55:
1218:
Catholic schools throughout
Bulgaria. The main aims were to disseminate French culture and the French language and to gain prestige and business for France. Indeed, French became the primary foreign language in Bulgaria and the wealthy typically sent their children to elite Roman Catholic French language schools taught by Frenchmen. The prosperous Greek community of southern Bulgaria set up their own network of Greek language primary and secondary schools that promoted Hellenism in order to counter the threat of assimilation into Bulgarian society. In 1888, a university was established. It was renamed the
1241:
Turkish
Macedonia also arrived, while there was relatively little emigration. Ethnic diversity characterized Bulgaria, with an Orthodox Bulgarian base, and numerous enclaves of Turks, Greeks and others. Bulgarian revolutionaries from the Macedonian area (then under Ottoman rule) used Bulgaria as a base, beginning in 1894, to agitate for a formal independence from the Ottoman Empire in order to later more easily reunite Macedonia and Bulgaria. They launched a poorly planned uprising in 1903 that was brutally suppressed, and led to tens of thousands of additional refugees pouring into Bulgaria.
766:
545:
870:, even though this meant also becoming an ally of the Ottomans, Bulgaria's traditional enemy. But Bulgaria now had no claims against the Ottomans, whereas Serbia, Greece and Romania (allies of Britain and France) were all in possession of lands perceived in Bulgaria as Bulgarian. Bulgaria was content to sit on the fence and observe the fortunes of war before deciding whether to declare their sympathies. Bulgaria, recuperating from the Balkan Wars, sat out the first year of
799:
905:
parties representing other classes in order to be effective in bringing change to
Bulgaria. Because of their "broad outlook" this group of socialists was known as the "broads." The second group of socialists in Bulgaria were purists and refused to work with parties of different classes. They were called the "narrows." Eventually, the broads formed themselves into the Bulgarian Social Democratic Party and the narrows became the Bulgarian Communist Party.
370:
624:
811:), stating that the Bulgarian army had failed to accomplish its pre-war goals at Adrianople (i. e., failing to capture it without Serbian help) and that the pre-war agreements on the division of Macedonia had to be revised. Some circles in Bulgaria inclined toward going to war with Serbia and Greece on this issue. In June 1913 Serbia and Greece formed a new alliance, against Bulgaria. The Serbian Prime Minister,
1145:, but formally renounced all claims to Greek and Yugoslav territory. To prevent further disputes 150,000 Bulgarians were expelled from Greek Thrace. The Communists deliberately took a minor role in the new government at first, but the Soviet representatives were the real power in the country. A Communist-controlled People's Militia was set up, which harassed and intimidated non-Communist parties.
576:, especially Great Britain and Austria-Hungary, refused to agree to the treaty and insisted it be revised. The British were concerned over the safety of their routes to the Suez Canal and India. The sovereigns of the Austro-Hungarian Empire feared that the establishment of a large independent Slavic state in the Balkans would encourage their own Slavic subjects to seek independence.
599:, and including Sofia. This state was to be under nominal Ottoman sovereignty but was to be ruled by a prince elected by a congress of Bulgarian notables meeting in Turnovo as the Bulgarian Principality's Constituent Assembly, on February 10, 1879 and approved by the Powers. They insisted that the Prince could not be a Russian, but in a compromise Prince
1232:
Bulgarian government until the 1970s. They were protected as a minority group under international law by various treaties and agreements, including the Treaty of Berlin (1878). For over a century, this protection enabled
Bulgaria's Turks to develop separate religious and cultural organizations, schools, a local Turkish press, and a literature.
1134:
border. The government, in a desperate attempt at avoiding a Soviet occupation, declared war on
Germany, but the Soviets could not be put off, and on September 8 they declared war on Bulgaria – which thus found itself for a few days at war with both Germany and the Soviet Union. On September 16, the Soviet army entered Sofia.
827:, Tsar Ferdinand declared war on Serbia and Greece and the Bulgarian army attacked on June 29. The Serbian and the Greek forces were initially on the retreat on the western border, but they soon took the upper hand and forced Bulgaria into retreat. The fighting was very harsh, with many casualties, especially during the key
693:). In 1903 there was a Bulgarian insurrection in Ottoman Macedonia and war seemed likely. In 1908 Ferdinand used the struggles between the Great Powers to declare Bulgaria a fully independent kingdom, with himself as Tsar, which he did on 5 October (though celebrated on 22 September, as Bulgaria remained officially on the
1240:
The first decade of the century saw sustained prosperity, with steady urban growth. The capital of Sofia grew by a factor of 600% from 20,000 population in 1878 to 120,000 in 1912, primarily from peasants who arrived from the villages to become labourers tradesmen and office seekers. Refugees from
1208:
was the dominant political philosophy in the countryside, as the peasantry organized a movement independent of any existing party. In 1899, the
Bulgarian Agrarian Union was formed, bringing together rural intellectuals such as teachers with ambitious peasants. It promoted modern farming practices, as
916:
In
September 1918 the Serbs, British, French and Greeks broke through on the Macedonian front and Tsar Ferdinand was forced to sue for peace. Stamboliyski favoured democratic reforms, not a revolution. Alexander Stamboliyski made his first appearance on the Bulgarian political scene in 1903 as member
1231:
While most
Turkish officials, landowners, businessmen and professionals left after 1878, some Turkish peasant villages persisted, comprising perhaps as much as 10% of Bulgaria's population. They were largely self-governing, continued their traditional religion and language, and were tolerated by the
1217:
The government promoted modernization, with special emphasis on building a network of elementary and secondary schools. By 1910, there were 4,800 elementary schools, 330 lyceums, 27 high schools, and 113 vocational schools. From 1878 to 1933 France funded numerous libraries, research institutes, and
1133:
But it was the Soviet army which was rapidly advancing towards
Bulgaria. In August 1944, Bulgaria unilaterally announced its withdrawal from the war and asked the German troops to leave: Bulgarian troops were hastily withdrawn from Greece and Yugoslavia. In September the Soviets crossed the northern
668:
These events made
Alexander very popular in Bulgaria, but Russia was increasingly dissatisfied with his liberal tendencies. In August 1886 they fomented a coup, in the course of which Alexander was forced to abdicate and was exiled to Russia. Stambolov, however, acted quickly and the participants in
1203:
Bulgaria emerged from Turkish rule as a poor, underdeveloped agricultural country, with little industry or natural resources. Most of the land was owned by small farmers, with peasants comprising 80% of the population of 3.8 million in 1900. The few Turkish nobles left and large land holdings were
1148:
In February 1945 the new realities of power in Bulgaria were shown when Prince Kirill and hundreds of other officials of the old regime were arrested on charges of war crimes. By June Kirill and the other regents, 22 former ministers and many others had been executed. In September 1946 the monarchy
904:
of February 1917 had a great effect in Bulgaria, spreading antiwar and anti-monarchist sentiment among the troops and in the cities. Membership in socialist parties in Bulgaria boomed. However, the socialists in Bulgaria were badly split ideologically. One group sought to work with other political
806:
Bulgaria sustained the heaviest casualties of any of the allies, and on this basis felt entitled to the largest share of the spoils. The Serbs in particular did not see things this way, and refused to vacate any of the territory they had seized in northern Macedonia (that is, the territory roughly
773:
The allies had an astonishing success. The Bulgarian army inflicted several defeats on the Ottoman forces and advanced threateningly against Istanbul, while the Serbs and the Greeks took control of Macedonia. The Ottomans sued for peace in December. Negotiations broke down, and fighting resumed in
673:
as their new Prince. Ferdinand was the "Austrian candidate" and the Russians refused to recognize him despite his friendship with Tsar Alexander III. Ferdinand initially worked with Stambolov, but by 1894 their relationship worsened. Stambolov resigned and was assassinated in July 1895. Ferdinand
651:
and used the momentum to launch a counterattack. The Serbian army was pushed deeply into Serbian territory, but Bulgaria was forced to halt its advance after the Austro-Hungarian Empire threatened to intervene on the Serbian side. The unification was accepted by the Powers in the form of personal
895:
in October), advancing into Greek Macedonia, and taking Dobruja from the Romanians in September 1916, the war soon became unpopular with the majority of Bulgarian people, who suffered great economic hardship and also disliked fighting their fellow Orthodox Christians in alliance with the Muslim
931:
The poor harvest and hard times of 1907 brought BANU to the fore again. In the 1908 elections BANU received 11.2% of the vote and obtained 23 seats in Bulgaria's unicameral parliament. In the August 1919 elections, BANU received 31.02% of the vote. In order to head off the revolutionaries,
831:. Soon Romania entered the war and attacked Bulgaria from the north. The Ottoman Empire also attacked from the south-east. The war was now definitely lost for Bulgaria, which had to abandon most of her claims of Macedonia to Serbia and Greece, while the revived Ottomans retook Adrianople.
1157:
won in a single-party election. The Agrarians refused to co-operate with the new regime, and in June 1947 their leader Nikola Petkov was arrested. Despite strong international protests he was executed in September. This marked the final establishment of a Communist regime in Bulgaria.
661:
758:. The treaties provided for the partition of Macedonia and Thrace between the allies, although the lines of partition were left dangerously vague. After the Ottomans refused to implement reforms in the disputed areas, the First Balkan War broke out in October 1912. (See
964:
had to leave the Yugoslav Macedonia. Nevertheless, Stamboliyski was able to carry through many social reforms, although opposition from the Tsar, the landlords and the officers of the much-reduced but still influential army was powerful. Another bitter enemy was the
778:
to a combined Bulgarian-Serbian task force. A second armistice followed in March, with the Ottomans losing all their European possessions west of the Midia-Enos line, not far from Istanbul. Bulgaria gained possession of most of Thrace, including Adrianople and the
1222:
in 1904, where the three faculties of history and philology, physics and mathematics, and law produced civil servants for national and local government offices. It became the center of German and Russian intellectual, philosophical and theological influences.
959:
Stamboliyski faced huge social problems in what was still a poor country inhabited mostly by peasant smallholders. Bulgaria was saddled with huge war reparations to Yugoslavia and Romania, and had to deal with the problem of refugees as pro-Bulgarian
874:, but when Germany promised to restore the boundaries of the Treaty of San Stefano, Bulgaria, which had the largest army in the Balkans, declared war on Serbia in October 1915. Britain, France and Italy then declared war on Bulgaria.
639:. Prince Alexander had conservative leanings, and at first opposed Stambolov's policies, but by 1885 he had become sufficiently sympathetic to his new country to change his mind, and supported the Liberals. He also supported the
717:. Relying in part on nationwide support on the part of the Principality of Bulgaria, IMARO got down to organizing a network of committees in Macedonia and Thrace. On 2 August 1903 a mass armed uprising, known in history as the
1114:. Partisans operated in the mountainous west and south. By 1944 it was obvious that Germany was losing the war and the regime began to look for a way out. Bozhilov resigned in May, and his successor
1170:), Bulgaria ultimately deported some portions of the Jewish population under its control. Bulgaria deported over 7000 Jews from Macedonia which was under their occupation. Plans were made to deport
1178:) from political and clerical leaders stopped further cooperation, saving all of the 50,000 Jews in the country. However, in March 1943 almost 12,000 Jews in Thrace and Macedonia, were deported to
1141:, setting up a broad coalition under the former ruler Kimon Georgiev and including the Social Democrats and the Agrarians. Under the terms of the peace settlement, Bulgaria was allowed to keep
1166:
After a series of anti-Jewish legislation starting in 1940 (e.g. Jews were excluded from public service, banned from certain areas, restricted economically, and not allowed to intermarry; see
669:
the coup were forced to flee the country. Stambolov tried to reinstate Alexander, but strong Russian opposition forced the prince to abdicate again. In July 1887 the Bulgarians elected
858:
In the aftermath of the Balkan Wars Bulgarian opinion turned against Russia and the western powers, whom the Bulgarians felt had done nothing to help them. The government of
709:
The main external political problem confronting Bulgaria throughout the period up to World War I was the fate of Macedonia and Eastern Thrace. At the end of 19th century the
1095:
In August 1943 Tsar Boris died suddenly after returning from Germany (possibly assassinated, although this has never been proved) and was succeeded by his six-year-old son
643:, which was brought about by a coup in Plovdiv in September 1885. The Powers did not intervene because of the power struggles between them. Shortly after, Serbia declared
980:
In March 1923 Stamboliyski signed an agreement with Yugoslavia recognising the new border and agreeing to suppress VMRO. This triggered a nationalist reaction, and on
710:
725:
and make them advocate for the improvement of the living conditions for the population through legal and economic reforms. After three months of fierce battles the
1088:. When Yugoslavia and Greece were defeated, Bulgaria was allowed to occupy all of Greek Thrace and most of Macedonia. Bulgaria declared war on Britain and the
1008:
took office. An amnesty was proclaimed, although the Communists remained banned. The Agrarians reorganised and won elections in 1931 under the leadership of
1106:
Resistance to the Germans and the Bulgarian regime was widespread by 1943, co-ordinated mainly by the Communists. Together with the Agrarians, now led by
747:, set about forming an alliance with Greece and Serbia, and the three allies agreed to put aside their rivalries to plan a joint attack on the Ottomans.
923:
1153:
becoming president and Dimitrov becoming prime minister. Free elections promised for 1946 were boycotted by the opposition, and in November 1945, the
908:
In June, 1919, Radoslavov's government resigned. Mutinies broke out in the army, Stamboliyski was released from prison and a republic was proclaimed.
1883:
498:(27 November 1919), in accordance with which Bulgaria lost further territory. Social problems and political instability persisted throughout the
17:
966:
351:
398:
956:). Elections in March 1920 gave the Agrarians a large majority, and Stamboliyski formed Bulgaria's first genuinely democratic government.
591:(1878), one that scaled back the proposed Bulgarian state. An autonomous Principality of Bulgaria was created, between the Danube and the
815:, told Greece it could have Thrace if Greece helped Serbia keep Bulgaria out of Serbian part of Macedonia, and the Greek Prime Minister
969:(VMRO), which favoured a war to regain Macedonia for Bulgaria. Faced with this array of enemies, Stamboliyski allied himself with the
1648:
698:
996:
fled to the Soviet Union. There was savage repression in 1925 following the second of two failed attempts on the Tsar's life in the
2112:
1931:
750:
In February 1912 a secret treaty was signed between Bulgaria and Serbia, and in May 1912 a similar treaty was signed with Greece.
325:
1528:
1187:
1890:
940:(November 1919), Bulgaria lost its Aegean coastline to Greece and nearly all of its Macedonian territory to the new state of
1543:. Todorov, T. (1999) The Fragility of Goodness: Why Bulgaria's Jews Survived the Holocaust, London, Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
1964:
1751:
1027:
established with the backing of Tsar Boris. In April 1935 Boris took power himself, ruling through puppet Prime Ministers
1959:
718:
285:
2166:
1510:
1315:
918:
721:, broke out in Macedonia and Thrace. Its aim was to liberate those regions, or at least to draw the attention of the
412:
391:
259:
1092:, but resisted German pressure to declare war on the Soviet Union, fearful of pro-Russian sentiment in the country.
647:
on Bulgaria in the hope of grabbing territory while the Bulgarians were distracted. The Bulgarians defeated them at
1709:
1167:
1149:
was abolished by plebiscite, and young Tsar Simeon was sent into exile. The Communists now openly took power, with
1122:
527:
317:
1260:
1138:
1099:. Power was held by a council of regents headed by the young Tsar's uncle, Prince Kirill. The new prime minister,
1020:
981:
1871:
1756:
1714:
1301:
1274:
236:
172:
1040:
548:
Borders of Bulgaria according to the Treaty of San Stefano of 3 March 1878 and the subsequent Treaty of Berlin
1832:
1641:
2171:
1988:
1878:
1796:
1183:
1179:
1056:
726:
511:
384:
363:
346:
309:
231:
107:
34:
2102:
1859:
1761:
1154:
1111:
937:
891:
and the Ottomans, won military victories against Serbia and Romania, occupying much of Macedonia (taking
853:
690:
495:
483:
301:
1565:
Nedyalka Videva, and Stilian Yotov, "European Moral Values and their Reception in Bulgarian Education,"
1900:
1781:
1307:
1270:
1047:
of 1938 restored good relations with Yugoslavia and Greece, the territorial issue continued to simmer.
432:
341:
223:
180:
72:
1746:
1082:
997:
970:
154:
1265:
2060:
2025:
1842:
1822:
1699:
1634:
1096:
681:. To complicate matters, Serbia and Greece too made claims over parts of Macedonia. Thus began the
539:
478:
against its former allies Serbia and Greece and lost territory it had gained in the first war. The
420:
146:
80:
1035:(1940–1943). The Tsar's regime banned all opposition parties and took Bulgaria into alliance with
1954:
1926:
1847:
1689:
989:
897:
670:
600:
471:
444:
428:
416:
138:
713:
was founded and began the preparation of an armed uprising in the regions still occupied by the
2050:
1866:
1837:
1684:
1085:
765:
744:
722:
674:
then decided to restore relations with Russia, which meant returning to a conservative policy.
604:
588:
251:
99:
677:
There was a substantial Bulgarian population still living under Ottoman rule, particularly in
2015:
2005:
1974:
1895:
1827:
1766:
1724:
1255:
1250:
1115:
961:
933:
816:
640:
553:
463:
927:(Agrarian Banner) which became the voice of BANU. In 1906 Stamboliyski became the Editor of
2092:
2032:
1941:
1810:
828:
819:
agreed. Seeing this as a violation of the pre-war agreements, and discreetly encouraged by
632:
193:
112:
8:
2131:
2042:
1969:
1914:
1704:
1666:
1219:
1074:
1004:). But in 1926 the Tsar persuaded Tsankov to resign and a more moderate government under
901:
648:
644:
277:
243:
198:
43:
2087:
2055:
2010:
1936:
1679:
1281:
1028:
985:
678:
569:
162:
120:
91:
572:. Fearing the establishment of a large Russian client state in the Balkans, the other
544:
2140:
2107:
2097:
2077:
2065:
2000:
1786:
1506:
1311:
984:
after which Stamboliykski was assassinated (beheaded). A right wing government under
812:
584:
580:
475:
459:
455:
427:. Although remaining under Ottoman sovereignty, it functioned independently, taking
2082:
1736:
1694:
1674:
1525:
1142:
1016:
949:
878:
859:
836:
636:
503:
467:
207:
188:
130:
64:
2145:
1854:
1532:
1078:
1009:
1005:
993:
888:
867:
824:
808:
694:
608:
499:
491:
479:
436:
374:
447:
as prince in 1887. Full independence from Ottoman control was declared in 1908.
2070:
1175:
1125:
in late 1943 and early 1944, with raids on other major cities following later.
1100:
1024:
953:
802:
Boundaries on the Balkans after the First and the Second Balkan War (1912–1913)
788:
714:
596:
443:. Following Prince Alexander's abdication (1886), a Bulgarian Assembly elected
440:
424:
2160:
1946:
1150:
1107:
1089:
1023:, the Agrarians were again suppressed, and an authoritarian regime headed by
863:
820:
795:(which went to Greece), but only some small areas along her western borders.
755:
612:
592:
487:
1070:
1062:
1036:
1032:
974:
792:
573:
515:
1791:
1205:
1174:
in 1943, and 20,000 were expelled from Sofia, but protests (initiated by
1110:, the Social Democrats and even with many army officers they founded the
1044:
1015:
Just when political stability had been restored, the full effects of the
871:
798:
759:
738:
729:
crushed the uprising using much cruelty against the civilian population.
686:
682:
507:
451:
293:
215:
936:. The revolutionaries were suppressed and the army disbanded. Under the
685:, a five-sided struggle for control of these areas which lasted through
2020:
1578:
Bilâl Simsir, "The Turkish Minority in Bulgaria: History and Culture,"
1001:
941:
780:
775:
751:
784:
623:
523:
1626:
1204:
uncommon, but there were many poor peasants living on the margins.
1019:
hit Bulgaria, and social tensions rose again. In May 1934 there was
615:
range, whereas Macedonia reverted to the sovereignty of the Sultan.
1657:
988:
took power, backed by the Tsar, the army and the VMRO, who waged a
557:
519:
54:
932:
Stamboliyski persuaded Ferdinand to abdicate in favour of his son
1741:
1077:), in September 1940. In March 1941 Bulgaria formally signed the
1066:
945:
884:
832:
791:). Bulgaria also gained a slice of Macedonia, north and east of
607:, was chosen. An autonomous Ottoman province under the name of
992:
against the Agrarians and the Communists. The Communist leader
892:
660:
565:
561:
1771:
1619:
The Balkans: Nationalism, War and the Great Powers, 1804–1999
1081:
and German troops entered the country in preparation for the
921:(BANU). In 1902 two agrarian newspapers were merged to form
560:
Bulgarian state, which comprised the geographical regions of
435:
in 1879. In 1885 Alexander took control of the still-Ottoman
1065:, faced by an invasion and bribed by the return of southern
1776:
1171:
944:, and had to give Dobruja back to the Romanians (see also
711:
Internal Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization
526:
government came to power (1944–1946) and established the
1118:
tried to arrange negotiations with the western Allies.
1000:(the first attempt took place in the mountain pass of
618:
1552:
John Bell, "The Genesis of Agrarianism in Bulgaria,"
1470:
1468:
595:
range, with its seat at the old Bulgarian capital of
1591:
R. J. Crampton, "The Turks in Bulgaria, 1878–1944,"
900:, was imprisoned for his opposition to the war. The
635:, and power soon passed to the Liberal Party led by
1526:ADL HONORS BULGARIA FOR SAVING JEWS FROM HOLOCAUST
1503:A Chronology of Conflict and Resolution, 1945–1985
1465:
1334:(Oxford University Press: Oxford, 2007) pp.93–94.
470:. Bulgaria, however, unhappy with the resulting
2158:
1061:Under Filov's government Bulgaria drifted into
967:Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization
466:against the Ottoman Empire, and together they
1642:
454:, Bulgaria initially formed an alliance with
392:
494:, and the Ottoman Empire. Defeat led to the
641:Unification of Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia
518:advanced towards its territory (1944), the
468:conquered a great deal of Ottoman territory
1649:
1635:
1137:The Fatherland Front took office in Sofia
842:
399:
385:
1593:International Journal of Turkish Studies,
1580:International Journal of Turkish Studies,
1569:March 2001, Vol. 53 Issue 1/2, pp 119–128
1050:
1103:, was in most respects a German puppet.
797:
764:
743:In 1911 the Nationalist Prime Minister,
659:
622:
543:
506:(1939–1945), Bulgaria again allied with
244:Establishment of the Bulgarian Exarchate
1299:
14:
2159:
1616:
1500:
1494:
1446:
1369:
1261:European balance of power#19th century
1186:, where they were murdered. See also:
512:Sofia attempted to pull out of the war
1656:
1630:
1128:
911:
896:Ottomans. The Agrarian Party leader,
1582:Jan 1989, Vol. 4 Issue 2, pp 159–178
1168:The Law for Protection of the Nation
883:Although Bulgaria, in alliance with
704:
619:Personal Union with Eastern Rumelia
24:
1595:Jan 1989, Vol. 4 Issue 2, pp 43–78
1188:Bulgarian Jews During World War II
732:
25:
2183:
1567:Studies in East European Thought,
1193:
1121:Meanwhile, the capital Sofia was
919:Bulgarian Agrarian National Union
774:February 1913. The Ottomans lost
769:Bulgarian dead in the Balkan Wars
1303:Sovereignty: Organized Hypocrisy
1266:History of Europe#Nations rising
1161:
633:advanced democratic constitution
556:of March 3, 1878 provided for a
522:invaded (September 1944), and a
419:set up an autonomous state, the
368:
53:
1610:
1598:
1585:
1572:
1559:
1556:1975, Vol. 16 Issue 2, pp 73–92
1546:
1537:
1519:
1481:
1452:
1440:
1427:
1235:
1069:from Romania, on the orders of
579:As a result, German Chancellor
18:History of Independent Bulgaria
1414:
1401:
1388:
1375:
1363:
1350:
1337:
1324:
1293:
1275:National awakening of Bulgaria
1209:well as elementary education.
1198:
1043:. Although the signing of the
998:bomb attack on Sofia Cathedral
973:and opened relations with the
847:
719:Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising
671:Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha
611:was also created south of the
286:Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising
13:
1:
1505:. New York: Greenwood Press.
1287:
528:People's Republic of Bulgaria
84:
1300:Krasner, Stephen D. (1999).
1212:
1057:Bulgaria during World War II
807:corresponding to the modern
655:
533:
7:
1244:
938:Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine
854:Bulgaria during World War I
691:Bulgaria during World War I
583:and British Prime Minister
496:Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine
10:
2188:
1308:Princeton University Press
1271:Bulgarian National Revival
1054:
876:
851:
754:was also brought into the
736:
664:Tsar Ferdinand of Bulgaria
631:The Bulgarians adopted an
627:Balkan states around 1900.
537:
2125:
2041:
1996:
1987:
1922:
1913:
1818:
1809:
1732:
1723:
1665:
1123:bombed by Allied aircraft
971:Bulgarian Communist Party
2167:19th century in Bulgaria
1621:, New York: Viking Press
1501:Jessup, John E. (1989).
1226:
1083:Axis invasions of Greece
540:Principality of Bulgaria
421:Principality of Bulgaria
1690:Second Bulgarian Empire
1139:following a coup d'état
982:9 June there was a coup
898:Aleksandar Stamboliyski
843:War and social conflict
699:St Forty Martyrs Church
601:Alexander of Battenberg
587:, supervised a revised
510:(March 1941). Although
429:Alexander of Battenberg
415:of 1877–1878, the 1878
139:Second Bulgarian Empire
1960:Science and technology
1685:First Bulgarian Empire
1617:Glenny, Misha (1999),
1604:Pundeff, 1992 pp 65–70
1051:World War II and after
862:aligned Bulgaria with
803:
770:
745:Ivan Evstratiev Geshov
665:
628:
549:
486:(1915–1918) alongside
352:Struggle for Macedonia
181:Fragmentation and fall
173:Recovery and expansion
100:First Bulgarian Empire
1256:Bulgarian unification
1251:Bulgarian irredentism
1116:Ivan Ivanov Bagryanov
817:Eleftherios Venizelos
801:
768:
663:
626:
554:Treaty of San Stefano
547:
472:division of territory
439:, officially under a
270:Third Bulgarian State
2113:World Heritage Sites
1872:Chief of the Defence
829:Battle of Bregalnica
2172:Kingdom of Bulgaria
1932:Economic statistics
1715:Bulgaria since 1990
1220:University of Sofia
1075:Second Vienna Award
835:took possession of
701:in Veliko Tarnovo.
697:until 1916) in the
603:, a nephew of Tsar
375:Bulgaria portal
278:Serbo-Bulgarian War
1680:Old Great Bulgaria
1531:2011-01-11 at the
1282:September Uprising
1129:The communist coup
1029:Georgi Kyoseivanov
986:Aleksandar Tsankov
912:The interwar years
902:Russian Revolution
804:
771:
666:
629:
550:
163:Darman and Kudelin
131:Byzantine Bulgaria
121:Cometopuli dynasty
95:7th cent., 632–668
92:Old Great Bulgaria
2154:
2153:
2121:
2120:
1983:
1982:
1909:
1908:
1891:Political parties
1879:National Assembly
1833:Foreign relations
1805:
1804:
1787:Rhodope Mountains
1710:People's Republic
585:Benjamin Disraeli
581:Otto von Bismarck
484:Bulgaria fighting
450:In the 1912–1913
413:Russo-Turkish War
409:
408:
147:Second Golden Age
16:(Redirected from
2179:
2134:
1994:
1993:
1950:
1920:
1919:
1816:
1815:
1752:Cities and towns
1742:Balkan Peninsula
1737:Balkan Mountains
1730:
1729:
1675:Odrysian kingdom
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1297:
1155:Fatherland Front
1143:Southern Dobruja
1112:Fatherland Front
1031:(1935–1940) and
1017:Great Depression
950:Western Outlands
929:Zemedelsko Zname
924:Zemedelsko Zname
879:Serbian campaign
860:Vasil Radoslavov
837:southern Dobruja
705:Ilinden Uprising
637:Stefan Stambolov
589:Treaty of Berlin
504:Second World War
482:(1914–1918) saw
417:Treaty of Berlin
401:
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347:Military history
342:List of monarchs
330:
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224:National Revival
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108:Christianization
104:
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2103:Public holidays
2037:
1979:
1948:
1905:
1801:
1747:Black Sea coast
1719:
1661:
1655:
1613:
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1573:
1564:
1560:
1554:Balkan Studies,
1551:
1547:
1542:
1538:
1533:Wayback Machine
1524:
1520:
1513:
1499:
1495:
1487:R. J. Compton,
1486:
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1474:R. J. Compton,
1473:
1466:
1458:R. J. Compton,
1457:
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1445:
1441:
1433:R. J. Compton,
1432:
1428:
1420:R. J. Compton,
1419:
1415:
1407:R. J. Compton,
1406:
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1394:R. J. Compton,
1393:
1389:
1381:R. J. Compton,
1380:
1376:
1368:
1364:
1355:
1351:
1343:R. J. Compton,
1342:
1338:
1330:R. J. Compton,
1329:
1325:
1318:
1310:. p. 165.
1298:
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1247:
1238:
1229:
1215:
1201:
1196:
1164:
1131:
1079:Tripartite Pact
1059:
1053:
1010:Nikola Mushanov
1006:Andrey Lyapchev
994:Georgi Dimitrov
914:
889:Austria-Hungary
881:
868:Austria-Hungary
856:
850:
845:
825:Austria-Hungary
809:North Macedonia
741:
735:
733:The Balkan Wars
707:
695:Julian Calendar
658:
621:
609:Eastern Rumelia
542:
536:
500:Interwar period
492:Austria-Hungary
480:First World War
437:Eastern Rumelia
405:
369:
367:
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328:
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2018:
2013:
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2003:
1997:
1991:
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1965:Stock Exchange
1962:
1957:
1952:
1944:
1939:
1934:
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1917:
1911:
1910:
1907:
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1901:Prime Minister
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1197:
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1194:Social history
1192:
1176:Dimitar Peshev
1163:
1160:
1130:
1127:
1101:Dobri Bozhilov
1086:and Yugoslavia
1055:Main article:
1052:
1049:
1025:Kimon Georgiev
954:Western Thrace
913:
910:
877:Main article:
852:Main article:
849:
846:
844:
841:
789:Alexandroupoli
762:for details.)
737:Main article:
734:
731:
706:
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558:self-governing
538:Main article:
535:
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425:Ottoman Empire
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68:460 BC – 46 AD
59:
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9:
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2019:
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2014:
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1968:
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1955:National bank
1953:
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1945:
1943:
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1935:
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1568:
1562:
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1549:
1540:
1534:
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1527:
1522:
1514:
1512:0-313-24308-5
1508:
1504:
1497:
1490:
1484:
1477:
1471:
1469:
1461:
1455:
1449:, p. 311
1448:
1443:
1436:
1430:
1423:
1417:
1410:
1404:
1397:
1391:
1384:
1378:
1372:, p. 168
1371:
1366:
1359:
1353:
1346:
1340:
1333:
1327:
1319:
1317:0-691-00711-X
1313:
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1233:
1224:
1221:
1210:
1207:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1162:The Holocaust
1159:
1156:
1152:
1151:Vasil Kolarov
1146:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1126:
1124:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1108:Nikola Petkov
1104:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1091:
1090:United States
1087:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1058:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1041:Fascist Italy
1038:
1034:
1030:
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1022:
1018:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1003:
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995:
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983:
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972:
968:
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943:
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926:
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894:
890:
886:
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826:
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763:
761:
757:
753:
748:
746:
740:
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728:
724:
720:
716:
715:Ottoman Turks
712:
702:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
675:
672:
662:
653:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
625:
616:
614:
613:Stara Planina
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
593:Stara Planina
590:
586:
582:
577:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
552:The proposed
546:
541:
531:
530:(1946–1990).
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
448:
446:
442:
438:
434:
431:as its first
430:
426:
423:, within the
422:
418:
414:
402:
397:
395:
390:
388:
383:
382:
380:
379:
376:
365:
364:Main category
362:
361:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
339:
338:
337:
327:
324:
319:
318:Communist era
316:
311:
308:
303:
300:
295:
292:
287:
284:
279:
276:
275:
271:
268:
261:
258:
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217:
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209:
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156:
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137:
132:
129:
122:
119:
114:
111:
109:
106:
105:
101:
98:
93:
90:
87:6th–7th cent.
82:
79:
74:
71:
66:
63:
62:
61:
60:
56:
52:
51:
48:
42:
41:
36:
31:
30:
27:
19:
2061:Coat of arms
2026:Demographics
1867:Armed Forces
1843:Human rights
1823:Constitution
1700:Principality
1618:
1611:Bibliography
1600:
1592:
1587:
1579:
1574:
1566:
1561:
1553:
1548:
1539:
1521:
1502:
1496:
1488:
1483:
1475:
1459:
1454:
1442:
1434:
1429:
1421:
1416:
1408:
1403:
1395:
1390:
1382:
1377:
1365:
1357:
1352:
1344:
1339:
1331:
1326:
1302:
1295:
1239:
1236:Urbanization
1230:
1216:
1202:
1165:
1147:
1136:
1132:
1120:
1105:
1094:
1063:World War II
1060:
1037:Nazi Germany
1033:Bogdan Filov
1021:another coup
1014:
990:White terror
979:
975:Soviet Union
958:
928:
922:
915:
907:
882:
857:
813:Nikola Pašić
805:
793:Thessaloniki
772:
749:
742:
727:Ottoman army
723:Great Powers
708:
676:
667:
630:
605:Alexander II
578:
574:Great Powers
551:
516:Soviet Union
449:
410:
310:World War II
273:1878–present
269:
26:
1927:Agriculture
1884:Chairperson
1860:enforcement
1792:Sredna Gora
1757:Earthquakes
1447:Glenny 1999
1370:Glenny 1999
1206:Agrarianism
1199:Agrarianism
1045:Balkan Pact
962:Macedonians
872:World War I
848:World War I
760:Balkan Wars
739:Balkan Wars
687:World War I
683:Balkan Wars
476:went to war
452:Balkan Wars
445:Ferdinand I
302:World War I
294:Balkan Wars
73:Roman times
44:History of
2161:Categories
2093:Literature
1949:(currency)
1838:Government
1288:References
1002:Arabakonak
942:Yugoslavia
776:Adrianople
752:Montenegro
464:Montenegro
411:After the
329:since 1990
219:after 1413
216:Resistance
113:Golden Age
2016:Languages
2006:Education
1975:Transport
1896:President
1828:Elections
1767:Provinces
1725:Geography
1491:, p. 221.
1478:, p. 183.
1462:, p. 218.
1437:, p. 132.
1411:, p. 102.
1398:, p. 101.
1213:Education
1184:Treblinka
1180:Auschwitz
1097:Simeon II
934:Boris III
785:Dedeagach
679:Macedonia
656:Ferdinand
649:Slivnitsa
570:Macedonia
534:1878–1912
524:communist
502:. In the
355:1893–1944
321:1946–1990
313:1941–1945
305:1915–1918
297:1912–1913
263:1877–1878
227:1762–1878
211:1396–1878
184:1371–1396
176:1300–1371
166:1273–1291
158:1274–1300
150:1230–1241
142:1185–1396
134:1018–1185
81:Dark Ages
2141:Category
2088:Language
2033:Religion
1942:Industry
1811:Politics
1797:Villages
1658:Bulgaria
1529:Archived
1489:Bulgaria
1476:Bulgaria
1460:Bulgaria
1435:Bulgaria
1422:Bulgaria
1409:Bulgaria
1396:Bulgaria
1385:, p. 96.
1383:Bulgaria
1360:, p. 94.
1358:Bulgaria
1347:, p. 94.
1345:Bulgaria
1332:Bulgaria
1245:See also
783:port of
520:Red Army
124:968–1018
103:681–1018
46:Bulgaria
35:a series
33:Part of
2132:Outline
2078:Customs
2066:Cuisine
2043:Culture
1989:Society
1970:Tourism
1915:Economy
1762:Islands
1705:Tsardom
1667:History
1424:p. 128.
1067:Dobruja
946:Dobruja
917:of the
885:Germany
864:Germany
833:Romania
821:Germany
787:(today
652:union.
514:as the
508:Germany
488:Germany
474:, soon
194:Dobruja
116:896–927
2146:Portal
2108:Sports
2083:Dances
2056:Cinema
2021:People
2011:Health
1937:Energy
1782:Rivers
1509:
1314:
1071:Hitler
893:Skopje
781:Aegean
566:Thrace
562:Moesia
460:Serbia
456:Greece
433:prince
199:Lovech
76:46–681
37:on the
2098:Music
2051:Media
2001:Crime
1772:Pirin
1227:Turks
1073:(see
232:Early
189:Vidin
2071:wine
1947:Lev
1848:LGBT
1777:Rila
1507:ISBN
1312:ISBN
1273:and
1182:and
1172:Jews
1039:and
866:and
823:and
756:pact
568:and
462:and
289:1903
281:1885
255:1876
247:1870
237:Late
1855:Law
645:war
2163::
1467:^
1306:.
1190:.
1012:.
977:.
952:,
948:,
887:,
839:.
564:,
490:,
458:,
85:c.
1650:e
1643:t
1636:v
1623:.
1515:.
1320:.
689:(
400:e
393:t
386:v
20:)
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