426:. In these and other dry periods, the desert stretched repeatedly far to the north and south; its sand dunes can be found far beyond the present-day borders of the Sahara. Human traces can only be expected in the rainier green phases. It is possible that anatomically modern humans, which perhaps developed in the said isolated phase 300,000 to 200,000 years ago south of the Sahara, already in the long green phase over 200,000 years ago the water-rich area at that time. Even around 125,000 to 110,000 years ago there was an adequate network of waterways that allowed numerous animal species to spread northward, followed by human hunters. Huge lakes contributed to this, such as the Mega Lake Chad, which at times covered over 360,000 km. On the other hand, the desert stretched far north and south again 70,000 to 58,000 years ago and is therefore likely to have represented a barrier that was difficult to overcome. Another green phase followed 50,000 to 45,000 years ago.
545:(2500–1600 BC) and possibly in Village de la Frontière (3590 cal BC) prove this, as do studies on Lake Fati. The latter consisted continuously between 10,430 and 4660 BPas evidenced by layers of mud on its eastern edge. A 16 cm thick layer of sand was dated around 4500 BP, which provided evidence that the region dried out around 1000 years later than on the Mauritanian coast. A thousand years later, the dry phase, which apparently drove cattle nomads from the east to Mali, reached its peak. The northern lakes dried up and the population mostly moved south. The transition from the Neolithic to the Pre-Dogon is still unclear. In Karkarichinkat it became apparent that sheep, cattle and goats were kept, but hunting, gathering and fishing continued to play an important role. It may even be the case that successful pastoralism prevented agriculture from establishing itself for a long time.
549:
ethno-archaeological studies of ceramics, three groups were found that lived around Méma, the Canal de Sonni Ali and Windé Koroji on the border with
Mauritania in the period around 2000 BC. Lived. This was made possible by ceramic research at the Kobadi site (1700 to 1400 BC), the MN25 site near Hassi el Abiod and Kirkissoy near Niameyin Niger (1500 to 1000 BC). Apparently the two groups hiked towards Kirkissoy last. No later than the 2nd half of the 2nd millennium BC. Millet cultivation reached the region at the Varves Ouest site, more precisely the cultivation of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum), but also wheat and emmer, which were established much earlier in the east of the Sahara, now (again?) Reached Mali. Ecological changes indicate that tillage must have started as early as the 3rd millennium. But this phase of agriculture ended around 400 BC. In turn by an extreme drought.
534:
phase of the productive way of life, although no plants were cultivated and no cattle were kept. In Mali, the Ravin de la Mouche site, which belongs here, was dated to an age of 11,400–10,200 years. This site belongs to the
Ounjougou complex on the Yamé, where all eras since the Upper Paleolithic have left traces and the oldest ceramics in Mali to 9400 BC. Was dated. In Ravin de la Mouche, artifacts could date between 9500 and 8500 BC. The site Ravin du Hibou 2 can be dated to 8000 to 7000 BC. Thereafter, where the said oldest ceramic remains were found in the course of a research program that has been running since 1997 in the two gorges, a hiatus between 7000 and 3500 BC occurred. BC because the climate was too unfavorable - even for hunters and gatherers.
593:, which was occupied from around 250 B.C. to around 800 AD. Djenné-Djenno comprised an urban complex consisting of 40 mounds within a 4 kilometer radius. The site is believed to exceed 33 hectares (82 acres), and the town engaged in both local and long-distance trade During Djenné-Djenno's second phase (during the first millennium AD) the borders of the site expanded during (possibly covering 100,000 square meters or more), also coinciding with the development at the site of a kind of permanent mud brick architecture, including a city wall, probably built during the latter half of the first millennium AD using the cylindrical brick technology, "which was 3.7 meters wide at its base and ran almost two kilometers around the town".
1862:(IMF). But the populace became increasingly dissatisfied with the austerity measures imposed by the IMF plan as well as their perception that the ruling elite was not subject to the same strictures. In response to the growing demands for multiparty democracy then sweeping the continent, the Traoré regime did allow some limited political liberalization. In National Assembly elections in June 1988, multiple UDPM candidates were permitted to contest each seat, and the regime organized nationwide conferences to consider how to implement democracy within the one-party framework. Nevertheless, the regime refused to usher in a full-fledged democratic system.
1489:
1654:
1225:
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1895:. Touré had retained great popularity because of his role in the transitional government in 1991–92. The 2002 election was a milestone, marking Mali's first successful transition from one democratically elected president to another, despite the persistence of electoral irregularities and low voter turnout. In the 2002 legislative elections, no party gained a majority; Touré then appointed a politically inclusive government and pledged to tackle Mali's pressing social and economic development problems.
1635:
892:
862:
1621:
1139:
778:
684:
444:
44:
329:
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1528:
2622:
2534:
1839:. Single-party presidential and legislative elections were held in June 1979, and Gen. Moussa Traoré received 99% of the votes. His efforts at consolidating the single-party government were challenged in 1980 by student-led anti-government demonstrations that led to three coup attempts, which were brutally quashed.
1214:
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challenges and advance their collective interests. The proposal faced criticism and opposition due to concerns over cultural, historical, and economic differences between the two countries, as well as issues regarding the distribution of power and resources and potential loss of national sovereignty.
1212:
1207:
429:
In Mali the find situation is less favorable than in the northern neighbors. Excavations at the
Ounjougou complex on the Dogon Plateau near Bandiagara have shown that hunters and gatherers lived in the region more than 150,000 years ago. Dating back to between 70,000 and 25,000 years ago is certain.
1211:
1209:
876:
After the collapse of the
Songhai Empire, no single state-controlled the region. The Moroccans only succeeded in occupying a few portions of the country, and even in those locations where they did attempt to rule, their hold was weak and challenged by rivals. Several small successor kingdoms arose.
572:
In contrast to these cattle breeders, who then drove their herds northwards again, the members of the simultaneous Kobadi tradition, who had lived exclusively from fishing, collecting wild grasses and hunting since the middle of the 2nd millennium at the latest, remained relatively stationary. Both
568:
tradition in the Méma region, a former river delta west of today's inland delta, also known as the "dead delta", belong to the period between 1800 and 800/400 BC. Chr. Their settlements measured between one and eight hectares, but the settlement was not continuous, which may be related to the fact
533:
Ceramics appeared at the central Malian site of
Ounjougou dating to about 9,400 BC, and are believed to be an instance of the independent invention of pottery. i.e. 9500 to 7000 v. BC, in the Aïr according to Marianne Cornevin as early as 10,000 BC. Chr. The earliest Neolithic is attributed to the
2120:
to establish a federation with Mali. The aim of the federation was to amplify the political and economic influence of both nations by combining their resources, territories and populations. This initiative was part of a larger trend of
African countries forming regional alliances to address shared
1890:
Konaré stepped down after his constitutionally mandated limit of two terms and did not run in the 2002 elections. Touré then reemerged, this time as a civilian. Running as an independent on a platform of national unity, Touré won the presidency in a runoff against the candidate of Adema, which had
666:
The empire was known for its abundant gold resources, which were used to finance the construction of impressive architecture, such as the famous Great Mosque of Djenné. The Mali Empire was also known for its thriving trade network, which stretched across the Sahara Desert and into North Africa and
556:
In
Karkarichikat Nord (KN05) and Karkarichinkat Sud (KS05) in the lower Tilemsi Valley, a fossil river valley 70 km north of Gao, it was possible to prove for the first time in eleven women in West Africa south of the Sahara that the modification of the teeth for ritual reasons was also there
1881:
during the prolonged drought increased tensions in the region between the nomadic Tuareg and the sedentary population. Ostensibly fearing a Tuareg secessionist movement in the north, the Traoré regime imposed a state of emergency and harshly repressed Tuareg unrest. Despite the signing of a peace
548:
The late
Neolithic was marked by renewed immigration from the Sahara around 2500 BC. Chr., Which had grown into an enormously spacious desert. This aridization continued and forced further migrations to the south, the approximate course of which is archaeologically understandable. On the basis of
560:
It was also found there that the inhabitants of the valley already obtained 85% of their carbon intake from grass seeds, mainly from C4 plants; this happened either through the consumption of wild plants, such as the wild millet, or through domesticated lamp-cleaning grasses. This provided the
552:
The use of ocher in funerals was common up to the 1st millennium, even with animals, as the spectacular find of a horse in the west of the inland delta, in Tell
Natamatao (6 km from Thial in the Cercle Tenenkou) shows, whose bones are included Ocher had been sprinkled. There are also rock
631:
started in 1230 and was the largest empire in West Africa and profoundly influenced the culture of West Africa through the spread of its language, laws and customs. Until the 19th century, Timbuktu remained important as an outpost at the southwestern fringe of the Muslim world and a hub of the
1857:
Shifting its attention to Mali's economic difficulties, the government approved plans for some reforms of the state enterprise system, and attempted to control public corruption. It implemented cereal marketing liberalization, created new incentives to private enterprise, and worked out a new
1085:
and supplied labor to France's colonies on the coast of West Africa. In 1958 the renamed
Sudanese Republic obtained complete internal autonomy and joined the French Community. In early 1959, the Sudanese Republic and Senegal formed the Federation of Mali. On 31 March 1960 France agreed to the
553:
carvings typical of the entire Sahara, in which not only symbols and depictions of animals but also depictions of people appear. From the 1st millennium BC Paintings in the Boucle-du-Baoulé National Park (Fanfannyégèné), on the Dogon Plateau and in the Niger River Delta (Aire Soroba).
520:
The Neolithic, the time in which people increasingly produced their own food instead of hunting, fishing or collecting it as before, developed during this humid phase. This is usually divided into three sections, which are separated from each other by distinct dry phases.
421:
The Sahara was often drier, but also more rainy for a long time than it is today. Hence, it was a place uninhabitable for humans 325,000 to 290,000 years ago and 280,000 to 225,000 years ago, apart from favorable places like the Tihodaïne lake on the water-storing
2292:
Eric Huysecom, M. Rasse, L. Lespez, K. Neumann, A. Fahmy, A. Ballouche, S. Ozainne, M. Maggetti, Ch. Tribolo, S. Sorian: The emergence of pottery in Africa during the tenth millennium cal BC: new evidence from Ounjougou (Mali), in: Antiquity (2009), p.
504:
After the end of the last maximum expansion of the northern ice masses towards the end of the last glacial period, the climate was characterized by much higher humidity than it is today. The Niger created a huge inland lake in the area around
2093:
took power, meaning the fourth coup happened since independence from France in 1960. On 12 September 2020, the National Committee for the Salvation of the People agreed to an 18-month political transition to civilian rule. Shortly after,
1978:, describe the Islamists as "intent on imposing an Islam of lash and gun on Malian Muslims." The Islamists in Timbuktu have destroyed about a half-dozen venerable above-ground tombs of revered holy men, proclaiming the tombs contrary to
1206:
1026:, beginning in 1864, ruled eventually most of what is now Mali until the French conquest of the region in 1890. This was in some ways a turbulent period, with ongoing resistance in Messina and increasing pressure from the French.
557:
was in use around 4500-4200 BP, similar to the Maghreb. In contrast to men, women have modifications ranging from extractions to filings, so that the teeth are given a pointed shape. A custom that lasted until the 19th century.
529:
were planted and around 8000 BC. Large herds of cattle that were close to the zebus grazed in what is now the Sahara; Sheep and goats were not added until much later from West Asia, while cattle were first domesticated in Africa.
1992:'s peace and security commissioner, said the African Union has discussed sending a military force to reunify Mali and that negotiations with terrorists had been ruled out but negotiations with other armed factions is still open.
1830:
A new constitution, approved in 1974, created a one-party state and was designed to move Mali toward civilian rule. However, the military leaders remained in power. In September 1976, a new political party was established, the
1208:
2017:
By 8 February, the Islamist-held territory had been re-taken by the Malian military, with help from the international coalition. Tuareg separatists have continued to fight the Islamists as well, although the
1869:(Alliance pour la Démocratie au Mali, ADEMA). The increasingly turbulent political situation was complicated by the rise of ethnic violence in the north in mid-1990. The return to Mali of large numbers of
2767:
569:
that this region was not suitable for cattle farming during the rainy season. The reason for this was the tsetse fly, which prevented this way of life from expanding southwards for a long time.
430:
The Paleolithic ended very early in Mali because after this section 25,000 to 20,000 years ago there was another extreme dry phase, the Ogolia. When towards the end of the savannah landscape.
2819:
1521:
513:. At the same time, savannah landscapes and a landscape in northern Mali comparable to that which characterizes the south today. This around 9500 BC The humid phase that began after the
1544:
Following the withdrawal of Senegal from the federation in August 1960, the former Sudanese Republic became the Republic of Mali on 22 September 1960, with Modibo Keïta as president.
929:
A split in the Coulibaly dynasty in Ségou led to the establishment of a second Bambara state, the kingdom of Kaarta, in what is now western Mali, in 1753. It was defeated in 1854 by
1827:
as president. The military leaders attempted to pursue economic reforms, but for several years faced debilitating internal political struggles and the disastrous Sahelian drought.
541:. The first traces of nomadic cattle breeders can be found (again) around 4000 BC. BC, whereby it was around 3500 BC. The relatively humid climate came to an end. Excavations in
2844:
1842:
The political situation stabilized during 1981 and 1982, and remained generally calm throughout the 1980s. In late December 1985, however, a border dispute between Mali and
2745:
2771:
748:
took advantage of this and asserted their independence. The Songhai made Gao their capital and began an imperial expansion of their own throughout the western
670:
The modern countries included are Mali, Senegal, Gambia, Guinea, Mauritania, and parts of Niger and Burkina Faso. But Mali itself is the centre of the empire.
1823:
On November 19, 1968, a group of young officers staged a bloodless coup and set up a 14-member Military Committee for National Liberation (CMLN), with Lt.
2181:
2086:
2706:
2360:
McIntosh, Roderick J.; McIntosh, Susan Keech (2003). "Early urban configurations on the Middle Niger: Clustered cities and landscapes of power". In
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2019:
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Mcintosh, Susan Keech; Mcintosh, Roderick J. (Oct 1979). "Initial Perspectives on Prehistoric Subsistence in the Inland Niger Delta (Mail)".
2050:
The peace deal between the Tuareg rebels and Malian government was broken in late November 2013 because of clashes in the northern city of
1936:(ECOWAS) froze assets and imposed an embargo, leaving some with only days of fuel. Mali is dependent on fuel imports trucked overland from
3064:
2207:
Ouardia Oussedik: Les bifaces acheuléens de l’Erg Tihodaine (Sahara Central Algérien): analyse typométrique, in: Libyca 20 (1972) 153-161.
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2657:
655:. The Mali Empire had many profound cultural influences on West Africa, allowing the spread of its language, laws and customs along the
3691:
3640:
2966:
1933:
357:
3100:
3002:
1571:. A continuously deteriorating economy led to a decision to rejoin the Franc Zone in 1967 and modify some of the economic excesses.
2848:
915:. Umar Tall's mujahideen readily defeated the Bambara, seizing Ségou itself on March 10, 1861, and declaring an end to the empire.
4272:
517:
period, a cold period after the last glacial period, was around 5000 BC. Chr. Increasingly replaced by an increasingly dry phase.
389:
region with parts of the Sahara. As a consequence, Mali is a multiethnic country, with a majority of its population consisting of
4112:
3662:
1552:
596:
There are a few references to Mali in early Islamic literature. Among these are references to "Pene" and "Malal" in the work of
2113:
executed around 300 civilian men in central Mali in March 2022. France had withdrawn French troops from Mali in February 2022.
2057:
In August 2018, President Ibrahim Boubacar Keita was re-elected for a new five-year term after winning the second round of the
573:
cultures had copper that they brought from Mauritania. At the same time, the different cultures cultivated a lively exchange.
3143:
2918:
1832:
1070:
Mali fell under French colonial rule in 1892. By 1893, the French appointed a civilian governor of the territory they called
2427:(New York and London: Cambridge University Press, 1981, reprint edn Princeton, New Jersey,: Marcus Wiener, 2000), pp. 82-83.
1921:, citing unrest over the president's handling of the conflict with the rebels. The former president was forced into hiding.
4132:
2580:
2105:. On 7 June 2021, Mali's military commander Assimi Goita was sworn into office as the new interim president. According to
2003:. Hours later, the Prime Minister announced his resignation and the resignation of his government on national television.
764:
shifted to the Songhai Empire. There was a prophecy during this time that in the 21st century there would be a born heir.
2156:
2125:
1918:
1086:
Federation of Mali becoming fully independent. On 20 June 1960 the Federation of Mali became an independent country and
396:
Mali's history is dominated by its role in trans-Saharan trade, connecting West Africa and the Maghreb. The Malian city
2631:
2028:
1865:
By 1990, cohesive opposition movements began to emerge, including the National Democratic Initiative Committee and the
1928:, the military government controls only the southern third of the country, leaving the north of the country (known as
3404:
2373:
2058:
825:
731:
491:
404:, it has played an important role in the trans-Saharan trade from the 13th century on, with the establishment of the
2103:
dismissed the transitional president Bah N'Daw and the transitional prime minister Moctar Ouane from their positions
807:
713:
473:
2670:
1925:
1575:
1412:
799:
705:
465:
4042:
3414:
3321:
1960:
1290:
385:
The borders of Mali are those of French Sudan, drawn in 1891. They are artificial, and unite parts of the larger
760:
co-existed during much of the later 14th and throughout the 15th century. In the later 15th century, control of
3615:
3496:
3409:
3156:
3020:
2218:
Multiple phases of North African humidity recorded in lacustrine sediments from the Fazzan Basin, Libyan Sahara
2161:
1866:
1686:
1260:
803:
709:
469:
2010:, located 600 km from the capital, from the Malian army. The following day, the French military launched
903:
and also Timbuktu (also seen as Segu), and ruled parts of central and southern Mali. It existed until El Hadj
858:(also seen as Jenne), and related trade routes with much difficulty until around the end of the 17th century.
4383:
2305:"Tracing History in Dia, in the Inland Niger Delta of Mali -Archaeology, Oral Traditions and Written Sources"
2054:. A new ceasefire was agreed upon on 20 February 2015 between the Malian government and the northern rebels.
1914:
350:
3267:
3262:
3242:
2102:
2078:
1785:
1772:
1425:
1078:), but active resistance to French rule continued. By 1905, most of the area was under firm French control.
4147:
3311:
1653:
1634:
1224:
4430:
4426:
3655:
3252:
1859:
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region against rule by Ségou in 1818 led to the establishment of a separate state. It later allied with
4035:
3450:
3316:
3187:
2887:
2793:
1892:
3670:
2216:
S. J. Armitage, N. A. Drake, S. Stokes, A. El-Hawat, M. J. Salem, K. White, P. Turner, S. J. McLaren:
971:, in 1887, to conquer it, and was one of the last kingdoms in the area to fall to the French in 1898.
955:
Kenedugu Kingdom originated in the 17th century in the area around what is now the border of Mali and
4439:
3511:
3372:
3136:
2635:
2547:
2392:
Mcintosh, Susan Keech; Mcintosh, Roderick J. (February 1980). "Jenne-Jeno: An Ancient African City".
633:
561:
earliest evidence of agricultural activity and cattle breeding in West Africa (around 2200 cal BP).
2036:
1963:. An extremist ministate in northern Mali is the unexpected result from the collapse of the earlier
537:
The middle Neolithic of the Dogon Plateau can be recognized by gray, bifacial stone tools made from
381:
The history of the eponymous Mali Empire and of the Songhai Empire during the 13th to 16th centuries
153:
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4187:
3474:
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1851:
1556:
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788:
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454:
343:
23:
1152:
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4287:
4092:
3589:
3389:
3237:
3202:
1948:
946:
792:
698:
458:
230:
4302:
4192:
4122:
3648:
3486:
3419:
3331:
3301:
2186:
2176:
2151:
1716:
1443:
1320:
312:
307:
1932:) to MNLA rebels. The rebels control Timbuktu, 700 km from the capital. In response, the
4362:
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4247:
4232:
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4107:
2581:"MALI GAINS PACT ON SOVEREIGNTY; Senegal-Sudan Federation Will Remain Closely Tied to France"
1836:
1679:
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43:
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3559:
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3491:
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3362:
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3129:
2730:
Nossiter, Adam (July 18, 2012). "Jihadists' Fierce Justice Drives Thousands to Flee Mali".
2070:
1996:
1917:. Rebel troops from the military appeared on state TV on 22 March 2012 announcing they had
1640:
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865:
851:
215:
65:
8:
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2011:
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is exemplary of this: situated on the southern fringe of the Sahara and close to the
240:
192:
51:
1620:
1138:
752:. And by 1420, Songhai was strong enough to exact tribute from Masina. The emerging
4387:
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Wet phases in the Sahara/Sahel region and human migration patterns in North Africa.
2166:
1982:. One refugee in the camp spoke of encountering Afghans, Pakistanis and Nigerians.
1891:
been divided by infighting and suffered from the creation of a spin-off party, the
1671:
1242:
1035:
968:
245:
160:
60:
2338:
2025:
A peace deal between the government and Tuareg rebels was signed on 18 June 2013.
1824:
1705:
899:
The Bambara Empire existed as a centralized state from 1712 to 1861, was based at
590:
390:
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1985:
1676:
1601:
1564:
1250:
1119:
1099:
1045:
637:
408:. Had no power in the West Africa After this the Songhai empire started growing.
268:
138:
131:
2462:"The Empire of Mali, In Our Time – BBC Radio 4". BBC. Retrieved 29 October 2015.
2090:
2082:
1735:
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A series of early cities and towns were created by Mande peoples related to the
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1964:
993:
980:
886:
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177:
126:
95:
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3197:
2658:"Burkina Faso: A Small West African Country Struggles to Bring Peace to Mali"
2643:
2626:
2538:
1989:
1870:
1805:
1460:
1247:
1040:
The Wassoulou or Wassulu Empire was a short-lived (1878–1898) empire, led by
952:
869:
839:
838:
The Songhai empire eventually collapsed under the pressure from the Moroccan
649:
514:
220:
210:
2257:
4016:
4011:
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has also been accused of carrying out attacks against the Malian military.
1843:
1626:
1568:
1555:(US/RDA) party had dominated pre-independence politics (as a member of the
1494:
1309:
1279:
1144:
1075:
1065:
956:
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which began from around 900 BC, and reached its peak around 600 BC, and at
565:
254:
100:
74:
1567:. Keïta withdrew from the French Community and also had close ties to the
3629:
3182:
2543:
2073:
calling for the resignation of President Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta began in
1941:
1053:
986:
757:
656:
628:
601:
405:
401:
333:
109:
2683:
Post-coup Mali hit with sanctions by African neighbours – Globe and Mail
2273:
Climate-Driven Ecosystem Succession in the Sahara: The Past 6000 Years.
2137:
2000:
1975:
1956:
912:
891:
861:
652:
604:(by 1397) as Barmandana, and a few geographical details in the work of
169:
1952:
1882:
accord in January 1991, unrest and periodic armed clashes continued.
1560:
997:
930:
904:
605:
586:
538:
187:
4027:
2423:
al-Bakri in Nehemiah Levtzion and J. F. Pl Hopkins, eds and trans.,
855:
777:
683:
443:
3247:
2095:
2006:
On 10 January 2013, Islamist forces captured the strategic town of
1904:
1800:
1455:
1447:
1379:
761:
597:
506:
397:
291:
2820:"Mali – la France a mené une série de raids contre les islamistes"
900:
370:
Mali is located in Africa. The history of the territory of modern
3065:"Mali's military leader Goita sworn in as transitional president"
2625:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2537:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1979:
1937:
1874:
1559:), moved quickly to declare a single-party state and to pursue a
1193:
960:
600:
in 1068, the story of the conversion of an early ruler, known to
522:
3121:
3083:"Mali troops and suspected Russian fighters accused of massacre"
2035:
on 28 July 2013, with a second round run-off held on 11 August.
3207:
3003:"Mali: President Bah N'Daw decrees the dissolution of the CNSP"
2109:(HRW) Malian troops and suspected Russian mercenaries from the
2074:
1929:
1664:
1235:
1049:
1041:
964:
924:
645:
526:
225:
2985:"Mali coup: Military agrees to 18-month transition government"
2949:"Mali signs UN ceasefire to end conflict with northern rebels"
2695:
BBC News – Mali Tuareg rebels control Timbuktu as troops flee
2081:
arrested President Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta and Prime Minister
2051:
2007:
1971:
1878:
749:
744:
The Mali Empire began to weaken by the mid 14th century. The
2709:. Theglobeandmail.com (2012-04-03). Retrieved on 2012-05-04.
3679:
3152:
2032:
1850:
erupted into a brief war. The UDPM spread its structure to
1815:
1081:
French Sudan was administered as part of the Federation of
510:
371:
286:
659:. It extended over a large area and consisted of numerous
1999:
was arrested by soldiers and taken to a military base in
895:
Places which were under the control of the Bambara Empire
880:
847:
640:
from 13th to the 17th century. The empire was founded by
2901:"Ibrahim Boubacar Keita wins Mali presidential election"
2770:. Agence France-Presse. 10 December 2012. Archived from
2794:"Mali Islamists capture strategic town, residents flee"
2707:
Post-coup Mali hit with sanctions by African neighbours
2425:
Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African History
2368:. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Books. pp. 103–120.
3101:"Burkina urges 'federation' with Mali for joint clout"
2845:"Five Malians killed in ambush blamed on Tuareg: army"
2436:
ibn Khaldun in Levtzion and Hopkins, eds, and transl.
585:, along the middle Niger River (in Mali) including at
2085:. President Keïta resigned and left the country. The
1052:
and southwestern Mali (Wassoulou). It later moved to
3047:"Mali's coup leader Assimi Goïta seizes power again"
2967:"Incumbent President Keita wins re-election in Mali"
2449:
al-Idrisi in Levtzion and Hopkins, eds. and transl,
2220:, in: Quaternary Geochronology 2,1-4 (2007) 181–186.
509:and Araouane, as well as a similarly large lake in
2919:"Tuareg separatist group in Mali 'ends ceasefire'"
2697:. Bbc.co.uk (2012-04-02). Retrieved on 2012-05-04.
2685:. Bbc.co.uk (2012-03-22). Retrieved on 2012-05-04.
2254:Peuplement humain et paléoenvironnement en Afrique
2087:National Committee for the Salvation of the People
846:of 13 March 1591. Morocco subsequently controlled
2673:. News24 (2012-02-22). Retrieved on: 23 Feb 2012.
2412:The Archaeology of Africa: Food, Metals and Towns
277:
201:
4453:
2768:"Mali PM resigns after being arrested by troops"
2391:
2359:
2324:
1951:have since been pushed out by their allies, the
767:
3021:"Mali: Bah N'Daw sworn in as interim president"
2236:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2564:
1970:Refugees in the 92,000-person refugee camp at
1911:National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad
1093:
4043:
3656:
3137:
351:
1593:
1190:
1171:
1111:
985:An Islamic-inspired uprising in the largely
2725:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2715:
1059:
877:The most notable in what is now Mali were:
806:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
712:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
472:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
4050:
4036:
3663:
3649:
3144:
3130:
2567:Encyclopedia of Africa South of the Sahara
1961:Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (A.Q.I.M.)
1652:
1223:
378:Pre-Imperial Mali, before the 13th century
358:
344:
2366:The Social Construction of Ancient Cities
1934:Economic Community of West African States
1858:structural adjustment agreement with the
826:Learn how and when to remove this message
732:Learn how and when to remove this message
492:Learn how and when to remove this message
2888:Mali sets date for presidential election
2871:"Mali and Tuareg rebels sign peace deal"
2729:
2712:
911:conqueror swept across West Africa from
890:
860:
2925:. BBC. 29 November 2013. Archived from
2569:. Vol. 3. Charles Scribner's Sons.
1553:Sudanese Union-African Democratic Rally
4454:
2760:
2616:
2614:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2387:
2385:
2101:On May 25, 2021, Colonel Assimi Goïta
1581:
1056:before being conquered by the French.
881:Bambara Empire or the Kingdom of Segou
4057:
4031:
3644:
3125:
2738:
2671:Mali clashes force 120 000 from homes
2612:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2468:
1854:and arrondissements across the land.
1833:Democratic Union of the Malian People
1004:and was also defeated by it in 1862.
940:
2911:
2847:. AFP. 22 March 2013. Archived from
2748:. Associated Press. 10 December 2012
2565:John Middleton, ed. (1997). "Mali".
2296:
1007:
918:
804:adding citations to reliable sources
771:
710:adding citations to reliable sources
677:
470:adding citations to reliable sources
437:
3027:. Deutsche Welle. 25 September 2020
2382:
2157:List of heads of government of Mali
2126:Battle of the Wagadou Forest (2024)
2116:In 2023, there was a proposal from
1995:On 10 December 2012 Prime Minister
1522:Second Republic of Mali (1968-1991)
1401:• Established one-party state
1029:
959:. In 1876 the capital was moved to
576:
13:
2995:
2591:
2465:
2318:
14:
4473:
3151:
2333:(2 Food and Nutrition): 227–243.
2302:
2043:in the run-off to become the new
1181:"One people, one goal, one faith"
673:
4358:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
4128:Democratic Republic of the Congo
3672:
2620:
2532:
2414:. Routledge, 1993, pp. 632.
1926:2012 insurgency in northern Mali
1835:(UDPM), based on the concept of
1633:
1619:
1526:
1501:
1487:
1391:• Independence from France
1204:
1151:
1137:
868:(yellow-striped) as part of the
776:
682:
442:
327:
42:
3093:
3075:
3057:
3039:
3013:
2977:
2959:
2941:
2893:
2881:
2863:
2837:
2812:
2786:
2700:
2688:
2676:
2664:
2650:
2642:. February 2005. Archived from
2573:
2558:
2456:
2443:
2430:
2417:
2404:
2014:, intervening in the conflict.
611:
2353:
2286:
2265:
2246:
2223:
2210:
2201:
2162:List of heads of state of Mali
1867:Alliance for Democracy in Mali
622:
416:
1:
2746:"Mali's PM arrested by junta"
2339:10.1080/00438243.1979.9979762
2194:
2098:was named interim president.
1919:seized control of the country
937:, before his war with Ségou.
768:After the empires (1591–1892)
411:
113:
78:
1967:by the angry army officers.
1173:"Un peuple, un but, une foi"
1090:became its first President.
963:. It resisted the effort of
842:. The turning point was the
433:
202:After the Empires, 1591–1892
7:
2314:. Institute of Archaeology.
2281:doi:10.1126/science.1154913
2279:, 320,5877 (2008) 765–768,
2241:doi:10.1073/pnas.0905771106
2239:106,48 (2009) 20159–20163,
2130:
1860:International Monetary Fund
1094:Independence (1960–present)
10:
4478:
3188:History of the Mali Empire
2256:begann 1997 in Ounjougou (
2229:Isla S. Castañeda et al.:
2123:
1902:
1563:policy based on extensive
1097:
1063:
1048:area of what is now upper
1033:
1011:
978:
974:
944:
922:
884:
648:of its rulers, especially
615:
4371:
4346:
4065:
3687:
3602:
3545:
3482:
3473:
3441:
3432:
3358:
3349:
3285:
3276:
3163:
2636:Bureau of African Affairs
2548:Federal Research Division
2312:University College London
1947:As of July 17, 2012, the
1811:
1799:
1795:
1782:
1769:
1765:
1757:
1753:
1741:
1729:
1725:
1715:
1711:
1699:
1695:
1685:
1670:
1660:
1651:
1615:
1610:
1588:
1574:In 1962-64 there was the
1466:
1454:
1439:
1435:
1422:
1409:
1399:
1389:
1385:
1371:
1361:
1357:
1345:
1333:
1329:
1319:
1315:
1303:
1299:
1289:
1285:
1273:
1269:
1259:
1241:
1231:
1222:
1191:
1185:
1172:
1167:
1133:
1128:
1106:
644:and became known for the
634:trans-Saharan slave trade
4113:Central African Republic
2640:U.S. Department of State
2271:Stefan Kröpelin et al.:
2064:
2061:against Soumaïla Cissé.
1898:
1885:
1557:African Democratic Rally
1376:Decolonisation of Africa
1060:French Sudan (1892–1960)
1018:This empire, founded by
870:Saadi dynasty of Morocco
2890:Al Jazeera, 28 May 2013
2632:"Background Note: Mali"
2544:"Country Profile: Mali"
1426:1968 Malian coup d'état
2177:Mali National Archives
2152:History of West Africa
2037:Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta
2029:Presidential elections
1846:over the mineral-rich
1594:
1444:West African CFA franc
1112:
896:
873:
313:History of West Africa
154:Great Mosque of Djenné
4273:São Tomé and Príncipe
4133:Republic of the Congo
3238:2012 Tuareg rebellion
3007:The Africa Report.com
2646:on February 16, 2005.
2124:Further information:
1909:In January 2012, the
1903:Further information:
1837:democratic centralism
1680:military dictatorship
1098:Further information:
1064:Further information:
1044:in the predominantly
894:
864:
616:Further information:
374:may be divided into:
3312:Environmental issues
2991:. 12 September 2020.
2077:. On 18 August 2020
1997:Cheick Modibo Diarra
1924:However, due to the
1873:who had migrated to
866:Pashalik of Timbuktu
800:improve this section
706:improve this section
466:improve this section
216:Pashalik of Timbuktu
66:Twelve Doors of Mali
4348:States with limited
3253:Ebola disease event
2955:. 20 February 2015.
2552:Library of Congress
2172:History of Timbuktu
1915:began an insurgency
1582:Under Moussa Traoré
318:History of Timbuktu
255:French colonization
3451:Telecommunications
3203:Kénédougou Kingdom
3009:. 28 January 2021.
2929:on 2 December 2013
2774:on January 3, 2013
2732:The New York Times
2585:The New York Times
2107:Human Rights Watch
2079:mutinying soldiers
2069:Since 5 June 2020
1748:Amadou Baba Diarra
1595:République du Mali
1578:in northern Mali.
1509:Federation of Mali
1352:Amadou Baba Diarra
1254:socialist republic
1113:République du Mali
1083:French West Africa
1024:Toucouleur peoples
947:Kénédougou Kingdom
941:Kenedougou Kingdom
897:
874:
756:and the declining
278:After Independence
264:French West Africa
231:Kénédougou Kingdom
172:(9th century–1430)
4449:
4448:
4375:other territories
4148:Equatorial Guinea
4059:History of Africa
4025:
4024:
3638:
3637:
3598:
3597:
3512:Human trafficking
3469:
3468:
3428:
3427:
3405:Political parties
3400:National Assembly
3373:Foreign relations
3345:
3344:
3218:Toucouleur Empire
3178:Pre-Imperial Mali
3069:www.aljazeera.com
2973:. 16 August 2018.
2907:. 13 August 2013.
2826:. 12 January 2013
2800:. 10 January 2013
2327:World Archaeology
2259:Pays dogon – Mali
2147:History of Africa
2045:President of Mali
1821:
1820:
1743:• 1968-1979
1731:• 1968-1971
1701:• 1968-1991
1576:Tuareg insurgency
1542:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1514:
1513:
1366:National Assembly
1347:• 1968-1979
1335:• 1968-1971
1305:• 1960-1965
1275:• 1960-1968
1215:
1020:El Hadj Umar Tall
1014:Toucouleur Empire
1008:Toucouleur Empire
1002:Toucouleur Empire
990:Inner Niger Delta
935:Toucouleur Empire
919:Kingdom of Kaarta
844:Battle of Tondibi
836:
835:
828:
742:
741:
734:
667:the Middle East.
564:The sites of the
502:
501:
494:
368:
367:
241:Toucouleur Empire
193:Battle of Tondibi
52:Pre-Imperial Mali
4469:
4436:
4435:(United Kingdom)
4431:Tristan da Cunha
4427:Ascension Island
4419:
4406:
4397:
4373:Dependencies and
4066:Sovereign states
4052:
4045:
4038:
4029:
4028:
3677:
3676:
3675:
3665:
3658:
3651:
3642:
3641:
3618:
3611:
3480:
3479:
3439:
3438:
3356:
3355:
3283:
3282:
3223:Wassoulou Empire
3146:
3139:
3132:
3123:
3122:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3112:
3097:
3091:
3090:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3061:
3055:
3054:
3043:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3017:
3011:
3010:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2981:
2975:
2974:
2963:
2957:
2956:
2945:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2897:
2891:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2841:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2831:
2816:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2790:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2727:
2710:
2704:
2698:
2692:
2686:
2680:
2674:
2668:
2662:
2661:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2589:
2588:
2587:. April 1, 1960.
2577:
2571:
2570:
2562:
2556:
2555:
2536:
2535:
2530:
2463:
2460:
2454:
2447:
2441:
2434:
2428:
2421:
2415:
2410:Shaw, Thurstan.
2408:
2402:
2401:
2389:
2380:
2379:
2362:Smith, Monica L.
2357:
2351:
2350:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2309:
2300:
2294:
2290:
2284:
2269:
2263:
2250:
2244:
2227:
2221:
2214:
2208:
2205:
2190:
2182:Timeline of Mali
2167:Politics of Mali
2012:Opération Serval
1778:19 November 1968
1656:
1637:
1623:
1605:
1597:
1590:Republic of Mali
1586:
1585:
1530:
1529:
1518:
1517:
1505:
1504:
1491:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1468:
1467:
1431:19 November 1968
1413:Tuareg rebellion
1227:
1217:
1216:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1179:
1175:
1174:
1155:
1141:
1123:
1115:
1108:Republic of Mali
1104:
1103:
1036:Wassoulou Empire
1030:Wassoulou Empire
969:Wassoulou Empire
831:
824:
820:
817:
811:
780:
772:
737:
730:
726:
723:
717:
686:
678:
577:Earlier Iron Age
497:
490:
486:
483:
477:
446:
438:
360:
353:
346:
332:
331:
330:
287:Republic of Mali
246:Wassoulou Empire
161:Sankore Madrasah
118:
115:
87:
83:
80:
61:Battle of Kirina
46:
36:
18:
17:
4477:
4476:
4472:
4471:
4470:
4468:
4467:
4466:
4462:History of Mali
4452:
4451:
4450:
4445:
4444:
4434:
4417:
4404:
4395:
4376:
4374:
4367:
4351:
4349:
4342:
4061:
4056:
4026:
4021:
3683:
3673:
3671:
3669:
3639:
3634:
3621:
3614:
3607:
3594:
3590:Public holidays
3541:
3465:
3424:
3390:Law enforcement
3341:
3272:
3233:Mali Federation
3159:
3150:
3120:
3119:
3110:
3108:
3099:
3098:
3094:
3089:. 5 April 2022.
3081:
3080:
3076:
3063:
3062:
3058:
3045:
3044:
3040:
3030:
3028:
3019:
3018:
3014:
3001:
3000:
2996:
2983:
2982:
2978:
2965:
2964:
2960:
2947:
2946:
2942:
2932:
2930:
2917:
2916:
2912:
2899:
2898:
2894:
2886:
2882:
2877:. 18 June 2013.
2869:
2868:
2864:
2854:
2852:
2843:
2842:
2838:
2829:
2827:
2818:
2817:
2813:
2803:
2801:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2777:
2775:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2751:
2749:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2728:
2713:
2705:
2701:
2693:
2689:
2681:
2677:
2669:
2665:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2630:
2621:
2619:
2592:
2579:
2578:
2574:
2563:
2559:
2554:. January 2005.
2542:
2533:
2531:
2466:
2461:
2457:
2448:
2444:
2435:
2431:
2422:
2418:
2409:
2405:
2390:
2383:
2376:
2358:
2354:
2323:
2319:
2307:
2303:Arazi, Noemie.
2301:
2297:
2291:
2287:
2270:
2266:
2251:
2247:
2228:
2224:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2202:
2197:
2184:
2133:
2128:
2089:led by Colonel
2071:street protests
2067:
1986:Ramtane Lamamra
1907:
1901:
1888:
1788:
1775:
1744:
1732:
1702:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1642:
1638:
1630:
1629:
1624:
1606:
1599:
1591:
1584:
1565:nationalization
1527:
1502:
1488:
1428:
1415:
1402:
1392:
1348:
1336:
1306:
1276:
1218:
1205:
1200:
1180:
1177:
1163:
1162:
1161:
1156:
1148:
1147:
1142:
1124:
1117:
1109:
1102:
1100:Mali Federation
1096:
1072:Soudan Français
1068:
1062:
1038:
1032:
1016:
1010:
983:
977:
949:
943:
927:
921:
889:
883:
832:
821:
815:
812:
797:
781:
770:
738:
727:
721:
718:
703:
687:
676:
663:and provinces.
661:vassal kingdoms
625:
620:
614:
579:
498:
487:
481:
478:
463:
447:
436:
424:Tassili n'Ajjer
419:
414:
364:
334:Mali portal
328:
326:
269:Mali Federation
139:Kouroukan Fouga
132:Mandinka people
116:
85:
81:
34:
27:
12:
11:
5:
4475:
4465:
4464:
4447:
4446:
4443:
4442:
4440:Western Sahara
4437:
4420:
4407:
4398:
4384:Canary Islands
4380:
4379:
4377:
4372:
4369:
4368:
4366:
4365:
4360:
4354:
4352:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4069:
4067:
4063:
4062:
4055:
4054:
4047:
4040:
4032:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3682:(1960–present)
3668:
3667:
3660:
3653:
3645:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3632:
3627:
3620:
3619:
3612:
3604:
3603:
3600:
3599:
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3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3551:
3549:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3487:Child marriage
3483:
3477:
3471:
3470:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3442:
3436:
3430:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3422:
3420:Vice President
3417:
3415:Prime Minister
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3386:
3385:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3359:
3353:
3347:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3322:National parks
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3292:
3286:
3280:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3213:Massina Empire
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3193:Songhai Empire
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3169:
3167:
3161:
3160:
3149:
3148:
3141:
3134:
3126:
3118:
3117:
3092:
3074:
3056:
3053:. 25 May 2021.
3038:
3012:
2994:
2976:
2958:
2940:
2910:
2892:
2880:
2862:
2851:on 25 May 2013
2836:
2811:
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2711:
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2590:
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2245:
2222:
2209:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2132:
2129:
2066:
2063:
2041:Soumaïla Cissé
1900:
1897:
1893:Rally for Mali
1887:
1884:
1819:
1818:
1813:
1809:
1808:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1789:
1786:Disestablished
1783:
1780:
1779:
1776:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1759:
1755:
1754:
1751:
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1745:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1719:
1717:Vice President
1713:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1689:
1683:
1682:
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1613:
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1592:
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1580:
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1536:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1524:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1506:
1498:
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1492:
1480:
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1474:
1464:
1463:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1441:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1429:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1416:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1373:
1372:Historical era
1369:
1368:
1363:
1359:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1323:
1321:Vice President
1317:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1293:
1291:Prime minister
1287:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1233:
1229:
1228:
1220:
1219:
1203:
1183:
1182:
1165:
1164:
1157:
1150:
1149:
1143:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1125:
1110:
1107:
1095:
1092:
1061:
1058:
1034:Main article:
1031:
1028:
1012:Main article:
1009:
1006:
994:Bambara Empire
981:Massina Empire
979:Main article:
976:
973:
945:Main article:
942:
939:
923:Main article:
920:
917:
887:Bambara Empire
885:Main article:
882:
879:
834:
833:
784:
782:
775:
769:
766:
754:Songhai Empire
740:
739:
690:
688:
681:
675:
674:Songhai Empire
672:
642:Sundiata Keita
624:
621:
613:
610:
583:Soninke people
578:
575:
543:Karkarichinkat
500:
499:
482:September 2020
450:
448:
441:
435:
432:
418:
415:
413:
410:
383:
382:
379:
366:
365:
363:
362:
355:
348:
340:
337:
336:
323:
322:
321:
320:
315:
310:
302:
301:
300:Related topics
297:
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289:
281:
280:
274:
273:
272:
271:
266:
258:
257:
251:
250:
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248:
243:
238:
236:Massina Empire
233:
228:
223:
218:
213:
205:
204:
198:
197:
196:
195:
190:
182:
181:
178:Songhai Empire
174:
173:
166:
165:
164:
163:
157:
156:
148:
147:
144:
143:
142:
141:
135:
134:
129:
127:Musa I of Mali
121:
120:
106:
105:
104:
103:
98:
96:Soninke people
90:
89:
71:
70:
69:
68:
63:
55:
54:
48:
47:
39:
38:
29:
28:
21:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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4459:
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4441:
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4428:
4424:
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4364:
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4355:
4353:
4345:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
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4321:
4319:
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4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
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4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
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4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4188:Guinea-Bissau
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
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4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
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4119:
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4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
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4079:
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4041:
4039:
4034:
4033:
4030:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
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4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
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3808:
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3765:
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3728:
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3705:
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3700:
3698:
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3661:
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3606:
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3523:
3520:
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3515:
3513:
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3508:
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3503:
3500:
3498:
3497:Ethnic groups
3495:
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3485:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3472:
3462:
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3437:
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3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
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3376:
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3333:
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3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
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3293:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3275:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3258:2020 protests
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3198:Bamana Empire
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3170:
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2684:
2679:
2672:
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2637:
2633:
2628:
2627:public domain
2617:
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2609:
2607:
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2603:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2586:
2582:
2576:
2568:
2561:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2540:
2539:public domain
2529:
2527:
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2523:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2507:
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2255:
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2204:
2200:
2188:
2183:
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2178:
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2119:
2114:
2112:
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2080:
2076:
2072:
2062:
2060:
2055:
2053:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2031:were held in
2030:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1993:
1991:
1990:African Union
1987:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1949:Tuareg rebels
1945:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1906:
1896:
1894:
1883:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1861:
1855:
1853:
1849:
1848:Agacher strip
1845:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1828:
1826:
1825:Moussa Traoré
1817:
1814:
1812:Today part of
1810:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1801:ISO 3166 code
1798:
1794:
1791:26 March 1991
1790:
1787:
1781:
1777:
1774:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
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1746:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1707:
1706:Moussa Traoré
1704:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1688:
1687:Head of State
1684:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1644:
1636:
1628:
1622:
1614:
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1603:
1596:
1587:
1579:
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1572:
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1525:
1523:
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1482:
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1478:
1475:
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1470:
1469:
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1456:ISO 3166 code
1453:
1449:
1445:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1427:
1421:
1417:
1414:
1408:
1404:
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1272:
1268:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1237:
1234:
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1146:
1140:
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1114:
1105:
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1089:
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1079:
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1073:
1067:
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1021:
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1005:
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988:
982:
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966:
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948:
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932:
926:
916:
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906:
902:
893:
888:
878:
871:
867:
863:
859:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
840:Saadi dynasty
830:
827:
819:
809:
805:
801:
795:
794:
790:
785:This section
783:
779:
774:
773:
765:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
736:
733:
725:
715:
711:
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701:
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696:
691:This section
689:
685:
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671:
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654:
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643:
639:
635:
630:
619:
609:
607:
603:
599:
594:
592:
591:Djenné-Djenno
588:
584:
574:
570:
567:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
544:
540:
535:
531:
528:
524:
518:
516:
515:Younger Dryas
512:
508:
496:
493:
485:
475:
471:
467:
461:
460:
456:
451:This section
449:
445:
440:
439:
431:
427:
425:
409:
407:
403:
399:
394:
392:
391:Mandé peoples
388:
380:
377:
376:
375:
373:
361:
356:
354:
349:
347:
342:
341:
339:
338:
335:
325:
324:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
308:Years in Mali
306:
305:
304:
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299:
298:
293:
290:
288:
285:
284:
283:
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279:
276:
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261:
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256:
253:
252:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
221:Bamana Empire
219:
217:
214:
212:
211:Saadi dynasty
209:
208:
207:
206:
203:
200:
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191:
189:
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108:
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53:
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49:
45:
41:
40:
37:
31:
30:
25:
20:
19:
16:
4423:Saint Helena
4394:
4298:South Africa
4288:Sierra Leone
4227:
4093:Burkina Faso
3522:Prostitution
3492:Demographics
3378:Human rights
3363:Constitution
3294:
3228:French Sudan
3173:Ghana Empire
3164:
3109:. Retrieved
3107:. 2023-02-02
3104:
3095:
3086:
3077:
3068:
3059:
3050:
3041:
3029:. Retrieved
3024:
3015:
3006:
2997:
2988:
2979:
2970:
2961:
2952:
2943:
2931:. Retrieved
2927:the original
2922:
2913:
2904:
2895:
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2874:
2865:
2853:. Retrieved
2849:the original
2839:
2828:. Retrieved
2823:
2814:
2802:. Retrieved
2797:
2788:
2776:. Retrieved
2772:the original
2762:
2750:. Retrieved
2740:
2731:
2702:
2690:
2678:
2666:
2652:
2644:the original
2584:
2575:
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2320:
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2298:
2288:
2276:
2272:
2267:
2258:
2253:
2252:Das Projekt
2248:
2234:
2230:
2225:
2217:
2212:
2203:
2118:Burkina Faso
2115:
2111:Wagner group
2100:
2091:Assimi Goïta
2083:Boubou Cissé
2068:
2056:
2049:
2027:
2024:
2016:
2005:
1994:
1984:
1969:
1946:
1923:
1908:
1889:
1864:
1856:
1844:Burkina Faso
1841:
1829:
1822:
1736:Yoro Diakité
1573:
1569:Eastern bloc
1549:Modibo Keïta
1546:
1543:
1495:French Sudan
1477:Succeeded by
1476:
1471:
1395:20 June 1960
1340:Yoro Diakité
1310:Modibo Keita
1280:Modibo Keita
1186:
1169:Motto:
1168:
1088:Modibo Keïta
1080:
1076:French Sudan
1071:
1069:
1066:French Sudan
1039:
1017:
984:
967:, leader of
957:Burkina Faso
950:
933:, leader of
928:
898:
875:
837:
822:
813:
798:Please help
786:
743:
728:
719:
704:Please help
692:
669:
665:
626:
618:Ghana Empire
612:Ghana Empire
595:
580:
571:
566:Dhar Tichitt
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
536:
532:
519:
503:
488:
479:
464:Please help
452:
428:
420:
395:
384:
369:
101:Koumbi Saleh
75:Ghana Empire
32:
15:
4350:recognition
4303:South Sudan
4193:Ivory Coast
3446:Foreign aid
3383:LGBT rights
3183:Mali Empire
2933:28 December
2778:11 December
2752:11 December
2394:Archaeology
2185: [
1965:coup d'etat
1942:Ivory Coast
1773:Established
1643:(1973–1991)
1472:Preceded by
1362:Legislature
1054:Ivory Coast
1042:Samori Ture
965:Samori Ture
816:August 2020
758:Mali Empire
722:August 2020
657:Niger River
629:Mali Empire
623:Mali Empire
602:Ibn Khaldun
417:Paleolithic
406:Mali Empire
402:Niger River
180:(1464–1591)
117: 1235
110:Mali Empire
86: 1200
33:History of
4405:(Portugal)
4363:Somaliland
4283:Seychelles
4248:Mozambique
4233:Mauritania
4218:Madagascar
4173:The Gambia
4108:Cape Verde
3570:Literature
3111:2023-02-03
2830:2013-01-13
2804:10 January
2400:(1): 8–14.
2195:References
1976:Mauritania
1957:Ansar Dine
1672:Government
1547:President
1243:Government
913:Futa Tooro
909:Toucouleur
412:Prehistory
170:Gao Empire
84: – c.
82: 700
4238:Mauritius
3678:Years in
3517:Languages
3502:Education
3461:Transport
3410:President
3368:Elections
3317:Mountains
3278:Geography
3268:2021 coup
3263:2020 coup
3243:2012 coup
3105:France 24
2971:France 24
2453:, p. 108.
2440:, p. 333.
2096:Bah N'Daw
2039:defeated
1953:Islamists
1677:One-party
1611:1968–1991
1561:socialist
1418:1962-1964
1261:President
1251:one-party
1129:1960–1968
998:Umar Tall
931:Umar Tall
905:Umar Tall
872:, c. 1591
787:does not
693:does not
606:al-Idrisi
539:quartzite
453:does not
434:Neolithic
188:Sonni Ali
4456:Category
4429: /
4425: /
4418:(France)
4412: /
4390: /
4386: /
4338:Zimbabwe
4313:Tanzania
4163:Ethiopia
4158:Eswatini
4138:Djibouti
4103:Cameroon
4088:Botswana
3692:Pre-1960
3625:Category
3585:Polygamy
3527:Religion
3395:Military
3351:Politics
3337:Wildlife
3307:Communes
3248:Mali War
3157:articles
3087:BBC News
3051:BBC News
2989:BBC News
2953:BBC News
2923:BBC News
2905:BBC News
2875:BBC News
2855:23 March
2824:Le Monde
2347:16470987
2142:timeline
2131:See also
2059:election
1905:Mali War
1551:, whose
1440:Currency
1380:Cold War
1201:(French)
1178:(French)
996:against
852:Timbuktu
762:Timbuktu
638:Mandinka
598:al-Bakri
507:Timbuktu
398:Timbuktu
292:Mali War
24:a series
22:Part of
4414:Réunion
4410:Mayotte
4401:Madeira
4396:(Spain)
4392:Melilla
4323:Tunisia
4293:Somalia
4278:Senegal
4263:Nigeria
4253:Namibia
4243:Morocco
4208:Liberia
4203:Lesotho
4153:Eritrea
4123:Comoros
4098:Burundi
4073:Algeria
3609:Outline
3555:Cuisine
3547:Culture
3532:Slavery
3475:Society
3456:Tourism
3434:Economy
3327:Regions
3296:Cercles
3290:Borders
3165:History
3031:27 July
2798:Reuters
2364:(ed.).
2277:Science
2138:history
2136:Bamako
1980:Shariah
1938:Senegal
1913:(MNLA)
1875:Algeria
1852:cercles
1784:•
1771:•
1758:History
1661:Capital
1424:•
1411:•
1248:Unitary
1232:Capital
1194:Le Mali
1187:Anthem:
1046:Malinké
1022:of the
975:Maasina
961:Sikasso
808:removed
793:sources
746:Songhai
714:removed
699:sources
523:Sorghum
474:removed
459:sources
4433:
4416:
4403:
4333:Zambia
4328:Uganda
4268:Rwanda
4223:Malawi
4183:Guinea
4078:Angola
3630:Portal
3507:Health
3332:Rivers
3302:Cities
3208:Kaarta
3155:
3025:dw.com
2629::
2541::
2451:Corpus
2438:Corpus
2372:
2345:
2075:Bamako
1988:, the
1959:, and
1930:Azawad
1871:Tuareg
1761:
1721:
1691:
1665:Bamako
1641:Emblem
1602:French
1598:
1325:
1295:
1265:
1236:Bamako
1199:
1189:
1176:
1159:Emblem
1120:French
1116:
1050:Guinea
953:Senufo
925:Kaarta
856:Djenné
653:Musa I
646:wealth
527:millet
226:Kaarta
119:–1670)
26:on the
4388:Ceuta
4308:Sudan
4258:Niger
4213:Libya
4198:Kenya
4178:Ghana
4168:Gabon
4143:Egypt
4083:Benin
3616:Index
3580:Music
3575:Media
3560:Films
3537:Women
2308:(PDF)
2189:]
2065:2020s
2052:Kidal
2008:Konna
1972:Mbera
1899:2010s
1886:2000s
1879:Libya
901:Ségou
750:Sahel
650:Mansa
387:Sudan
4318:Togo
4228:Mali
4118:Chad
4017:2024
4012:2023
4007:2022
4002:2021
3997:2020
3992:2019
3987:2018
3982:2017
3977:2016
3972:2015
3967:2014
3962:2013
3957:2012
3952:2011
3947:2010
3942:2009
3937:2008
3932:2007
3927:2006
3922:2005
3917:2004
3912:2003
3907:2002
3902:2001
3897:2000
3892:1999
3887:1998
3882:1997
3877:1996
3872:1995
3867:1994
3862:1993
3857:1992
3852:1991
3847:1990
3842:1989
3837:1988
3832:1987
3827:1986
3822:1985
3817:1984
3812:1983
3807:1982
3802:1981
3797:1980
3792:1979
3787:1978
3782:1977
3777:1976
3772:1975
3767:1974
3762:1973
3757:1972
3752:1971
3747:1970
3742:1969
3737:1968
3732:1967
3727:1966
3722:1965
3717:1964
3712:1963
3707:1962
3702:1961
3697:1960
3680:Mali
3565:Flag
3153:Mali
3033:2024
2935:2013
2857:2013
2806:2013
2780:2012
2754:2012
2370:ISBN
2343:PMID
2293:906.
2275:In:
2233:In:
2140:and
2033:Mali
2020:MNLA
2001:Kati
1940:and
1877:and
1816:Mali
1627:Flag
1405:1960
1145:Flag
987:Fula
951:The
907:, a
791:any
789:cite
697:any
695:cite
627:The
525:and
511:Chad
457:any
455:cite
372:Mali
35:Mali
2335:doi
1448:XOF
1000:'s
848:Gao
802:by
708:by
587:Dia
468:by
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