3743:
2785:
3231:
2714:
1442:
2530:
3555:
3373:
2871:
2909:
274:
3365:
3742:
4918:
3071:
2507:
2318:
3788:(NARKOMNATS) based in Moscow. It operated from 1918 to 1924 and had responsibility for 22 percent of the entire Soviet population. It was led by Stalin and settled boundary disputes as it set up autonomous regions for non-Russian peoples. It established newspapers in the local languages and fostered literacy. It took a paternalistic view toward "backward" or "primitive peoples". Soviet anthropology and ethnography specialized in understanding these people. Evkom was the Jewish Commissariat;
3709:, Trotsky and Zinoviev were expelled from the Communist Party itself as Stalin sought to deny the Opposition any opportunity to make their struggle public. By the time, the Congress finally convened in December 1927. Zinoviev had capitulated to Stalin and denounced his previous adherence to the opposition as "anti-Leninist" and the few remaining members still loyal to the opposition were subjected to insults and humiliations. By early 1928, Trotsky and other leading members of the
4862:
3443:
27:
3392:. In the cities there were intense food shortages and a breakdown in the money system (at the time many Bolsheviks argued that ending money's role as a transmitter of "value" was a sign of the rapidly approaching communist epoch). Many city dwellers fled to the countryside – often to tend the land that the Bolshevik breakup of the landed estates had transferred to the peasants. Even small scale "capitalist" production was suppressed.
3497:" because of the scissors-like shape of the graph representing shifts in relative price indexes. Simply put, peasants would have to produce more grain to purchase consumer goods from the urban areas. As a result, some peasants withheld agricultural surpluses in anticipation of higher prices, thus contributing to mild shortages in the cities. This, of course, is speculative market behavior, which was frowned upon by many
1380:
3451:
3272:
3299:"On eradication of illiteracy among the population of RSFSR" ("О ликвидации безграмотности среди населения РСФСР"). According to this decree, all people from 8 to 50 years old were required to become literate in their native language. 40,000 liquidation points (ликпункты) were arranged to serve as centers for education, and achieving literacy. Fighting for time and funding during the ensuing
3784:", issued 15 November 1917, left the new Soviet state with undefined boundaries, and invited of other nations to join in. The "Declaration of the Rights of the Toiling and Exploited People", issued in January 1918, announced that all nationalities would have the right to determine on what basis they would participate in the federal government of the new state. A new agency was set up, the
236:
223:
3055:
2895:. It was also argued that the party should be an elite body of professional revolutionaries dedicating their lives to the cause and carrying out their decisions with iron discipline, thus moving toward putting loyal party activists in charge of new and old political institutions, army units, factories, hospitals, universities, and food suppliers. Against this backdrop, the
3728:
commissariats, Stalin's control of the secretariat was decisive in that it allowed Stalin to manipulate elections to party posts throughout the country, giving him control over a large section of the
Central Committee. The Right Opposition was defeated and Bukharin tried again to join forces with Kamenev and Zinoviev but it was too late.
2807:
3469:. Rather than simply requisitioning agricultural surpluses in order to feed the urban population (the hallmark of War Communism), the NEP allowed peasants to sell their surplus yields on the open market. Meanwhile, the state still maintained state ownership of what Lenin deemed the "commanding heights" of the economy:
3328:
The Soviet style involved citizens listening to party leaders, using in-person speeches, radio talks or printed speeches. There was little role for the journalist to summarize or interpret the text; there was no commentary or background or discussion. No one questioned or challenged the leadership.
2904:
In theory, this system was to be democratic since all leading party organs would be elected from below, but also centralized since lower bodies would be accountable to higher organizations. In practice, "democratic centralism" was centralist, with decisions of higher organs binding on lower ones, and
3677:
held in
December 1925 with Zinoviev and Kamenev now protesting against the dictatorial policies of Stalin and trying to revive the issue of Lenin's Testament which they had previously buried. Stalin now used Trotsky's previous criticisms of Zinoviev and Kamenev to defeat and demote them and bring in
2705:
were suppressed and blamed on the
Bolsheviks, forcing Lenin into hiding. Still, rather than use force, many of the deployed soldiers and military personnel joined the rioters, disgracing the government and military at-large. It was during this time that support for the Bolsheviks grew and another of
3667:
With the resignation of
Trotsky as People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs, the unity of the troika began to unravel. Zinoviev and Kamenev again began to fear Stalin's power and felt that their positions were threatened. Stalin moved to form an alliance with Bukharin and his allies on the
3485:
Factories, badly damaged by civil war and capital depreciation, were far less productive. In addition, the organization of enterprises into trusts or syndicates representing one particular sector of the economy would contribute to imbalances between supply and demand associated with monopolies. Due
3481:
In the cities and between the cities and the countryside, the NEP period saw a huge expansion of trade in the hands of full-time merchants – who were typically denounced as "speculators" by the leftists and also often resented by the public. The growth in trade, though, did generally coincide with
3412:
to quickly crush the rebellion. This sign of growing discontent forced the party to foster a broad alliance of the working class and peasantry (80% of the population), despite left factions of the party which favored a regime solely representative of the interests of the revolutionary proletariat.
2882:
argued that only a tightly knit and secretive organization could successfully overthrow the government; after the revolution, they argued that only such an organization could prevail against foreign and domestic enemies. Fighting the civil war would actually force the party to put these principles
3246:
in
January 1912. Before it was suppressed by the government in 1914 it was a "singularly effective propaganda and educational instrument which enabled the Bolsheviks to gain control of the Petersburg labour movement and to build up a mass base for their organization." Under Lenin, the Bolsheviks
3267:
The
Communist leadership was rooted in printed propaganda. Taking over a nation where 90% could not read, they made schools and literacy a high priority in order to optimize printed journalism and propaganda through newspapers and magazines, as well as posters that reached the illiterate older
3263:
acquired the first and best printing equipment for illustrations. The leading newspapers developed a specialized rhetorical vocabulary designed to enhance the totalitarian structure of society, with total truth emanating from the top, and all sorts of mischievous errors stemming from clumsy
3727:
At the
Central Committee meeting held in July 1928, Bukharin and his supporters argued that Stalin's new policies would cause a breach with the peasantry. Bukharin also alluded to Lenin's Testament. While he had support from the party organization in Moscow and the leadership of several
2816:
The
Mensheviks and the right-wing of the Socialist Revolutionaries, outraged by the abusive and coercive acts carried out by the Red Guard and Bolsheviks, fled Petrograd, leaving control in the hands of the Bolsheviks and remaining Left Socialist Revolutionaries. On 25 October 1917, the
2784:
2647:
was dissatisfied over the slow pace of social reforms; poverty was worsening, income disparities and inequality were becoming out of control while the
Provisional Government grew increasingly autocratic and inefficient. The government appeared to be on the verge of succumbing to a
3399:
signaled the growing unpopularity of War
Communism in the countryside: in March 1921, at the end of the civil war, disillusioned sailors, primarily peasants who initially had been stalwart supporters of the Bolsheviks, revolted against the economic failures of the new regime. The
3504:
In the meantime, the party took constructive steps to offset the crisis, attempting to bring down prices for manufactured goods and stabilize inflation, by imposing price controls on essential industrial goods and breaking-up the trusts in order to increase economic efficiency.
2658:
During the months between February and October 1917, the power of the Provisional Government was consistently questioned by nearly all political parties. A system of "dual power" emerged, in which the Provisional Government held nominal power, though increasingly opposed by the
2905:
the composition of lower bodies largely determined by the members of higher ones. Over time, party cadres would grow increasingly careerist and professional. Party membership required exams, special courses, special camps, schools, and nominations by three existing members.
3093:
allowed the Bolsheviks to play the nationalist card. Worsening economic conditions, however, created mass social turmoil. This came to a head after the final defeat of organised White military forces in the autumn of 1920 with mass peasant insurgencies, such as the
3765:" to fight imperialism and to build support among non-Russian nationalities. Lenin's position was that after the revolution all nationalities would be free to choose, either to become part of Soviet Russia or become independent. Left-wing Bolsheviks, most notably
2710:, was elected chair of the Petrograd Soviet, which had complete control over the defenses of the city, mainly, the city's military force. Membership of the Bolshevik party had risen from 24,000 members in February 1917 to 200,000 members by September 1917.
2655:. Deserting soldiers returned to the cities and gave their weapons to angry, and extremely hostile, socialist factory workers. The deplorable and inhumane poverty and starvation of major Russian centers produced optimum conditions for revolutionaries.
3477:
sectors along with the banking and financial components of the economy. The "commanding heights" employed the majority of the workers in the urban areas. Under the NEP, such state industries would be largely free to make their own economic decisions.
2757:
to take over the Provisional Government. The administrative offices and government buildings were taken with little opposition or bloodshed. The generally accepted end of this transitional revolutionary period, which will lead to the creation of the
2447:. They won the Russian heartland but lost most non-Russian areas that had been part of Imperial Russia. One by one defeating each opponent, the RCP established itself through the Russian heartland and some non-Russian areas such as Ukraine and the
2438:
and all activities contrary to the party's beliefs were "counterrevolutionary" or "anti-socialist." Most rich families fled to exile. During 1917 to 1923, the Communist Bolsheviks under Lenin surrendered to Germany in 1918, then fought an intense
3311:, quickly assembled the Cheka Likbez (an acronym for the "Extraordinary Commission for the Liquidation of Illiteracy") which was to be responsible for the training of literacy teachers as well as organizing and propagating the literacy campaign.
3672:
and encouraged a slowdown in industrialization efforts and a move towards encouraging the peasants to increase production via market incentives. Zinoviev and Kamenev criticized this policy as a return to capitalism. The conflict erupted at the
3649:. As the prospects for a revolution in Europe, particularly Germany, became increasingly dim through the 1920s, Trotsky's theoretical position began to look increasingly pessimistic as far as the success of Russian socialism was concerned.
2619:
Lenin, and his Assistant Joseph Stalin embodying the Bolshevik ideology, viewed alliance with the capitalist countries of Western Europe and the United States as involuntary servitude of the proletariat, who was forced to fight the
3551:, a position which was starting to arise as the most powerful in the party. Stalin was aware of Lenin's Testament and acted to keep Lenin in isolation for health reasons and increase his control over the party apparatus.
2841:
as the permanent form of government established at its Petrograd session held 5 and 6 January 1918. At the third meeting of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets on 25 January 1918, the unrecognised state was renamed the
2886:
Arguing that the revolution needed not a mere parliamentary organization but a party of action which would function as a scientific body of direction, a vanguard of activists, and a central control organ, the
44:
493:
432:
2675:
parties politically to the right of the Bolsheviks). The Soviet chose not to force further changes in government due to the belief that the February Revolution was Russia's "crowing" overthrow of the
417:
1263:
1242:
1221:
1200:
1112:
3986:
1096:
3543:
and the country and try to block Trotsky from taking power. Lenin, however, had become increasingly anxious about Stalin and, following his December 1922 stroke, dictated a letter (known as
2565:
suffered severe military setbacks, and many captured soldiers deserted the front lines. Dissatisfaction with the monarchy and its policy of continuing the war grew among the Russian people.
3705:, but they had lost influence as a result of the inner party disputes and in October 1927, Trotsky, Zinoviev and Kamenev were expelled from the Central Committee. In November, prior to the
3753:
The Russian Empire comprised a multitude of nationalities, languages, ethnic groups and religions. The spirit of nationalism, so strong in 19th century Europe, was significant in Russia,
3624:
but Zinoviev and Kamenev argued that Lenin's objections had proven groundless and that Stalin should remain General Secretary. The Central Committee decided not to publish the testament.
3325:
over the air. Instead radio programs were transmitted by copper wire, using a hub and spoke system, to loudspeakers in approved listening stations, such as the "Red" corner of a factory.
3230:
1104:
3944:
3486:
to the lack of incentives brought by market competition, and with little or no state controls on their internal policies, trusts were likely to sell their products at higher prices.
3242:
Some of the leading Bolsheviks who came to power in 1917 had been pamphleteers or editors, including Lenin, Trotsky, Stalin, Bukharin, and Zinoviev. Lenin set up the daily newspaper
722:
198:
3489:
The slower recovery of industry would pose some problems for the peasantry, who accounted for 80% of the population. Since agriculture was relatively more productive, relative
4840:
91:
3424:'s offer of $ 62 million worth of American food and $ 8 million in medicine was accepted, feeding up to 11 million people. Other outside agencies fed another three million.
3321:
was highly individualistic and encouraged private initiative– too much so for the totalitarian regime. Criminal penalties were imposed but the working solution was to avoid
63:
3621:
3548:
2035:
3706:
3674:
4475:
1476:
70:
3761:
especially before 1900. Much later the spirit of nationalism appeared in central Asia, especially among the Muslim population. The Bolsheviks made use of the slogan "
3606:
thus diminishing Stalin's role as general secretary. Stalin reacted furiously and the Orgburo was retained but Bukharin, Trotsky and Zinoviev were added to the body.
3614:
2888:
3120:, and the former Tsarist empire, were rendered chaotic by the repercussions of the Russian revolutions, the civil war and the winding down of World War I. Poland's
2368:
77:
3603:
3462:(NEP), in which the state allowed a limited market to exist. Small private businesses were allowed and restrictions on political activity were somewhat eased.
2802:
2346:
2023:
1957:
1656:
2781:
agreed that Lenin’s influence on the Bolshevik party was decisive but the October insurrection was carried out according to Trotsky’s, not to Lenin’s plan.
59:
4494:
4401:
3165:
4833:
3781:
3637:, which criticized Zinoviev and Kamenev for initially opposing Lenin's plans for an insurrection in 1917. Trotsky was also denounced for his theory of
3983:
3956:
3746:"Long live the unity of the oppressed labourers of the East with the workers of all the world in the struggle for the socialism!", a 1924 poster in
2574:
1750:
1092:
3336:
Foreign correspondents were strictly prevented from any access beyond official spokesmen. The result was a rosy depiction of Soviet life in the
1441:
5031:
4498:
1773:
1179:
1076:
2612:, which had been overthrown alongside Tsar Nicholas II. The new Provisional Government maintained its commitment to the war, remaining in the
4826:
1084:
1066:
84:
3136:, he was met by a Red Army offensive that drove into Polish territory almost to Warsaw. However, Piłsudski halted the Soviet advance at the
4929:
3161:
3129:
3086:
2679:. The Soviet also believed that the new Provisional Government would be tasked with implementing democratic reforms and pave the way for a
134:
2713:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
2480:
1975:
1811:
1716:
1572:
1408:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
231:
4181:
R. B. Cockett, "'In Wartime Every Objective Reporter Should Be Shot.'The Experience of British Press Correspondents in Moscow, 1941-5."
3785:
3420:
because they could not blame it on the usual enemies. Food was purchased abroad but it all went to cities, not to peasants. Eventually
1962:
688:
4382:
4871:
3737:
3514:
2901:
system (a class of people who were granted key positions only with approval of the party) would evolve and become standard practice.
2339:
1559:
1554:
1256:
206:
3482:
rising living standards in both the city and the countryside (around 80% of Soviet citizens were in the countryside at this point).
4906:
3831:
2928:
2484:
1703:
3957:"International Responses to the Russian Civil War (Russian Empire) | International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1)"
3217:
3181:
3012:
2830:
2593:
1673:
1614:
1038:
849:
4738:
4971:
3173:
2838:
2159:
2154:
1881:
1471:
3617:
in 1923, Trotsky failed to use Lenin's Testament as a tool against Stalin for fear of endangering the stability of the party.
4608:
4239:
3929:
3875:
3801:
2940:
2028:
1783:
1609:
865:
4472:
3317:
was not neglected—it was a major new technology, and was used for political speeches. Soviet authorities realized that the
2144:
4767:
4763:
3865:
3308:
2332:
1585:
1425:
1365:
1235:
1042:
995:
533:
3690:. Trotsky was dropped from the politburo entirely in 1926. The Fourteenth Congress also saw the first developments of the
4976:
3716:
Stalin now moved against Bukharin by appropriating Trotsky's criticisms of his right wing policies and he promoted a new
3656:, which was considered Afghan territory at the time, due to the island being used as a base to start border raids by the
3540:
3524:
3498:
3169:
2968:
2452:
2428:
2396:
2279:
1481:
4818:
5026:
3816:
3653:
3628:
3493:
for industrial goods were higher than those of agricultural products. The outcome of this was what Trotsky deemed the "
3177:
3082:
2822:
2456:
2149:
2067:
2003:
1549:
1030:
1020:
3694:
with him being referred to as "leader" for the first time and becoming the subject of effusive praise from delegates.
2434:
All politics and attitudes that were not strictly RCP were suppressed, under the premise that the RCP represented the
5036:
4561:
4266:
4007:
3902:
3720:
favoring collectivization of the peasantry and rapid industrialization, forcing Bukharin and his supporters into the
2936:
2818:
1983:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
447:
110:
4078:
Ludmila Pöppel, "The rhetoric of Pravda editorials: A diachronic study of a political genre." (Stockholm U. 2007).
4876:
3698:
2013:
1277:
823:
811:
712:
4090:
Boris N. Mironov, "The Development of Literacy in Russia and the USSR from the Tenth to the Twentieth Centuries."
4881:
3691:
2987:. He initiated concentration camps, labor camps, military control over labor, and state control of trade unions.
2826:
2753:. The Bolsheviks were able to portray this as an attack against the People's Soviet and garnered support for the
2684:
2084:
1651:
1401:
1016:
3780:
Lenin's views prevailed, and were supported by Stalin, who became the Party's specialist on nationalities. The "
3590:
on 7 November 1924. Leon Trotsky attends the last time as the People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs.
2697:
and large scale protesting and riots in major Russian cities (as advocated by Lenin in his Theses, known as the
4917:
4891:
4398:
3296:
3225:
2891:
banned factions within the party, initially intending it only to be a temporary measure after the shock of the
2589:
2420:
2231:
1940:
1903:
747:
662:
48:
4901:
4805:
4314:
Ritter, William S. (1990). "Revolt in the Mountains: Fuzail Maksum and the Occupation of Garm, Spring 1929".
3417:
3001:
2865:
2668:
2472:
2299:
2269:
2264:
970:
800:
515:
3826:
2834:
2718:
2637:
2616:
with Britain and France. The Provisional Government postponed the land reforms demanded by the Bolsheviks.
2284:
2134:
1950:
1945:
1925:
1768:
1763:
1724:
1678:
1666:
1641:
1631:
1600:
1590:
1214:
1193:
684:
152:
4746:
3554:
4896:
3811:
3059:
2932:
2609:
2529:
2476:
2274:
2259:
2254:
1893:
1888:
1829:
1636:
1433:
1325:
1172:
1088:
838:
561:
545:
3036:
2124:
2094:
1394:
980:
915:
553:
253:
3372:
3717:
3314:
3275:- Woman, learn to read and write! - Oh, Mother! If you were literate, you could help me! A poster by
3221:
2566:
1108:
1100:
625:
395:
4107:
Ben Eklof, "Russian literacy campaigns, 1861–1939." in Harvey J. Graff and Robert F. Arnove, eds.,
5021:
4079:
3642:
3238:(1921). The inscription reads: "We will destroy, we will build anew, the whole power is within us".
3128:), forming a Polish-led East European bloc to form a bulwark against Russia and Germany, while the
1913:
1580:
757:
3264:
bureaucrats at lower levels, or from devious traitors and spies working on behalf of capitalism.
3184:, forming the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. These two documents were confirmed by the 1st
3137:
2874:
1919 poster, "Mount your horses, workers and peasants! The Red Cavalry is the pledge of victory."
2843:
2608:
the Provisional Government consisted mainly of the parliamentarians most recently elected to the
2057:
1734:
1529:
1072:
1054:
1034:
921:
893:
385:
37:
2691:. However, the Provisional Government still remained an overwhelmingly powerful governing body.
287:
4120:
Stephen Lovell, "How Russia learned to listen: radio and the making of Soviet culture." p 600-1
3661:
3579:
3113:
2983:" and committed to the forced removal of the prosperous and political opponents, often through
2680:
603:
481:
291:
4451:
Jeremy Smith, "Stalin as Commissar for Nationality Affairs, 1918–1922,: in Sarah Davies, ed.,
4256:
3919:
2749:, the Provisional Government moved against the Bolsheviks, arresting activists and destroying
4785:
4229:
4065:
Katerina Romanenko, "Photomontage for the Masses: The Soviet Periodical Press of the 1930s."
3518:
3133:
3107:
3090:
2991:
2908:
2879:
2649:
2562:
2416:
1930:
1729:
903:
194:
4861:
3627:
Meanwhile, the campaign against Trotsky intensified and he was removed from the position of
2870:
3638:
3544:
3466:
3276:
3205:
3121:
2750:
2672:
2221:
2077:
1935:
1908:
1798:
1793:
1778:
1646:
877:
680:
4540:
From Tsarism to the New Economic Policy: Continuity and Change in the Economy of the USSR.
4377:
Rudolf A. Mark, "National Self-Determination, as Understood by Lenin and the Bolsheviks."
4129:
Stephen Lovell, "Broadcasting Bolshevik: The radio voice of Soviet culture, 1920s–1950s."
2766:(the traditional home and symbol of power of the Tsar) on the evening of 26 October 1917.
2444:
8:
4848:
3770:
3669:
3459:
3435:
3396:
3185:
2980:
2956:
2892:
2770:
2754:
2570:
2412:
2322:
2119:
2072:
2052:
2047:
2042:
1859:
1698:
1544:
1498:
845:
790:
658:
443:
273:
202:
148:
3364:
3247:(Communists) controlled all of the media after 1917. The major national newspapers were
3027:
ever to take place in these regions. They were performed by various armed units: by the
4672:
4347:
4339:
3762:
3683:
3679:
3633:
3346:
3322:
2746:
2694:
2605:
2543:
2496:
2424:
2304:
2008:
1998:
1918:
1519:
1159:
1123:
1062:
1050:
958:
911:
651:
549:
537:
451:
439:
359:
186:
4721:
3340:
before Khrushchev exposed Stalin's horrors in the 1950s. The most famous exemplar was
4735:
4701:
4682:
4662:
4652:
4557:
4351:
4331:
4281:
Charles M. Edmondson, "The politics of hunger: The Soviet response to famine, 1921."
4262:
4235:
3925:
3898:
3871:
3806:
3657:
3300:
3201:
3193:
2984:
2960:
2857:
2793:
2738:
2625:
2440:
2376:
2294:
2226:
2206:
2171:
2166:
2062:
1898:
1849:
1824:
1819:
1788:
1524:
1046:
1010:
1006:
899:
726:
708:
696:
571:
557:
541:
508:
461:
314:
262:
190:
4795:
4711:
4323:
4109:
National Literacy Campaigns and Movements: Historical and Comparative Perspectives
3917:
3721:
3646:
3595:
3532:
3458:
At the Tenth Party Congress, it was decided to end War Communism and institute the
3330:
3132:
considered carrying the revolution westward by force. When Piłsudski carried out a
3095:
2778:
2734:
2660:
2582:
2464:
2139:
2109:
1758:
1744:
1661:
1466:
1002:
861:
779:
736:
529:
519:
4427:
Jewish Nationality and Soviet Politics: The Jewish Sections of the CPSU, 1917–1930
4742:
4479:
4405:
4011:
3990:
3892:
3766:
3710:
3687:
3613:
in the fall of 1923, the troika of Stalin, Zinoviev and Kamenev reunited. At the
3610:
3571:
3563:
3494:
3389:
3385:
3189:
3075:
3063:
2917:
2578:
2520:
2211:
2201:
2099:
1739:
1688:
1142:
676:
614:
592:
471:
364:
176:
3070:
2561:
experienced military humiliation, famine and economic collapse. The demoralized
4456:
4327:
3774:
3747:
3602:
which Stalin headed be abolished and that Zinoviev and Trotsky be added to the
3575:
3470:
3421:
3341:
3292:
3288:
3197:
3040:
3005:
2964:
2798:
2774:
2730:
2722:
2644:
2643:
Within the military, mutiny and desertion were pervasive among conscripts. The
2613:
2558:
2512:
2388:
2360:
2191:
2129:
1871:
1864:
1854:
1488:
700:
692:
636:
581:
348:
334:
303:
226:
162:
4533:
4516:
4302:
4215:
4201:(2004) 24#3 pp 491–495. Elphick was a Reuters correspondent in Moscow 1958–62.
2399:. The awkward problem, regarding Marxist revolutionary theory, was the small
5015:
4469:
The Sorcerer as Apprentice: Stalin as Commissar of Nationalities, 1917 – 1924
4335:
4142:
Jeffrey Brooks, "Public and private values in the Soviet press, 1921–1928."
3559:
3528:
3381:
3359:
3337:
3318:
3141:
3032:
2763:
2468:
2289:
2216:
2196:
2104:
1876:
1624:
1539:
1384:
1080:
768:
718:
405:
375:
166:
3287:(eradication of illiteracy) campaign was started on December 26, 1919, when
4990:
4933:
4886:
3567:
3442:
3044:
2972:
2927:
was founded as the Bolshevik's first internal security force following the
2897:
2759:
2726:
2707:
2688:
2535:
2516:
2460:
2408:
2372:
2364:
947:
936:
853:
525:
138:
4004:
3620:
Lenin died in January 1924 and in May his Testament was read aloud at the
3416:
As millions died of starvation, Communist officials were paralyzed by the
2506:
4995:
4613:
4605:
Passage Through Armageddon: The Russians in War and Revolution, 1914–1918
3631:
before the end of the year. In 1925, Trotsky was denounced for his essay
3536:
3490:
3405:
3160:
On 29 December 1922 a conference of plenipotentiary delegations from the
3125:
3117:
2676:
2633:
2621:
2601:
2554:
2435:
2400:
2114:
1993:
1844:
1834:
1619:
1493:
1024:
925:
907:
885:
873:
295:
4028:
4023:
Whitman Bassow, "The Pre-Revolutionary Pravda and Tsarist Censorship,"
3598:
became concerned about Stalin's increasing power and proposed that the
3583:
3474:
3409:
3304:
3235:
3028:
2952:
2701:) led to the deployment of troops in late August to restore order. The
2664:
2628:, and it was the job of Marxist revolutionaries, who truly represented
2597:
2392:
2380:
2018:
1693:
1534:
1461:
666:
4568:
The First Socialist Society: A History of the Soviet Union from Within
4343:
4286:
4186:
4170:
Stalin's Apologist: Walter Duranty: The New York Times's Man in Moscow
4095:
3852:
Bukharin and the Bolshevik Revolution: A Political Biography 1888–1938
2789:
To the grief of all the bourgeois we'll fan a worldwide conflagration!
1839:
4850:
4644:
2702:
2698:
2629:
2089:
1595:
1456:
1137:
857:
672:
3081:
The Soviet government was able gradually to consolidate its hold on
26:
3821:
3702:
3401:
3271:
3249:
3048:
2976:
2539:
2448:
1988:
1683:
1154:
1058:
881:
704:
324:
4813:
International Communism in the Era of Lenin: A Documentary History
5000:
4528:
Daniels, Robert V. "The Soviet Union in Post‐Soviet Perspective"
4523:
Rethinking the Soviet Experience: Politics and History since 1917
4504:
Acton, Edward, V. I͡U Cherni͡aev, and William G. Rosenberg, eds.
4197:
Ralph Elphick, "Moscow's blue pencils and the green baize door,"
3758:
3754:
3599:
3501:
cadres, who considered it to be exploitative of urban consumers.
3149:
3145:
3020:
3016:
2995:
2687:
in any form was viewed as a "retrograde step" in Vladmir Lenin's
2404:
2384:
889:
199:
Treaty on the Creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
3918:
Edward Acton; V. I︠U︡ Cherni︠a︡ev; William G. Rosenberg (1997).
2762:(USSR) lies with the assault and capture of the poorly defended
2592:
was installed immediately following the fall of the Tsar by the
3789:
3587:
3450:
3284:
3255:
3024:
2998:
2833:, supported by the Bolsheviks, ratified the dissolution of the
3945:
Crimes and Mass Violence of the Russian Civil Wars (1918-1921)
3660:. In 1926 the Soviet Union withdrew from the island after the
2994:, mostly uncontrolled and perpetrated by such warlords as the
60:"History of Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union" 1917–1927
2924:
2913:
2395:, and create a socialist society under the leadership of the
869:
355:
4800:
Goldwin, Robert A., Gerald Stourzh, Marvin Zetterbaum, eds.
4720:(2004), along with Kotlin & Tucker a standard biography
2596:
in early March 1917 and received conditional support of the
2359:
The ten years 1917–1927 saw a radical transformation of the
4792:
Soviet Russia and the East, 1920–1927; a documentary survey
4782:
Soviet Russia and the West, 1920–1927: A Documentary Survey
2944:
235:
4157:
Moscow Correspondents: From John Reed to Nicholas Daniloff
3609:
Due to growing political differences with Trotsky and his
3054:
222:
3547:) to the party criticizing him and urging his removal as
3508:
2948:
3062:
Regional Soviet by Cossacks under the command of Ataman
4506:
Critical companion to the Russian Revolution, 1914–1921
4054:
The world's great dailies: profiles of fifty newspapers
4041:
The world's great dailies: profiles of fifty newspapers
3921:
Critical Companion to the Russian Revolution, 1914–1921
3380:
During the Civil War (1917–21), the Bolsheviks adopted
3112:
The frontiers between Poland, which had established an
2636:, to oppose such counter-socialistic ideas and support
4732:
Stalin in Power: The Revolution from Above, 1929–1941.
4556:. New York: Oxford University Press, 1982, 208 pages.
3234:
The draft sketch of the Monument to the Revolution by
3085:
first and then to fight its enemies successfully. The
4849:
Countries of Eastern and Central Europe during their
4575:
Russian and Soviet Economic Performance and Structure
3777:, and would disappear with the victory of socialism.
2955:
became the instrument to eliminate groups defined as
1657:
Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
4780:
Eudin, Xenia Joukoff, and Harold Henry Fisher, eds.
4495:
Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War
2878:Prior to the revolution, the Bolshevik doctrine of
2624:war. As seen by Lenin, Russia was reverting to the
51:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4199:Historical Journal of Film, Radio & Television
3782:Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia
2383:took control. They were dedicated to a version of
1830:50th anniversary of the Armenian Genocide protests
4790:Eudin, Xenia Joukoff; North, Robert Carver, eds.
4513:Russia's Last Capitalists: The NEPmen, 1921–1929.
4299:Russia's Last Capitalists: The NEPmen, 1921–1929.
5013:
4808:; long essays from primary and secondary sources
4641:. Vol. 2: Since 1855. 2d ed. Anthem Press, 2005.
4634:(4 vol, 2004), 1700pp; 1500 articles by experts.
4212:Russia's Last Capitalists: The Nepmen, 1921–1929
2837:, which intended to establish the non-Bolshevik
2683:. The creation of a government not based on the
1275:
968:
3188:of the USSR and signed by heads of delegations
2791:, a Soviet poster with the words from the poem
2407:society with limited industry and a very small
4508:(Indiana UP, 1997), emphasis on historiography
4499:Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union
3854:(Oxford University Press: London, 1980) p. 46.
3465:However, the key shift involved the status of
3253:(the voice of the government), and especially
3144:" signed in early 1921 split the territory of
2391:. It promised the workers would rise, destroy
4834:
4254:
3539:emerged to take day to day leadership of the
3008:, targeted suspected Bolshevik sympathizers.
2490:
2340:
1402:
4457:https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511614897.006
2929:failed assassination attempt on Lenin's life
4679:A Concise History of the Russian Revolution
2663:, their chief adversary, controlled by the
4841:
4827:
4649:An Economic History of the USSR, 1917–1991
4582:The Soviet Colossus: History and Aftermath
4525:. New York: Oxford University Press, 1985.
4227:
3641:which contradicted Stalin's position that
3390:forcible seizure of agricultural surpluses
3376:Clergy on forced labor, by Ivan Vladimirov
2347:
2333:
1409:
1395:
3924:. Indiana University Press. p. 191.
3894:Stalin and Stalinism: Revised 3rd Edition
3863:
3738:National delimitation in the Soviet Union
3515:Death and state funeral of Vladimir Lenin
3333:and little in the way of broadcast news.
2963:were widespread, including in service of
2695:Failed military offensives in summer 1917
2375:covers the years 1922 to 1991. After the
207:Death and state funeral of Vladimir Lenin
111:Learn how and when to remove this message
4025:American Slavic and East European Review
3890:
3832:Political repression in the Soviet Union
3741:
3553:
3449:
3441:
3371:
3363:
3270:
3229:
3069:
3053:
2907:
2869:
2783:
2745:On 24 October, in the early days of the
2712:
2638:socialist revolutions in other countries
2443:against multiple enemies especially the
4651:. 3rd ed. London: Penguin Books, 1993.
4620:. (Northwestern University Press, 1968)
4573:Gregory, Paul R. and Robert C. Stuart,
4039:John C. Merrill, and Harold A. Fisher,
3786:People's Commissariat for Nationalities
3697:Trotsky, Zinoviev and Kamenev formed a
3643:socialism could be built in one country
3368:Corn requisitioning, by Ivan Vladimirov
3218:Cultural Revolution in the Soviet Union
3211:
3182:Declaration of the Creation of the USSR
3155:
2594:Provisional Committee of the State Duma
232:History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)
5014:
4691:Building Socialism in Bolshevik Russia
4625:The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union
4313:
3713:had been sentenced to internal exile.
3509:Death of Lenin and the fate of the NEP
3427:
2839:Russian Democratic Federative Republic
2427:. The Bolshevik Party was renamed the
1882:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
1472:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
5032:History of the Soviet Union by period
4822:
4698:A History of Twentieth-Century Russia
4589:Stalin: Paradoxes of Power, 1878–1928
3867:The Prophet: The Life of Leon Trotsky
3802:Foreign relations of the Soviet Union
3668:right of the party who supported the
2567:Tsar Nicholas II abdicated the throne
1784:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution
4760:The Communist International, 1919–43
4745:with Service, a standard biography;
4395:Lenin on the Question of Nationality
4261:. Knopf Doubleday. pp. 413–19.
3384:, which entailed the breakup of the
3134:military thrust into Ukraine in 1920
3101:
2849:
49:adding citations to reliable sources
20:
3864:Deutscher, Isaac (5 January 2015).
3701:against the policies of Stalin and
3541:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
2760:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
2453:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
2397:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
13:
4802:Readings in Russian Foreign Policy
4794:(Stanford University Press, 1957)
4784:(Stanford University Press, 1957)
4775:Soviet documents on foreign policy
4752:
4728:Stalin as Revolutionary, 1879–1929
4545:Fitzpatrick, Sheila, et al. eds.
4488:
4307:
3817:Historiography in the Soviet Union
3773:that was much less important than
3523:Following Lenin's third stroke, a
3408:, crossed the ice over the frozen
3178:Treaty on the Creation of the USSR
3152:between Poland and Soviet Russia.
3043:, by gangs of warlord atamans and
2581:.), causing widespread rioting in
2004:Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan
1550:Treaty on the Creation of the USSR
1282:
14:
5048:
4659:Russia under the Bolshevik regime
4618:Russian Peasants and Soviet Power
4258:Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime
3961:encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net
3664:agreed to restrain the Basmachi.
3279:advocating female literacy. 1923.
3098:. They were brutally suppressed.
2825:as the administrative arm of the
1296:
4916:
4860:
4815:(Cornell University Press, 1967)
4693:. (U of Pittsburgh Press, 1984).
4111:(Springer US, 1987) pp. 123–145.
3731:
3654:occupied the island of Urtatagai
3353:
3140:and resumed the offensive. The "
3058:Execution of the members of the
2610:State Duma of the Russian Empire
2585:and other major Russian cities.
2528:
2505:
2316:
2068:End of communist rule in Hungary
2014:Estonian Sovereignty Declaration
1440:
1378:
272:
234:
221:
25:
4632:Encyclopedia of Russian History
4570:(2nd ed. Harvard UP 1992) 570pp
4515:(U of California Press. 1987).
4461:
4445:
4432:
4419:
4410:
4387:
4371:
4366:Encyclopedia Of Russian History
4358:
4316:Journal of Contemporary History
4301:(U of California Press, 1987).
4291:
4275:
4248:
4221:
4204:
4191:
4183:Journal of Contemporary History
4175:
4162:
4149:
4136:
4131:Journal of Contemporary History
4123:
4114:
4101:
4084:
4072:
4059:
4046:
4033:
3984:Voted Unanimously for the Union
3114:unstable independent government
2827:All-Russian Congress of Soviets
2685:dictatorship of the proletariat
2085:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
1652:Occupation of the Baltic states
1290:Not internationally recognized.
36:needs additional citations for
4214:(U of California Press, 1990)
4092:History of Education Quarterly
4017:
3995:
3974:
3949:
3938:
3911:
3897:. Seminar Studies. Routledge.
3884:
3857:
3844:
3226:Propaganda in the Soviet Union
2590:Russian Provisional Government
2423:gave way to Bolsheviks in the
2369:Soviet Russia covers 1917–1922
1904:Mozambican War of Independence
1601:Kazakhstan famine of 1932–1933
1284:
748:General Secretariat of Ukraine
1:
4700:. 2nd ed. Harvard UP, 1999.
4379:Lithuanian Historical Studies
4234:. Oxford UP. pp. 88–89.
3837:
3792:was the Muslim Commissariat.
3124:envisioned a new federation (
3011:During the Russian civil war
2473:General Secretary of the CPSU
1963:Death and funeral of Brezhnev
1298:
516:Great Stand on the Ugra River
217:
4591:(2014), scholarly biography
3870:. Verso Books. p. 128.
3827:Politics of the Soviet Union
3692:Stalin's cult of personality
3473:such as the coal, iron, and
3309:Soviet Ministry of Education
2957:"enemies" of the new society
2931:. Later it changed names to
2835:Russian Constituent Assembly
2823:Russian Constitution of 1918
2363:into a socialist state, the
1769:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
1764:1956 Georgian demonstrations
1725:East German uprising of 1953
1667:Soviet invasion of Manchuria
7:
4773:Degras, Jane Tabrisky. ed.
4762:(3 Vols. 1956); documents;
4416:Greenwood Press 1995, p.20.
3812:Timeline of Russian history
3795:
3769:, derided nationalism as a
3259:(the voice of the party).
2971:from prosperous peasants).
1894:Angolan War of Independence
1751:"On the Cult of Personality
1704:Death and funeral of Stalin
1434:History of the Soviet Union
812:Provisional Priamurye Govt.
16:Period of history of Russia
10:
5053:
4492:
4381:(2008), Vol. 13, p 21-39.
4328:10.1177/002200949002500408
3735:
3652:In 1925, the Soviet Union
3512:
3433:
3357:
3215:
3105:
3045:"Green" insurgent peasants
3037:Ukrainian Peoples Republic
2863:
2855:
2769:Bolshevik figures such as
2494:
2491:Russian Revolution of 1917
2463:(USSR) in 1922. Following
2095:First Nagorno-Karabakh War
1679:Soviet famine of 1946–1947
1591:Soviet famine of 1932–1933
1560:Death and funeral of Lenin
5027:1920s in the Soviet Union
4986:
4967:
4925:
4914:
4867:
4858:
4681:(1996), abridged version
4532:(2002) 74#2 pp: 381–391.
4530:Journal of Modern History
4404:18 September 2020 at the
3891:Mccauley, Martin (2013).
3718:general line of the party
3675:Fourteenth Party Congress
3629:People's Commissar of War
3418:Russian famine of 1921–22
3222:Media of the Soviet Union
3019:, and to a lesser extent
2866:Russian State (1918–1920)
2829:. By 6 January 1918, the
2725:is locked and guarded by
2669:Socialist Revolutionaries
1254:
1233:
1215:Luhansk People's Republic
1212:
1194:Donetsk People's Republic
1191:
1170:
1153:
1136:
957:
946:
810:
789:
778:
767:
746:
635:
624:
613:
602:
591:
396:Principality of Chernigov
230:
220:
212:
182:
172:
158:
144:
130:
125:
5037:Modern history of Russia
4547:Russia in the Era of NEP
3707:Fifteenth Party Congress
2969:redistribution of wealth
2751:pro-Communist propaganda
2542:and a key figure in the
2483:from the early 1930s to
2155:independence declaration
1926:Cambodian–Vietnamese War
1914:South African Border War
1581:Socialism in one country
821:
491:
415:
333:
323:
313:
153:Revolutions of 1917–1923
3989:4 December 2009 at the
2912:"In the basements of a
2844:Russian Soviet Republic
2821:was established by the
2721:on 6 January 1918. The
2717:The dissolution of the
2429:Russian Communist Party
2403:, in an overwhelmingly
2323:Soviet Union portal
2058:Fall of the Berlin Wall
2024:Lithuanian independence
1735:1954 transfer of Crimea
1637:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
1530:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
1073:Eurasian Economic Union
922:Parade of sovereignties
386:Principality of Polotsk
4747:online at ACLS e-books
4669:The Russian Revolution
4596:Stalin vol 2 1929–1941
4554:The Russian Revolution
4455:(2005), pp 45–62 DOI:
4285:29.4 (1977): 506–518.
4255:Richard Pipes (2011).
4185:23#4 (1988): 515–530.
4027:(1954) 13#1 pp. 47–65
3750:
3662:Kingdom of Afghanistan
3615:Twelfth Party Congress
3591:
3580:October Revolution Day
3467:agricultural surpluses
3455:
3454:Gold Chervonetz (1979)
3447:
3377:
3369:
3280:
3239:
3078:
3067:
3013:the Jewish communities
2990:At the same time, the
2923:In December 1917, the
2920:
2875:
2813:
2755:Red Guard of Petrograd
2742:
2681:proletarian revolution
2600:. Led first by Prince
2519:and the leader of the
2421:provisional government
1978:: Decline and collapse
663:Provisional Government
604:Grand Duchy of Finland
482:Principality of Moscow
4630:Millar, James R. ed.
4552:Fitzpatrick, Sheila.
4453:Stalin: A new history
4094:31.2 (1991): 229–252
4052:Merrill, and Fisher,
3745:
3557:
3519:Rise of Joseph Stalin
3453:
3445:
3375:
3367:
3274:
3233:
3208:on 30 December 1922.
3073:
3057:
3023:, suffered the worst
2911:
2880:democratic centralism
2873:
2787:
2716:
2706:its leading figures,
2563:Imperial Russian Army
2455:(CPSU) following the
2417:Nicholas II of Russia
2415:in 1917 that deposed
1730:Virgin Lands campaign
1555:National delimitation
1304:Not fully controlled.
1138:Republic of Tatarstan
1031:Constitutional crisis
4764:online vol 1 1919–22
4584:(7th ed. 2010) 502pp
4478:20 July 2019 at the
4368:(2004) 3: 1000–1027.
4005:Creation of the USSR
3647:worldwide revolution
3645:, Russia, without a
3639:permanent revolution
3277:Elizaveta Kruglikova
3212:Propaganda and media
3206:Alexander Chervyakov
3156:Creation of the USSR
3087:Allied intervention
2889:Tenth Party Congress
2719:Constituent Assembly
2673:democratic socialist
2573:of 1917 (March 1917
2150:Ukrainian revolution
2078:German reunification
2036:Latvian independence
1951:1984 Olympic boycott
1946:1980 Olympic boycott
1936:1980 Summer Olympics
1909:Mozambican Civil War
1799:Cuban Missile Crisis
1779:Peaceful coexistence
1647:Operation Barbarossa
1077:Annexation of Crimea
685:Constituent Assembly
562:Second Patriotic War
45:improve this article
4741:25 May 2012 at the
4718:Stalin: A Biography
4708:Lenin: A Biography
4689:Remington, Thomas.
4639:A History of Russia
4603:Lincoln, W. Bruce.
4566:Hosking, Geoffrey.
4538:Davies, R. W. ed.
4228:Allan Todd (2001).
4146:48.1 (1989): 16–35.
4133:48.1 (2013): 78–97.
4069:26.1 (2010): 29–39.
4010:29 May 2007 at the
3771:false consciousness
3670:New Economic Policy
3460:New Economic Policy
3436:New Economic Policy
3428:New Economic Policy
3397:Kronstadt rebellion
3186:Congress of Soviets
3166:Transcaucasian SFSR
3047:, and even by some
3035:, by troops of the
2981:bourgeois democracy
2893:Kronstadt rebellion
2803:Alexander Zelenskiy
2771:Anatoly Lunacharsky
2571:February Revolution
2413:February Revolution
2073:Romanian Revolution
2053:Peaceful Revolution
2048:Pan-European Picnic
2043:Revolutions of 1989
1984:Invasion of Grenada
1860:Cambodian Civil War
1814:: Era of Stagnation
1699:First Indochina War
1674:Soviet deportations
1642:Great Patriotic War
1615:Cultural Revolution
1545:New Economic Policy
1499:February Revolution
1257:Zaporizhzhia Oblast
1089:Invasion of Ukraine
878:Great Patriotic War
850:Cultural revolution
791:Transcaucasian SFSR
659:February Revolution
546:Emancipation reform
444:Council of Uvetichi
294: •
290: •
203:New Economic Policy
149:February Revolution
4726:Tucker, Robert C.
4627:(2007), 522 pages.
4623:McCauley, Martin.
4542:(Cornell UP, 1991)
4521:Cohen, Stephen F.
4397:(1958) pp 130–39.
4172:(Oxford UP, 1990).
3763:Self-determination
3751:
3684:Kliment Voroshilov
3680:Vyacheslav Molotov
3634:Lessons of October
3592:
3456:
3448:
3378:
3370:
3281:
3240:
3079:
3068:
3060:Alexandrovo-Gaysky
2985:summary executions
2961:Summary executions
2921:
2876:
2814:
2747:October Revolution
2743:
2606:Alexander Kerensky
2544:October Revolution
2497:Russian Revolution
2477:leader of the USSR
2425:October Revolution
2305:Post-Soviet states
2009:Singing Revolution
1999:Chernobyl disaster
1919:Rhodesian Bush War
1520:October Revolution
1173:Republic of Crimea
1124:Russian Federation
1067:Presidential terms
959:Karelo-Finnish SSR
912:Chernobyl disaster
652:Russian Revolution
550:Russo-Japanese War
538:1812 Patriotic War
452:Battle of Kulikovo
440:Council of Liubech
187:October Revolution
5009:
5008:
4716:Service, Robert.
4706:Service, Robert,
4696:Service, Robert.
4594:Kotkin, Stephen.
4587:Kotkin, Stephen.
4425:Zvi Y. Gitelman,
4364:James R. Millar,
4241:978-0-19-913425-0
4168:Sally J. Taylor,
3931:978-0-253-33333-9
3877:978-1-78168-721-5
3807:History of Russia
3699:United Opposition
3658:Basmachi movement
3622:Central Committee
3604:party secretariat
3549:General Secretary
3545:Lenin's Testament
3446:Silver Rubel 1924
3331:press conferences
3301:Russian Civil War
3297:Soviet government
3202:Grigory Petrovsky
3194:Mikhail Tskhakaya
3108:Polish–Soviet War
3102:Polish–Soviet War
2858:Russian Civil War
2850:Russian Civil War
2538:, founder of the
2515:, founder of the
2481:general secretary
2441:Russian Civil War
2411:. Following the
2379:(1917–1923), the
2377:Russian Civil War
2357:
2356:
2186:Soviet leadership
2172:Alma-Ata Protocol
2167:Belovezha Accords
2063:Velvet Revolution
2029:Economic blockade
1931:Soviet–Afghan War
1899:Angolan Civil War
1850:Laotian Civil War
1825:Era of Stagnation
1820:Brezhnev Doctrine
1789:Sino-Soviet split
1719:: Khrushchev Thaw
1610:Industrialization
1525:Russian Civil War
1419:
1418:
1385:Russia portal
1313:
1312:
1007:Belavezha Accords
989:
988:
900:Era of Stagnation
866:Industrialization
832:
831:
709:Soviet-Polish War
645:
644:
626:Russian Manchuria
572:Tsardom of Russia
558:October Manifesto
542:Decembrist Revolt
534:Petrovian reforms
502:
501:
462:Novgorod Republic
426:
425:
342:
341:
246:
245:
242:
241:
195:Polish–Soviet War
191:Russian Civil War
173:Prime Minister(s)
121:
120:
113:
95:
5044:
4920:
4864:
4843:
4836:
4829:
4820:
4819:
4811:Gruber, Helmut.
4758:Degras, Jane T.
4677:Pipes, Richard.
4667:Pipes, Richard.
4657:Pipes, Richard.
4637:Moss, Walter G.
4482:
4465:
4459:
4449:
4443:
4436:
4430:
4423:
4417:
4414:
4408:
4391:
4385:
4375:
4369:
4362:
4356:
4355:
4311:
4305:
4295:
4289:
4279:
4273:
4272:
4252:
4246:
4245:
4231:The Modern World
4225:
4219:
4208:
4202:
4195:
4189:
4179:
4173:
4166:
4160:
4155:Whitman Bassow,
4153:
4147:
4140:
4134:
4127:
4121:
4118:
4112:
4105:
4099:
4088:
4082:
4076:
4070:
4063:
4057:
4056:(1980) pp 242–49
4050:
4044:
4043:(1980) pp 170–76
4037:
4031:
4021:
4015:
4003:
3999:
3993:
3982:
3978:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3967:
3953:
3947:
3942:
3936:
3935:
3915:
3909:
3908:
3888:
3882:
3881:
3861:
3855:
3848:
3722:Right Opposition
3596:Nikolai Bukharin
3533:Grigory Zinoviev
3174:Byelorussian SSR
3138:Battle of Warsaw
3096:Tambov Rebellion
2811:
2779:Dmitry Manuilsky
2661:Petrograd Soviet
2626:rule of the Tsar
2532:
2509:
2451:. It became the
2419:, a short-lived
2349:
2342:
2335:
2321:
2320:
2319:
2300:Soviet republics
2140:New Union Treaty
1941:Olympic boycotts
1759:We will bury you
1745:De-Stalinization
1662:Battle of Berlin
1586:Collectivization
1467:World revolution
1444:
1421:
1420:
1411:
1404:
1397:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1369:
1307:
1306:
1293:
1292:
1269:
1248:
1227:
1206:
1185:
1165:
1155:Chechen Republic
1148:
1131:
1120:
1119:
1017:USSR dissolution
933:
932:
862:Collectivization
780:Byelorussian SSR
737:Russian Republic
733:
732:
568:
567:
530:Treaty of Nystad
458:
457:
372:
371:
300:
299:
298:
276:
266:
248:
247:
238:
225:
218:
123:
122:
116:
109:
105:
102:
96:
94:
53:
29:
21:
5052:
5051:
5047:
5046:
5045:
5043:
5042:
5041:
5022:1910s in Russia
5012:
5011:
5010:
5005:
4982:
4979:
4963:
4960:
4921:
4912:
4909:
4865:
4854:
4847:
4755:
4753:Primary sources
4743:Wayback Machine
4580:Kort, Michael.
4501:
4491:
4489:Further reading
4486:
4485:
4480:Wayback Machine
4467:Stephen Blank,
4466:
4462:
4450:
4446:
4437:
4433:
4424:
4420:
4415:
4411:
4406:Wayback Machine
4393:Alfred D. Low,
4392:
4388:
4376:
4372:
4363:
4359:
4312:
4308:
4297:Alan M. Ball,
4296:
4292:
4280:
4276:
4269:
4253:
4249:
4242:
4226:
4222:
4209:
4205:
4196:
4192:
4180:
4176:
4167:
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4154:
4150:
4141:
4137:
4128:
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4115:
4106:
4102:
4089:
4085:
4077:
4073:
4064:
4060:
4051:
4047:
4038:
4034:
4022:
4018:
4012:Wayback Machine
4001:
4000:
3996:
3991:Wayback Machine
3980:
3979:
3975:
3965:
3963:
3955:
3954:
3950:
3943:
3939:
3932:
3916:
3912:
3905:
3889:
3885:
3878:
3862:
3858:
3850:Stephen Cohen,
3849:
3845:
3840:
3798:
3767:Georgy Pyatakov
3740:
3734:
3711:Left Opposition
3688:Mikhail Kalinin
3611:Left Opposition
3572:Mikhail Kalinin
3564:Klim Voroshilov
3521:
3511:
3499:Communist Party
3495:Scissors Crisis
3438:
3430:
3404:, commanded by
3362:
3356:
3228:
3214:
3190:Mikhail Kalinin
3158:
3122:Józef Piłsudski
3110:
3104:
3091:Polish invasion
3076:Ivan Vladimirov
3064:Alexander Dutov
3002:Grigory Semenov
2918:Ivan Vladimirov
2883:into practice.
2868:
2860:
2852:
2805:
2579:Soviet calendar
2551:
2550:
2549:
2548:
2547:
2533:
2525:
2524:
2521:Bolshevik party
2510:
2499:
2493:
2353:
2317:
2315:
2310:
2309:
2250:
2242:
2241:
2187:
2179:
2178:
2100:April 9 tragedy
1979:
1968:
1967:
1815:
1804:
1803:
1740:Khrushchev Thaw
1720:
1709:
1708:
1689:Berlin Blockade
1576:
1565:
1564:
1515:
1514:: Establishment
1504:
1503:
1482:Bolshevik Party
1477:Bolshevik split
1452:
1415:
1379:
1377:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1360:
1348:
1336:
1323:
1315:
1314:
1295:
1294:
1281:
1267:
1246:
1225:
1204:
1183:
1163:
1146:
1129:
1118:
1113:2022 annexation
1097:Mass emigration
1085:2020 amendments
1068:
1026:
1012:
999:
998:
990:
931:
917:
895:
842:
841:
833:
731:
714:
677:Kornilov affair
655:
654:
646:
615:Congress Poland
593:Russian America
566:
554:1905 Revolution
521:
512:
511:
503:
472:Vladimir-Suzdal
456:
448:Mongol conquest
436:
435:
427:
370:
365:Russkaya Pravda
360:Baptism of Rus'
352:
351:
343:
308:pre-9th century
286:
284:
264:
257:
216:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
177:Mikhail Kalinin
165:
151:
117:
106:
100:
97:
54:
52:
42:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5050:
5040:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5007:
5006:
5004:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4987:
4984:
4983:
4981:
4980:
4974:
4968:
4965:
4964:
4962:
4961:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4926:
4923:
4922:
4915:
4913:
4911:
4910:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4882:Czechoslovakia
4879:
4874:
4868:
4866:
4859:
4856:
4855:
4846:
4845:
4838:
4831:
4823:
4817:
4816:
4809:
4804:(1959) 800pp;
4798:
4788:
4778:
4771:
4754:
4751:
4750:
4749:
4736:online edition
4724:
4714:
4704:
4694:
4687:
4686:
4685:
4665:
4655:
4642:
4635:
4628:
4621:
4611:
4601:
4600:
4599:
4585:
4578:
4577:(7th ed. 2001)
4571:
4564:
4550:
4543:
4536:
4526:
4519:
4511:Ball, Alan M.
4509:
4490:
4487:
4484:
4483:
4460:
4444:
4431:
4418:
4409:
4386:
4370:
4357:
4322:(4): 547–580.
4306:
4290:
4283:Soviet Studies
4274:
4267:
4247:
4240:
4220:
4203:
4190:
4174:
4161:
4148:
4135:
4122:
4113:
4100:
4083:
4071:
4058:
4045:
4032:
4016:
3994:
3973:
3948:
3937:
3930:
3910:
3903:
3883:
3876:
3856:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3835:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3797:
3794:
3775:class conflict
3748:Uzbek language
3736:Main article:
3733:
3730:
3582:parade on the
3576:Mikhail Frunze
3510:
3507:
3471:heavy industry
3440:
3439:
3434:Main article:
3429:
3426:
3422:Herbert Hoover
3386:landed estates
3358:Main article:
3355:
3352:
3347:New York Times
3342:Walter Duranty
3329:There were no
3319:"ham" operator
3289:Vladimir Lenin
3213:
3210:
3198:Mikhail Frunze
3157:
3154:
3106:Main article:
3103:
3100:
3083:central Russia
3041:Symon Petliura
3006:Boris Annenkov
2965:dekulakization
2862:
2861:
2856:Main article:
2851:
2848:
2799:Alexander Blok
2775:Moisei Uritsky
2723:Tauride Palace
2645:intelligentsia
2614:Triple Entente
2569:following the
2559:Tsarist Russia
2534:
2527:
2526:
2513:Vladimir Lenin
2511:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2495:Main article:
2492:
2489:
2389:Vladimir Lenin
2361:Russian Empire
2355:
2354:
2352:
2351:
2344:
2337:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2312:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2251:
2249:Related topics
2248:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2237:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2130:The Barricades
2127:
2125:January Events
2122:
2120:Dushanbe riots
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2082:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2021:
2016:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1948:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1889:Wars in Africa
1886:
1885:
1884:
1874:
1872:Yom Kippur War
1869:
1868:
1867:
1865:Fall of Saigon
1862:
1857:
1855:Operation Menu
1852:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1701:
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1659:
1654:
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1629:
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1627:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1604:
1603:
1598:
1583:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1489:Russian Empire
1486:
1485:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1464:
1459:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1437:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1413:
1406:
1399:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1374:
1373:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1272:
1271:
1260:
1251:
1250:
1239:
1236:Kherson Oblast
1230:
1229:
1218:
1209:
1208:
1197:
1188:
1187:
1176:
1167:
1166:
1157:
1150:
1149:
1140:
1133:
1132:
1126:
1117:
1116:
993:
992:
991:
987:
986:
983:
977:
976:
974:
965:
964:
961:
954:
953:
950:
943:
942:
939:
930:
929:
836:
835:
834:
830:
829:
827:
818:
817:
814:
807:
806:
803:
797:
796:
793:
786:
785:
782:
775:
774:
771:
764:
763:
760:
754:
753:
750:
743:
742:
739:
730:
729:
693:Bolshevik Coup
649:
648:
647:
643:
642:
639:
637:Uryankhay Krai
632:
631:
628:
621:
620:
617:
610:
609:
606:
599:
598:
595:
588:
587:
584:
582:Russian Empire
578:
577:
574:
565:
564:
509:Tsarist Russia
506:
505:
504:
500:
499:
497:
488:
487:
484:
478:
477:
474:
468:
467:
464:
455:
454:
430:
429:
428:
424:
423:
421:
412:
411:
408:
402:
401:
398:
392:
391:
388:
382:
381:
378:
369:
368:
346:
345:
344:
340:
339:
337:
330:
329:
327:
320:
319:
317:
315:Rus' Khaganate
310:
309:
306:
285:
282:
281:
278:
277:
269:
268:
259:
258:
251:
244:
243:
240:
239:
229:
227:Russian Empire
210:
209:
184:
180:
179:
174:
170:
169:
163:Vladimir Lenin
160:
156:
155:
146:
142:
141:
132:
128:
127:
119:
118:
33:
31:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5049:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5019:
5017:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4988:
4985:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4969:
4966:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4935:
4931:
4930:Soviet Russia
4928:
4927:
4924:
4919:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4869:
4863:
4857:
4852:
4844:
4839:
4837:
4832:
4830:
4825:
4824:
4821:
4814:
4810:
4807:
4803:
4799:
4797:
4793:
4789:
4787:
4783:
4779:
4776:
4772:
4769:
4768:vol 2 1923–28
4765:
4761:
4757:
4756:
4748:
4744:
4740:
4737:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4703:
4699:
4695:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4680:
4676:
4675:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4654:
4650:
4646:
4643:
4640:
4636:
4633:
4629:
4626:
4622:
4619:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4597:
4593:
4592:
4590:
4586:
4583:
4579:
4576:
4572:
4569:
4565:
4563:
4562:0-19-280204-6
4559:
4555:
4551:
4548:
4544:
4541:
4537:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4524:
4520:
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4514:
4510:
4507:
4503:
4502:
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4477:
4474:
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4464:
4458:
4454:
4448:
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4413:
4407:
4403:
4400:
4396:
4390:
4384:
4380:
4374:
4367:
4361:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4310:
4304:
4300:
4294:
4288:
4284:
4278:
4270:
4268:9780307788610
4264:
4260:
4259:
4251:
4243:
4237:
4233:
4232:
4224:
4217:
4213:
4210:Alan M. Ball,
4207:
4200:
4194:
4188:
4184:
4178:
4171:
4165:
4158:
4152:
4145:
4144:Slavic Review
4139:
4132:
4126:
4117:
4110:
4104:
4097:
4093:
4087:
4081:
4075:
4068:
4067:Design Issues
4062:
4055:
4049:
4042:
4036:
4030:
4026:
4020:
4014:at Khronos.ru
4013:
4009:
4006:
3998:
3992:
3988:
3985:
3977:
3962:
3958:
3952:
3946:
3941:
3933:
3927:
3923:
3922:
3914:
3906:
3904:9781317863687
3900:
3896:
3895:
3887:
3879:
3873:
3869:
3868:
3860:
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3787:
3783:
3778:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3732:Nationalities
3729:
3725:
3723:
3719:
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3685:
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3597:
3594:Zinoviev and
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3565:
3561:
3560:Andrei Bubnov
3556:
3552:
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3534:
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3529:Joseph Stalin
3526:
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3500:
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3491:price indexes
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3479:
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3382:War communism
3374:
3366:
3361:
3360:War communism
3354:War Communism
3351:
3350:
3348:
3343:
3339:
3338:Western media
3334:
3332:
3326:
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3320:
3316:
3312:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3278:
3273:
3269:
3268:generations.
3265:
3262:
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3176:approved the
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3170:Ukrainian SSR
3167:
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3151:
3147:
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3142:Peace of Riga
3139:
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3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3109:
3099:
3097:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3077:
3074:"Famine", by
3072:
3065:
3061:
3056:
3052:
3050:
3046:
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3034:
3033:Anton Denikin
3030:
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3018:
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3009:
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2988:
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2979:, despising "
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2800:
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2765:
2764:Winter Palace
2761:
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2646:
2641:
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2635:
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2627:
2623:
2622:imperialists'
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2607:
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2599:
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2580:
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2537:
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2522:
2518:
2514:
2508:
2498:
2488:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2475:, became the
2474:
2470:
2469:Joseph Stalin
2466:
2465:Lenin's death
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2387:developed by
2386:
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2366:
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2350:
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2343:
2338:
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2328:
2327:
2324:
2314:
2313:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2290:Soviet Empire
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
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2258:
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2128:
2126:
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2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2105:Black January
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
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2091:
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2086:
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2079:
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2034:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1971:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1958:Polish strike
1956:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1943:
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1939:
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1900:
1897:
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1880:
1879:
1878:
1877:Prague Spring
1875:
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1866:
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1800:
1797:
1795:
1794:Space program
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1633:
1630:
1626:
1625:Moscow trials
1623:
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1618:
1616:
1613:
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1608:
1602:
1599:
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1574:
1569:
1568:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1540:War communism
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1507:
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1460:
1458:
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1432:
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1427:
1423:
1422:
1412:
1407:
1405:
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1398:
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1386:
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1202:
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1177:
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1135:
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1127:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1081:War in Donbas
1078:
1074:
1070:
1064:
1063:Five-Days War
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1035:Privatization
1032:
1028:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1008:
1004:
1001:
1000:
997:
996:Modern Russia
984:
982:
979:
978:
975:
973:
972:
967:
966:
962:
960:
956:
955:
951:
949:
945:
944:
940:
938:
935:
934:
927:
923:
919:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
844:
843:
840:
828:
826:
825:
820:
819:
815:
813:
809:
808:
804:
802:
801:Russian State
799:
798:
794:
792:
788:
787:
783:
781:
777:
776:
772:
770:
769:Ukrainian SSR
766:
765:
761:
759:
756:
755:
751:
749:
745:
744:
740:
738:
735:
734:
728:
724:
720:
719:War Communism
716:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
669:
668:Dvoyevlastiye
664:
660:
657:
656:
653:
640:
638:
634:
633:
629:
627:
623:
622:
618:
616:
612:
611:
607:
605:
601:
600:
596:
594:
590:
589:
585:
583:
580:
579:
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569:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
517:
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513:
510:
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495:
490:
489:
485:
483:
480:
479:
475:
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470:
469:
465:
463:
460:
459:
453:
449:
445:
441:
438:
437:
434:
422:
420:
419:
414:
413:
409:
407:
406:Rostov-Suzdal
404:
403:
399:
397:
394:
393:
389:
387:
384:
383:
379:
377:
376:Novgorod Land
374:
373:
367:
366:
361:
357:
354:
353:
350:
338:
336:
332:
331:
328:
326:
322:
321:
318:
316:
312:
311:
307:
305:
302:
301:
297:
293:
289:
280:
279:
275:
271:
270:
267:
261:
260:
255:
250:
249:
237:
233:
228:
224:
219:
215:
211:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
185:
181:
178:
175:
171:
168:
167:Joseph Stalin
164:
161:
157:
154:
150:
147:
143:
140:
136:
135:Soviet Russia
133:
129:
124:
115:
112:
104:
93:
90:
86:
83:
79:
76:
72:
69:
65:
62: –
61:
57:
56:Find sources:
50:
46:
40:
39:
34:This article
32:
28:
23:
22:
19:
4991:Eastern Bloc
4937:
4934:Soviet Union
4887:East Germany
4812:
4801:
4791:
4781:
4774:
4759:
4731:
4727:
4717:
4707:
4697:
4690:
4678:
4668:
4658:
4648:
4638:
4631:
4624:
4617:
4614:Lewin, Moshe
4604:
4595:
4588:
4581:
4574:
4567:
4553:
4546:
4539:
4529:
4522:
4512:
4505:
4468:
4463:
4452:
4447:
4440:Encyclopedia
4439:
4434:
4426:
4421:
4412:
4394:
4389:
4378:
4373:
4365:
4360:
4319:
4315:
4309:
4298:
4293:
4282:
4277:
4257:
4250:
4230:
4223:
4211:
4206:
4198:
4193:
4182:
4177:
4169:
4164:
4156:
4151:
4143:
4138:
4130:
4125:
4116:
4108:
4103:
4091:
4086:
4074:
4066:
4061:
4053:
4048:
4040:
4035:
4024:
4019:
4002:(in Russian)
3997:
3981:(in Russian)
3976:
3964:. Retrieved
3960:
3951:
3940:
3920:
3913:
3893:
3886:
3866:
3859:
3851:
3846:
3779:
3752:
3726:
3715:
3696:
3678:allies like
3666:
3651:
3632:
3626:
3619:
3608:
3593:
3568:Leon Trotsky
3522:
3503:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3464:
3457:
3415:
3394:
3379:
3345:
3335:
3327:
3323:broadcasting
3313:
3303:of 1917–23,
3282:
3266:
3260:
3254:
3248:
3243:
3241:
3162:Russian SFSR
3159:
3130:Russian SFSR
3111:
3080:
3010:
2992:White Terror
2989:
2973:Leon Trotsky
2947:and finally
2922:
2903:
2898:nomenklatura
2896:
2885:
2877:
2815:
2792:
2788:
2768:
2744:
2708:Leon Trotsky
2693:
2689:April Theses
2657:
2651:
2642:
2618:
2587:
2552:
2536:Leon Trotsky
2517:Soviet Union
2461:Soviet Union
2433:
2409:middle class
2373:Soviet Union
2365:Soviet Union
2358:
2233:
1774:Wage reforms
1632:World War II
1511:
1345:
1303:
1297:
1289:
1283:
1278:full list...
1276:
1262:
1255:
1241:
1234:
1220:
1213:
1199:
1192:
1178:
1171:
1109:Mobilization
1101:Debt default
1043:Chechen wars
994:since 1991:
971:full list...
969:
948:Russian SFSR
937:Soviet Union
854:Korenization
824:full list...
822:
758:Russian SFSR
667:
526:Zemsky Sobor
494:full list...
492:
418:full list...
416:
363:
349:Ancient Rus'
213:
139:Soviet Union
107:
98:
88:
81:
74:
67:
55:
43:Please help
38:verification
35:
18:
4996:Warsaw Pact
4972:Byelorussia
4517:online free
4303:online free
4216:online free
3558:From left,
3537:Lev Kamenev
3527:made up of
3406:Lev Trotsky
3291:signed the
3126:Międzymorze
3118:World War I
2806: [
2634:proletariat
2602:Georgy Lvov
2555:World War I
2436:proletariat
2401:proletariat
2145:August Coup
2115:War of Laws
1994:Perestroika
1845:Vietnam War
1835:Six-Day War
1620:Great Purge
1575:: Stalinism
1494:World War I
1003:August Coup
926:War of Laws
908:Perestroika
886:Warsaw Pact
874:Great Purge
837:1923–1991:
701:White Guard
681:Directorate
650:1917–1923:
507:1480–1917:
433:Feudal Rus'
431:1240–1480:
304:Rus' people
296:Early Slavs
263:History of
5016:Categories
4907:Yugoslavia
4645:Nove, Alec
4493:See also:
4442:3:1158–59.
3838:References
3584:Red Square
3513:See also:
3410:Baltic Sea
3305:Narkompros
3236:Ivan Fomin
3216:See also:
3116:following
3039:headed by
3029:White Army
2953:Red Terror
2864:See also:
2794:The Twelve
2665:Mensheviks
2598:Mensheviks
2445:White Army
2393:capitalism
2381:Bolsheviks
2280:Leadership
2207:Khrushchev
2160:referendum
2135:Referendum
2019:Baltic Way
1694:Korean War
1535:Red Terror
1462:Bolshevism
1451:Background
1069:amendments
981:Tannu Tuva
904:Afghan War
839:Soviet Era
347:879–1240:
288:Prehistory
214:Chronology
183:Key events
71:newspapers
4958:1982–1991
4953:1964–1982
4948:1953–1964
4943:1927–1953
4938:1917–1927
4851:Communist
4549:. (1991).
4352:159486304
4336:0022-0094
4218:pp 10–38.
2819:Sovnarkom
2739:Lashevich
2703:July Days
2699:July Days
2677:bourgeois
2650:military
2630:socialism
2583:Petrograd
2487:in 1953.
2485:his death
2467:in 1924,
2270:Geography
2265:Education
2227:Gorbachev
2222:Chernenko
2110:Osh riots
2090:Jeltoqsan
1976:1982–1991
1812:1964–1982
1717:1953–1964
1596:Holodomor
1573:1927–1953
1512:1917–1927
1457:Communism
1362:1982–1991
1358:1964–1982
1354:1953–1964
1350:1927–1953
1346:1917–1927
1342:1894–1917
1338:1855–1894
1334:1796–1855
1330:1721–1796
1105:Sanctions
1055:Oligarchy
985:1921–1944
963:1940–1956
952:1922–1991
941:1922–1991
858:Stalinism
816:1921–1923
805:1918–1920
795:1922–1922
784:1920–1922
773:1919–1922
762:1917–1922
752:1917–1918
741:1917–1918
727:Emigrants
713:Priamurye
697:Civil War
673:July Days
641:1914–1921
630:1900–1905
619:1867–1915
608:1809–1917
597:1799–1867
586:1721–1917
576:1547–1721
486:1263–1547
476:1157–1331
466:1136–1478
410:1093–1157
335:Garðaríki
292:Antiquity
159:Leader(s)
145:Including
126:1917–1927
101:June 2007
4877:Bulgaria
4739:Archived
4730:(1973);
4661:(1981).
4534:in JSTOR
4476:Archived
4438:Millar,
4402:Archived
4187:in JSTOR
4096:in JSTOR
4029:in JSTOR
4008:Archived
3987:Archived
3822:Leninism
3796:See also
3703:Bukharin
3402:Red Army
3388:and the
3250:Izvestia
3180:and the
3172:and the
3089:and the
3049:Red Army
2977:Red Army
2975:led the
2801:(artist
2735:Zinoviev
2731:Sverdlov
2632:and the
2540:Red Army
2479:, being
2457:creation
2449:Caucasus
2285:Politics
2232:List of
2217:Andropov
2212:Brezhnev
2202:Malenkov
1989:Glasnost
1684:Cold War
1426:a series
1424:Part of
1326:860–1721
1322:Timeline
1059:Putinism
1013:Protocol
1011:Alma-Ata
916:Karabakh
896:transfer
882:Cold War
705:Red Army
689:election
522:Troubles
400:988–1402
390:987–1397
380:882–1136
325:Arthania
254:a series
252:Part of
131:Location
5001:Comecon
4977:Ukraine
4902:Romania
4892:Hungary
4872:Albania
4796:online
4786:online
4777:(1978).
4734:(1990)
4722:online
4712:online
4710:(2000)
4702:online
4683:online
4673:online
4671:(1991)
4663:online
4607:(1986)
4471:(1994)
4159:(1988).
3759:Finland
3755:Ukraine
3600:Orgburo
3578:attend
3344:of the
3295:of the
3150:Ukraine
3146:Belarus
3066:, 1918.
3051:units.
3025:pogroms
3021:Belarus
3017:Ukraine
2999:atamans
2996:Cossack
2727:Trotsky
2604:, then
2577:. See:
2553:During
2459:of the
2431:(RCP).
2405:peasant
2385:Marxism
2275:History
2260:Economy
2255:Culture
2234:troikas
1840:Détente
1368:present
1268:present
1247:present
1226:present
1205:present
1184:present
1164:present
1147:present
1130:present
1093:Prelude
890:Comecon
520:Time of
283:Periods
85:scholar
4897:Poland
4853:period
4806:online
4770:(PDF).
4653:online
4609:online
4598:(2017)
4560:
4473:Online
4429:(1972)
4399:Online
4383:Online
4350:
4344:260761
4342:
4334:
4287:online
4265:
4238:
4080:online
3966:19 May
3928:
3901:
3874:
3790:Muskom
3757:, and
3588:Moscow
3525:troika
3307:, the
3293:Decree
3285:Likbez
3261:Pravda
3256:Pravda
3244:Pravda
3224:, and
3168:, the
3164:, the
2951:. The
2916:", by
2671:(both
2295:Russia
2197:Stalin
1428:on the
1027:abroad
894:Crimea
265:Russia
256:on the
87:
80:
73:
66:
58:
4348:S2CID
4340:JSTOR
3315:Radio
2925:Cheka
2914:Cheka
2831:VTsIK
2810:]
2652:junta
2192:Lenin
1366:1991–
1302:
1288:
1128:1991–
870:GULAG
715:Govt.
356:Rurik
92:JSTOR
78:books
4558:ISBN
4497:and
4332:ISSN
4263:ISBN
4236:ISBN
3968:2024
3926:ISBN
3899:ISBN
3872:ISBN
3686:and
3574:and
3535:and
3517:and
3395:The
3283:The
3200:and
3148:and
2945:NKVD
2937:OGPU
2777:and
2737:and
2667:and
2588:The
2371:and
1264:2022
1243:2022
1222:2022
1201:2022
1180:2014
1160:2000
1143:1994
1053:) •
1039:CSTO
1029:" •
1025:Near
723:USSR
691:) •
64:news
4324:doi
3586:in
3031:of
3015:of
3004:or
2949:KGB
2941:MVD
2933:GPU
2797:by
2575:N.S
1051:2nd
1047:1st
1023:• "
1021:CIS
918:War
846:NEP
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5018::
4936::
4932:/
4766:;
4647:.
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4338:.
4330:.
4320:25
4318:.
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3220:,
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2959:.
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2808:ru
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1328:•
1299:^B
1285:^A
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1107:•
1103:•
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1079:•
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1019:•
1015:•
1009:•
1005:•
920:•
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910:•
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884:•
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872:•
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864:•
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725:•
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711:•
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699:•
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675:•
671:•
665:•
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560:•
556:•
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544:•
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528:•
524:•
518:•
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358:•
137:→
4842:e
4835:t
4828:v
4354:.
4326::
4271:.
4244:.
4098:.
3970:.
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