History of Sarawak

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under the influence of the Bruneian Empire in the 16th century. In 1839, James Brooke, a British explorer, first arrived in Sarawak. Sarawak was later governed by the Brooke family between 1841 and 1946. During World War II, it was occupied by the Japanese for three years. After the war, the last White Rajah, Charles Vyner Brooke, ceded Sarawak to Britain, and in 1946 it became a British Crown Colony. On 22 July 1963, Sarawak was granted self-government by the British. Following this, it became one of the founding members of the Federation of Malaysia, established on 16 September 1963. However, the federation was opposed by Indonesia, and this led to the three-year Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation. From 1960 to 1990, Sarawak experienced a communist insurgency.

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culture and heritage. Nagarakertagama, written in 1365 during Hayam Wuruk, mentions Malano and Barune(ng) among the 14 tributaries of Majapahit. After the fall of Majapahit, Barune(ng) expanded its territory along the northern coast of Borneo island. According to the manuscript of Brunei's rulers, following the fall of Majapahit, Barunai led by Awang Semaun being reinforced by the Iban, conquered Tutong under its chief Mawanga and the whole of the Melano kingdom until Igan under its chief Basiung despite reinforcement from Sambas. Barunai continued the conquest of the entire south and then north of Borneo Island, after which conquered the whole Sulu and Philippines.

59: 3062: 3094: 2349:, a Bruneian dignitary named Pengiran Temenggong Abdul Qadir ran away from the Brunei capital because his daughter named Dang Chi; was taken by the Sultan of Brunei. Abdul Qadir later set up a capital at Tandang Sari on the bank of the Saribas River. He later met Dato' Gundam from Sumatera and persuaded Gundam to bring back his daughter. Dato' Gundam succeeded and Abdul Qadir's daughter was married to Dato' Gundam. Dato' Gundam later took over the administration of Saribas Kingdom. The administration was later inherited through Datu Patinggi, Datu Bandar, Aulaksamana, Datuk Imam and Datu Hakim administrative posts. However, 2146: 2667: 5642: 19: 3120: 2728: 2811: 3219:, Sarawak, Sabah and Brunei, to be called Malaysia. This plan caused the local leaders in Sarawak to be wary of Tunku's intentions in view of the great disparity in socioeconomic development between Malaya and the Borneo states. There was a general fear that without a strong political institution, the Borneo states would be subjected to Malaya's colonisation. Therefore, various political parties in Sarawak emerged to protect the interests of the communities they represented. On 17 January 1962, the 2435: 2458:

Abdul Jalilul Akbar responded by proclaiming Pengiran Muda Tengah as Sultan of Sarawak, as at that time Sarawak was a territory administered by Brunei. Sultan Tengah was killed at Batu Buaya in 1641 by one of his followers. He was buried in Kampong Batu Buaya. With his death, the Sultanate of Sarawak came to an end and was later readmitted back into the Bruneian empire. By the early 19th century, Sarawak had become a loosely governed territory under the control of the

2543:(in present-day Indonesian Borneo). The early migrations to Sarawak was a result of the tribal issues in their Kapuas Hulu ancestral homeland. The early Iban folk story was also aligned by the modern-day language research by Asmah Haji Omar (1981), Rahim Aman (1997), Chong Shin and James T. Collins (2019) as well as from the evidence of material cultures from M. Heppell (2020) that verify the Iban language and its cultures emerged from the upper Kapuas region. 7387: 6916: 2796: 2085: 6906: 2524: 7397: 6896: 2185:) in 1958; this is also the oldest modern human skull in Southeast Asia. The Deep Skull probably belongs to a 16- to 17-year-old adolescent girl. When compared with the Iban skull and other fossils, the Deep Skull most closely resembles the indigenous people of Borneo today, with their delicate features and small body size, and it has few similarities with the skulls of the indigenous Australians. 2396:, a Dutch merchant mentioned that "Sadong were one of the best place for trade comparable to Lauwe (Lawai)". A Dutch report in 1609 mentioned a rebellion against the Bruneian sultanate by the tribes living in Calca, Saribas, and Melano to politically align themselves with the Johor sultanate. John Hunt, an English officer mentioned Kalaka as an important trading port in the region in 1812. 2272:, Datuk Merpati and his relatives hailed from the Jawa island. They helped other two people named Datuk Kuli and Datuk Kuali who were stranded at Tanjung Datu (near Kuching) in Sarawak. Both Datuk Kuli and Kuali invited Datuk Merpati to move to the Sarawak River and started the Santubong kingdom. The son of Datuk Merpati Merpati Jepang continued his rule in the Santubong area. By 1350, 2306:

back to the 14th to 15th centuries. A total of 79,654 ceramic pieces, beads, coins, and gold were found at Gedong, located 7 miles inland of Santubong. A further 15 miles inland of Gedong is Bukit Sandong where 30,000 ceramic pieces were found which date back to those pottery pieces found at Gedong and Santubong. The presence of Thai traditional ceramic ware

2834:, destroyed the Brookes' house. Brooke escaped and organised a bigger army together with his nephew Charles and his Malayo-Iban supporters. A few days later, Brooke's army was able to cut off the escape route of the Chinese rebels, who were defeated after two months of fighting. The Brookes subsequently built 2763:

to protect the interests of the indigenous population and their overall welfare. While the Brooke government established a Supreme Council consisting of Malay chiefs who advised the Rajahs on all aspects of governance, in the Malaysian context the Brooke family is viewed as a colonialist. The Supreme

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The colonial documents during the Brooke's administration has recorded several complications pertaining to the migration of the Ibans, as the Iban community can effortlessly outnumbered the original pre-existing tribes, as well as created an adverse environmental mark on the lands originally intended

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Following the discovery of antimony ore in the Kuching region, Pangeran Indera Mahkota (a representative of the Sultan of Brunei) began to develop the territory between 1824 and 1830. When antimony production increased, the Brunei Sultanate demanded higher taxes from Sarawak; this led to civil unrest

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rose to the Brunei throne. However, Jalilul Akbar's younger brother, Pengiran Muda Tengah, disputed the enthronement of Abdul Jalilu Akbar and also wanted to become Sultan of Brunei by claiming himself rightful successor on the basis of having been born when his father became the Crown Prince. Sultan

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recorded in the Java manuscript Nagarakretagama possibly refer to the state of Sadong. In the 1850s, James Brooke and Spenser St. John found a female doll and a stone bull in this area which were used in Hinduism worship. Archeological excavations at Sadong River revealed Chinese ceramic wares dating

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started to influence Chinese schools in Sarawak. The first communist group in Sarawak was formed in 1951, with its origins in the Chung Hua Middle School (Kuching). The group was succeeded by the Sarawak Liberation League (SLL) in 1954. Its activities spread from schools to trade unions and farmers.

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Towards the end of the 19th century, there are several areas in Sarawak that recorded overpopulation, including Batang Lupar, Skrang Valley and Batang Ai. Thus, the Sarawakian govenmernment initiated a program to open up several territories for the Iban settlements, with several conditions. This can

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The Melano kingdom existed from about 1300 to 1400 AD and centred at the Mukah river. Rajah Tugau is the most renowned King in Sarawak as of now. His kingdom consisted of groups of similar Melanau and Kajang language speakers and covered coastal Sarawak until Belait. They also share almost identical

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was introduced to limit the power of the Rajah and to allow the Sarawak people to play a greater role in the functioning of the government. However, the draft included a secret agreement drawn up between Charles Vyner Brooke and British government officials, in which Vyner Brooke ceded Sarawak as a

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The Catalan Atlas published in 1375 shows the map of the Malano kingdom. This was confirmed by a Portuguese map which shows the existence of a polity called Malano. At Florence, Italy, an old map dated 1595 shows the Sarawak coastal areas as districts of Oya, Balingian dan Mukah which was marked as

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can be traced as far as 40,000 years ago to the paleolithic period where the earliest evidence of human settlement is found in the Niah caves. A series of Chinese ceramics dated from the 8th to 13th century AD was uncovered at the archeological site of Santubong. The coastal regions of Sarawak came

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in the matter, but Brooke refused. However, in 1841 during his next visit to Sarawak in 1841 he agreed to a repeated request. Pangeran Muda Hashim signed a treaty in 1841 surrendering Sarawak to Brooke. On 24 September 1841, Pangeran Muda Hashim bestowed the title of governor on James Brooke. This

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Archeological excavations in Santubong showed that the site was an important trading port from the 7th century to the 14th century. Among the artifacts that were found were Chinese ceramics, iron slag (weighing around 40,000 tonnes), and artifacts of the Hindu religion. According to the historical

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and edible plants. This new timeline of 65,000 years was established when five pieces of microlithic tools that were aged 65,000 years old and a human skull that was aged 55,000 years were discovered at part of the Niah Caves complex, Trader cave, during excavation work. An earlier evidence is the

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to safeguard its interests in the federation. In September 1962, Sarawak Council Negri (now Sarawak state legislative assembly) passed a resolution that supported the federation with a condition that the interests of the Sarawak people would not be compromised. On 23 October 1962, five political

2168:. The landscape around the Niah Caves was drier and more exposed than it is now. Prehistorically, the Niah Caves were surrounded by a combination of closed forests with bush, parkland, swamps, and rivers. The foragers were able to survive in the rainforest through hunting, fishing, and gathering 3162:

on 1 July 1946. For this he was banished from Sarawak by the colonial government and was allowed to return only 17 years later for a nostalgic visit, when Sarawak became part of Malaysia. In 1950 all anti-cession movements in Sarawak ceased after a clamp-down by the colonial government. In 1951

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headquartered in Kuching. Sarawak was divided into three provinces, namely: Kuching-shu, Sibu-shu, and Miri-shu, each under their respective Japanese Provincial Governor. The Japanese retained pre-war administrative machinery and assigned Japanese for government positions. The administration of

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In spite of the challengers between the Brooke's administration and the settlers during the early migration period, the migration has created a good opportunity for both parties. The Ibans, known for their extensive skills and knowledge on the forest and lands were approved to seek new lands to

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and Lun Bawang maintained a hostile attitude toward them because of policies such as compulsory labour, forced deliveries of foodstuffs, and confiscation of firearms. The Japanese did not resort to strong measures in clamping down on the Chinese population because the Chinese in the state were

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The colonial government initiative has left a favourable effect on the expansion of the Iban language and culture throughout modern day Sarawak. At the same time, the mass migration has equally impacted other indigenous groups, for instance amongst the Bukitans in Batang Lupar, an intensive

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was formed to gauge the support of Sarawak and Sabah for the proposed federation. Between February and April 1962, the commission met more than 4,000 people and received 2,200 memoranda from various groups. The commission reported divided support among the Borneo population. However, Tunku

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and damar. The colonial government then approved permanent Iban settlements across the newly acquired territories of Sarawak. For instance, in the 1890 cessesion of Limbang, the Ibans were entrusted by the government to settle in the area. A correlating program can also be seen in Baram.

3142:) and was debated for three days. The bill was passed on 17 May 1946 with a narrow majority (19 versus 16 votes). Supporters of the bill were mostly European officers, while the Malays opposed the bill. This caused hundreds of Malay civil servants to resign in protest, sparking an 3037: 2495:

appointment was later confirmed by the Sultan of Brunei in 1842. In 1843, James Brooke decided to create a pro-British Brunei government by installing Pangeran Muda Hashim into the Brunei Court as he would take Brooke's advice, forcing Brunei to appoint Hashim under the guns of

3834:... but Castanheda lists five great seaports that he says were known to the Portuguese. In his transcriptions they are called "Moduro" (Marudu?), "Cerava" (Sarawak?), "Laue" (Lawai), "Tanjapura" (Tanjungpura), and "Borneo" (Brunei) from which the island derives its name. 3157:

Anthony Brooke opposed the cession of Sarawak to the British Crown, and was linked to anti-cessionist groups in Sarawak, especially after the assassination of Sir Duncan Stewart. Anthony Brooke continued to claim sovereignty as Rajah of Sarawak even after Sarawak became a

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The new timeline of 65,000 years was concluded when five pieces of microlithic tools that were aged 65,000 years old and a human skull that was aged 55,000 years old were discovered at part of the Niah Saves complex, Trader cave, during excavation

3338:(MCP) signed a peace agreement with the government of Malaysia. This caused the NKCP to reopen negotiations with the Sarawak government, which led to a peace agreement on 17 October 1990. Peace was restored in Sarawak after the final group of 50 2566:

During the White Rajah's era in the 19th century, the migrations of the Ibans largely headed north towards the Rejang Basin, the area was reach from the upper Katibas, Batang Lupar and Saribas Rivers. A large community of Iban was recorded near

3061: 3138:, tried to defame Anthony Brooke in order to install her daughter to the throne. Faced with these problems, Vyner Brooke decided to cede sovereignty of Sarawak to the British Crown. A Cession Bill was put forth in the Council Negri (now 4738:

Brooke also indigenised himself in terms of housing – his first residence was a Malay house. (page 9) ... Government House (Fig. 3) was built after Brooke's first house was burnt down during the 1857 coup attempt. (page

3330:; this significantly reduced the strength of the communist party. However, Weng, who had directed the CCO from China since the mid-1960s, called for armed struggle against the government, which after 1974 continued in the 2310:

at Bukit Sandong dates back the area to 16th to 17th centuries. The presence of large quantities of ceramic wares shows that trading could have happened further inland from Santubong. Lucas Chin, the former director of

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was ceded to the Brooke government. Sarawak was divided into five divisions, corresponding to territorial boundaries of the areas acquired by the Brookes through the years. Each division was headed by a Resident.

4225: 2260:, was described by Chinese and Arabic sources, to have the same religion and customs as the kingdoms in Sarawak. Upon Cambodian (Khmer) conquest of Funan, its people fled to Sarawak where its royal family the 2695:. Both James and Charles Anthoni Johnson Brooke pressured Brunei to sign treaties as a strategy to acquire territories from Brunei and expand the territorial boundaries of Sarawak. In 1861, Brunei ceded the 3093: 2976:

Sarawak's interior was left to the native police and village headmen, under Japanese supervision. Though the Malays were typically receptive toward the Japanese, other indigenous tribes such as the Iban,

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and founded a settlement near the Undop River. Within five generations, the Ibans of Batang Lupar spread to the north, east and west, establishing new communities situated the boundaries of Batang Lupar,

2511:. The sultan also confirmed James Brooke's possession of Sarawak and his mining rights of antimony without paying tribute to Brunei. In 1846 Brooke effectively became the Rajah of Sarawak and founded the 4915:

Occupied Borneo was administratively partitioned into two-halves, namely Kita Boruneo (Northern Borneo) that coincided with pre-war British Borneo (Sarawak, Brunei, and North Borneo) was governed by the

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Early kingdoms within the Sarawak were Santubong (near Kuching), Sadong (near Samarahan), Saribas, Kalaka (both in Betong Division), Malano (in Mukah), and Banting and Lingga (both located in Sri Aman).

3314:(SUPP). SLL tried to realise a communist state in Sarawak through constitutional means but during the confrontation period, it resorted to armed struggle against the government. Weng Min Chyuan and 2400:

Malano. In the Nan-hai-chih of China mentioned Achen atau Igan. According to Historian Robert Nicholl, Rajah Tugau of the Melanao was the Rajah Makatunao mentioned in the Philippine History book of

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region, waged a war against, it is through the Melano that Visayans have further links with the Srivijayans in Vijayapura (The Srivijayan vassal-state in Borneo) before the conquest of Majapahit.

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by the Bukitan leaders resulted the Batang Lupar Bukitan populations assimilate in the Iban society. However, there are other groups that resulted in a fiercer relationship, for example the

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for preparations in the event of war. By 1941, the British had withdrawn its defending forces from Sarawak to Singapore. With Sarawak now unguarded, the Brooke regime decided to adopt a

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Located near Kalaka river valley was the state of Kalaka, located at 10 miles to the east of Santubong. Another state named Kabong was located at the mouth of Kalaka and Saribas rivers.

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Brooke made it his life task to bring to these jungles "prosperity, education, and hygiene"; he suppressed piracy, slave-trade, and headhunting, and lived simply in a thatched bungalow.

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before being defeated by British military forces sent from Singapore. Claiming that the Brunei revolt was solid evidence of opposition to the Malaysian federation, Indonesian President

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to sabotage Japanese operations in Southeast Asia. Beginning in March 1945, Allied commanders were parachuted into Borneo jungles and established several bases in Sarawak under an

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Carena (for Carena), deep in the bight, refers to Sarawak, the Kuching area, where there is clear archaeological evidence of an ancient trade center just inland from Santubong.

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Simonson, T. S.; Xing, J.; Barrett, R.; Jerah, E.; Loa, P.; Zhang, Y.; Watkins, W. S.; Witherspoon, D. J.; Huff, C. D.; Woodward, S.; Mowry, B.; Jorde, L. B. (8 April 2023).

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After the war, the Brooke government did not have enough resources to rebuild Sarawak. Charles Vyner Brooke was also not willing to hand over his power to his heir apparent,

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policy where oil installations in Miri would be destroyed and the Kuching airfield will be held as long as possible before being destroyed. Meanwhile, Japanese forces seized

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be seen on the unlimited migrations of Ibans heading to Baram, Balingan and Bintulu. A similar process can also be witnessed in the early 1900s, where the Ibans in the

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The Rajah then came back days later with a bigger army and bigger guns aboard the Borneo Company steamer, the Sir James Brooke together with his nephew, Charles Brooke.

3697:"Sejarah Awal Kepulauan Melayu: Lima Buah Negeri Warisan Sarawak yang Hilang (The Early History of the Malay Archipelago: The Five Lost Kingdoms of Sarawak heritage. )" 3298:

replaced Sukarno as the president of Indonesia, negotiations were restarted between Malaysia and Indonesia which led to the end of the confrontation on 11 August 1966.

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Ooi, 2013. This denial of entry to Anthony ... (page 93) ... The anti-cession movement was by the early 1950s effectively "strangled" a dead letter.(page 98)

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dynasties in the 8th to 19th century AD. It is possible that Santubong was an important seaport in Sarawak during the period, but its importance declined during the

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were the two notable leaders of the SLL. Following this, the Sarawak government relocated Chinese villagers into security-guarded settlements along the Kuching–

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landed in Miri on 16 December 1941 (eight days into the Malayan Campaign) and conquered Kuching on 24 December 1941. British forces led by Lieutenant Colonel C.

3887: 3326:(NKCP) (also known as Clandestine Communist Organisation (CCO) by government sources) was formally set up in 1970. In 1973, Bong surrendered to chief minister 2866:. The first oil well was drilled in 1910. Two years later, the Brooke Dockyard opened. Anthony Brooke was born in the same year and became Rajah Muda in 1939. 1734: 4678: 2989:

generally apolitical. However, a considerable number of Chinese moved from urban areas into the less accessible interior to lessen contact with the Japanese.

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between 1962 and 1966. The confrontation gained little support from Sarawakians except from the Sarawak communists. Thousands of communist members went into

1664: 2772:. The Brooke dynasty encouraged the immigration of Chinese merchants for economic development, especially in the mining and agricultural sectors. Western 2792:

was formed in 1856. It was involved in a wide range of businesses in Sarawak such as trade, banking, agriculture, mineral exploration, and development.

5542: 2334:, the state was said to be ruled by two sisters. Excavations in this area revealed 9,469 Chinese ceramic wares, including Sangkhalok ceramic wares and 1784: 4647: 3282:

ordered a military confrontation with Malaysia, sending armed volunteers and later military forces into Sarawak, which became a flashpoint during the

6391: 3731:"https://www.utusanborneo.com.my/2016/01/16/sejarah-kewujudan-pentadbiran-dua-kerajaan-dikaji (The existence of two historical kingdoms are studied)" 3294:. During the confrontation, around 10,000 to 150,000 British troops were stationed in Sarawak, together with Australian and New Zealand troops. When 1604: 3447: 2446:

During its golden age, Brunei under the leadership of Nahkhod Raga Sultan Bolkiah (1473-1521 AD) managed to conquer the Santubong Kingdom in 1512.

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in 1888, while still ruled by the Brooke dynasty. The Brookes ruled Sarawak for a hundred years as "White Rajahs". The Brookes adopted a policy of

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to migrate to other river system. The strain between the Iban people against the Brooke administraive policies were reported in the Balleh Valley.

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Australia in the War of 1939-1945. Series 1 - Army - Volume VII - The Final Campaigns (1st edition, 1963) - Chapter 20 - Securing British Borneo

5628: 1361: 4280: 2550:(1968), the era of Iban migrations from Kapuas Hulu was identified to begin from the 1750s onwards. The pioneers were described to arrived in 5793: 4899: 4530: 4020: 2113: 3654: 4390: 3594: 1644: 2704: 1684: 1198: 6048: 5481: 5011: 7083: 6839: 5341: 5090: 4160: 3564: 3489: 1998: 1894: 5444: 5593: 5463: 3642:

In case of Santubong, its association with T'ang and Sung porcelain would necessary provide a date of about 8th – 13th century A.D.

3028: 2368:, one of the five great seaports on the island of Borneo. European maps in the 16th and 17th centuries named the Santubong area as 1351: 914: 910: 7275: 6204: 3403: 2503:. The Brunei Court was unhappy with Hashim's appointment and had him assassinated in 1845. In retaliation, James Brooke attacked 1614: 5641: 4765: 4703: 5535: 5442:

United Nations Treaty Registered No. 8029, Manila Accord between Philippines, Federation of Malaya and Indonesia (31 July 1963)

4965: 3983: 3734: 5174: 4281:"Book review of "The Name of Brooke – The End of White Rajah Rule in Sarawak" by R.H.W. Reece, Sarawak Literary Society, 1993" 5576: 5400: 5367: 5325: 5291: 5212: 4943: 4850: 4628: 4597: 4567: 4506: 4480: 4438: 4363: 4325: 4087: 4057: 3966: 3935: 3827: 3635: 3044: 2883: 2003: 783: 4788: 3310:

They were mainly concentrated in the southern and central regions of Sarawak. Communist members successfully penetrated the

3134:(his nephew, the only son of Bertram Brooke) because of serious differences between them. Furthermore, Vyner Brooke's wife, 2967:

for three years and eight months. Sarawak, together with North Borneo and Brunei, formed a single administrative unit named

7220: 6135: 5598: 5204: 4828: 4802: 3429: 3283: 3184: 1974: 1744: 1318: 1248: 1053: 5441: 4176:"Ancestry of the Iban Is Predominantly Southeast Asian: Genetic Evidence from Autosomal, Mitochondrial, and Y Chromosomes" 4104: 2892: 2353:

did not mention the name Saribas. This could be due to the kingdom was only established in the early or mid 17th century.

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started to expand its power base to Borneo. Trading at Santubong port was halted, as evidenced by the absence of Chinese

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on 22 July 1963, and formed the federation of Malaysia with Malaya, North Borneo, and Singapore on 16 September 1963.

2854:(1860–1862). As a result, a series of forts were built around Kuching to consolidate the Rajah's power. These include 2590: 7270: 6039: 5528: 3996: 3147: 2764:

Council is the oldest state legislative assembly in Malaysia, with the first General Council meeting taking place at

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on 11 September 1945. The Batu Lintang camp was liberated on the same day. Sarawak was immediately placed under

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Sultanate. The Bruneian Empire had authority only along the coastal regions of Sarawak held by semi-independent

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The Brooke government, under the leadership of Charles Vyner Brooke, established several airstrips in Kuching,

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Another earlier excavation by Tom Harrisson in 1949 unearthed a series of Chinese ceramics at Santubong (near

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The first foragers visited the West Mouth of the Niah Caves (located 110 kilometres (68 mi) southwest of

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ruled the area and expanded the territory northwards until his death in 1868. He was succeeded by his nephew

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on 10 September 1945. This was followed by the official surrender ceremony at Kuching aboard the Australian

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stated that if Gedong happens to be a political entity, it would have existed from the 7th to 13th century.

7179: 7131: 6246: 5968: 5902: 5783: 5724: 4723:"Colonialism and Brooke administration: Institutional buildings and infrastructure in 19th century Sarawak" 4655: 3627: 3291: 3262:, and the Sarawak-based communist groups. The Philippines and Indonesia claimed that the British would be " 3251: 3188: 2870: 2580: 2293:

The people of Santubong would have migrated inland into Gedong/Sadong areas within the Saramahan Division.

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Brooke and his successors enlarged their realm by successive treaties of 1861, 1882, 1885, 1890, and 1905.

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surrendered on 1 April 1942. When the Japanese invaded Sarawak, Charles Vyner Brooke had already left for

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The Saribas kingdom, located near the Kelaka kingdom, was at the confluence of Saribas and Rimbas rivers.

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The official surrender ceremony of the Japanese to the Australian forces at Kuching on 11 September 1945.

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from 1841 to 1905 played a significant role to the present-day boundaries of the modern state of Sarawak.

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Anthony relinquished all his claims to the Sarawak throne after he used up his last legal avenue at the

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Morrison, 1993. There has been serious differences between Rajah and his brother and nephew (page 14)

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in December 1962 to prevent Brunei from joining the Malaysian federation. Azahari seized Limbang and

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United Nations Treaty Series No. 8809, Agreement relating to the implementation of the Manila Accord

3765: 7260: 6366: 5862: 5771: 5766: 5608: 4288: 3259: 3000:. Hundreds of indigenous people were trained to launch offensives against the Japanese. During the 2700: 2450: 1714: 1634: 1474: 1063: 733: 499: 325: 4024: 7431: 7372: 7285: 7265: 7154: 7088: 6524: 6233: 6192: 6106: 5894: 5845: 5697: 5262: 5038: 4722: 3335: 3197: 3114: 2648:, Seru, Miriek and Biliun in which their traditional communities were almost replaced the Ibans. 2632:

were permitted to settle in Limbang, as well as the migrations of the Ibans to Batang Lupar from

2307: 2249: 2145: 2048: 2018: 1954: 1864: 1444: 1203: 1178: 928: 3598: 3004:, the Australian forces landed at Lutong-Miri area on 20 June 1945 and had penetrated as far as 2691:, on the condition that Charles Anthoni should rule in consultation with Vyner Brooke's brother 7109: 6539: 5948: 5922: 5884: 5761: 5719: 5712: 5420: 4651: 4620: 4553: 4311: 3327: 3229:

parties in Sarawak formed a united front that supported the formation of Malaysia. Sarawak was

3200: 3001: 2949: 2887: 2789: 2335: 2245: 1594: 1564: 865: 713: 639: 599: 5196: 4961:"Prelude to invasion: covert operations before the re-occupation of Northwest Borneo, 1944–45" 4929: 4614: 4587: 4428: 4349: 3952: 3813: 7093: 6376: 6351: 6265: 6145: 6032: 5392: 5386: 5315: 5219:

Underlying this was a general fear that without strong political institutions, ... (page 155)

5063: 4496: 4077: 4047: 3921: 3621: 2977: 2862:, the oldest museum in Borneo. In 1899, Charles Anthoni Brooke ended the intertribal wars in 2744: 2483: 2471: 1854: 1371: 1083: 825: 4466: 2507:, the capital of Brunei. After the incident, the Sultan of Brunei sent an apology letter to 6945: 6572: 6554: 6140: 6091: 5818: 5690: 5130: 5108: 4876: 3212: 2688: 2666: 2641: 2487: 2429: 2405: 2312: 2140: 1484: 1409: 1288: 1188: 958: 703: 411: 70: 6905: 5371: 4829:"Centenary of Brooke rule in Sarawak – New Democratic Constitution being introduced today" 3572: 3497: 2193:

burial sites have also been found. The area around the Niah Caves has been designated the

8: 6431: 5960: 5940: 5746: 5551: 5345: 4265: 3052: 2835: 2600: 2454: 2173:

discovery of a modern human skull, nicknamed "Deep Skull", in a deep trench uncovered by

835: 529: 47: 5460: 6994: 6674: 6476: 6308: 6238: 6228: 6220: 6160: 6150: 5981: 5976: 5872: 5867: 5739: 5734: 5603: 4559: 4336:(1850) and Great Britain (1864), and voluntarily became a British protectorate in 1888. 4202: 4175: 4135: 3865: 3750: 3247: 3225: 3220: 3208: 3180: 3176: 3013: 2933: 2604: 2496: 2194: 753: 673: 489: 421: 267: 133: 18: 3407: 3224:

interpreted the figures as 80 percent support for the federation. Sarawak proposed an

7367: 7305: 7169: 6909: 6844: 6529: 6519: 6499: 6451: 6328: 5665: 5396: 5321: 5287: 5208: 4939: 4833: 4707: 4624: 4593: 4563: 4502: 4476: 4434: 4359: 4321: 4251: 4207: 4139: 4127: 4083: 4053: 3992: 3962: 3931: 3823: 3631: 3342: 3322:

road to prevent the communists from getting material support from the villagers. The

3119: 2957: 2897: 2776:

were restricted from entering the state while Christian missionaries were tolerated.

2629: 2439: 2330:, Kalaka was said to have been awarded by the Johor sultanate to Bruneian empire. In 2261: 2174: 2053: 1093: 968: 358: 348: 247: 4002: 2571:

and Oya river by the 1870s. By the early 20th century, the Iban pioneers arrived in

7362: 7310: 7014: 7009: 6999: 6919: 6864: 6739: 6514: 6486: 6481: 6426: 6416: 6406: 6371: 6346: 6313: 6293: 6288: 6278: 6025: 5953: 5778: 5702: 5660: 5650: 4197: 4187: 4119: 3892: 3857: 2921: 2874:

British Crown Colony in return for a financial compensation to him and his family.

2719:

was added to Sarawak in 1890. The final expansion of Sarawak occurred in 1905 when

2674: 2560: 2393: 2241: 2065: 2043: 1584: 1434: 1238: 885: 795: 743: 609: 454: 368: 257: 204: 2956:, Australia, while his officers were captured by the Japanese and interned at the 2490:

to restore order. Pangeran Muda Hashim requested the assistance of British sailor

2256:(South Asian) administrators, subsisted in Mainland Southeast Asia on what is now 7390: 7245: 7119: 7114: 7004: 6989: 6938: 6899: 6824: 6664: 6654: 6549: 6504: 6491: 6441: 6401: 6361: 6356: 6318: 6273: 6197: 6101: 6086: 5586: 5509: 5467: 5448: 5281: 4854: 4192: 3319: 3240: 3100: 3005: 2997: 2964: 2863: 2855: 2727: 2547: 2540: 2425: 2286: 2089: 1574: 1454: 1228: 1128: 693: 398: 388: 335: 312: 4960: 4806: 2810: 2466:

leaders. Meanwhile, the interior of Sarawak suffered from tribal wars fought by

7400: 7320: 6849: 6779: 6749: 6724: 6704: 6684: 6544: 6534: 6466: 6461: 6436: 6421: 6411: 6396: 6381: 6303: 6283: 6096: 5838: 5823: 3263: 3258:

The Malaysian federation had drawn opposition from the Philippines, Indonesia,

3131: 2993: 2985: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2859: 2851: 2842:

at Kuching. An anti-Brooke faction at the Brunei Court was defeated in 1860 at

2815: 2708: 2657: 2633: 2620: 2508: 2165: 2157: 815: 663: 659: 579: 519: 378: 4123: 3982:

B.A., Hussainmiya (2006). "The Brookes and the British North Borneo Company".

3861: 3785: 3550:"Ancient Deep Skull still holds big surprises 60 years after it was unearthed" 3526:. Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. January 1958. Archived from 2858:, which was completed in 1879. In 1891 Charles Anthoni Brooke established the 2699:

region to James Brooke. Sarawak was recognised as an independent state by the

7415: 7341: 7255: 7029: 6784: 6774: 6764: 6614: 6509: 6471: 6456: 6446: 6386: 6323: 6298: 6187: 5833: 5707: 5555: 5153: 4987: 4333: 4131: 3315: 3271: 3267: 2839: 2831: 2556: 2475: 2463: 2434: 2225: 2178: 1694: 1399: 948: 559: 509: 234: 5034: 2160:) 65,000 years ago instead of 40,000 years ago as previously believed, when 7336: 6639: 6564: 5932: 5680: 5520: 4211: 4073: 3788:

p. 35 citing Ferrand. Relations, page 564-65. Tibbets, Arabic Texts, pg 47.

3331: 3135: 3048: 3024: 2945: 2905: 2827: 2823: 2756: 2680: 2670: 2661: 2576: 2551: 2536: 2512: 2504: 2491: 2409: 2277: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 1148: 1073: 978: 875: 683: 3203:

declaring the formation of the Federation of Malaysia on 16 September 1963

6789: 3848: 3151: 2785: 2760: 2748: 2712: 2645: 2532: 2467: 2361: 2182: 80: 3815:

Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume I: The Century of Discovery, Book 1

6978: 6859: 6744: 5912: 5788: 4317: 3869: 3846:

Broek, Jan O.M. (1962). "Place Names in 16th and 17th Century Borneo".

3287: 2941: 2869:

In 1941, during the centenary celebration of Brooke rule in Sarawak, a

2795: 2186: 2150: 1704: 845: 619: 569: 224: 179: 120: 5388:

Between Frontiers: Nation and Identity in a Southeast Asian Borderland

5201:

Creating "Greater Malaysia": Decolonization and the Politics of Merger

5067: 4498:

Rujukan Kompak Sejarah PMR (Compact reference for PMR History subject)

7136: 6983: 6699: 6634: 6629: 6619: 4935: 4472: 3565:"Niah Cave (Borneo, Malaysia) – Anatomically modern humans in Borneo" 3339: 3216: 3146:

and the assassination of the second colonial governor of Sarawak Sir

2929: 2347:

Syair Tarsilah Cetera Abang Gudam dan Temenggong Qadir Negeri Saribas

2332:

Syair Tarsilah Cetera Dato' Gudam dan Temenggong Qadir Negeri Saribas

2273: 2190: 649: 629: 287: 277: 144: 3379:

The first Communist group to be formed in Sarawak ... (page 95)

2948:

bordering Sarawak. After ten weeks of fighting in Dutch Borneo, the

6814: 6017: 3951:

Ring, Trudy; Watson, Noelle; Schellinger, Paul (12 November 2012).

3021: 2773: 2768:

in 1867. Meanwhile, the Ibans and other Dayak people were hired as

2579:(Bintulu) and Balingan. In the 1900s, the Iban has expanded to the 2401: 2257: 2169: 93: 5482:"Book Review: The Rise and Fall of Communism in Sarawak 1940–1990" 7045: 6829: 6819: 6809: 6799: 6794: 6754: 6734: 6714: 6679: 6659: 6649: 6609: 6588: 6111: 6062: 6052: 5685: 4383:"Chronology of Sarawak throughout the Brooke Era to Malaysia Day" 3295: 3279: 3170: 3068: 3009: 2925: 2781: 2769: 2765: 2740: 2716: 2696: 2612: 2584: 2523: 2413: 2201: 27: 23: 4468:

Post-war Borneo, 1945–50: Nationalism, Empire and State-Building

4313:

Standard Catalog of World Paper Money, General Issues, 1368–1960

3799:"The Fall of Melanau Kingdom and the expansion of Brunei empire" 2280:

pottery in the area. The name of Santubong was later changed to

2220:. Other archaeological sites in Sarawak can be found inside the 7035: 7022: 6961: 6877: 6804: 6759: 6669: 6644: 5828: 4900:"Wartime Borneo, 1941–1945: a tale of two occupied territories" 3923:

Fair Land Sarawak: Some Recollections of an Expatriate Official

3306: 3275: 3067:

Large crowd of Sarawak native population throngs the street of

3017: 2981: 2953: 2847: 2777: 2732: 2616: 2459: 2419: 2161: 1218: 855: 214: 5317:

Chronicle of Malaysia: Fifty Years of Headline News, 1963–2013

4581: 4579: 3786:

Brunei Rediscovered: A Survey of Early Times By Robert Nicholl

3215:, announced a plan to form a greater federation together with 7040: 6872: 6854: 6769: 6729: 6719: 6709: 6694: 6624: 5988: 3954:

Asia and Oceania: International Dictionary of Historic Places

2843: 2720: 2572: 2568: 2297:

mentioned the state of Samarahan which is sometimes known as

2253: 2240:

Before these early kingdoms in Sarawak came about, the Hindu

2221: 5109:"British Military Administration (August 1945 – April 1946)" 4992:. Australia: The Australian War Memorial. 1963. p. 491. 2877: 6834: 6689: 6593: 4576: 4555:

World and Its Peoples: Eastern and Southern Asia, Volume 9

6930: 5091:"Celebrating Batu Lintang Camp liberation day on Sept 11" 4931:

Southeast Asian Minorities in the Wartime Japanese Empire

4173: 3991:. Bandar Seri Begawan: Brunei Press Sdn Bhd. p. 6. 4501:(in Malay). Arah Pendidikan Sdn Bhd. 2009. p. 82. 3266:" the Borneo states through the federation. Meanwhile, 3016:, the Japanese surrendered to the Australian forces at 2478:, who aggressively fought to expand their territories. 4706:(in Chinese). 国际时报 . 13 September 2008. Archived from 3270:, leader of the Brunei People's Party, instigated the 3012:

before halting their operations in Sarawak. After the

4781:"Thrill is gone, state museum stuck in time – Public" 4589:

Malaysia and Its Neighbours, The World studies series

4351:

Historical Dictionary of the British Empire, Volume 2

4266:"Asal usul Melayu Sarawak: Menjejaki titik tak pasti" 3950: 3290:, Indonesian Borneo, and underwent training with the 4460: 4458: 4456: 4454: 4452: 4450: 2707:

in 1864. The state issued its first currency as the

2535:

legends and myths, they originally arrived from the

2360:

By 1530, the Santubong area was known to Portuguese

4246: 4244: 4242: 4240: 4238: 5503:Chan, Francis; Wong, Phyllis (16 September 2011). 4751: 4749: 4747: 4332:Sarawak was recognised as a separate state by the 4226:"Ngepan Batang Ai (Iban Women Traditional Attire)" 3915: 3913: 3911: 3909: 3907: 5279: 4704:"石隆门华工起义 (The uprising of Bau Chinese labourers)" 4447: 3441: 3439: 3398: 3396: 3103:, set up in the main street of Sarawak's capital. 2284:(Sarawak) as recorded in the Javanese manuscript 7413: 5133:. The Official Website of the Sarawak Government 4235: 3430:"New pre-history timeline discovered for Borneo" 5169: 5167: 5131:"Sarawak as a British Crown Colony (1946–1963)" 4744: 4406:"A look at the civil administration of Sarawak" 3904: 2739:, in honour of James Brooke, operating between 2594:Iban ladies in their Kapuas Hulu ancestral land 2264:set up new kingdoms using refugees from Funan. 2244:, which housed a multiethnic conglomeration of 5313: 5035:"Surrender to Major-General Wootten at Labuan" 4676: 4585: 4433:. Bangkok, Thailand: Booksmango. p. 177. 4102: 3436: 3404:"Niah National Park – Early Human settlements" 3393: 3171:Self-government and the Federation of Malaysia 6946: 6033: 5794:Sabah State Water Department corruption probe 5536: 5370:. United Nations. 3 July 2006. Archived from 4420: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3676: 2711:in 1858. In 1883 Sarawak was extended to the 2107: 5550: 5417:"Brunei Revolt breaks out – 8 December 1962" 5197:"Chapter Six: Borneo Territories and Brunei" 5164: 4079:Singapore: The Battle That Changed the World 4072: 4021:"Empire in Your Backyard – Sir James Brooke" 3985:Brunei - Revival of 1906 - A popular history 3728: 2518: 2420:Bruneian Empire and the Sultanate of Sarawak 5307: 5283:British Colonial Rule in Sarawak, 1946–1963 5273: 5190: 5188: 3885: 3657:. Sarawak Muzium Department. Archived from 6953: 6939: 6040: 6026: 5543: 5529: 5342:"Trust and Non-self governing territories" 4592:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 148–149. 3781: 3779: 3777: 3775: 3673: 2114: 2100: 7084:Southwest Borneo freshwater swamp forests 5757:Cross border attacks from the Philippines 5505:"Saga of communist insurgency in Sarawak" 5378: 5232:"Formation of Malaysia 16 September 1963" 4679:"The Bau Rebellion: What sparked it all?" 4677:Sendou Ringgit, Danielle (5 April 2015). 4616:Imperialism and the Anti-Imperialist Mind 4201: 4191: 3254:from potential guerrilla attacks in 1965. 2900:; photo taken on or after 29 August 1945. 2878:Japanese occupation and Allied liberation 2527:Iban northern expansion between 1800-1941 2338:, dating back to 16th to 17th centuries. 5502: 5496: 5384: 5185: 5088: 4927: 4851:"The Invasion of British Borneo in 1942" 4551: 4045: 3919: 3888:"Sultan Tengah – Sarawak's first Sultan" 3811: 3445: 3235: 3192: 3118: 3047:in 1943 prepared by the Japanese during 2891: 2809: 2794: 2726: 2687:, who in turn was succeeded by his son, 2665: 2603:. Hence, the Ibans were barred from the 2589: 2522: 2433: 2144: 17: 7276:Sepilok Orangutan Rehabilitation Centre 5151: 5004:"Historical Monument – Surrender Point" 4877:"The Japanese Occupation (1941 – 1945)" 3772: 3597:. Sarawak Tourism Board. Archived from 3108: 2449:In 1599, after the death of the Sultan 2216:, and the port was deserted during the 1685:1998–1999 Malaysia Nipah virus outbreak 7414: 5320:. Editions Didier Millet. p. 15. 5008:Official Website of Labuan Corporation 4966:Journal of the Australian War Memorial 4778: 4613:Lewis, Samuel Feuer (1 January 1989). 3729:Shafik Ahmad, Mohd (16 January 2016). 2850:(1853–1863), and a Malay leader named 6934: 6021: 5524: 5479: 5089:Patricia, Hului (12 September 2016). 5032: 4755: 4612: 4426: 4347: 4309: 4252:"Iban as a koine language in Sarawak" 3920:Morrison, Alastair (1 January 1993). 3845: 3619: 2884:Japanese occupation of British Borneo 7396: 7221:Bornean Sun Bear Conservation Centre 6895: 6047: 5205:Institute of Southeast Asian Studies 5010:. Labuan Corporation. Archived from 4404:Lim, Kian Hock (16 September 2011). 4046:Saunders, Graham (5 November 2013). 3981: 3879: 3694: 2924:and to facilitate their invasion of 2920:to guard their eastern flank in the 1975:2024 Ulu Tiram police station attack 7281:Silabukan Protection Forest Reserve 6107:Crown Colony of Sarawak (1946–1963) 5629:2021 federal constitution amendment 5616:2019 federal constitution amendment 5314:Philip Mathews (28 February 2014). 5194: 4897: 4464: 4403: 4389:. 16 September 2011. Archived from 3494:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 3490:"History of the Great Cave of Niah" 2932:. A Japanese invasion force led by 1775:2009 swine flu pandemic in Malaysia 13: 5880:1966 Sarawak constitutional crisis 5624:2020 Malaysia coronavirus pandemic 5385:Ishikawa, Noboru (15 March 2010). 5260: 4758:"SARAWAK: A KINGDOM IN THE JUNGLE" 3446:Faulkner, Neil (7 November 2003). 3406:. Sarawak Forestry. Archived from 3231:officially granted self-government 3140:Sarawak State Legislative Assembly 2345:mentioned the name of Saribas. In 1615:Taufiqiah Al-Khairiah madrasa fire 1535:Japan Airlines Flight 715 incident 57: 14: 7443: 7271:Lanjak Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary 5903:2020 Sarawak coronavirus pandemic 5484:. Kyoto Review of South East Asia 5154:"The stabbed governor of Sarawak" 4928:Kratoska, Paul H. (13 May 2013). 4105:"Rajah Brooke and the Victorians" 4018: 3562: 2651: 2546:According to the studies made by 2231: 2164:was connected to the mainland of 1785:Attacks against places of worship 7395: 7386: 7385: 6915: 6914: 6904: 6894: 6092:Sultanate of Sarawak (1599–1641) 5851:Anti-cession movement of Sarawak 5640: 5599:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation 5344:. United Nations. Archived from 4898:Gin, Ooi Keat (1 January 2013). 4720: 4430:Borneo Trilogy Sarawak: Volume 1 4278: 4082:. House of Stratus. p. 41. 3886:Rozan Yunos (28 December 2008). 3324:North Kalimantan Communist Party 3284:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation 3185:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation 3092: 3080: 3060: 3036: 2611:explore forst produce including 2438:Mausoleum of Sultan Tengah, the 2083: 1745:2006–2007 Southeast Asian floods 7079:Kinabalu montane alpine meadows 6082:Malano Kingdom (700 AD–1400 AD) 5858:Communist insurgency in Sarawak 5799:2020 Sabah coronavirus pandemic 5730:Self-government of North Borneo 5594:British Military Administration 5473: 5454: 5451:. Retrieved on 12 August 2011. 5435: 5409: 5360: 5334: 5254: 5224: 5152:Thomson, Mike (14 March 2012). 5145: 5123: 5101: 5082: 5052: 5026: 4996: 4980: 4958: 4952: 4921: 4891: 4869: 4842: 4821: 4795: 4779:Saiful, Bahari (23 June 2015). 4772: 4756:Simon, Elegant (13 July 1986). 4714: 4696: 4670: 4640: 4606: 4545: 4515: 4489: 4397: 4375: 4341: 4303: 4272: 4258: 4218: 4167: 4161:"Early Iban Migration – Part 1" 4153: 4096: 4066: 4039: 4012: 3975: 3944: 3839: 3812:Donald F, Lach (15 July 2008). 3805: 3791: 3733:. Utusan Borneo. Archived from 3722: 3647: 3620:Zheng, Dekun (1 January 1982). 3613: 3373: 3364: 3355: 3099:A large world map, showing the 3029:British Military Administration 2992:Allied forces later formed the 2486:(1827–1852), ordered his uncle 1605:Penang terminal bridge collapse 590:Separation of Perlis from Kedah 7358:Greater North Borneo languages 7236:Danum Valley Conservation Area 5928:North Borneo Chartered Company 5676:North Borneo Chartered Company 5572:Bruneian Sultanate (1368–1888) 5470:. Retrieved on 12 August 2011. 5368:"United Nations Member States" 5261:JC, Fong (16 September 2011). 4805:. Brooke Trust. Archived from 4523:"Bintulu – Places of Interest" 3587: 3556: 3542: 3512: 3482: 3472: 3422: 3101:Japanese-occupied area in Asia 2685:Charles Anthoni Johnson Brooke 1515:Campbell Shopping Complex fire 22:1831 Dutch painting depicting 1: 7251:Kayan Mentarang National Park 7231:Bukit Perai Protection Forest 5236:National Archives of Malaysia 4848: 4527:Bintulu Development Authority 4052:. Routledge. pp. 74–78. 3623:Studies in Chinese Archeology 3386: 3312:Sarawak United Peoples' Party 2963:Sarawak remained part of the 2814:Territorial expansion of the 2404:to which the 10 Datus of the 2228:, Serian, and Bau districts. 2134: 1725:2002 Taman Hillview landslide 780:Japanese occupation of Malaya 239: 98: 7180:1997 Indonesian forest fires 7132:Geological history of Borneo 6010:Covers the three territories 5969:Crown Colony of North Borneo 5784:1991 Sabah political arrests 5725:Crown Colony of North Borneo 5582:Battle of Borneo (1941–1942) 5480:James, Chin (9 March 2006). 4648:"The Borneo Company Limited" 4552:Marshall, Cavendish (2007). 4348:James, Stuart Olson (1996). 4193:10.1371/journal.pone.0016338 4103:Alex Middleton (June 2010). 3704:Current Research in Malaysia 3628:The Chinese University Press 3292:Communist Party of Indonesia 3211:, the prime minister of the 3189:Sarawak Communist Insurgency 2971:(Northern Borneo) under the 1965:2024 Lumut helicopters crash 1885:Kim Jong-nam's Assassination 1765:Bukit Antarabangsa landslide 1044:North Borneo self-governance 7: 7241:Gunung Berau Nature Reserve 7069:Borneo montane rain forests 7064:Borneo lowland rain forests 6102:Empire of Japan (1941–1945) 6087:Bruneian Empire (1368–1888) 5286:. Oxford University Press. 3820:University of Chicago Press 3301:After the formation of the 3075:(AIF) on 12 September 1945. 2998:operation codenamed "Semut" 2482:and chaos. In 1839, Sultan 1815:Genting Highlands bus crash 1795:Cameron Highlands bus crash 1495:AIA building hostage crisis 1465:Ligitan and Sipadan dispute 1414:Philippine militant attacks 1219:Federal Territory of Labuan 1149:Declaration of Rukun Negara 1139:National Operations Council 1104:Second communist insurgency 10: 7448: 7165:Deforestation in Indonesia 6960: 6097:Raj of Sarawak (1841–1946) 6077:Santubong Kingdom (500 AD) 5890:1997 Sarawak HFMD outbreak 5863:Self-government of Sarawak 5280:Vernon L. Porritt (1997). 4356:Greenwood Publishing Group 3595:"Niah National Park, Miri" 3449:Niah Cave, Sarawak, Borneo 3303:People's Republic of China 3245:Royal Australian Air Force 3174: 3112: 3071:to witness the arrival of 2881: 2830:, under the leadership of 2655: 2423: 2326:, colony of Majapahit. In 2138: 1945:2022 Batang Kali landslide 1259:Peace Agreement of Hat Yai 7381: 7350: 7329: 7298: 7226:Borneo Orangutan Survival 7213: 7205:2019 Southeast Asian haze 7200:2017 Southeast Asian haze 7195:2016 Southeast Asian haze 7190:2015 Southeast Asian haze 7185:2006 Southeast Asian haze 7175:1997 Southeast Asian haze 7160:Deforestation in Malaysia 7147: 7102: 7074:Borneo peat swamp forests 7056: 6968: 6890: 6602: 6581: 6563: 6337: 6264: 6255: 6213: 6120: 6069: 6059: 6008: 5911: 5807: 5649: 5638: 5632:(passed) ★ second tabling 5619:(on hold) ★ first tabling 5562: 4728:. University of Melbourne 4124:10.1017/S0018246X10000063 3862:10.1080/03085696208592208 3454:Current World Archaeology 3305:in 1949, the ideology of 3073:Australian Imperial Force 2803:featuring the picture of 2755:Sarawak became a British 2519:Iban expansion to Sarawak 2343:Silsilah raja-raja Brunei 2328:Silsilah Raja-raja Brunei 2295:Silsilah Raja-raja Brunei 2149:The main entrance to the 1875:Movida Bar grenade attack 1625:Bright Sparklers disaster 1525:Sabah Air GAF Nomad crash 1505:National Monument bombing 1475:Kuala Lumpur flash floods 1269:Royal Immunity Amendments 1014:Singapore self-governance 925:Crown Colony of N. Borneo 540:Siamese invasion of Kedah 7261:Kulamba Wildlife Reserve 5772:2013 Lahad Datu standoff 5767:2000 Sipadan kidnappings 5609:Proclamation of Malaysia 5111:. The Sarawak Government 4904:Borneo Research Bulletin 4879:. The Sarawak Government 4310:Cuhaj, George S (2014). 3348: 3250:helicopter to guard the 3126:demonstration in Sarawak 3051:, with label written in 2801:revenue stamp of Sarawak 1895:Darul Quran madrasa fire 1715:2001 Kampung Medan riots 1635:Highland Towers collapse 1332:Pakatan Harapan takeover 734:Unfederated Malay States 326:Samudera Pasai Sultanate 7373:Languages of Kalimantan 7286:Usun Apau National Park 7266:Lamandau Nature Reserve 7155:Deforestation in Borneo 7089:Sundaland heath forests 5895:Sarawak rabies outbreak 5846:Crown Colony of Sarawak 5466:12 October 2011 at the 5447:11 October 2010 at the 5263:"Formation of Malaysia" 5039:Australian War Memorial 5033:Rainsford, Keith Carr. 4586:Gullick, J. M. (1967). 3456:Issue 2. Archived from 3336:Malayan Communist Party 3115:Crown Colony of Sarawak 2392:. In the 17th century, 2308:Sangkhalok ceramic ware 1955:2023 Elmina plane crash 1935:2021-22 Malaysia floods 1915:2020-21 Malaysia floods 1905:2018 Subang Temple riot 1865:2015 Plaza Low Yat riot 1845:2014–15 Malaysia floods 1755:Bukit Gantang bus crash 1199:South China Sea dispute 1179:1977 Kelantan Emergency 1169:Federal Territory of KL 1064:Sarawak self-governance 138:65,000–40,000 BCE 6112:Sarawak (1963–present) 5949:Battle of North Borneo 5923:Crown Colony of Labuan 5885:1987 Ming Court Affair 5762:1985 Lahad Datu ambush 5720:Battle of North Borneo 5713:Sandakan Death Marches 5421:National Library Board 5195:Tai, Yong Tan (2008). 4652:National Library Board 4621:Transaction Publishers 4465:Ooi, Keat Gin (2013). 4427:Frans, Welman (2011). 4112:The Historical Journal 3345:laid down their arms. 3255: 3204: 3201:Stephen Kalong Ningkan 3127: 3002:battle of North Borneo 2908:, Mukah, Bintulu, and 2901: 2888:Battle of North Borneo 2836:a new government house 2819: 2807: 2790:Borneo Company Limited 2752: 2677: 2595: 2528: 2443: 2442:, located in Santubong 2336:blue and white pottery 2252:peoples together with 2153: 1565:1985 Lahad Datu ambush 1435:Brunei's Limbang claim 1279:Asian financial crisis 866:Sandakan Death Marches 714:Federated Malay States 600:Crown Colony of Labuan 62: 30: 7094:Sunda Shelf mangroves 5393:Ohio University Press 5064:Royal Australian Navy 3260:Brunei People's Party 3239: 3196: 3175:Further information: 3144:anti-cession movement 3122: 2940:M. Lane retreated to 2898:Batu Lintang POW camp 2895: 2813: 2798: 2730: 2669: 2593: 2526: 2484:Omar Ali Saifuddin II 2437: 2424:Further information: 2270:Hikayat Datuk Merpati 2148: 2139:Further information: 1805:Hulu Langat landslide 1485:Malaysian haze crisis 1249:Constitutional crisis 1084:Singapore in Malaysia 1074:Formation of Malaysia 939:Anti-cession movement 826:Parit Sulong Massacre 305:Rise of Muslim states 229:100 BCE–1474 CE 61: 21: 5819:Sultanate of Sarawak 5207:. pp. 154–169. 4938:. pp. 136–142. 4838:. 24 September 1941. 4803:"History of Sarawak" 3695:Said, Sanib (2012). 3213:Federation of Malaya 3160:British Crown colony 3109:British crown colony 3045:occupation of Borneo 2751:from the late 1840s. 2689:Charles Vyner Brooke 2488:Pengiran Muda Hashim 2430:Sultanate of Sarawak 2406:Kedatuan of Madja-as 2313:Sarawak State Museum 2141:Prehistoric Malaysia 1735:Indian Ocean tsunami 1425:Singapore race riots 1410:North Borneo dispute 1189:Pedra Branca dispute 1004:Malayan Independence 959:Federation of Malaya 724:Anglo-Siamese Treaty 704:Mat Salleh Rebellion 500:Dutch–Portuguese War 219:100 BCE–642 CE 171:11,000–200 BCE 6205:Tourist attractions 5961:Colony of Singapore 5941:Straits Settlements 5747:Keningau Oath Stone 5577:Japanese occupation 5179:The Daily Telegraph 5014:on 17 November 2015 4809:on 29 November 2016 4768:on 2 November 2015. 4710:on 24 January 2013. 4533:on 19 November 2016 4416:on 6 February 2015. 4393:on 6 February 2015. 4049:A History of Brunei 4008:on 2 December 2016. 3737:on 27 December 2023 3630:. pp. 49, 50. 3601:on 26 December 2015 3530:on 22 November 2013 3524:humanorigins.si.edu 3500:on 22 November 2014 3410:on 18 February 2015 3328:Abdul Rahman Ya'kub 3226:18-point memorandum 3053:Japanese characters 2601:swidden agriculture 2513:White Rajah Dynasty 2455:Abdul Jalilul Akbar 2322:recorded Kalaka as 2204:) that date to the 2090:Malaysia portal 1925:LRT train collision 1695:Al-Ma'unah incident 1675:Tropical Storm Greg 1159:New Economic Policy 996:Independence period 836:Battle of Singapore 530:Straits Settlements 465:Kubang Pasu Kingdom 184:500 – 200 BCE 7422:History of Sarawak 7316:History of Sarawak 6995:Central Kalimantan 5982:20-point agreement 5977:Cobbold Commission 5873:18-point agreement 5868:Cobbold Commission 5740:20-point agreement 5735:Cobbold Commission 5604:Malaysia Agreement 5395:. pp. 86–87. 4791:on 2 October 2015. 4762:The New York Times 4689:on 22 March 2016. 4658:on 12 October 2015 4560:Marshall Cavendish 4076:(1 January 2001). 3661:on 12 October 2015 3575:on 20 October 2007 3432:. 22 October 2018. 3256: 3248:Bell UH-1 Iroquois 3221:Cobbold Commission 3209:Tunku Abdul Rahman 3205: 3198:Tan Sri Datuk Amar 3181:18-point agreement 3177:Malaysia Agreement 3128: 3031:until April 1946. 3014:surrender of Japan 2973:Japanese 37th Army 2934:Kiyotake Kawaguchi 2902: 2820: 2808: 2753: 2678: 2596: 2587:northern Sarawak. 2563:and Batang Layar. 2529: 2497:East India Company 2444: 2376:(1550), Melano as 2242:Funan Civilization 2195:Niah National Park 2154: 2128:History of Sarawak 1665:Pos Dipang mudflow 1445:Penang Hartal riot 1289:Reformasi Movement 1034:Sarawak Insurgency 754:Kelantan rebellion 674:Jementah Civil War 580:Kingdom of Sarawak 550:Anglo-Dutch Treaty 490:Portuguese Malacca 422:Selangor Sultanate 71:Prehistoric period 63: 31: 7427:History of Brunei 7409: 7408: 7368:Malayic languages 7306:History of Brunei 7294: 7293: 7170:Mega Rice Project 6928: 6927: 6886: 6885: 6015: 6014: 5997:Federal territory 5666:Sultanate of Sulu 5402:978-0-89680-476-0 5327:978-967-10617-4-9 5293:978-983-56-0009-8 5214:978-981-230-747-7 4945:978-1-136-12506-5 4834:The Straits Times 4630:978-1-4128-2599-3 4599:978-0-7100-4141-8 4569:978-0-7614-7642-9 4508:978-983-3718-81-8 4482:978-1-134-05803-7 4440:978-616-245-082-2 4365:978-0-313-29367-2 4327:978-1-4402-4267-0 4089:978-0-7551-0039-2 4059:978-1-136-87394-2 3968:978-0-87727-712-5 3959:SEAP Publications 3937:978-0-87727-712-5 3928:SEAP Publications 3829:978-0-226-46708-5 3758:External link in 3637:978-962-201-261-5 3252:Malay–Thai border 2958:Batu Lintang camp 2826:gold miners from 2440:Sultan of Sarawak 2301:. The place name 2262:Sailendra dynasty 2124: 2123: 1983: 1982: 1645:Genting landslide 1595:Ming Court Affair 1383: 1382: 1362:Bornean Amendment 1342:COVID-19 pandemic 1299:H1N1 flu pandemic 1207: 1112: 1111: 1094:ASEAN Declaration 987: 986: 969:Malayan Emergency 894: 893: 762: 761: 473: 472: 412:Sarawak Sultanate 389:Pattani Sultanate 349:Malacca Sultanate 296: 295: 242:100 CE–1025 188: 187: 7439: 7399: 7398: 7389: 7388: 7363:Barito languages 7311:History of Sabah 7145: 7144: 7015:North Kalimantan 7000:South Kalimantan 6955: 6948: 6941: 6932: 6931: 6918: 6917: 6908: 6898: 6897: 6865:Tanjung Kidurong 6262: 6261: 6042: 6035: 6028: 6019: 6018: 6001: 5993: 5973: 5965: 5954:Battle of Labuan 5945: 5937: 5899: 5779:1986 Sabah riots 5752:Double Six Crash 5703:Jesselton revolt 5661:Brunei Civil War 5644: 5633: 5620: 5545: 5538: 5531: 5522: 5521: 5515: 5514: 5500: 5494: 5493: 5491: 5489: 5477: 5471: 5458: 5452: 5439: 5433: 5432: 5430: 5428: 5413: 5407: 5406: 5382: 5376: 5375: 5374:on 5 March 2016. 5364: 5358: 5357: 5355: 5353: 5338: 5332: 5331: 5311: 5305: 5304: 5302: 5300: 5277: 5271: 5270: 5258: 5252: 5251: 5249: 5247: 5238:. Archived from 5228: 5222: 5221: 5192: 5183: 5182: 5175:"Anthony Brooke" 5171: 5162: 5161: 5149: 5143: 5142: 5140: 5138: 5127: 5121: 5120: 5118: 5116: 5105: 5099: 5098: 5086: 5080: 5079: 5077: 5075: 5070:on 27 March 2016 5066:. Archived from 5056: 5050: 5049: 5047: 5045: 5030: 5024: 5023: 5021: 5019: 5000: 4994: 4993: 4984: 4978: 4977: 4975: 4973: 4956: 4950: 4949: 4925: 4919: 4918: 4912: 4910: 4895: 4889: 4888: 4886: 4884: 4873: 4867: 4866: 4864: 4862: 4853:. Archived from 4846: 4840: 4839: 4825: 4819: 4818: 4816: 4814: 4799: 4793: 4792: 4787:. Archived from 4776: 4770: 4769: 4764:. Archived from 4753: 4742: 4741: 4735: 4733: 4727: 4718: 4712: 4711: 4700: 4694: 4693: 4685:. Archived from 4674: 4668: 4667: 4665: 4663: 4654:. Archived from 4644: 4638: 4637: 4610: 4604: 4603: 4583: 4574: 4573: 4562:. p. 1182. 4549: 4543: 4542: 4540: 4538: 4529:. Archived from 4519: 4513: 4512: 4493: 4487: 4486: 4462: 4445: 4444: 4424: 4418: 4417: 4412:. Archived from 4401: 4395: 4394: 4379: 4373: 4372: 4345: 4339: 4338: 4320:. p. 1058. 4307: 4301: 4300: 4298: 4296: 4287:. Archived from 4276: 4270: 4269: 4262: 4256: 4255: 4248: 4233: 4232: 4230: 4222: 4216: 4215: 4205: 4195: 4171: 4165: 4164: 4163:. 26 March 2007. 4157: 4151: 4150: 4148: 4146: 4109: 4100: 4094: 4093: 4070: 4064: 4063: 4043: 4037: 4036: 4034: 4032: 4027:on 17 March 2015 4023:. Archived from 4016: 4010: 4009: 4007: 4001:. Archived from 3990: 3979: 3973: 3972: 3948: 3942: 3941: 3917: 3902: 3901: 3900:on 3 April 2014. 3896:. Archived from 3893:The Brunei Times 3883: 3877: 3876: 3843: 3837: 3836: 3809: 3803: 3802: 3795: 3789: 3783: 3770: 3769: 3763: 3762: 3756: 3754: 3746: 3744: 3742: 3726: 3720: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3701: 3692: 3671: 3670: 3668: 3666: 3651: 3645: 3644: 3617: 3611: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3591: 3585: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3571:. Archived from 3563:Hirst, K. Kris. 3560: 3554: 3553: 3546: 3540: 3539: 3537: 3535: 3516: 3510: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3496:. Archived from 3486: 3480: 3476: 3470: 3469: 3467: 3465: 3460:on 23 March 2015 3443: 3434: 3433: 3426: 3420: 3419: 3417: 3415: 3400: 3380: 3377: 3371: 3368: 3362: 3359: 3207:On 27 May 1961, 3096: 3084: 3064: 3040: 2939: 2922:Malayan Campaign 2871:new constitution 2737:Rajah of Sarawak 2703:in 1850 and the 2675:Rajah of Sarawak 2394:Samuel Blommaert 2116: 2109: 2102: 2088: 2087: 2086: 1855:Sabah earthquake 1396: 1395: 1379: 1352:Political crisis 1326: 1309:Sedition Dragnet 1239:Operation Lalang 1213: 1201: 1125: 1124: 1000: 999: 907: 906: 903:Formative period 886:Jesselton revolt 806:Bornean Campaign 796:Malayan campaign 775: 774: 744:Battle of Penang 610:Pahang Civil War 486: 485: 429: 406: 369:Pahang Sultanate 343: 336:Brunei Sultanate 320: 309: 308: 241: 201: 200: 178: 167: 156: 132: 108: 100: 92: 76: 75: 51: 33: 32: 7447: 7446: 7442: 7441: 7440: 7438: 7437: 7436: 7412: 7411: 7410: 7405: 7377: 7346: 7325: 7290: 7246:Heart of Borneo 7209: 7143: 7098: 7052: 7005:East Kalimantan 6990:West Kalimantan 6970: 6964: 6959: 6929: 6924: 6882: 6598: 6577: 6559: 6333: 6257: 6251: 6209: 6116: 6065: 6055: 6046: 6016: 6011: 6004: 5999: 5991: 5971: 5963: 5943: 5935: 5914: 5907: 5897: 5810: 5803: 5698:Madrid Protocol 5671:Austrian colony 5652: 5645: 5636: 5631: 5618: 5587:Borneo campaign 5564: 5558: 5549: 5519: 5518: 5510:The Borneo Post 5501: 5497: 5487: 5485: 5478: 5474: 5468:Wayback Machine 5459: 5455: 5449:Wayback Machine 5440: 5436: 5426: 5424: 5415: 5414: 5410: 5403: 5383: 5379: 5366: 5365: 5361: 5351: 5349: 5340: 5339: 5335: 5328: 5312: 5308: 5298: 5296: 5294: 5278: 5274: 5267:The Borneo Post 5259: 5255: 5245: 5243: 5242:on 7 March 2016 5230: 5229: 5225: 5215: 5193: 5186: 5181:. 6 March 2011. 5173: 5172: 5165: 5150: 5146: 5136: 5134: 5129: 5128: 5124: 5114: 5112: 5107: 5106: 5102: 5095:The Borneo Post 5087: 5083: 5073: 5071: 5058: 5057: 5053: 5043: 5041: 5031: 5027: 5017: 5015: 5002: 5001: 4997: 4986: 4985: 4981: 4971: 4969: 4959:Ooi, Keat Gin. 4957: 4953: 4946: 4926: 4922: 4908: 4906: 4896: 4892: 4882: 4880: 4875: 4874: 4870: 4860: 4858: 4857:on 8 April 2023 4847: 4843: 4827: 4826: 4822: 4812: 4810: 4801: 4800: 4796: 4785:The Borneo Post 4777: 4773: 4754: 4745: 4731: 4729: 4725: 4719: 4715: 4702: 4701: 4697: 4683:The Borneo Post 4675: 4671: 4661: 4659: 4646: 4645: 4641: 4631: 4611: 4607: 4600: 4584: 4577: 4570: 4550: 4546: 4536: 4534: 4521: 4520: 4516: 4509: 4495: 4494: 4490: 4483: 4463: 4448: 4441: 4425: 4421: 4410:The Borneo Post 4402: 4398: 4387:The Borneo Post 4381: 4380: 4376: 4366: 4358:. p. 982. 4346: 4342: 4328: 4308: 4304: 4294: 4292: 4277: 4273: 4264: 4263: 4259: 4250: 4249: 4236: 4231:. 8 April 2023. 4228: 4224: 4223: 4219: 4172: 4168: 4159: 4158: 4154: 4144: 4142: 4107: 4101: 4097: 4090: 4071: 4067: 4060: 4044: 4040: 4030: 4028: 4019:Reece, Robert. 4017: 4013: 4005: 3999: 3988: 3980: 3976: 3969: 3961:. p. 497. 3949: 3945: 3938: 3918: 3905: 3884: 3880: 3844: 3840: 3830: 3822:. p. 581. 3810: 3806: 3797: 3796: 3792: 3784: 3773: 3760: 3759: 3757: 3748: 3747: 3740: 3738: 3727: 3723: 3713: 3711: 3699: 3693: 3674: 3664: 3662: 3653: 3652: 3648: 3638: 3618: 3614: 3604: 3602: 3593: 3592: 3588: 3578: 3576: 3561: 3557: 3552:. 28 June 2016. 3548: 3547: 3543: 3533: 3531: 3518: 3517: 3513: 3503: 3501: 3488: 3487: 3483: 3477: 3473: 3463: 3461: 3444: 3437: 3428: 3427: 3423: 3413: 3411: 3402: 3401: 3394: 3389: 3384: 3383: 3378: 3374: 3369: 3365: 3360: 3356: 3351: 3241:Sarawak Rangers 3191: 3173: 3117: 3111: 3104: 3097: 3088: 3085: 3076: 3065: 3056: 3041: 2965:Empire of Japan 2937: 2896:Aerial view of 2890: 2882:Main articles: 2880: 2856:Fort Margherita 2664: 2656:Main articles: 2654: 2630:Second Division 2548:Benedict Sandin 2541:West Kalimantan 2521: 2432: 2426:Bruneian Empire 2422: 2390:River de Berulu 2388:and Bintulu as 2351:Negarakertagama 2320:Nagarakretagama 2287:Nagarakretagama 2234: 2143: 2137: 2120: 2084: 2082: 2077: 2076: 2075: 2038: 2030: 2029: 2028: 1993: 1985: 1984: 1655:MH2133 incident 1585:Sabah Emergency 1575:Memali Incident 1455:13 May Incident 1393: 1385: 1384: 1377: 1324: 1229:Memali incident 1211: 1129:13 May incident 1122: 1114: 1113: 997: 989: 988: 904: 896: 895: 789: 786: 772: 764: 763: 694:Pahang Uprising 483: 482:Colonial period 475: 474: 427: 404: 399:Johor Sultanate 341: 318: 313:Kedah Sultanate 306: 298: 297: 282:700s–1025 198: 190: 189: 180:Neolithic Klang 176: 168:Perak man/woman 165: 157:Bewah man/woman 154: 130: 106: 94:Lenggong Valley 90: 73: 49: 42: 12: 11: 5: 7445: 7435: 7434: 7432:Raj of Sarawak 7429: 7424: 7407: 7406: 7404: 7403: 7393: 7382: 7379: 7378: 7376: 7375: 7370: 7365: 7360: 7354: 7352: 7348: 7347: 7345: 7344: 7339: 7333: 7331: 7327: 7326: 7324: 7323: 7321:British Borneo 7318: 7313: 7308: 7302: 7300: 7296: 7295: 7292: 7291: 7289: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7217: 7215: 7211: 7210: 7208: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7192: 7187: 7182: 7177: 7172: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7151: 7149: 7142: 7141: 7140: 7139: 7129: 7128: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7106: 7104: 7100: 7099: 7097: 7096: 7091: 7086: 7081: 7076: 7071: 7066: 7060: 7058: 7054: 7053: 7051: 7050: 7049: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7026: 7019: 7018: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6974: 6972: 6966: 6965: 6958: 6957: 6950: 6943: 6935: 6926: 6925: 6923: 6922: 6912: 6902: 6891: 6888: 6887: 6884: 6883: 6881: 6880: 6875: 6870: 6867: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6837: 6832: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6782: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6727: 6725:Kota Samarahan 6722: 6717: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6672: 6667: 6662: 6657: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6606: 6604: 6600: 6599: 6597: 6596: 6591: 6585: 6583: 6579: 6578: 6576: 6575: 6569: 6567: 6565:Municipalities 6561: 6560: 6558: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6343: 6341: 6335: 6334: 6332: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6270: 6268: 6259: 6256:Administrative 6253: 6252: 6250: 6249: 6244: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6223: 6217: 6215: 6211: 6210: 6208: 6207: 6202: 6201: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6171: 6170: 6165: 6164: 6163: 6158: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6124: 6122: 6118: 6117: 6115: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6073: 6071: 6067: 6066: 6060: 6057: 6056: 6045: 6044: 6037: 6030: 6022: 6013: 6012: 6009: 6006: 6005: 6003: 6002: 5994: 5986: 5985: 5984: 5974: 5966: 5958: 5957: 5956: 5946: 5938: 5930: 5925: 5919: 5917: 5909: 5908: 5906: 5905: 5900: 5898:(2017–present) 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5876: 5875: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5854: 5853: 5843: 5842: 5841: 5839:Syarif Masahor 5836: 5831: 5824:Raj of Sarawak 5821: 5815: 5813: 5805: 5804: 5802: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5775: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5743: 5742: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5716: 5715: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5694: 5693: 5688: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5657: 5655: 5647: 5646: 5639: 5637: 5635: 5634: 5626: 5621: 5613: 5612: 5611: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5590: 5589: 5584: 5574: 5568: 5566: 5560: 5559: 5548: 5547: 5540: 5533: 5525: 5517: 5516: 5495: 5472: 5453: 5434: 5408: 5401: 5377: 5359: 5333: 5326: 5306: 5292: 5272: 5253: 5223: 5213: 5184: 5163: 5144: 5122: 5100: 5081: 5060:"HMAS Kapunda" 5051: 5025: 4995: 4979: 4951: 4944: 4920: 4890: 4868: 4841: 4820: 4794: 4771: 4743: 4713: 4695: 4669: 4639: 4629: 4605: 4598: 4575: 4568: 4558:. Bangladesh: 4544: 4514: 4507: 4488: 4481: 4446: 4439: 4419: 4396: 4374: 4364: 4340: 4326: 4302: 4291:on 8 June 2003 4285:sarawak.com.my 4271: 4257: 4234: 4217: 4166: 4152: 4118:(2): 381–400. 4095: 4088: 4065: 4058: 4038: 4011: 3997: 3974: 3967: 3943: 3936: 3930:. p. 10. 3903: 3878: 3838: 3828: 3804: 3790: 3771: 3721: 3672: 3646: 3636: 3612: 3586: 3555: 3541: 3511: 3481: 3471: 3435: 3421: 3391: 3390: 3388: 3385: 3382: 3381: 3372: 3363: 3353: 3352: 3350: 3347: 3334:. In 1989 the 3172: 3169: 3148:Duncan Stewart 3132:Anthony Brooke 3113:Main article: 3110: 3107: 3106: 3105: 3098: 3091: 3089: 3086: 3079: 3077: 3066: 3059: 3057: 3042: 3035: 2994:Z Special Unit 2918:British Borneo 2914:scorched earth 2879: 2876: 2860:Sarawak Museum 2852:Syarif Masahor 2816:Raj of Sarawak 2805:Charles Brooke 2709:Sarawak dollar 2705:United Kingdom 2693:Bertram Brooke 2658:Raj of Sarawak 2653: 2652:Brooke dynasty 2650: 2520: 2517: 2509:Queen Victoria 2476:Kenyah peoples 2451:Muhammad Hasan 2421: 2418: 2233: 2232:Early kingdoms 2230: 2166:Southeast Asia 2136: 2133: 2122: 2121: 2119: 2118: 2111: 2104: 2096: 2093: 2092: 2079: 2078: 2074: 2073: 2068: 2063: 2062: 2061: 2051: 2046: 2040: 2039: 2036: 2035: 2032: 2031: 2027: 2026: 2021: 2016: 2011: 2006: 2004:Constitutional 2001: 1999:Communications 1995: 1994: 1991: 1990: 1987: 1986: 1981: 1980: 1977: 1971: 1970: 1967: 1961: 1960: 1957: 1951: 1950: 1947: 1941: 1940: 1937: 1931: 1930: 1927: 1921: 1920: 1917: 1911: 1910: 1907: 1901: 1900: 1897: 1891: 1890: 1887: 1881: 1880: 1877: 1871: 1870: 1867: 1861: 1860: 1857: 1851: 1850: 1847: 1841: 1840: 1837: 1831: 1830: 1827: 1825:MH370 incident 1821: 1820: 1817: 1811: 1810: 1807: 1801: 1800: 1797: 1791: 1790: 1787: 1781: 1780: 1777: 1771: 1770: 1767: 1761: 1760: 1757: 1751: 1750: 1747: 1741: 1740: 1737: 1731: 1730: 1727: 1721: 1720: 1717: 1711: 1710: 1707: 1701: 1700: 1697: 1691: 1690: 1687: 1681: 1680: 1677: 1671: 1670: 1667: 1661: 1660: 1657: 1651: 1650: 1647: 1641: 1640: 1637: 1631: 1630: 1627: 1621: 1620: 1617: 1611: 1610: 1607: 1601: 1600: 1597: 1591: 1590: 1587: 1581: 1580: 1577: 1571: 1570: 1567: 1561: 1560: 1557: 1551: 1550: 1547: 1545:MH653 incident 1541: 1540: 1537: 1531: 1530: 1527: 1521: 1520: 1517: 1511: 1510: 1507: 1501: 1500: 1497: 1491: 1490: 1487: 1481: 1480: 1477: 1471: 1470: 1467: 1461: 1460: 1457: 1451: 1450: 1447: 1441: 1440: 1437: 1431: 1430: 1427: 1421: 1420: 1417: 1406: 1405: 1402: 1394: 1391: 1390: 1387: 1386: 1381: 1380: 1374: 1368: 1367: 1364: 1358: 1357: 1354: 1348: 1347: 1344: 1338: 1337: 1334: 1328: 1327: 1321: 1315: 1314: 1311: 1305: 1304: 1301: 1295: 1294: 1291: 1285: 1284: 1281: 1275: 1274: 1271: 1265: 1264: 1261: 1255: 1254: 1251: 1245: 1244: 1241: 1235: 1234: 1231: 1225: 1224: 1221: 1215: 1214: 1208: 1195: 1194: 1191: 1185: 1184: 1181: 1175: 1174: 1171: 1165: 1164: 1161: 1155: 1154: 1151: 1145: 1144: 1141: 1135: 1134: 1131: 1123: 1120: 1119: 1116: 1115: 1110: 1109: 1106: 1100: 1099: 1096: 1090: 1089: 1086: 1080: 1079: 1076: 1070: 1069: 1066: 1060: 1059: 1056: 1050: 1049: 1046: 1040: 1039: 1036: 1030: 1029: 1026: 1020: 1019: 1016: 1010: 1009: 1006: 998: 995: 994: 991: 990: 985: 984: 981: 975: 974: 971: 965: 964: 961: 955: 954: 951: 945: 944: 941: 935: 934: 931: 921: 920: 917: 905: 902: 901: 898: 897: 892: 891: 888: 882: 881: 878: 872: 871: 868: 862: 861: 858: 852: 851: 848: 842: 841: 838: 832: 831: 828: 822: 821: 818: 816:Battle of Muar 812: 811: 808: 802: 801: 798: 792: 791: 787: 778: 773: 770: 769: 766: 765: 760: 759: 756: 750: 749: 746: 740: 739: 736: 730: 729: 726: 720: 719: 716: 710: 709: 706: 700: 699: 696: 690: 689: 686: 680: 679: 676: 670: 669: 666: 660:British Malaya 656: 655: 652: 646: 645: 642: 640:Pangkor Treaty 636: 635: 632: 626: 625: 622: 616: 615: 612: 606: 605: 602: 596: 595: 592: 586: 585: 582: 576: 575: 572: 566: 565: 562: 556: 555: 552: 546: 545: 542: 536: 535: 532: 526: 525: 522: 520:Pahang Kingdom 516: 515: 512: 506: 505: 502: 496: 495: 492: 484: 481: 480: 477: 476: 471: 470: 467: 461: 460: 457: 451: 450: 447: 441: 440: 437: 431: 430: 424: 418: 417: 414: 408: 407: 401: 395: 394: 391: 385: 384: 381: 379:Aceh Sultanate 375: 374: 371: 365: 364: 361: 359:Sulu Sultanate 355: 354: 351: 345: 344: 338: 332: 331: 328: 322: 321: 315: 307: 304: 303: 300: 299: 294: 293: 290: 284: 283: 280: 274: 273: 270: 264: 263: 262:170–1135 260: 254: 253: 250: 244: 243: 237: 231: 230: 227: 221: 220: 217: 211: 210: 207: 199: 197:Early kingdoms 196: 195: 192: 191: 186: 185: 182: 173: 172: 169: 162: 161: 158: 151: 150: 148: 140: 139: 136: 127: 126: 124: 116: 115: 112: 110:Mansuli Valley 103: 102: 101:2,000,0000 BCE 96: 87: 86: 84: 74: 69: 68: 65: 64: 54: 53: 44: 43: 36: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7444: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7419: 7417: 7402: 7394: 7392: 7384: 7383: 7380: 7374: 7371: 7369: 7366: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7355: 7353: 7349: 7343: 7342:Banjar people 7340: 7338: 7335: 7334: 7332: 7330:ethnic groups 7328: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7303: 7301: 7297: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7256:Kinabalu Park 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7218: 7216: 7212: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7152: 7150: 7148:deforestation 7146: 7138: 7135: 7134: 7133: 7130: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7112: 7111: 7108: 7107: 7105: 7101: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7061: 7059: 7055: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7033: 7032: 7031: 7030:East Malaysia 7027: 7025: 7024: 7020: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6987: 6985: 6981: 6980: 6976: 6975: 6973: 6967: 6963: 6956: 6951: 6949: 6944: 6942: 6937: 6936: 6933: 6921: 6913: 6911: 6907: 6903: 6901: 6893: 6892: 6889: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6871: 6869:Tanjung Manis 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6607: 6605: 6601: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6586: 6584: 6580: 6574: 6571: 6570: 6568: 6566: 6562: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6540:Tanjung Manis 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6344: 6342: 6340: 6336: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6271: 6269: 6267: 6263: 6260: 6254: 6248: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6218: 6216: 6212: 6206: 6203: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6185: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6169: 6166: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6153: 6152: 6149: 6148: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6126: 6125: 6123: 6119: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6074: 6072: 6068: 6064: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6043: 6038: 6036: 6031: 6029: 6024: 6023: 6020: 6007: 5998: 5995: 5990: 5987: 5983: 5980: 5979: 5978: 5975: 5970: 5967: 5962: 5959: 5955: 5952: 5951: 5950: 5947: 5942: 5939: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5920: 5918: 5916: 5910: 5904: 5901: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5874: 5871: 5870: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5852: 5849: 5848: 5847: 5844: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5834:Liu Shan Bang 5832: 5830: 5827: 5826: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5816: 5814: 5812: 5806: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5759: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5741: 5738: 5737: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5714: 5711: 5710: 5709: 5708:Sandakan camp 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5683: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5658: 5656: 5654: 5648: 5643: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5617: 5614: 5610: 5607: 5606: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5579: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5569: 5567: 5561: 5557: 5556:East Malaysia 5553: 5546: 5541: 5539: 5534: 5532: 5527: 5526: 5523: 5512: 5511: 5506: 5499: 5483: 5476: 5469: 5465: 5462: 5457: 5450: 5446: 5443: 5438: 5422: 5418: 5412: 5404: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5389: 5381: 5373: 5369: 5363: 5348:on 3 May 2011 5347: 5343: 5337: 5329: 5323: 5319: 5318: 5310: 5295: 5289: 5285: 5284: 5276: 5268: 5264: 5257: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5227: 5220: 5216: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5191: 5189: 5180: 5176: 5170: 5168: 5159: 5155: 5148: 5132: 5126: 5110: 5104: 5096: 5092: 5085: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5055: 5040: 5036: 5029: 5013: 5009: 5005: 4999: 4991: 4990: 4983: 4968: 4967: 4962: 4955: 4947: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4932: 4924: 4917: 4916:IJA, ... 4905: 4901: 4894: 4878: 4872: 4856: 4852: 4845: 4837: 4835: 4830: 4824: 4808: 4804: 4798: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4775: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4752: 4750: 4748: 4740: 4724: 4717: 4709: 4705: 4699: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4673: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4643: 4636: 4632: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4617: 4609: 4601: 4595: 4591: 4590: 4582: 4580: 4571: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4556: 4548: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4518: 4510: 4504: 4500: 4499: 4492: 4484: 4478: 4475:. p. 7. 4474: 4470: 4469: 4461: 4459: 4457: 4455: 4453: 4451: 4442: 4436: 4432: 4431: 4423: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4400: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4378: 4371: 4367: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4352: 4344: 4337: 4335: 4334:United States 4329: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4314: 4306: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4275: 4268:. 1 May 2023. 4267: 4261: 4254:. 1 May 2023. 4253: 4247: 4245: 4243: 4241: 4239: 4227: 4221: 4213: 4209: 4204: 4199: 4194: 4189: 4186:(1): e16338. 4185: 4181: 4177: 4170: 4162: 4156: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4106: 4099: 4091: 4085: 4081: 4080: 4075: 4069: 4061: 4055: 4051: 4050: 4042: 4026: 4022: 4015: 4004: 4000: 3998:99917-32-15-2 3994: 3987: 3986: 3978: 3970: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3955: 3947: 3939: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3924: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3910: 3908: 3899: 3895: 3894: 3889: 3882: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3850: 3842: 3835: 3831: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3816: 3808: 3800: 3794: 3787: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3776: 3767: 3752: 3736: 3732: 3725: 3709: 3705: 3698: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3679: 3677: 3660: 3656: 3650: 3643: 3639: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3624: 3616: 3600: 3596: 3590: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3559: 3551: 3545: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3515: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3485: 3475: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3450: 3442: 3440: 3431: 3425: 3409: 3405: 3399: 3397: 3392: 3376: 3367: 3358: 3354: 3346: 3344: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3316:Bong Kee Chok 3313: 3308: 3304: 3299: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3272:Brunei Revolt 3269: 3268:A. M. Azahari 3265: 3264:neocolonising 3261: 3253: 3249: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3232: 3227: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3202: 3199: 3195: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3168: 3166: 3165:Privy Council 3161: 3155: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3125: 3121: 3116: 3102: 3095: 3090: 3083: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3063: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3043:A map of the 3039: 3034: 3033: 3032: 3030: 3026: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2990: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2961: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2950:Allied forces 2947: 2943: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2899: 2894: 2889: 2885: 2875: 2872: 2867: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2840:Sarawak River 2837: 2833: 2832:Liu Shan Bang 2829: 2825: 2824:Hakka Chinese 2822:In 1857, 500 2817: 2812: 2806: 2802: 2797: 2793: 2791: 2788:were banned. 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2762: 2758: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2729: 2725: 2722: 2718: 2715:(near Miri). 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2701:United States 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2663: 2659: 2649: 2647: 2643: 2642:intermarriage 2637: 2635: 2631: 2625: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2608: 2606: 2602: 2592: 2588: 2586: 2585:Limbang River 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2564: 2562: 2558: 2557:Batang Sadong 2553: 2549: 2544: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2531:Based on the 2525: 2516: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2479: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2456: 2452: 2447: 2441: 2436: 2431: 2427: 2417: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2397: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2362:cartographers 2358: 2354: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2339: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2316: 2314: 2309: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2291: 2289: 2288: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2265: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2250:Austroasiatic 2247: 2243: 2238: 2229: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2198: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2179:Tom Harrisson 2176: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2152: 2147: 2142: 2132: 2129: 2117: 2112: 2110: 2105: 2103: 2098: 2097: 2095: 2094: 2091: 2081: 2080: 2072: 2069: 2067: 2064: 2060: 2057: 2056: 2055: 2052: 2050: 2047: 2045: 2042: 2041: 2034: 2033: 2025: 2022: 2020: 2017: 2015: 2012: 2010: 2007: 2005: 2002: 2000: 1997: 1996: 1989: 1988: 1978: 1976: 1973: 1972: 1968: 1966: 1963: 1962: 1958: 1956: 1953: 1952: 1948: 1946: 1943: 1942: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1932: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1922: 1918: 1916: 1913: 1912: 1908: 1906: 1903: 1902: 1898: 1896: 1893: 1892: 1888: 1886: 1883: 1882: 1878: 1876: 1873: 1872: 1868: 1866: 1863: 1862: 1858: 1856: 1853: 1852: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1842: 1838: 1836: 1835:MH17 incident 1833: 1832: 1828: 1826: 1823: 1822: 1818: 1816: 1813: 1812: 1808: 1806: 1803: 1802: 1798: 1796: 1793: 1792: 1788: 1786: 1783: 1782: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1772: 1768: 1766: 1763: 1762: 1758: 1756: 1753: 1752: 1748: 1746: 1743: 1742: 1738: 1736: 1733: 1732: 1728: 1726: 1723: 1722: 1718: 1716: 1713: 1712: 1708: 1706: 1703: 1702: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1692: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1682: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1672: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1662: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1652: 1648: 1646: 1643: 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