1239:
1224:
1920:
2474:
1652:
1906:
68:
1761:
1547:
459:
2106:
1056:
3657:
1048:
1989:
53:
434:
150:
2593:
2368:
1461:
501:
1960:
construction, and road building, as well as the foundation and construction of public schools and military academies. In addition to these improvements, the Bank of Brazil was chartered and insurance companies, commerce commissions and currency exchanges were established. This damaged the mother country's commercial interests and aggravated social problems there, while benefiting the United
Kingdom, as Portugal was governed by the increasingly despotic British general
2123:. The question was whether Brazil should return to being a colony of Portugal or the reverse should be the case. While most Portuguese-born Brazilians believed in a united empire, the majority of natives and local politicians aspired to some form of independence for their homeland. The historical evidence indicates that regardless of any developments in Portuguese politics, Brazil would have proclaimed independence after the return of King John VI to Portugal. The
2462:
930:
2521:, who was ill, as regent. Over the next few months, traditional nobility, clergymen and the vast majority of the population (who were supporters of D. Miguel) proclaimed Miguel King of Portugal. They also annulled the liberal Constitution, persecuted liberals and their supporters, and attempted to obtain international support for their regime. Thousands of liberal idealists were killed, arrested, or forced to flee to Spain, England, the
2313:
1639:(30 August), without Portuguese representation. As part of the accord, the British transported the French troops to France, with the product of sacks made in Portugal. The Convention benefited both sides: Junot's armies, incapable of communicating with France, could make a safe withdrawal; and the Anglo-Portuguese forces gained control over Lisbon. The Portuguese populace was free to avenge itself on
2252:, were pressing for parliamentary government and independence. More confident now, in early August he called on the Brazilian deputies in Lisbon to return, decreed that Portuguese forces in Brazil should be treated as enemies, and issued a manifesto to "friendly nations" that read like a declaration of independence. Seeking to duplicate his triumph in Minas Gerais, Pedro rode to
2212:, and known as the "Patriarch of Independence". Following Prince Pedro's decision to defy the Cortes, Portuguese troops rioted, then concentrated in the area of Mount Castello, which was soon surrounded by thousands of armed Brazilians. Pedro dismissed the Portuguese commanding general, General Jorge Avilez, and ordered him to remove his soldiers across the bay to
1519:, in compensation for his role in bringing the Spanish to align with France. The rest of Portugal, the area between the Douro and the Tagus, a strategic region because of its ports, would be administered by the central government in France until a general peace. Its colonial possessions, including Brazil, would be divided between Spain and France.
2707:, peace was declared under a convention by which Miguel formally consented to renounce all claims to the throne of Portugal, was guaranteed an annual pension, and was banished from Portugal, never to return. Pedro restored the Constitutional Charter and died soon after, on 24 September 1834, while his daughter assumed the throne as
2772:, commanding that Pombal should never be closer than 32 kilometres (20 mi) to her; in situations where the Queen was close to his estates, he was compelled to remove himself from his house to fulfill the royal decree. She is also reported to have had tantrums at the slightest reference to her father's former Prime Minister.
2491:
obliged Pedro to choose between
Portugal or Brazil. Pedro, a pragmatic politician, tried to find a solution that would reconcile the desires of the liberal, moderate and absolutist elements in the debate, and eventually chose to abdicate as king of Portugal (28 May 1826) in favor of his eldest daughter
2355:(events that occurred in Vila Franca). One of the objectives of Queen Carlota and Miguel was the abdication of King John, who, although he accepted absolutism, was yet loyal to the liberal Constitution. Ultimately the king accepted absolutism when a movement of army officers and citizens surrounded the
2296:
because of Queen Maria I's mental illness, and in 1816, he became King John VI after her death while the royal family was residing in Rio de
Janeiro. In 1821 he was forced to return to a country economically and politically unstable, to preside over a recently installed constitutional monarchy. There
2490:
In Brazil, Pedro faced other challenges to his newborn country; the people clearly did not wish to return to colonial status and subservience to the politics and economy of the much smaller kingdom of
Portugal. The Brazilian constitution prohibited the Emperor from subsuming another crown; this fact
1678:
Unlike the first invasion, there was a popular revolt against French occupation by farmers, conservative nobility and the poor. Many of the citizen soldiers and farmers fought against the French aggression, going so far as to see tactical retreats as a betrayal or treason by the
Portuguese officers.
1595:
had ceased to reign in
Portugal, suspended the Council of Regency, suppressed the Portuguese militia, billeted officers in the finest houses of the rich, and plundered the Portuguese treasury for continuing reparations to the French. Meanwhile, 50,000 Spanish and French troops roamed the countryside
2486:
as regent. Prince Miguel was also an undesirable option for the liberals; he had been exiled due to several attempts he made to overthrow his own father, and supported the traditionalist politics of his mother, Queen
Carlota, whom most of the liberals and moderates feared. Pedro accepted the throne
2041:
lodges. The common people were rural, almost totally illiterate and lived in a culture of tradition and religion guided by the clergy. The ideological differences between the doctrinairism of the liberal movement and the dogmas of religion would bring the two groups into conflict eventually. In the
1870:
on April 10, 1814, putting an end to the
Peninsular War. However, in numerous coastal, interior and border towns there were bodies bayoneted and left on the ground; several frontier towns were pillaged and ransacked for treasure or vandalized by retreating troops (both British and French); reprisal
1529:
On 27 November, the Prince Regent, the Queen and the entire royal family, accompanied by much of the nobility as well as their servants, boarded fifteen
Portuguese ships gathered in the Tagus with an escort of several English ships, as planned the year before when the British ambassador advised the
1192:
John VI's regency was a complex political period that saw
Portugal attempting to remain neutral in spite of the combative intransigence of its neighbors and contentious forces within the country that favored either liberal or traditional policies. Between 1795 and 1801, his government struggled to
2481:
The death of King John VI sparked a constitutional crisis, as his rightful successor, Prince Pedro, was the Emperor of Brazil. To absolutists, the proclamation of Brazilian independence created a foreign nation, thus revoking Pedro's citizenship and his right of succession to the throne. John had
1822:
constructed by Portuguese laborers, manned by 40,000 Portuguese troops and members of the local population. Marshal Massena and his forces reached the lines by 14 October, but were unable to penetrate the defenses, and he was forced to retreat in April 1811. Supplies were running low, and Massena
2394:
oscillated between conciliatory paternal absolutism and a timidly moderate liberalism. Queen Carlota was the principal supporter of the radical absolutists, who favored absolutism without concessions and the repression of new ideas filtering in from Europe. She gave no quarter, and in 1823, the
1102:
Although the queen retained many of the Marquis' other ministers, she restored most of the privileges of the nobility and clergy, and released many of Pombal's political prisoners. The economy was reorganized and Pombaline monopolies were abandoned. However, international conditions favored the
1590:
to greet the French in peace. Once he arrived, Junot promoted himself as a reformer come to liberate the oppressed people of Portugal, promising progress, the construction of roads and canals, efficient administration, clean finances, assistance and schools for the poor. Instead, he set about
1959:
After 1807 the limitations and subordinations inherent in Brazil's colonial status were already being reduced incrementally. The prohibition on transformative industries was rescinded, and new incentives were offered for: the creation of factories, the importation of British machinery, ship
2272:
on 7 September 1822, he tore the Portuguese white and blue insignia from his uniform, drew his sword, and swore: "By my blood, by my honor, and by God: I will make Brazil free." With this oath, repeated by the assembled crowd, he announced: "Brazilians, from this day forward our motto will
2036:
group who debated the political evolution of Spain and Portugal and would influence subsequent events. The Sinédrio's members were a mixture of merchants, property-owners, the military and noblemen, whose liberalism was based not on personal economic circumstances but on their exposure to
2088:
was extinguished; a general amnesty for those involved in anti-liberal movements was also ordered. On 26 April 1821, John VI departed for Lisbon, arriving on 3 July of the same year, and communicated to the Cortes the establishment of a Regency in Brazil in the name of his heir-apparent,
2016:
was in exile, but it was quickly abrogated on his return, and he reigned as absolute monarch. The Spanish model also served as an example for the Portuguese: a popular uprising in the provinces against absolutism forced the Spanish monarch to reinstate the 1820 Constitutional monarchy.
1317:, who arrived in November 1800. In February, the terms were delivered to the Prince-Regent; although he sent a negotiator to Madrid, war was declared. At the time, Portugal had a poorly trained army, with less than 8,000 cavalry and 46,000 infantry troops. Its military commander,
2647:
Porto, engaging in sporadic skirmishes. Throughout the year, most of the battles of the Civil War concentrated around Porto, whose population had whole-heartedly supported the liberal cause. In June 1833, the liberals, still encircled at Porto, sent out a force commanded by the
3409:
In the following days, the Portuguese commander delayed embarkation, hoping that expected reinforcements would arrive. However, the reinforcements that arrived off Rio de Janeiro on 5 March 1822 were not allowed to land. Instead, they were given supplies for the voyage back to
2431:
During his reign as king, John promoted the arts (mainly literature), commerce and agriculture, but being forced to return to Europe and to keep track of the court intrigues that arose following the independence of Brazil made him an unhappy man, and he died soon after the
1530:
prince that the Portuguese Crown should be transferred to Brazil. Approximately 10,000 people, including the entire governmental administration and the judiciary, joined the royal family as they moved to Brazil, a possession of Portugal, and established the capital of the
1388:
successfully resisted a siege by the invaders. An episode which occurred during the siege of Elvas accounts for the name, "War of the Oranges": Godoy, celebrating his first experience of generalship, plucked two oranges from a tree and immediately sent them to Queen
2423:
and re-established the liberal government. However, a new conspiracy was discovered on October 26 of the same year. The queen accused the liberals of attempting to poison the king, while they suspected her of having done it herself: this time, she was exiled to
2267:
and Andrade e Silva that the Portuguese Cortes had declared his government traitorous, and were dispatching more troops. Pedro then had to choose between returning to Portugal in disgrace, or breaking the last ties to Portugal; in a famous scene in front of the
1979:
in December 1815, Brazil's new importance worsened the situation in continental Portugal: politically, it became the Portuguese capital (shedding the pretense of being a colony), and economically, was now able to trade directly with other European powers.
107:
2197:, as well as the Senate Chamber of Rio de Janeiro implored the prince to remain. He was moved by petitions from Brazilian towns and fears that his departure, with the consequent dismantling of the central government, would trigger separatist movements.
108:
135:
106:
136:
133:
132:
1103:
economic situation in Portugal as the balance of trade was positive, helped by wine exports and a decrease of British imports. The period was, while tainted by political instability, a time of cultural renovation, marked by the completion of the
134:
2612:, on 7 April 1831. He then returned to Europe, but found little support from England or France for his quest to regain the throne; instead, he collected arms, money and mercenaries to install his daughter on the throne. He then departed for
1166:(French Party) believed the French could usher in a liberal revolution in Europe. The French represented a threat to the traditionalist nobility who were returning to prominence and were very willing to fight them externally or internally.
1955:
was strengthened by the aftermath of the war, the continuing impact of the American and French revolutions, discontent under absolutist government, and the general indifference shown by the Portuguese regency for the plight of its people.
2335:
and was involved in various obscure conspiracies regarding the independence of Brazil. The return of the king and the royal court had emboldened the clergy and nobles who were hostile to the Constitution and parliamentary government.
1607:
as King. A popular uprising in Spain immediately spread to Junot's forces, which were accompanied by Spanish troops, and further instigated a popular uprising by the Portuguese that was brutally put down after some minor successes.
2303:
of the upper class governed, the new "modern era" was such in name only: the former condition of the poor still prevailed, they remaining pro-monarchist and ultra-religious, but without the power to change their circumstances.
1950:
accentuated the economic, institutional and social crises in mainland Portugal, which was administered by English commercial and military interests under William Beresford's rule in the absence of the monarch. The influence of
2339:
Prince Miguel, who shared the queen's views, served as her instrument to subvert the revolution. On 27 May 1823, the prince organized an insurgency against the liberal constitution; a garrison from Lisbon joined Miguel in
2607:
began to change in 1830. Popular opposition to Pedro's reign in the aftermath of the dismissal of several of his ministers during a growing economic crisis forced him to abdicate his throne in Brazil in favor of his son,
2331:. The queen was very conservative, ambitious and violent, and at the same time despised her husband's politics, manners and personality. While in Brazil, she had attempted to obtain administration of Spanish dominions in
1415:, signed on June 6, 1801. As part of the peace settlement, Portugal recovered all of the strongholds previously conquered by the Spanish, with the exception of Olivença and other territories on the eastern margin of the
1256:
On 29 January 1801, an ultimatum from Spain and France forced Portugal to decide between France and Britain, even as its government had tried to negotiate favorable relations with the two powers rather than abrogate the
2326:
The situation in continental Europe changed in 1823. Once again influenced by events in Spain, where the anti-liberal Santa Aliança had restored the absolute monarchy, pro-monarchist forces gravitated towards Queen
2411:, (after "Abril", the Portuguese word for "April"). During the course of his actions Miguel had offended the sensibilities of the British and French ambassadors, who managed to get John to the British battleship
2389:
In Portugal, as in Spain, the adversaries of constitutionalism were divided into two factions: a radical and a more moderate group. King John depended on the moderate faction; the ministers he selected after the
2224:
revolted against the Portuguese forces there, but were driven into the countryside, where they began guerrilla operations, signaling that the struggle in the north would not be without loss of life and property.
2698:
Meanwhile, the absolutists controlled the rural areas, where they were supported by the aristocracy and the peasantry. Operations against the Miguelists recommenced in early 1834, and they were defeated at the
2399:) to force the King to abdicate. Then, on 30 April, Miguel, using the pretext that the King's life was in danger, imprisoned numerous ministers and important figures of the kingdom, while keeping his father
1158:. Even as Portugal was politically divided between continuing its old alliance with Britain, its people were also divided. The French Revolution, as seen by intellectuals and progressives, was romanticized:
2073:
was composed of diplomatic functionaries, merchants, agrarian burghers, and university-educated representatives who were usually lawyers. Most of all these were ideological romantics, later referred to as
2691:. His first act was to confiscate the property of all who had supported Miguel. He also suppressed all religious orders and confiscated their property, an act that suspended friendly relations with the
2348:
was proclaimed. The king responded by suspending the 1822 Constitution and promising the promulgation of a new law to guarantee "personal security, property and jobs". The revolt was referred to as the
105:
2236:. With only a few companions and no pomp or ceremony, Pedro plunged into Minas Gerais on horseback in late March 1822, receiving enthusiastic welcomes and vows of allegiance everywhere. On 13 May, in
2683:
The liberals were able to occupy Lisbon, making it possible for them to repel the Miguelite siege in Porto. A stalemate of nine months ensued. Towards the end of 1833, Maria da Glória was proclaimed
1309:
If Portugal failed to accomplish the five conditions of this ultimatum, it would be invaded by Spain, supported by 15,000 French soldiers. The British could not promise any effective relief, even as
1169:
It was at about this time that Queen Maria, already possessed of a religious mania, began to show signs of mental illness. When after 1799 she became incapable of handling state affairs, her son,
131:
1197:
against Portugal's traditional ally, Great Britain, and the demands of the merchant classes who were prospering economically and wanted peace. Meanwhile, Spain, a former ally, had signed the
2228:
Hoping to rally support throughout the country, Pedro began a series of initiatives to strengthen his position, even as the Portuguese Cortes ridiculed him and disparaged his importance. In
1095:
ruler of the kingdom for the past 27 years. During her father's last few years, she had been the Marquis' fiercest detractor; once in power, she eagerly dismissed him and then exiled him to
1238:
1871:
killings were common in the local populations for sympathizers (the total number of casualties in the war reached 100,000 by one account); while famine and social deprivation was common.
1663:
to reoccupy Portugal. As word spread of the abdication of the Spanish royal family, many Spaniards revolted, gaining support from the British stationed in Portugal. Under the command of
103:
2499:, was to marry the Princess when she came of age. The Constitution was not popular with the absolutists (who wanted Prince Miguel to govern as an absolute monarch), but the liberal
2419:. There he was made aware of the situation, summoned Miguel, dismissed him from the post of commander-in-chief of the army, and sent him into exile. On 14 May, John returned to the
129:
2004:"Portugal has arrived at a crisis in which it will suffer a revolution of fortunes, of order, an anarchy, and other ills that will bring a complete reduction of public credit...".
2119:
Talk of separatism had dominated the economic and intellectual circles of Brazil, which was prosperous, although at least one third of its population of 3.5 million were African
1792:
in August, they quickly defeated the defenders in the Fort of Almeida in August, then marched in the direction of Lisbon. Against the wishes of his council, Messena attacked the
3131:
H. V. Livermore (1976), p. 253; The Prince Regent appointed Beresford to reorganize the Portuguese Army, granting him the rank of Marshal and Commander-in-Chief in January 1809.
2580:), was quickly defeated by Miguel's forces while similar revolts in the Azores and Madeira were similarly defeated (the liberal forces were able to hold onto territory only in
2565:
2495:, who was seven years old at the time. The abdication was conditional: Portugal should receive a new Constitution, i.e., the 1826 Charter, and his brother Miguel, exiled in
2695:
for nearly eight years, until mid-1841. The liberals occupied Portugal's major cities, Lisbon and Porto, where they commanded a sizable following among the middle classes.
2050:"Let's join our brothers-in-arms to organize a provisional government that will call on the Cortes to draw-up a Constitution, whose absence is the origin of all our ills."
1599:
By 1808, as Junot was busy redesigning Portuguese society, Napoleon decided to revise his alliance with Spain; he forced the abdication of Charles IV of Spain and his son
1480:
imposed by the French, and realized that the situation in Portugal impeded his plan for reform in Europe. Again, Portuguese ports were ordered closed to British shipping;
2631:
With the backing of liberals from Spain and England, and substantial foreign mercenary contingents (who comprised roughly 80% of the liberal forces), Pedro landed near
3241:
The Map of Europe by Treaty: Showing the Various Political and Territorial Changes which Have Taken Place Since the General Peace of 1814; with Numerous Maps and Notes
104:
130:
2552:
did recognize his authority. Between 1828 and 1834, forces loyal to progressive liberalism battled the power of Miguel's absolute monarchy. A liberal uprising in
2174:
continued to be bought and sold and disciplined with force, however, despite his assertion that their blood was the same color as his and the Portuguese Cortes.
2094:
2042:
meantime, however, the rhetoric of the liberal intellectuals had influenced those soldiers in the northern garrisons who on 24 August 1820, first proclaimed in
2477:
Prince Miguel reclaimed the throne that was rightfully his, as his brother had lost his rights to it, and as such could not legally pass them over to his niece
1863:
and with Anglo-Portuguese forces in pursuit, Massena crossed the border into Spain; the War would continue until March 1814, but not on Portuguese territory.
1701:
and ultimately, it was Wellesley, again, at the head of the British-Portuguese forces who expelled the French from the north of the country. He was aided by
1419:, and a prohibition of contraband was enforced near the border between the two countries. The treaty was ratified by the Prince-Regent on 14 June, while the
2487:
of Portugal as King Pedro IV on 10 March 1826, after the regency deemed him the legitimate heir to the throne and sent a delegation to offer him the crown.
2395:
police revealed a conspiracy led by her and Prince Miguel (who had been promoted to the post of commander-in-chief of the Army following the events of the
1840:
2058:
1976:
1911:
1886:
1009:
625:
3857:
1438:. This treaty was initially rejected by Napoleon, who wanted the partition of Portugal, but accepted once he concluded a peace with Great Britain at
1318:
1242:
1205:
was initially hesitant to invade Portugal, due to the royal family having relatives in both countries, the French remained anxious to break the
3686:
3437:
3222:
1961:
1694:
by 29 March. Soult forces encountered a popular resistance in Porto, that included militia and local residents who barricaded the streets. But
1154:(1794). The war did not go well, and by 1795, Spain had privately sued for peace, signed an alliance and aligned its external politics against
1031:
revolution endeavoring to restore all power to the monarchy. Pedro eventually returned to Portugal and fought and defeated his brother in the
4016:
958:
2292:
at the age of 27. John, then 21 years old, lived for hunting and had little interest in public affairs. However, four years later he became
3376:
José Hermano Saraiva, (2007), p.283; As Borges Carneiro would remark in the Cortes, the Brazilians needed a guard dog to put them in order.
2557:
2193:
ordered Prince Pedro to return to Europe to complete his education with a tour of Spain, France and England, but the governmental junta in
2505:
also did not support the Charter (which was imposed by the King); moderates bided their time as a counter-revolution was slowly building.
2436:
in 1826. It was also at the end of his life that he recognized the independence of Brazil (15 November 1825) and restored his son Pedro's
1874:
Furthermore, the instability in Spain and the abdication of the king, resulted in declarations of independence in the Spanish colonies of
4096:
1671:
by Marshal Soult, and were forced to retreat in the middle of January. The French immediately occupied northern Portugal and advanced on
67:
1455:
1223:
1001:
702:
522:
4066:
3725:
2599:, leader of the liberal government-in-exile, responsible for the defense of Porto, and later the defeat of Miguelist forces in Lisbon
1823:
sent a request to Bonaparte for new instructions, but was compelled to withdraw before the instructions arrived, and he retreated to
833:
4022:
3790:
2525:
and Brazil. The acclamation was followed by demonstrations in support of absolutism and failed revolutions to reinstate liberalism.
1411:
The conflict ended quickly when the defeated and demoralized Portuguese were forced to negotiate and accept the stipulations of the
1329:
colonel, Count Karl Alexander von der Goltz, to assume command as field marshal. The Spanish Prime Minister and Commander-in-Chief,
4091:
3894:
2244:
legislative assembly and he took the opportunity to call for a constituent assembly. To broaden his base of support, he joined the
1801:
1612:
1551:
2883:
2297:
were deep divisions between the returning Royal Court and the Portuguese Cortes that governed the nation. While the free-thinking
2028:; two years earlier, Manuel Fernandes Tomás, José Ferreira Borges, José da Silva Carvalho and João Ferreira Viana had founded the
1084:
4101:
2249:
2201:
1484:
2189:. Troops were sent to Brazil to stifle resistance, and local units were placed under Portuguese command. On 29 September, the
3546:
3469:
3266:
3149:
For his failure to hold the line, the Portuguese governor, was bayoneted by the British during the aftermath of the conflict.
2979:
2910:
1695:
1120:
3109:, the northern commander, was accused treason by local farmers, arrested and sent to Braga, where the local population then
1781:
1734:
1334:
1227:
1202:
973:
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Fernandes, Paulo Jorge; Menses, Filipe Ribeiro de; Baioâ, Manuel. "The Political History of Nineteenth Century Portugal,"
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movement rose from the conflict between the Regency of Prince Pedro meant to rule frugally and started by cutting his own
989:
in 1834, spans a complex historical period in which several important political and military events led to the end of the
2054:
The Regency in Lisbon attempted to gather forces to oppose the revolt, but on 15 September they too joined the movement.
712:
675:
632:
452:
439:
1919:
817:
730:
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surrender one or more of its provinces, equal to one fourth part of her total area, as a guarantee for the recovery of
823:
1827:. Although Napoleon finally sent Soult, it was too late for Massena, who could not hold Santarém and withdrew towards
149:
4076:
4071:
3999:
3965:
3946:
3927:
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3800:
3779:
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2703:. The Miguelite army, however, was still a force (about 18,000 men) to be reckoned with, but on May 24, 1834, at the
2677:
2473:
1819:
951:
3679:
804:
4045:
3746:
652:
3398:
2177:
In September 1821, the Portuguese Cortes, with a handful of the Brazilian delegates present, voted to abolish the
1112:
1635:(21 August). A two-day armistice was observed as negotiations proceeded and the belligerents formally signed the
1201:, and was under pressure from France to coerce Portugal's cooperation, even if it required an invasion. Although
878:
765:
1651:
1476:, he considered the problem of the resistance of the English, who had broken the peace in 1803 to challenge the
4086:
2728:
2657:
1905:
1198:
1159:
920:
897:
2719:
2533:
2345:
1488:
990:
978:
862:
841:
336:
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2328:
2097:, which stipulated that the Portuguese Crown should pass to Prince Pedro if Brazil gained its independence.
1705:
and supported by a stronger Portuguese contingent, trained, equipped and commanded by British officers. The
1337:(Napoleon's brother-in-law) arrived in Spain too late to assist Godoy, as it was a short military campaign.
1083:, lived on the sidelines of politics, but were clearly unsympathetic to her father's former Prime Minister,
752:
4028:
3989:
1664:
1624:
944:
882:
866:
779:
607:
577:
480:
2232:, where there were no Portuguese garrisons stationed, some doubts lingered, especially among the junta of
2220:, when the Portuguese garrison was forced to depart in November 1821. In mid-February 1822, Brazilians in
1000:
In 1807, Napoleon ordered the invasion of Portugal and subsequently the royal family and its entire court
3106:
2900:
2264:
747:
602:
570:
244:
3623:
Parallel History: Being an Outline of the History and Biography of the World, Contemporaneously Arranged
2062:
1804:'s forces withdrew in front of the oncoming French, until his troops entered the prepared positions in
1749:
1730:
1616:
682:
527:
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to conquer Lisbon on 24 July 1833. Meanwhile, Napier's squadron encountered the absolutist fleet near
2065:", whose deputies were chosen by indirect election, was summoned on 1 January 1821 to draft a written
3669:
1867:
1206:
886:
828:
737:
717:
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1325:), had barely raised 2,000 horse and 16,000 troops. and was compelled to contract the services of a
4081:
4050:
3673:
3665:
2704:
2640:
2545:
2518:
2483:
2469:, established the 1826 Portuguese Constitution, considered by some to be too pragmatic for the time
2444:
1975:(which had been seized in 1809) to France on 30 May 1814. With the declaration by King John of the
1412:
1258:
874:
532:
375:
155:
73:
58:
52:
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ship in case he lost the looming confrontation; he also sent his family to safety out of the city.
2933:
1180:. The traditionalist adversaries of France, however, did not look to John, but rather to his wife
3814:
2285:
1848:
1627:
on 1 August. The British-Portuguese forces advanced quickly on the French, defeating them at the
1427:
994:
791:
230:
3538:
2216:, where they would await transportation to Portugal. Blood was also shed in Recife, province of
3690:
2425:
2085:
2013:
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A series of battles in Spain followed, until a final victory was reached on French soil in the
1812:
1710:
1702:
1687:
1600:
1587:
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caused great social upheaval in Europe. The eventual Portuguese reaction was to land forces in
1104:
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642:
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1725:. From here his forces then marched up the Tagus valley, entered Spain and won the victory at
1468:'s forces crossed the border at the end of 1807, to conquer Portugal in order to partition it.
2205:
2020:
The significance of events in Spain was not lost on a small group of politically like-minded
2009:
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Portugal's neighbor Spain, during its resistance to the Napoleonic invasions, had approved a
1793:
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1722:
1706:
1691:
1381:
1108:
1080:
904:
870:
742:
2969:
2440:
to the Portuguese throne. Before his death, he named a regency council presided over by the
2093:. The deputies did not recognize the King's authority to designate regents, nor support the
2046:
a revolution against the absolute monarchy of Portugal. A colonel read out the declaration:
1824:
1717:. Wellesley intended to pursue the French, but with French forces crossing from the Spanish
1575:
1430:) on 29 September 1801 made additions to that of Badajoz whereby Portugal was forced to pay
3461:
Imperial Portugal in the Age of Atlantic Revolutions: The Luso-Brazilian World, C.1770-1850
2708:
2700:
2492:
2070:
1996:, was not interested in returning to mainland Portugal immediately after the Peninsular War
1844:
1636:
1390:
1365:
1064:
811:
662:
612:
547:
311:
213:
2260:
2253:
8:
3334:
The Annual Register, Or, A View of the History, Politics, and Literature for the Year ...
2437:
2375:
2341:
2320:
2281:
1993:
1504:
1310:
1173:
1151:
1068:
1005:
982:
857:
489:
299:
275:
196:
33:
3875:
3584:
2927:
1859:. With winter quickly approaching, his forces starving, they were again defeated at the
1797:
1628:
1071:, his eldest daughter, to the throne of Portugal; she succeeded her father as the first
91:
3848:
3531:
2971:
The Concession of Évora Monte: The Failure of Liberalism in Nineteenth-Century Portugal
2673:
2621:
2609:
1816:
1815:, a system of 152 fortifications north of Lisbon, planned by Wellington, supervised by
1785:
1726:
1660:
1586:
had fled to Brazil. Before the Prince Regent departed, he left orders with the Regency
1563:
1523:
1500:
1477:
1465:
1385:
1314:
1218:
1194:
1055:
1024:
909:
597:
552:
517:
263:
3318:
The history of Brazil, from ... 1808, to ... 1831. A continuation to Southey's History
3206:
1988:
3995:
3961:
3942:
3923:
3820:
3796:
3775:
3768:
3752:
3731:
3542:
3465:
3262:
2975:
2906:
2769:
2604:
2466:
2178:
2120:
2105:
2090:
1860:
1832:
1632:
1623:
with the intent of supporting the Spanish, but later advanced on Porto and landed at
1592:
1567:
1531:
1345:
1131:
1088:
1047:
1028:
1017:
773:
687:
647:
592:
287:
221:
1322:
1246:
2661:
2649:
2577:
2569:
2111:
1939:
1856:
1836:
1831:
by March 6. Successively, the French were defeated in several smaller battles: the
1683:
1604:
1394:
1181:
1116:
1096:
587:
510:
1773:
3807:
3385:
The atmosphere was so charged that Prince Pedro sought assurances of asylum on a
3226:
2613:
2561:
2420:
2404:
2371:
2356:
2170:, and other indignities. He also sent elected deputies to the Portuguese Cortes.
1789:
1745:
1714:
1698:
1516:
1369:
1340:
On May 20, Godoy finally entered Portugal; this incursion was a precursor of the
1330:
1231:
934:
393:
2768:
Her dislike for Pombal was so great that she issued one of the world's earliest
2540:. Miguel tried to obtain international support for his cause, but failed due to
2447:
to govern the country between his death and the acclamation of the future king.
1333:, had some 30,000 troops at his disposal, while the French troops under General
3866:
3386:
2665:
2644:
2592:
2541:
2416:
2269:
2237:
2182:
1968:
1947:
1943:
1927:
1890:
1769:
1713:, re-conquering the city of Porto on 29 May, and forcing the French retreat to
1535:
1451:
1341:
349:
206:
179:
2131:, centralizing scattered government offices and selling off most of the royal
4060:
2684:
2367:
2332:
2293:
2159:
1972:
1805:
1738:
1667:, British forces crossed the northern Portuguese border but were defeated at
1460:
1420:
1270:
1249:, who was responsible for the defense of Portugal during the disaster of the
1155:
1124:
1072:
657:
637:
405:
116:
1570:
to reach the Portuguese border. Junot encountered no resistance and reached
3347:
2692:
2620:, from where his government-in-exile organized an expeditionary force that
2529:
2456:
2351:
2229:
2066:
1935:
1882:
1777:
1032:
986:
707:
4034:
2241:
2194:
1522:
On either 19 or 20 November 1807, a French battalion commanded by General
1051:
The Infanta Maria Francisca, ascended the throne to reign as Queen Maria I
2209:
2163:
2147:
2021:
1878:, which in turn was responsible for a tense political climate in Brazil.
1718:
1640:
1583:
1558:
to support the Spanish, but was responsible for defeating Junot's forces.
1499:
rivers, would be a principality governed by the sovereign of the extinct
1492:
500:
3983:] (in Portuguese) (24th ed.). Lisbon, Portugal: Colecção Saber.
3838:
1668:
2537:
2245:
2233:
2217:
2124:
2081:
2033:
2000:
A report was sent from the Regency to John VI on 2 June 1820, stating:
1952:
1894:
1852:
1659:
As Napoleon began dealing with the Spanish in earnest, he sent Marshal
1036:
582:
3727:
The Greenwood Histories of the Modern Nations: The History of Portugal
2461:
2213:
1059:
Marquis of Pombal, Queen Maria's nemesis, who was dismissed and exiled
3816:
Dom Pedro: The Struggle for Liberty in Brazil and Portugal, 1798-1834
3220:
The British community of 19th century Bahia: public and private lives
2636:
2063:
General Extraordinary and Constituent Cortes of the Portuguese Nation
1373:
1361:
1357:
1135:
542:
537:
3960:(in Portuguese). Vol. VII (1st ed.). Círculo de Leitores.
3181:
3179:
3177:
3175:
3173:
1566:
and his troops had entered Spain on 18 October 1807 and crossed the
1526:
entered Portugal. Napoleon had ordered its invasion and occupation.
3922:(in Portuguese). Vol. IV (1st ed.). Círculo de Leitores.
3110:
2723:
2669:
2581:
2289:
2155:
1875:
1571:
1416:
1353:
1349:
1288:
1184:
for support, and at one point attempted a coup against the prince.
1147:
400:
3941:(in Portuguese). Vol. V (1st ed.). Círculo de Leitores.
3635:
3633:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3562:
3560:
3558:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3483:
3481:
3301:
3299:
3289:
3287:
3074:
3072:
3050:
3048:
2954:
2952:
2057:
The administration of William Beresford was swiftly replaced by a
2037:
international literature and philosophies at university or in the
1733:. He could not penetrate further, owing to Soult's forces joining
3170:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2816:
2814:
2653:
2639:
forces abandoned without combat. After fighting the inconclusive
2514:
2501:
2441:
2299:
2240:, Pedro was proclaimed the "Perpetual Defender of Brazil" by the
2171:
2167:
2076:
2038:
1828:
1508:
1473:
1377:
1326:
1292:
1170:
1075:
of the 650-year-old country, which was still recovering from the
4040:
3795:(2nd ed.). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
1934:
From 1808 through 1821, Portugal was effectively both a British
1741:
to plan for the defense against a third invasion by the French.
1591:
removing vestiges of the Portuguese monarchy, declared that the
1012:
in 1815. This would be one of the causes for the declaration of
3630:
3599:
3555:
3508:
3478:
3296:
3284:
3069:
3045:
2949:
2688:
2617:
2549:
2522:
2496:
2312:
2186:
2128:
1672:
1620:
1579:
1555:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1277:
1262:
1193:
maintain a delicate balance of peace in the face of the French
1177:
1143:
557:
170:
2902:
Lord Beresford and British intervention in Portugal, 1807-1820
2823:
2811:
2407:. This second attempt to depose King John became known as the
1643:
compatriots for the brutality and depredations of the French.
3193:
3191:
2632:
2625:
2553:
2221:
2132:
2043:
2025:
1512:
1496:
1384:
resisted for 18 days before falling to the Spanish army, but
1296:
1281:
1139:
1079:. Before becoming queen, Princess Maria and her husband, the
4035:
Wellington's dispatches from the Peninsular War and Waterloo
2898:
2881:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2853:
1881:
In 1816, and as a result of the increasing influence of the
1788:, and comprised 62,000 men and 84 canon. Entering by way of
2151:
2140:
2136:
3188:
2204:, a former royal official and professor of science at the
2084:
of the press and literary productions was lifted, and the
2850:
2517:, becoming Pedro's lieutenant and replacing their sister
2284:
had no pretensions to the throne until his older brother
2185:, thus subordinating all provinces of Brazil directly to
2143:
1596:
arresting, killing, plundering and raping the citizenry.
1039:
prevailed and Portugal became a constitutional monarchy.
2755:
2753:
1401:
I lack everything, but with nothing I will go to Lisbon.
1209:
in order to close Portuguese ports to British shipping.
3619:
3258:
Capoeira: The Jogo de Angola from Luanda to Cyberspace
2750:
1926:, who administered mainland Portugal during the post-
1020:
in 1822, following a liberal revolution in Portugal.
3578:
3457:
2888:. Instituto Ibero-Americano de Berlim. p. 267.
1977:
United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves
1912:
United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves
1887:
United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves
1010:
United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves
3767:
3530:
3200:
3062:
3060:
2993:
2991:
2875:
2508:
1582:at the end of the month, arriving a day after the
1511:and all Portuguese territory located south of the
3841:; standard scholarly history; Chapters 18, 19, 22
3819:. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press.
2263:, Pedro received messages from his wife Princess
1611:The following year, a British force commanded by
4058:
4046:List of Peninsular War British officers who died
3678:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
2892:
2528:The sequence of events inevitably triggered the
1483:On 27 October 1807, France and Spain signed the
25:
3844:
3392:
3057:
2988:
2925:
1737:, to bar the way to Madrid, and so withdrew to
3341:
3212:
2967:
1487:which would partition Portugal. In this pact,
3528:
3522:
3314:
3254:
2656:, supported by a naval squadron commanded by
1772:on Portuguese soil, was commanded by Marshal
952:
3994:. London, England: Sidgewick & Jackson.
3913:(in Portuguese) (5th ed.). Edições Asa.
3751:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
3451:
3308:
2919:
1397:and supposedly his lover, with the message:
1261:. The French sent a five-point statement to
3853:
3464:. Cambridge University Press. p. 179.
2961:
1768:The third invasion, the last effort of the
1472:In 1806, after Napoleon's victory over the
1023:The liberal period was stormy and short as
3908:
3871:
3744:
3730:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press.
3613:
3248:
2162:for arrests of freemen; and banned secret
2154:; he forbade arbitrary seizure of private
2139:. He issued decrees eliminating the royal
1946:. The moving of the Portuguese capital to
1456:Transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil
1348:. The Spanish army quickly penetrated the
959:
945:
148:
3788:
3709:Learn how and when to remove this message
3244:. Gregg International. 1875. p. 269.
2905:. Impr. de Ciências Sociais. p. 15.
1992:The Prince-Regent, who would become King
1352:region in southern Portugal and occupied
1067:in 1777 forced the accession of Princess
3812:
3723:
2591:
2472:
2460:
2366:
2359:to urge him to renounce liberal ideals.
2311:
2208:who was a formative figure in Brazilian
2200:Pedro formed a new government headed by
2104:
1987:
1918:
1904:
1759:
1650:
1545:
1459:
1302:pay a war indemnity to France and Spain;
1273:and close its ports to British shipping;
1237:
1222:
1054:
1046:
981:and the beginning of the reign of Queen
4029:List of ships of war lying in the Tagus
3974:
3955:
3936:
3917:
3891:e-Journal of Portuguese History (e-JPH)
3496:José Hermano Saraiva, (2007), p.284-285
3358:José Hermano Saraiva, (2007), p.281-282
3096:José Hermano Saraiva, (2007), p.271-272
3042:José Hermano Saraiva, (2007), p.270-271
2899:M. D. D. Newitt; Martin Robson (2004).
2882:E. A. Strasen; Alfredo Gândara (1944).
2799:José Hermano Saraiva, (2007), p.262-263
2781:José Hermano Saraiva, (2007), p.260-261
2660:, using the alias Carlos de Ponza. The
2587:
2256:in August to ensure his support there.
1690:was unsuccessful and the French troops
1445:
1187:
4059:
4051:The British Army in Portugal and Spain
3765:
2080:for their audacious radicalism. State
1811:But the French were impeded along the
1269:abandon its traditional alliance with
3987:
3458:Gabriel B. Paquette (14 March 2013).
3431:
3261:. North Atlantic Books. p. 305.
2566:João Carlos Saldanha de Oliveira Daun
2513:In 1828, Prince Miguel returned from
1900:
1776:, and divided into three parts under
1212:
3774:(1st ed.). Palgrave Macmillan.
3650:
3185:James Maxwell Anderson (2000), p.129
3033:James Maxwell Anderson (2000), p.127
2968:Ron B. Thomson (11 September 2014).
993:regime and to the installation of a
974:kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves
22:Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves
3991:Carlota Joaquina, Queen of Portugal
3639:José Hermano Saraiva, (2007), p.289
3610:José Hermano Saraiva, (2007), p.288
3596:José Hermano Saraiva, (2007), p.287
3566:José Hermano Saraiva, (2007), p.286
3519:José Hermano Saraiva, (2007), p.285
3487:José Hermano Saraiva, (2007), p.284
3367:José Hermano Saraiva, (2007), p.282
3305:José Hermano Saraiva, (2007), p.277
3293:José Hermano Saraiva, (2007), p.279
3281:José Hermano Saraiva, (2007), p.276
3122:José Hermano Saraiva, (2007), p.272
3078:José Hermano Saraiva, (2007), p.271
3054:José Hermano Saraiva, (2007), p.270
3015:José Hermano Saraiva, (2007), p.268
3006:José Hermano Saraiva, (2007), p.267
2958:José Hermano Saraiva, (2007), p.266
2885:Oito séculos de história luso-alemã
2838:José Hermano Saraiva, (2007), p.265
2820:José Hermano Saraiva, (2007), p.264
2808:José Hermano Saraiva, (2007), p.263
2790:José Hermano Saraiva, (2007), p.261
2747:José Hermano Saraiva, (2007), p.260
2319:: Prince Miguel being acclaimed in
2100:
1578:on 28 November, and the Portuguese
1423:promulgated the treaty on 21 June.
13:
4097:1834 disestablishments in Portugal
3575:José Hermano Saraiva, (2007), p.25
2676:and decisively defeated it at the
1983:
1646:
14:
4113:
4010:
3882:
3862:
3839:full text online vol 2 after 1700
3533:A Traveller's History of Portugal
3399:José Bonifácio de Andrade e Silva
3207:Portugal under British Protection
3140:H. V. Livermore (1976), p.246-247
2250:José Bonifácio de Andrade e Silva
2202:José Bonifácio de Andrade e Silva
1755:
1541:
1085:Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo
698:Imperial decline, war, and revolt
226:(1777–1822; 1823–1826; 1828–1834)
4067:Early modern history of Portugal
3901:
3724:Anderson, James Maxwell (2000).
3655:
3620:Philip Alexander Prince (1843).
3529:Ian Robertson (1 January 2002).
1893:, annexing it under the name of
1426:A special convention (i.e., the
1305:review border limits with Spain.
1042:
928:
818:Processo Revolucionário Em Curso
653:War of the Portuguese Succession
499:
457:
432:
127:
101:
66:
51:
27:Reino de Portugal e dos Algarves
4092:1777 establishments in Portugal
3835:A History of Spain and Portugal
3590:
3569:
3499:
3490:
3442:
3422:
3413:
3403:
3379:
3370:
3361:
3352:
3325:
3275:
3232:
3161:
3152:
3143:
3134:
3125:
3116:
3099:
3090:
3081:
3036:
3027:
3018:
3009:
3000:
2940:
2929:Napoleon the First: A Biography
2866:
2841:
2597:António José Severim de Noronha
2574:António José Severim de Noronha
2509:Acclamation of Miguel I as King
2450:
2307:
2259:Returning from an excursion to
1938:and a colony of Brazil, as the
1503:(then Maria Luisa, daughter of
1319:João Carlos de Bragança e Ligne
1243:João Carlos de Bragança e Ligne
1230:, as pictured in a portrait by
1027:(Pedro's brother) supported an
3975:Saraiva, José Hermano (2007).
3337:J. Dodsley. 1838. p. 322.
3255:Gerard Taylor (October 2005).
2974:. Lexington Books. p. 7.
2802:
2793:
2784:
2775:
2762:
2741:
2729:Timeline of Portuguese history
2536:, led by Miguel, and those of
2378:): where the monarch was held
1964:in the absence of the Cortes.
1199:Second Treaty of San Ildefonso
1:
4102:History of Portugal by period
3911:Atlas de História de Portugal
3748:A Concise History of Portugal
3646:
2720:Kingdom of Northern Lusitania
2276:
1748:, Portugal was successful in
979:First Treaty of San Ildefonso
3977:História Concisa de Portugal
3197:H.V. Livermore (1976), p.255
3158:H.V. Livermore (1976), p.254
2872:H.V. Livermore (1976), p.247
2273:be...Independence or Death"
1855:'s rear-guard action at the
1603:, and installed his brother
1176:, began to use the title of
780:Portugal during World War II
608:Portuguese House of Burgundy
578:Umayyad conquest of Hispania
7:
4023:Map of Revolutionary Europe
3981:Concise History of Portugal
3537:. Interlink Books. p.
3419:Neil Macaulay (1986), p.125
3167:H.V.Livermore (1976), p.254
3107:Bernardim Freire de Andrade
2946:H.V.Livermore (1976), p.248
2863:H.V.Livermore (1976), p.247
2713:
2362:
1800:, losing 4500 troops. Yet,
1746:Portuguese colony of Brazil
1434:an indemnity of 20 million
985:in 1777, to the end of the
748:Portugal during World War I
10:
4118:
3909:Carmo Reis, A. do (1987).
3766:Levine, Robert M. (1999).
3745:Birmingham, David (1993).
3585:Liberalism versus Reaction
3428:Marcus Checke (1969), p.90
2678:Battle of Cape St. Vincent
2668:and marched north through
2532:between the supporters of
2454:
2329:Carlota Joaquina de Borbón
2181:and the royal agencies in
1889:invaded and conquered the
1729:, after which he was made
1692:stormed and captured Porto
1631:(17 August) and later the
1491:, a territory between the
1449:
1216:
528:Roman conquest of Hispania
3867:Titles of European Rulers
3792:A New History of Portugal
3626:. Whittaker. p. 432.
1265:demanding that Portugal:
1207:Anglo-Portuguese alliance
411:
399:
389:
385:
372:
359:
346:
333:
329:
321:
317:
305:
293:
281:
269:
257:
253:
243:
212:
202:
192:
163:
147:
82:
47:
42:
20:
4077:19th century in Portugal
4072:18th century in Portugal
4019:, World History Database
3789:Livermore, H.V. (1966).
3664:This section includes a
2926:August Fournier (1903).
2759:Marcus Cheke (1969), p.3
2734:
2705:Concession of Evoramonte
2641:Battle of Ponte Ferreira
2493:Princess Maria da Glória
2109:Flag of the independent
1259:Treaty of Windsor (1386)
1138:, and together with the
1107:, the beginnings of the
533:Romanization of Hispania
376:Concession of Evoramonte
156:Second Portuguese Empire
3988:Cheke, Marcus (1969) .
3813:Macaulay, Neil (1986).
3693:more precise citations.
2558:Pedro de Sousa Holstein
2544:pressure, although the
2286:Joseph, Prince of Beira
2071:constitutional assembly
1849:Battle of Foz de Arouce
1750:capturing French Guiana
1721:, he moved his base to
1485:Treaty of Fontainebleau
995:constitutional monarchy
824:Transition to democracy
792:Portuguese Colonial War
713:Constitutional Monarchy
693:Great Lisbon earthquake
337:Treaty of San Ildefonso
231:Constitutional monarchy
123:"Anthem of the Charter"
3956:Mattoso, José (1993).
3937:Mattoso, José (1993).
3918:Mattoso, José (1993).
3438:Queen Carlota Joaquina
3315:John Armitage (1836).
2622:disembarked in Mindelo
2600:
2478:
2470:
2386:
2323:
2146:to spur the output of
2116:
2086:Portuguese Inquisition
1997:
1931:
1924:William Carr Beresford
1916:
1813:Lines of Torres Vedras
1765:
1711:Second Battle of Porto
1709:defeated Soult at the
1703:William Carr Beresford
1656:
1559:
1469:
1409:
1344:that would engulf the
1253:
1235:
1121:Convent of Santa Clara
1077:1755 Lisbon earthquake
1060:
1052:
1014:Brazilian independence
643:Portuguese Renaissance
363:Independence of Brazil
175:(1777–1808; 1821–1834)
26:
4087:History of liberalism
4053:: Its Order-of-Battle
3770:The History of Brazil
3505:Paquette 2013, p. 284
2847:CUP (1970), p.386-389
2687:, and Pedro was made
2595:
2519:Princess Isabel Maria
2484:Princess Isabel Maria
2476:
2464:
2370:
2315:
2206:University of Coimbra
2158:; required a judge's
2108:
1991:
1922:
1908:
1794:Anglo-Portuguese Army
1763:
1707:Anglo-Portuguese Army
1696:Francisco da Silveira
1654:
1549:
1515:would be governed by
1463:
1399:
1241:
1226:
1058:
1050:
743:Monarchy of the North
193:Common languages
3958:História de Portugal
3939:História de Portugal
3920:História de Portugal
3587:: Portugal 1814–1851
2709:Maria II of Portugal
2701:Battle of Asseiceira
2588:Portuguese Civil War
2010:liberal Constitution
1971:, Portugal returned
1895:Província Cisplatina
1845:Battle of Casal Novo
1782:Claude Victor-Perrin
1637:Convention of Sintra
1446:Napoleonic invasions
1393:of Spain, mother of
1380:without resistance.
1195:Continental blockade
1188:Continental blockade
812:Carnation Revolution
663:Dutch-Portuguese War
235:(1822–23; 1826–1828)
4017:Portugal Chronology
3858:Peninsular campaign
3448:Thomson 2014, p. 51
3348:The 1820 revolution
2932:. H. Holt. p.
2643:, Miguelite forces
2438:right of succession
2342:Vila Franca de Xira
2321:Vila Franca de Xira
1994:John VI of Portugal
1796:on 26 September in
1682:But Soult occupied
1505:Charles IV of Spain
1091:, who had been the
971:The history of the
935:Portugal portal
453:Kingdom of Portugal
440:Kingdom of Portugal
3849:War of the Oranges
3833:Payne, Stanley G.
3666:list of references
3225:2016-01-13 at the
3218:Louise Guenther, "
2770:restraining orders
2674:Cape Saint Vincent
2628:, on 8 July 1832.
2601:
2482:left his daughter
2479:
2471:
2421:Palace of Bemposta
2387:
2357:Palace of Bemposta
2324:
2117:
2095:Bragança Agreement
1998:
1967:At the end of the
1932:
1917:
1901:Liberal Revolution
1868:Battle of Toulouse
1841:Battle of Condeixa
1817:Lieutenant-Colonel
1786:Jean-Andoche Junot
1766:
1744:Meanwhile, in the
1731:Duke of Wellington
1661:Jean-de-Dieu Soult
1657:
1655:Jean-de-Dieu Soult
1617:Duke of Wellington
1564:Jean-Andoche Junot
1560:
1524:Jean-Andoche Junot
1501:Kingdom of Etruria
1489:Northern Lusitania
1478:Continental system
1470:
1466:Jean-Andoche Junot
1276:open its ports to
1254:
1251:War of the Oranges
1236:
1219:War of the Oranges
1213:War of the Oranges
1142:forces attack the
1113:São Carlos Theatre
1061:
1053:
1025:Miguel of Portugal
1002:migrated to Brazil
633:Imperial expansion
598:County of Portugal
553:Visigothic Kingdom
518:Prehistoric Iberia
97:"Patriotic Anthem"
3719:
3718:
3711:
3548:978-1-56656-440-3
3471:978-1-107-02897-5
3268:978-1-55643-601-7
3087:CUP (1970), p.400
3066:CUP (1970), p.399
3024:CUP (1970), p.397
2997:CUP (1970), p.396
2981:978-0-7391-9332-7
2912:978-972-671-122-3
2605:political climate
2467:Pedro I of Brazil
2179:Kingdom of Brazil
2091:Pedro I of Brazil
2059:Provisional Junta
1962:William Beresford
1861:Battle of Redinha
1851:, in addition to
1833:Battle of Sabugal
1633:Battle of Vimeiro
1619:) disembarked in
1593:House of Braganza
1568:Iberian Peninsula
1532:Portuguese Empire
1413:Treaty of Badajoz
1346:Iberian Peninsula
1152:War of Roussillon
1132:French Revolution
1089:Marquis of Pombal
1018:Pedro I of Brazil
969:
968:
842:COVID-19 pandemic
774:Ditadura Nacional
703:Transfer of Court
688:House of Braganza
648:Portuguese Empire
593:Almoravid dynasty
523:Pre-Roman Peoples
473:
472:
469:
468:
465:
464:
445:
444:
307:• 1828–1834
295:• 1826–1828
271:• 1816–1826
259:• 1777–1816
236:
227:
222:Absolute monarchy
185:
176:
137:
124:
109:
98:
4109:
4005:
3984:
3971:
3952:
3933:
3914:
3874:
3865:
3856:
3847:
3830:
3808:1st edition 1947
3806:
3785:
3773:
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3741:
3714:
3707:
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3700:
3694:
3689:this section by
3680:inline citations
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2748:
2745:
2662:Duke of Terceira
2650:Duke of Terceira
2578:Duke of Terceira
2570:Duke of Saldanha
2265:Maria Leopoldina
2112:Empire of Brazil
2101:Empire of Brazil
2032:, a clandestine
1940:Portuguese Crown
1857:Battle of Pombal
1837:Fuentes de Onoro
1820:Richard Fletcher
1699:recovered Chaves
1688:defense of Braga
1629:Battle of Roliça
1613:Arthur Wellesley
1605:Joseph Bonaparte
1574:by 24 November,
1552:Arthur Wellesley
1550:British General
1428:Treaty of Madrid
1407:
1395:Carlota Joaquina
1182:Carlota Joaquina
1174:John of Braganza
1119:and the immense
1117:Estrela Basilica
1105:Palace at Queluz
997:in the country.
961:
954:
947:
933:
932:
931:
910:Madeiran history
846:
838:
834:Financial crisis
753:1926 coup d'état
626:Age of Discovery
613:1383–1385 Crisis
588:Gharb Al-Andalus
503:
493:
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111:
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96:
92:Hymno Patriótico
70:
55:
37:
29:
18:
17:
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4106:
4082:Napoleonic Wars
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3880:
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3698:
3695:
3684:
3670:related reading
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3227:Wayback Machine
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2716:
2624:, not far from
2590:
2562:Duke of Palmela
2511:
2459:
2453:
2405:Bemposta Palace
2372:Bemposta Palace
2365:
2310:
2279:
2115:, under Peter I
2103:
1986:
1984:1820 Revolution
1903:
1758:
1686:on 12 March, a
1649:
1647:Second invasion
1625:Figueira da Foz
1554:disembarked in
1544:
1517:Manuel de Godoy
1458:
1450:Main articles:
1448:
1408:
1406:Manuel de Godoy
1405:
1370:Castelo de Vide
1335:Charles Leclerc
1331:Manuel de Godoy
1232:Francisco Bayeu
1228:Manuel de Godoy
1221:
1215:
1203:Manuel de Godoy
1190:
1164:Partido Francês
1069:Maria Francisca
1045:
965:
929:
927:
915:
914:
905:Azorean history
900:
890:
889:
860:
850:
849:
844:
836:
807:
797:
796:
768:
766:Second Republic
758:
757:
733:
723:
722:
718:1910 Revolution
683:Restoration War
678:
668:
667:
628:
618:
617:
573:
563:
562:
513:
491:
484:
458:
433:
394:Portuguese real
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4069:
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4054:
4048:
4043:
4041:Peninsular War
4038:
4032:
4026:
4020:
4012:
4011:External links
4009:
4007:
4006:
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3886:
3884:
3883:Historiography
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3674:external links
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3321:. p. 349.
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2722:, proposed by
2715:
2712:
2658:Charles Napier
2589:
2586:
2556:led by exiles
2510:
2507:
2455:Main article:
2452:
2449:
2413:Windsor Castle
2374:(residence of
2364:
2361:
2309:
2306:
2278:
2275:
2270:Ipiranga River
2248:, who, led by
2238:Rio de Janeiro
2183:Rio de Janeiro
2102:
2099:
2052:
2051:
2006:
2005:
1985:
1982:
1969:Peninsular War
1953:liberal ideals
1948:Rio de Janeiro
1944:Rio de Janeiro
1928:Peninsular War
1902:
1899:
1891:Banda Oriental
1770:Peninsular War
1757:
1756:Third invasion
1754:
1648:
1645:
1543:
1542:First invasion
1540:
1536:Rio de Janeiro
1452:Peninsular War
1447:
1444:
1403:
1342:Peninsular War
1323:Duke of Lafões
1307:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1291:, Port Mahon (
1285:
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1247:Duke of Lafões
1217:Main article:
1214:
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1008:declaring the
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3967:972-42-0972-5
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3948:972-42-0752-8
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3929:972-42-0715-3
3925:
3921:
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3907:
3906:
3902:In Portuguese
3896:
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3877:
3873:
3870:
3868:
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3861:
3859:
3855:
3852:
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3846:
3843:
3840:
3837:(2 vol 1973)
3836:
3832:
3828:
3826:0-8223-0681-6
3822:
3818:
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3811:
3809:
3804:
3802:0-521-21320-7
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3781:9780313303906
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3758:0-521-53686-3
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3737:0-313-31106-4
3733:
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3699:February 2020
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3178:
3176:
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3108:
3105:In one case,
3102:
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2690:
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2685:Queen regnant
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2546:United States
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2422:
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2410:
2406:
2402:
2401:incommunicado
2398:
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2380:incommunicado
2377:
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2333:Latin America
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2049:
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2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2015:
2014:Ferdinand VII
2011:
2003:
2002:
2001:
1995:
1990:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1973:French Guiana
1970:
1965:
1963:
1957:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1929:
1925:
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1914:
1913:
1907:
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1809:
1807:
1806:Torres Vedras
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1774:André Massena
1771:
1764:André Masséna
1762:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1742:
1740:
1739:Torres Vedras
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1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
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1689:
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1680:
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1675:by 24 March.
1674:
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1421:King of Spain
1418:
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1371:
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1315:Hookham Frere
1312:
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1301:
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1294:
1290:
1286:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1272:
1271:Great Britain
1268:
1267:
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1200:
1196:
1185:
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1179:
1178:Prince-Regent
1175:
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1167:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1156:Great Britain
1153:
1149:
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1141:
1137:
1133:
1130:In 1789, the
1128:
1126:
1125:Vila do Conde
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1081:Infante Pedro
1078:
1074:
1073:Queen regnant
1070:
1066:
1063:The death of
1057:
1049:
1043:Queen Maria I
1040:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1021:
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1007:
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827:
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672:
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664:
661:
659:
658:Iberian Union
656:
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651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
638:House of Aviz
636:
634:
631:
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611:
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407:
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401:ISO 3166 code
398:
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371:
367:
364:
358:
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178:
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162:
157:
151:
146:
119:
118:
117:Hino da Carta
114:
94:" (1808–1826)
93:
89:
88:
85:
81:
75:
69:
60:
54:
46:
41:
35:
28:
19:
16:
3990:
3980:
3976:
3957:
3938:
3919:
3910:
3890:
3876:Vilafrancada
3872:
3863:
3854:
3845:
3834:
3815:
3791:
3769:
3747:
3726:
3705:
3696:
3685:Please help
3677:
3622:
3615:
3592:
3580:
3571:
3532:
3524:
3501:
3492:
3460:
3453:
3444:
3433:
3424:
3415:
3405:
3394:
3381:
3372:
3363:
3354:
3343:
3333:
3327:
3317:
3310:
3277:
3257:
3250:
3240:
3234:
3214:
3202:
3163:
3154:
3145:
3136:
3127:
3118:
3101:
3092:
3083:
3038:
3029:
3020:
3011:
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2970:
2963:
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2928:
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2884:
2877:
2868:
2843:
2804:
2795:
2786:
2777:
2764:
2743:
2697:
2693:Papal States
2682:
2635:, which the
2630:
2602:
2530:Liberal Wars
2527:
2512:
2500:
2489:
2480:
2457:Liberal Wars
2451:To Civil War
2445:Isabel Maria
2433:
2430:
2412:
2408:
2400:
2397:Vilafrancada
2396:
2392:Vilafrancada
2391:
2388:
2383:
2379:
2376:King John VI
2352:Vilafrancada
2350:
2344:, and there
2338:
2325:
2317:Vilafrancada
2316:
2308:Vilafrancada
2298:
2288:, died from
2280:
2258:
2230:Minas Gerais
2227:
2199:
2190:
2176:
2118:
2110:
2075:
2067:Constitution
2056:
2053:
2029:
2019:
2007:
1999:
1966:
1958:
1942:remained in
1936:protectorate
1933:
1910:
1909:Flag of the
1883:Liga Federal
1880:
1873:
1865:
1810:
1778:Jean Reynier
1767:
1743:
1681:
1677:
1658:
1610:
1598:
1561:
1528:
1521:
1482:
1471:
1425:
1410:
1400:
1339:
1313:appealed to
1308:
1255:
1250:
1191:
1168:
1163:
1129:
1109:Ajuda Palace
1101:
1092:
1062:
1033:Liberal Wars
1022:
999:
987:Liberal Wars
972:
970:
816:
784:
772:
708:Liberal Wars
697:
422:Succeeded by
421:
416:
283:• 1826
115:
83:
74:Coat of arms
15:
4037:: 1808–1815
3893:(2003) 1#1
3691:introducing
3209:, 1808–1814
2568:(later 1st
2560:(later 1st
2382:during the
2210:nationalism
2061:, and the "
2022:bourgeoisie
1915:(1816–1826)
1719:Extremadura
1641:francophile
1391:Maria Luisa
1382:Campo Maior
1311:Prince John
1065:King Joseph
977:, from the
845:(2020–2023)
837:(2010–2014)
786:Estado Novo
603:Reconquista
490:History of
417:Preceded by
184:(1808–1821)
120:(1826–1910)
61:(1750–1816)
4061:Categories
3647:References
2664:landed in
2538:liberalism
2534:absolutism
2346:absolutism
2277:Absolutism
2246:freemasons
2234:Ouro Preto
2218:Pernambuco
2150:and dried
2125:separatist
2082:censorship
2012:when King
1853:Michel Ney
1847:, and the
1665:John Moore
1366:Portalegre
1037:liberalism
1029:absolutist
991:absolutist
676:Bragantine
583:Al-Andalus
214:Government
197:Portuguese
34:Portuguese
4025:1806–1808
3410:Portugal.
2637:Miguelist
2502:Vintistas
2300:Vintistas
2254:São Paulo
2242:São Paulo
2195:São Paulo
2077:Vintistas
1897:in 1821.
1802:Wellesley
1752:in 1809.
1601:Ferdinand
1474:Prussians
1374:Barbacena
1362:Arronches
1358:Juromenha
1284:shipping;
1136:Catalonia
1035:in which
543:Gallaecia
538:Lusitania
355:1807–1814
203:Religion
43:1777–1834
3223:Archived
2724:Napoleon
2714:See also
2670:Alentejo
2645:besieged
2614:Terceira
2610:Pedro II
2582:Terceira
2465:Emperor
2434:Abrilada
2409:Abrilada
2384:Abrilada
2363:Abrilada
2290:smallpox
2156:property
2030:Sinédrio
1825:Santarém
1727:Talavera
1723:Abrantes
1669:A Coruña
1615:(future
1576:Santarém
1572:Abrantes
1562:General
1464:General
1417:Guadiana
1404:—
1354:Olivença
1350:Alentejo
1327:Prussian
1289:Trinidad
1162:and the
1148:Pyrenees
1093:de facto
921:Timeline
883:Military
871:Language
863:Archives
571:Medieval
492:Portugal
481:a series
479:Part of
390:Currency
312:Miguel I
288:Pedro IV
4031:in 1806
3687:improve
3387:British
3111:lynched
2654:Algarve
2616:in the
2576:(later
2542:British
2515:Austria
2442:Infanta
2403:in the
2282:John VI
2214:Niterói
2168:torture
2160:warrant
2069:. This
2039:masonic
2034:liberal
1876:America
1829:Coimbra
1715:Galicia
1580:capital
1509:Algarve
1507:). The
1378:Ouguela
1293:Menorca
1282:Spanish
1234:in 1792
1171:Infante
1150:in the
1146:in the
1140:Spanish
1006:Maria I
983:Maria I
898:Regions
879:Judaism
867:Economy
511:Ancient
374:•
361:•
348:•
335:•
322:History
300:Mary II
276:John VI
245:Monarch
164:Capital
158:in 1800
84:Anthem:
3998:
3964:
3945:
3926:
3895:online
3823:
3799:
3778:
3755:
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3545:
3468:
3265:
2978:
2909:
2689:regent
2618:Azores
2572:) and
2550:Mexico
2523:Azores
2497:Vienna
2426:Queluz
2417:Caxias
2261:Santos
2191:Cortes
2187:Lisbon
2172:Slaves
2164:trials
2133:horses
2129:salary
2121:slaves
1930:period
1885:, the
1798:Buçaco
1735:Victor
1684:Chaves
1673:Oporto
1621:Galiza
1556:Galiza
1440:Amiens
1436:francs
1432:France
1295:) and
1278:French
1263:Lisbon
1160:Bocage
1144:French
1115:, the
1111:, the
1097:Pombal
1087:, the
558:Spania
483:on the
325:
264:Mary I
249:
171:Lisbon
86:
30:
3979:[
3672:, or
2735:Notes
2633:Porto
2626:Porto
2554:Porto
2222:Bahia
2148:hides
2137:mules
2044:Porto
2026:Porto
1790:Beira
1588:Junta
1584:Court
1513:Tagus
1497:Douro
1493:Minho
1386:Elvas
1321:(2nd
1297:Malta
1245:(2nd
887:Music
858:Topic
3996:ISBN
3962:ISBN
3943:ISBN
3924:ISBN
3821:ISBN
3797:ISBN
3776:ISBN
3753:ISBN
3732:ISBN
3543:ISBN
3466:ISBN
3263:ISBN
3113:him.
2976:ISBN
2907:ISBN
2666:Faro
2603:The
2548:and
2152:beef
2141:salt
2135:and
1784:and
1495:and
1454:and
1376:and
1280:and
875:LGBT
381:1834
368:1822
342:1777
154:The
59:Flag
3539:120
2934:210
2652:to
2584:).
2564:),
2415:in
2144:tax
2024:in
1534:in
1123:in
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3668:,
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