany had bargained the island of 7707:and the Black Sea. Germany hosted the 7367:, the German princes assembled in the 6887:Politics of restoration and revolution 6347: 6274:and Revolutionary era diverged toward 5438:since 1640 and later called the Great 4640:Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation 4308:'s religious works often incorporated 3443:to repopulate the area as part of the 1347:. Afterwards, Germany was part of the 1168:eight 380,000-year-old wooden javelins 26637: 26260:History of current European countries 26232: 25685: 25659: 24638: 24175:The Longman Companion to Nazi Germany 24109: 23991:German Diplomatic Documents 1871–1914 23839:The Unification of Germany, 1848–1871 23746:. New York: Oxford University Press. 23589:History of the Reformation in Germany 23563:Here I Stand: A Life of Martin Luther 23368: 22991:A Social History of Germany 1648–1914 22965: 22944: 22918:Concise Encyclopedia of World History 22776: 22442: 22417: 22325: 22297: 22175: 22125: 21991: 21500: 21472: 21361: 20961: 20898: 20795: 20223: 20160: 20133: 20121: 20067: 20005: 19981: 19969: 19907: 19895: 19883: 19871: 19713: 19688: 19582: 18877: 18862: 18801: 18763: 18622: 18478: 18360: 18176: 18079: 18052: 18046: 17993: 17735: 17476: 17432: 17404: 17326: 17135: 17055: 16746: 16441: 15769: 15498: 15431:Dittmar, Jeremiah; Seabold, Skipper. 15209: 14622: 14436: 14196: 13938:"Jews in the Medieval German Kingdom" 13935: 13794:Scaglione, Aldo D. (1 January 1991). 13762: 13117:The Journal of Ecclesiastical History 12792:. U of Minnesota Press. pp. 9–. 12673: 12519: 12367: 12338: 12314: 12163:Milisauskas, Sarunas (30 June 2002). 12045: 11712: 11524: 11371:Kleinhubbert, Guido (20 April 2020). 11336: 11225: 10583:mass demonstrations in several cities 8160:History of Germany during World War I 8058:A colonial lord in the German colony 7844: 7666:of Germany, Austria and Italy in 1913 7404:Monument to the Battle of the Nations 7391:with the exception of Austria in the 7188:North German Confederation, 1866–1871 5890:struggled to compete with the rising 4761:that he posted in the town square of 3712:over Italy. The cities united in the 3339: 3130:During the reign of Conrad II's son, 2812:, and in 774 he installed himself as 2730:bestowed him the hereditary title of 2347:. In the south, the marches included 1763:remains debated. However, for author 946:, used the economic hardships of the 24664: 24145:Nazi Germany and the Jews, 1933–1945 23643:Frederick the Great: King of Prussia 23146:Whaley, Joachim (24 November 2011). 22816:from the original on 24 October 2021 22276: 22144: 21949:"Ukrainian refugees by country 2023" 21451: 21163:Journal of Interdisciplinary History 20521: 20373:Schechtman, Joseph B. (April 1953). 20032: 19747: 19220:. H.M. Stationery Office. p. 32 18815: 18747:Journal of European Economic History 18583:Hattendorf, John B. (January 1991). 18528: 18391:"The First World War and Its Legacy" 18120: 17946: 17869:Wright, Patrick (9 September 2006). 17207: 17144: 16980:"Edict of Potsdam, October 29, 1685" 16927: 16130:from the original on 29 October 2021 15890: 15713:from the original on 9 October 2022. 15421: 15016:Mousourakis, George (2 March 2017). 14948:Thornhill, Chris (24 January 2007). 14070: 13694: 13603: 13345:"The Military OrdersL Intrioduction" 13342: 13267:. University of Pennsylvania Press. 12896: 12190:Rankin, David; H. D. Rankin (1996). 12142:. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 100–. 11040:Russia's Feb. 24 invasion of Ukraine 8737:The Weimar years saw a flowering of 8709:German presidential election of 1932 8554:, Germany accorded the Soviet Union 8489:constitution came into effect, with 7778:General Act of the Berlin Conference 7521:"The estate which upheld the nation" 7347:. Napoleon was taken prisoner and a 7096:King Frederick William IV of Prussia 6949:Cheering the Revolutions of 1848 in 6444:History of rail transport in Germany 6381: 6209:, Prussia allied with Russia in the 5797:like the benevolent and progressive 5569:in 1683, the combined troops of the 4654:During his reign from 1493 to 1519, 4608:, especially his development of the 4246:was regarded as one of the greatest 4135:. He was the global inventor of the 3750:From 1184 to 1186, the empire under 2887:played a central role, as the local 2423:constructed during the reign of the 2195:. By the end of the 4th century the 1839:, had conquered lands of the Gallic 1824:first known bridges across the Rhine 1512:the dead and placing their ashes in 1051:nations. In 2015, Germany faced the 107:indiscriminate collections of images 77: 17: 27241: 26686:Decline of the Western Roman Empire 26193:History of the Mediterranean region 24438:(Central European University Press) 24410:Von Oppen, Beate Ruhm, ed. (1955). 24235:The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich 23993:(1928–31), in English translation. 23884:Bismarck: the Man and the Statesman 23790:; an old standard scholarly history 22744: 22563: 22261: 22107:. Routledge Companions to History. 21697:Bertaut, Murat F. Iyigun, Carol C. 20765:Gienow-Hecht, Jessica C.E. (1999). 19012:Journal of Southern African Studies 18311:Blackbourn, David (December 1975). 17736:Tonge, Stephen (11 November 2013). 17222: 17029:The Literature of Weimar Classicism 16575:. Steerforth Press. pp. 274–. 16569:Jankowski, Tomek E. (20 May 2014). 16082:. Andrews UK Limited. p. 236. 15891:Eire, Carlos M. N. (28 June 2016). 15693: 15657:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 14913: 14831:Hirschi, Caspar (8 December 2011). 14741:. Antiquariaat Forum. p. 162. 14724:. Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen(zdf). 14589:Metzig, Gregor (21 November 2016). 14531: 14260:William Rothstein, Stanley (1995). 14076: 13735: 13428: 13403: 13240:. University Passau. Archived from 12908: 12710:(4 ed.). Harrap. p. 174. 12136:Gimbutas, Marija (25 August 2011). 10923:which entered the Bundestag in the 10884:which affected the German economy. 10726:In 2005, after the SPD lost to the 10078: 9147:National flag of Germany, 1935–1945 8447:The humiliating peace terms in the 7691:from 1877 to 1878 and attempted to 7414: 6284:reorganization of the German states 6162:tried to remain neutral during the 5864: 5650:Frederick II, the Great, of Prussia 4965:from 1630 to 1648 and France under 4312:of the clergymen, aristocrats, and 4268:, bishop, philosopher, theologian, 3880: 3754:reached its cultural peak with the 3626:. Conrad tried to divest his rival 3518: 3229: 2840:(Emperor of the Romans) in Rome by 2770:Foundation of the Holy Roman Empire 2113:Decline of the Western Roman Empire 1716: New settlements by 250 1705: New settlements by 500 1694: Settlements before 750 1584:, the oldest city north of the Alps 1029:East and West Germany were reunited 13: 26778:Growth of the Eastern Roman Empire 24485:, primary sources on reunification 24406:, broad survey of reunified nation 24206:Stackelberg, Roderick, ed. (2007) 24001:Weimar Thought: A Contested Legacy 23229: 23122:The New Cambridge Medieval History 22482:. University of Pittsburgh Press. 22455:. Vol. 4 (Revised ed.). 22081:The Crisis of Empire, A.D. 193–337 21255:. Yale University Press. pp. 21195: 20755:(1950); these are primary sources. 20601:"The Future of the German Economy" 20537:Liberman, Peter (23 August 1998). 20483:Faulenbach, Bernd (6 April 2005). 20042:. pp. 104–107. Archived from 19093:. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 97. 18878:Allen, Robert C. (December 1979). 18791:, University of Pennsylvania Press 18255:(1982): 647–686. esp. pp. 657–662 18005: 17423:(John Benjamins Publishing, 1990). 15348:, pp. 12, 39, 40, 50, 72, 80. 15245: 15050:Neuhaus, Helmut (1 October 2010). 14659:, pp. ii, 260, 266, 277, 419. 14623:Monro, Alexander (22 March 2016). 14293:(in German). Böhlau. p. 694. 14233: 13578: 13347:. ORB Encyclopedia. Archived from 13318:Baldwin, Marshall W., ed. (1969). 12558:Bowman, Garnsey & Cameron 2005 12235: 11633:"Earliest music instruments found" 10263: 10250:Social Democratic Party of Germany 10198:, and adherents of Protestant and 8865:", led by the Nobel Prize-winners 8470: 8311: 7562:outlawing the party's organisation 7558:Social Democratic Party of Germany 7315:. Bismarck in the center in white. 7128:suffered a stroke and his brother 6595:Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling 6074:, a union of client states of the 5910:in northwestern Germany abolished 5418: 5344:Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus 4863:(in Franconia) and the theologian 4838:, which began in the southwest in 4615: 4108:became the most celebrated of the 4012:, that had acquired the status of 3396:rivers, such as modern Poland and 3122:, a center of influence under the 2836:, 800 AD, Charlemagne was crowned 2389: 2191:and the transformation of the old 2058:Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium 1814:study. In the mid-1st century BC, 1215:in Germany were found in the cave 14: 27280: 27208:Historiography in the Middle Ages 24524: 23569:Martin Luther and the Reformation 23534:Medieval Germany: An Encyclopedia 23457:Winkler, Heinrich August. (2006) 23324:; focus on politics and diplomacy 23103:Thompson, James Westfall (1931). 21200:(15 (Special Issue 1995)): 55–81. 16152:History of Portuguese Cartography 16076:Blumenau, Ralph (30 April 2014). 15789:Holden, Joshua (2 October 2018). 15385:Germany and the Holy Roman Empire 13977: 13763:Bumke, Joachim (1 January 1991). 13713:. Yale Law School. Archived from 10519:, and was succeeded by the SPD's 10279:In 1966, Erhard lost support and 9842:forced labour in the Soviet Union 9800: 9737:was a parliamentary democracy, a 9428:Foreign relations of Nazi Germany 9421: 8733:Science and technology in Germany 8527:In the first months of 1920, the 8048:German colonies and protectorates 7490:– domestic, European and global. 7402:The 91 m (299 ft) high 7379:and proclaimed the Prussian King 7298: 7120:Bismarck takes charge (1862–1866) 6897: 5744: 4490: 3007: 2796:After the death of Frankish king 2762:, and annexed their lands to the 1994:, considered conquest beyond the 1061:Russia's 2022 invasion of Ukraine 27240: 27231: 27230: 27220: 26178:Bibliography of European history 25773:Fall of the Western Roman Empire 23815:Hamerow, Theodore S. ed. (1993) 23808:Hamerow, Theodore S. ed. (1974) 23373:(First ed.). New York, NY. 23082:Stolper, Gustav (14 June 2017). 22697:Medieval France: An Encyclopedia 22694:Kibler, William W., ed. (1995). 22352:Historical Dictionary of Austria 22277:Drew, Katherine Fischer (2011). 21959: 21941: 21922: 21904: 21889: 21870: 21852: 21834: 21815: 21787: 21761: 21735: 21716: 21690: 21668: 21653: 21635: 21627:. 6 January 2009. Archived from 21613: 21580: 21567: 21558: 21549: 21536: 21527: 21509: 21494: 21481: 21466: 21445: 21424: 21409: 21394: 21355: 21308: 21273: 21242: 21231:, vol. 22, pp. 17–27, 21220: 21212:Mierzejewski, Alfred C. (2004). 21205: 21189: 21150: 21135: 21120: 21104: 21088:. Presidio Press. Archived from 21075: 21028: 21013: 20970: 20935: 20922: 20892: 20860: 20845: 20839:10.1111/j.1467-8497.2006.00427.x 20818: 20803: 20789: 20758: 20745: 20723: 20688: 20623: 20592: 20557: 20515: 20499: 20476: 20444: 20414: 20366: 20299: 20272: 20250: 20217: 20202: 20139: 20092: 20061: 20026: 20011: 19901: 19850: 19830: 19815: 19792: 19741: 19719: 19694: 19653: 19576: 19550: 19518: 19492: 19479: 19464: 19448: 19421: 19406: 19379: 19352: 19327: 19312: 19297: 19266: 19232: 19207: 19182: 19148: 19114: 19080: 19046: 19030: 19017: 19004: 18987: 18974: 18961: 18918: 18871: 18856: 18809: 18795: 18780: 18757: 18738: 18716: 18683: 18641: 18616: 18601: 18576: 18557: 18522: 18513: 18500: 18487: 18472: 18443: 18428: 18413: 18366: 18304: 18291: 18278: 18265: 18245: 18232: 18212: 18170: 18128: 18114: 18100: 18073: 17999: 17940: 17914: 17888: 17862: 17801: 17752: 17729: 17704: 17674: 17661: 17593: 17564: 17517: 17494: 17438: 17413: 17398: 17383: 17320: 17264: 17188: 17153: 17118: 17105: 17090: 17064: 17049: 17034: 17020: 17007: 16994: 16972: 16957: 16942: 16921: 16908: 16895: 16870: 16819: 16804: 16767: 16747:Schui, Florian (14 March 2013). 16707: 16651: 16638: 16589: 16544: 16481: 16447: 16398: 16385: 16371: 16331: 16317: 16293: 16247: 16213: 16174:Buisseret, David (22 May 2003). 16167: 16142: 16103: 16069: 16044: 16010: 15976: 15918: 15884: 15850: 15816: 15782: 15763: 15744: 15732: 15717: 15563: 15546: 15531: 15504: 15476: 15463: 15450: 15375: 15304: 15265: 15239: 15145: 15111: 15077: 15043: 15009: 14975: 14941: 14914:Lee, Daniel (19 February 2016). 14907: 14858: 14824: 14801: 14762: 14728: 14713: 14674: 14616: 14582: 14539:. Academic Forum. Archived from 14525: 14498: 14464: 14430: 14382: 14348: 14321:Häberlein, Mark (29 June 2012). 14314: 14280: 14227: 14218: 14103: 14054: 14027: 14012: 13997: 13985:. University of British Columbia 13971: 13929: 13892: 13870: 13842:The American Journal of Theology 13829: 13814: 13736:Law, John E. (5 December 2016). 13703: 13688: 13658: 13636: 13236:Dirscherl, Simon (23 May 2005). 11908:. Penguin Books. pp. 28–29. 11724:Halle State Museum of Prehistory 11199: 11190: 11177: 11159:Territorial evolution of Germany 11107:History of German foreign policy 11063: 11044:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 10869:, resulting in the first German 10728:Christian Democratic Union (CDU) 10526: 10310: 9868:, millions of POWs were used as 9815:Devastation in Berlin after the 9350:" which came to be known as the 9129:Establishment of the Nazi regime 9068: 9054: 9040: 9026: 9012: 8998: 8984: 8970: 8956: 8942: 8928: 8914: 8900: 8886: 8861:After 1933, Nazi proponents of " 8569:, German Chancellor in 1923 and 8459:in 1919 took control of the new 8368:was signed, ending the war. The 8304:1918 was the year of the deadly 8232: 8192: 7389:unified all ethnic German states 6805: 6791: 6776: 6762: 6748: 6734: 6720: 6706: 6692: 6678: 6664: 6650: 6581:, who initiated the work on the 6006:. Frederick William offered his 5990:within a week after French king 5921: 5336: 5321: 5306: 5286: 5267: 5249: 5219: 4945:The conflict was sparked by the 4630:Personification of the Reich as 4446: 4407: 4384: 4361: 4339: 4321: 4298: 4276: 4258: 4236: 4214: 4199: 3981: 3966: 3945: 3930: 3909: 3894: 3307:in virtually all cities between 2988: 2964: 2940: 2924: 2904: 2695:passes allied with the Curia in 2446:, built during the reign of the 2435: 2404: 1961: 1941: 1895: 1873: 1589: 1562: 1430: 1404: 1120: 1104: 741:Fall of the Western Roman Empire 635: 621: 160: 115:Manual of Style on use of images 82: 37:to read and navigate comfortably 22: 26706:Christianity in the Middle Ages 26701:Decline of Hellenistic religion 26203:History of Western civilization 25806:Christianity in the Middle Ages 24861:German revolutions of 1848–1849 24830:Ostsiedlung (East Colonisation) 24397:Developments in German Politics 24104:The Third Reich: A New History. 23679:Early Modern Germany, 1477–1806 23645:, major new scholarly biography 23630:A history of Germany, 1715–1815 23322:Germany in Western Civilization 23292:This text has updated editions. 22531:Frankreichs 33 Eroberungskriege 22355:. Vol. 70 (2nd ed.). 22150:A History of Germany: 1815-1990 21282:Journal of Contemporary History 20731:"Conferences: Pas de Pagaille!" 20427:Germany 1945: From War to Peace 20148:Joseph Goebbels: Life and Death 19751:Review of International Studies 19500:"Etablierung der NS-Herrschaft" 19053:Gradén, Lizette (13 May 2016). 18724:"Industrial Growth (1870–1914)" 17953:Journal of Contemporary History 17808:Guenther, Jack Harrold (2018). 17761:The Journal of Economic History 17027:Richter, Simon J., ed. (2005), 15382:Friedeburg, Robert von (2012). 15053:Das Reich in der Frühen Neuzeit 13899:Austin Alchon, Suzanne (2003). 13823:Frederick the Second, 1194–1250 13665:Blumenthal, Uta-Renate (1991). 13545: 13498:Murray, Alan V. (15 May 2017). 13468: 13445: 13421: 13373:. Holy Roman Empire Association 13363: 13336: 13311: 13289: 13256: 13229: 13123:(3). Cambridge Press: 347–374. 13108: 13074: 13026: 12843: 12745: 12717: 12691: 12525: 12479: 12420: 12400: 12361: 12272:East and West in Late Antiquity 12263: 12247:The New Encyclopædia Britannica 12210: 12073: 12029: 11980: 11912: 11872: 11855: 11798: 11730: 11694: 11643: 11625: 11607: 11577: 11373:"Vogelkiller aus der Steinzeit" 11226:McRae, Mike (6 November 2019). 10471:medium-range ballistic missiles 10461:with less enthusiasm. He had a 10376:and improve relations with the 9906: 9838:flight and expulsion of Germans 9547: 9314:the Nazis imposed a nationwide 8626:, German President in 1925–1934 8351:workers' and soldiers' councils 7703:and Russian containment at the 7609:the worst enemy and formed the 7449:so-called contract with Prussia 7352:5 billion francs and cede 7277: 6428: 6340:of 1866, to be replaced by the 6020:movement of proto-Romanticism. 6002:to free religious practice for 5623:Austro-Turkish War of 1716–1718 5491:Austro-Turkish War of 1716–1718 5331:, philosopher and mathematician 4819:of the Lutheran princes at the 4597:(with the management under the 4475:18th century history of Germany 4471:Early Modern history of Germany 3814:and the papacy led to the 1338 3162:. Pope Gregory insisted in his 2705:Liutprand, King of the Lombards 2094: 867:German revolutions of 1848–1849 719:9) prevented annexation by the 429:German revolutions of 1848–1849 39:. When this tag was added, its 26984:Crisis of the late Middle Ages 26047:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 25990:Christianity in the modern era 25761:Christianity in late antiquity 24846:Early modern period, 1500–1800 24734:List of early Germanic peoples 24537:Chickering, Roger, ed. (1996) 24499:The Making of the GDR, 1945–53 24304:Berghahn, Volker Rolf. (1987) 24200:Stackelberg, Roderick. (1999) 23942:Berghahn, Volker Rolf. (2005) 23933:Berghahn, Volker Rolf. (1987) 23857:, the major survey in English 23554: 23497:. Princeton University Press. 23464:Zabecki, David T., ed. (2015) 23320:Maehl, William Harvey. (1979) 22912:Ramirez-Faria, Carlos (2007). 22403:. Cambridge University Press. 21976: 21896:Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. 21822:Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. 21723:Mufson, Steven (30 May 2011). 21321:International Migration Review 20737:. 28 July 1947. Archived from 20599:Hoover, Calvin B. (May 1946). 20543:. Princeton University Press. 19799:Stackelberg, Roderick (2007). 19766:(inactive 24 September 2024). 19279:. Allen & Unwin. pp. 19239:Bönker, Dirk (15 March 2012). 18420:Weitsman, Patricia A. (2004), 18401:. Event occurs at 06:37-11:02 18286:The Catholic Historical Review 17775:(inactive 24 September 2024). 16687:Russell Frank Weigley (2004). 16488:Kahler, Erich (5 March 2019). 15795:. Princeton University Press. 15651:Cameron, Euan (1 March 2012). 14505:Eckert, Daniel (6 June 2016). 14037:Cologne in the Twelfth Century 13263:Uta-Renate Blumenthal (1988). 13043:10.1002/9781118885154.dipl0494 13019:Charlemagne's church at Aachen 12429:"C. Julius Caesar, Gallic War" 12219:Penguin Atlas of World History 12125:. G. Fr. Meyer. pp. 110–. 11650:Fernández, Eva (5 June 2014). 11478:Nature Ecology & Evolution 11464: 11398: 11387: 11364: 11330: 11297: 11238: 11219: 11137:Family tree of German monarchs 11127:List of chancellors of Germany 11117:History of the Jews in Germany 11016:Post-COVID period (Since 2022) 10719:while vacationing in Southern 10607:were opened in the Berlin Wall 10437:, left, with French President 10056:three western occupation zones 10020:According to German historian 9962:) of the communist-controlled 9716:History of Germany (1945–1990) 9696:German Instrument of Surrender 9276:Antisemitism and the Holocaust 9211:German National People's Party 8642: 8347:German Revolution of 1918–1919 8318:German Revolution of 1918–1919 8164:German Revolution of 1918–1919 8149: 7971:Kaiserliches Statistisches Amt 7689:war against the Ottoman Empire 7654:Foreign policies and relations 7579: 7535:Berlin and neighboring Potsdam 6625:in history became famous. The 6225:, gained extensive territory. 5735:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 5587:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 3126:in the 10th and 11th centuries 2542:, which eventually became the 2463:deposition of Romulus Augustus 2366: 2056:(with the capital situated at 2028:Battle of the Teutoburg Forest 1771:, or at the latest during the 1637:until 700 BC). Some, like the 1550:Archaeology of Northern Europe 1504:in central Europe, whilst the 1273:Stroke-ornamented ware culture 1113:Lion-Man of Hohlenstein-Stadel 1086:Paleolithic and Neolithic ages 1081:Archaeology of Northern Europe 928:German Revolution of 1918–1919 713:Battle of the Teutoburg Forest 703:, thus distinguishing it from 1: 27158:Disability in the Middle Ages 26831:Rise of the Republic of Genoa 26763:Rise of the Venetian Republic 26198:History of the European Union 24969:History of Germany since 1990 24601:Klessmann, Christoph. (2001) 24391:excerpt and text search vol 2 24338:Hanrieder, Wolfram F. (1989) 24243: 23867:, a major scholarly biography 23580:MacCulloch, Diarmaid. (2005) 23369:Smith, Helmut Walser (2020). 23174:Wiesflecker, Hermann (1991). 22374:Fortson, Benjamin W. (2011). 22304:The Coming of the Third Reich 22280:The Laws of the Salian Franks 22204:Medieval Experience: 300–1400 22126:Brady, Thomas A. Jr. (2009). 22018:The Origins of Modern Germany 21988:Knowledge maps; not copyright 20852:Biesinger, Joseph A. (2006), 20670:. Harper & Row. pp. 20430:. Harper Collins Publishers. 20326:Piotr Stefan Wandycz (1980). 20107:. Harper Torchbooks. p. 19945:Marchak, M. Patricia (2003). 19504:Deutsches Historisches Museum 18993:Gann, L., and Peter Duignan, 18867:. Princeton University Press. 18816:Webb, Steven B. (June 1980). 18623:Mahan, Alfred Thayer (1890). 18450:Neugebauer, Wolfgang (2003). 17928:. German Historical Institute 17902:. German Historical Institute 17605:Bismarck: A Political History 17409:. LSU Press. pp. 99–134. 17390:Hamerow, Theodore S. (1969). 17128:Napoleon's satellite kingdoms 16325:"DPMA | Johannes Kepler" 16110:Kleinschmidt, Harald (2000). 15724:Edwards, Mark U. Jr. (1994). 15513:The English Historical Review 14982:Haivry, Ofir (29 June 2017). 14735:Kleinschmidt, Harald (2008). 14287:Wiesflecker, Hermann (2004). 13035:The Encyclopedia of Diplomacy 12864:10.1080/00438243.1992.9980183 12786:Bachrach, Bernard S. (1972). 12650:barbarians who meant to stay. 12193:Celts and the Classical World 12166:European Prehistory: A Survey 12122:Herodoti historiarum libri IX 11805:Iñigo Olalde (8 March 2018). 11213: 10744:Party of Democratic Socialism 10623:History of Germany since 1990 9300:Buchenwald concentration camp 8789:. Theoretical mathematicians 8434: 8032: 7792: 7224: 6591:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel 6356: 5943:Weimar courtyard of the muses 5894:, which developed into a new 5585:, the Holy Roman Empire, the 5390:. Their principal colony was 4846:and spread further east into 4525:and the emergence of the new 3585: 2983:rule, 10th and 11th centuries 2931:Territorial evolution of the 1855:Roman settlement of the Rhine 1631: 1578: 1482: 1456: 1420: 1373: 1360: 1341: 1334:Neolithic circular enclosures 1322: 1307: 1070: 778:, the medieval German state. 109:or adjusting images that are 24617:Vol. 28 Issue 2, pp 287–330, 24386:Schwarz, Hans-Peter. (1995) 24225:Thomsett, Michael C. (2007) 24095:Hitler: A Study in Tyranny, 24043:Cambridge Historical Journal 24035:Mommsen, Wolfgang J. (1995) 23917: 23909:Wehler, Hans-Ulrich. (1984) 23887:. New York: Alfred A Knopf. 23863:Steinberg, Jonathan. (2011) 23731: 23529:(Cambridge University Press) 23276:A Concise History of Germany 23241:Bithell, Jethro, ed. (1955) 22536:France's 33 wars of conquest 22185:. Harvard University Press. 21967:"Economic Key Facts Germany" 21376:10.1215/00382876-102-2-3-405 21252:The two Germanies since 1945 21249:Turner, Henry Ashby (1987). 21157:Granieri, Ronald J. (2005). 21020:Junker, Detlef, ed. (2004). 20329:The United States and Poland 19908:Geary, Dick (October 1998). 19641:. Event occurs at 7:00-7:30 19564:(in German). 11 January 2013 19334:Clodfelter, Micheal (2017). 19217:The end of British isolation 18802:Haber, Ludwig Fritz (1958), 18694:. Springer. pp. 41–55. 18080:Moses, John Anthony (1982). 18059:. Stanford U.P. p. 53. 17717:. HathiTrust Digital Library 17680:Jonathan Sperber, "Review," 17505:The Course of German History 17125:Connelly, Owen (1966). "6". 16968:. pp. 217–234, 375–395. 16693:. Indiana U.P. p. 550. 16661:(1974) . Peter Peret (ed.). 13644:"Staat des Deutschen Ordens" 13525:Berend, Nora (15 May 2017). 13215:UNESCO World Heritage Centre 13189:. Routledge. pp. 124–. 12412:Commentarii de Bello Gallico 11669:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004401 11112:History of German journalism 10906:Germany was affected by the 10112:currency reform of June 1948 10036:West Germany (Bonn Republic) 9760: 9689:. Nazi Germany collapsed as 9316:boycott of Jewish businesses 9135:Adolf Hitler's rise to power 8836:. The reactionary historian 8341:The end of October 1918, in 8282: 7887:German Imperial Naval Office 7788:Wilhelminian Era (1888–1918) 7714:In 1879, Germany formed the 6850:Church of the Prussian Union 6493:History of German journalism 6388:Industrialization in Germany 6320:the 39 former states of the 6270:. The liberal spirit of the 6228: 6100:execution of the French king 6062:French Revolution, 1789–1815 5886:declined as the traditional 5791:Christoph Bernhard von Galen 5787:Johann Philipp von Schönborn 5724:Prussian Academy of Sciences 5527:Electorate of the Palatinate 5413: 4959:King Christian IV of Denmark 4912:Thirty Years' War, 1618–1648 4807:'s wars with France and the 4674:) was established (with the 4646:, being carried in front of 3764:and the marriage of his son 2339:and the heart of the future 934:in 1918 and established the 877:. Prussia, with its capital 7: 26157:Russian invasion of Ukraine 25768:Crisis of the Third Century 24541:; 18 essays by specialists; 24414:. Oxford University Press. 24372:Junker, Detlef, ed. (2004) 24366:Jarausch, Konrad H. (2008) 24168:Hitler, 1936–1945: Nemesis. 24086: 24059:Imperial Germany, 1871–1918 23965:Cecil, Lamar. (1989) vol2: 23949:Brandenburg, Erich. (1927) 23911:The German Empire 1871–1918 23786:Brandenburg, Erich. (1933) 23587:Ranke, Leopold von. (1905) 23584:, influential recent survey 23493:Goffart, Walter A. (1988). 23472: 23459:Germany: The Long Road West 23403:Documents of German history 23264:Detwiler, Donald S. (1999) 23258:Buse, Dieter K. ed. (1998) 22829:Noflatscher, Heinz (2011). 22650:A History of Modern Germany 22625:A History of Modern Germany 22600:A History of Modern Germany 22349:Fichtner, Paula S. (2009). 22049:. New York: Little, Brown. 20697:Western Political Quarterly 19359:Tucker, Spencer C. (2005). 18884:Journal of Economic History 18822:Journal of Economic History 18700:10.1007/978-3-642-71196-1_3 18648:Esthus, Raymond A. (1970). 18220:Journal of Church and State 18179:Journal of Economic History 18053:Mazón, Patricia M. (2003). 17448:39.04 (1996) pp. 985–1004. 16964:Gagliardo, John G. (1991). 16811:Ingrao, Charles W. (2003). 16057:. Claes Johnson. p. 68 15388:. Oxford University Press. 14818:10.11588/azgnm.1954.0.38143 14081:. Oxford University Press. 14067:– covers from 1000 to 1300. 14061:Huffman, Joseph P. (1998). 14006:Medieval Germany, 1056–1273 13880:Lillian Goldman Law Library 13821:Kantorowicz, Ernst (1957). 13711:"The Peace of Venice; 1177" 12921:Frassetto, Michael (2003). 11245:Wagner, Günther A. (2010). 11144:Military history of Germany 11122:History of women in Germany 11097:Economic history of Germany 11056: 10889:2011 earthquake and tsunami 10711:On 26 December 2004 during 10686:" candidate in the mold of 10478:Free Democratic Party (FDP) 10244:Meanwhile, in adopting the 10177: 10127:European Economic Community 9544:towards Hitler had failed. 9369: 8687:proportional representation 8463:(NSDAP), which failed in a 8106:Herero and Namaqua Genocide 7437:during the previous decades 7319:In 1868, the Spanish queen 7124:In 1857, the Prussian king 6822: 6437: 6233: 6122:French consulate suzerainty 6014:Johann Gottfried von Herder 5371:got colonial rights in the 5354: 5275:Elisabeth of the Palatinate 5055:was published in 1522; the 5020:by the Protestant reformer 4963:Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden 4874:, initiated in 1545 at the 4441:as a scientific discipline. 3648:(in Italian) supported the 3452:State of the Teutonic Order 3034:was crowned German king at 2896:The Holy Roman Empire, maps 2189:decline of the Roman Empire 2078:Christianity was introduced 1623:(5th to 1st centuries BC). 1539: 1438:Golden Hat of Schifferstadt 833:, the most important being 803:State of the Teutonic Order 735:were established along the 49:content into sub-articles, 10: 27285: 26959:Rise of the Ottoman Empire 26213:Military history of Europe 26208:Maritime history of Europe 24876:North German Confederation 24856:Confederation of the Rhine 24563:Journal of Women's History 24509:Saxonberg, Steven. (2013) 24497:Pritchard, Gareth. (2004) 24395:Smith, Gordon, ed, (1992) 24161:Hitler, 1889–1936: Hubris. 24143:Friedlander, Saul. (2009) 24102:Burleigh, Michael. (2000) 24078:Watson, Alexander. (2014) 23696:Ogilvie, Sheilagh. (2003) 23658:Gagliardo, John G. (1991) 23648:Bruford W.H. (1935, 1971) 23599:The Age of the Reformation 23521:Medieval Germany 1056–1273 23401:Snyder, Louis, ed. (1958) 23342:Reinhardt, Kurt F. (1961) 23234: 23008:Schulman, Jana K. (2002). 22951:Holt, Rinehart and Winston 22941:; emphasis on 20th century 22935:Richie, Alexandra (1998). 22722:Kristinsson, Axel (2010). 22426:Cambridge University Press 21452:Sinn, Hans-Werner (2007). 21214:Ludwig Erhard: a biography 21142:Hiscocks, Richard (1975). 21127:Williams, Charles (2000). 20991:10.1177/000271627743100106 20867:Taylor, Frederick (2008), 20411:"Most had left" is p. 158. 20346:Phillip A. Bühler (1990). 20224:Large, David Clay (2001). 20213:. H W Fowler. p. 165. 20103:Hitler: a study in tyranny 20018:Friedlander, Saul (1998). 19471:Chickering, Roger (2004). 19456:Armed Forces & Society 19413:Herwig, Holger H. (1996). 19392:. Oxford U.P. p. 68. 19338:. McFarland. p. 407. 19121:Bückendorf, Jutta (1997). 19087:Akinwumi, Olayemi (2002). 19059:. Routledge. p. 223. 19040:(2014) No. 1 pp: 153–172. 17965:10.1177/002200946700200306 17405:Olson, Kenneth E. (1966). 17237:, pp. 37–55, 183–202. 16928:Ford, Guy Stanton (1922). 16494:. Routledge. p. 279. 16149:Cortesão, Armando (1969). 15022:. Routledge. p. 435. 14182:Rafferty, John P. (2012). 14138:(3). Alpha Chi Sigma: 59. 14008:. Oxford University Press. 14004:Haverkamp, Alfred (1988). 13453:Waterloo Historical Review 12927:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 90–. 12108:. in bibliopolio Hahniano. 12005:10.1007/s00439-021-02328-6 11499:10.1038/s41559-023-02303-6 11164:Timeline of German history 10934: 10897:Fukushima nuclear disaster 10876:In light of the worldwide 10626: 10620: 10530: 10423: 10378:German Democratic Republic 10346: 10314: 10213:), and became a pillar of 10047: 9934:German Democratic Republic 9910: 9804: 9713: 9551: 9516:and French Prime Minister 9458:in Berlin (September 1940) 9431: 9425: 9379: 9373: 9318:. In March 1933 the first 9279: 9179:deputies were taken into " 9139:Government of Nazi Germany 9132: 9089: 8730: 8646: 8571:Nobel Peace Prize laureate 8498:Communist Party of Germany 8453:Communist Party of Germany 8427: 8424:Weimar Republic, 1918–1933 8411:was to be governed by the 8315: 8153: 8036: 7947: 7825: 7583: 7249:Imperial Germany 1871–1918 7235:North German Confederation 7217: 7194:North German Confederation 7191: 7176:superiority over the slow 7076: 6986:Austrian Prince Metternich 6890: 6829:Prussian Union of churches 6826: 6686:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe 6512:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe 6490: 6441: 6385: 6342:North German Confederation 6322:Confederation of the Rhine 6312:North German Confederation 6305: 6282:was discarded. Napoleon's 6256:North German Confederation 6192:Confederation of the Rhine 6164:War of the Third Coalition 6150:Imperial French suzerainty 6144:Confederation of the Rhine 6072:Confederation of the Rhine 6026:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe 5925: 5868: 5830:American Revolutionary War 5720:first servant of the state 5652:reigned from 1740 to 1786. 5480: 5097: 5082:was also decisive for the 4915: 4757:published a pamphlet with 4619: 4591:first modern postal system 4468: 4252:medieval German literature 4222:Walther von der Vogelweide 4106:Walther von der Vogelweide 3843:of the Rhine, the Duke of 3449: 3343: 3233: 3203:, the Knights of St John ( 3160:series of clerical reforms 3011: 2773: 2586:Kingdom of the Burgundians 2393: 2370: 2293:, unlike further west the 2246: 2203:. The event triggered the 2106: 2088:built during the reign of 1948:Modern miniature model of 1858: 1748: 1738: 1727: New settlements by 1598:Hochdorf Chieftain's Grave 1543: 1377: 1089: 1074: 1063:and decided to strengthen 889:with the formation of the 859:Confederation of the Rhine 434:North German Confederation 404:Confederation of the Rhine 27216: 27145: 27004: 26899: 26886:Mongol invasion of Europe 26791: 26671: 26615: 26567: 26529: 26266: 26183:Genetic history of Europe 26165: 25970: 25786: 25726: 25693: 25610: 25470: 25350: 25341: 25224: 25215: 25096: 25087: 25023: 25014: 24977: 24956: 24838: 24792: 24716: 24685: 24676: 24589:Hagen, William W. (2012) 24544:Evans, Richard J. (1997) 24280:A History of West Germany 24278:—; — (1992). 24253:A History of West Germany 24214:Women in the Third Reich, 24106:. Stress on antisemitism; 24061:(Oxford University Press) 24057:Retallack, James. (2008) 24015:Herwig, Holger H. (1996) 23924:Balfour, Michael. (1972) 23855:German History, 1770–1866 23853:Sheehan, James J. (1993) 23837:Pflanze Otto, ed. (1979) 23793:Brose, Eric Dorn. (1997) 23603:complete text online free 23597:Smith, Preserved. (1920) 23593:complete text online free 23574:Junghans, Helmar. (1998) 23489:(Oxford University Press) 23485:Arnold, Benjamin. (2004) 23479:Arnold, Benjamin. (1998) 23346:stress on cultural topics 23112:Van Dam, Raymond (1995). 22758:Longerich, Peter (2012). 22418:Green, Dennis H. (2000). 22227:Damminger, Folke (2003). 22210:New York University Press 22200:Claster, Jill N. (1982). 22167:Carsten, Francis (1958). 22152:(4 ed.). Routledge. 21912:"The ruins of Ostpolitik" 21315:Castles, Stephen (1985). 21053:10.1017/s0034670500045009 21035:Sauermann, Heinz (1950). 20630:Milward, Alan S. (1984). 20578:Tipton, Frank B. (2003). 20391:10.1017/s0034670500008081 20020:Nazi Germany and the Jews 19764:10.1017/s026021050011424x 19597:10.1017/s0008938900018707 19506:(in German). 22 June 2015 19386:Steiner, Zara S. (2005). 19365:. ABC-CLIO. p. 225. 19273:Kennedy, Paul M. (1980). 19189:Tetzlaff, Rainer (1970). 18896:10.1017/s0022050700098673 18834:10.1017/s0022050700108228 18669:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 8–. 18543:10.1017/s0018246x00026716 18332:10.1017/s0018246x00008906 18253:Journal of Modern History 18191:10.1017/S0022050700102347 17846:10.1515/9789633860175-007 17773:10.1017/S0022050714000898 17711:McCabe, James D. (1871). 17684:85#3 (2012), pp. 768–769. 17682:Journal of Modern History 17530:Journal of Modern History 17149:, pp. 34–55, 202–206 17113:German History, 1770–1866 17004:20#3 (2002), pp. 279–286. 16597:"Eugen Prinz von Savoyen" 15538:Wilson, Peter H. (2009). 14954:. Routledge. p. 12. 14687:. CQ Press. p. 124. 14437:Nolan, Cathal J. (2006). 14361:. ABC-CLIO. p. 134. 13321:A History of the Crusades 13129:10.1017/S0022046900026245 13016:Nelson, Janet L. (1998), 12368:Brown, Robert D. (2013). 12280:10.1163/9789004289529_007 11947:10.1016/j.cub.2021.04.022 11868:(PhD). Leiden University. 11615:"The Venus of Hohle Fels" 11080:Historiography of Germany 10811:, Germany was ruled by a 10224: 9928:and guests of honor like 9577:, the Low Countries, and 8672:Wall Street Crash of 1929 8496:On 30 December 1918, the 8306:1918 Spanish Flu pandemic 8176: 7885:, state secretary of the 7465:the worst Germans we have 5900:emancipation of the serfs 5329:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz 5299:Simplicius Simplicissimus 5277:, philosopher, critic of 5136:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz 4897:Cuius regio, eius religio 4286:, pioneering user of the 4104:. About 100 years later, 3581:Codex Balduini Trevirorum 2627:Orange = expansion under 2565:missionaries, among them 1520:and was succeeded by the 1166:. Between 1994 and 1998, 910:'s while provoking it in 25028:Administrative divisions 24557:Hagemann, Karen (2007). 24331:Gehler, Michael. (2013) 24212:Stibbe, Matthew. (2003) 24071:Stolper, Gustav. (2017) 24051:Peukert, Detlev. (1993) 23980:Craig, Gordon A. (1978) 23926:The Kaiser and his Times 23799:Craig, Gordon A. (1978) 23677:Hughes, Michael. (1992) 23664:Gaxotte, Pierre. (1942) 23546:Reuter, Timothy. (1991) 23539:Nicholas, David. (2009) 23327:Orlow, Dietrich. (2002) 23311:Kitchen, Martin. (2006) 23266:Germany: A Short History 23022:German History 1770–1866 22760:Heinrich Himmler: A Life 22730:. ReykjavíkurAkademían. 22399:Fuhrmann, Horst (1986). 22329:The Third Reich in Power 21699:"The Launch of the Euro" 21405:. Duke University Press. 21364:South Atlantic Quarterly 21294:10.1177/0022009409340648 21175:10.1162/0022195054741190 20605:American Economic Review 19585:Central European History 18454:(in German). Stuttgart: 18435:Belgum, Kirsten (1998). 18297:Rebecca Ayako Bennette, 18222:(1981) 23#3 pp. 465–484 17996:, pp. 158, 603–623. 17694:Rüstow, Wilhelm (1872). 17300:Mitchell, Allan (2006). 16407:American Economic Review 16116:. Boydell & Brewer. 15857:Zambelli, Paola (2007). 15654:The European Reformation 15570:Whaley, Joachim (2012). 14865:Brandt, Bettina (2010). 14019:Nicholas, David (1997). 13836:Köhler, Walther (1903). 13695:Kahn, Robert A. (1974). 13462:5 September 2017 at the 12217:Kinder, Hermann (1988), 11170: 10901:nuclear power in Germany 10678:positioned himself as a 10439:Valéry Giscard d'Estaing 10420:Economic crisis of 1970s 10390:in 1961, which worsened 10380:, a policy known as the 10200:Catholic social teaching 9599:invaded the Soviet Union 9261:Night of the Long Knives 9169:Nazi concentration camps 8793:in the 19th century and 7846:[ˈvɛltpoliˌtiːk] 7746:German South-West Africa 7697:Principality of Bulgaria 7676:League of Three Emperors 7476:first imperial elections 7214:German Empire, 1871–1918 7114:absolute divine monarchy 7102: 6672:Gotthold Ephraim Lessing 6619:Friedrich Schleiermacher 6516:Gotthold Ephraim Lessing 6487:Newspapers and magazines 5898:middle class, while the 5793:, some of them promoted 5657:Frederick II "the Great" 5460:King Frederick William I 5404:Dutch West India Company 5192:laws of planetary motion 5155:and the 1513 edition of 5152:Universalis Cosmographia 4955:Battle of White Mountain 4582:after the death of King 4454:Hans Holbein the Younger 4131:printing and issued the 4058:central location on the 3673:During the reign of the 3622:family for a candidate, 3490:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 3356:German eastern expansion 2800:in 768, his oldest son " 2235:Stem duchies and marches 1295:at the beginning of the 1200:. The species was named 1033:Franco-German friendship 981:occupation by the Allies 958:made racism, especially 685:as a distinct region in 26841:Investiture Controversy 26811:Second Bulgarian Empire 26188:History of Christianity 24516:Steiner, André. (2010) 24463:Fulbrook, Mary. (2008) 24457:Fulbrook, Mary. (1998) 24360:Jähner, Harald. (2022) 24195:Hitler and Nazi Germany 24186:Overy, Richard. (2004) 24180:Koonz, Claudia. (1986) 24119:Das Dritte Reich. Krieg 24029:Kolb, Eberhard. (2005) 23713:Schulze, Hagen. (1991) 23655:, covers social history 23525:Innes; Matthew. (2000) 23272:Fulbrook, Mary (1990). 22945:Rodes, John E. (1964). 22920:. Atlantic Publishers. 22889:Ozment, Steven (2004). 22557:Oxford University Press 22551:Heather, Peter (2010). 22043:Beevor, Antony (2012). 21587:Hockenos, Paul (2008). 21473:Cerny, Karl H. (1990). 21431:Fulbrook, Mary (2002). 20810:Fulbrook, Mary (2008). 20783:10.1111/0145-2096.00150 20667:Germany and the Germans 20279:Stearns, Peter (2013). 20232:. Basic Books. p. 19660:Fippel, Günter (2003). 19458:(1976) 3#1 pp 121–145. 18927:Business History Review 18608:Herwig, Holger (1980). 18137:Business History Review 18107:Hennock, E. P. (2007), 17947:Röhl, J. C. G. (1967). 17501:Taylor, A.J.P. (2001). 17145:Raff, Diethher (1988), 17131:. New York, Free Press. 17056:Kuehn, Manfred (2001). 16724:10.1057/9780230616639_4 16310:15 October 2021 at the 16051:Johnson, Claes (2011). 15484:The Counter-Reformation 15358:Stollberg-Rilinger 2021 15325:10.1515/jbgsg-2018-0014 15084:Brendle, Franz (1998). 14902:Stollberg-Rilinger 2021 14669:Stollberg-Rilinger 2021 14565:Stollberg-Rilinger 2021 12700:Langer, William Leonard 12060:www.heuneburg-pyrene.de 11439:10.1073/pnas.96.13.7117 11337:Trnka, Gerhard (2007). 11272:10.1073/pnas.1012722107 11132:List of German monarchs 11085:Conservatism in Germany 11033:Frank-Walter Steinmeier 10953:mortality toll (Behind 10921:Alternative for Germany 10908:European migrant crisis 10750:leading the new group. 10492: 10370:Social Democratic Party 9917:History of East Germany 9903:international affairs. 9320:Nazi concentration camp 9086:Nazi Germany, 1933–1945 8843:The Decline of the West 8743:Nobel prizes in science 8649:World War I reparations 8485:On 11 August 1919, the 8366:the Compiègne armistice 8270:Painting depicting the 8261: 8251:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 8123:, Katanga Territories, 7822:Alliances and diplomacy 7648:Social Democratic Party 7595:Between Berlin and Rome 7204:North German Federation 7153:Second War of Schleswig 7072: 6633:in natural science and 6093:German reaction to the 6045:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 5848:University of Göttingen 5799:Franz Ludwig von Erthal 5476: 5471:1914 territorial extent 5281:' dualistic metaphysics 5086:and its evolution from 5074:Lucas Cranach the Elder 4139:, thereby starting the 3791:Between 1212 and 1250, 3668:political particularism 3616:Investiture Controversy 3608:Adalbert of Saarbrücken 3572:Margrave of Brandenburg 3224:Sacrum Romanum Imperium 3222:in 1157, but the words 3178:Investiture Controversy 3046:and crowned emperor by 2851:or the introduction of 2786:Palatine Chapel, Aachen 2475:, who became the first 2444:Palatine Chapel, Aachen 1956:) in the 4th century CE 1933:, constructed in 170 AD 1682:into previously mostly 1657:(Germanic tribes) from 1153:. The discovery of the 1145:Pre-human apes such as 1053:European migrant crisis 811:Investiture Controversy 113:in accordance with the 27198:Post-classical history 26954:Fall of Constantinople 26861:Capet–Plantagenet feud 26728:First Bulgarian Empire 26309:Bosnia and Herzegovina 26012:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 25289:Science and technology 24990:History of Brandenburg 24881:Unification of Germany 24871:Frankfurt Constitution 24575:10.1353/jowh.2007.0014 24469:Harsch, Donna. (2008) 24443: 24434:Weber, Jurgen. (2004) 24115:The Third Reich at War 24093:Bullock, Alan. (1962) 23841:, essays by historians 23671:Heal, Bridget. (2007) 23628:Atkinson, C.T. (1908) 23567:Dickens, A. G. (1969) 23443:Watson, Peter. (2010) 23354:Germany: A New History 23336:Raff, Diether. (1988) 22802:. BRILL. p. 298. 22777:Majer, Diemut (2003). 22476:Hayton, Darin (2015). 22169:The Origins of Prussia 20962:Weber, Jurgen (2004). 20930:Christian Social Union 20146:Thacker, Toby (2009). 20099:Bullock, Alan (1991). 19489:(1991 edition) p. 742. 19428:Paschall, Rod (1994). 19319:Strachan, Hew (2004). 19014:(1993) 19#1 pp: 80–88. 18863:James, Harold (2012). 18121:Beck, Hermann (1995), 17571:Wittke, C. F. (1952). 15863:. BRILL. p. 251. 15829:. BRILL. p. 383. 15458:The German Reformation 15158:. BRILL. p. 256. 14681:Axelrod, Alan (2013). 14477:. Heath. p. 479. 14471:Clough, S. B. (1975). 11879:Probst, Ernst (1996). 10839: 10834:in 2007 promoting the 10771: 10732:North Rhine-Westphalia 10671: 10653: 10597: 10562: 10505: 10442: 10368:was the leader of the 10362: 10276: 10187: 10146: 10092: 10045: 9976:East German propaganda 9966:(SED). A Soviet-style 9937: 9888:industrial disarmament 9857: 9820: 9725: 9662: 9624: 9566: 9563:German-occupied Europe 9459: 9395: 9312:1933 federal elections 9303: 9206: 9148: 9105: 8950:Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen 8751:Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen 8627: 8588:1920s German inflation 8574: 8529: 8524: 8482: 8465:coup in Munich in 1923 8444: 8338: 8275: 8272:Armistice with Germany 8213:, north of Paris. The 8202: 8183:leading to World War I 8173: 8062: 8051: 8039:German colonial empire 7985: 7965: 7960:chemical factories in 7941:Second Moroccan Crisis 7859: 7851:Friedrich von Holstein 7828:Triple Alliance (1882) 7806: 7774:Colonisation of Africa 7667: 7632: 7598: 7574:European welfare state 7566:social welfare program 7427: 7411: 7393:Little German solution 7349:provisional government 7316: 7250: 7242: 7052: 7022: 7009: 6981: 6974:Albrecht Graf von Roon 6962: 6942: 6923: 6877:Seamless robe of Jesus 6838: 6714:Alexander von Humboldt 6631:Alexander von Humboldt 6456: 6417: 6405: 6371:Demographic Transition 6366: 6344:during the same year. 6259: 6247: 6173:'s dissolution of the 6090: 6079: 5996:Edict of Fontainebleau 5986:of Prussia issued the 5971: 5765: 5757: 5692:Treaty of Hubertusburg 5665:enlightened absolutism 5653: 5641:Enlightened absolutism 5633:, on which the future 5603:Prince Eugene of Savoy 5561:After the last-minute 5525:, he also invaded the 5521:. At the start of the 5507: 5500:Prince Eugene of Savoy 5428: 5296:, author of the novel 5107: 5037:Protestant Reformation 5029: 4930: 4797:Protestant Reformation 4792: 4739: 4730:Protestant Reformation 4651: 4540: 4510: 4421:, exclusively writing 4347:Tilman Riemenschneider 4244:Wolfram von Eschenbach 4069:pilgrimage destination 4006:municipal legal system 3847:, and the Margrave of 3818:by six princes of the 3786:Wolfram von Eschenbach 3784:and the literature of 3752:Frederick I Barbarossa 3736:in their territories. 3695:Margraviate of Austria 3689:, who represented the 3592: 3535: 3456:In 1230, the Catholic 3400:and to the south into 3373: 3359: 3255: 3247: 3184:and the Pope with the 3127: 3112: 3027: 2793: 2644: 2385:Brunhilda of Austrasia 2266: 2244: 1934: 1835:tribe under chieftain 1736: 1304:Linear Pottery culture 1288: 1187:North Rhine-Westphalia 1045:gross domestic product 883:unification of Germany 823:Protestant Reformation 531: 417: 286:Linear Pottery culture 26092:Industrial Revolution 24926:Flight and expulsions 24624:(Palgrave Macmillan). 24190:; comparative history 24166:Kershaw, Ian. (2000) 24159:Kershaw, Ian. (1999) 23959:Cecil, Lamar. (1996) 23870:Stern, Fritz. (1979) 23849:online free to borrow 23844:Ramm, Agatha. (1967) 23653:online free to borrow 23532:Jeep, John M. (2001) 23295:Gall, Lothar. (2003) 23248:Bösch, Frank. (2015) 22989:Sagarra, Eda (1977). 22675:Kershaw, Ian (2008). 22382:John Wiley & Sons 22332:. New York: Penguin. 22265:A History of Commerce 22014:Barraclough, Geoffrey 21995:The Thirty Years' War 21992:Adams, Simon (1997). 21846:www.worldometers.info 21664:. Palgrave Macmillan. 21458:. MIT Press. p. 21401:Mandel, Ruth (2008). 20664:Ardagh, John (1987). 20187:, pp. 70–71, 79. 20175:, pp. 22, 27–28. 20068:Rosenberg, Jennifer. 19702:Who Voted for Hitler? 19700:Richard F. Hamilton, 19304:Winter, J.M. (1999). 19161:. African Sun Media. 18726:. German History Docs 18010:. Scribd. p. 157 18006:Wehler, Hans-Ulrich. 17838:Nationalizing Empires 17819:10.14418/wes01.1.1723 17261:, pp. 87–92, 99. 17017:20.3 (2002): 309–331. 16599:. Deutsche Biographie 16391:Philip G. Dwyer, ed. 16079:Philosophy and Living 16054:Many Minds Relativity 16023:. BRILL. p. 21. 15554:The Thirty Years' War 14034:Strait, Paul (1974). 13943:. University of Trier 13557:. GRIN Verlag. 2002. 12625:"The Roman Decline". 11932:(12): 2576–2591.e12. 11090:Liberalism in Germany 10935:Further information: 10925:2017 federal election 10825: 10659: 10652:in its modern borders 10648: 10633:New states of Germany 10627:Further information: 10591: 10557: 10513:CDU/CSU-FDP coalition 10500: 10487:vote of no confidence 10433: 10356: 10343:Brandt and Ostpolitik 10271: 10239:social market economy 10221:after the Holocaust. 10185: 10140: 10086: 10043: 9964:Socialist Unity Party 9924: 9850: 9814: 9805:Further information: 9791:"west-shifted" Poland 9723: 9653: 9645:advancing in the East 9635:. After surrender in 9622: 9587:Franklin D. Roosevelt 9561: 9441: 9389: 9293: 9189: 9161:Reichstag Fire Decree 9146: 9116:over their rule. The 9099: 8894:Hermann von Helmholtz 8797:in the 20th century. 8747:Hermann von Helmholtz 8630:In October 1925, the 8622: 8565: 8522: 8478: 8442: 8379:Schleswig Plebiscites 8359:proclaimed a Republic 8329: 8269: 8200: 8171: 8057: 8046: 8018:Vereinigte Stahlwerke 7983: 7955: 7933:First Moroccan Crisis 7867:Dual Alliance of 1894 7855: 7800: 7661: 7627: 7593: 7500:Catholic Centre Party 7480:forged through empire 7430:The new empire was a 7422: 7401: 7306: 7248: 7232: 7182:struggle for hegemony 7178:muzzle-loading rifles 6968: 6948: 6929: 6920:unified German nation 6905: 6844:Frederick William III 6836: 6784:Joseph von Fraunhofer 6451: 6411: 6395: 6364: 6253: 6241: 6160:Frederick William III 6135:Kingdom of Westphalia 6086:The delegates of the 6085: 6069: 6037:Johann Sebastian Bach 5939: 5926:Further information: 5763: 5752: 5648: 5627:Treaty of Passarowitz 5498: 5426: 5373:Province of Venezuela 5261:Magdeburg hemispheres 5204:universal gravitation 5105: 5088:Early New High German 5012: 4993:was ceded to France, 4925: 4857:Götz von Berlichingen 4776: 4737: 4716:Deutscher Bauernkrieg 4629: 4535: 4498: 4149:Scientific Revolution 3816:Declaration at Rhense 3552:Archbishop of Cologne 3541: 3526: 3505:Albert of Brandenburg 3365: 3353: 3253: 3243: 3118: 3111:, consecrated in 1061 3107: 3021: 2783: 2614: 2371:Further information: 2273:, which included the 2242: 2217:Crossing of the Rhine 2068:(with its capital at 1916: 1890:and modern boundaries 1865:Crossing of the Rhine 1859:Further information: 1749:Further information: 1680:early Germanic tribes 1677: 1271: 1211:The oldest traces of 1202:Homo neanderthalensis 1198:Hermann Schaaffhausen 1090:Further information: 992:era divided into the 871:Industrial Revolution 707:. The victory of the 212:Territorial evolution 27178:Medieval reenactment 26974:Renaissance Humanism 26881:Medieval Warm Period 26851:Republic of Florence 26665:European Middle Ages 26147:European debt crisis 26142:European integration 26082:Age of Enlightenment 25922:Republic of Florence 25598:World Heritage Sites 25276:German states by GDP 24866:German Confederation 24503:Ross, Corey. (2002) 24219:Tooze, Adam. (2007) 23989:Dugdale, E.T.S. ed. 23971:Child, John. (2009) 23613:Early Modern to 1815 23571:, basic introduction 23359:Smith, Helmut Walser 22457:Boydell & Brewer 22424:(Revised ed.). 22046:The Second World War 21998:. Psychology Press. 21866:. 27 September 2021. 21501:Pruys, Karl (1996). 20908:. UPNE. p. 37. 20796:Bruce, Gary (2010), 19487:The Rise of the West 19485:William H. McNeill, 18458:. pp. 174–175. 17840:. pp. 247–308. 16419:10.1257/aer.104.1.84 12585:(20 December 2007). 12196:. Psychology Press. 12083:. Landeskunde Online 11862:Louwen, A.J (2021). 11410:Schwartz, Jeffrey H. 10763:European integration 10740:motion of confidence 10700:. Schröder proposed 10611:German reunification 10549:German reunification 10533:German reunification 10482:Otto Graf Lambsdorff 10414:official state visit 10133:1948 currency reform 10054:On 23 May 1949, the 9948:East Germany was an 9641:Battle of Stalingrad 9412:1936 Summer Olympics 9404:Treaty of Versailles 9392:1936 Summer Olympics 9341:Kristallnacht pogrom 8493:as first President. 8449:Treaty of Versailles 8398:, and some areas of 8370:Treaty of Versailles 8322:Treaty of Versailles 8256:Treaty of Versailles 8243:Battle of Tannenberg 7776:). Its outcome, the 7762:Bismarck Archipelago 7637:attacking socialists 7461:extremely irritating 7406:under construction, 7373:Palace of Versailles 7358:French–German enmity 7313:Palace of Versailles 7237:(1866–1871) and the 7140:, and Field Marshal 7126:Frederick William IV 7089:Frankfurt Parliament 6997:German Confederation 6931:Frankfurt Parliament 6893:German Confederation 6864:Frederick William IV 6756:Carl Friedrich Gauss 6728:Ludwig van Beethoven 6635:Carl Friedrich Gauss 6627:University of Berlin 6583:Deutsches Wörterbuch 6559:Carl Maria von Weber 6539:Ludwig van Beethoven 6326:German Confederation 6308:German Confederation 6302:German Confederation 6264:French Revolutionary 6244:German Confederation 6196:Frederick Augustus I 6156:Frederick William II 6129:took control of the 5928:Age of Enlightenment 5731:partitions of Poland 5676:the 1740 to 1748 war 5613:as president of the 5535:Treaties of Nijmegen 5361:Free Imperial Cities 5143:Martin Waldseemüller 5092:early modern Germany 5061:early modern Germany 5005:Culture and literacy 4836:German Peasants' War 4724:von Teutscher Nation 4718:) – referred to the 4712:German Peasants' War 4644:Triumphal Procession 4465:Early modern Germany 4333:Northern Renaissance 4270:Doctor of the Church 4207:Hildegard von Bingen 4184:Northern Renaissance 4088:Hildegard von Bingen 4079:Learning and culture 4014:Imperial Free Cities 3693:party. However, the 3528:Friedrich Barbarossa 3496:, eventually led to 3437:Transylvanian Saxons 3276:Free imperial cities 3152:College of Cardinals 2999:around the year 1700 2911:The division of the 2849:partible inheritance 2820:in the east and all 2814:King of the Lombards 2691:, that included the 2522:, beginning in 250. 2335:(which would become 2318:Frederick Barbarossa 2193:Western Roman Empire 2119:Third Century Crisis 1451:The settlers of the 1357:Funnelbeaker culture 1244:Löwenmensch figurine 1155:Homo heidelbergensis 863:German Confederation 747:conquered the other 548:Expulsion of Germans 514:Contemporary Germany 412:German Confederation 103:improve this article 26891:Kingdom of Portugal 26758:Old Church Slavonic 26743:Anglo-Saxon England 26530:States with limited 26112:Revolutions of 1848 26042:Early modern France 25823:Anglo-Saxon England 25728:Classical antiquity 25234:Automobile industry 24820:Carolingian dynasty 24754:History of the Huns 24383:66#8 pp: 1380–1382. 24381:Europe-Asia Studies 24053:The Weimar Republic 24045:4#1 (1932): 63–93. 24031:The Weimar Republic 23666:Frederick the Great 23344:Germany: 2000 Years 22966:Rüger, C. (2004) . 22677:Hitler: A Biography 22528:Historicus (1935). 22262:Day, Clive (1914). 21918:. 23 February 2022. 21521:The Washington Post 20741:on 14 October 2007. 20150:. pp. 182–184. 20136:, pp. 632–637. 20080:on 19 February 2017 20074:About.com Education 19935:, pp. 309–314. 19886:, p. 354, 336. 19874:, pp. 329–334. 19716:, pp. 283–308. 19691:, pp. 247–283. 19538:on 25 November 2011 19475:. pp. 141–142. 19321:The First World War 18764:Page Moch, Leslie. 18493:Christopher Clark, 18363:, pp. 568–576. 18301:(Harvard U.P. 2012) 18284:John K. Zeender in 17646:, pp. 167–188. 17601:Feuchtwanger, Edgar 17590:, pp. 131–167. 17491:, pp. 498–509. 17479:, pp. 419–421. 17467:, pp. 485–491. 17435:, pp. 412–419. 17394:. pp. 284–291. 17225:, pp. 332–346. 17194:Nicholas Saul, ed. 17078:on 17 February 2020 16918:(1980) pp. 231–233. 16905:23 (1994): 449–456. 16801:, pp. 299–302. 16789:, pp. 291–299. 16552:"treaty of Ryswick" 16303:17 (1975): 177–192 16301:Vistas in Astronomy 15961:The Germanic Review 15501:, pp. 138–191. 15482:John Lotherington, 15469:Michael G. Baylor, 15456:John Lotherington, 14722:Die Welt der Ritter 14546:on 28 November 2015 14204:"Georgius Agricola" 13936:Haverkamp, Alfred. 13669:. pp. 159–173. 13604:Bünz, Enno (2008). 13418:, pp. 146–179. 13071:, pp. 325–327. 12522:, pp. 527–528. 12374:Classical Philology 12274:. pp. 85–100. 11938:2021CBio...31E2576S 11831:10.1038/nature25738 11823:2018Natur.555..190O 11774:10.1038/nature14317 11766:2015Natur.522..207H 11555:10.1038/nature07995 11547:2009Natur.459..248C 11490:2024NatEE...8..564S 11430:1999PNAS...96.7117T 11263:2010PNAS..10719726W 11257:(46): 19726–19730. 11154:Politics of Germany 10895:, which led to the 10857:Since 1990, German 10852:UN Security Council 10688:U.K. Prime Minister 10629:Politics of Germany 10585:continued to grow. 10565:The opening of the 10539:peaceful revolution 9633:Pearl Harbor attack 9514:Neville Chamberlain 9493:Anti-Comintern Pact 9360:extermination camps 9322:was established at 8809:, rocket engineer. 8624:Paul von Hindenburg 8616:President in 1925. 8610:Paul von Hindenburg 8500:was founded by the 8356:Philipp Scheidemann 8337:on 9 November 1918. 8331:Philipp Scheidemann 8127:(failed attempt by 8121:German Somali Coast 7899:Alfred Thayer Mahan 7325:Glorious Revolution 7323:was deposed in the 7036:August von Kotzebue 6603:Friedrich Nietzsche 6599:Arthur Schopenhauer 6575:Grimm's Fairy Tales 6537:'s paradigm shift. 6348:Society and economy 6338:Austro-Prussian War 6076:First French Empire 5607:Treaty of Karlowitz 5543:Chambres de réunion 5539:Peace of Westphalia 5511:Louis XIV of France 5452:Second Northern War 5448:Peace of Westphalia 5436:Brandenburg-Prussia 5170:and the astronomer 5116:Johannes Trithemius 5016:translation of the 4987:Peace of Westphalia 4961:from 1625 to 1630, 4888:Schmalkaldic League 4872:Counter-Reformation 4829:Augsburg Confession 4665:Reichskammergericht 4437:and the founder of 4141:Printing Revolution 3957:Nuremberg Chronicle 3921:Nuremberg Chronicle 3774:Constance of Sicily 3745:Wittelsbach dynasty 3741:Otto of Wittelsbach 3630:of his two duchies— 3612:archbishop of Mainz 3560:Archbishop of Trier 3556:Archbishop of Mainz 3470:Konrad I of Masovia 3330:15th-century crisis 3205:Knights Hospitaller 3138:of the Church, the 2838:Imperator Romanorum 2732:Patricius Romanorum 2724:Mayor of the Palace 2673:Mayor of the Palace 2528:Merovingian dynasty 1492:) had replaced the 1453:Corded Ware culture 1424: 1800–1600 BC 1353:Michelsberg culture 1281:circular enclosures 1248:Venus of Hohle Fels 1194:species description 1147:Danuvius guggenmosi 1136:Aurignacian culture 831:Peace of Westphalia 362:Early Modern period 349:Eastward settlement 41:readable prose size 27269:History of Germany 27072:In popular culture 27037:Crusading movement 26909:Hundred Years' War 26768:Civitas Schinesghe 26753:Carolingian Empire 26738:Kingdom of Croatia 26691:Barbarian kingdoms 26218:Crusading movement 26122:Russian Revolution 25957:Hundred Years' War 25853:Maritime republics 25756:Early Christianity 25746:Hellenistic period 25703:Paleolithic Europe 25304:Telecommunications 24985:History of Prussia 24901:Revolution of 1918 24896:War guilt question 24815:Carolingian Empire 24784:Sack of Rome (410) 24693:History of Germany 24436:Germany, 1945–1990 24309:ACLS E-book online 24173:Kirk, Tim. (2017) 24068:, a brief textbook 23982:Germany, 1866–1945 23801:Germany, 1866–1945 23543:(Wiley-Blackwell). 23012:. Greenwood Press. 22947:Germany: A History 22177:Clark, Christopher 21969:. 5 December 2023. 21649:on 1 January 2015. 21202:. Quote from p. 64 21041:Review of Politics 20964:Germany, 1945–1990 20771:Diplomatic History 20522:Davidson, Eugene. 20379:Review of Politics 20033:Radcliff, Pamela. 19434:. Hachette Books. 18652:. pp. 66–111. 18531:Historical Journal 18320:Historical Journal 18242:(1976) pp. 128–151 17669:Germany, 1866–1945 17658:, pp. 99–147. 17446:Historical Journal 17306:. Berghahn Books. 17115:(1993) pp. 207–288 17111:James J. Sheehan, 16777:(1965) pp. 333–359 16644:Dennis Showalter, 15772:Lutheran Quarterly 15753:Lutheran Quarterly 15525:10.1093/ehr/cen160 15252:networks.h-net.org 15188:, pp. 76, 77. 14812:: 128–142 Seiten. 14567:, pp. 46, 47. 13082:"Aachen Cathedral" 12508:Ramirez-Faria 2007 12427:C. Julius Caesar. 12119:Herodotus (1829). 12102:Herodotus (1857). 11375:. SPIEGEL Akademie 11031:In February 2022, 10867:War in Afghanistan 10840: 10826:German chancellor 10777:sustainable energy 10672: 10654: 10598: 10563: 10506: 10443: 10363: 10357:Brandt (left) and 10277: 10188: 10147: 10093: 10046: 9994:The transition to 9938: 9936:on 7 October 1989. 9858: 9821: 9779:Kaliningrad oblast 9767:Potsdam Conference 9726: 9663: 9654:A Russian soldier 9625: 9567: 9491:, and signing the 9460: 9396: 9356:occupied countries 9304: 9207: 9181:protective custody 9149: 9106: 8628: 8580:passive resistance 8575: 8525: 8483: 8445: 8339: 8293:William H. MacNeil 8276: 8274:in Compiègne, 1918 8247:Russian Revolution 8203: 8174: 8063: 8052: 7986: 7966: 7883:Alfred von Tirpitz 7863:Reinsurance Treaty 7807: 7803:Dropping the Pilot 7750:German East Africa 7721:Reinsurance Treaty 7709:Congress of Berlin 7668: 7599: 7525:Hans-Ulrich Wehler 7428: 7412: 7333:diplomatic scandal 7317: 7292:Jonathan Steinberg 7251: 7243: 7208:Norddeutscher Bund 7059:Ernst Moritz Arndt 6990:Congress of Vienna 6982: 6963: 6943: 6924: 6872:Pietistic revivals 6856:to South Australia 6839: 6799:Werner von Siemens 6700:Friedrich Schiller 6520:Friedrich Schiller 6457: 6418: 6406: 6367: 6318:Congress of Vienna 6260: 6248: 6223:Congress of Vienna 6091: 6088:Congress of Vienna 6080: 6030:Friedrich Schiller 5982:In 1685, Margrave 5972: 5912:feudal obligations 5902:granted the rural 5828:to help fight the 5766: 5758: 5754:Ludwigsburg Palace 5716:benevolent monarch 5654: 5591:Republic of Venice 5508: 5429: 5314:Athanasius Kircher 5132:Athanasius Kircher 5108: 5039:was a triumph for 5030: 5014:Modern High German 4967:Cardinal Richelieu 4931: 4884:Ignatius of Loyola 4793: 4753:In 1517, the monk 4740: 4738:The empire in 1512 4708:Nationis Germanicæ 4652: 4541: 4511: 4373:German Renaissance 4369:Matthias Grünewald 4284:Johannes Gutenberg 4226:Middle High German 4224:, most celebrated 4121:Johannes Gutenberg 4114:Middle High German 3825:Emperor Charles IV 3743:, who founded the 3730:Peace of Constance 3722:Pope Alexander III 3604:Holy Roman Emperor 3593: 3536: 3534:from 1155 to 1190. 3532:Holy Roman Emperor 3420:Emperor Lothair II 3374: 3360: 3340:Eastward expansion 3256: 3248: 3186:Concordat of Worms 3128: 3113: 3083:Battle of Lechfeld 3028: 2913:Carolingian Empire 2871:– Franks, Saxons, 2794: 2764:Carolingian Empire 2645: 2584:(531 to 532), the 2551:King of the Franks 2514:to their south in 2381:Kingdom of Germany 2359:that would become 2295:County of Burgundy 2291:Duchy of Thuringia 2287:Duchy of Franconia 2267:Stammesherzogtümer 2245: 1950:Augusta Treverorum 1935: 1845:ambitious campaign 1783:, as well as with 1773:Pre-Roman Iron Age 1737: 1289: 1259:Ahrensburg culture 1235:early modern human 1191:paleoanthropologic 1138:, 43,000–35,000 BC 1092:Paleolithic Europe 1077:Prehistoric Europe 1010:economic expansion 914:. Germany led the 875:socialist movement 772:Holy Roman Emperor 758:was divided among 642:History portal 628:Germany portal 379:Kingdom of Prussia 339:Kingdom of Germany 311:Barbarian kingdoms 27254: 27253: 27163:Basic topics list 26964:Swiss mercenaries 26914:Wars of the Roses 26821:Kingdom of Poland 26806:Holy Roman Empire 26673:Early Middle Ages 26631: 26630: 26226: 26225: 26152:COVID-19 pandemic 26097:French Revolution 26072:Habsburg monarchy 26052:Cossack Hetmanate 26032:Portuguese Empire 26022:Absolute monarchy 26017:Thirty Years' War 25912:Holy Roman Empire 25837:Bulgarian Empire 25796:Early Middle Ages 25713:Bronze Age Europe 25687:History of Europe 25653: 25652: 25606: 25605: 25337: 25336: 25251:Chemical Triangle 25211: 25210: 25198:Political parties 25146:Foreign relations 25083: 25082: 25010: 25009: 24921:Allied occupation 24825:Holy Roman Empire 24335:(Reaktion Books). 24326:978-0-5218-5824-3 24318:Kennedy in Berlin 24289:978-1-5578-6322-5 24262:978-0-6311-6787-7 24128:978-1-5942-0206-3 24111:Evans, Richard J. 23894:978-0-3947-0387-9 23779:978-0-1987-3057-6 23762:Blackbourn, David 23740:Blackbourn, David 23684:Ogilvie, Sheilagh 23620:Asprey, Robert B. 23512:978-0-6910-5514-5 23453:978-0-7432-8553-7 23445:The German Genius 23380:978-0-8714-0466-4 23287:978-0-5213-6836-0 23220:978-0-6740-5809-5 23187:978-3-7028-0308-7 23159:978-0-1916-2822-1 23131:978-0-5218-5360-6 23095:978-1-351-84711-7 23066:978-0-6912-1731-4 23031:978-0-1982-0432-9 23018:Sheehan, James J. 23000:978-1-4128-3431-5 22981:978-0-5212-6430-3 22927:978-8-1269-0775-5 22904:978-0-0609-3483-5 22873:978-0-6916-0755-9 22858:Nipperdey, Thomas 22842:978-3-7065-4951-6 22809:978-9-0041-3572-7 22788:978-0-8018-6493-3 22769:978-0-1995-9232-6 22737:978-9-9799-9221-9 22707:978-0-8240-4444-2 22686:978-0-3930-6757-6 22580:978-9-0041-0347-4 22520:978-0-1951-5954-7 22505:Heather, Peter J. 22489:978-0-8229-8113-8 22466:978-1-8438-3033-7 22435:978-0-5217-9423-7 22410:978-0-5213-1980-5 22391:978-1-4443-5968-8 22366:978-0-8108-6310-1 22339:978-0-1430-3790-3 22318:978-0-1430-3469-8 22299:Evans, Richard J. 22290:978-0-8122-0050-8 22246:978-1-8438-3035-1 22219:978-0-8147-1381-5 22192:978-0-6740-2385-7 22159:978-0-3405-5930-7 22137:978-0-5218-8909-4 22118:978-1-1345-9847-2 22090:978-0-5213-0199-2 22056:978-0-3160-2374-0 22027:978-0-3933-0153-3 22005:978-0-4151-2883-4 21775:. 19 January 2016 21749:. 28 January 2016 21704:. Federal Reserve 21606:978-0-1951-8183-8 21266:978-0-3000-4415-7 21115:Kennedy in Berlin 20915:978-1-5846-5866-5 20681:978-0-0601-5839-2 20647:978-0-5200-5206-2 20550:978-0-6910-0242-2 20437:978-0-0605-4036-4 20359:978-0-8803-3174-6 20339:978-0-6749-2685-1 20319:978-1-8477-9032-3 20292:978-0-2520-9515-3 20243:978-0-4650-2632-6 20070:"Holocaust Facts" 19956:978-0-7735-2642-6 19675:978-3-9358-8112-8 19639:The Great Courses 19441:978-0-3068-0585-1 19399:978-0-1982-2114-2 19372:978-1-8510-9420-2 19345:978-0-7864-7470-7 19290:978-0-0494-0060-3 19252:978-0-8014-6388-4 19168:978-1-9912-0113-3 19134:978-3-8258-2755-7 19100:978-3-8258-6197-1 19066:978-1-3170-8235-4 19038:Przegląd Zachodni 18709:978-3-6427-1198-5 18676:978-1-5760-7335-3 18495:Kaiser Wilhelm II 18465:978-3-1701-2097-6 18456:Kohlhammer Verlag 18399:The Great Courses 18093:978-0-8604-3450-4 18066:978-0-8047-4641-0 17855:978-963-386-017-5 17671:(1978) pp. 11–22. 17667:Gordon A. Craig, 17656:Feuchtwanger 2014 17614:978-0-4157-2477-7 17368:, pp. 96–97. 17313:978-1-8454-5136-3 17058:Kant: A Biography 16760:978-0-1995-9396-5 16733:978-1-3493-7221-8 16700:978-0-2532-1707-3 16676:978-0-5200-2775-6 16631:978-1-3178-8793-5 16582:978-0-9850-6233-0 16501:978-0-4297-0934-0 16467:978-0-5210-3012-0 16444:, pp. 78–94. 16267:978-0-1925-2018-0 16233:978-0-5218-0040-2 16187:978-0-1915-0090-9 16123:978-0-8511-5770-2 16089:978-1-8454-0649-3 16030:978-9-0042-1632-7 15996:978-0-2268-1681-4 15938:978-1-4051-7202-8 15904:978-0-3002-2068-1 15870:978-9-0041-6098-9 15836:978-9-0042-5029-1 15802:978-0-6911-8331-2 15679:Reformation World 15664:978-0-1995-4785-2 15625:978-0-19-934037-8 15583:978-0-1987-3101-6 15552:Geoffrey Parker, 15418:, p. 17, 73. 15395:978-0-1987-3101-6 15372:, p. 27, 75. 15285:978-0-5200-9694-3 15246:Whaley, Joachim. 15165:978-9-0043-5396-1 15131:978-3-1104-2400-3 15097:978-3-1701-5563-3 15063:978-3-4867-0179-1 15029:978-1-3518-8840-0 14995:978-1-1070-1134-2 14961:978-1-1343-8280-4 14927:978-0-1910-6244-5 14878:978-3-5253-6710-0 14844:978-1-1395-0230-6 14748:978-9-0619-4020-3 14694:978-1-4833-6467-4 14671:, pp. 46–53. 14636:978-0-3079-6230-0 14602:978-3-1104-5673-8 14484:978-0-6698-5555-5 14450:978-0-3133-3733-8 14402:978-3-9029-6603-2 14368:978-0-8743-6944-1 14334:978-0-8139-3258-3 14300:978-3-2057-7305-4 14273:978-0-3132-9102-9 14224:Zwingenberger, 9. 14096:978-1-884446-05-4 14079:Oxford Art Online 14047:978-0-8130-0448-8 13978:Allen, Robert C. 13914:978-0-8263-2871-7 13807:978-0-5200-7270-1 13780:978-0-5200-6634-2 13749:978-1-3519-5035-0 13717:on 25 August 2006 13633:, pp. 52–68. 13617:978-3-8658-3165-1 13564:978-3-6400-4806-9 13538:978-1-3518-9008-3 13511:978-1-3518-8483-9 13479:. Mises Institute 13351:on 6 October 2014 13274:978-0-8122-1386-7 13196:978-1-1366-3944-9 13169:978-0-5214-4049-3 13052:978-1-118-88791-2 13001:, pp. 26–27. 12973:978-1-4443-9020-9 12934:978-1-5760-7263-9 12852:World Archaeology 12799:978-0-8166-5700-1 12704:"ANCIENT HISTORY" 12599:978-0-5214-3491-1 12539:. Yale University 12537:Open Yale Courses 12476:, p. xlviii. 12431:. Perseus Project 12289:978-90-04-28952-9 12203:978-0-4151-5090-3 12176:978-0-3064-7257-2 12149:978-3-1116-6814-7 12036:Saupe et al. 2021 11999:(10): 1417–1431. 11750:(7555): 207–211. 11595:on 10 August 2014 11589:The Art Newspaper 11541:(7244): 248–252. 11350:978-3-8062-2164-0 11102:History of Berlin 10943:novel coronavirus 10815:led by the CDU's 10767:energy transition 10579:Otto von Habsburg 10559:Otto von Habsburg 10476:The pro-business 10416:to West Germany. 10289:Social democratic 10246:Godesberg Program 10098:Wirtschaftswunder 10089:Volkswagen Beetle 10000:General Secretary 9930:Mikhail Gorbachev 9900:Die Neue Zeitung. 9854:Potsdam Agreement 9620: 9583:Winston Churchill 9510:Munich Conference 9484:in Europe began. 9469:Versailles Treaty 9465:League of Nations 9228:League of Nations 9076:Werner Heisenberg 8807:Wernher von Braun 8779:Justus von Liebig 8777:and persons like 8767:Werner Heisenberg 8656:German gold marks 8637:League of Nations 8632:Treaty of Locarno 8595:Gustav Stresemann 8567:Gustav Stresemann 8552:Treaty of Rapallo 8443:Germany 1920–1938 8413:League of Nations 8002:chemical industry 7881:In 1897, Admiral 7770:Berlin Conference 7758:German New Guinea 7607:National-Liberals 7484:stone iconography 7345:fortress of Sedan 7255:Otto von Bismarck 7161:Duchy of Holstein 7142:Helmut von Moltke 7138:Albrecht von Roon 7134:Otto von Bismarck 7029:Frankfurt am Main 6978:Helmut von Moltke 6970:Otto von Bismarck 6918:and called for a 6623:Leopold von Ranke 6561:and perfected by 6382:Industrialization 6280:Holy Roman Empire 6215:Battle of Leipzig 6175:Holy Roman Empire 6116:Thirty Years' War 6102:and the onset of 6095:French Revolution 6022:Weimar Classicism 5984:Frederick William 5822:called "Hessians" 5670:Austrian empress 5611:Habsburg monarchy 5556:Treaty of Ryswick 5547:Great Turkish War 5487:Great Turkish War 5432:Frederick William 5402:as a fief of the 5377:Holy Roman Empire 5257:Otto von Guericke 5235:scientific method 5190:he construed his 5188:Scientific method 5147:Matthias Ringmann 5069:Larger Catechism, 4995:Western Pomerania 4935:Thirty Years' War 4933:The 1618 to 1648 4928:Thirty Years' War 4918:Thirty Years' War 4892:Peace of Augsburg 4805:Emperor Charles V 4782:emperor Charles V 4744:Renaissance Popes 4688:Ewiger Landfriede 4415:Georgius Agricola 4065:Cologne Cathedral 4008:. Cities such as 3757:Diet of Pentecost 3718:Battle of Legnano 3703:Privilegium Minus 3701:by virtue of the 3494:Novgorod Republic 3486:Kingdom of Poland 3478:imperial approval 3435:, founded by the 3367:Marienburg Castle 3142:, prohibition of 3056:Holy Roman Empire 2997:Holy Roman Empire 2973:Holy Roman Empire 2949:Holy Roman Empire 2933:Holy Roman Empire 2744:Charles the Great 2736:Donation of Pepin 2667:. In 743 his son 2656:Christian faith. 2637:and dependencies; 2615:Expansion of the 2555:Roman Catholicism 2532:Battle of Tolbiac 2377:Holy Roman Empire 2066:Germania Superior 2054:Germania Inferior 1980:), 3rd century CE 1925:, capital of the 1904:Germania Inferior 1769:Nordic Bronze Age 1613:Hallstatt culture 1602:Hallstatt culture 1532:, from which the 1522:Hallstatt culture 1506:Nordic Bronze Age 1388:Nordic Bronze Age 1380:Bronze Age Europe 1319:Ertebølle culture 1049:Southern European 974:program known as 912:a naval arms race 893:in 1871. The new 887:Otto von Bismarck 827:Thirty Years' War 776:Holy Roman Empire 770:became the first 760:Charles the Great 733:Germania Inferior 729:Germania Superior 689:can be traced to 679: 678: 610: 609: 504: 503: 344:Holy Roman Empire 221:Holy Roman Empire 134: 133: 126: 76: 75: 43:was 26,000 words. 27276: 27244: 27243: 27234: 27233: 27224: 27183:Medieval studies 27027:Church and State 26901:Late Middle Ages 26793:High Middle Ages 26711:Christianization 26681:Migration Period 26658: 26651: 26644: 26635: 26634: 26568:Dependencies and 26267:Sovereign states 26253: 26246: 26239: 26230: 26229: 26087:Great Divergence 26002:Age of Discovery 25947:Late Middle Ages 25917:High Middle Ages 25828:Byzantine Empire 25811:Christianization 25801:Migration Period 25736:Classical Greece 25708:Neolithic Europe 25680: 25673: 25666: 25657: 25656: 25633: 25626: 25619: 25583:Prussian virtues 25348: 25347: 25256:Economic history 25222: 25221: 25116: 25094: 25093: 25045:Cities and towns 25021: 25020: 25001:Baden Revolution 24805:Treaty of Verdun 24774:Marcomannic Wars 24729:Migration Period 24724:Germanic peoples 24708:Military history 24683: 24682: 24659: 24652: 24645: 24636: 24635: 24586: 24431: 24352:Herbert, Ulrich. 24301: 24274: 24151:Herbert, Ulrich. 24140: 24007:Herbert, Ulrich. 23906: 23865:Bismarck: A Life 23783: 23757: 23516: 23440: 23398: 23392: 23384: 23303:Herbert, Ulrich. 23291: 23279: 23224: 23203:Wilson, Peter H. 23198: 23196: 23194: 23170: 23168: 23166: 23142: 23140: 23138: 23108: 23099: 23078: 23043: 23013: 23004: 22985: 22962: 22940: 22931: 22908: 22895:Harper Perennial 22885: 22853: 22851: 22849: 22825: 22823: 22821: 22792: 22773: 22754: 22741: 22718: 22716: 22714: 22690: 22669: 22648:— (1969). 22644: 22623:— (1964). 22619: 22591: 22589: 22587: 22560: 22547: 22545: 22543: 22524: 22500: 22498: 22496: 22470: 22443:— (2003). 22439: 22414: 22395: 22370: 22343: 22326:— (2005). 22322: 22294: 22273: 22258: 22223: 22207: 22196: 22172: 22163: 22141: 22122: 22094: 22075: 22060: 22039: 22009: 21985:Atlas of Germany 21971: 21970: 21963: 21957: 21956: 21945: 21939: 21938: 21926: 21920: 21919: 21916:www.eurozine.com 21908: 21902: 21901: 21893: 21887: 21886: 21874: 21868: 21867: 21856: 21850: 21849: 21838: 21832: 21831: 21819: 21813: 21812: 21810: 21808: 21791: 21785: 21784: 21782: 21780: 21765: 21759: 21758: 21756: 21754: 21739: 21733: 21732: 21720: 21714: 21713: 21711: 21709: 21703: 21694: 21688: 21687: 21685: 21683: 21672: 21666: 21665: 21657: 21651: 21650: 21639: 21633: 21632: 21617: 21611: 21610: 21594: 21584: 21578: 21571: 21565: 21562: 21556: 21553: 21547: 21540: 21534: 21531: 21525: 21524: 21513: 21507: 21506: 21498: 21492: 21485: 21479: 21478: 21470: 21464: 21463: 21449: 21443: 21442: 21428: 21422: 21421: 21413: 21407: 21406: 21398: 21392: 21387: 21370:(2/3): 405–431. 21359: 21353: 21352: 21312: 21306: 21305: 21277: 21271: 21270: 21246: 21240: 21239: 21224: 21218: 21217: 21209: 21203: 21201: 21193: 21187: 21186: 21154: 21148: 21147: 21144:The Adenauer era 21139: 21133: 21132: 21124: 21118: 21108: 21102: 21101: 21099: 21097: 21079: 21073: 21072: 21032: 21026: 21025: 21017: 21011: 21010: 20974: 20968: 20967: 20959: 20946: 20939: 20933: 20926: 20920: 20919: 20896: 20890: 20889: 20881: 20872: 20871: 20864: 20858: 20857: 20849: 20843: 20842: 20822: 20816: 20815: 20807: 20801: 20800: 20793: 20787: 20786: 20762: 20756: 20749: 20743: 20742: 20727: 20721: 20720: 20692: 20686: 20685: 20661: 20652: 20651: 20627: 20621: 20620: 20596: 20590: 20589: 20575: 20564: 20561: 20555: 20554: 20534: 20528: 20527: 20519: 20513: 20503: 20497: 20496: 20494: 20492: 20480: 20474: 20473: 20471: 20469: 20463: 20456: 20448: 20442: 20441: 20418: 20412: 20410: 20370: 20364: 20363: 20343: 20323: 20303: 20297: 20296: 20276: 20270: 20269: 20267: 20265: 20254: 20248: 20247: 20231: 20221: 20215: 20214: 20206: 20200: 20194: 20188: 20182: 20176: 20170: 20164: 20158: 20152: 20151: 20143: 20137: 20131: 20125: 20119: 20113: 20112: 20106: 20096: 20090: 20089: 20087: 20085: 20076:. 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Nobelprize.org 19723: 19717: 19711: 19705: 19698: 19692: 19686: 19680: 19679: 19657: 19651: 19650: 19648: 19646: 19627:Childers, Thomas 19623: 19617: 19616: 19580: 19574: 19573: 19571: 19569: 19554: 19548: 19547: 19545: 19543: 19537: 19530: 19522: 19516: 19515: 19513: 19511: 19496: 19490: 19483: 19477: 19476: 19468: 19462: 19452: 19446: 19445: 19425: 19419: 19418: 19410: 19404: 19403: 19383: 19377: 19376: 19356: 19350: 19349: 19331: 19325: 19324: 19316: 19310: 19309: 19301: 19295: 19294: 19270: 19264: 19263: 19261: 19259: 19236: 19230: 19229: 19227: 19225: 19211: 19205: 19204: 19202: 19200: 19186: 19180: 19179: 19177: 19175: 19152: 19146: 19145: 19143: 19141: 19118: 19112: 19111: 19109: 19107: 19084: 19078: 19077: 19075: 19073: 19050: 19044: 19034: 19028: 19021: 19015: 19008: 19002: 18991: 18985: 18978: 18972: 18965: 18959: 18958: 18922: 18916: 18915: 18875: 18869: 18868: 18860: 18854: 18853: 18813: 18807: 18806: 18799: 18793: 18792: 18784: 18778: 18777: 18775: 18773: 18761: 18755: 18754: 18742: 18736: 18735: 18733: 18731: 18720: 18714: 18713: 18687: 18681: 18680: 18660: 18654: 18653: 18645: 18639: 18638: 18636: 18634: 18620: 18614: 18613: 18605: 18599: 18598: 18596: 18594: 18580: 18574: 18573: 18561: 18555: 18554: 18526: 18520: 18517: 18511: 18504: 18498: 18497:(2000) pp. 35–47 18491: 18485: 18484: 18476: 18470: 18469: 18447: 18441: 18440: 18432: 18426: 18425: 18417: 18411: 18410: 18408: 18406: 18387:Childers, Thomas 18383: 18377: 18372:Ronald J. Ross, 18370: 18364: 18358: 18352: 18351: 18317: 18308: 18302: 18295: 18289: 18282: 18276: 18269: 18263: 18249: 18243: 18240:Imperial Germany 18236: 18230: 18216: 18210: 18209: 18174: 18168: 18167: 18132: 18126: 18125: 18118: 18112: 18111: 18104: 18098: 18097: 18077: 18071: 18070: 18050: 18044: 18038: 18032: 18026: 18020: 18019: 18017: 18015: 18003: 17997: 17991: 17985: 17984: 17944: 17938: 17937: 17935: 17933: 17918: 17912: 17911: 17909: 17907: 17892: 17886: 17885: 17883: 17881: 17866: 17860: 17859: 17833: 17824: 17823: 17821: 17805: 17799: 17798: 17792: 17784: 17767:(4): 1168–1204. 17756: 17750: 17749: 17747: 17745: 17733: 17727: 17726: 17724: 17722: 17708: 17702: 17701: 17691: 17685: 17678: 17672: 17665: 17659: 17653: 17647: 17641: 17635: 17634: 17597: 17591: 17585: 17579: 17578: 17568: 17562: 17561: 17521: 17515: 17514: 17508: 17498: 17492: 17486: 17480: 17474: 17468: 17462: 17456: 17442: 17436: 17430: 17424: 17417: 17411: 17410: 17402: 17396: 17395: 17387: 17381: 17375: 17369: 17363: 17357: 17351: 17345: 17339: 17333: 17332: 17324: 17318: 17317: 17297: 17288: 17287: 17285: 17283: 17277: 17268: 17262: 17256: 17250: 17244: 17238: 17232: 17226: 17220: 17211: 17205: 17199: 17192: 17186: 17185: 17162:Military Affairs 17157: 17151: 17150: 17142: 17133: 17132: 17122: 17116: 17109: 17103: 17102: 17094: 17088: 17087: 17085: 17083: 17068: 17062: 17061: 17053: 17047: 17046: 17038: 17032: 17031: 17024: 17018: 17011: 17005: 16998: 16992: 16991: 16989: 16987: 16976: 16970: 16969: 16961: 16955: 16954: 16946: 16940: 16939: 16925: 16919: 16912: 16906: 16899: 16893: 16887: 16881: 16876:Marion W. Gray, 16874: 16868: 16858: 16852: 16851: 16823: 16817: 16816: 16808: 16802: 16796: 16790: 16784: 16778: 16771: 16765: 16764: 16744: 16738: 16737: 16711: 16705: 16704: 16680: 16668: 16655: 16649: 16642: 16636: 16635: 16615: 16609: 16608: 16606: 16604: 16593: 16587: 16586: 16566: 16560: 16559: 16556:Oxford Reference 16548: 16542: 16536: 16530: 16524: 16513: 16512: 16510: 16508: 16485: 16479: 16478: 16476: 16474: 16451: 16445: 16439: 16433: 16432: 16430: 16402: 16396: 16389: 16383: 16382: 16375: 16369: 16368: 16362: 16354: 16352: 16350: 16341:. Archived from 16335: 16329: 16328: 16321: 16315: 16297: 16291: 16285: 16279: 16278: 16276: 16274: 16251: 16245: 16244: 16242: 16240: 16217: 16211: 16208:Noflatscher 2011 16205: 16199: 16198: 16196: 16194: 16171: 16165: 16164: 16162: 16160: 16146: 16140: 16139: 16137: 16135: 16107: 16101: 16100: 16098: 16096: 16073: 16067: 16066: 16064: 16062: 16048: 16042: 16041: 16039: 16037: 16014: 16008: 16007: 16005: 16003: 15980: 15974: 15973: 15971: 15969: 15956: 15950: 15949: 15947: 15945: 15922: 15916: 15915: 15913: 15911: 15888: 15882: 15881: 15879: 15877: 15854: 15848: 15847: 15845: 15843: 15820: 15814: 15813: 15811: 15809: 15786: 15780: 15779: 15767: 15761: 15760: 15748: 15742: 15736: 15730: 15729: 15721: 15715: 15714: 15712: 15705: 15697: 15691: 15688: 15682: 15675: 15669: 15668: 15648: 15642: 15636: 15630: 15629: 15603: 15588: 15587: 15567: 15561: 15550: 15544: 15543: 15535: 15529: 15528: 15508: 15502: 15496: 15487: 15480: 15474: 15467: 15461: 15454: 15448: 15447: 15445: 15443: 15437: 15428: 15419: 15413: 15407: 15406: 15404: 15402: 15379: 15373: 15367: 15361: 15355: 15349: 15343: 15337: 15336: 15308: 15302: 15301: 15299: 15297: 15269: 15263: 15262: 15260: 15258: 15243: 15237: 15231: 15225: 15219: 15213: 15207: 15201: 15195: 15189: 15183: 15177: 15176: 15174: 15172: 15149: 15143: 15142: 15140: 15138: 15115: 15109: 15108: 15106: 15104: 15081: 15075: 15074: 15072: 15070: 15047: 15041: 15040: 15038: 15036: 15013: 15007: 15006: 15004: 15002: 14979: 14973: 14972: 14970: 14968: 14945: 14939: 14938: 14936: 14934: 14911: 14905: 14899: 14890: 14889: 14887: 14885: 14862: 14856: 14855: 14853: 14851: 14828: 14822: 14821: 14805: 14799: 14793: 14787: 14786: 14771:Medieval Warfare 14766: 14760: 14759: 14757: 14755: 14732: 14726: 14725: 14717: 14711: 14710: 14708: 14706: 14678: 14672: 14666: 14660: 14654: 14648: 14647: 14645: 14643: 14620: 14614: 14613: 14611: 14609: 14586: 14580: 14574: 14568: 14562: 14556: 14555: 14553: 14551: 14545: 14538: 14532:Schwope, David. 14529: 14523: 14522: 14520: 14518: 14502: 14496: 14495: 14493: 14491: 14468: 14462: 14461: 14459: 14457: 14434: 14428: 14427: 14421: 14413: 14411: 14409: 14386: 14380: 14379: 14377: 14375: 14352: 14346: 14345: 14343: 14341: 14318: 14312: 14311: 14309: 14307: 14284: 14278: 14277: 14257: 14251: 14250: 14248: 14246: 14240:smarthistory.org 14231: 14225: 14222: 14216: 14215: 14213: 14211: 14200: 14194: 14180: 14171: 14170: 14168: 14166: 14161:on 25 April 2024 14160: 14154:. Archived from 14129: 14120: 14114: 14107: 14101: 14100: 14074: 14068: 14066: 14058: 14052: 14051: 14031: 14025: 14024: 14016: 14010: 14009: 14001: 13995: 13994: 13992: 13990: 13984: 13975: 13969: 13959: 13953: 13952: 13950: 13948: 13942: 13933: 13927: 13926: 13896: 13890: 13889: 13887: 13885: 13874: 13868: 13867: 13857: 13833: 13827: 13826: 13818: 13812: 13811: 13791: 13785: 13784: 13760: 13754: 13753: 13733: 13727: 13726: 13724: 13722: 13707: 13701: 13700: 13692: 13686: 13680: 13671: 13670: 13662: 13656: 13655: 13653: 13651: 13646:. Ordensstaat de 13640: 13634: 13628: 13622: 13621: 13601: 13595: 13582: 13576: 13575: 13573: 13571: 13549: 13543: 13542: 13522: 13516: 13515: 13495: 13489: 13488: 13486: 13484: 13472: 13466: 13449: 13443: 13442: 13440: 13438: 13425: 13419: 13413: 13407: 13401: 13395: 13389: 13383: 13382: 13380: 13378: 13367: 13361: 13360: 13358: 13356: 13343:Crawford, Paul. 13340: 13334: 13333: 13331: 13329: 13315: 13309: 13308: 13306: 13304: 13293: 13287: 13286: 13260: 13254: 13253: 13251: 13249: 13233: 13227: 13226: 13224: 13222: 13207: 13201: 13200: 13180: 13174: 13173: 13157: 13147: 13141: 13140: 13112: 13106: 13103:Barraclough 1984 13100: 13094: 13093: 13091: 13089: 13078: 13072: 13066: 13057: 13056: 13037:. pp. 1–5. 13030: 13024: 13023: 13013: 13002: 12996: 12990: 12984: 12978: 12977: 12957: 12951: 12945: 12939: 12938: 12918: 12912: 12906: 12900: 12894: 12888: 12882: 12876: 12875: 12847: 12841: 12835: 12829: 12828: 12826: 12824: 12810: 12804: 12803: 12783: 12777: 12771: 12765: 12764: 12762: 12760: 12749: 12743: 12737: 12728: 12721: 12715: 12714: 12695: 12689: 12683: 12677: 12671: 12665: 12659: 12653: 12652: 12627:Empires Besieged 12622: 12616: 12610: 12604: 12603: 12579: 12573: 12567: 12561: 12555: 12549: 12548: 12546: 12544: 12529: 12523: 12517: 12511: 12505: 12499: 12498: 12483: 12477: 12471: 12465: 12464:, pp. 2–21. 12459: 12453: 12447: 12441: 12440: 12438: 12436: 12424: 12418: 12404: 12398: 12397: 12365: 12359: 12353: 12347: 12336: 12330: 12324: 12318: 12312: 12306: 12303:Kristinsson 2010 12300: 12294: 12293: 12267: 12261: 12260: 12239: 12233: 12231: 12214: 12208: 12207: 12187: 12181: 12180: 12160: 12154: 12153: 12133: 12127: 12126: 12116: 12110: 12109: 12099: 12093: 12092: 12090: 12088: 12077: 12071: 12070: 12068: 12066: 12052: 12043: 12033: 12027: 12026: 12016: 11984: 11978: 11977: 11959: 11949: 11916: 11910: 11909: 11901: 11895: 11894: 11876: 11870: 11869: 11859: 11853: 11852: 11842: 11802: 11796: 11795: 11785: 11759: 11734: 11728: 11727: 11720:"Nebra Sky Disc" 11716: 11710: 11709: 11698: 11692: 11691: 11681: 11671: 11647: 11641: 11640: 11629: 11623: 11622: 11611: 11605: 11604: 11602: 11600: 11591:. Archived from 11581: 11575: 11574: 11528: 11522: 11521: 11511: 11501: 11468: 11462: 11461: 11451: 11441: 11412:(22 June 1999). 11402: 11396: 11391: 11385: 11384: 11382: 11380: 11368: 11362: 11361: 11359: 11357: 11334: 11328: 11327: 11325: 11323:10.3390/h8030129 11301: 11295: 11294: 11284: 11274: 11242: 11236: 11235: 11223: 11207: 11203: 11197: 11194: 11188: 11181: 11149:Names of Germany 11073: 11068: 11067: 11066: 10838:to reform the EU 10836:Treaty of Lisbon 10774: 10748:Oskar Lafontaine 10736:Gerhard Schröder 10676:Gerhard Schröder 10592:The fall of the 10521:Gerhard Schröder 10104:co-determination 10079:Economic miracle 9866:Yalta Conference 9817:Second World War 9775:Oder-Neisse line 9751:reunion followed 9691:Berlin was taken 9660:Battle of Berlin 9629:Battle of Moscow 9621: 9565:, September 1943 9518:Édouard Daladier 9489:Benito Mussolini 9456:Tiergartenstraße 9296:Alben W. Barkley 9270:Heinrich Himmler 9255:Hitler used the 9072: 9058: 9048:Martin Heidegger 9044: 9030: 9016: 9002: 8988: 8974: 8960: 8946: 8932: 8918: 8904: 8890: 8856:Frankfurt School 8848:Martin Heidegger 8700:Heinrich Brüning 8676:Great Depression 8534: 8502:Spartacus League 8364:On 11 November, 8137: 8075:Caroline Islands 7998:Erlenmeyer flask 7848: 7843: 7766:Marshall Islands 7705:Bosphorus Strait 7523:, and historian 7415:A federal empire 7085:March Revolution 7054:Burschenschaften 7047: 7040:Carlsbad Decrees 7017: 7004: 6908:Hambach Festival 6809: 6795: 6780: 6766: 6752: 6738: 6724: 6710: 6696: 6682: 6668: 6654: 6621:in theology and 6615:Friedrich Engels 6334:1848 revolutions 6316:During the 1815 6179:Fourth Coalition 6139:Second Coalition 5988:Edict of Potsdam 5968:Theobald von Oer 5964:Classical Weimar 5940:Painting of the 5908:agrarian reforms 5878:underwent major 5816:, the Landgrave 5688:Seven Years' War 5631:Southeast Europe 5599:Pope Innocent XI 5577:and reconquered 5563:relief of Vienna 5408:Franco-Dutch War 5340: 5325: 5310: 5290: 5271: 5253: 5223: 5172:Konrad Heinfogel 5164:Johannes Stabius 4949:against emperor 4902:Protestant Union 4876:Council of Trent 4811:. Hiding in the 4790:Anton von Werner 4696:Imperial Circles 4606:military reforms 4537:Georg Gossembrot 4450: 4411: 4388: 4365: 4343: 4325: 4302: 4280: 4262: 4240: 4218: 4203: 3985: 3970: 3949: 3934: 3913: 3898: 3881:Towns and cities 3768:in Milan to the 3726:Treaty of Venice 3699:Duchy of Austria 3610:as the powerful 3590: 3587: 3519:Church and state 3513:Duchy of Prussia 3466:Prussian Crusade 3462:Teutonic Knights 3406:High Middle Ages 3371:Teutonic Knights 3319:in the east and 3260:Hanseatic League 3236:Hanseatic League 3230:Hanseatic League 3156:Pope Gregory VII 3124:Ottonian dynasty 3109:Speyer Cathedral 2992: 2968: 2944: 2935:from 962 to 1806 2928: 2917:Treaty of Verdun 2908: 2877:Henry the Fowler 2861:Louis the German 2857:Treaty of Verdun 2677:Odilo of Bavaria 2621:Blue = realm of 2465:by the Germanic 2439: 2408: 2357:March of Austria 2275:Duchy of Bavaria 2261: 2205:Migration Period 2109:Migration Period 2098: 2096: 2052:. The provinces 2032:Limes Germanicus 1970:Dionysian scenes 1965: 1945: 1899: 1883:Limes Germanicus 1877: 1849:Battle of Vosges 1828:campaign in Gaul 1816:Republican Roman 1741:Germanic peoples 1732: 1731: 1726: 1721: 1720: 1715: 1710: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1698: 1693: 1655:Germanic peoples 1636: 1633: 1593: 1583: 1580: 1566: 1528:, including the 1502:Tumulus cultures 1491: 1487: 1484: 1479:Urnfield culture 1465: 1461: 1458: 1442:Urnfield culture 1434: 1425: 1422: 1408: 1396:Urnfield culture 1369: 1365: 1362: 1346: 1343: 1331: 1327: 1324: 1316: 1312: 1309: 1275:settlement with 1225: 1151:Australopithecus 1124: 1123: 1108: 1107: 1096:Neolithic Europe 1065:its armed forces 948:Great Depression 942:, leader of the 857:established the 815:Late Middle Ages 787:Hanseatic League 783:High Middle Ages 739:. Following the 671: 664: 657: 644: 640: 639: 638: 630: 626: 625: 624: 536: 519: 518: 452: 451: 422: 306:Migration Period 301:Germanic peoples 296:Urnfield culture 164: 154: 136: 135: 129: 122: 118: 111:sandwiching text 86: 85: 78: 71: 68: 62: 26: 25: 18: 27284: 27283: 27279: 27278: 27277: 27275: 27274: 27273: 27259: 27258: 27255: 27250: 27212: 27193:Neo-medievalism 27141: 27077:Itinerant court 27000: 26895: 26816:Georgian Empire 26801:Norman Conquest 26787: 26733:Frankish Empire 26667: 26662: 26632: 26627: 26611: 26569: 26563: 26549:Northern Cyprus 26531: 26525: 26441:North Macedonia 26262: 26257: 26227: 26222: 26161: 26127:Interwar period 26102:Napoleonic Wars 25966: 25937:Mongol invasion 25890:Crown of Aragon 25782: 25722: 25718:Iron Age Europe 25689: 25684: 25654: 25649: 25636: 25629: 25622: 25615: 25602: 25466: 25417:Life expectancy 25333: 25207: 25178:Law enforcement 25114: 25079: 25006: 24973: 24952: 24936:Divided Germany 24906:Weimar Republic 24834: 24800:Frankish Empire 24788: 24712: 24678: 24672: 24663: 24633: 24527: 24522: 24446: 24441: 24290: 24263: 24246: 24241: 24129: 24089: 24084: 23920: 23915: 23895: 23780: 23754: 23734: 23729: 23615: 23610: 23582:The Reformation 23557: 23552: 23513: 23475: 23470: 23429: 23386: 23385: 23381: 23288: 23237: 23232: 23230:Further reading 23227: 23221: 23192: 23190: 23188: 23164: 23162: 23160: 23136: 23134: 23132: 23096: 23067: 23032: 23001: 22982: 22928: 22905: 22874: 22847: 22845: 22843: 22819: 22817: 22810: 22789: 22770: 22738: 22712: 22710: 22708: 22687: 22585: 22583: 22581: 22541: 22539: 22521: 22494: 22492: 22490: 22467: 22436: 22411: 22392: 22367: 22357:Scarecrow Press 22340: 22319: 22291: 22247: 22220: 22193: 22160: 22138: 22119: 22091: 22057: 22028: 22006: 21979: 21974: 21965: 21964: 21960: 21947: 21946: 21942: 21927: 21923: 21910: 21909: 21905: 21894: 21890: 21875: 21871: 21858: 21857: 21853: 21840: 21839: 21835: 21820: 21816: 21806: 21804: 21803:. 9 August 2016 21793: 21792: 21788: 21778: 21776: 21767: 21766: 21762: 21752: 21750: 21741: 21740: 21736: 21729:Washington Post 21721: 21717: 21707: 21705: 21701: 21695: 21691: 21681: 21679: 21674: 21673: 21669: 21658: 21654: 21641: 21640: 21636: 21631:on 13 May 2011. 21619: 21618: 21614: 21607: 21585: 21581: 21572: 21568: 21563: 21559: 21554: 21550: 21541: 21537: 21532: 21528: 21515: 21514: 21510: 21499: 21495: 21486: 21482: 21471: 21467: 21450: 21446: 21429: 21425: 21414: 21410: 21399: 21395: 21360: 21356: 21333:10.2307/2545854 21313: 21309: 21278: 21274: 21267: 21247: 21243: 21225: 21221: 21210: 21206: 21194: 21190: 21155: 21151: 21140: 21136: 21125: 21121: 21109: 21105: 21095: 21093: 21092:on 6 March 2002 21080: 21076: 21033: 21029: 21018: 21014: 20975: 20971: 20960: 20949: 20940: 20936: 20927: 20923: 20916: 20897: 20893: 20882: 20875: 20865: 20861: 20850: 20846: 20823: 20819: 20808: 20804: 20794: 20790: 20763: 20759: 20750: 20746: 20729: 20728: 20724: 20693: 20689: 20682: 20662: 20655: 20648: 20628: 20624: 20597: 20593: 20576: 20567: 20562: 20558: 20551: 20535: 20531: 20520: 20516: 20504: 20500: 20490: 20488: 20481: 20477: 20467: 20465: 20464:on 11 June 2017 20461: 20454: 20450: 20449: 20445: 20438: 20422:Bessel, Richard 20419: 20415: 20371: 20367: 20360: 20340: 20320: 20304: 20300: 20293: 20277: 20273: 20263: 20261: 20256: 20255: 20251: 20244: 20222: 20218: 20207: 20203: 20195: 20191: 20183: 20179: 20171: 20167: 20159: 20155: 20144: 20140: 20132: 20128: 20120: 20116: 20097: 20093: 20083: 20081: 20066: 20062: 20052: 20050: 20049:on 14 July 2014 20046: 20039: 20031: 20027: 20016: 20012: 20004: 20000: 19992: 19988: 19980: 19976: 19968: 19964: 19957: 19943: 19939: 19931: 19927: 19906: 19902: 19894: 19890: 19882: 19878: 19870: 19866: 19855: 19851: 19835: 19831: 19820: 19816: 19797: 19793: 19777: 19776: 19746: 19742: 19732: 19730: 19725: 19724: 19720: 19712: 19708: 19699: 19695: 19687: 19683: 19676: 19658: 19654: 19644: 19642: 19624: 19620: 19581: 19577: 19567: 19565: 19556: 19555: 19551: 19541: 19539: 19535: 19528: 19524: 19523: 19519: 19509: 19507: 19498: 19497: 19493: 19484: 19480: 19469: 19465: 19453: 19449: 19442: 19426: 19422: 19411: 19407: 19400: 19384: 19380: 19373: 19357: 19353: 19346: 19332: 19328: 19317: 19313: 19302: 19298: 19291: 19271: 19267: 19257: 19255: 19253: 19237: 19233: 19223: 19221: 19212: 19208: 19198: 19196: 19187: 19183: 19173: 19171: 19169: 19153: 19149: 19139: 19137: 19135: 19119: 19115: 19105: 19103: 19101: 19085: 19081: 19071: 19069: 19067: 19051: 19047: 19035: 19031: 19023:Jeremy Sarkin, 19022: 19018: 19009: 19005: 18992: 18988: 18984:(Penguin, 2011) 18980:sean McMeekin, 18979: 18975: 18966: 18962: 18939:10.2307/3113169 18923: 18919: 18876: 18872: 18861: 18857: 18814: 18810: 18800: 18796: 18785: 18781: 18771: 18769: 18762: 18758: 18743: 18739: 18729: 18727: 18722: 18721: 18717: 18710: 18688: 18684: 18677: 18661: 18657: 18646: 18642: 18632: 18630: 18621: 18617: 18606: 18602: 18592: 18590: 18581: 18577: 18562: 18558: 18527: 18523: 18518: 18514: 18505: 18501: 18492: 18488: 18477: 18473: 18466: 18448: 18444: 18433: 18429: 18418: 18414: 18404: 18402: 18384: 18380: 18371: 18367: 18359: 18355: 18315: 18309: 18305: 18296: 18292: 18283: 18279: 18270: 18266: 18250: 18246: 18237: 18233: 18217: 18213: 18175: 18171: 18149:10.2307/3114686 18133: 18129: 18119: 18115: 18105: 18101: 18094: 18078: 18074: 18067: 18051: 18047: 18041:Blackbourn 1998 18039: 18035: 18027: 18023: 18013: 18011: 18004: 18000: 17992: 17988: 17945: 17941: 17931: 17929: 17920: 17919: 17915: 17905: 17903: 17894: 17893: 17889: 17879: 17877: 17867: 17863: 17856: 17834: 17827: 17806: 17802: 17786: 17785: 17757: 17753: 17743: 17741: 17734: 17730: 17720: 17718: 17709: 17705: 17692: 17688: 17679: 17675: 17666: 17662: 17654: 17650: 17642: 17638: 17615: 17598: 17594: 17586: 17582: 17569: 17565: 17522: 17518: 17499: 17495: 17487: 17483: 17475: 17471: 17463: 17459: 17443: 17439: 17431: 17427: 17418: 17414: 17403: 17399: 17388: 17384: 17376: 17372: 17364: 17360: 17352: 17348: 17340: 17336: 17325: 17321: 17314: 17298: 17291: 17281: 17279: 17275: 17269: 17265: 17257: 17253: 17245: 17241: 17233: 17229: 17221: 17214: 17210:, pp. 1–2. 17206: 17202: 17193: 17189: 17174:10.2307/1985399 17158: 17154: 17143: 17136: 17123: 17119: 17110: 17106: 17095: 17091: 17081: 17079: 17070: 17069: 17065: 17054: 17050: 17039: 17035: 17025: 17021: 17012: 17008: 16999: 16995: 16985: 16983: 16978: 16977: 16973: 16962: 16958: 16947: 16943: 16926: 16922: 16913: 16909: 16900: 16896: 16888: 16884: 16875: 16871: 16859: 16855: 16840:10.2307/1005911 16824: 16820: 16809: 16805: 16797: 16793: 16785: 16781: 16772: 16768: 16761: 16745: 16741: 16734: 16712: 16708: 16701: 16683:Russell Weigley 16677: 16659:Ritter, Gerhard 16656: 16652: 16643: 16639: 16632: 16616: 16612: 16602: 16600: 16595: 16594: 16590: 16583: 16567: 16563: 16550: 16549: 16545: 16537: 16533: 16525: 16516: 16506: 16504: 16502: 16486: 16482: 16472: 16470: 16468: 16452: 16448: 16440: 16436: 16403: 16399: 16390: 16386: 16377: 16376: 16372: 16356: 16355: 16348: 16346: 16345:on 24 June 2021 16339:"Archived copy" 16337: 16336: 16332: 16323: 16322: 16318: 16312:Wayback Machine 16298: 16294: 16286: 16282: 16272: 16270: 16268: 16252: 16248: 16238: 16236: 16234: 16218: 16214: 16206: 16202: 16192: 16190: 16188: 16172: 16168: 16158: 16156: 16147: 16143: 16133: 16131: 16124: 16108: 16104: 16094: 16092: 16090: 16074: 16070: 16060: 16058: 16049: 16045: 16035: 16033: 16031: 16015: 16011: 16001: 15999: 15997: 15981: 15977: 15967: 15965: 15958: 15957: 15953: 15943: 15941: 15939: 15923: 15919: 15909: 15907: 15905: 15889: 15885: 15875: 15873: 15871: 15855: 15851: 15841: 15839: 15837: 15821: 15817: 15807: 15805: 15803: 15787: 15783: 15768: 15764: 15749: 15745: 15737: 15733: 15722: 15718: 15710: 15703: 15699: 15698: 15694: 15689: 15685: 15676: 15672: 15665: 15649: 15645: 15637: 15633: 15626: 15604: 15591: 15584: 15568: 15564: 15551: 15547: 15536: 15532: 15509: 15505: 15497: 15490: 15481: 15477: 15468: 15464: 15455: 15451: 15441: 15439: 15435: 15429: 15422: 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14414: 14407: 14405: 14403: 14387: 14383: 14373: 14371: 14369: 14353: 14349: 14339: 14337: 14335: 14319: 14315: 14305: 14303: 14301: 14285: 14281: 14274: 14258: 14254: 14244: 14242: 14234:Silver, Larry. 14232: 14228: 14223: 14219: 14209: 14207: 14202: 14201: 14197: 14181: 14174: 14164: 14162: 14158: 14127: 14121: 14117: 14108: 14104: 14097: 14075: 14071: 14059: 14055: 14048: 14032: 14028: 14017: 14013: 14002: 13998: 13988: 13986: 13982: 13976: 13972: 13960: 13956: 13946: 13944: 13940: 13934: 13930: 13915: 13897: 13893: 13883: 13881: 13876: 13875: 13871: 13834: 13830: 13819: 13815: 13808: 13792: 13788: 13781: 13761: 13757: 13750: 13734: 13730: 13720: 13718: 13709: 13708: 13704: 13693: 13689: 13681: 13674: 13663: 13659: 13649: 13647: 13642: 13641: 13637: 13629: 13625: 13618: 13602: 13598: 13583: 13579: 13569: 13567: 13565: 13551: 13550: 13546: 13539: 13523: 13519: 13512: 13496: 13492: 13482: 13480: 13473: 13469: 13464:Wayback Machine 13450: 13446: 13436: 13434: 13429:Halsall, Paul. 13426: 13422: 13414: 13410: 13402: 13398: 13390: 13386: 13376: 13374: 13369: 13368: 13364: 13354: 13352: 13341: 13337: 13327: 13325: 13316: 13312: 13302: 13300: 13295: 13294: 13290: 13275: 13261: 13257: 13247: 13245: 13244:on 7 March 2019 13234: 13230: 13220: 13218: 13209: 13208: 13204: 13197: 13181: 13177: 13170: 13148: 13144: 13113: 13109: 13101: 13097: 13087: 13085: 13080: 13079: 13075: 13067: 13060: 13053: 13031: 13027: 13014: 13005: 12997: 12993: 12985: 12981: 12974: 12958: 12954: 12946: 12942: 12935: 12919: 12915: 12907: 12903: 12895: 12891: 12883: 12879: 12848: 12844: 12836: 12832: 12822: 12820: 12811: 12807: 12800: 12784: 12780: 12772: 12768: 12758: 12756: 12751: 12750: 12746: 12738: 12731: 12722: 12718: 12696: 12692: 12686:Historicus 1935 12684: 12680: 12672: 12668: 12660: 12656: 12637: 12624: 12623: 12619: 12611: 12607: 12600: 12580: 12576: 12568: 12564: 12556: 12552: 12542: 12540: 12531: 12530: 12526: 12518: 12514: 12506: 12502: 12485: 12484: 12480: 12472: 12468: 12460: 12456: 12448: 12444: 12434: 12432: 12425: 12421: 12405: 12401: 12366: 12362: 12354: 12350: 12337: 12333: 12325: 12321: 12313: 12309: 12301: 12297: 12290: 12268: 12264: 12257: 12241: 12240: 12236: 12229: 12215: 12211: 12204: 12188: 12184: 12177: 12161: 12157: 12150: 12134: 12130: 12117: 12113: 12100: 12096: 12086: 12084: 12079: 12078: 12074: 12064: 12062: 12054: 12053: 12046: 12034: 12030: 11985: 11981: 11926:Current Biology 11917: 11913: 11902: 11898: 11891: 11877: 11873: 11860: 11856: 11803: 11799: 11735: 11731: 11718: 11717: 11713: 11706:Kiel University 11700: 11699: 11695: 11662:(6): e1004401. 11648: 11644: 11631: 11630: 11626: 11613: 11612: 11608: 11598: 11596: 11583: 11582: 11578: 11529: 11525: 11469: 11465: 11406:Tattersall, Ian 11403: 11399: 11392: 11388: 11378: 11376: 11369: 11365: 11355: 11353: 11351: 11335: 11331: 11302: 11298: 11243: 11239: 11224: 11220: 11216: 11211: 11210: 11204: 11200: 11195: 11191: 11182: 11178: 11173: 11168: 11069: 11064: 11062: 11059: 11018: 10939: 10933: 10882:Eurozone crisis 10878:Great Recession 10813:grand coalition 10643: 10637:Merkel cabinets 10625: 10619: 10596:, November 1989 10535: 10529: 10495: 10428: 10422: 10351: 10345: 10319: 10313: 10266: 10264:Grand coalition 10227: 10191:Konrad Adenauer 10180: 10172:Berlin Blockade 10170:. This was the 10143:Berlin Blockade 10135: 10081: 10060:Konrad Adenauer 10052: 10038: 9983:Walter Ulbricht 9968:command economy 9919: 9911:Main articles: 9909: 9825:German war dead 9809: 9803: 9763: 9718: 9712: 9685:, Denmark, and 9639:and losing the 9612: 9556: 9550: 9467:, rejected the 9436: 9430: 9424: 9416:Joseph Goebbels 9384: 9378: 9372: 9288: 9280:Main articles: 9278: 9266:Reichsführer-SS 9249:Reichskonkordat 9200:Joseph Goebbels 9141: 9133:Main articles: 9131: 9122:Nazi propaganda 9094: 9088: 9083: 9082: 9081: 9078: 9073: 9064: 9059: 9050: 9045: 9036: 9034:Albert Einstein 9031: 9022: 9017: 9008: 9003: 8994: 8989: 8980: 8975: 8966: 8961: 8952: 8947: 8938: 8933: 8924: 8919: 8910: 8905: 8896: 8891: 8880: 8879: 8838:Oswald Spengler 8819:Rudolph Virchow 8755:Albert Einstein 8735: 8729: 8721:Franz von Papen 8668: 8651: 8645: 8510:Karl Liebknecht 8491:Friedrich Ebert 8480:Friedrich Ebert 8473: 8471:The early years 8437: 8432: 8430:Weimar Republic 8426: 8375:North Schleswig 8335:German Republic 8324: 8316:Main articles: 8314: 8312:Revolution 1918 8285: 8264: 8235: 8207:Schlieffen Plan 8195: 8179: 8166: 8154:Main articles: 8152: 8138:), Nyassaland ( 8131: 8100:in what is now 8083:Baghdad Railway 8041: 8035: 7950: 7920:naval arms race 7876:Triple Alliance 7871:naval arms race 7841: 7830: 7824: 7795: 7790: 7782:New Imperialism 7730:Triple Alliance 7664:Triple Alliance 7656: 7588: 7582: 7512: 7417: 7369:Hall of Mirrors 7354:Alsace-Lorraine 7309:Hall of Mirrors 7301: 7288:Ernst Engelberg 7280: 7227: 7222: 7216: 7200:Seven Weeks War 7196: 7190: 7170:enormous battle 7166:Seven Weeks War 7122: 7105: 7081: 7075: 7043: 7013: 7000: 6916:Flag of Germany 6900: 6895: 6889: 6831: 6825: 6820: 6819: 6818: 6815: 6810: 6801: 6796: 6787: 6781: 6772: 6767: 6758: 6753: 6744: 6742:Friedrich Hegel 6739: 6730: 6725: 6716: 6711: 6702: 6697: 6688: 6683: 6674: 6669: 6660: 6655: 6644: 6643: 6617:in philosophy, 6555:Robert Schumann 6524:Sturm und Drang 6508: 6499: 6491:Main articles: 6489: 6446: 6440: 6431: 6390: 6384: 6359: 6350: 6314: 6306:Main articles: 6304: 6268:Napoleonic Wars 6236: 6231: 6211:Sixth Coalition 6200:Duchy of Warsaw 6152: 6124: 6112:Battle of Valmy 6064: 6018:Sturm und Drang 5977:Christian Wolff 5934: 5924: 5873: 5867: 5747: 5643: 5635:Austrian Empire 5593:and since 1686 5537:(1678) and the 5523:Nine Years' War 5493: 5483:Nine Years' War 5481:Main articles: 5479: 5462:, known as the 5421: 5419:Rise of Prussia 5416: 5396:Hanauish-Indies 5357: 5352: 5351: 5350: 5347: 5341: 5332: 5326: 5317: 5311: 5302: 5291: 5282: 5272: 5263: 5254: 5245: 5227:Johannes Kepler 5224: 5213: 5212: 5196:Galileo Galilei 5180:Johannes Kepler 5100: 5084:German language 5065:Small Catechism 5018:Christian Bible 5007: 4920: 4914: 4906:Catholic League 4813:Wartburg Castle 4732: 4624: 4622:Imperial Reform 4618: 4616:Imperial reform 4593:established by 4493: 4477: 4469:Main articles: 4467: 4462: 4461: 4460: 4457: 4451: 4442: 4412: 4403: 4400:Arabic numerals 4389: 4380: 4366: 4357: 4344: 4335: 4326: 4317: 4310:donor portraits 4303: 4294: 4281: 4272: 4266:Albertus Magnus 4263: 4254: 4241: 4232: 4219: 4210: 4204: 4193: 4192: 4133:Gutenberg Bible 4081: 3996: 3995: 3994: 3993: 3992: 3986: 3978: 3977: 3971: 3962: 3961: 3960: 3950: 3942: 3941: 3935: 3926: 3925: 3924: 3914: 3906: 3905: 3899: 3890: 3889: 3883: 3820:Imperial Estate 3782:Albertus Magnus 3710:(Honor Imperii) 3628:Henry the Proud 3588: 3576:King of Bohemia 3550:left to right: 3549: 3547:prince-electors 3521: 3498:military defeat 3454: 3348: 3342: 3315:in the west to 3238: 3232: 3216:sacrum imperium 3201:Knights Templar 3136:Cluniac reforms 3016: 3010: 3005: 3004: 3003: 3000: 2993: 2984: 2969: 2960: 2945: 2936: 2929: 2920: 2909: 2898: 2897: 2889:Palatine Chapel 2818:Pannonian Avars 2798:Pepin the Short 2778: 2772: 2728:Pope Stephen II 2713:Battle of Tours 2671:in his role as 2638: 2632: 2626: 2623:Pepin the Short 2620: 2617:Frankish Empire 2544:Duchy of Swabia 2459: 2458: 2457: 2456: 2455: 2454:(r. 800–814 AD) 2440: 2432: 2431: 2430:(r. 306–337 AD) 2409: 2398: 2392: 2390:Frankish Empire 2387: 2369: 2310:Salian emperors 2283:Duchy of Saxony 2279:Duchy of Swabia 2257: 2251: 2237: 2115: 2107:Main articles: 2105: 2093: 1985: 1984: 1983: 1982: 1981: 1966: 1958: 1957: 1946: 1911: 1910: 1909: 1908: 1907: 1900: 1892: 1891: 1878: 1867: 1857: 1761:Germanic tribes 1753: 1747: 1739:Main articles: 1734: 1729: 1728: 1724: 1722: 1718: 1717: 1713: 1711: 1707: 1706: 1702: 1700: 1696: 1695: 1691: 1672: 1667: 1634: 1621:La Tène culture 1609: 1608: 1607: 1606: 1605: 1594: 1586: 1585: 1581: 1577:by the Danube, 1567: 1556: 1546:Iron Age Europe 1542: 1518:Tumulus culture 1489: 1485: 1463: 1459: 1449: 1448: 1447: 1446: 1445: 1435: 1427: 1426: 1423: 1417:Unetice culture 1409: 1398: 1392:Tumulus culture 1384:Unetice culture 1376: 1367: 1363: 1344: 1329: 1325: 1314: 1310: 1219: 1143: 1142: 1141: 1140: 1139: 1132:Geißenklösterle 1125: 1121: 1117: 1116: 1109: 1105: 1098: 1088: 1083: 1073: 1027:collapsed, and 936:Weimar Republic 924:war reparations 869:failed but the 851:Napoleonic Wars 756:Frankish Empire 752:Germanic tribes 725:Roman provinces 723:, although the 709:Germanic tribes 681:The concept of 675: 636: 634: 633: 622: 620: 619: 612: 611: 593: 572: 539: 516: 506: 505: 476:Weimar Republic 449: 439: 438: 425: 394: 384: 383: 364: 354: 353: 329: 321: 320: 316:Frankish Empire 291:Únětice culture 281: 273: 272: 217:Historic states 172: 152: 145: 130: 119: 96: 87: 83: 72: 66: 63: 44: 27: 23: 12: 11: 5: 27282: 27272: 27271: 27252: 27251: 27249: 27248: 27238: 27228: 27217: 27214: 27213: 27211: 27210: 27205: 27200: 27195: 27190: 27188:Misconceptions 27185: 27180: 27175: 27170: 27165: 27160: 27155: 27149: 27147: 27143: 27142: 27140: 27139: 27134: 27129: 27124: 27119: 27114: 27109: 27104: 27099: 27094: 27089: 27084: 27079: 27074: 27069: 27064: 27059: 27054: 27049: 27044: 27039: 27034: 27029: 27024: 27019: 27014: 27008: 27006: 27002: 27001: 26999: 26998: 26996:Little Ice Age 26993: 26992: 26991: 26981: 26976: 26971: 26966: 26961: 26956: 26951: 26949:Western Schism 26946: 26941: 26936: 26931: 26926: 26921: 26916: 26911: 26905: 26903: 26897: 26896: 26894: 26893: 26888: 26883: 26878: 26873: 26868: 26863: 26858: 26853: 26848: 26843: 26838: 26833: 26828: 26823: 26818: 26813: 26808: 26803: 26797: 26795: 26789: 26788: 26786: 26785: 26780: 26775: 26770: 26765: 26760: 26755: 26750: 26745: 26740: 26735: 26730: 26725: 26720: 26715: 26714: 26713: 26703: 26698: 26696:Late antiquity 26693: 26688: 26683: 26677: 26675: 26669: 26668: 26661: 26660: 26653: 26646: 26638: 26629: 26628: 26626: 26625: 26623:European Union 26619: 26617: 26616:Other entities 26613: 26612: 26610: 26609: 26604: 26599: 26594: 26589: 26584: 26579: 26573: 26571: 26570:other entities 26565: 26564: 26562: 26561: 26556: 26551: 26546: 26541: 26535: 26533: 26527: 26526: 26524: 26523: 26518: 26516:United Kingdom 26513: 26508: 26503: 26498: 26493: 26488: 26483: 26478: 26473: 26468: 26463: 26458: 26453: 26448: 26443: 26438: 26433: 26428: 26423: 26418: 26413: 26408: 26403: 26398: 26393: 26388: 26383: 26381: 26376: 26371: 26366: 26361: 26356: 26351: 26346: 26341: 26336: 26331: 26329:Czech Republic 26326: 26321: 26316: 26311: 26306: 26301: 26296: 26291: 26286: 26281: 26276: 26270: 26268: 26264: 26263: 26256: 26255: 26248: 26241: 26233: 26224: 26223: 26221: 26220: 26215: 26210: 26205: 26200: 26195: 26190: 26185: 26180: 26175: 26169: 26167: 26163: 26162: 26160: 26159: 26154: 26149: 26144: 26139: 26134: 26129: 26124: 26119: 26114: 26109: 26104: 26099: 26094: 26089: 26084: 26079: 26077:Russian Empire 26074: 26069: 26067:British Empire 26064: 26062:Dutch Republic 26059: 26057:Swedish Empire 26054: 26049: 26044: 26039: 26037:Spanish Empire 26034: 26029: 26027:Ottoman Empire 26024: 26019: 26014: 26009: 26004: 25999: 25998: 25997: 25987: 25982: 25976: 25974: 25968: 25967: 25965: 25964: 25959: 25954: 25949: 25944: 25942:Serbian Empire 25939: 25934: 25929: 25924: 25919: 25914: 25909: 25887: 25882: 25877: 25876: 25875: 25870: 25865: 25860: 25850: 25849: 25848: 25843: 25835: 25830: 25825: 25820: 25815: 25814: 25813: 25803: 25798: 25792: 25790: 25784: 25783: 25781: 25780: 25778:Late antiquity 25775: 25770: 25765: 25764: 25763: 25753: 25748: 25743: 25741:Roman Republic 25738: 25732: 25730: 25724: 25723: 25721: 25720: 25715: 25710: 25705: 25699: 25697: 25691: 25690: 25683: 25682: 25675: 25668: 25660: 25651: 25650: 25648: 25647: 25642: 25635: 25634: 25627: 25620: 25612: 25611: 25608: 25607: 25604: 25603: 25601: 25600: 25595: 25590: 25585: 25580: 25575: 25570: 25565: 25560: 25555: 25550: 25545: 25540: 25535: 25530: 25525: 25520: 25515: 25514:Cultural icons 25512: 25507: 25502: 25497: 25492: 25487: 25482: 25476: 25474: 25468: 25467: 25465: 25464: 25459: 25454: 25449: 25444: 25439: 25434: 25429: 25424: 25419: 25414: 25409: 25404: 25399: 25394: 25393: 25392: 25387: 25377: 25372: 25367: 25362: 25357: 25351: 25345: 25339: 25338: 25335: 25334: 25332: 25331: 25326: 25321: 25316: 25311: 25306: 25301: 25296: 25294:Stock exchange 25291: 25286: 25278: 25273: 25268: 25263: 25258: 25253: 25248: 25247: 25246: 25236: 25231: 25225: 25219: 25213: 25212: 25209: 25208: 25206: 25205: 25200: 25195: 25190: 25185: 25180: 25175: 25170: 25169: 25168: 25163: 25158: 25148: 25143: 25138: 25133: 25128: 25123: 25118: 25108: 25103: 25097: 25091: 25085: 25084: 25081: 25080: 25078: 25077: 25072: 25067: 25062: 25057: 25052: 25047: 25042: 25041: 25040: 25035: 25024: 25018: 25012: 25011: 25008: 25007: 25005: 25004: 24998: 24992: 24987: 24981: 24979: 24975: 24974: 24972: 24971: 24966: 24960: 24958: 24954: 24953: 24951: 24950: 24949: 24948: 24943: 24933: 24931:Denazification 24928: 24923: 24918: 24913: 24908: 24903: 24898: 24893: 24888: 24883: 24878: 24873: 24868: 24863: 24858: 24853: 24848: 24842: 24840: 24836: 24835: 24833: 24832: 24827: 24822: 24817: 24812: 24807: 24802: 24796: 24794: 24790: 24789: 24787: 24786: 24781: 24776: 24771: 24766: 24761: 24756: 24751: 24746: 24741: 24736: 24731: 24726: 24720: 24718: 24714: 24713: 24711: 24710: 24705: 24703:Historiography 24700: 24695: 24689: 24687: 24680: 24674: 24673: 24662: 24661: 24654: 24647: 24639: 24632: 24631: 24625: 24618: 24611: 24605: 24599: 24593: 24587: 24569:(1): 193–199. 24554: 24548: 24542: 24535: 24528: 24526: 24525:Historiography 24523: 24521: 24520: 24514: 24507: 24501: 24495: 24489: 24486: 24479: 24473: 24467: 24461: 24455: 24447: 24445: 24442: 24440: 24439: 24432: 24407: 24393: 24384: 24377: 24370: 24364: 24358: 24349: 24336: 24329: 24311: 24302: 24288: 24275: 24261: 24247: 24245: 24242: 24240: 24239: 24230: 24223: 24217: 24210: 24204: 24198: 24191: 24184: 24178: 24171: 24164: 24157: 24148: 24141: 24127: 24107: 24100: 24090: 24088: 24085: 24083: 24082: 24076: 24069: 24062: 24055: 24049: 24039: 24033: 24027: 24013: 24004: 23997: 23987: 23978: 23969: 23963: 23957: 23947: 23940: 23931: 23921: 23919: 23916: 23914: 23913: 23907: 23893: 23879:Taylor, A.J.P. 23875: 23868: 23861: 23851: 23842: 23835: 23829: 23820: 23813: 23806: 23797: 23791: 23784: 23778: 23758: 23752: 23735: 23733: 23730: 23728: 23727: 23717: 23711: 23704:Ozment, Steven 23701: 23694: 23681: 23675: 23669: 23662: 23656: 23646: 23636: 23634:online edition 23626: 23616: 23614: 23611: 23609: 23608: 23605: 23595: 23585: 23578: 23572: 23565: 23558: 23556: 23553: 23551: 23550: 23544: 23537: 23530: 23523: 23517: 23511: 23503:2027/heb.01027 23490: 23483: 23476: 23474: 23471: 23469: 23468: 23462: 23455: 23441: 23427: 23413:Taylor, A.J.P. 23409: 23399: 23379: 23366: 23356: 23350:Schulze, Hagen 23347: 23340: 23334: 23325: 23318: 23309: 23300: 23293: 23286: 23269: 23262: 23256: 23246: 23238: 23236: 23233: 23231: 23228: 23226: 23225: 23219: 23199: 23186: 23171: 23158: 23143: 23130: 23118:Fouracre, Paul 23109: 23100: 23094: 23079: 23065: 23044: 23030: 23014: 23005: 22999: 22986: 22980: 22963: 22942: 22939:. p. 207. 22932: 22926: 22909: 22903: 22886: 22872: 22854: 22841: 22826: 22808: 22793: 22787: 22774: 22768: 22755: 22742: 22736: 22719: 22706: 22691: 22685: 22672: 22671: 22670: 22645: 22592: 22579: 22561: 22548: 22525: 22519: 22501: 22488: 22473: 22472: 22471: 22465: 22449:Heather, Peter 22434: 22415: 22409: 22396: 22390: 22371: 22365: 22346: 22345: 22344: 22338: 22317: 22295: 22289: 22274: 22259: 22245: 22224: 22218: 22197: 22191: 22173: 22164: 22158: 22142: 22136: 22123: 22117: 22095: 22089: 22076: 22061: 22055: 22040: 22026: 22010: 22004: 21989: 21980: 21978: 21975: 21973: 21972: 21958: 21940: 21921: 21903: 21888: 21869: 21851: 21833: 21814: 21800:Bloomberg News 21786: 21773:Spiegel Online 21760: 21734: 21715: 21689: 21667: 21652: 21634: 21612: 21605: 21579: 21566: 21557: 21548: 21542:Thomas Roser: 21535: 21526: 21508: 21493: 21480: 21477:. p. 113. 21465: 21444: 21423: 21408: 21393: 21354: 21327:(3): 517–534. 21307: 21288:(4): 719–736. 21272: 21265: 21241: 21219: 21204: 21188: 21169:(2): 262–263. 21149: 21146:. p. 290. 21134: 21119: 21103: 21074: 21047:(2): 175–196. 21027: 21012: 20969: 20947: 20941:Jürgen Weber, 20934: 20921: 20914: 20891: 20873: 20859: 20844: 20833:(3): 417–438. 20817: 20802: 20788: 20757: 20744: 20722: 20709:10.2307/443604 20703:(2): 517–534. 20687: 20680: 20653: 20646: 20622: 20611:(2): 642–649. 20591: 20588:–513, 596–599. 20565: 20556: 20549: 20529: 20526:. p. 121. 20514: 20498: 20475: 20443: 20436: 20413: 20385:(2): 151–178. 20365: 20358: 20338: 20318: 20298: 20291: 20271: 20249: 20242: 20216: 20201: 20199:, p. 562. 20189: 20177: 20165: 20153: 20138: 20126: 20124:, p. 633. 20114: 20091: 20060: 20025: 20010: 20008:, p. 544. 19998: 19996:, p. 345. 19986: 19974: 19972:, p. 344. 19962: 19955: 19937: 19925: 19900: 19898:, p. 351. 19888: 19876: 19864: 19859:History Review 19849: 19829: 19814: 19791: 19740: 19718: 19706: 19693: 19681: 19674: 19652: 19618: 19591:(3): 231–255. 19575: 19549: 19517: 19491: 19478: 19463: 19447: 19440: 19420: 19405: 19398: 19378: 19371: 19351: 19344: 19326: 19311: 19296: 19289: 19265: 19251: 19231: 19206: 19181: 19167: 19147: 19133: 19113: 19099: 19079: 19065: 19045: 19029: 19016: 19003: 18986: 18973: 18960: 18933:(4): 413–445. 18917: 18890:(4): 911–937. 18870: 18855: 18828:(2): 309–330. 18808: 18794: 18779: 18756: 18737: 18715: 18708: 18682: 18675: 18655: 18640: 18615: 18600: 18575: 18556: 18537:(3): 379–388. 18521: 18512: 18499: 18486: 18471: 18464: 18442: 18439:. p. 149. 18427: 18412: 18378: 18365: 18353: 18326:(4): 821–850. 18303: 18290: 18277: 18264: 18244: 18231: 18211: 18169: 18143:(1), : 40–64, 18127: 18113: 18099: 18092: 18072: 18065: 18045: 18033: 18031:, p. 207. 18021: 17998: 17986: 17939: 17913: 17887: 17861: 17854: 17825: 17800: 17751: 17740:. History Home 17728: 17703: 17686: 17673: 17660: 17648: 17636: 17613: 17592: 17580: 17563: 17550:10.1086/318549 17542:10.1086/318549 17536:(4): 890–943. 17516: 17493: 17481: 17469: 17457: 17437: 17425: 17412: 17397: 17382: 17380:, p. 165. 17378:Nipperdey 1996 17370: 17366:Nipperdey 1996 17358: 17346: 17342:Nipperdey 1996 17334: 17319: 17312: 17289: 17263: 17259:Nipperdey 1996 17251: 17247:Nipperdey 1996 17239: 17227: 17212: 17200: 17187: 17168:(4): 186–198. 17152: 17134: 17117: 17104: 17089: 17063: 17048: 17033: 17019: 17015:German History 17006: 17002:German History 16993: 16971: 16956: 16951:German History 16941: 16920: 16907: 16894: 16890:Nipperdey 1996 16882: 16869: 16853: 16818: 16803: 16791: 16779: 16766: 16759: 16739: 16732: 16706: 16699: 16675: 16650: 16637: 16630: 16610: 16588: 16581: 16561: 16543: 16531: 16514: 16500: 16480: 16466: 16446: 16434: 16397: 16384: 16370: 16330: 16316: 16292: 16280: 16266: 16246: 16232: 16212: 16210:, p. 245. 16200: 16186: 16166: 16141: 16122: 16102: 16088: 16068: 16043: 16029: 16009: 15995: 15975: 15951: 15937: 15917: 15903: 15883: 15869: 15849: 15835: 15815: 15801: 15781: 15762: 15743: 15731: 15716: 15692: 15683: 15670: 15663: 15643: 15631: 15624: 15589: 15582: 15562: 15545: 15530: 15503: 15488: 15475: 15462: 15449: 15420: 15408: 15394: 15374: 15362: 15350: 15338: 15319:(1): 213–234. 15303: 15284: 15264: 15238: 15236:, p. 115. 15226: 15214: 15212:, p. 111. 15202: 15200:, p. 298. 15190: 15178: 15164: 15144: 15130: 15110: 15096: 15076: 15062: 15042: 15028: 15008: 14994: 14974: 14960: 14940: 14926: 14906: 14891: 14877: 14857: 14843: 14823: 14800: 14788: 14761: 14747: 14727: 14712: 14693: 14673: 14661: 14649: 14635: 14615: 14601: 14581: 14569: 14557: 14524: 14497: 14483: 14463: 14449: 14429: 14401: 14381: 14367: 14347: 14333: 14313: 14299: 14279: 14272: 14252: 14226: 14217: 14195: 14172: 14115: 14102: 14095: 14069: 14053: 14046: 14026: 14011: 13996: 13970: 13954: 13928: 13913: 13891: 13869: 13855:10.1086/478355 13848:(2): 225–248. 13828: 13813: 13806: 13786: 13779: 13755: 13748: 13728: 13702: 13687: 13672: 13657: 13635: 13623: 13616: 13596: 13577: 13563: 13544: 13537: 13517: 13510: 13490: 13467: 13444: 13420: 13408: 13406:, p. 252. 13396: 13384: 13362: 13335: 13310: 13288: 13273: 13255: 13228: 13202: 13195: 13175: 13168: 13142: 13107: 13095: 13073: 13058: 13051: 13025: 13003: 12991: 12979: 12972: 12952: 12940: 12933: 12913: 12901: 12889: 12885:Damminger 2003 12877: 12858:(3): 320–334. 12842: 12830: 12816:Feudal Germany 12805: 12798: 12778: 12766: 12744: 12729: 12716: 12702:, ed. (1968). 12690: 12678: 12666: 12654: 12635: 12617: 12605: 12598: 12574: 12562: 12560:, p. 442. 12550: 12524: 12512: 12510:, p. 267. 12500: 12478: 12466: 12454: 12450:Bordewich 2005 12442: 12419: 12399: 12386:10.1086/669789 12360: 12348: 12331: 12319: 12307: 12295: 12288: 12262: 12255: 12234: 12227: 12209: 12202: 12182: 12175: 12155: 12148: 12128: 12111: 12105:Herodoti Musae 12094: 12072: 12044: 12040:Central Europe 12028: 11993:Human Genetics 11979: 11911: 11896: 11890:978-3570022375 11889: 11871: 11854: 11797: 11729: 11711: 11693: 11642: 11639:. 25 May 2012. 11624: 11606: 11576: 11523: 11484:(3): 564–577. 11463: 11397: 11386: 11363: 11349: 11343:. H-Soz-Kult. 11329: 11296: 11237: 11217: 11215: 11212: 11209: 11208: 11198: 11189: 11175: 11174: 11172: 11169: 11167: 11166: 11161: 11156: 11151: 11146: 11141: 11140: 11139: 11129: 11124: 11119: 11114: 11109: 11104: 11099: 11094: 11093: 11092: 11082: 11076: 11075: 11074: 11071:Germany portal 11058: 11055: 11017: 11014: 10959:United Kingdom 10932: 10929: 10887:Following the 10844:European Union 10785:fertility rate 10755:2005 elections 10695:U.S. President 10641:Scholz cabinet 10621:Main article: 10618: 10615: 10602:Erich Honecker 10531:Main article: 10528: 10525: 10494: 10491: 10455:Helmut Schmidt 10435:Helmut Schmidt 10421: 10418: 10410:Erich Honecker 10406:United Nations 10347:Main article: 10344: 10341: 10315:Main article: 10312: 10309: 10297:Czechoslovakia 10281:Kurt Kiesinger 10265: 10262: 10254:market economy 10226: 10223: 10205:European Union 10179: 10176: 10134: 10131: 10080: 10077: 10048:Main article: 10037: 10034: 10033: 10032: 9996:Erich Honecker 9926:Erich Honecker 9908: 9905: 9861:Denazification 9802: 9801:Post-war chaos 9799: 9769:, Germany was 9762: 9759: 9743:European Union 9714:Main article: 9711: 9708: 9679:Czechoslovakia 9603:Einsatzgruppen 9552:Main article: 9549: 9546: 9522:Czechoslovakia 9506:Sudeten German 9502:Czechoslovakia 9426:Main article: 9423: 9422:Foreign policy 9420: 9374:Main article: 9371: 9368: 9348:Final Solution 9332:Nuremberg Laws 9302:in April 1945. 9277: 9274: 9241:anti-communist 9196:Hermann Göring 9157:Reichstag fire 9130: 9127: 9090:Main article: 9087: 9084: 9080: 9079: 9074: 9067: 9065: 9062:Bertolt Brecht 9060: 9053: 9051: 9046: 9039: 9037: 9032: 9025: 9023: 9018: 9011: 9009: 9004: 8997: 8995: 8990: 8983: 8981: 8976: 8969: 8967: 8962: 8955: 8953: 8948: 8941: 8939: 8934: 8927: 8925: 8920: 8913: 8911: 8908:Rudolf Virchow 8906: 8899: 8897: 8892: 8885: 8882: 8881: 8877: 8876: 8875: 8871:Philipp Lenard 8867:Johannes Stark 8834:Bertolt Brecht 8811:Ferdinand Cohn 8739:German science 8731:Main article: 8728: 8725: 8667: 8664: 8647:Main article: 8644: 8641: 8584:hyperinflation 8506:Rosa Luxemburg 8472: 8469: 8436: 8433: 8428:Main article: 8425: 8422: 8313: 8310: 8302: 8301: 8284: 8281: 8263: 8260: 8234: 8231: 8219:trench warfare 8194: 8191: 8178: 8175: 8151: 8148: 8112:of the 1940s. 8069:in China, the 8037:Main article: 8034: 8031: 7990:Bunsen burners 7984:Berlin in 1912 7949: 7946: 7895:Fleet in being 7891:ambitious plan 7834:Kaiser Wilhelm 7826:Main article: 7823: 7820: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7701:Ottoman Empire 7655: 7652: 7584:Main article: 7581: 7578: 7511: 7508: 7416: 7413: 7385:German Emperor 7365:Siege of Paris 7337:full-scale war 7329:Prince Leopold 7300: 7299:The new empire 7297: 7279: 7276: 7226: 7223: 7218:Main article: 7215: 7212: 7192:Main article: 7189: 7186: 7121: 7118: 7104: 7101: 7077:Main article: 7074: 7071: 7010:Deutscher Bund 6912:Hambach Castle 6899: 6898:After Napoleon 6896: 6891:Main article: 6888: 6885: 6881:ultramontanism 6860:Missouri Synod 6827:Main article: 6824: 6821: 6817: 6816: 6811: 6804: 6802: 6797: 6790: 6788: 6782: 6775: 6773: 6770:Brothers Grimm 6768: 6761: 6759: 6754: 6747: 6745: 6740: 6733: 6731: 6726: 6719: 6717: 6712: 6705: 6703: 6698: 6691: 6689: 6684: 6677: 6675: 6670: 6663: 6661: 6656: 6649: 6646: 6645: 6641: 6640: 6639: 6579:German studies 6571:Brothers Grimm 6563:Richard Wagner 6551:Franz Schubert 6547:Romantic music 6507: 6504: 6488: 6485: 6480: 6479: 6475: 6472: 6469: 6462:Friedrich List 6453:Friedrich List 6442:Main article: 6439: 6436: 6430: 6427: 6386:Main article: 6383: 6380: 6358: 6355: 6349: 6346: 6303: 6300: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6183:Battle of Jena 6168:French emperor 6151: 6148: 6123: 6120: 6078:(1806 to 1813) 6063: 6060: 5923: 5920: 5892:merchant class 5869:Main article: 5866: 5865:Social changes 5863: 5856:Karl Friedrich 5756:in Württemberg 5746: 5745:Smaller states 5743: 5737:. Austria and 5718:simply is the 5697:German dualism 5642: 5639: 5575:Ottoman Empire 5551:Grand Alliance 5478: 5475: 5444:East Pomerania 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5356: 5353: 5349: 5348: 5342: 5335: 5333: 5327: 5320: 5318: 5312: 5305: 5303: 5292: 5285: 5283: 5279:René Descartes 5273: 5266: 5264: 5255: 5248: 5246: 5243:modern science 5225: 5218: 5215: 5214: 5210: 5209: 5208: 5184:Weil der Stadt 5168:Albrecht Dürer 5099: 5096: 5045:printing press 5006: 5003: 4916:Main article: 4913: 4910: 4865:Thomas Müntzer 4788:, painting by 4731: 4728: 4620:Main article: 4617: 4614: 4570:From 1438 the 4506:Arch of Honour 4501:Albrecht Dürer 4492: 4491:Social changes 4489: 4488: 4487: 4466: 4463: 4459: 4458: 4452: 4445: 4443: 4413: 4406: 4404: 4396:Roman numerals 4390: 4383: 4381: 4367: 4360: 4358: 4345: 4338: 4336: 4329:Albrecht Dürer 4327: 4320: 4318: 4304: 4297: 4295: 4288:printing press 4282: 4275: 4273: 4264: 4257: 4255: 4242: 4235: 4233: 4220: 4213: 4211: 4205: 4198: 4195: 4194: 4190: 4189: 4188: 4156:Albrecht Dürer 4137:printing press 4080: 4077: 3987: 3980: 3979: 3972: 3965: 3964: 3963: 3951: 3944: 3943: 3936: 3929: 3928: 3927: 3915: 3908: 3907: 3900: 3893: 3892: 3891: 3887: 3886: 3885: 3884: 3882: 3879: 3841:Count Palatine 3823:1346 and 1378 3714:Lombard League 3683:Henry the Lion 3568:Duke of Saxony 3564:Count Palatine 3520: 3517: 3450:Main article: 3354:Stages of the 3344:Main article: 3341: 3338: 3234:Main article: 3231: 3228: 3209:Teutonic Order 3165:Dictatus Papae 3014:Otto the Great 3009: 3008:Otto the Great 3006: 3002: 3001: 2994: 2987: 2985: 2970: 2963: 2961: 2959:, 13th century 2946: 2939: 2937: 2930: 2923: 2921: 2910: 2903: 2900: 2899: 2895: 2894: 2893: 2824:, such as the 2810:Siege of Pavia 2771: 2768: 2709:Charles Martel 2681:vast territory 2661:Charles Martel 2649:imperial Roman 2608:in the south. 2602:Harz Mountains 2567:Saint Boniface 2441: 2434: 2433: 2410: 2403: 2402: 2401: 2400: 2399: 2394:Main article: 2391: 2388: 2368: 2365: 2303:Middle Francia 2247:Main article: 2236: 2233: 2104: 2101: 2097: 306–337 2008:Germania magna 1967: 1960: 1959: 1947: 1940: 1939: 1938: 1937: 1936: 1931:Gallia Belgica 1927:Roman province 1901: 1894: 1893: 1886:border of the 1879: 1872: 1871: 1870: 1869: 1868: 1856: 1853: 1812:archaeogenetic 1801:Eastern Europe 1765:Averil Cameron 1723: 1712: 1701: 1690: 1687:Central Europe 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1635: 1200 BC 1595: 1588: 1587: 1568: 1561: 1560: 1559: 1558: 1557: 1541: 1538: 1526:Italic peoples 1486: 1300 BC 1464: 2350 BC 1460: 2900 BC 1436: 1429: 1428: 1413:Nebra sky disc 1410: 1403: 1402: 1401: 1400: 1399: 1375: 1372: 1368: 2800 BC 1364: 4600 BC 1349:Rössen culture 1345: 4900 BC 1340:, constructed 1330: 3950 BC 1326: 5300 BC 1315: 4500 BC 1311: 5500 BC 1126: 1119: 1118: 1110: 1103: 1102: 1101: 1100: 1099: 1087: 1084: 1072: 1069: 1037:European Union 985:denazification 964:invaded Poland 916:Central Powers 687:Central Europe 677: 676: 674: 673: 666: 659: 651: 648: 647: 646: 645: 631: 614: 613: 608: 607: 604: 602:Modern history 598: 597: 594: 592: 591: 586: 580: 577: 576: 573: 571: 570: 557: 554: 553: 550: 544: 543: 542:1945–1949/1952 540: 538: 537: 528: 522: 517: 512: 511: 508: 507: 502: 501: 498: 492: 491: 488: 482: 481: 478: 472: 471: 468: 462: 461: 458: 450: 445: 444: 441: 440: 437: 436: 431: 426: 424: 423: 414: 408: 406: 401: 395: 390: 389: 386: 385: 382: 381: 376: 371: 365: 360: 359: 356: 355: 352: 351: 346: 341: 336: 330: 327: 326: 323: 322: 319: 318: 313: 308: 303: 298: 293: 288: 282: 279: 278: 275: 274: 271: 270: 224: 214: 209: 204: 199: 194: 189: 184: 182:Historiography 179: 173: 170: 169: 166: 165: 157: 156: 147: 146: 139: 132: 131: 90: 88: 81: 74: 73: 53:it, or adding 30: 28: 21: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 27281: 27270: 27267: 27266: 27264: 27257: 27247: 27239: 27237: 27229: 27227: 27223: 27219: 27218: 27215: 27209: 27206: 27204: 27201: 27199: 27196: 27194: 27191: 27189: 27186: 27184: 27181: 27179: 27176: 27174: 27171: 27169: 27166: 27164: 27161: 27159: 27156: 27154: 27151: 27150: 27148: 27144: 27138: 27135: 27133: 27130: 27128: 27125: 27123: 27120: 27118: 27115: 27113: 27110: 27108: 27105: 27103: 27100: 27098: 27095: 27093: 27090: 27088: 27085: 27083: 27080: 27078: 27075: 27073: 27070: 27068: 27065: 27063: 27060: 27058: 27055: 27053: 27050: 27048: 27045: 27043: 27040: 27038: 27035: 27033: 27030: 27028: 27025: 27023: 27020: 27018: 27015: 27013: 27010: 27009: 27007: 27003: 26997: 26994: 26990: 26987: 26986: 26985: 26982: 26980: 26977: 26975: 26972: 26970: 26967: 26965: 26962: 26960: 26957: 26955: 26952: 26950: 26947: 26945: 26942: 26940: 26937: 26935: 26932: 26930: 26927: 26925: 26922: 26920: 26917: 26915: 26912: 26910: 26907: 26906: 26904: 26902: 26898: 26892: 26889: 26887: 26884: 26882: 26879: 26877: 26874: 26872: 26869: 26867: 26864: 26862: 26859: 26857: 26856:Scholasticism 26854: 26852: 26849: 26847: 26844: 26842: 26839: 26837: 26834: 26832: 26829: 26827: 26824: 26822: 26819: 26817: 26814: 26812: 26809: 26807: 26804: 26802: 26799: 26798: 26796: 26794: 26790: 26784: 26781: 26779: 26776: 26774: 26771: 26769: 26766: 26764: 26761: 26759: 26756: 26754: 26751: 26749: 26746: 26744: 26741: 26739: 26736: 26734: 26731: 26729: 26726: 26724: 26721: 26719: 26718:Rise of Islam 26716: 26712: 26709: 26708: 26707: 26704: 26702: 26699: 26697: 26694: 26692: 26689: 26687: 26684: 26682: 26679: 26678: 26676: 26674: 26670: 26666: 26659: 26654: 26652: 26647: 26645: 26640: 26639: 26636: 26624: 26621: 26620: 26618: 26614: 26608: 26605: 26603: 26600: 26598: 26595: 26593: 26590: 26588: 26585: 26583: 26582:Faroe Islands 26580: 26578: 26575: 26574: 26572: 26566: 26560: 26557: 26555: 26554:South Ossetia 26552: 26550: 26547: 26545: 26542: 26540: 26537: 26536: 26534: 26528: 26522: 26519: 26517: 26514: 26512: 26509: 26507: 26504: 26502: 26499: 26497: 26494: 26492: 26489: 26487: 26484: 26482: 26479: 26477: 26474: 26472: 26469: 26467: 26464: 26462: 26459: 26457: 26454: 26452: 26449: 26447: 26444: 26442: 26439: 26437: 26434: 26432: 26429: 26427: 26424: 26422: 26419: 26417: 26414: 26412: 26409: 26407: 26404: 26402: 26401:Liechtenstein 26399: 26397: 26394: 26392: 26389: 26387: 26384: 26382: 26380: 26377: 26375: 26372: 26370: 26367: 26365: 26362: 26360: 26357: 26355: 26352: 26350: 26347: 26345: 26342: 26340: 26337: 26335: 26332: 26330: 26327: 26325: 26322: 26320: 26317: 26315: 26312: 26310: 26307: 26305: 26302: 26300: 26297: 26295: 26292: 26290: 26287: 26285: 26282: 26280: 26277: 26275: 26272: 26271: 26269: 26265: 26261: 26254: 26249: 26247: 26242: 26240: 26235: 26234: 26231: 26219: 26216: 26214: 26211: 26209: 26206: 26204: 26201: 26199: 26196: 26194: 26191: 26189: 26186: 26184: 26181: 26179: 26176: 26174: 26173:Art of Europe 26171: 26170: 26168: 26164: 26158: 26155: 26153: 26150: 26148: 26145: 26143: 26140: 26138: 26135: 26133: 26130: 26128: 26125: 26123: 26120: 26118: 26115: 26113: 26110: 26108: 26105: 26103: 26100: 26098: 26095: 26093: 26090: 26088: 26085: 26083: 26080: 26078: 26075: 26073: 26070: 26068: 26065: 26063: 26060: 26058: 26055: 26053: 26050: 26048: 26045: 26043: 26040: 26038: 26035: 26033: 26030: 26028: 26025: 26023: 26020: 26018: 26015: 26013: 26010: 26008: 26005: 26003: 26000: 25996: 25993: 25992: 25991: 25988: 25986: 25983: 25981: 25978: 25977: 25975: 25973: 25972:Modern period 25969: 25963: 25960: 25958: 25955: 25953: 25950: 25948: 25945: 25943: 25940: 25938: 25935: 25933: 25930: 25928: 25925: 25923: 25920: 25918: 25915: 25913: 25910: 25907: 25903: 25899: 25895: 25891: 25888: 25886: 25883: 25881: 25878: 25874: 25871: 25869: 25866: 25864: 25861: 25859: 25856: 25855: 25854: 25851: 25847: 25844: 25842: 25839: 25838: 25836: 25834: 25831: 25829: 25826: 25824: 25821: 25819: 25816: 25812: 25809: 25808: 25807: 25804: 25802: 25799: 25797: 25794: 25793: 25791: 25789: 25785: 25779: 25776: 25774: 25771: 25769: 25766: 25762: 25759: 25758: 25757: 25754: 25752: 25749: 25747: 25744: 25742: 25739: 25737: 25734: 25733: 25731: 25729: 25725: 25719: 25716: 25714: 25711: 25709: 25706: 25704: 25701: 25700: 25698: 25696: 25692: 25688: 25681: 25676: 25674: 25669: 25667: 25662: 25661: 25658: 25646: 25643: 25641: 25638: 25637: 25632: 25628: 25625: 25621: 25618: 25614: 25613: 25609: 25599: 25596: 25594: 25591: 25589: 25586: 25584: 25581: 25579: 25576: 25574: 25571: 25569: 25566: 25564: 25561: 25559: 25556: 25554: 25551: 25549: 25546: 25544: 25541: 25539: 25536: 25534: 25531: 25529: 25526: 25524: 25521: 25519: 25516: 25513: 25511: 25508: 25506: 25503: 25501: 25498: 25496: 25493: 25491: 25488: 25486: 25483: 25481: 25478: 25477: 25475: 25473: 25469: 25463: 25460: 25458: 25457:Social issues 25455: 25453: 25450: 25448: 25445: 25443: 25440: 25438: 25435: 25433: 25430: 25428: 25425: 25423: 25420: 25418: 25415: 25413: 25410: 25408: 25405: 25403: 25400: 25398: 25395: 25391: 25388: 25386: 25385:Ethnic groups 25383: 25382: 25381: 25378: 25376: 25373: 25371: 25368: 25366: 25363: 25361: 25358: 25356: 25353: 25352: 25349: 25346: 25344: 25340: 25330: 25327: 25325: 25322: 25320: 25317: 25315: 25312: 25310: 25307: 25305: 25302: 25300: 25297: 25295: 25292: 25290: 25287: 25285: 25283: 25279: 25277: 25274: 25272: 25269: 25267: 25264: 25262: 25259: 25257: 25254: 25252: 25249: 25245: 25242: 25241: 25240: 25237: 25235: 25232: 25230: 25227: 25226: 25223: 25220: 25218: 25214: 25204: 25201: 25199: 25196: 25194: 25191: 25189: 25186: 25184: 25181: 25179: 25176: 25174: 25171: 25167: 25164: 25162: 25159: 25157: 25154: 25153: 25152: 25149: 25147: 25144: 25142: 25139: 25137: 25134: 25132: 25129: 25127: 25124: 25122: 25119: 25117: 25113: 25109: 25107: 25104: 25102: 25099: 25098: 25095: 25092: 25090: 25086: 25076: 25073: 25071: 25068: 25066: 25063: 25061: 25058: 25056: 25053: 25051: 25048: 25046: 25043: 25039: 25036: 25034: 25031: 25030: 25029: 25026: 25025: 25022: 25019: 25017: 25013: 25002: 24999: 24996: 24993: 24991: 24988: 24986: 24983: 24982: 24980: 24976: 24970: 24967: 24965: 24964:Reunification 24962: 24961: 24959: 24955: 24947: 24944: 24942: 24939: 24938: 24937: 24934: 24932: 24929: 24927: 24924: 24922: 24919: 24917: 24914: 24912: 24909: 24907: 24904: 24902: 24899: 24897: 24894: 24892: 24889: 24887: 24886:German Empire 24884: 24882: 24879: 24877: 24874: 24872: 24869: 24867: 24864: 24862: 24859: 24857: 24854: 24852: 24849: 24847: 24844: 24843: 24841: 24837: 24831: 24828: 24826: 24823: 24821: 24818: 24816: 24813: 24811: 24808: 24806: 24803: 24801: 24798: 24797: 24795: 24791: 24785: 24782: 24780: 24777: 24775: 24772: 24770: 24767: 24765: 24762: 24760: 24757: 24755: 24752: 24750: 24747: 24745: 24742: 24740: 24737: 24735: 24732: 24730: 24727: 24725: 24722: 24721: 24719: 24715: 24709: 24706: 24704: 24701: 24699: 24696: 24694: 24691: 24690: 24688: 24684: 24681: 24675: 24671: 24667: 24660: 24655: 24653: 24648: 24646: 24641: 24640: 24637: 24630: 24626: 24623: 24619: 24616: 24612: 24610: 24606: 24604: 24600: 24598: 24594: 24592: 24588: 24584: 24580: 24576: 24572: 24568: 24564: 24560: 24555: 24553: 24549: 24547: 24543: 24540: 24536: 24534: 24530: 24529: 24519: 24515: 24512: 24508: 24506: 24502: 24500: 24496: 24494: 24490: 24487: 24484: 24480: 24478: 24474: 24472: 24468: 24466: 24462: 24460: 24456: 24453: 24449: 24448: 24437: 24433: 24429: 24425: 24421: 24417: 24413: 24408: 24405: 24404:0-8223-1266-2 24401: 24398: 24394: 24392: 24389: 24385: 24382: 24378: 24375: 24371: 24369: 24365: 24363: 24359: 24357: 24353: 24350: 24348: 24347:0-3000-4022-9 24344: 24341: 24337: 24334: 24330: 24327: 24323: 24319: 24315: 24314:Daum, Andreas 24312: 24310: 24307: 24303: 24299: 24295: 24291: 24285: 24281: 24276: 24272: 24268: 24264: 24258: 24254: 24249: 24248: 24237: 24236: 24231: 24228: 24224: 24222: 24218: 24215: 24211: 24209: 24205: 24203: 24199: 24196: 24192: 24189: 24185: 24183: 24179: 24176: 24172: 24169: 24165: 24162: 24158: 24156: 24152: 24149: 24146: 24142: 24138: 24134: 24130: 24124: 24120: 24116: 24112: 24108: 24105: 24101: 24099: 24096: 24092: 24091: 24081: 24077: 24074: 24070: 24067: 24063: 24060: 24056: 24054: 24050: 24048: 24044: 24040: 24038: 24034: 24032: 24028: 24026: 24025:0-3405-7348-1 24022: 24018: 24014: 24012: 24008: 24005: 24002: 23998: 23996: 23992: 23988: 23986: 23983: 23979: 23977: 23974: 23970: 23968: 23964: 23962: 23958: 23955: 23952: 23948: 23945: 23941: 23939: 23936: 23932: 23930: 23927: 23923: 23922: 23912: 23908: 23904: 23900: 23896: 23890: 23886: 23885: 23880: 23876: 23873: 23869: 23866: 23862: 23860: 23856: 23852: 23850: 23847: 23843: 23840: 23836: 23834: 23830: 23828: 23824: 23821: 23818: 23814: 23811: 23807: 23805: 23802: 23798: 23796: 23792: 23789: 23785: 23781: 23775: 23771: 23767: 23763: 23759: 23755: 23753:0-1950-7672-9 23749: 23745: 23741: 23737: 23736: 23726: 23722: 23718: 23716: 23712: 23709: 23705: 23702: 23699: 23695: 23693: 23689: 23685: 23682: 23680: 23676: 23674: 23670: 23667: 23663: 23661: 23657: 23654: 23651: 23647: 23644: 23640: 23639:Blanning, Tim 23637: 23635: 23631: 23627: 23625: 23621: 23618: 23617: 23606: 23604: 23600: 23596: 23594: 23590: 23586: 23583: 23579: 23577: 23573: 23570: 23566: 23564: 23560: 23559: 23549: 23545: 23542: 23538: 23535: 23531: 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Routledge. 23420: 23419: 23414: 23410: 23407: 23404: 23400: 23396: 23390: 23382: 23376: 23372: 23367: 23364: 23361:, ed. (2011) 23360: 23357: 23355: 23351: 23348: 23345: 23341: 23339: 23335: 23333: 23330: 23326: 23323: 23319: 23317: 23314: 23310: 23308: 23304: 23301: 23298: 23294: 23289: 23283: 23278: 23277: 23270: 23267: 23263: 23261: 23257: 23255: 23254:online review 23251: 23247: 23244: 23240: 23239: 23222: 23216: 23212: 23211:Belknap Press 23208: 23204: 23200: 23189: 23183: 23179: 23178: 23177:Maximilian I. 23172: 23161: 23155: 23151: 23150: 23144: 23133: 23127: 23123: 23119: 23115: 23110: 23106: 23101: 23097: 23091: 23088:. Routledge. 23087: 23086: 23080: 23076: 23072: 23068: 23062: 23058: 23054: 23050: 23045: 23041: 23037: 23033: 23027: 23023: 23019: 23015: 23011: 23006: 23002: 22996: 22992: 22987: 22983: 22977: 22973: 22969: 22964: 22960: 22956: 22952: 22948: 22943: 22938: 22933: 22929: 22923: 22919: 22915: 22910: 22906: 22900: 22896: 22892: 22887: 22883: 22879: 22875: 22869: 22865: 22864: 22859: 22855: 22844: 22838: 22834: 22833: 22827: 22815: 22811: 22805: 22801: 22800: 22794: 22790: 22784: 22780: 22775: 22771: 22765: 22761: 22756: 22752: 22748: 22743: 22739: 22733: 22729: 22725: 22720: 22709: 22703: 22699: 22698: 22692: 22688: 22682: 22678: 22673: 22667: 22663: 22659: 22655: 22651: 22646: 22642: 22638: 22634: 22630: 22626: 22621: 22620: 22617: 22613: 22609: 22605: 22601: 22597: 22596:Holborn, Hajo 22593: 22582: 22576: 22572: 22571: 22566: 22562: 22558: 22554: 22549: 22537: 22533: 22532: 22526: 22522: 22516: 22512: 22511: 22506: 22502: 22491: 22485: 22481: 22480: 22474: 22468: 22462: 22458: 22454: 22450: 22446: 22441: 22440: 22437: 22431: 22427: 22423: 22422: 22416: 22412: 22406: 22402: 22397: 22393: 22387: 22383: 22379: 22378: 22372: 22368: 22362: 22358: 22354: 22353: 22347: 22341: 22335: 22331: 22330: 22324: 22323: 22320: 22314: 22310: 22309:Penguin Books 22306: 22305: 22300: 22296: 22292: 22286: 22282: 22281: 22275: 22271: 22267: 22266: 22260: 22256: 22252: 22248: 22242: 22238: 22234: 22230: 22225: 22221: 22215: 22211: 22206: 22205: 22198: 22194: 22188: 22184: 22183: 22178: 22174: 22170: 22165: 22161: 22155: 22151: 22147: 22146:Carr, William 22143: 22139: 22133: 22129: 22124: 22120: 22114: 22110: 22106: 22105: 22100: 22099:Bradbury, Jim 22096: 22092: 22086: 22082: 22077: 22073: 22072: 22067: 22062: 22058: 22052: 22048: 22047: 22041: 22037: 22033: 22029: 22023: 22019: 22015: 22011: 22007: 22001: 21997: 21996: 21990: 21987: 21986: 21982: 21981: 21968: 21962: 21954: 21950: 21944: 21936: 21932: 21925: 21917: 21913: 21907: 21899: 21892: 21884: 21880: 21873: 21865: 21861: 21855: 21847: 21843: 21837: 21829: 21825: 21818: 21802: 21801: 21796: 21790: 21774: 21770: 21764: 21748: 21744: 21738: 21730: 21726: 21719: 21700: 21693: 21677: 21671: 21663: 21656: 21648: 21644: 21638: 21630: 21626: 21622: 21616: 21608: 21602: 21598: 21593: 21592: 21583: 21576: 21570: 21561: 21552: 21545: 21539: 21530: 21522: 21518: 21512: 21504: 21497: 21490: 21484: 21476: 21469: 21461: 21457: 21456: 21448: 21440: 21436: 21435: 21427: 21419: 21412: 21404: 21397: 21391: 21385: 21381: 21377: 21373: 21369: 21365: 21358: 21350: 21346: 21342: 21338: 21334: 21330: 21326: 21322: 21318: 21311: 21303: 21299: 21295: 21291: 21287: 21283: 21276: 21268: 21262: 21258: 21254: 21253: 21245: 21238: 21234: 21230: 21223: 21215: 21208: 21199: 21192: 21184: 21180: 21176: 21172: 21168: 21164: 21160: 21153: 21145: 21138: 21130: 21123: 21116: 21112: 21107: 21091: 21087: 21086: 21078: 21070: 21066: 21062: 21058: 21054: 21050: 21046: 21042: 21038: 21031: 21023: 21016: 21008: 21004: 21000: 20996: 20992: 20988: 20984: 20980: 20973: 20965: 20958: 20956: 20954: 20952: 20944: 20938: 20931: 20925: 20917: 20911: 20907: 20906: 20901: 20900:Kocka, Jürgen 20895: 20887: 20880: 20878: 20870: 20863: 20856:, p. 270 20855: 20848: 20840: 20836: 20832: 20828: 20821: 20813: 20806: 20799: 20792: 20784: 20780: 20776: 20772: 20768: 20761: 20754: 20748: 20740: 20736: 20732: 20726: 20718: 20714: 20710: 20706: 20702: 20698: 20691: 20683: 20677: 20673: 20669: 20668: 20660: 20658: 20649: 20643: 20639: 20635: 20634: 20626: 20618: 20614: 20610: 20606: 20602: 20595: 20587: 20583: 20582: 20574: 20572: 20570: 20560: 20552: 20546: 20542: 20541: 20533: 20525: 20518: 20512: 20508: 20505:Robert Bard, 20502: 20486: 20479: 20460: 20453: 20447: 20439: 20433: 20429: 20428: 20423: 20417: 20408: 20404: 20400: 20396: 20392: 20388: 20384: 20380: 20376: 20369: 20361: 20355: 20351: 20350: 20341: 20335: 20331: 20330: 20321: 20315: 20311: 20310: 20302: 20294: 20288: 20284: 20283: 20275: 20259: 20253: 20245: 20239: 20235: 20230: 20229: 20220: 20212: 20205: 20198: 20193: 20186: 20181: 20174: 20169: 20162: 20157: 20149: 20142: 20135: 20130: 20123: 20118: 20110: 20105: 20104: 20095: 20079: 20075: 20071: 20064: 20045: 20038: 20037: 20029: 20021: 20014: 20007: 20002: 19995: 19990: 19984:, p. 92. 19983: 19978: 19971: 19966: 19958: 19952: 19948: 19941: 19934: 19929: 19921: 19917: 19916: 19915:History Today 19911: 19904: 19897: 19892: 19885: 19880: 19873: 19868: 19860: 19853: 19845: 19844: 19839: 19833: 19825: 19818: 19810: 19805: 19804: 19795: 19787: 19781: 19773: 19769: 19765: 19761: 19758:(2): 91–104. 19757: 19753: 19752: 19744: 19728: 19727:"Nobel Prize" 19722: 19715: 19710: 19703: 19697: 19690: 19685: 19677: 19671: 19667: 19663: 19656: 19640: 19637:. Episode 3. 19636: 19632: 19628: 19622: 19614: 19610: 19606: 19602: 19598: 19594: 19590: 19586: 19579: 19563: 19559: 19553: 19534: 19527: 19521: 19505: 19501: 19495: 19488: 19482: 19474: 19467: 19461: 19457: 19451: 19443: 19437: 19433: 19432: 19424: 19416: 19409: 19401: 19395: 19391: 19390: 19382: 19374: 19368: 19364: 19363: 19362:World War One 19355: 19347: 19341: 19337: 19330: 19322: 19315: 19307: 19300: 19292: 19286: 19282: 19278: 19277: 19269: 19254: 19248: 19244: 19243: 19235: 19219: 19218: 19210: 19194: 19193: 19185: 19170: 19164: 19160: 19159: 19151: 19136: 19130: 19126: 19125: 19117: 19102: 19096: 19092: 19091: 19083: 19068: 19062: 19058: 19057: 19049: 19043: 19039: 19033: 19026: 19020: 19013: 19007: 19000: 18996: 18990: 18983: 18977: 18970: 18964: 18956: 18952: 18948: 18944: 18940: 18936: 18932: 18928: 18921: 18913: 18909: 18905: 18901: 18897: 18893: 18889: 18885: 18881: 18874: 18866: 18859: 18851: 18847: 18843: 18839: 18835: 18831: 18827: 18823: 18819: 18812: 18805: 18798: 18790: 18783: 18767: 18760: 18752: 18748: 18741: 18725: 18719: 18711: 18705: 18701: 18697: 18693: 18686: 18678: 18672: 18668: 18667: 18659: 18651: 18644: 18629:. Archive Org 18628: 18627: 18619: 18611: 18604: 18588: 18587: 18579: 18572:(8): 548–555. 18571: 18567: 18566:History Today 18560: 18552: 18548: 18544: 18540: 18536: 18532: 18525: 18516: 18509: 18503: 18496: 18490: 18482: 18475: 18467: 18461: 18457: 18453: 18446: 18438: 18431: 18423: 18416: 18400: 18397:. Episode 2. 18396: 18392: 18388: 18382: 18375: 18369: 18362: 18357: 18349: 18345: 18341: 18337: 18333: 18329: 18325: 18321: 18314: 18307: 18300: 18294: 18287: 18281: 18275:(2008) p. 295 18274: 18268: 18262: 18258: 18254: 18248: 18241: 18235: 18229: 18225: 18221: 18215: 18208: 18204: 18200: 18196: 18192: 18188: 18184: 18180: 18173: 18166: 18162: 18158: 18154: 18150: 18146: 18142: 18138: 18131: 18124: 18117: 18110: 18103: 18095: 18089: 18085: 18084: 18076: 18068: 18062: 18058: 18057: 18049: 18043:, p. 32. 18042: 18037: 18030: 18025: 18009: 18002: 17995: 17990: 17982: 17978: 17974: 17970: 17966: 17962: 17958: 17954: 17950: 17943: 17927: 17923: 17917: 17901: 17897: 17891: 17876: 17872: 17865: 17857: 17851: 17847: 17843: 17839: 17832: 17830: 17820: 17815: 17811: 17804: 17796: 17790: 17782: 17778: 17774: 17770: 17766: 17762: 17755: 17739: 17732: 17716: 17715: 17707: 17699: 17698: 17690: 17683: 17677: 17670: 17664: 17657: 17652: 17645: 17640: 17632: 17628: 17624: 17620: 17616: 17610: 17606: 17602: 17596: 17589: 17584: 17576: 17575: 17567: 17559: 17555: 17551: 17547: 17543: 17539: 17535: 17531: 17527: 17520: 17512: 17507: 17506: 17497: 17490: 17485: 17478: 17473: 17466: 17461: 17455: 17451: 17447: 17441: 17434: 17429: 17422: 17416: 17408: 17401: 17393: 17386: 17379: 17374: 17367: 17362: 17355: 17350: 17343: 17338: 17330: 17323: 17315: 17309: 17305: 17304: 17296: 17294: 17274: 17267: 17260: 17255: 17249:, p. 86. 17248: 17243: 17236: 17231: 17224: 17219: 17217: 17209: 17204: 17197: 17191: 17183: 17179: 17175: 17171: 17167: 17163: 17156: 17148: 17141: 17139: 17130: 17129: 17121: 17114: 17108: 17100: 17093: 17077: 17073: 17067: 17059: 17052: 17044: 17037: 17030: 17023: 17016: 17010: 17003: 16997: 16981: 16975: 16967: 16960: 16952: 16945: 16937: 16933: 16932: 16924: 16917: 16914:Eda Sagarra, 16911: 16904: 16898: 16891: 16886: 16879: 16873: 16866: 16862: 16857: 16849: 16845: 16841: 16837: 16833: 16829: 16822: 16814: 16807: 16800: 16795: 16788: 16783: 16776: 16770: 16762: 16756: 16752: 16751: 16743: 16735: 16729: 16725: 16721: 16717: 16710: 16702: 16696: 16692: 16691: 16684: 16678: 16672: 16667: 16666: 16660: 16654: 16647: 16641: 16633: 16627: 16624:. Routledge. 16623: 16622: 16614: 16598: 16592: 16584: 16578: 16574: 16573: 16565: 16557: 16553: 16547: 16541:, p. 22. 16540: 16535: 16528: 16523: 16521: 16519: 16503: 16497: 16493: 16492: 16484: 16469: 16463: 16459: 16458: 16450: 16443: 16438: 16429: 16424: 16420: 16416: 16413:(1): 84–122. 16412: 16408: 16401: 16394: 16388: 16380: 16374: 16366: 16360: 16344: 16340: 16334: 16326: 16320: 16313: 16309: 16306: 16302: 16296: 16290:, p. 92. 16289: 16284: 16269: 16263: 16259: 16258: 16250: 16235: 16229: 16225: 16224: 16216: 16209: 16204: 16189: 16183: 16179: 16178: 16170: 16154: 16153: 16145: 16129: 16125: 16119: 16115: 16114: 16106: 16091: 16085: 16081: 16080: 16072: 16056: 16055: 16047: 16032: 16026: 16022: 16021: 16013: 15998: 15992: 15988: 15987: 15979: 15963: 15962: 15955: 15940: 15934: 15930: 15929: 15921: 15906: 15900: 15896: 15895: 15887: 15872: 15866: 15862: 15861: 15853: 15838: 15832: 15828: 15827: 15819: 15804: 15798: 15794: 15793: 15785: 15778:(4): 373–400. 15777: 15773: 15766: 15759:(4): 387–405. 15758: 15754: 15747: 15741: 15738:See texts at 15735: 15727: 15720: 15709: 15702: 15696: 15687: 15680: 15674: 15666: 15660: 15656: 15655: 15647: 15641:, p. 37. 15640: 15635: 15627: 15621: 15617: 15613: 15609: 15602: 15600: 15598: 15596: 15594: 15585: 15579: 15575: 15574: 15566: 15559: 15555: 15549: 15541: 15534: 15526: 15522: 15518: 15514: 15507: 15500: 15495: 15493: 15485: 15479: 15472: 15466: 15459: 15453: 15434: 15427: 15425: 15417: 15412: 15397: 15391: 15387: 15386: 15378: 15371: 15366: 15360:, p. 47. 15359: 15354: 15347: 15342: 15334: 15330: 15326: 15322: 15318: 15314: 15307: 15291: 15287: 15281: 15277: 15276: 15268: 15253: 15249: 15242: 15235: 15230: 15224:, p. 74. 15223: 15218: 15211: 15206: 15199: 15194: 15187: 15182: 15167: 15161: 15157: 15156: 15148: 15133: 15127: 15123: 15122: 15114: 15099: 15093: 15089: 15088: 15080: 15065: 15059: 15055: 15054: 15046: 15031: 15025: 15021: 15020: 15012: 14997: 14991: 14987: 14986: 14978: 14963: 14957: 14953: 14952: 14944: 14929: 14923: 14919: 14918: 14910: 14904:, p. 52. 14903: 14898: 14896: 14880: 14874: 14870: 14869: 14861: 14846: 14840: 14836: 14835: 14827: 14819: 14815: 14811: 14804: 14797: 14792: 14784: 14780: 14776: 14772: 14765: 14750: 14744: 14740: 14739: 14731: 14723: 14716: 14700: 14696: 14690: 14686: 14685: 14677: 14670: 14665: 14658: 14653: 14638: 14632: 14628: 14627: 14619: 14604: 14598: 14594: 14593: 14585: 14579:, p. ii. 14578: 14573: 14566: 14561: 14542: 14535: 14528: 14512: 14508: 14501: 14486: 14480: 14476: 14475: 14467: 14452: 14446: 14442: 14441: 14433: 14425: 14419: 14404: 14398: 14394: 14393: 14385: 14370: 14364: 14360: 14359: 14351: 14336: 14330: 14326: 14325: 14317: 14302: 14296: 14292: 14291: 14283: 14275: 14269: 14265: 14264: 14256: 14241: 14237: 14230: 14221: 14205: 14199: 14193: 14192:9781615305445 14189: 14185: 14179: 14177: 14157: 14153: 14149: 14145: 14141: 14137: 14133: 14126: 14119: 14112: 14106: 14098: 14092: 14088: 14084: 14080: 14073: 14064: 14057: 14049: 14043: 14039: 14038: 14030: 14022: 14015: 14007: 14000: 13981: 13974: 13967: 13963: 13962:Fuhrmann 1986 13958: 13939: 13932: 13924: 13920: 13916: 13910: 13906: 13902: 13895: 13879: 13873: 13865: 13861: 13856: 13851: 13847: 13843: 13839: 13832: 13824: 13817: 13809: 13803: 13799: 13798: 13790: 13782: 13776: 13772: 13768: 13767: 13759: 13751: 13745: 13741: 13740: 13732: 13716: 13712: 13706: 13698: 13691: 13684: 13683:Fuhrmann 1986 13679: 13677: 13668: 13661: 13645: 13639: 13632: 13627: 13619: 13613: 13609: 13608: 13600: 13594: 13591: 13590:9-6305-4203-X 13587: 13581: 13566: 13560: 13556: 13555: 13548: 13540: 13534: 13530: 13529: 13521: 13513: 13507: 13503: 13502: 13494: 13478: 13471: 13465: 13461: 13458: 13454: 13448: 13433:. Fordham.edu 13432: 13424: 13417: 13416:Thompson 1931 13412: 13405: 13400: 13394:, p. 19. 13393: 13388: 13372: 13366: 13350: 13346: 13339: 13323: 13322: 13314: 13298: 13292: 13284: 13280: 13276: 13270: 13266: 13259: 13243: 13239: 13232: 13216: 13212: 13206: 13198: 13192: 13188: 13187: 13179: 13171: 13165: 13161: 13156: 13155: 13146: 13138: 13134: 13130: 13126: 13122: 13118: 13111: 13105:, p. 59. 13104: 13099: 13083: 13077: 13070: 13069:Schulman 2002 13065: 13063: 13054: 13048: 13044: 13040: 13036: 13029: 13021: 13020: 13012: 13010: 13008: 13000: 12995: 12989:, p. 26. 12988: 12983: 12975: 12969: 12965: 12964: 12956: 12950:, p. 25. 12949: 12944: 12936: 12930: 12926: 12925: 12917: 12910: 12905: 12898: 12893: 12886: 12881: 12873: 12869: 12865: 12861: 12857: 12853: 12846: 12839: 12834: 12818: 12817: 12809: 12801: 12795: 12791: 12790: 12782: 12775: 12770: 12755:. Sourcebooks 12754: 12748: 12742:, p. 24. 12741: 12736: 12734: 12726: 12720: 12713: 12709: 12705: 12701: 12694: 12687: 12682: 12675: 12670: 12663: 12662:Bradbury 2004 12658: 12651: 12646: 12642: 12638: 12636:0-7054-0974-0 12632: 12628: 12621: 12614: 12609: 12601: 12595: 12592: 12588: 12584: 12578: 12571: 12566: 12559: 12554: 12538: 12534: 12528: 12521: 12516: 12509: 12504: 12496: 12492: 12488: 12482: 12475: 12474:Fichtner 2009 12470: 12463: 12458: 12451: 12446: 12430: 12423: 12417: 12414: 12413: 12408: 12407:Julius Caesar 12403: 12395: 12391: 12387: 12383: 12379: 12375: 12371: 12364: 12358:, p. 35. 12357: 12352: 12344: 12340: 12335: 12328: 12323: 12316: 12311: 12304: 12299: 12291: 12285: 12281: 12277: 12273: 12266: 12258: 12256:0-85229-571-5 12252: 12248: 12244: 12238: 12230: 12228:0-14-051054-0 12224: 12220: 12213: 12205: 12199: 12195: 12194: 12186: 12178: 12172: 12168: 12167: 12159: 12151: 12145: 12141: 12140: 12132: 12124: 12123: 12115: 12107: 12106: 12098: 12082: 12076: 12061: 12057: 12051: 12049: 12041: 12037: 12032: 12024: 12020: 12015: 12010: 12006: 12002: 11998: 11994: 11990: 11983: 11975: 11971: 11967: 11963: 11958: 11953: 11948: 11943: 11939: 11935: 11931: 11927: 11923: 11915: 11907: 11900: 11892: 11886: 11882: 11875: 11867: 11866: 11858: 11850: 11846: 11841: 11836: 11832: 11828: 11824: 11820: 11816: 11812: 11808: 11801: 11793: 11789: 11784: 11779: 11775: 11771: 11767: 11763: 11758: 11753: 11749: 11745: 11741: 11733: 11725: 11721: 11715: 11707: 11703: 11697: 11689: 11685: 11680: 11675: 11670: 11665: 11661: 11657: 11656:PLOS Genetics 11653: 11646: 11638: 11634: 11628: 11620: 11616: 11610: 11594: 11590: 11586: 11580: 11572: 11568: 11564: 11560: 11556: 11552: 11548: 11544: 11540: 11536: 11535: 11527: 11519: 11515: 11510: 11505: 11500: 11495: 11491: 11487: 11483: 11479: 11475: 11467: 11459: 11455: 11450: 11445: 11440: 11435: 11431: 11427: 11423: 11419: 11415: 11411: 11407: 11401: 11395: 11390: 11374: 11367: 11352: 11346: 11342: 11341: 11333: 11324: 11319: 11315: 11311: 11307: 11300: 11292: 11288: 11283: 11278: 11273: 11268: 11264: 11260: 11256: 11252: 11248: 11241: 11233: 11229: 11222: 11218: 11202: 11193: 11186: 11180: 11176: 11165: 11162: 11160: 11157: 11155: 11152: 11150: 11147: 11145: 11142: 11138: 11135: 11134: 11133: 11130: 11128: 11125: 11123: 11120: 11118: 11115: 11113: 11110: 11108: 11105: 11103: 11100: 11098: 11095: 11091: 11088: 11087: 11086: 11083: 11081: 11078: 11077: 11072: 11061: 11054: 11051: 11049: 11045: 11041: 11036: 11034: 11029: 11027: 11023: 11013: 11011: 11007: 11003: 10999: 10995: 10991: 10987: 10983: 10979: 10975: 10970: 10968: 10964: 10960: 10956: 10951: 10948: 10944: 10938: 10928: 10926: 10922: 10917: 10913: 10909: 10904: 10902: 10898: 10894: 10890: 10885: 10883: 10879: 10874: 10872: 10868: 10864: 10860: 10855: 10853: 10849: 10845: 10837: 10833: 10829: 10828:Angela Merkel 10824: 10820: 10818: 10817:Angela Merkel 10814: 10810: 10806: 10802: 10798: 10794: 10790: 10786: 10782: 10778: 10773: 10768: 10764: 10760: 10759:Angela Merkel 10756: 10751: 10749: 10745: 10741: 10737: 10733: 10729: 10724: 10722: 10718: 10714: 10709: 10707: 10706:Hartz concept 10703: 10699: 10696: 10692: 10689: 10685: 10681: 10677: 10669: 10665: 10664: 10658: 10651: 10647: 10642: 10638: 10634: 10630: 10624: 10614: 10612: 10608: 10603: 10595: 10590: 10586: 10584: 10580: 10576: 10572: 10568: 10560: 10556: 10552: 10550: 10546: 10545: 10540: 10534: 10527:Reunification 10524: 10522: 10518: 10514: 10510: 10503: 10499: 10490: 10488: 10483: 10479: 10474: 10472: 10468: 10464: 10460: 10456: 10451: 10448: 10440: 10436: 10432: 10427: 10417: 10415: 10411: 10407: 10403: 10399: 10397: 10393: 10389: 10385: 10384: 10379: 10375: 10371: 10367: 10360: 10355: 10350: 10340: 10336: 10334: 10330: 10329: 10324: 10318: 10311:Guest workers 10308: 10306: 10302: 10298: 10294: 10291:(SPD) leader 10290: 10286: 10282: 10274: 10270: 10261: 10259: 10255: 10251: 10248:in 1959, the 10247: 10242: 10240: 10236: 10235:Deutsche Bank 10231: 10230:Ludwig Erhard 10222: 10220: 10216: 10212: 10211: 10206: 10201: 10197: 10192: 10184: 10175: 10173: 10169: 10164: 10160: 10158: 10157:Marshall Plan 10153: 10152:Deutsche Mark 10144: 10139: 10130: 10128: 10124: 10119: 10117: 10116:Marshall Plan 10113: 10109: 10108:Mitbestimmung 10105: 10100: 10099: 10090: 10085: 10076: 10074: 10069: 10065: 10061: 10057: 10051: 10042: 10031: 10027: 10026: 10025: 10023: 10018: 10014: 10012: 10007: 10005: 10001: 9997: 9992: 9989: 9984: 9980: 9977: 9974:state. While 9973: 9969: 9965: 9961: 9960: 9955: 9954:Warsaw Treaty 9951: 9946: 9944: 9935: 9931: 9927: 9923: 9918: 9914: 9904: 9901: 9895: 9891: 9889: 9884: 9880: 9878: 9873: 9871: 9867: 9862: 9855: 9849: 9845: 9843: 9839: 9835: 9831: 9826: 9823:The total of 9818: 9813: 9808: 9798: 9796: 9795:deported west 9792: 9788: 9784: 9780: 9776: 9772: 9768: 9758: 9754: 9752: 9748: 9744: 9740: 9736: 9731: 9722: 9717: 9707: 9705: 9699: 9697: 9692: 9688: 9684: 9680: 9676: 9672: 9668: 9661: 9657: 9652: 9648: 9646: 9642: 9638: 9634: 9630: 9610: 9608: 9605:(Nazi mobile 9604: 9600: 9596: 9592: 9588: 9584: 9580: 9576: 9572: 9564: 9560: 9555: 9545: 9543: 9539: 9535: 9531: 9527: 9523: 9519: 9515: 9511: 9507: 9503: 9499: 9494: 9490: 9485: 9483: 9479: 9478:Joseph Stalin 9475: 9470: 9466: 9457: 9453: 9449: 9445: 9440: 9435: 9429: 9419: 9417: 9413: 9409: 9405: 9401: 9393: 9388: 9383: 9377: 9367: 9365: 9361: 9357: 9353: 9349: 9344: 9342: 9338: 9333: 9329: 9325: 9321: 9317: 9313: 9309: 9301: 9297: 9294:U.S. Senator 9292: 9287: 9286:The Holocaust 9283: 9273: 9271: 9268: 9267: 9262: 9258: 9253: 9251: 9250: 9245: 9242: 9238: 9234: 9229: 9225: 9221: 9216: 9212: 9205: 9201: 9197: 9193: 9188: 9184: 9182: 9178: 9174: 9170: 9166: 9162: 9158: 9154: 9145: 9140: 9136: 9126: 9123: 9119: 9115: 9111: 9103: 9098: 9093: 9077: 9071: 9066: 9063: 9057: 9052: 9049: 9043: 9038: 9035: 9029: 9024: 9021: 9015: 9010: 9007: 9001: 8996: 8993: 8987: 8982: 8979: 8973: 8968: 8965: 8964:Rudolf Diesel 8959: 8954: 8951: 8945: 8940: 8937: 8931: 8926: 8923: 8917: 8912: 8909: 8903: 8898: 8895: 8889: 8884: 8883: 8874: 8872: 8868: 8864: 8863:Aryan physics 8859: 8857: 8853: 8849: 8845: 8844: 8839: 8835: 8831: 8830:Hermann Hesse 8827: 8822: 8820: 8816: 8812: 8808: 8804: 8803:Rudolf Diesel 8800: 8796: 8795:David Hilbert 8792: 8788: 8784: 8780: 8776: 8772: 8768: 8764: 8760: 8756: 8752: 8748: 8744: 8740: 8734: 8724: 8722: 8718: 8712: 8710: 8706: 8701: 8696: 8692: 8688: 8683: 8681: 8677: 8673: 8663: 8661: 8657: 8650: 8640: 8638: 8633: 8625: 8621: 8617: 8615: 8611: 8606: 8604: 8600: 8596: 8591: 8589: 8585: 8581: 8572: 8568: 8564: 8560: 8557: 8553: 8549: 8544: 8542: 8538: 8533: 8532: 8521: 8517: 8515: 8511: 8507: 8503: 8499: 8494: 8492: 8488: 8481: 8477: 8468: 8466: 8462: 8458: 8454: 8450: 8441: 8431: 8421: 8419: 8414: 8410: 8405: 8401: 8400:Upper Silesia 8397: 8393: 8389: 8388:Memel Statute 8384: 8380: 8376: 8371: 8367: 8362: 8360: 8357: 8352: 8348: 8344: 8343:Wilhelmshaven 8336: 8332: 8328: 8323: 8319: 8309: 8307: 8298: 8297: 8296: 8294: 8288: 8280: 8273: 8268: 8259: 8257: 8252: 8249:– led to the 8248: 8244: 8240: 8239:Eastern Front 8233:Eastern Front 8230: 8227: 8224: 8220: 8216: 8215:Western Front 8212: 8208: 8199: 8193:Western Front 8190: 8186: 8184: 8170: 8165: 8161: 8157: 8147: 8145: 8141: 8135: 8130: 8126: 8122: 8118: 8113: 8111: 8107: 8103: 8099: 8095: 8090: 8088: 8084: 8080: 8076: 8072: 8068: 8061: 8056: 8049: 8045: 8040: 8030: 8026: 8023: 8019: 8015: 8009: 8007: 8003: 7999: 7995: 7991: 7982: 7978: 7974: 7972: 7963: 7959: 7954: 7945: 7942: 7937: 7934: 7929: 7927: 7926: 7921: 7916: 7912: 7908: 7904: 7900: 7896: 7892: 7888: 7884: 7879: 7877: 7872: 7868: 7864: 7858: 7854: 7852: 7847: 7839: 7835: 7829: 7819: 7816: 7812: 7811:Frederick III 7804: 7799: 7785: 7783: 7779: 7775: 7771: 7767: 7763: 7759: 7755: 7751: 7747: 7743: 7739: 7733: 7731: 7727: 7722: 7717: 7716:Dual Alliance 7712: 7710: 7706: 7702: 7698: 7694: 7690: 7685: 7681: 7680:republicanism 7677: 7673: 7672:Two-front war 7665: 7660: 7651: 7649: 7644: 7642: 7638: 7631: 7626: 7623: 7618: 7614: 7612: 7608: 7604: 7596: 7592: 7587: 7577: 7575: 7569: 7567: 7563: 7559: 7554: 7551: 7547: 7543: 7538: 7536: 7531: 7530: 7526: 7522: 7518: 7507: 7505: 7504:Germanisation 7501: 7497: 7491: 7489: 7485: 7481: 7477: 7473: 7472:voter turnout 7468: 7466: 7462: 7458: 7454: 7450: 7446: 7442: 7438: 7433: 7425: 7424:Berlin Palace 7421: 7409: 7405: 7400: 7396: 7394: 7390: 7386: 7382: 7378: 7377:German Empire 7374: 7370: 7366: 7361: 7359: 7355: 7350: 7346: 7342: 7338: 7334: 7330: 7326: 7322: 7314: 7310: 7305: 7296: 7293: 7289: 7285: 7275: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7261: 7256: 7247: 7240: 7239:German Empire 7236: 7231: 7221: 7220:German Empire 7211: 7209: 7205: 7201: 7195: 7185: 7183: 7179: 7175: 7171: 7167: 7162: 7158: 7154: 7150: 7145: 7143: 7139: 7135: 7131: 7127: 7117: 7115: 7111: 7100: 7097: 7092: 7090: 7086: 7080: 7070: 7067: 7064:In 1834, the 7062: 7060: 7056: 7055: 7050: 7046: 7041: 7037: 7032: 7030: 7027:) meeting in 7026: 7025: 7020: 7016: 7011: 7007: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6991: 6987: 6979: 6975: 6971: 6967: 6960: 6956: 6955:Berlin Palace 6952: 6947: 6940: 6936: 6932: 6928: 6921: 6917: 6913: 6909: 6904: 6894: 6884: 6882: 6878: 6873: 6867: 6865: 6861: 6857: 6852: 6851: 6845: 6835: 6830: 6814: 6808: 6803: 6800: 6794: 6789: 6785: 6779: 6774: 6771: 6765: 6760: 6757: 6751: 6746: 6743: 6737: 6732: 6729: 6723: 6718: 6715: 6709: 6704: 6701: 6695: 6690: 6687: 6681: 6676: 6673: 6667: 6662: 6659: 6658:Immanuel Kant 6653: 6648: 6647: 6638: 6636: 6632: 6628: 6624: 6620: 6616: 6612: 6608: 6604: 6600: 6596: 6592: 6586: 6584: 6580: 6576: 6572: 6568: 6564: 6560: 6556: 6552: 6548: 6544: 6540: 6536: 6535:Immanuel Kant 6532: 6531:Enlightenment 6528: 6525: 6521: 6517: 6513: 6503: 6498: 6494: 6484: 6476: 6473: 6470: 6467: 6466: 6465: 6463: 6454: 6450: 6445: 6435: 6426: 6422: 6415: 6410: 6403: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6379: 6377: 6376:United States 6372: 6363: 6354: 6345: 6343: 6339: 6335: 6332:in 1834, the 6331: 6327: 6323: 6319: 6313: 6309: 6299: 6297: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6281: 6277: 6273: 6272:Enlightenment 6269: 6265: 6257: 6252: 6245: 6240: 6226: 6224: 6220: 6216: 6212: 6208: 6203: 6201: 6197: 6193: 6189: 6184: 6180: 6176: 6172: 6169: 6165: 6161: 6157: 6147: 6145: 6140: 6136: 6132: 6128: 6119: 6117: 6113: 6107: 6105: 6101: 6096: 6089: 6084: 6077: 6073: 6068: 6059: 6056: 6055:Immanuel Kant 6052: 6048: 6046: 6042: 6038: 6033: 6031: 6027: 6023: 6019: 6015: 6011: 6009: 6005: 6001: 5997: 5993: 5989: 5985: 5980: 5978: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5944: 5938: 5933: 5929: 5922:Enlightenment 5919: 5917: 5916:rural economy 5913: 5909: 5905: 5901: 5897: 5893: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5880:social change 5877: 5872: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5837: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5826:Great Britain 5823: 5819: 5815: 5810: 5808: 5804: 5800: 5796: 5795:Enlightenment 5792: 5789:or Münster's 5788: 5782: 5779: 5775: 5774:rural economy 5771: 5762: 5755: 5751: 5742: 5740: 5736: 5732: 5727: 5725: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5700: 5698: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5684:Silesian Wars 5681: 5677: 5673: 5672:Maria Theresa 5668: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5651: 5647: 5638: 5636: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5581:in 1687. The 5580: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5567:Turkish force 5564: 5559: 5557: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5505: 5501: 5497: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5474: 5472: 5467: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5453: 5449: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5425: 5411: 5409: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5392:Klein-Venedig 5389: 5385: 5384:Welser family 5381: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5345: 5339: 5334: 5330: 5324: 5319: 5315: 5309: 5304: 5301: 5300: 5295: 5289: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5270: 5265: 5262: 5258: 5252: 5247: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5222: 5217: 5216: 5207: 5205: 5202:'s theory of 5201: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5176: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5160: 5158: 5154: 5153: 5148: 5144: 5139: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5128:Conrad Celtes 5125: 5122:, as well as 5121: 5120:steganography 5117: 5113: 5104: 5095: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5075: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5057:Old Testament 5054: 5053:New Testament 5050: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5033: 5027: 5023: 5022:Martin Luther 5019: 5015: 5011: 5002: 5000: 4999:Bremen-Verden 4996: 4992: 4988: 4983: 4981: 4977: 4971: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4943: 4940: 4936: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4909: 4908:were formed. 4907: 4903: 4899: 4898: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4870:The Catholic 4868: 4866: 4862: 4861:Florian Geyer 4858: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4832: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4821:Imperial Diet 4818: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4801:Diet of Worms 4798: 4791: 4787: 4786:Diet of Worms 4783: 4779: 4778:Martin Luther 4775: 4771: 4769: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4755:Martin Luther 4751: 4749: 4745: 4736: 4727: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4706:The addition 4704: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4680:Imperial Diet 4677: 4673: 4672: 4667: 4666: 4661: 4657: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4636:Jörg Kölderer 4633: 4628: 4623: 4613: 4611: 4607: 4604:Maximilian's 4602: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4587: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4568: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4508: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4486: 4484: 4479: 4478: 4476: 4472: 4455: 4449: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4410: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4387: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4364: 4359: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4342: 4337: 4334: 4330: 4324: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4301: 4296: 4293: 4292:movable types 4289: 4285: 4279: 4274: 4271: 4267: 4261: 4256: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4239: 4234: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4217: 4212: 4208: 4202: 4197: 4196: 4187: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4172:mathematician 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4152: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4119:Around 1439, 4117: 4116:lyric poets. 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4102:Illuminations 4099: 4098: 4097:Ordo Virtutum 4093: 4092:morality play 4089: 4085: 4076: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4020:– elite, the 4019: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4002: 3990: 3984: 3975: 3969: 3958: 3954: 3948: 3939: 3933: 3922: 3918: 3912: 3904:, around 1411 3903: 3897: 3878: 3876: 3872: 3869: 3864: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3808: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3789: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3758: 3753: 3748: 3746: 3742: 3737: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3706: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3671: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3660: 3655: 3651: 3650:House of Welf 3647: 3646: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3583: 3582: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3548: 3545: 3540: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3516: 3514: 3510: 3507:converted to 3506: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3474:Old Prussians 3471: 3467: 3464:launched the 3463: 3460:order of the 3459: 3453: 3448: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3357: 3352: 3347: 3337: 3335: 3334:silver crisis 3331: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3252: 3246: 3242: 3237: 3227: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3212: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3193: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3166: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3075: 3074:Reichsfürsten 3070: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3048:Pope John XII 3045: 3041: 3040:King of Italy 3037: 3033: 3026:, around 1240 3025: 3020: 3015: 2998: 2991: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2967: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2943: 2938: 2934: 2927: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2907: 2902: 2901: 2892: 2890: 2886: 2885:Aachen Palace 2882: 2881:Kaiserpfalzen 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2853:primogeniture 2850: 2845: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2834:Christmas Day 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2791: 2787: 2782: 2777: 2767: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2716: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2657: 2655: 2650: 2642: 2636: 2630: 2624: 2618: 2613: 2609: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2578: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2547: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2510:. Unlike the 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2477:King of Italy 2474: 2470: 2469: 2464: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2438: 2429: 2428:Constantine I 2426: 2425:Roman emperor 2422: 2418: 2414: 2413:Aula Palatina 2407: 2397: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2364: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2345:Billung March 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2321: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2306: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2255: 2250: 2241: 2232: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2201:Hunnic Empire 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2157: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2114: 2110: 2100: 2091: 2090:Constantine I 2087: 2083: 2082:Aula Palatina 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2042: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1992:Roman emperor 1989: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1964: 1955: 1951: 1944: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1915: 1905: 1898: 1889: 1885: 1884: 1876: 1866: 1862: 1852: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1820:Julius Caesar 1817: 1813: 1809: 1804: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1752: 1746: 1742: 1688: 1685: 1681: 1678:Expansion of 1676: 1662: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1643:Mediterranean 1640: 1629: 1624: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1603: 1599: 1592: 1582: 600 BC 1576: 1572: 1565: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1537: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1490: 750 BC 1480: 1476: 1471: 1469: 1468:Indo-European 1454: 1443: 1439: 1433: 1418: 1414: 1407: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1371: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1339: 1338:Goseck circle 1335: 1320: 1305: 1300: 1298: 1294: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1264: 1260: 1255: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1240: 1236: 1233: 1229: 1223: 1218: 1214: 1209: 1208:man in 1864. 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1175: 1173: 1172:Bilzingsleben 1169: 1165: 1161: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1114: 1097: 1093: 1082: 1078: 1068: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1031:in 1990. The 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1015:In 1989, the 1013: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 986: 982: 977: 976:the Holocaust 973: 969: 966:, triggering 965: 961: 957: 954:regime. This 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 904: 902: 898: 897: 892: 891:German Empire 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 819:Martin Luther 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 779: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 701: 696: 692: 691:Julius Caesar 688: 684: 672: 667: 665: 660: 658: 653: 652: 650: 649: 643: 632: 629: 618: 617: 616: 615: 605: 603: 600: 599: 595: 590: 587: 585: 584:Reunification 582: 581: 579: 578: 574: 569: 566: 562: 559: 558: 556: 555: 551: 549: 546: 545: 541: 535: 534: 529: 527: 524: 523: 521: 520: 515: 510: 509: 499: 497: 494: 493: 489: 487: 484: 483: 479: 477: 474: 473: 469: 467: 464: 463: 459: 457: 456:German Empire 454: 453: 448: 443: 442: 435: 432: 430: 427: 421: 420: 415: 413: 410: 409: 407: 405: 402: 400: 399:Mediatisation 397: 396: 393: 388: 387: 380: 377: 375: 372: 370: 367: 366: 363: 358: 357: 350: 347: 345: 342: 340: 337: 335: 332: 331: 325: 324: 317: 314: 312: 309: 307: 304: 302: 299: 297: 294: 292: 289: 287: 284: 283: 280:Early history 277: 276: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 248: 244: 240: 236: 232: 228: 225: 222: 218: 215: 213: 210: 208: 205: 203: 200: 198: 195: 193: 190: 188: 185: 183: 180: 178: 175: 174: 168: 167: 163: 159: 158: 155: 149: 148: 143: 138: 137: 128: 125: 116: 112: 108: 104: 100: 94: 91:This article 89: 80: 79: 70: 60: 56: 52: 48: 42: 38: 36: 31:This article 29: 20: 19: 16: 27256: 27017:Architecture 26989:Great Famine 26979:Universities 26919:Hussite Wars 26836:Great Schism 26723:Papal States 26559:Transnistria 26521:Vatican City 26358: 26132:World War II 25985:Early modern 25962:Kalmar Union 25833:Papal States 25751:Roman Empire 25631:Bibliography 25505:Coat of arms 25485:Architecture 25462:Trade unions 25442:Prostitution 25402:Homelessness 25365:Demographics 25314:Trade unions 25281: 25271:German model 25244:Central bank 25188:Conservatism 25151:Human rights 25136:Court system 25131:Constitution 25111: 24957:Contemporary 24946:West Germany 24941:East Germany 24916:World War II 24911:Nazi Germany 24851:18th-century 24810:East Francia 24764:Cimbrian War 24692: 24628: 24621: 24614: 24608: 24602: 24596: 24590: 24566: 24562: 24551: 24545: 24538: 24532: 24517: 24513:(Routledge). 24510: 24504: 24498: 24492: 24482: 24476: 24470: 24464: 24458: 24451: 24435: 24411: 24396: 24387: 24380: 24373: 24367: 24361: 24355: 24339: 24332: 24317: 24305: 24279: 24252: 24233: 24226: 24220: 24213: 24207: 24201: 24194: 24187: 24181: 24174: 24167: 24160: 24154: 24144: 24118: 24114: 24103: 24094: 24079: 24075:(Routledge). 24072: 24058: 24052: 24042: 24036: 24030: 24016: 24010: 24000: 23990: 23981: 23972: 23966: 23960: 23950: 23943: 23934: 23925: 23910: 23883: 23871: 23864: 23854: 23845: 23838: 23832: 23826: 23823:Hoyer, Katja 23816: 23809: 23800: 23794: 23787: 23769: 23743: 23723:1.aop: 1–33. 23720: 23714: 23707: 23697: 23691: 23687: 23678: 23672: 23665: 23659: 23649: 23642: 23629: 23623: 23598: 23588: 23581: 23575: 23568: 23562: 23547: 23540: 23533: 23526: 23520: 23494: 23486: 23480: 23465: 23461:, since 1789 23458: 23444: 23417: 23402: 23370: 23362: 23353: 23343: 23337: 23328: 23321: 23312: 23306: 23296: 23275: 23265: 23259: 23252:(Berghahn). 23249: 23242: 23206: 23191:. 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Retrieved 12747: 12724: 12719: 12711: 12707: 12693: 12681: 12669: 12657: 12648: 12626: 12620: 12613:Heather 2006 12608: 12586: 12583:Halsall, Guy 12577: 12570:Heather 2010 12565: 12553: 12541:. Retrieved 12527: 12515: 12503: 12497:: 647. 1917. 12494: 12490: 12481: 12469: 12457: 12445: 12433:. Retrieved 12422: 12410: 12402: 12377: 12373: 12363: 12356:Claster 1982 12351: 12342: 12334: 12327:Fortson 2011 12322: 12310: 12298: 12271: 12265: 12246: 12237: 12218: 12212: 12192: 12185: 12165: 12158: 12138: 12131: 12121: 12114: 12104: 12097: 12085:. Retrieved 12075: 12063:. Retrieved 12059: 12031: 11996: 11992: 11982: 11957:11585/827581 11929: 11925: 11914: 11905: 11899: 11880: 11874: 11864: 11857: 11814: 11810: 11800: 11747: 11743: 11732: 11723: 11714: 11705: 11696: 11659: 11655: 11645: 11636: 11627: 11619:donsmaps.com 11618: 11609: 11597:. Retrieved 11593:the original 11588: 11579: 11538: 11532: 11526: 11481: 11477: 11466: 11421: 11417: 11400: 11389: 11377:. Retrieved 11366: 11354:. Retrieved 11339: 11332: 11313: 11309: 11299: 11254: 11250: 11240: 11232:ScienceAlert 11231: 11221: 11201: 11192: 11184: 11179: 11052: 11037: 11030: 11019: 10971: 10940: 10905: 10886: 10875: 10856: 10841: 10832:José Barroso 10793:Industry 4.0 10779:supply, the 10772:Energiewende 10752: 10725: 10710: 10698:Bill Clinton 10673: 10662: 10599: 10567:Iron Curtain 10564: 10542: 10538: 10536: 10507: 10475: 10458: 10452: 10444: 10426:Steel crisis 10401: 10400: 10395: 10381: 10374:Soviet Union 10366:Willy Brandt 10364: 10337: 10333:Gastarbeiter 10332: 10328:Gastarbeiter 10326: 10320: 10317:Gastarbeiter 10293:Willy Brandt 10278: 10273:Willy Brandt 10243: 10228: 10208: 10196:ordoliberals 10189: 10165: 10161: 10148: 10145:of 1948–1949 10120: 10107: 10096: 10094: 10068:East Germany 10053: 10050:West Germany 10028: 10022:Jürgen Kocka 10019: 10015: 10008: 9993: 9981: 9957: 9950:Eastern bloc 9947: 9939: 9913:East Germany 9907:East Germany 9899: 9896: 9892: 9885: 9881: 9874: 9870:forced labor 9859: 9840:and through 9822: 9787:was expelled 9783:protectorate 9764: 9755: 9747:East Germany 9735:West Germany 9727: 9700: 9669:, Bulgaria, 9664: 9637:North Africa 9626: 9607:death squads 9568: 9554:World War II 9548:World War II 9504:, where the 9486: 9482:World War II 9473: 9461: 9397: 9345: 9305: 9264: 9254: 9247: 9244:Pope Pius XI 9240: 9233:quid pro quo 9232: 9215:Enabling Act 9208: 9192:Adolf Hitler 9176: 9152: 9151:To secure a 9150: 9107: 9092:Nazi Germany 8936:Georg Cantor 8860: 8841: 8823: 8791:Georg Cantor 8787:Emil Fischer 8736: 8716: 8713: 8694: 8690: 8684: 8669: 8652: 8629: 8607: 8592: 8576: 8555: 8550:. Under the 8548:Soviet Union 8545: 8526: 8495: 8484: 8457:Adolf Hitler 8446: 8396:West Prussia 8363: 8340: 8333:proclaims a 8303: 8289: 8286: 8277: 8236: 8228: 8204: 8187: 8180: 8144:South Africa 8114: 8091: 8087:Persian Gulf 8064: 8027: 8017: 8014:Krupp family 8010: 7987: 7975: 7970: 7967: 7962:Ludwigshafen 7938: 7930: 7923: 7915:German Bight 7880: 7860: 7856: 7837: 7831: 7808: 7777: 7734: 7726:North Africa 7713: 7669: 7645: 7633: 7628: 7619: 7615: 7611:Center Party 7600: 7594: 7570: 7555: 7542:middle class 7539: 7532: 7528: 7520: 7517:constitution 7513: 7492: 7487: 7479: 7469: 7464: 7460: 7448: 7429: 7362: 7341:Napoleon III 7318: 7281: 7278:Bismarck era 7264: 7252: 7233:Flag of the 7207: 7197: 7146: 7123: 7106: 7093: 7082: 7063: 7033: 6994: 6983: 6868: 6849: 6840: 6587: 6509: 6500: 6481: 6458: 6432: 6429:Urbanization 6423: 6419: 6368: 6351: 6321: 6315: 6261: 6204: 6153: 6125: 6108: 6092: 6053:philosopher 6049: 6041:Joseph Haydn 6034: 6012: 6007: 5981: 5973: 5941: 5874: 5860: 5838: 5818:Frederick II 5814:Hesse-Kassel 5811: 5783: 5767: 5728: 5719: 5712:Frederick II 5701: 5669: 5655: 5583:Papal States 5560: 5542: 5509: 5468: 5464:Soldier King 5463: 5430: 5398:intended by 5358: 5297: 5200:Isaac Newton 5177: 5161: 5156: 5150: 5140: 5124:bibliography 5109: 5078: 5068: 5064: 5043:and the new 5034: 5031: 4984: 4972: 4944: 4939:Ferdinand II 4932: 4895: 4880:Jesuit order 4869: 4833: 4817:protestation 4794: 4780:confronting 4752: 4741: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4707: 4705: 4700:Landsknechte 4695: 4692:Reichskreise 4691: 4687: 4683: 4676:Reichshofrat 4675: 4671:Reichshofrat 4670: 4663: 4656:Maximilian I 4653: 4639: 4610:Landsknechte 4603: 4599:Taxis family 4588: 4569: 4565:Hochstetters 4542: 4515:Great Plague 4512: 4505: 4480: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4306:Hans Memling 4153: 4129:movable type 4118: 4095: 4082: 4054: 3997: 3865: 3809: 3793:Frederick II 3790: 3778:ministerials 3755: 3749: 3738: 3734:regal rights 3709: 3707: 3675:Hohenstaufen 3672: 3657: 3653: 3643: 3639: 3620:Hohenstaufen 3594: 3579: 3502:Grand Master 3455: 3444: 3433:Hermannstadt 3418: 3388:east of the 3377: 3375: 3304: 3257: 3223: 3215: 3213: 3194: 3190:Reichskirche 3189: 3163: 3140:Peace of God 3129: 3089:between the 3085:in 955. The 3072: 3059: 3039: 3029: 2957:Frederick II 2953:Hohenstaufen 2880: 2869:stem duchies 2865:East Francia 2846: 2842:Pope Leo III 2837: 2795: 2790:Jean Fouquet 2760:Christianity 2740:Papal States 2731: 2717: 2699:against the 2687:and western 2658: 2646: 2641:Papal States 2579: 2550: 2548: 2466: 2460: 2373:East Francia 2322: 2314:Hohenstaufen 2307: 2271:East Francia 2254:Stem duchies 2252: 2154: 2116: 2039: 1986: 1968:Fresco with 1888:Roman Empire 1881: 1822:erected the 1805: 1795:cultures in 1757:ethnogenesis 1754: 1650: 1625: 1610: 1473:By the late 1472: 1450: 1444:, c. 1400 BC 1301: 1290: 1287:, c. 4700 BC 1256: 1239:Swabian Jura 1213:homo sapiens 1210: 1201: 1181:valley near 1176: 1164:Lower Saxony 1144: 1025:Eastern Bloc 1014: 1006:East Germany 998:West Germany 968:World War II 960:antisemitism 956:Nazi Germany 952:totalitarian 940:Adolf Hitler 905: 894: 780: 764:East Francia 721:Roman Empire 698: 680: 496:World War II 486:Nazi Germany 447:German Reich 374:18th century 369:Sectionalism 334:East Francia 150: 120: 105:by removing 92: 64: 32: 15: 27246:WikiProject 27173:Medievalism 27012:Agriculture 26876:Manorialism 26871:Communalism 26866:Monasticism 26783:Reconquista 26773:Kievan Rus' 26597:Isle of Man 26532:recognition 26501:Switzerland 26436:Netherlands 26117:World War I 26107:Nationalism 25995:Reformation 25980:Renaissance 25952:Black Death 25885:Kievan Rus' 25788:Middle Ages 25432:Pornography 25407:Immigration 25370:Drug policy 25282:Mittelstand 25229:Agriculture 25193:Nationalism 25166:Transgender 25050:Earthquakes 24997:, 1583-1588 24995:Cologne War 24891:World War I 24793:Middle Ages 24779:Gothic Wars 23938:ACLS E-book 23766:Eley, Geoff 23555:Reformation 23193:21 November 23137:23 November 22713:26 November 22586:26 November 22542:21 November 22495:25 December 22071:Smithsonian 21977:Works cited 21198:SAIS Review 21096:10 February 20584:. pp. 20185:Beevor 2012 20173:Beevor 2012 19922:(10): 8–14. 19733:19 November 18506:John C. G. 18029:Richie 1998 16863:, pp. 16428:10419/37227 16349:1 September 16288:Hayton 2015 16159:13 November 15876:20 February 15842:20 February 15808:20 February 15681:p. 543 15416:Whaley 2011 15401:26 February 15370:Whaley 2011 15346:Whaley 2011 15234:Whaley 2011 15222:Whaley 2011 15198:Müller 2003 15186:Whaley 2011 15171:14 February 15137:14 February 15103:14 February 15069:14 February 15035:20 November 15001:20 November 14967:20 November 14933:20 November 14796:Wilson 2016 14657:Wilson 2016 14608:15 February 14577:Wilson 2016 14132:The Hexagon 13964:, pp. 13392:Wilson 2016 13283:j.ctt3fht77 12999:Wilson 2016 12987:Wilson 2016 12948:Wilson 2016 12774:Kibler 1995 12740:Wilson 2016 12543:22 November 12462:Ozment 2004 11599:24 November 11026:Olaf Scholz 10998:Switzerland 10982:Netherlands 10916:Middle East 10848:Helmut Kohl 10789:pronatalism 10702:Agenda 2010 10594:Berlin Wall 10509:Helmut Kohl 10502:Helmut Kohl 10388:Berlin Wall 10359:Willi Stoph 10168:West Berlin 9988:Berlin Wall 9834:West German 9658:during the 9542:appeasement 9474:appeasement 9308:antisemitic 9204:Rudolf Hess 9006:Thomas Mann 8992:Fritz Haber 8922:Robert Koch 8852:Max Scheler 8826:Thomas Mann 8815:Robert Koch 8783:Fritz Haber 8643:Reparations 8541:Kapp Putsch 8418:reparations 8156:World War I 8150:World War I 8132: [ 8117:Bear Island 7925:Dreadnought 7838:Weltpolitik 7603:Kulturkampf 7586:Kulturkampf 7580:Kulturkampf 7496:Kulturkampf 7443:estates of 7363:During the 7321:Isabella II 7284:Lothar Gall 7272:World War I 7260:Kulturkampf 7253:Chancellor 7241:(1871–1918) 7174:needle guns 7110:clericalism 6935:Paulskirche 6398:Krupp-Works 6324:joined the 6292:Württemberg 6276:Romanticism 6258:, 1866–1871 6004:Protestants 5896:Bourgeoisie 5888:aristocracy 5690:. The 1763 5637:was based. 5621:during the 5615:War Council 5571:Holy League 5442:, acquired 5434:, ruler of 5178:Astronomer 4980:Württemberg 4768:indulgences 4748:indulgences 4553:Gossembrots 4429:describing 4355:Renaissance 4230:Minnesänger 4145:Reformation 4112:, who were 4110:Minnesänger 4084:Benedictine 3868:Black Death 3849:Brandenburg 3833:Golden Bull 3805:interregnum 3728:. The 1183 3679:Frederick I 3659:Ghibellines 3589: 1340 3509:Lutheranism 3445:Ostsiedlung 3378:Ostsiedlung 3346:Ostsiedlung 3220:Friedrich I 3207:), and the 3120:Quedlinburg 3064:Carolingian 2802:Charlemagne 2776:Charlemagne 2689:Switzerland 2629:Charlemagne 2575:Merovingian 2557:instead of 2534:in 496 the 2508:Netherlands 2485:Merovingian 2452:Charlemagne 2448:Carolingian 2367:Middle Ages 2343:), and the 2337:Brandenburg 2333:North March 2173:Burgundians 2070:Mogontiacum 1919:Porta Nigra 1826:during his 1494:Bell Beaker 1277:long houses 1261:(named for 1252:Aurignacian 1232:Paleolithic 1220: [ 1206:Neanderthal 1196:in 1858 by 1115:, 41.000 BP 1017:Berlin Wall 1002:Warsaw Pact 920:World War I 849:. With the 801:led to the 799:Christendom 781:During the 754:. When the 466:World War I 392:Unification 328:Middle Ages 263:Württemberg 243:Family tree 151:History of 55:subheadings 27168:Land terms 27122:Technology 27102:Philosophy 27082:Literature 27047:Demography 26748:Viking Age 26471:San Marino 26431:Montenegro 26411:Luxembourg 26391:Kazakhstan 26294:Azerbaijan 25880:Viking Age 25695:Prehistory 25593:Television 25578:Philosophy 25553:Literature 25412:Irreligion 25397:Healthcare 25360:Corruption 25126:Chancellor 25115:(military) 25112:Bundeswehr 24244:Since 1945 22959:B0000CM7NW 22848:7 November 22820:24 October 22608:1035596914 21753:31 January 21437:. p. 20161:Evans 2005 20134:Evans 2005 20122:Evans 2005 20006:Evans 2005 19982:Majer 2003 19970:Evans 2003 19896:Evans 2003 19884:Evans 2003 19872:Evans 2003 19807:. p. 19714:Evans 2003 19689:Evans 2003 19258:15 October 19224:15 October 19199:15 October 19174:15 October 19140:15 October 19106:15 October 19072:15 October 18589:. Academia 18361:Clark 2006 17994:Clark 2006 17812:(Thesis). 17509:. p. 17477:Clark 2006 17433:Clark 2006 16442:Clark 2006 16273:7 November 16239:7 November 16193:8 November 16134:29 October 15677:Pettegree 15499:Adams 1997 15210:Brady 2009 14884:8 February 14850:7 February 14408:18 January 14340:18 January 14306:18 January 13455:7 (2015). 12674:Rodes 1964 12520:Rüger 2004 12339:Green 2000 12315:Green 2003 11757:1502.02783 11316:(3): 129. 11310:Humanities 11214:References 10990:Luxembourg 10871:casualties 10859:Bundeswehr 10781:debt brake 10713:Boxing Day 10691:Tony Blair 10459:Ostpolitik 10424:See also: 10402:Ostpolitik 10396:Ostpolitik 10383:Ostpolitik 10349:Ostpolitik 10305:Yugoslavia 10258:cooperated 10210:Bundeswehr 9694:The final 9677:, Poland, 9675:Yugoslavia 9593:; much of 9432:See also: 9380:See also: 9239:under the 9165:communists 9110:Nazi Party 9102:its allies 8978:Max Planck 8854:, and the 8763:Max Planck 8705:article 48 8680:Danat-Bank 8603:Reichsmark 8599:Rentenmark 8531:Reichswehr 8140:Mozambique 8129:Emil Nagel 8022:U.S. Steel 7994:Petri dish 7911:Heligoland 7832:The young 7815:Wilhelm II 7793:Wilhelm II 7764:, and the 7622:Pulpit Law 7453:Zollverein 7445:Pommerania 7387:. The act 7267:Wilhelm II 7198:After the 7066:Zollverein 6567:Ring Cycle 6357:Population 6330:Zollverein 6219:Paris fell 6104:the Terror 6051:Königsberg 6000:concession 5844:George III 5834:cameralist 5316:, polymath 4763:Wittenberg 4595:Maximilian 4499:Detail of 4435:mineralogy 4377:classicism 4248:epic poets 4168:printmaker 4038:physicians 4022:patricians 4018:mercantile 3974:Regensburg 3829:Luxembourg 3685:, duke of 3624:Conrad III 3492:, and the 3358:, 700–1400 3294:river and 3268:Baltic Sea 3012:See also: 2774:See also: 2756:Saxon Wars 2720:Pippin III 2665:Neustrians 2631:until 814; 2598:Ostrogoths 2590:Chlothar I 2504:Luxembourg 2355:, and the 2249:Stem duchy 2165:Ostrogoths 2022:chieftain 2012:Germanicus 1837:Ariovistus 1818:statesman 1779:tribes of 1544:See also: 1488: – c. 1475:Bronze Age 1462: – c. 1378:See also: 1374:Bronze Age 1366: – c. 1328: – c. 1313: – c. 1263:Ahrensburg 1217:Ilsenhöhle 1183:Düsseldorf 1160:Schöningen 1128:Bone flute 1075:See also: 1071:Prehistory 944:Nazi Party 932:Wilhelm II 795:North Seas 766:. In 962, 606:since 1990 589:New states 533:Ostgebiete 526:Occupation 419:Zollverein 267:Mediatised 177:Chronology 51:condensing 27153:Dark Ages 27062:Household 27057:Hastilude 26826:Feudalism 26587:Gibraltar 26406:Lithuania 25927:Feudalism 25898:Catalonia 25548:Libraries 25528:Festivals 25375:Education 25319:Transport 25284:companies 25203:President 25141:Elections 25106:Bundesrat 25101:Bundestag 25070:Mountains 25038:Districts 25016:Geography 24749:Visigoths 24686:Overviews 24583:143068850 24316:. (2008) 24216:, 208 pp. 24197:(6th ed.) 24137:22665338M 24113:(2008) . 23946:(2nd ed.) 23918:1890–1933 23881:(1969) . 23825:. (2021) 23732:1815–1890 23706:. (2001) 23686:. (1996) 23641:. (2016) 23415:(2001) . 23389:cite book 23268:(3rd ed.) 23075:34693404M 22968:"Germany" 22914:"Germany" 22641:24953951M 22616:21270043M 22255:1560-3687 22233:Wood, Ian 22109:Routledge 22036:18327036M 22016:(1984) . 21625:France 24 21384:162029927 21302:145180949 21237:0896-226X 21183:142774747 21069:145428438 21007:154284862 20985:: 44–53. 20674:–82, 84. 20407:144307581 19772:145705005 19613:144072556 18955:153420481 18912:154582825 18850:154281603 18551:163767674 18207:154067344 18165:154458964 17981:160827181 17781:154596279 17631:26785882M 17623:863633117 17558:144652797 17208:Carr 1991 16507:30 August 16473:30 August 16395:pp. 1–26. 16002:6 January 15968:6 January 15944:6 January 15910:6 January 15333:186566355 14418:cite book 14165:7 January 14144:0164-6109 13299:. E Notes 13137:159994750 12897:Drew 2011 12697:Compare: 12645:11194180M 12394:162278924 12380:: 41–53. 11974:234471370 11906:The Celts 11571:205216692 11185:Reichstag 10684:Third Way 10663:Reichstag 10544:Die Wende 10467:inflation 10129:in 1958. 9959:Politburo 9761:Expulsion 9704:Holocaust 9591:the Blitz 9538:Lithuania 9442:Flags of 9400:Luftwaffe 9376:Wehrmacht 9352:Holocaust 9235:with the 9177:Reichstag 9153:Reichstag 9020:Otto Hahn 8799:Karl Benz 8759:Otto Hahn 8717:Reichstag 8695:Reichstag 8691:Reichstag 8639:in 1926. 8537:Freikorps 8283:Homefront 8223:North Sea 8125:Pondoland 8110:Holocaust 8006:dyestuffs 7752:) and in 7742:Cameroons 7693:establish 7684:socialism 7550:bourgeois 7457:Hanseatic 7381:Wilhelm I 7149:Schleswig 7045:‹See Tfd› 7024:Bundestag 7015:‹See Tfd› 7002:‹See Tfd› 6939:Frankfurt 6813:Karl Marx 6611:Karl Marx 6607:Max Weber 6543:classical 6229:1815–1871 6131:Rhineland 5992:Louis XIV 5904:peasantry 5519:Straßburg 5456:Huguenots 5414:1648–1815 5410:in 1672. 5388:El Dorado 5380:Charles V 5369:Nuremberg 5231:astronomy 5162:In 1515, 5157:Geography 5114:include: 5112:polymaths 4852:Thuringia 4848:Franconia 4759:95 Theses 4684:Reichstag 4549:Nuremberg 4431:chemistry 4392:Adam Ries 4228:language 4160:Nuremberg 4056:Cologne's 4042:merchants 4026:Craftsmen 3991:, in 1493 3976:, in 1572 3940:, in 1493 3938:Nuremberg 3772:princess 3705:in 1156. 3654:Waiblings 3424:margraves 3313:Edinburgh 3300:North Sea 3272:North Sea 3214:The term 3132:Henry III 3038:, in 961 3024:Magdeburg 2830:Bavarians 2633:Yellow = 2606:Eichsfeld 2582:Thuringii 2571:Austrasia 2538:tribe in 2481:Austrasia 2468:foederati 2259:‹See Tfd› 2213:Dengizich 2161:Visigoths 2151:Thuringii 2072:, modern 2060:, modern 2016:campaigns 1647:Herodotus 1639:Heuneburg 1575:Heuneburg 1510:cremating 1297:Neolithic 1254:culture. 1004:-aligned 996:-aligned 896:Reichstag 809:. In the 575:1949–1990 552:1944–1950 500:1939–1945 490:1933–1945 480:1918–1933 470:1914–1918 460:1871–1918 235:Empresses 101:. Please 99:talk page 59:talk page 47:splitting 45:Consider 27263:Category 27236:Category 27203:Timeline 27092:Minstrel 27087:Medicine 26969:Chivalry 26924:Burgundy 26846:Crusades 26607:Svalbard 26592:Guernsey 26539:Abkhazia 26486:Slovenia 26481:Slovakia 26456:Portugal 26314:Bulgaria 26166:See also 26137:Cold War 25932:Crusades 25902:Valencia 25640:Category 25558:Internet 25543:Language 25533:Folklore 25452:Religion 25427:Pensions 25422:Naturism 25299:Taxation 25183:Lobbying 25156:Intersex 25089:Politics 24698:Timeline 24677:General 24670:articles 24428:7206115W 24298:8602440M 24271:2058977M 24229:(2nd ed) 24087:Nazi era 23903:7461954M 23768:(1984). 23742:(1998). 23690:(1995); 23473:Medieval 23437:3949947M 23205:(2016). 23040:7397485M 23020:(1989). 22882:1273142M 22860:(1996). 22814:Archived 22666:6269387M 22658:23101189 22633:25222664 22598:(1959). 22567:(1995). 22507:(2006). 22301:(2003). 22179:(2006). 22148:(1991). 22101:(2004). 21953:Statista 21883:euronews 21864:BBC News 21747:BBC News 21349:12341062 21159:"Review" 20902:(2010). 20424:(2009). 19840:(2001). 19645:27 March 19629:(2001). 19568:27 March 19510:27 March 19042:abstract 18405:27 March 18389:(2001). 18348:39447688 18228:23916757 18014:31 March 17880:23 March 17875:Guardian 17744:22 March 17721:23 March 17603:(2014). 17282:13 April 17223:Lee 1985 17082:26 March 16986:26 March 16603:21 March 16359:cite web 16308:Archived 16128:Archived 15708:Archived 15442:19 March 15290:Archived 14783:48578016 14699:Archived 14550:18 March 14517:18 March 14511:Die Welt 13989:19 March 13947:19 March 13923:8167121M 13884:18 March 13721:14 March 13483:14 March 13460:Archived 13404:Day 1914 13088:18 March 12909:Hen 1995 12435:20 March 12087:17 April 12023:34410492 11966:33974848 11849:29466337 11792:25731166 11688:24901650 11637:BBC News 11563:19444215 11518:38297138 11509:10927544 11458:10377375 11379:23 April 11291:21041630 11057:See also 11022:election 10914:and the 10775:) for a 10721:Thailand 10680:centrist 10569:between 10412:paid an 10392:Cold War 10178:Adenauer 10073:Cold War 10024:(2010): 10004:Honecker 9830:Cold War 9730:Cold War 9370:Military 9364:genocide 9246:for the 8601:(later: 8435:Overview 8409:Saarland 8404:Mandates 8108:and the 8071:Marianas 8067:Kiauchau 8060:Togoland 8033:Colonies 7907:Zanzibar 7901:'s work 7641:Leo XIII 7225:Overview 7206:(German 6823:Religion 6527:romantic 6438:Railways 6414:J. Kemna 6234:Overview 6194:. Ruler 6171:Napoleon 5948:Schiller 5884:nobility 5803:Würzburg 5686:and the 5515:Lorraine 5504:Austrian 5446:via the 5365:Augsburg 5355:Colonies 5041:literacy 4951:Matthias 4904:and the 4668:and the 4660:reformed 4632:Germania 4584:Louis II 4572:Habsburg 4545:Augsburg 4427:chymista 4314:burghers 4180:theorist 4176:engraver 4147:and the 4073:burghers 4046:peasants 3875:attacked 3871:pandemic 3812:Louis IV 3760:held at 3677:emperor 3600:Henry IV 3544:imperial 3458:monastic 3317:Novgorod 3197:crusades 3170:Henry IV 3148:celibacy 3099:John XII 3093:and the 3069:celibacy 3030:In 936, 2977:Ottonian 2955:emperor 2873:Swabians 2859:of 843. 2828:and the 2750:and the 2701:Lombards 2685:Burgundy 2669:Carloman 2604:and the 2559:Arianism 2536:Alemanni 2524:Clovis I 2512:Alamanni 2506:and the 2450:emperor 2421:basilica 2349:Carniola 2299:Lorraine 2289:and the 2177:Lombards 2147:Sicambri 2123:Alamanni 2041:Germania 2024:Arminius 2020:Cherusci 1998:and the 1990:, first 1988:Augustus 1745:Germania 1617:Iron Age 1604:, 530 BC 1573:city of 1540:Iron Age 1293:Anatolia 1041:eurozone 990:Cold War 972:genocide 855:Napoleon 821:led the 700:Germania 568:division 227:Monarchs 187:Military 142:a series 140:Part of 67:May 2023 35:too long 27146:Related 27132:Warfare 27127:Theatre 27117:Slavery 27112:Science 27067:Hunting 27032:Cuisine 27005:Culture 26944:Castile 26939:England 26511:Ukraine 26461:Romania 26421:Moldova 26379:Ireland 26374:Iceland 26369:Hungary 26359:Germany 26354:Georgia 26344:Finland 26339:Estonia 26334:Denmark 26319:Croatia 26304:Belgium 26299:Belarus 26289:Austria 26284:Armenia 26279:Andorra 26274:Albania 26007:Baroque 25906:Majorca 25818:Francia 25617:Outline 25523:Fashion 25510:Cuisine 25472:Culture 25437:Poverty 25380:Germans 25343:Society 25324:Welfare 25309:Tourism 25266:Exports 25239:Banking 25217:Economy 25121:Cabinet 25060:Islands 25055:Geology 24978:Regions 24744:Teutons 24717:Ancient 24679:History 24666:Germany 24420:1980291 24354:(2019) 24163:vol. 1. 24153:(2019) 24009:(2019) 23622:(2007) 23305:(2019) 23235:Surveys 23165:3 March 23120:(ed.). 22451:(ed.). 22235:(ed.). 21935:Reuters 21708:4 March 21682:4 March 21341:2545854 21061:1405052 20999:1042033 20640:, 436. 20617:1818235 20491:4 March 20468:4 March 20399:1405220 20264:4 March 20084:10 June 20053:10 June 19605:4545835 18971:(1977). 18947:3113169 18904:2120336 18842:2120181 18772:4 April 18730:4 April 18633:4 April 18593:4 April 18510:(2004). 18376:(1998). 18340:2638516 18261:1906016 18199:2114256 18157:3114686 17454:2639865 17356:, ch 1. 17182:1985399 16892:, ch 2. 16880:(2000). 16848:1005911 16095:4 March 16061:4 March 16036:4 March 15257:3 March 14754:3 March 14642:2 March 14490:3 March 14456:3 March 14374:4 March 14245:3 March 14210:4 April 14152:4478114 14109:extent. 13864:3153729 13650:7 March 13570:7 March 13437:6 March 13377:2 March 13355:2 March 13328:2 March 13303:2 March 13248:6 March 13221:25 June 12823:4 March 12759:2 March 12416:1.31–53 12065:31 July 12014:8460580 11934:Bibcode 11840:5973796 11819:Bibcode 11783:5048219 11762:Bibcode 11708:. 2022. 11679:4046922 11543:Bibcode 11486:Bibcode 11426:Bibcode 11356:1 March 11282:2993404 11259:Bibcode 10994:Austria 10986:Belgium 10865:in the 10795:. From 10753:In the 10650:Germany 10575:Hungary 10571:Austria 10301:Romania 9972:Comecon 9765:At the 9683:Austria 9671:Hungary 9667:Romania 9571:Denmark 9526:Slovaks 9444:Germany 9173:Gestapo 9118:Gestapo 8614:elected 8573:in 1926 8556:de jure 8102:Namibia 8050:in 1914 7948:Economy 7931:In the 7913:in the 7842:German: 7754:Oceania 7527:added: 7474:of the 7432:federal 7408:Leipzig 7371:of the 7311:of the 7157:Jutland 7130:William 6906:At the 6565:in his 6296:Bavaria 5952:Wieland 5876:Prussia 5840:Hanover 5807:Bamberg 5770:Bavaria 5708:Austria 5704:Prussia 5680:Silesia 5619:Balkans 5579:Hungary 5440:Elector 5239:natural 5098:Science 4976:Altmark 4784:at the 4580:Hungary 4576:Bohemia 4561:Welsers 4557:Fuggers 4527:burgher 4439:geology 4353:to the 4164:painter 4127:, used 4086:abbess 4050:paupers 4028:formed 4010:Cologne 4001:serfdom 3953:Bamberg 3902:Cologne 3861:Cologne 3724:in the 3664:Swabian 3645:Guelphs 3632:Bavaria 3602:became 3596:Henry V 3441:Geza II 3414:marches 3410:heathen 3402:Bohemia 3398:Silesia 3369:of the 3305:kontors 3298:on the 3290:on the 3288:Cologne 3284:Hamburg 3182:Henry V 3174:Canossa 3081:at the 3079:Magyars 2915:by the 2806:Kingdom 2792:, 1450s 2718:In 751 2659:In 718 2635:Marches 2625:in 758; 2526:of the 2500:Belgium 2496:Germany 2473:Odoacer 2471:leader 2396:Francia 2361:Austria 2341:Prussia 2329:Lusatia 2325:marches 2221:Vandals 2211:'s son 2169:Vandals 2131:Bavarii 2117:Rome's 2062:Cologne 2046:Noricum 2036:Tacitus 1978:Cologne 1974:Colonia 1902:Map of 1797:Central 1759:of the 1733: 1 1498:Unetice 1285:Dresden 1179:Neander 908:Britain 843:Bavaria 839:Prussia 835:Austria 807:Prussia 774:of the 711:in the 683:Germany 255:Prussia 251:Bavaria 247:Austria 202:Judaism 192:Economy 153:Germany 33:may be 27226:Portal 27107:Poetry 26934:France 26602:Jersey 26544:Kosovo 26506:Turkey 26496:Sweden 26476:Serbia 26466:Russia 26451:Poland 26446:Norway 26426:Monaco 26396:Latvia 26364:Greece 26349:France 26324:Cyprus 25894:Aragon 25873:Amalfi 25858:Venice 25846:Second 25645:Portal 25500:Cinema 25480:Anthem 25447:Racism 25261:Energy 25075:Rivers 25033:States 25003:, 1848 24839:Modern 24668: 24581: 24426: 24418: 24402: 24345: 24324: 24296: 24286: 24269: 24259: 24170:vol 2. 24135: 24125: 24098:online 24047:online 24023: 23995:online 23985:online 23976:online 23954:online 23929:online 23901: 23891: 23859:online 23804:online 23776: 23750: 23725:online 23509: 23451: 23435: 23425: 23406:online 23377: 23332:online 23316:online 23284: 23217: 23184: 23156: 23128: 23092: 23073: 23063: 23038: 23028: 22997: 22978: 22957: 22924: 22901: 22880: 22870: 22839: 22806: 22785: 22766: 22734: 22704: 22683: 22664: 22656: 22639: 22631: 22614: 22606: 22577: 22517: 22486: 22463: 22432: 22407: 22388: 22363: 22336: 22315: 22287: 22253: 22243: 22216: 22189: 22156: 22134: 22115: 22087: 22053: 22034: 22024: 22002: 21828:DW.COM 21807:7 June 21779:7 June 21603: 21577:(1994) 21491:(1990) 21382: 21347: 21339: 21300: 21263: 21235: 21181: 21067: 21059: 21005: 20997: 20912: 20717:443604 20715: 20678: 20644: 20615: 20547: 20511:online 20434: 20405: 20397: 20356: 20336: 20316: 20289: 20240: 20228:Berlin 19953: 19861:: 9ff. 19770: 19704:(1982) 19672: 19611: 19603: 19460:online 19438: 19396: 19369: 19342: 19287: 19283:–470. 19249: 19165: 19131: 19097: 19063: 19027:(2011) 18953: 18945: 18910: 18902: 18848: 18840: 18706: 18673: 18549: 18462: 18346: 18338: 18259: 18226: 18205: 18197: 18163: 18155: 18090: 18063: 17979: 17973:259809 17971: 17932:18 May 17906:18 May 17852: 17779: 17629: 17621: 17611: 17556: 17548: 17452: 17310: 17180: 16846: 16757: 16730: 16697: 16673: 16648:(2012) 16628: 16579: 16498: 16464: 16305:online 16264: 16230: 16184: 16120: 16086: 16027: 15993: 15935: 15901: 15867: 15833: 15799: 15661: 15622: 15580: 15517:CXXIII 15486:(2015) 15473:(2012) 15460:(2014) 15392: 15331: 15282: 15162: 15128: 15094: 15060: 15026: 14992: 14958: 14924: 14875: 14841: 14781: 14745: 14691: 14633: 14599: 14513:. 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The 7441:Junker 7410:, 1912 7049:German 7019:German 7006:German 6951:Berlin 6569:. The 6522:. The 6404:, 1864 6294:, and 6205:After 6188:Saxony 6154:Under 6127:France 6043:, and 5970:, 1860 5960:Goethe 5956:Herder 5778:Saxony 5772:had a 5739:Russia 5625:. The 5595:Russia 5589:, the 5549:. The 5531:courts 5489:, and 5233:, the 4991:Alsace 4844:Swabia 4840:Alsace 4825:Speyer 4523:cities 4519:schism 4517:, the 4423:chymia 4371:was a 4351:Gothic 4178:, and 4034:clergy 4030:guilds 3989:Erfurt 3955:1493 ( 3919:1493 ( 3917:Munich 3859:, and 3845:Saxony 3801:Papacy 3797:Sicily 3770:Norman 3691:Guelph 3687:Saxony 3636:Saxony 3488:, the 3321:Bergen 3309:London 3296:Bremen 3280:Lübeck 3270:, the 3264:guilds 3245:Lübeck 3144:simony 3036:Aachen 3032:Otto I 2981:Salian 2975:under 2919:in 843 2826:Saxons 2822:tribes 2748:Saxons 2693:alpine 2639:Red = 2594:Saxony 2540:Swabia 2516:Swabia 2492:France 2488:Franks 2383:, and 2353:Styria 2331:, the 2316:, and 2285:, the 2281:, the 2277:, the 2263:German 2209:Attila 2185:Franks 2181:Saxons 2149:, and 2143:Frisii 2139:Saxons 2135:Chatti 2127:Franks 2064:) and 2050:Raetia 2000:Danube 1808:Romans 1793:Slavic 1791:, and 1789:Baltic 1785:Iranic 1777:Celtic 1725: 1714: 1703: 1692: 1684:Celtic 1651:Pyrene 1571:Celtic 1552:, and 1534:Romans 1530:Latins 1524:. The 1477:, the 1394:, and 1023:, the 1021:opened 879:Berlin 847:Saxony 791:Baltic 785:, the 768:Otto I 745:Franks 743:, the 259:Saxony 231:Queens 171:Topics 144:on the 27137:Women 27097:Music 27052:Domes 27042:Dance 26929:Milan 26577:Åland 26491:Spain 26416:Malta 26386:Italy 25863:Genoa 25841:First 25624:Index 25588:Sport 25573:Names 25568:Music 25563:Media 25518:Dance 25390:Women 25355:Crime 25329:Women 25065:Lakes 24739:Goths 24579:S2CID 24117:[ 23116:. In 23057:46–53 23051:[ 22534:[ 22447:. In 22231:. In 21702:(PDF) 21599:–14. 21388:. In 21380:S2CID 21337:JSTOR 21298:S2CID 21259:–82. 21179:S2CID 21065:S2CID 21057:JSTOR 21003:S2CID 20995:JSTOR 20713:JSTOR 20613:JSTOR 20462:(PDF) 20455:(PDF) 20403:S2CID 20395:JSTOR 20047:(PDF) 20040:(PDF) 19768:S2CID 19664:[ 19609:S2CID 19601:JSTOR 19536:(PDF) 19529:(PDF) 18951:S2CID 18943:JSTOR 18908:S2CID 18900:JSTOR 18846:S2CID 18838:JSTOR 18768:. EGO 18547:S2CID 18344:S2CID 18336:JSTOR 18316:(PDF) 18257:JSTOR 18224:JSTOR 18203:S2CID 18195:JSTOR 18161:S2CID 18153:JSTOR 17977:S2CID 17969:JSTOR 17777:S2CID 17554:S2CID 17546:JSTOR 17450:JSTOR 17276:(PDF) 17178:JSTOR 16938:–220. 16867:–302. 16844:JSTOR 15711:(PDF) 15704:(PDF) 15438:. CEP 15436:(PDF) 15329:S2CID 14779:JSTOR 14544:(PDF) 14537:(PDF) 14159:(PDF) 14128:(PDF) 13983:(PDF) 13941:(PDF) 13860:JSTOR 13279:JSTOR 13133:S2CID 12868:JSTOR 12390:S2CID 11970:S2CID 11752:arXiv 11567:S2CID 11449:33580 11171:Notes 10978:Italy 10963:Italy 10947:Delta 10893:Japan 10830:with 10323:Spain 10011:Stasi 9943:Stasi 9877:Stasi 9536:from 9534:Memel 9452:Italy 9448:Japan 8775:Bayer 8392:Posen 8383:Memel 8211:Marne 8136:] 8079:Samoa 7103:1850s 6402:Essen 6288:Baden 5966:, by 5962:– in 5852:Baden 5824:) to 5182:from 5051:(the 4809:Turks 4720:Reich 4290:with 4158:from 4125:Mainz 4060:Rhine 3857:Trier 3853:Mainz 3837:seven 3766:Henry 3762:Mainz 3640:Welfs 3482:state 3428:fiefs 3390:Saale 3386:Balts 3382:Slavs 3325:a war 3292:Rhine 3087:Slavs 3044:Pavia 2832:. On 2788:, by 2752:Avars 2654:Arian 2563:papal 2417:Trier 2229:Suebi 2225:Alans 2156:limes 2086:Trier 2074:Mainz 1996:Rhine 1972:from 1954:Trier 1923:Trier 1841:Aedui 1833:Suebi 1628:Celts 1554:Celts 1228:Ranis 1224:] 1130:from 1057:Syria 737:Rhine 695:Rhine 207:Women 25868:Pisa 25538:Flag 25495:Arts 25161:LGBT 24416:OCLC 24400:ISBN 24343:ISBN 24322:ISBN 24284:ISBN 24257:ISBN 24123:ISBN 24021:ISBN 23889:ISBN 23774:ISBN 23748:ISBN 23507:ISBN 23449:ISBN 23423:ISBN 23395:link 23375:ISBN 23282:ISBN 23215:ISBN 23195:2015 23182:ISBN 23167:2022 23154:ISBN 23139:2015 23126:ISBN 23090:ISBN 23061:ISBN 23026:ISBN 22995:ISBN 22976:ISBN 22955:ASIN 22922:ISBN 22899:ISBN 22868:ISBN 22850:2021 22837:ISBN 22822:2021 22804:ISBN 22783:ISBN 22764:ISBN 22732:ISBN 22715:2015 22702:ISBN 22681:ISBN 22654:OCLC 22629:OCLC 22604:OCLC 22588:2015 22575:ISBN 22544:2015 22515:ISBN 22497:2021 22484:ISBN 22461:ISBN 22430:ISBN 22405:ISBN 22386:ISBN 22361:ISBN 22334:ISBN 22313:ISBN 22285:ISBN 22251:ISSN 22241:ISBN 22214:ISBN 22187:ISBN 22154:ISBN 22132:ISBN 22113:ISBN 22085:ISBN 22051:ISBN 22022:ISBN 22000:ISBN 21809:2017 21781:2017 21755:2016 21710:2019 21684:2019 21601:ISBN 21345:PMID 21261:ISBN 21233:ISSN 21098:2011 20928:The 20910:ISBN 20735:Time 20676:ISBN 20642:ISBN 20545:ISBN 20493:2019 20470:2019 20432:ISBN 20354:ISBN 20334:ISBN 20314:ISBN 20287:ISBN 20266:2019 20238:ISBN 20086:2014 20055:2014 19951:ISBN 19786:link 19735:2009 19670:ISBN 19647:2023 19570:2023 19562:Welt 19544:2011 19512:2023 19436:ISBN 19394:ISBN 19367:ISBN 19340:ISBN 19285:ISBN 19260:2022 19247:ISBN 19226:2022 19201:2022 19176:2022 19163:ISBN 19142:2022 19129:ISBN 19108:2022 19095:ISBN 19074:2022 19061:ISBN 18774:2019 18732:2019 18704:ISBN 18671:ISBN 18635:2019 18595:2019 18460:ISBN 18407:2023 18088:ISBN 18061:ISBN 18016:2019 17934:2019 17908:2019 17882:2019 17850:ISBN 17795:link 17746:2019 17723:2019 17619:OCLC 17609:ISBN 17308:ISBN 17284:2019 17084:2019 16988:2019 16755:ISBN 16728:ISBN 16695:ISBN 16671:ISBN 16626:ISBN 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14167:2024 14148:OCLC 14140:ISSN 14091:ISBN 14042:ISBN 13991:2019 13966:11ff 13949:2019 13909:ISBN 13886:2019 13802:ISBN 13775:ISBN 13744:ISBN 13723:2019 13652:2019 13612:ISBN 13586:ISBN 13572:2019 13559:ISBN 13533:ISBN 13506:ISBN 13485:2019 13439:2019 13379:2019 13357:2019 13330:2019 13305:2019 13269:ISBN 13250:2019 13223:2022 13191:ISBN 13164:ISBN 13090:2019 13047:ISBN 12968:ISBN 12929:ISBN 12825:2019 12794:ISBN 12761:2019 12631:ISBN 12594:ISBN 12591:1ff. 12545:2021 12437:2019 12284:ISBN 12251:ISBN 12223:ISBN 12198:ISBN 12171:ISBN 12144:ISBN 12089:2020 12067:2024 12019:PMID 11962:PMID 11885:ISBN 11845:PMID 11788:PMID 11684:PMID 11601:2013 11559:PMID 11514:PMID 11454:PMID 11381:2020 11358:2019 11345:ISBN 11287:PMID 10950:cron 10809:2021 10805:2013 10803:and 10801:2009 10797:2005 10693:and 10660:The 10573:and 10493:Kohl 10447:Ruhr 10303:and 10215:NATO 10123:NATO 10087:The 10064:Bonn 9915:and 9739:NATO 9528:and 9390:The 9237:Pope 9202:and 9137:and 8869:and 8832:and 8817:and 8785:and 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