History of U.S. foreign policy, 1861–1897

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and British agents in their ranks who alerted the Canadians. Their invasion forces were too small and had poor leadership. Several attempts were organized, but they were either canceled at the last minute or failed in a matter of hours. The largest raid took place on May 31-June 2, 1866, when about 1000 Fenians crossed the Niagara River. The Canadians were forewarned, and over 20,000 Canadian militia and British regulars turned out. A few men on each side were killed and the Fenians soon retreated home. The Johnson administration at first quietly tolerated this violation of American neutrality, but, by 1867, dispatched the U.S. Army to prevent further Fenian raids. The Fenians organized a second attack on May 25, 1870, but it was broken up by the United States Marshal for Vermont. London realized that American tolerance for the Fenians showed the strong U.S. displeasure with the British record during the Civil War, and hastened to resolve the Alabama Claims issue. In the long run, the Fenians gave no help to independence movements in Ireland, but they did stimulate a new sense of Canadian nationalism.

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military restore the Queen by force and argued that the Hawaiian natives should be allowed to continue their "Asiatic ways." Cleveland decided to restore the queen, but she refused to grant amnesty as a condition of her reinstatement, saying that she would either execute or banish the current government in Honolulu, and seize all of their properties. Dole's government refused to yield their position, and few Americans wanted to use armed force to overthrow a republican government in order to install an absolute monarch. In December 1893, Cleveland referred the issue to Congress; he encouraged the continuation of the American tradition of non-intervention. Dole had more support in Congress than the queen. Republicans warned that a completely independent Hawaii could not long survive the scramble for colonies. Most observers thought Japan would soon take it over, and indeed the population of Hawaii was already over 20 percent Japanese. The Japanese advance was worrisome especially on the West Coast. The Senate, under Democratic control but opposed to Cleveland, commissioned the

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Diplomats had to explain that United States was not committed to the ending of slavery, and instead they repeated legalistic arguments about the unconstitutionality of secession. Confederate spokesmen, on the other hand, were much more successful by ignoring slavery and instead focusing on their struggle for liberty, their commitment to free trade, and the essential role of cotton in the European economy. However, the Confederacy's hope that cotton exports would compel European interference did not come to fruition, as Britain found alternative sources of cotton and experienced economic growth in industries that did not rely on cotton. Though the issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation did not immediately end the possibility of European intervention, it rallied European public opinion to the Union by adding abolition as a Northern war goal. Any chance of a European intervention in the war ended with the Union victories at Gettysburg and Vicksburg, as European leaders came to believe that the Confederate cause was doomed.

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turned a blind eye to this violation of American neutrality. In 1869, Grant was urged by popular opinion to support rebels in Cuba with military assistance and to give them U.S. diplomatic recognition. Fish, however, wanted stability and favored the Spanish government, without publicly challenging the popular anti-Spanish American viewpoint. They reassured European governments that the U.S. did not want to annex Cuba. Grant and Fish gave lip service to Cuban independence, called for an end to slavery in Cuba, and quietly opposed American military intervention. Fish, worked diligently against popular pressure, and was able to keep Grant from officially recognizing Cuban independence because it would have endangered negotiations with Britain over the

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2007: 791:, recommended against treaty passage. Sumner, the leading spokesman for African American civil rights, believed that annexation would be enormously expensive and involve the U.S. in an ongoing civil war, and would threaten the independence of Haiti and the West Indies, thereby blocking black political progress. On May 31, 1870, Grant went before Congress and urged passage of the Dominican annexation treaty. Strongly opposed to ratification, Sumner successfully led the opposition in the Senate. On June 30, 1870, the Santo Domingo annexation treaty failed to pass the Senate; 28 votes in favor of the treaty and 28 votes against. Grant's own cabinet was divided over the Santo Domingo annexation attempt, and 9915: 9922: 820:, an African American civil rights activist, as one of the Commissioners who voyaged to the Dominican Republic. Returning to the United States after several months, the Commission in April 1871, issued a report that stated the Dominican people desired annexation and that the island would be beneficial to the United States. To celebrate the Commissions return, Grant invited the Commissioners to the White House, except Frederick Douglass. African American leaders were upset and the issue of Douglass not being invited to the White House dinner was brought up during the 1872 presidential election by 2018: 1471: 1452:, was formed with an emphasis on stopping Chinese immigration. In response, Congress passed a measure, the "Fifteen Passenger Bill" in 1879, aimed at limiting the number of Chinese passengers permitted on vessels arriving at U.S. ports. As the legislation would violate the terms of the Burlingame Treaty, President Hayes vetoed it, drawing praise among eastern liberals but bitter denunciation in the West. In the subsequent furor, Democrats in the House of Representatives attempted to impeach Hayes, but narrowly failed when Republicans prevented a quorum by refusing to vote. After the veto, 549:, spending hundreds of millions of pounds on them. They were staffed by sailors and officers on leave from the Royal Navy. When the U.S. Navy captured one of the fast blockade runners, it sold the ship and cargo as prize money for the American sailors, then released the crew. During the war, British blockade runners delivered the Confederacy 60% of its weapons, 1/3 of the lead for its bullets, 3/4 of ingredients for its powder, and most of the cloth for its uniforms; such act lengthened the Civil War by two years and cost 400,000 more lives of soldiers and civilians on both sides. 19: 875:, while the treaty negotiations were taking place. The investigation had initially been called to settle a dispute between an American businessman Davis Hatch against the United States government. Báez had imprisoned Hatch without trial for his opposition to the Báez government. Hatch had claimed that the United States had failed to protect him from imprisonment. The majority Congressional report dismissed Hatch's claim and exonerated both Babcock and Ingalls. The Hatch incident, however, kept certain Senators from being enthusiastic about ratifying the treaty. 799: 662: 929: 1366: 1908:, which established a three-power protectorate in Samoa. Historian George H. Ryden argues that Harrison played a key role in determining the status of this Pacific outpost by taking a firm stand on every aspect of Samoa conference negotiations; this included selection of the local ruler, refusal to allow an indemnity for Germany, as well as the establishment of the three-power protectorate, a first for the U.S. A serious long-term result was an American distrust of Germany's foreign policy after Bismarck was forced out in 1890. 2200:

of the United States are not to be wholly sacrificed, we must protect those who in foreign ports display the flag or wear the colors." A recuperated Blaine made brief conciliatory overtures to the Chilean government which had no support in the administration; he then reversed course and joined the chorus for unconditional concessions and apology by the Chileans. The Chileans ultimately obliged, and war was averted. Theodore Roosevelt later applauded Harrison for his use of the "big stick" in the matter.

783:, but also he sought to use it as a bargaining chip. By providing a safe haven for the freedmen, he believed that the exodus of black labor would force Southern whites to realize the necessity of such a significant workforce and accept their civil rights. Grant believed the island country would increase exports and lower the trade deficit. He hoped that U.S. ownership of the island would push Spain to abolish slavery in Cuba and Puerto Rico, and perhaps Brazil as well. On March 15, 1870, the 523:

with the Confederacy was limited, with a trickle of cotton going to Britain and munitions slipped in by numerous small blockade runners. The British textile industry depended on cotton from the South, but it had stocks to keep the mills operating for a year and in any case the industrialists and workers carried little weight in British politics. With the announcement of the Emancipation Proclamation in September 1862, the Civil War became a war against slavery that most British supported.

735: 1032:. On August 25, 1872, the Tribunal awarded United States $ 15.5 million in gold; $ 1.9 million was awarded to Great Britain. Historian Amos Elwood Corning noted that the Treaty of Washington and arbitration "bequeathed to the world a priceless legacy". In addition to the $ 15.5 million arbitration award, the treaty resolved some disputes over borders and fishing rights. On October 21, 1872, William I, Emperor of Germany, settled a boundary dispute in favor of the United States. 1382:, flying the American flag carrying war materials and men to aid the Cuban insurrection (in violation of American and Spanish law) was intercepted and taken to Cuba. After a hasty trial, the local Spanish officials executed 53 would-be insurgents, eight of whom were United States citizens; orders from Madrid to delay the executions arrived too late. War scares erupted in both the U.S. and Spain, heightened by the bellicose dispatches from the American minister in Madrid, retired general 1191: 10176: 9782: 9306: 9002: 8675: 7771: 7201: 6045: 431:. Harrison appreciated the forces of nationalism and imperialism which were inevitably pulling the United States onward into playing a more important part in world affairs as it grew rapidly in financial and economic prowess. The increasing importance of the United States in world affairs was reflected in the act of Congress in 1893 which raised the rank of the most important diplomatic representatives abroad from minister plenipotentiary to ambassador. 2065: 1594:

organize the conference ended after Garfield's death and Blaine's subsequent resignation, Arthur and Frelinghuysen continued Blaine's efforts to encourage trade among the nations of the Western Hemisphere. A treaty with Mexico providing for reciprocal tariff reductions was signed in 1882 and approved by the Senate in 1884, but legislation required to bring the treaty into force failed in the House. Similar efforts at reciprocal trade treaties with

1967:, and sought to join the United States. The Harrison administration had quickly agreed with representatives of the new government on a treaty of annexation and submitted it to the Senate for approval. Five days after taking office on March 9, 1893, Cleveland withdrew the treaty from the Senate. His biographer Alyn Brodsky argues it was a deeply personal opposition on Cleveland's part to what he saw as an immoral action against a little kingdom: 7213: 2147: 6035: 1047: 1486:

breached the Angell Treaty, which allowed only a "reasonable" suspension of immigration. Eastern newspapers praised the veto, but it was condemned in the Western states. Congress was unable to override the veto, but passed a new bill reducing the immigration ban to ten years. Although he still objected to this denial of citizenship to Chinese immigrants, Arthur acceded to the compromise measure, signing the

1239: 1001: 597:. In October 1862, fearing that a re-unified United States would threaten his restored French empire, Napoleon III proposed an armistice and joint mediation of the American Civil War by France, Britain, and Russia. However, this proposal was declined by the other European powers, who feared alienating the North. Napoleon's bellicose stance towards Russia in the 1863 1283:. On August 25, 1872, the Tribunal awarded United States $ 15.5 million in gold; $ 1.9 million was awarded to Great Britain. Historian Amos Elwood Corning noted that the Treaty of Washington and arbitration "bequeathed to the world a priceless legacy". On October 21, 1872, William I, Emperor of Germany, settled a boundary dispute in favor of the United States. 207:

industry depended on cotton from the South, but it had stocks to keep the mills operating for a year and in any case, the industrialists and workers carried little weight in British politics. Knowing a war would cut off vital shipments of American food, wreak havoc on the British merchant fleet, and cause the immediate loss of Canada, Britain and its powerful

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gave a high priority to protecting and improving the status of Blacks in the United States, and tried to annex the Caribbean country of Dominican Republican as a safety valve for them. Senator Sumner was even more firmly devoted to Black interests and opposed Grant's scheme. Sumner stopped the plan and Grant retaliated by destroying Sumner's power.

636:, the Mexican president, protested the order and sent troops to the border. The situation calmed as Díaz and Hayes agreed to jointly pursue bandits and Hayes agreed not to allow Mexican revolutionaries to raise armies in the United States. The violence along the border decreased, and in 1880 Hayes revoked the order allowing pursuit into Mexico. 427:. Blaine and Secretary of State James G. Blaine found common ground on most major policy issues. Blaine played a major role in Harrison's administration, though Harrison made most of the major policy decisions in foreign affairs. Blaine served in the cabinet until 1892, when he resigned due to poor health and was replaced by 1314:

of Francophone emigrants from Quebec and Anglophone emigrants from the Maritimes. It was common for people to move back and forth across the border, such as seasonal lumberjacks, entrepreneurs looking for larger markets, and families looking for jobs in the textile mills that paid much higher wages than in Canada.

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survive in a world of aggressive imperialism, especially on the part of Japan. It was eager for American annexation. Foster believed Hawaii was vital to American interests in the Pacific. He nearly succeeded, but when Cleveland took office in March 1893, he reversed policy and tried to put the Queen back in power.

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Prussia and would not make a move without full British cooperation. Confederate diplomats were inept, or as one historian put it, "Poorly chosen diplomats produce poor diplomacy." Other countries played a minor role. Russia made a show of support of the Union, but its importance has often been exaggerated.

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not fault, over the destructive actions of the Confederate war cruisers. Grant approved and signed the treaty on May 8, 1871; the Senate ratified the Treaty of Washington on May 24, 1871. The Tribunal met on neutral territory in Geneva, Switzerland. The panel of five international arbitrators included

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captain, Winfield Schley, based on the nature of the sailors' wounds, insisted the sailors had been bayonet-attacked by Chilean police without provocation. With Blaine incapacitated, Harrison drafted a demand for reparations. The Chilean Minister of Foreign Affairs replied that Harrison's message was

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that supposedly originated with American hogs, Germany and nine other European countries imposed a ban on importation of United States pork in the 1880s. At issue was over 1.3 billion pounds of pork products in 1880 with a value of $ 100 million annually. Harrison persuaded Congress to enact the Meat

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Just as he stood up for the Samoan Islands against Germany because he opposed the conquest of a lesser state by a greater one, so did he stand up for the Hawaiian Islands against his own nation. He could have let the annexation of Hawaii move inexorably to its inevitable culmination. But he opted for

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in Hawaii recognized the new Hawaiian government on February 1, 1893, and forwarded their proposal of annexation to Washington. With just one month left before leaving office, the administration signed the annexation treaty on February 14 and submitted it to the Senate the next day. The Senate failed

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of California introduced another Chinese Exclusion Act that denied Chinese immigrants United States citizenship and banned their immigration for a twenty-year period. Miller's bill passed the Senate and House by overwhelming margins, but Arthur vetoed the bill, as he believed that the twenty-year ban

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Hamilton Fish (1808 – 1893) was a wealthy New Yorker of Dutch descent who served as Governor of New York (1849 to 1850), and United States Senator (1851 to 1857). Historians emphasize his judiciousness and efforts towards reform and diplomatic moderation. Fish settled the controversial

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Historians emphasize that Union diplomacy proved generally effective, with expert diplomats handling numerous crises. British leaders had some sympathy for the Confederacy, but were never willing to risk war with the Union. France was even more sympathetic to the Confederacy, but it was threatened by

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as a puppet ruler, hoping to negate American influence. France, therefore, encouraged Britain to join in a policy of mediation, suggesting that both recognize the Confederacy. Seward repeatedly warned that any recognition of the Confederacy was tantamount to a declaration of war. The British textile

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Tensions increased to the brink of war – Harrison threatened to break off diplomatic relations unless the United States received a suitable apology, and said the situation required "grave and patriotic consideration". The president also remarked, "If the dignity as well as the prestige and influence

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militant organization, recruited heavily among Civil War veterans in preparation to invade Canada. The group's goal was to force Britain to grant Ireland its independence. The Fenians counted thousands of members, but they had a confused command structure, competing factions, unfamiliar new weapons,

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was instructed to sell Alaska to the United States, and did so deftly, convincing Seward to raise his initial offer from $ 5 million to $ 7.2 million. This sum is the inflation-adjusted equivalent to $ 157 million in present-day terms. On March 30, 1867, de Stoeckl and Seward signed the treaty,

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of Indiana, giving in to Fish's demands that Cuba rebels be rejected, and moving his Southern patronage from the radical blacks and carpetbaggers who were allied with Sumner to more moderate Republicans. This set the stage of the Liberal Republican revolt of 1872, when Sumner and his allies publicly

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Grant was determined to keep the Dominican Republic treaty in the public debate, mentioning Dominican Republic annexation in his December 1870 State of the Union Address. Grant was able to get Congress in January 1871 to create a special Commission to investigate the island. Senator Sumner continued

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for $ 2 million. To keep the island nation and Báez secure in power, Grant ordered naval ships to secure the island from invasion and internal insurrection. Báez signed an annexation treaty on November 19, 1869. Secretary Fish drew up a final draft of the proposal and offered $ 1.5 million

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was leading Prussia into a dominant position in the new united German Empire. After short, decisive wars with Denmark, Austria and France ended in 1871, Bismarck was the dominant figure in Europe and worked tirelessly and successfully to promote a peaceful continent until his removal in 1890. Grant

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with 50,000 combat veterans to the Texas-Mexico border to emphasize the demand that France withdraw. Johnson provided arms to Juarez, and imposed a naval blockade. In response, Napoleon III informed the Johnson administration that all his troops would be brought home by November 1867. Maximilian was

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Secretary of State Foster in 1892-1894 actively worked for the annexation of the independent Republic of Hawaii. Pro-American business interests had overthrown the Queen when she rejected constitutional limits on her powers. The new government realize that Hawaii was too small and militarily weak to

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A primary role of the United States Navy in the 19th century was to protect American commercial interests and open trade to Eastern markets, including Japan and China. Korea was a small independent country that excluded all foreign trade. Washington sought a treaty dealing with shipwrecked sailors

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After 1850, the pace of industrialization and urbanization was much faster in the United States, drawing a wide range of immigrants from the North. By 1870, 1/6 of all the people born in Canada had moved to the United States, with the highest concentrations in New England, which was the destination

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were resolved peacefully, and to the monetary advantage of the United States. Issues regarding the Canadian boundary were easily settled. The achievements were the work of Secretary Hamilton Fish, who was a spokesman for caution and stability. A poll of historians has stated that Secretary Fish was

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1862, Seward had emerged as the dominant figure in Lincoln's cabinet, though his conservative policies on abolition and other issues annoyed many Republicans. Despite pressure from some congressional leaders to fire Seward, Lincoln retained his Secretary of State for the duration of his presidency.

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Under President Cleveland, Secretary of the Navy Whitney promoted the modernization of the Navy, although no ships were constructed that could match the best European warships. Construction of four steel-hulled warships that had begun under the Arthur administration was delayed due to a corruption

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to America to meet with Fish. A joint high commission was created on February 9, 1871, in Washington, consisting of representatives from both Britain and the United States. The commission created a treaty where an international Tribunal would settle the damage amounts; the British admitted regret,

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Elite opinion in Britain tended to favor the Confederacy, but public opinion tended to favor the United States. Large scale trade continued in both directions with the United States, with the Americans shipping grain to Britain while Britain exported manufactured items and munitions. British trade

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Although they remained out of the war, the European powers, especially France and Britain, factored into the American Civil War in various ways. European leaders saw the division of the United States as having the potential to eliminate, or at least greatly weaken, a growing rival. They looked for

491:, while the other European powers had varying degrees of sympathy for the Confederacy. Nonetheless, all foreign nations were officially neutral throughout the Civil War, and none recognized the Confederacy, marking a major diplomatic achievement for Secretary Seward and the Lincoln Administration. 1636:

In response to the diplomatic bust, Harrison and Blaine pivoted diplomatically and initiated a crusade for tariff reciprocity with Latin American nations; the Harrison administration concluded eight reciprocity treaties among these countries. The Harrison administration did not pursue reciprocity

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The southward migration slacked off after 1890, as Canadian industry began a growth spurt. By then, the American frontier was closing, and thousands of farmers looking for fresh land moved from the United States north into the Prairie Provinces. The net result of the flows were that in 1901 there

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Lincoln's foreign policy was deficient in 1861 in terms of appealing to European public opinion. The European aristocracy (the dominant factor in every major country) was "absolutely gleeful in pronouncing the American debacle as proof that the entire experiment in popular government had failed."

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was that man and in mid-December 1860, Vice President-elect Hamlin, acting on Lincoln's behalf, offered the position to him. Seward had been deeply disappointed by his failure to win the 1860 Republican presidential nomination, but he agreed to serve as Lincoln's Secretary of State. By the end of

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began late in 1895 as Cuban rebels sought to break free from Spanish rule. The United States and Cuba enjoyed close trade relations, and humanitarian concerns led many Americans to demand intervention on the side of the rebels. Cleveland did not sympathize with the rebel cause and feared that an

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for 50 years with an annual $ 150,000 rental, and guaranteed protection from foreign intervention. On January 10, 1870, the Santo Domingo treaty was submitted to the Senate for ratification. Despite his support of the annexation, Grant made the mistakes of not building support in Congress or the

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to Hawai'i to investigate the conditions there. Blount, a leader in the white supremacy movement in Georgia, had long denounced imperialism. Some observers speculated he would support annexation on grounds of the inability of Asiatics to govern themselves. Instead, Blount proposed that the U.S.

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The Cuban rebellion 1868–1878 against Spanish rule, called by historians the Ten Years' War, gained wide sympathy in the U.S. Juntas based in New York raised money, and smuggled men and munitions to Cuba, while energetically spreading propaganda in American newspapers. The Grant administration

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Grant's foreign policy was generally successful, except for the attempt to annex Santo Domingo. The annexation of Santo Domingo was Grant's effort to create a haven for blacks in the South and was a first step to end slavery in Cuba and Brazil. The dangers of a confrontation with Britain on the

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in order to increase American prosperity and prevent Great Britain from dominating the region. Garfield authorized Blaine to call for a Pan-American conference in 1882 to mediate disputes among the Latin American nations and to serve as a forum for talks on increasing trade. Though efforts to

653:. Historians have high regard for the diplomatic professionalism, independence, and good judgment of Hamilton Fish. The main issues involved Britain, Canada, Santo Domingo, Cuba, and Spain. Worldwide, it was a peaceful era, with no major wars directly affecting the United States. In Europe, 1576:

decided that dispute over the boundary with Venezuela was not worth antagonizing the United States, and the British assented to arbitration. A tribunal convened in Paris in 1898 to decide the matter, and in 1899 awarded the bulk of the disputed territory to British Guiana. Seeking to extend

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divided the powers and greatly diminished any chance of a joint European intervention. The United States refused to recognize Maximilian's government and threatened to drive France out of the country by force, but did not become directly involved in the conflict even as Mexican resistance to

824:. Douglass, however, who was personally disappointed for not being invited to the White House, remained loyal to Grant and the Republican Party. Although the Commission supported Grant's annexation attempt, there was not enough enthusiasm in Congress to vote on a second annexation treaty. 2049:

firmly. In a message to Congress, Hayes explained his opinion on the canal: "The policy of this country is a canal under American control ... The United States cannot consent to the surrender of this control to any European power or any combination of European powers."

1262:; demanded a huge reparation; and opened the possibility of Canada ceded to the United States as payment. The speech angered the British government, and talks had to be put off until matters cooled down. Negotiations for a new treaty began in January 1871 when Britain sent 992:; demanded a huge reparation; and opened the possibility of Canada ceded to the United States as payment. The speech angered the British government, and talks had to be put off until matters cooled down. Negotiations for a new treaty began in January 1871 when Britain sent 393:, Cleveland's strongest rival for the 1884 Democratic nomination, accepted the position of Secretary of State. Cleveland was a committed non-interventionist who had campaigned in opposition to expansion and imperialism. He refused to promote the previous administration's 1758:), which had lain uncompleted since 1877. Arthur strongly supported these efforts, believing that a strengthened navy would not only increase the country's security but also enhance U.S. prestige. The contracts to build the ABCD ships were all awarded to the low bidder, 1972:

confrontation, which he hated, as it was to him the only way a weak and defenseless people might retain their independence. It was not the idea of annexation that Grover Cleveland opposed, but the idea of annexation as a pretext for illicit territorial acquisition.

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in 37–2 vote. Although ridiculed in some quarters as "Seward's Folly," American public opinion was generally quite favorable in terms of the potential for economic benefits at a bargain price, maintaining the friendship of Russia. and blocking British expansion.

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as a puppet state. After the war, pressure from the Johnson administration helped to force the withdrawal of the French and the eventual collapse of the empire. Tensions with Britain escalated as a result of disputes emanating from the Civil War, but the 1871

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investigation and subsequent bankruptcy of their building yard, but these ships were completed in a timely manner once the investigation was over. Sixteen additional steel-hulled warships were ordered by the end of 1888; these ships later proved vital in the

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not fault, over the destructive actions of the Confederate war cruisers nor that charges of blockade running were included in the treaty. Grant approved and signed the treaty on May 8, 1871; the Senate ratified the Treaty of Washington on May 24, 1871.

1572:, President Cleveland and Secretary of State Olney protested. The British initially rejected the U.S. demand for an arbitration of the boundary dispute and rejected the validity and relevance of the Monroe Doctrine. Ultimately, British Prime Minister 973:. These ships had inflicted tremendous damage to U.S. shipping, as insurance rates soared and shippers switched to British ships. Washington wanted the British to pay heavy damages, perhaps including turning over Canada. Later, the U.S. added the 2108:

The American fleet was fired upon by a Korean fort, but there was little damage. Rogers gave the Korean government ten days to apologize or begin talks, but the Royal Court kept silent. After ten days passed, on June 10, Rogers began a series of

1299:, the U.S. Navy seized several Canadian ships. In 1891, the administration began negotiations with the British that led to a compromise over fishing rights after international arbitration, with the British government paying compensation in 1898. 1094:

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broke out in 1895, Cleveland announced that the U.S. would remain neutral in the conflict. Cleveland's decisions would later be reversed under President McKinley, leading to a new era of foreign policy during which the U.S. established an

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failed to get Spain to agree to American mediation. Grant and Fish did not succumb to popular pressures. Grant's message to Congress urged strict neutrality not to officially recognize the Cuban revolt, which eventually petered out.

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179:. The first cabinet position he filled was that of Secretary of State. It was tradition for the president-elect to offer this, the most senior cabinet post, to the leading (best-known and most popular) person of his political party. 140:

that ultimately ended with the establishment of a three-power protectorate. President Harrison sought to annex Hawaii during the final months of his tenure, but annexation was rejected during Cleveland's second presidency. After the

7935: 6298: 2105:, one of the largest ships in the Navy with 47 guns, 47 officers, and a 571-man crew. While waiting for senior Korean officials to negotiate, Rogers sent ships out to make soundings of the Salee River for navigational purposes. 1091:, one of the largest ships in the Navy with 47 guns, 47 officers, and a 571-man crew. While waiting for senior Korean officials to negotiate, Rogers sent ships out to make soundings of the Salee River for navigational purposes. 1985:, which contradicted Blount's findings and found the overthrow was a completely internal affair. Cleveland dropped all talk of reinstating the queen, and went on to recognize and maintain diplomatic relations with the new 644:

Grant was a man of peace, and almost wholly devoted to domestic affairs. There were no foreign-policy disasters, and no wars to engage in. Besides Grant himself, the main players in foreign affairs were Secretary of State

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expressed profound regret for the tragedy and was willing to make reparations through arbitration. Fish negotiated reparations with the Spanish minister Senor Poly y Bernabe. With Grant's approval, Spain was to surrender

1235:. These ships had inflicted tremendous damage to U.S. shipping, as insurance rates soared and shippers switched to British ships. Washington wanted the British to pay heavy damages, perhaps including turning over Canada. 1770:, refused to appropriate funds for seven more steel warships. Even without the additional ships, the state of the Navy improved when, after several construction delays, the last of the new ships entered service in 1889. 389:. Cleveland faced the challenge of putting together the first Democratic cabinet since the 1850s, and none of the individuals that he appointed to his cabinet had served in the cabinet of another administration. Senator 503:

in 1861, while France established a puppet regime in Mexico. However, many in Europe also hoped for a quick end to the civil war, for both humanitarian purposes and due to the economic disruption caused by the war.

2121:. Grant defended Rogers in his third annual message to Congress in December 1871. After a change in regimes in Seoul, in 1881, the U.S. negotiated a treaty – the first treaty between Korea and a Western nation. 1637:

with Canada, as Harrison and Blaine believed that Canada was an integral part of the British economic bloc and could never be integrated into a trade system dominated by the U.S. On another front, Harrison sent

1107:. Grant defended Rogers in his third annual message to Congress in December 1871. After a change in regimes in Seoul, in 1881, the U.S. negotiated a treaty – the first treaty between Korea and a Western nation. 3660: 475:

The U.S. and the CSA both recognized the potential importance of foreign powers in the Civil War, as a European intervention could greatly aid the Confederate cause, much as French intervention in the

363:. Arthur quickly came into conflict with Garfield's cabinet, most of whom represented opposing factions within the party, and Blaine resigned in December 1881. To replace Blaine, the president chose 2736: 831:. With Grant's prodding in the Senate, Sumner was finally deposed from the Foreign Relations Committee. Grant reshaped his coalition, known as "New Radicals", working with enemies of Sumner such as 191:" diplomacy was a failure—Britain needed American food more than it needed Confederate cotton. Every nation was officially neutral throughout the war, and none formally recognized the Confederacy. 2117:. Several hundred Korean soldiers and three Americans were killed. Korea still refused to negotiate, and the American fleet sailed away. The Koreans refer to this 1871 U.S. military action as 1103:. Several hundred Korean soldiers and three Americans were killed. Korea still refused to negotiate, and the American fleet sailed away. The Koreans refer to this 1871 U.S. military action as 2138:

to threaten Germany with retaliation by initiating an embargo against Germany's popular beet sugar. That proved decisive, and in September 1891 Germany relented; other nations soon followed.

2180:. Egan, previously a militant Irish immigrant to the U.S., was motivated by a personal desire to thwart Great Britain's influence in Chile. The crisis began in earnest when sailors from the 1617:

Blaine returned as Secretary of State under President Harrison in 1889, Blaine and Harrison pursued ambitious foreign policy that emphasized commercial reciprocity with other nations. The

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Seward succeeded in his main goal: to keep Britain and France from recognizing the Confederacy, which counted heavily on them to go to war to protect their supply of cotton. Confederate "

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to allow outside experts to settle disputes. Grant's able Secretary of State Hamilton Fish had orchestrated many of the events leading up to the treaty. Previously, Secretary of State

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to allow outside experts to settle disputes. Grant's able Secretary of State Hamilton Fish had orchestrated many of the events leading up to the treaty. Previously, Secretary of State

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President Harrison sought to annex the kingdom, which held a strategic position in the Pacific Ocean, and hosted a growing sugar business controlled by American settlers. Following a

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The second Cleveland administration was as committed to military modernization as the first, and ordered the first ships of a navy capable of offensive action. The adoption of the

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after the crew of a stranded American commercial ship was executed. The long-term goal for the Grant Administration was to open Korea to Western markets in the same way Commodore

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after the crew of a stranded American commercial ship was executed. The long-term goal for the Grant Administration was to open Korea to Western markets in the same way Commodore

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During the Civil War, the Lincoln administration succeeded in ensuring that the European powers, including Great Britain and France, did not directly intervene on the side of the

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under which they were allowed to engage in trade and maintain a naval base, but Cleveland feared that the Germans sought to annex Samoa after the Germans attempted to remove

1318:

were 128,000 American-born residents in Canada (3.5% of the Canadian population) and 1.18 million Canadian-born residents in the United States (1.6% of the U.S. population).

8166: 7348: 1692:, appointed an advisory board to prepare a report on modernization. Based on the suggestions in the report, Congress appropriated funds for the construction of three steel 1481:

When President Arthur took office, there were 250,000 Chinese immigrants in the United States, most of whom lived in California and worked as farmers or laborers. Senator

1254:

In April 1869, the U.S. Senate overwhelmingly rejected a proposed treaty which paid too little and contained no admission of British guilt for prolonging the war. Senator

712:

for the island nation's sugar production. He also organized a peace conference and treaty in Washington D.C. between South American countries and Spain. Fish worked with

8509: 8171: 1115:

An expansionist, Secretary of State Seward sought opportunities to gain territory for the United States during Johnson's presidency. In 1867, he negotiated a treaty with

984:

In April 1869, the U.S. Senate overwhelmingly rejected a proposed treaty that paid too little and contained no admission of British guilt for prolonging the war. Senator

6760: 5881: 4522: 194:

The major nations all recognized that the Confederacy had certain rights as an organized belligerent. A few nations did take advantage of the war. Spain recaptured its

7960: 6957: 5950: 1119:

to purchase the Danish West Indies for $ 7.5 million, but the Senate refused to ratify it. Seward also proposed to acquire British Columbia as a trade-off against the

136:, seeking to increase American prosperity and prevent British domination of the region. The U.S. became involved in a protracted dispute with Germany and Britain over 3671: 1645:, but failed in his attempts to establish a naval base there. There were a few minor trade squabbles with other countries, usually handled quietly by the diplomats. 7980: 7975: 7965: 7955: 5960: 1766:, Pennsylvania, even though Roach once employed Secretary Chandler as a lobbyist. Democrats turned against the "New Navy" projects and, when they won control of the 5586:

Belligerents, Brinkmanship, and the Big Stick: A Historical Encyclopedia of American Diplomatic Concepts: A Historical Encyclopedia of American Diplomatic Concepts

1490:

into law on May 6, 1882. Secretary of State Bayard later negotiated an extension to the Chinese Exclusion Act, and Cleveland lobbied the Congress to pass the

6293: 1412:

independent Cuba would ultimately fall to another European power. He issued a proclamation of neutrality in June 1895 and warned that he would stop any attempted

8885: 6534: 5926: 585:

of France sought to re-establish a French empire in North America, with Mexico at the center of an empire that he hoped would eventually include a canal across

6241: 5995: 5970: 10003: 9205: 1621:

met in Washington in 1889; Harrison set an aggressive agenda including customs and currency integration and named a bipartisan conference delegation led by

9538: 7945: 5965: 5955: 6219: 1857:. Completion of these ships nearly doubled the Navy's battleships and created a new torpedo boat force, which previously had consisted of only two boats. 6485: 6452: 6377: 6318: 6110: 6005: 5938: 3426:

How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda

567:, in which the United States finally was given $ 15.5 million in arbitration by an international tribunal for damages caused by British-built warships. 7381: 5990: 5975: 248:. On taking office, Johnson promised to continue the policies of his predecessor, and he initially kept Lincoln's cabinet in place. Secretary of State 1943:

petitioned for annexation by the United States. Harrison was interested in expanding American influence in Hawaii and in establishing a naval base at

9993: 6962: 6015: 6010: 6000: 5985: 1618: 7458: 9656: 8936: 5980: 1573: 750:, then known as Santo Domingo. Previously in 1868, President Andrew Johnson had proposed annexation but Congress refused. In July 1869 Grant sent 7923: 6706: 5874: 2088: 1074: 1057: 444: 169: 1549:. Blaine favored a resolution that would not result in Peru yielding any territory, but Chile, which by 1881 had occupied the Peruvian capital, 1210:

during the Johnson administration first proposed an initial treaty concerning damages done to American merchants by three Confederate warships,

948:

during the Johnson administration first proposed an initial treaty concerning damages done to American merchants by three Confederate warships,

380: 9461: 8091: 7478: 6748: 6020: 8712: 7715: 7473: 7294: 6977: 6864: 6382: 5933: 5921: 5911: 5906: 5901: 82: 1629:. Though the conference failed to achieve any diplomatic breakthrough, it did succeed in establishing an information center that became the 9508: 9071: 7283: 6897: 6723: 6369: 2196:"erroneous or deliberately incorrect," and said that the Chilean government was treating the affair the same as any other criminal matter. 3461: 9851: 9819: 9575: 9548: 9444: 9039: 7846: 7542: 6685: 1386:. Secretary of State Fish kept a cool demeanor in the crisis, and through investigation discovered there was a question over whether the 526:

A serious diplomatic dispute between the U.S. and Great Britain arose late in 1861. The Union Navy intercepted a British mail ship, the

397:

canal treaty, and generally was less of an expansionist in foreign relations than his Republican predecessors. He did, however, see the

10221: 9343: 7895: 7808: 6133: 5867: 4823:

Chang, Gordon H. (2003). "Whose "Barbarism"? Whose "Treachery"? Race and Civilization in the Unknown United States-Korea War of 1871".

1453: 974: 784: 681:

one of the greatest Secretaries of States in United States history. Fish served as Secretary of State for nearly the entire two terms.

546: 535: 252:

became one of the most influential members of Johnson's Cabinet, and Johnson allowed Seward to pursue an expansionary foreign policy.

10236: 9632: 8474: 8401: 8296: 6997: 6268: 6081: 1684:

declined precipitously, shrinking from nearly 700 vessels to just 52, most of which were obsolete. Garfield's Secretary of the Navy,

747: 593:

Mexico. While the official justification was the collection of debts, France eventually established a puppet state under the rule of

563:, over vehement protests from the United States. The controversy would ultimately be resolved after the Civil War in the form of the 517: 8642: 3974:

For the largest dispute see John L. Gignilliat, "Pigs, politics, and protection: the European boycott of American pork, 1879-1891."

2873:

Robert C. Smith, "Presidential Responsiveness to Black Interests From Grant to Biden: The Power of the Vote, the Power of Protest."

827:

Unable constitutionally to go directly after Sen. Sumner, Grant immediately removed Sumner's close and respected friend Ambassador,

10241: 10231: 10226: 10008: 9889: 9570: 9543: 9439: 9401: 9112: 8797: 8499: 8389: 8374: 8121: 8111: 7338: 7251: 7017: 6599: 6594: 6400: 6170: 6114: 849: 461:

of Massachusetts was initially appointed as Attorney General but succeeded Gresham as Secretary of State after the latter's death.

450: 424: 386: 340: 299: 273: 176: 4295:

George W. Baker, "Benjamin Harrison and Hawaiian Annexation: A Reinterpretation." Pacific Historical Review 33.3 (1964): 295-309.

3446:

How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States

10216: 9840: 9587: 9364: 9122: 9060: 8901: 8733: 8541: 8316: 7918: 7827: 7490: 7343: 7272: 6582: 6229: 6101: 6038: 5890: 1920:, who was seeking the export of Hawaiian sugar duty-free to the United States. Grant and Fish were able to produce a successful 1399:, pay an indemnity to the surviving families of the Americans executed, and salute the American flag; the episode ended quietly. 10206: 9456: 9170: 8845: 8116: 7913: 6952: 6743: 6738: 6514: 6155: 4519: 10211: 9666: 8494: 8419: 7537: 6554: 6405: 6364: 6138: 6048: 5484: 5439: 5410: 5386: 5367: 5341: 5268: 5230: 5201: 5159: 5128: 5049: 4935: 4912: 4888: 4779: 4735: 4712: 4443: 1963:

as a tyrant who rejected constitutional government. In early 1893, they overthrew her, set up a republican government under

9948: 9498: 8812: 8279: 8138: 8030: 7556: 7496: 6587: 6564: 5768:

May, Robert E. "The Irony of Confederate Diplomacy: Visions of Empire, the Monroe Doctrine, and the Quest for Nationhood."

2691: 2042: 1291:

The first problem Harrison faced arose from disputed fishing rights on the Alaskan coast. After Canada claimed fishing and

729: 590: 315: 241: 118: 977:

to the claims, stating that they were responsible for prolonging the war by two years by smuggling in weapons through the

10013: 9894: 9884: 9879: 9661: 9580: 9553: 9449: 9117: 9074: 8840: 8802: 8384: 8369: 8257: 8249: 8106: 7516: 7468: 7286: 6987: 6967: 6577: 6572: 6529: 6334: 1826: 1449: 470: 348: 164: 34: 9165: 7940: 7022: 6921: 6884: 6457: 6339: 4990: 4969: 3361:

David E. Shi, "Seward's Attempt to Annex British Columbia, 1865-1869." Pacific Historical Review 47.2 (1978): 217-238.

2010:

the United States ( Columbia) rejects De Lesseps plan for a French-owned Panama Canal. By Thomas Nast, April 10, 1880,

867:

treaty were ratified. U.S. Navy ships, with Grant's authorization, had been sent to protect Báez from an invasion by a

705: 611: 360: 8432: 2006: 1794:, which were designed to match modern armored ships recently acquired by South American countries from Europe. Eleven 9938: 9617: 9150: 9107: 8941: 8860: 8827: 8705: 8479: 8462: 8025: 7483: 7353: 7012: 6972: 6947: 6802: 6497: 6349: 6194: 5518: 5502: 5460: 5318: 4800: 4393: 4188: 3521: 3391: 2299: 2118: 2059: 1932: 1041: 576: 293: 6209: 2860:(two volumes 1937, 932 pages), winner of the Pulitzer Prize. The most recent scholarly survey is Charles W Calhoun, 2803: 795:, assistant to Sec. Hamilton Fish, was secretly giving information to Sen. Sumner on state department negotiations. 9431: 8817: 8409: 8338: 7886: 7705: 7532: 6902: 6780: 6660: 6614: 6288: 5943: 1653: 1610:

Treaty, which would have allowed the United States to build a canal connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans via

1336: 1016:

The Tribunal met on neutral territory in Geneva, Switzerland. The panel of five international arbitrators included

888: 364: 306:

in favor of moderates, and also disregarded anyone whom he considered a potential presidential contender. He chose

266: 237: 5567:

Clayton, Lawrence. "The Nicaragua Canal in the Nineteenth Century: Prelude to American Empire in the Caribbean."

9930: 9812: 9481: 9142: 9032: 8526: 8514: 7990: 7985: 7970: 7411: 7406: 7401: 7396: 7007: 6844: 6765: 6753: 6728: 6308: 6303: 1630: 625: 414: 359:. Garfield and Blaine formulated several ambitious plans, but they ultimately came to nothing after Garfield was 331: 327: 5823: 4180:

The Encyclopedia of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History

2346:(two volumes 1937) 932 PP, winner of the Pulitzer Prize. the most recent scholarly survey is Charles W Calhoun, 1194:

John Bull (Great Britain) is dwarfed by a gigantic inflated American "Alabama Claim" cartoon by Joseph Swain in

932:

John Bull (Great Britain) is dwarfed by a gigantic inflated American "Alabama Claim" cartoon by Joseph Swain in

9874: 9843: 9486: 9367: 9336: 9063: 8736: 8262: 7905: 7830: 7801: 7700: 7501: 7443: 7371: 7302: 7275: 6869: 6807: 6775: 6426: 6104: 1482: 261: 38: 2191:

and a fight ensued, resulting in the deaths of two American sailors and the arrest of three dozen others. The

1134:) as a financial liability, and feared eventually losing it if a war broke out with Britain. Russian minister 9406: 9375: 8865: 8855: 8782: 8612: 8076: 7463: 6711: 6507: 6125: 6074: 5543:

Bastert, Russell. "Diplomatic Reversal: Frelinghuysen's Opposition to Blaine's Pan American Policy in 1882"

1437: 89: 4581:

Suellen Hoy, and Walter Nugent. "Public health or protectionism? The German-American pork war, 1880-1891."

3536:

Charles Perry Stacey, "Fenianism and the Rise of National Feeling in Canada at the Time of Confederation."

628:

on raids into Texas. Three months after taking office, President Hayes granted the Army the power to pursue

9602: 9411: 9005: 8906: 8698: 7363: 7244: 7157: 6859: 6816: 6698: 6462: 3453: 3433: 1889:, to rebel against Malietoa, and in doing so Mata'afa's forces killed a contingent of German naval guards. 1429: 832: 453:. In assembling his second cabinet, Cleveland avoided re-appointing the cabinet members of his first term. 224: 10057: 10029: 9963: 9953: 9597: 9493: 9471: 9396: 9221: 8875: 8762: 8343: 8010: 7726: 7608: 7448: 7391: 6792: 6634: 6524: 6467: 6420: 6354: 6251: 2134:

Inspection Act of 1890 to guarantee the quality of the export product, and ordered Agriculture Secretary

1767: 1578: 1527: 1445: 1177: 915: 102: 4946: 4553:

John L. Gignilliat, "Pigs, Politics, and Protection: The European Boycott of American Pork, 1879-1891,"

10095: 9914: 9805: 9309: 9255: 9025: 8215: 8066: 7649: 7626: 7564: 7217: 6273: 1904:

convened a conference in Berlin to settle the matter. Delegates from the three countries agreed to the

1841: 1263: 1017: 993: 709: 488: 476: 6204: 10179: 10089: 10077: 9785: 9622: 9533: 9329: 9200: 9195: 8744: 8678: 8484: 8427: 8186: 8126: 8046: 7794: 7720: 7669: 7115: 6797: 6447: 6442: 6199: 5007: 2177: 1847: 1408: 1268: 1203: 941: 690: 195: 142: 105:

helped restore friendly relations between Britain and the United States. In 1867, Secretary of State

2663:

Abraham Lincoln and a New Birth of Freedom: the Union and Slavery in the Diplomacy of the Civil War,

10042: 9730: 9678: 8772: 8328: 8230: 7596: 7438: 7205: 6992: 6914: 6344: 6214: 6067: 5763:

Abraham Lincoln and a New Birth of Freedom: The Union and Slavery in the Diplomacy of the Civil War

4815: 2864:(2017), pp. 151–261, 329–361 426–432. The recent one-volume biographies summarize the main topics. 2350:(2017), pages 151-261, 329-61 426-32. The recent one volume biographies summarize the main topics. 1900:

in the Pacific. Seeking to improve relations with Britain and the United States, German Chancellor

1775: 1577:

arbitration to all disputes between the two countries, the United States and Britain agreed to the

6313: 4883:. Biographies in American Foreign Policy. Vol. 4. Wilmington, Delaware: Scholarly Resources. 2737:"Historians reveal secrets of UK gun-running which lengthened the American civil war by two years" 1463:

negotiated with the Chinese to reduce the number of Chinese immigrants. The resulting accord, the

9983: 9180: 8550: 8198: 8181: 7851: 7774: 7674: 7659: 7506: 7237: 7067: 6549: 5142:

James Milton Turner and the Promise of America – The Public Life of a Post-Civil War Black Leader

5011: 3227: 2173: 1952:

to act, and President Cleveland withdrew the treaty shortly after taking office later that year.

1948: 1905: 1066: 779:

Not only did Grant believe that the island would be of strategic value to the Navy, particularly

6180: 5702:

Ayers, Edward L. "The American Civil War, Emancipation, and Reconstruction on the World Stage."

5624:

Struggle for the American Mediterranean: The U.S.-Euro Rivalry in the Gulf-Caribbean, 1776-1904

2549:

William Michael Morgan, "The anti-Japanese origins of the Hawaiian Annexation treaty of 1897."

538:

protested vehemently, while the American public cheered. Lincoln ended the crisis, known as the

298:

Rutherford Hayes succeeded Grant following his victory in the extremely close and controversial

10107: 10037: 9673: 9243: 9127: 8931: 8835: 8519: 8203: 8133: 7684: 7679: 7590: 6854: 6678: 6519: 3444: 3424: 3378:

The Diplomacy of Trade and Investment: American Economic Expansion in the Hemisphere, 1865–1900

1977: 1495: 594: 457:, a former Republican who had served in President Arthur's cabinet, became Secretary of State. 203: 5429: 4620: 4618: 4178: 3552: 3383: 10137: 10071: 9958: 9921: 9185: 9132: 8926: 8880: 8787: 8777: 8574: 8333: 8101: 8051: 7654: 7433: 7305: 7151: 7109: 7085: 7002: 6942: 6733: 5638:

The Caribbean Policy of the Ulysses S. Grant Administration: Foreshadowing an Informal Empire

5151: 3511: 1763: 1742: 1726: 1557:. In October 1883, the War of the Pacific was settled without American involvement, with the 1487: 1475: 1464: 1413: 97: 5000:

Hackett, Frank Warren (1911). "Chapter III: The Alabama Claims – The Treaty of Washington".

4385: 1928:, incorporating the Pacific islands' sugar industry into the United States' economy sphere. 1822: 10131: 9973: 9899: 9712: 9627: 9378: 8921: 8624: 8606: 8600: 8582: 8450: 8442: 8437: 8056: 7866: 7061: 6544: 5260: 4898: 4615: 4514:

Uwe Spiekermann, "Dangerous Meat? German-American Quarrels Over Pork And Beef, 1870–1900"

2242:

James W. Cortada, "Spain and the American Civil War: Relations at Mid-century, 1855–1868."

2135: 2026: 1921: 1759: 1748: 1460: 401:

as an important plank of foreign policy, and he sought to protect American hegemony in the

368: 147: 18: 5859: 5085:

Hutchinson, C.P. (April 1947). "The Present Status of Our Immigration Laws and Policies".

4435: 759: 385:

Democrat Grover Cleveland became president in 1885 after defeating James G. Blaine in the

351:, and the Maine senator received the place of honor: Secretary of State. Blaine, a former 8: 10119: 10101: 10083: 9904: 9869: 9476: 9296: 9261: 8969: 8915: 8721: 8664: 8636: 8489: 8455: 8061: 7881: 7876: 7614: 7453: 7428: 7079: 7055: 6647: 6628: 6604: 6359: 6175: 5256: 2683: 2181: 2151: 2100: 2068: 1990: 1947:, but had not previously expressed an opinion on annexing the islands. The United States 1833: 1813: 1716: 1689: 1599: 1456: 1086: 1050: 828: 713: 303: 54: 5798:

Frank Lawrence Owsley, "The Confederacy and King Cotton: A Study in Economic Coercion,"

5783: 5001: 872: 310:, who had defended President Andrew Johnson against impeachment, as Secretary of State. 10125: 9742: 9291: 9160: 9099: 9093: 8850: 8807: 8558: 8306: 8154: 8071: 7950: 7861: 7632: 7602: 7418: 7386: 7169: 7127: 7103: 6928: 6874: 6665: 6502: 6374: 6246: 6160: 5682: 5648: 5330: 5187: 5147: 5102: 4980: 4848: 4765: 3232: 2110: 1986: 1916:

In December 1874, Grant held a state dinner at the White House for the King of Hawaii,

1886: 1736: 1710: 1698: 1681: 1638: 1534: 1190: 1096: 928: 868: 817: 803: 751: 500: 402: 356: 245: 122: 74: 5842:

Sexton, Jay. "Toward a synthesis of foreign relations in the Civil War era, 1848–77."

5818:

Prior, David M., et al. "Teaching the Civil War Era in Global Context: A Discussion."

3879: 2017: 1558: 1470: 746:

In 1869, Grant proposed to annex the independent Spanish-speaking black nation of the

355:, shared Garfield's opinion on the need to promote freer trade, especially within the 10065: 9828: 9764: 9757: 9718: 9694: 9518: 9503: 9276: 9048: 8991: 8311: 7871: 7572: 7328: 7049: 6982: 6935: 6834: 6641: 6622: 6263: 6165: 5742: 5596: 5514: 5498: 5480: 5474: 5470: 5456: 5435: 5416: 5406: 5396: 5382: 5363: 5356: 5337: 5314: 5308: 5274: 5264: 5226: 5207: 5197: 5165: 5155: 5140: 5124: 5118: 5073: 5045: 5015: 4986: 4965: 4931: 4924: 4908: 4902: 4884: 4867: 4861: 4840: 4796: 4790: 4775: 4741: 4731: 4727: 4708: 4691: 4439: 4389: 4378: 4184: 3865: 3863: 3517: 3387: 3376: 3257: 3026:

Harold T. Pinkett, "Efforts to Annex Santo Domingo to the United States, 1866–1871."

2706:

Kinley J. Brauer, "British Mediation and the American Civil War: A Reconsideration,"

2687: 2295: 2271:

Kinley J. Brauer, "British Mediation and the American Civil War: A Reconsideration,"

2114: 2113:

assaults that destroyed 5 Korean forts. These military engagements were known as the

2034: 1901: 1829: 1809: 1799: 1795: 1754: 1731: 1704: 1693: 1622: 1425: 1332: 1272: 1207: 1135: 1131: 1100: 1099:

assaults that destroyed 5 Korean forts. These military engagements were known as the

1029: 1021: 945: 884: 806:

appointed by Grant believed Santo Domingo annexation would benefit the United States.

654: 454: 420: 336: 311: 307: 276:. Besides Grant himself, the main players in foreign affairs were Secretary of State 249: 180: 106: 70: 62: 58: 22: 4959: 2565:

Michael J. Devine, "John W. Foster and the Struggle for the Annexation of Hawaii."

1825:

rifle, the U.S. Army's first bolt-action repeating rifle, was finalized. In 1895–96

1607: 1390:

ship had the right to bear the United States flag. The Spanish Republic's President

1365: 616:

Once the Confederacy was defeated, President Johnson and General Grant sent General

10165: 10158: 9998: 9771: 9706: 9560: 9523: 9421: 9352: 9283: 8984: 8767: 8588: 8531: 8301: 8235: 8208: 8193: 7856: 7817: 7748: 7121: 6892: 6415: 6224: 5854: 5351: 5191: 5114: 5094: 4832: 3440: 3420: 2162: 2092: 2080: 1925: 1892:

By 1889, the United States, Great Britain and Germany were locked in an escalating

1878: 1789: 1783: 1642: 1603: 1491: 1360: 1308: 1296: 1078: 840: 698: 598: 390: 269: 78: 66: 50: 5533:

Bastert, Russell. "A New Approach to the Origins of Blaine's Pan American Policy"

5450: 5249: 3860: 1960: 1936: 798: 633: 10143: 9978: 9607: 9513: 8957: 8468: 8350: 8321: 8081: 7761: 7756: 7741: 7423: 6829: 6539: 6490: 6278: 6143: 6090: 5297: 5220: 4769: 4681: 4526: 4460:

Pacific Gibraltar: U.S.-Japanese Rivalry Over the Annexation of Hawaii, 1885-1898

4428: 4254:

Barry Rigby, "The origins of American expansion in Hawaii and Samoa, 1865–1900."

3493:

Richard E. Welch, "American public opinion and the purchase of Russian America."

3345:

Halvdan Koht, "The Origin of Seward's Plan to Purchase the Danish West Indies."

2741: 2289: 2046: 1964: 1940: 1805: 1685: 1626: 1391: 1370: 1164: 1140: 1127: 836: 617: 586: 496: 449:

Grover Cleveland regained the presidency in 1893 after defeating Harrison in the

398: 344: 233: 172: 129: 114: 110: 93: 42: 4051: 4049: 4047: 9736: 9700: 9648: 9612: 9175: 8657: 8015: 7548: 7323: 7260: 7191: 7184: 7145: 7091: 7044: 7036: 6909: 6822: 6655: 6432: 6258: 5756:

Blue & Gray Diplomacy: A History of Union and Confederate Foreign Relations

5603:

Politics, Strategy, and American Diplomacy: Studies in Foreign Policy 1873-1917

5507: 5239:

McWilliams, Tennant S., "James H. Blount, the South, and Hawaiian Annexation."

5037: 1897: 1882: 1874: 1589:

President Garfield and Secretary of State Blaine sought to increase trade with

1569: 1507: 1383: 1347: 1343: 1280: 1259: 1255: 1232: 1225: 1181: 1120: 989: 985: 978: 970: 963: 919: 902: 895: 845: 821: 792: 788: 738: 674: 650: 564: 428: 347:'s delegates had provided much of the support for Garfield's nomination at the 281: 229: 46: 5813:

Lincoln in the World: The Making of a Statesman and the Dawn of American Power

5773: 4408:

Tennant S. McWilliams, "James H. Blount, the South, and Hawaiian Annexation."

3742: 3740: 1581:

in 1897, but the treaty fell three votes short of ratification in the Senate.

198:. It lost it again in 1865. More serious was the war by France, under Emperor 10195: 10113: 10047: 9724: 9592: 8792: 8630: 8220: 7664: 7620: 7097: 6849: 6148: 5138:

Kremer, Gary R. (1991). "Chapter V: The Preservation of a Noble Experiment".

5003:

Reminiscences of the Geneva Tribunal of Arbitration, 1872, the Alabama Claims

4844: 4065: 4044: 2629:

The Cause of All Nations: An International History of the American Civil War

2533:

Milton Plesur, "America Looking Outward: The Years From Hayes to Harrison."

1982: 1893: 1870: 1866: 1832:, having recently adopted the aggressive naval strategy advocated by Captain 1595: 1590: 1441: 1433: 1276: 1185: 1025: 923: 864: 768: 755: 734: 665: 661: 646: 553: 534:

to Europe. The incident aroused public outrage in Britain; the government of

479:

had helped the United States gain its independence. At the start of the war,

458: 352: 277: 133: 5725:

The Cause of All Nations: An International History of the American Civil War

5420: 5278: 5169: 3785: 3783: 2188: 2087:

in 1854 by a Naval display of military force. On May 30, 1871, Rear Admiral

1602:

were defeated by February 1885, and an existing reciprocity treaty with the

1436:, Chinese immigrants were blamed for depressing workmen's wages. During the 1073:

in 1854 by a Naval display of military force. On May 30, 1871, Rear Admiral

860: 780: 772: 763: 9249: 8618: 7710: 7333: 7139: 6839: 6770: 6672: 6437: 6410: 6283: 6185: 5211: 5019: 4871: 4745: 4695: 4341: 4319: 4317: 3737: 3694: 3692: 3576:

Permeable Border: The Great Lakes Region as Transnational Region, 1650–1990

2853: 2339: 1944: 1854: 1292: 1158: 1139:

and President Johnson summoned the Senate into session and it approved the

1104: 717: 582: 539: 199: 5400: 2505:

A.T. Volwiler, "Harrison, Blaine, and American Foreign Policy, 1889-1893"

9565: 9237: 9190: 8870: 8594: 8159: 7073: 6716: 4753: 4685: 4018: 4016: 3780: 2130: 1779: 1523: 1243: 1218: 1211: 1005: 956: 949: 856: 762:

for the annexation of Santo Domingo to the United States and the sale of

720:

war. President Grant said he trusted Fish the most for political advice.

708:

that would ultimately lead to Hawaiian statehood, by having negotiated a

557: 484: 188: 5803: 5728: 4658: 4586: 4563: 4314: 4261: 4197: 3956: 3931: 3689: 2554: 2538: 2491: 1917: 1522:

region to Paraguay, and the Paraguayans honored him by renaming a city (

9968: 8963: 8225: 7133: 5793: 5679:

The Awkward Years: American Foreign Relations under Garfield and Arthur

5548: 5538: 5106: 5077: 4852: 4558: 4542: 4413: 4296: 4284: 4243:

The Samoan Tangle: A Study in Anglo-German-American Relations 1878–1900

3979: 3498: 3362: 3350: 3031: 2711: 2570: 2421: 2419: 2276: 2247: 2030: 1837: 1519: 816:

to vigorously oppose and speak out against annexation. Grant appointed

771:

as an American state, the United States' acquisition of the rights for

208: 8690: 5665: 5572: 4013: 3799: 2510: 9988: 9528: 8176: 5732: 3985: 2467: 2465: 2084: 2064: 1611: 1565: 1511: 1070: 1046: 445:

Presidencies of Grover Cleveland § Second presidency (1893–1897)

394: 9797: 9017: 5098: 4836: 4795:. American Presidency. Lawrence, Kan.: The Regents Press of Kansas. 4634: 4591: 4483: 3949:

Allan B. Spetter, "Harrison and Blaine: No Reciprocity for Canada."

2416: 2146: 1873:, and Great Britain. Each of those nations had signed a treaty with 639: 381:

Presidencies of Grover Cleveland § First presidency (1885–1889)

9416: 9321: 7928: 7786: 2520: 2518: 2038: 1956: 1515: 1202:

Historians have credited the Treaty of Washington for implementing

940:

Historians have credited the Treaty of Washington for implementing

629: 6059: 5672:

America's Outward Thrust: Approaches to Foreign Affairs 1865–1890.

5631:

The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansion, 1860-1898

4279:

Julius W. Pratt, "The Hawaiian Revolution: A Re-Interpretation."

4230:

The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansion, 1860–1898

2486:

Allan Spetter, "Harrison and Blaine: Foreign Policy, 1889 1893."

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businessmen of European and American ancestry had denounced Queen

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5716:

Doyle, Don H. "The Global Civil War." in Aaron Sheehan-Dean ed.,

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revealed that Babcock and Ingalls both had land interests in the

542:, by releasing the two diplomats, who had been seized illegally. 321: 4537:

Louis L. Snyder, "The American-German Pork Dispute, 1879-1891."

2515: 2176:, granted asylum to Chileans who were seeking refuge during the 1568:

disagreed over the boundary between Venezuela and the colony of

758:

who negotiated a draft treaty with Dominican Republic president

5835:

Sexton, Jay. "Civil War Diplomacy." in Aaron Sheehan-Dean ed.,

3459: 1231:

built in Britain. These damages were collectively known as the

969:

built in Britain. These damages were collectively known as the

480: 5593:

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4089:

689:

Claims with Britain through his development of the concept of

132:

and President Harrison pursued an ambitious trade policy with

4904:

The Presidencies of James A. Garfield & Chester A. Arthur

4758:

The Man Who Saved The Union Ulysses S. Grant in War and Peace

3715: 3713: 3711: 3010: 3008: 3006: 3004: 2169: 2096: 1542: 1533:

Secretary of State Blaine sought to negotiate a peace in the

1238: 1082: 1000: 438: 137: 5299:

Hamilton Fish: The Inner History of the Grant Administration

5247:

Miller, Nathan (1997) . "Chapter 6: The Naval Renaissance".

5061:

From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776

4866:. New York City: Lamere Publishing Company. pp. 49–54. 4707:. Newtown, Connecticut: American Political Biography Press. 4646: 4430:

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4329: 4217:

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2757:

The Alabama, British Neutrality, and the American Civil War.

2344:

Hamilton Fish: The inner history of the Grant administration

2320: 2021:

A political cartoon from 1882, criticizing Chinese exclusion

374: 280:

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4122:

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1550: 1546: 1510:, President Hayes arbitrated a territorial dispute between 694: 649:

and the chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee

3907: 3708: 3171: 3159: 3001: 2382: 2380: 1989:. In 1898, after Cleveland left office, the United States 855:

A Congressional investigation in June 1870 led by Senator

423:

became president in 1889 after defeating Cleveland in the

339:, a Republican, succeeded Hayes in 1881 after winning the 5851:

Stanton; the life and times of Lincoln's Secretary of War

3770: 3768: 3100: 3098: 3096: 2821: 2365: 716:, America's first African American consul, to settle the 693:. Fish kept the United States out of war with Spain over 495:

ways to exploit the inability of the U.S. to enforce the

5070:

Chester A. Arthur, A Quarter-Century of Machine Politics

4603: 4032: 3639: 3637: 3513:

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Throughout the 1870s, "lawless bands" often crossed the

556:, built two warships for the Confederacy, including the 302:. In choosing the members of his cabinet, Hayes spurned 8886:

List of federal judges appointed by Rutherford B. Hayes

5830:

France and the American Civil War. A diplomatic history

3083: 3081: 3079: 3077: 2377: 2308: 1812:

were also ordered, along with the experimental cruiser

632:, even if it required crossing into Mexican territory. 4953:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 397–400. 3765: 3725: 3093: 3062: 2958:

United States Department of State (December 4, 1871),

2880: 1885:. The U.S. encouraged another claimant to the throne, 1782:. These ships included the "second-class battleships" 1688:, had advocated reform of the Navy and his successor, 1648: 1302: 1123:, but the British were uninterested in this proposal. 464: 10202:

History of the foreign relations of the United States

10004:

List of federal judges appointed by Benjamin Harrison

9206:

List of federal judges appointed by Chester A. Arthur

3895: 3634: 3475: 3277: 3262: 3249: 3247: 3245: 3243: 2977: 2940: 2404: 2209: 1657:

The "Squadron of Evolution" at anchor in 1889, after

1553:, rejected any settlement that restored the previous 723: 530:, on the high seas and seized two Confederate envoys 408: 5376: 4664: 4640: 4628: 4597: 4569: 4323: 4267: 4203: 3962: 3937: 3562: 3074: 2678:

Gallien, Max; Weigand, Florian (December 21, 2021).

2471: 218: 158: 5711:The United States and France: Civil War Diplomacy. 4425: 2780: 1467:, allowed the U.S. to suspend Chinese immigration. 125:, but it failed to win ratification by the Senate. 5355: 5329: 5248: 5139: 4923: 4427: 4377: 3589:The Canadian Annual Review of Public Affairs: 1902 3375: 3240: 2244:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 1432:into the country. As the economy soured after the 767:to the Dominican national debt, the annexation of 545:British financiers built and operated most of the 287: 255: 117:. The Grant administration negotiated a treaty to 9994:First International Conference of American States 5689:The Foreign Policy of Thomas F. Bayard, 1885-1897 4907:. Lawrence, Kansas: The Regents Press of Kansas. 3400: 3373: 3327: 2507:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 2260:The United States and France: Civil War Diplomacy 1619:First International Conference of American States 640:Foreign policy of Grant administration, 1869–1877 10193: 5377:Socolofsky, Homer E.; Spetter, Allan B. (1987). 5044:. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. 4982:Ulysses S. Grant: Memoirs & Selected Letters 3602:The Transformation of American Foreign Relations 3191:The Transformation of American Foreign Relations 2904: 2892: 2124: 2095:, arrived at the mouth of the Salee River below 1081:, arrived at the mouth of the Salee River below 31:history of U.S. foreign policy from 1861 to 1897 3509: 2809: 2161:In 1891, a new diplomatic crisis, known as the 1730:. Congress also approved funds to rebuild four 621:eventually captured and executed in June 1867. 272:succeeded Johnson following his victory in the 25:served as Secretary of State from 1861 to 1869. 5782:(1945), Popular study of Lincoln the diplomat 4176: 3668:Issues & Controversies in American History 2677: 1501: 322:Garfield and Arthur administrations, 1881–1885 9813: 9337: 9033: 8706: 7802: 7245: 6075: 5875: 5601:Grenville, J.A.S. and George Berkeley Young. 5358:Gentleman Boss: The Life of Chester A. Arthur 5196:. New York City: W. W. Norton & Company. 4362: 4360: 2800:Mexico and the foreign policy of Napoleon III 2730: 2728: 1428:with China, allowing an unrestricted flow of 1258:spoke up before Congress; publicly denounced 988:spoke up before Congress; publicly denounced 697:independence by coolly handling the volatile 77:1861 and ended with the 1897 inauguration of 9509:Agricultural Experiment Stations Act of 1887 5555:From the Old Diplomacy to the New, 1865-1900 5290:Naval service in this era lacked attraction. 5218: 4652: 4375: 4351: 3925: 3558: 3412: 2933:American Heritage Editors (December, 1981), 2501: 2499: 1865:Cleveland's first term saw the start of the 1402: 73:. The period began with the outbreak of the 7543:President Andrew Johnson Museum and Library 5336:. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press. 4812:Charles Sumner and the Treaty of Washington 4809: 3654: 3652: 3116: 1474:A political cartoon from 1882, criticizing 9820: 9806: 9344: 9330: 9040: 9026: 8713: 8699: 7809: 7795: 7252: 7238: 6082: 6068: 6034: 5882: 5868: 5469: 5181:Hamilton Fish views on Liberian-Grebo War. 4985:(Annotated ed.). Library of America. 4357: 4100:Bauer and Roberts, pp. 101-2, 133, 141–147 3607: 3122: 3049: 3036: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2734: 2725: 2621: 2359: 439:Second Cleveland administration, 1893–1897 7349:Drunk vice-presidential inaugural address 5219:Moore, Chieko; Hale, Hester Anne (2006). 4103: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3311: 2657: 2655: 2496: 2482: 2480: 1518:. Hayes awarded the disputed land in the 1419: 1171: 1147: 518:United Kingdom and the American Civil War 375:First Cleveland administration, 1885–1889 10009:1892 United States presidential election 9890:1888 United States presidential election 9402:New York Institute for Special Education 9113:1880 United States presidential election 8798:1876 United States presidential election 8122:Yellowstone National Park Protection Act 8112:District of Columbia Organic Act of 1871 6686:When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd 6595:1860 United States presidential election 5647:(1932) Pulitzer Prize biography; 872pp; 5564:(Harper and Row, 1976), scholarly survey 5150:: University of Missouri Press. p. 4897: 4764: 4730:: Colorado Associated University Press. 4721: 4624: 4609: 4347: 4335: 4075: 4059: 4007: 3995: 3913: 3885: 3869: 3809: 3793: 3750: 3658: 3649: 3495:American Slavic and East European Review 3439: 3419: 3382:. University of Missouri Press. p. 3020: 2398: 2145: 2091:with a fleet of five ships, part of the 2063: 2016: 2005: 1652: 1606:was allowed to lapse. The Frelinghuysen- 1469: 1364: 1237: 1189: 1126:By 1867, the Russian government saw its 1077:with a fleet of five ships, part of the 1045: 999: 927: 797: 733: 660: 341:1880 United States presidential election 17: 9123:Chester Alan Arthur State Historic Site 8902:Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Center 8720: 7491:1868 impeachment managers investigation 5891:History of United States foreign policy 5455:. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. 5405:. New York City: Simon & Schuster. 5306: 5222:Benjamin Harrison: Centennial President 5186: 5058: 5042:Rutherford Hayes: Warrior and President 4999: 4859: 4752: 4149:Bauer and Roberts, pp. 102–104, 162–165 3462:"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–" 3253: 3214: 3202: 3177: 3165: 3104: 3068: 2983: 2920: 2898: 2886: 2673: 2671: 2287: 909: 371:recommended by former President Grant. 10194: 9171:United States Civil Service Commission 8846:United States Civil Service Commission 6883: 6515:Lincoln Trail Homestead State Memorial 5849:Thomas, Benjamin P. and Harold Hyman. 5350: 5327: 5295: 5246: 5137: 5084: 5036: 4944: 4878: 4690:. Vol. 2. Peter Fenelon Collier. 4687:The Naval History of the United States 4489: 4380:Grover Cleveland: A Study in Character 4071: 4055: 4022: 3991: 3889: 3873: 3805: 3789: 3774: 3746: 3719: 3698: 3659:Bodenner, Christ (February 6, 2013) . 3643: 3578:(University of Pittsburgh Press. 2005) 3321: 3308: 3302: 3153: 2971: 2965: 2960:Foreign relations of the United States 2946: 2827: 2652: 2477: 2429: 2386: 2371: 2025:Hayes was perturbed over the plans of 1939:, the new government of Hawaii led by 1836:, successfully proposed ordering five 1680:In the years following the Civil War, 1374:Spanish Republic President (1873–1874) 9827: 9801: 9325: 9047: 9021: 8694: 7790: 7538:Andrew Johnson National Historic Site 7233: 6555:Lincoln Log Cabin State Historic Site 6171:President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers 6063: 5863: 5709:Case, Lynn M. and Warren F. Spencer. 5448: 5427: 5395: 4978: 4957: 4822: 4087:??? K. J. Bauer and Stephen Roberts, 3670:. Infobase Publishing. Archived from 3460:Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. 3333: 3290: 3271: 3141: 3087: 3014: 2995: 2326: 2314: 2294:. The University of Tennessee Press. 2258:Lynn M. Case, and Warren E. Spencer, 1997:Other crises and incidents, 1865–1897 878: 196:lost colony of the Dominican Republic 92:. Nonetheless, the French defied the 9949:Dependent and Disability Pension Act 9499:Dependent and Disability Pension Act 9351: 8280:Personal Memoirs of Ulysses S. Grant 8031:Proposed annexation of Santo Domingo 7816: 7512:1866 & 1867 U.S. House elections 6573:Republican National Convention, 1856 5645:Grover Cleveland: a study in courage 5579:James G. Blaine: Architect of Empire 5545:Mississippi Valley Historical Review 5495:The Presidencies of Grover Cleveland 5113: 5031:The notoriety gained by the Alabama. 4881:James G. Blaine: Architect of Empire 4116: 4038: 3731: 3130:Charles Sumner and the Rights of Man 3044:Charles Sumner and the Rights of Man 2935:The Ten Best Secretaries Of State... 2668: 2410: 2053: 1881:as the monarch of Samoa in favor of 1354: 863:that would increase in value if the 730:Proposed annexation of Santo Domingo 10014:1892 Republican National Convention 9895:1888 Republican National Convention 9885:1880 Republican National Convention 9880:Benjamin Harrison Presidential Site 9472:Presidential Succession Act of 1886 9118:1880 Republican National Convention 9075:Vice President of the United States 8841:Inauguration of Rutherford B. Hayes 8803:1876 Republican National Convention 7287:Vice President of the United States 6089: 5844:American Nineteenth Century History 5535:Hispanic American Historical Review 5513:(1999) Princeton University Press. 5431:Seward: Lincoln's Indispensable Man 5379:The Presidency of Benjamin Harrison 5087:The Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly 4921: 4702: 4583:Bulletin of the History of Medicine 4493: 3951:Canadian Review of American Studies 3901: 3702: 2852:The main scholarly history remains 2815: 2680:The Routledge Handbook of Smuggling 2338:The main scholarly history remains 2291:The Burden of Confederate Diplomacy 2141: 2001: 1649:Military modernization and build-up 1614:, was also defeated in the Senate. 1584: 1303:Population flows to and from Canada 1286: 471:Diplomacy of the American Civil War 465:Foreign policy during the Civil War 349:1880 Republican National Convention 165:Diplomacy of the American Civil War 81:, whose administration commenced a 35:foreign policy of the United States 13: 9166:Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act 7259: 6923:Abraham Lincoln: The Head of State 5741:(1960), U.S. minister in Britain. 5526: 5259:: Naval Institute Press. pp. 4810:Chamberlain, Daniel Henry (1902). 4788: 3481: 3406: 2915:The Ten Best Secretaries Of States 2862:The Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant 2804:see PhD version of the book online 2786: 2348:The Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant 2172:. The American minister to Chile, 2041:. Concerned about a repetition of 2033:, to construct a canal across the 1976:Cleveland sent former Congressman 1440:, anti-Chinese riots broke out in 1110: 1035: 724:Santo Domingo (Dominican Republic) 409:Harrison administration, 1889–1893 14: 10253: 10222:Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes 9939:Inauguration of Benjamin Harrison 9618:Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom 9534:Indian Appropriations Act of 1889 9196:Indian Appropriations Act of 1885 9151:Inauguration of Chester A. Arthur 9108:Collector of the Port of New York 8942:University, Hayes and Orton Halls 8861:Baltimore railroad strike of 1877 8463:Grant Cottage State Historic Site 8187:Indian Appropriations Act of 1871 7484:Efforts to impeach Andrew Johnson 6803:Association of Lincoln Presenters 6242:13th Amendment abolishing slavery 5610:James G. Blaine and Latin America 5581:(Scholarly Resources Inc., 2000). 5569:Journal of Latin American Studies 5310:The Presidency of Abraham Lincoln 5123:. New York: Henry Holt & Co. 4680: 4113:October 2010 pp.86–89,126&129 4026: 2524:Socolofsky & Spetter, p. 111. 2060:United States expedition to Korea 1714:) and an armed dispatch-steamer ( 1424:In 1868, the Senate ratified the 1326: 1321: 1042:United States expedition to Korea 577:France and the American Civil War 294:Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes 219:Johnson administration, 1865–1869 159:Lincoln administration, 1861–1865 83:new period of U.S. foreign policy 10237:Presidencies of Grover Cleveland 10175: 10174: 9920: 9913: 9781: 9780: 9305: 9304: 9001: 9000: 8674: 8673: 7847:Grant and the American Civil War 7770: 7769: 7533:Andrew Johnson National Cemetery 7211: 7200: 7199: 6781:Mount Rushmore Anniversary coins 6304:State of the Union Address, 1863 6044: 6043: 6033: 5820:The Journal of the Civil War Era 5800:North Carolina Historical Review 5739:Charles Francis Adams, 1807–1886 5067: 4951:Dictionary of American Biography 4792:The Presidency of Andrew Johnson 4705:Rutherford Hayes and his America 4575: 4547: 4531: 4508: 4499: 4474: 4465: 4452: 4419: 4402: 4369: 4301: 4289: 4273: 4248: 4235: 4222: 4209: 4170: 4161: 4152: 4143: 4134: 4125: 4094: 4081: 3968: 3943: 3851: 3842: 3833: 3824: 3815: 3756: 2425: 2157:spawned the 1891 Chilean crisis. 2129:In response to vague reports of 10242:Presidency of Benjamin Harrison 10232:Presidency of Chester A. Arthur 10227:Presidency of James A. Garfield 10146:(great-great-great grandfather) 10140:(great-great-great grandfather) 9482:Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 8937:Rutherford B. Hayes High School 7339:1864 U.S. presidential election 7212: 6766:Illinois Centennial half dollar 6707:Presidential Library and Museum 6383:Second inaugural address (1865) 5837:A Companion to the US Civil War 5718:A Companion to the US Civil War 4825:The Journal of American History 3821:Graff, 123–125; Nevins, 633–642 3625: 3616: 3594: 3581: 3568: 3543: 3530: 3503: 3487: 3367: 3355: 3339: 3220: 3183: 2867: 2846: 2833: 2792: 2771: 2762: 2749: 2716: 2700: 2643: 2634: 2612: 2603: 2594: 2585: 2576: 2559: 2543: 2527: 2453: 2444: 2435: 2332: 1955:In the intervening four years, 1883:Tuiātua Tupua Tamasese Titimaea 1378:On October 31, 1873, a steamer 1152: 934:Punch – or the London Charivari 704:. In 1875, Fish initiated the 668:, Secretary of State, 1869–1877 415:Presidency of Benjamin Harrison 332:Presidency of Chester A. Arthur 328:Presidency of James A. Garfield 314:, who had helped establish the 288:Hayes administration, 1877–1881 256:Grant administration, 1869–1877 10217:Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant 9875:70th Indiana Infantry Regiment 9844:President of the United States 9581:Democratic National Convention 9554:Democratic National Convention 9487:Interstate Commerce Commission 9450:Democratic National Convention 9368:President of the United States 9064:President of the United States 8745:29th and 32nd Governor of Ohio 8737:President of the United States 7831:President of the United States 7701:Bibliography of Andrew Johnson 7502:1866 National Union Convention 7444:Southern Homestead Act of 1866 7372:Inauguration of Andrew Johnson 7344:1864 National Union Convention 7276:President of the United States 6870:Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln 6427:Hurd v. Rock Island Bridge Co. 6370:First inaugural address (1861) 6355:Lincoln–Douglas debates (1858) 6105:President of the United States 5765:. (U of Nebraska Press, 1999). 5381:. University Press of Kansas. 5313:. University Press of Kansas. 5307:Paludan, Phillip Shaw (1994). 5302:. F. Ungar Publishing Company. 5072:. New York: F. Ungar Pub. Co. 4930:. Twenty-First Century Books. 4673: 4366:Nevins, 549–552; Graff 121–122 4140:Bauer and Roberts, pp. 162–165 3057:The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant 2875:Presidential Studies Quarterly 2281: 2265: 2252: 2236: 2227: 2218: 1196:Punch--or the London Charivari 1060:' assault on the Korean forts. 1056:transported troops in Admiral 844:denounced Grant and supported 802:African American Commissioner 612:Mexico–United States relations 262:Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant 1: 10207:Presidency of Abraham Lincoln 9653:Grover Cleveland High School 9407:1881 Buffalo mayoral election 8866:Specie Payment Resumption Act 8856:Great Railroad Strike of 1877 8077:Specie Payment Resumption Act 7464:Impeachment of Andrew Johnson 6535:Cottage at the Soldier's Home 6508:Little Pigeon Creek Community 5802:6#4 (1929), pp. 371–397 5792:(1931), The classic history; 5681:(U of Missouri Press, 1962). 5674:(Northern Illinois UP, 1971). 5655:The Monroe Doctrine 1867-1907 5617:The American Naval Revolution 5362:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 4922:Feldman, Ruth Tenzer (2006). 4860:Corning, Amos Elwood (1918). 4722:Bradford, Richard H. (1980). 4183:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 569–70. 2203: 2125:European embargo of U.S. pork 1720:), collectively known as the 1438:Great Railroad Strike of 1877 300:presidential election of 1876 153: 10212:Presidency of Andrew Johnson 9412:1882 New York state election 7951:State of the Union addresses 7158:Robert Todd Lincoln Beckwith 6865:Lincoln–Kennedy coincidences 6860:Lincoln Trail State Memorial 6289:National Academy of Sciences 5696: 5612:(U of Missouri Press, 2001). 5243:1988 57(1): 25–46. in JSTOR. 4426:Michael J. Gerhardt (2013). 4256:International History Review 4177:Spencer Tucker, ed. (2009). 3892:, pp. 398–399, 407–410. 3454:American Antiquarian Society 3434:American Antiquarian Society 2708:Journal of Southern History, 2288:Hubbard, Charles M. (1998). 2275:(1972) 38#1 pp. 49–64 2273:Journal of Southern History, 2043:French adventurism in Mexico 1778:of 1898, and many served in 1454:Assistant Secretary of State 1337:Cuba–United States relations 889:Cuba–United States relations 316:Electoral Commission of 1877 225:Presidency of Andrew Johnson 7: 9964:Sherman Silver Purchase Act 9954:51st United States Congress 9598:Sherman Silver Purchase Act 9397:Grover Cleveland Birthplace 9222:Statue of Chester A. Arthur 8876:Presidente Hayes Department 8763:23rd Ohio Infantry Regiment 8520:1922 Grant Memorial coinage 7727:Treason must be made odious 7392:Pardons for ex-Confederates 6793:Abraham Lincoln Association 6525:Lincoln-Berry General Store 6453:Political career, 1849–1861 6360:Cooper Union Address (1860) 6350:House Divided speech (1858) 6252:Department of the Northwest 5780:Diplomat in Carpet Slippers 5770:Journal of Southern History 5626:(U of Georgia Press, 1976). 5588:(ABC-CLIO, 2009) pp 69–130. 5557:(Thomas Y. Crowell, 1975). 5452:Andrew Johnson: A Biography 5449:Trefousse, Hans L. (1989). 3516:. Dundurn. pp. 70–98. 3228:"Alabama Claims, 1862-1872" 2735:David Keys (24 June 2014). 2710:(1972) 38#1 pp. 49–64 2488:Indiana Magazine of History 2233:Paludan (1993), pp. 169–176 2150:Attack on sailors from the 1502:Peacemaking and arbitration 1178:Treaty of Washington (1871) 916:Treaty of Washington (1871) 785:Foreign Relations Committee 589:. In December 1861, France 318:, became Secretary of War. 10: 10258: 10096:William Henry Harrison III 9571:1892 presidential election 9544:1888 presidential election 9440:1884 presidential election 8783:Battle of Cloyd's Mountain 8216:Naturalization Act of 1870 8107:U.S. Department of Justice 8067:General Mining Act of 1872 7650:Andrew Johnson and slavery 7565:Amphitheatrum Johnsonianum 7517:1868 Democratic Convention 7479:Second impeachment inquiry 6210:Overland Campaign strategy 5063:. Oxford University Press. 4979:Grant, Ulysses S. (1990). 4945:Fuller, Joseph V. (1931). 4879:Crapol, Edward P. (2000). 4789:Castel, Albert E. (1979). 3538:Canadian Historical Review 3374:David M. Pletcher (1998). 3347:American Historical Review 2631:(2014) pp 8 (quote), 69-70 2057: 2037:, which was then owned by 1358: 1330: 1306: 1295:rights around many of the 1250:Active service (1862–1864) 1175: 1156: 1039: 1012:Active service (1862–1864) 913: 882: 727: 609: 574: 515: 511: 477:American Revolutionary War 468: 451:1892 presidential election 442: 425:1888 presidential election 412: 387:1884 presidential election 378: 365:Frederick T. Frelinghuysen 325: 291: 274:1868 presidential election 259: 232:took office in 1865 after 222: 177:1860 presidential election 162: 10153: 10134:(great-great-grandfather) 10090:Elizabeth Harrison Walker 10078:Russell Benjamin Harrison 10056: 10022: 9929: 9911: 9862: 9835: 9752: 9687: 9641: 9633:National Democratic Party 9623:Venezuelan crisis of 1895 9462:Wedding to Frances Folsom 9430: 9389: 9359: 9271: 9230: 9214: 9201:Bureau of Animal Industry 9141: 9085: 9055: 8979: 8950: 8894: 8826: 8755: 8728: 8652: 8573: 8540: 8418: 8400: 8359: 8289: 8271: 8248: 8147: 8127:Yellowstone National Park 8090: 8047:Public Credit Act of 1869 8039: 8001: 7904: 7839: 7824: 7736: 7716:Ledger-removal allegation 7693: 7642: 7583: 7525: 7474:First impeachment inquiry 7362: 7316: 7267: 7179: 7080:Mary Todd "Mamie" Lincoln 7035: 7003:Parliament Square, London 6798:Abraham Lincoln Institute 6695: 6613: 6563: 6476: 6443:Medical and mental health 6391: 6375:Gettysburg Address (1863, 6327: 6294:Department of Agriculture 6200:Emancipation Proclamation 6124: 6097: 6029: 5897: 5479:. New York: Times Books. 5241:Pacific Historical Review 5068:Howe, George F. (1966) . 4539:Journal of Modern History 4410:Pacific Historical Review 4281:Pacific Historical Review 3574:John J. Bukowczyk et al. 2768:Herring, pp. 225, 243-244 2722:Stahr (2012) pp. 307-323. 2567:Pacific Historical Review 2224:Paludan (1993), pp. 37–38 2215:Stahr (2012) pp. 214-217. 2099:. The fleet included the 1911: 1600:Spain's American colonies 1494:, written by Congressman 1416:by American adventurers. 1409:Cuban War of Independence 1403:Cuban War of Independence 1204:international arbitration 1085:. The fleet included the 942:international arbitration 691:international arbitration 605: 570: 143:Cuban War of Independence 10043:Fort Harrison State Park 9731:Richard Falley Cleveland 9679:Mount Cleveland (Alaska) 9603:Wilson–Gorman Tariff Act 9539:Federal judges appointed 8773:Battle of South Mountain 8329:Ulysses S. Grant Cottage 8231:Civil Rights Act of 1875 8139:Electoral Commission Act 8117:Civil Service Commission 7721:Buell Commission records 7597:Martha Johnson Patterson 7439:Civil Rights Act of 1866 7397:State of the Union, 1865 7074:Thomas "Tad" Lincoln III 6916:Abraham Lincoln: The Man 6498:Lincoln Boyhood Memorial 6215:Hampton Roads Conference 5788:Owsley, Frank Lawrence. 5640:(Lexington Books, 2017). 5434:. Simon & Schuster. 5251:The U.S. Navy: A History 5059:Herring, George (2008). 4816:Worcester, Massachusetts 4766:Calhoun, Charles William 4703:Barnard, Harry (2005) . 4665:Socolofsky & Spetter 4641:Socolofsky & Spetter 4629:Socolofsky & Spetter 4598:Socolofsky & Spetter 4570:Socolofsky & Spetter 4458:William Michael Morgan, 4324:Socolofsky & Spetter 4268:Socolofsky & Spetter 4204:Socolofsky & Spetter 3963:Socolofsky & Spetter 3938:Socolofsky & Spetter 3876:, pp. 398–399, 409. 3613:Corning 1918, pp. 49–54. 3563:Socolofsky & Spetter 3549:Hackett 1911, pp. 45–50. 3510:Hereward Senior (1991). 3028:Journal of Negro History 2472:Socolofsky & Spetter 2329:, pp. 197, 207–208. 2045:, Hayes interpreted the 1860: 975:British blockade runners 602:Maximilian's rule grew. 487:to offer support to the 211:refused to join France. 9984:Immigration Act of 1891 9181:Immigration Act of 1882 8199:Enforcement Act of 1870 7507:Swing Around the Circle 7148:(17th-century ancestor) 7068:William Wallace Lincoln 6550:Lincoln Pioneer Village 6365:Farewell Address (1861) 6274:Fanny McCullough letter 6205:West Virginia statehood 6195:Habeas Corpus suspended 5729:Excerpt and text search 5704:OAH Magazine of History 3661:"Chinese Exclusion Act" 2509:79#4 1938) pp. 637-648 1579:Olney–Pauncefote Treaty 1537:, then being fought by 1526:) and a department as ( 1506:In 1878, following the 1271:, who was counseled by 1020:, who was counseled by 710:reciprocal trade treaty 10108:William Henry Harrison 10038:Fort Benjamin Harrison 9674:Cleveland, Mississippi 9370:(1885–1889, 1893–1897) 9244:Chester Alan Arthur II 9128:Chester A. Arthur Home 8932:Hayes County, Nebraska 8747:(1868–1872, 1876–1877) 8490:Ohio Statehouse statue 8204:Second Enforcement Act 8167:Native American policy 7896:Commanding generalship 7591:Eliza McCardle Johnson 7308:(1853–1857, 1862–1865) 7295:Senator from Tennessee 6855:Lincoln Heritage Trail 6840:Lincoln Park (Chicago) 6739:Photographs of Lincoln 6679:O Captain! My Captain! 5493:Welch, Richard E. Jr. 5428:Stahr, Walter (2012). 5328:Peskin, Allan (1978). 5296:Nevins, Allan (1957). 4818:: Press of G.G. Davis. 4760:. New York: Doubleday. 4585:63#2 (1989): 198-224. 4434:. Oxford UP. pp. 4232:(1963) pp 138-40, 323. 4215:George Herbert Ryden, 3349:50.4 (1945): 762-767. 2877:52.3 (2022): 648-670 . 2537:22.3 (1960): 280-295. 2178:1891 Chilean Civil War 2158: 2075: 2022: 2014: 1978:James Henderson Blount 1677: 1496:William Lawrence Scott 1478: 1420:Immigration from China 1375: 1251: 1199: 1163:The Fenians, a secret 1148:Relations with Britain 1061: 1013: 937: 812: 743: 669: 595:Maximilian I of Mexico 204:Maximilian I of Mexico 26: 10138:Benjamin Harrison III 10072:Mary Dimmick Harrison 9959:Sherman Antitrust Act 9297:Thomas A. Hendricks → 9186:Chinese Exclusion Act 9133:Albany Rural Cemetery 8927:Club Presidente Hayes 8881:Chinese Exclusion Act 8788:Ohio State University 8778:Army of West Virginia 8665:Rutherford B. Hayes → 8102:Judiciary Act of 1869 8052:Copyright Act of 1870 7946:Judicial appointments 7434:Judicial Circuits Act 7382:Judicial appointments 7306:Governor of Tennessee 7154:(great-granddaughter) 7152:Mary Lincoln Beckwith 7110:Sarah Lincoln Grigsby 7086:Jessie Harlan Lincoln 6963:Hodgenville, Kentucky 6943:Emancipation Memorial 6401:Early life and career 6335:Lyceum address (1838) 6319:Judicial appointments 6264:National Banking Acts 6259:Homestead Act of 1862 5790:King Cotton Diplomacy 5772:83.1 (2017): 69–106. 5636:McCullough, Stephen. 5591:Dulles, Foster Rhea. 5571:19#2 (1987) 323–352. 5547:42#4 (1956) 653–671. 5332:Garfield: A Biography 4958:Graff, Henry (2002). 4518:vol 46 (Spring 2010) 4384:. Macmillan. p. 4376:Alyn Brodsky (2000). 4283:1.3 (1932): 273-294. 4258:10.2 (1988): 221-237. 3953:12.2 (1981): 143-156. 3540:12.3 (1931): 238-261. 3497:17#4 (1958): 481-494 3017:, pp. 1145–1147. 2917:, volume 33, issue 1, 2843:(Princeton UP, 2012). 2149: 2067: 2029:, the builder of the 2020: 2009: 1827:Secretary of the Navy 1760:John Roach & Sons 1727:Squadron of Evolution 1656: 1488:Chinese Exclusion Act 1473: 1465:Angell Treaty of 1880 1368: 1331:Further information: 1307:Further information: 1269:Charles Francis Adams 1241: 1193: 1176:Further information: 1128:North American colony 1049: 1018:Charles Francis Adams 1003: 931: 914:Further information: 883:Further information: 801: 742:Brady-Handy 1865–1875 737: 664: 575:Further information: 516:Further information: 443:Further information: 413:Further information: 379:Further information: 326:Further information: 292:Further information: 260:Further information: 223:Further information: 21: 10132:Benjamin Harrison IV 9974:General Revision Act 9900:Front porch campaign 9852:Senator from Indiana 9713:Richard F. Cleveland 9628:Enabling Act of 1889 9494:Tenure of Office Act 9379:Governor of New York 9292:← William A. Wheeler 8922:Laudo Hayes Firm Day 8813:Electoral Commission 8625:Ulysses S. Grant III 8607:Ulysses S. Grant Jr. 8601:Frederick Dent Grant 8583:Hannah Simpson Grant 8433:Presidential library 8258:Bid for a third term 8057:Currency Act of 1870 8011:Treaty of Washington 7497:National Union Party 7449:Tenure of Office Act 7062:Edward Baker Lincoln 6988:Louisville, Kentucky 6724:Artifacts and relics 6588:National Union Party 6545:Lincoln Sitting Room 6345:"Lost Speech" (1856) 6340:Peoria speech (1854) 6176:War based income tax 5822:5.1 (2015): 97–125. 5737:Duberman, Martin B. 5664:36.1 (1979): 79–89. 5537:(1959) 39#3 375-412 5511:From Wealth to Power 4724:The Virginius Affair 4627:, pp. 128–129; 4555:Agricultural History 4541:17.1 (1945): 16-28. 4492:, pp. 417–421; 4074:, pp. 349–350; 4058:, pp. 343–345; 4025:, pp. 342–343; 3976:Agricultural History 3888:, pp. 175–178; 3872:, pp. 173–175; 3749:, pp. 278–279; 3701:, pp. 388–389; 3587:J. Castell Hopkins, 3561:, pp. 135–136; 3030:26.1 (1941): 12–45. 2798:Michele Cunningham, 2777:Herring, pp. 252-253 2684:Taylor & Francis 2649:Herring, pp. 242-246 2640:Herring, pp. 235-236 2618:Herring, pp. 240-241 2609:Herring, pp. 224-229 2600:Herring, pp. 228-229 2591:Herring, pp. 226-227 2490:(1969) 65#3:214-27. 2450:Nevins, 205; 404–405 2428:, pp. 160–161; 2246:70.4 (1980): 1–121. 2187:took shore leave in 2136:Jeremiah McLain Rusk 2027:Ferdinand de Lesseps 1896:over control of the 1776:Spanish–American War 1682:American naval power 1461:James Burrill Angell 1346:. Minister to Spain 1242:Confederate Warship 1172:Treaty of Washington 1004:Confederate Warship 981:to the Confederacy. 910:Treaty of Washington 901:. Minister to Spain 552:A British shipyard, 499:. Spain invaded the 175:won election in the 113:, thereby acquiring 103:Treaty of Washington 96:and established the 10128:(great-grandfather) 10122:(great-grandfather) 10120:Benjamin Harrison V 10102:John Scott Harrison 10084:Mary Harrison McKee 9905:Crown Hill Cemetery 9870:Berkeley Plantation 9765:←Benjamin Harrison→ 9758:← Chester A. Arthur 9745:(great-grandfather) 9588:Second inauguration 9477:Electoral Count Act 9277:← James A. Garfield 9262:Mary Arthur McElroy 8992:James A. Garfield → 8970:Rutherford P. Hayes 8916:These Are My Jewels 8722:Rutherford B. Hayes 8637:Ulysses S. Grant IV 8613:Jesse Root Grant II 8542:Cultural depictions 8505:U.S. Postage stamps 8495:Philadelphia statue 8475:U.S. Capitol statue 8062:Funding Act of 1870 7919:Second inauguration 7877:Richmond–Petersburg 7615:Mary Johnson Stover 7454:Command of Army Act 7429:Reconstruction Acts 7142:(great-grandfather) 7098:Nancy Hanks Lincoln 7056:Robert Todd Lincoln 7018:U.S. Capitol statue 6968:Indianapolis relief 6845:Lincoln Park (D.C.) 6744:Cultural depictions 6648:Sic semper tyrannis 6629:Our American Cousin 6520:Lincoln's New Salem 6421:Boat lifting patent 6156:Second inauguration 6111:U.S. Representative 5706:20.1 (2006): 54–61. 5691:(Fordham UP, 1940). 5677:Pletcher, David M. 5633:(Cornell UP, 1967). 5560:Campbell, Charles. 5476:Rutherford B. Hayes 5257:Annapolis, Maryland 5225:. Nova Publishers. 5188:McFeely, William S. 5120:Chester Alan Arthur 4899:Doenecke, Justus D. 4667:, pp. 150–151. 4631:, pp. 147–149. 4572:, pp. 131–136. 4557:35.1 (1961): 3-12. 4516:Bulletin of the GHI 4412:(1988) 57#1: 25-46 4338:, pp. 125–126. 4326:, pp. 204–205. 4270:, pp. 200–201. 4206:, pp. 114–116. 4131:Friedman, pp. 35–38 4078:, pp. 152–153. 4062:, pp. 149–151. 4041:, pp. 117–118. 4029:, pp. 346–347. 4010:, pp. 147–149. 3965:, pp. 126–128. 3940:, pp. 117–120. 3722:, pp. 390–391. 3705:, pp. 447–449. 3600:Charles Campbell, 3565:, pp. 137–143. 3484:, pp. 120–122. 3189:Charles Campbell, 3180:, pp. 337–345. 3168:, pp. 343–345. 3144:, pp. 503–505. 2998:, pp. 499–502. 2830:, pp. 335–338. 2569:46.1 (1977): 29-50 2432:, pp. 255–257. 2401:, pp. 130–131. 2374:, pp. 519–521. 2317:, pp. 193–194. 1834:Alfred Thayer Mahan 1690:William E. Chandler 1457:Frederick W. Seward 850:Liberal Republicans 829:John Lothrop Motley 714:James Milton Turner 554:John Laird and Sons 304:Radical Republicans 128:Secretary of State 55:Rutherford B. Hayes 41:administrations of 10166:Grover Cleveland → 10159:← Grover Cleveland 10126:John Cleves Symmes 9772:William McKinley → 9743:Richard Falley Jr. 9457:First inauguration 9284:Grover Cleveland → 9161:Star Route scandal 9094:Lemmon v. New York 8985:← Ulysses S. Grant 8851:Star Route scandal 8808:Compromise of 1877 8554:(2002 documentary) 8500:San Francisco bust 8451:General Grant tree 8072:Timber Culture Act 7914:First inauguration 7749:Ulysses S. Grant → 7680:William A. Johnson 7660:Elizabeth J. Forby 7603:David T. Patterson 7419:Colorado Territory 7387:Reconstruction era 7128:Mary Lincoln Crume 7104:Sarah Bush Lincoln 6993:Newark, New Jersey 6930:Lincoln the Lawyer 6666:Lincoln catafalque 6605:1860 campaign song 6503:Lincoln State Park 6486:Lincoln Birthplace 6247:Dakota War of 1862 6139:First inauguration 6039:List of presidents 5846:5.3 (2004): 50–73. 5828:Sainlaude, Stève. 5720:(2014): 1103–1120. 5687:Tansill, Charles. 5619:(LSU Press, 1966). 5577:Crapol, Edward P. 5471:Trefousse, Hans L. 5397:Smith, Jean Edward 5193:Grant: A Biography 5148:Columbia, Missouri 4525:2019-05-31 at the 3978:35.1 (1961): 3-12 3792:, pp. 65–66; 3324:, pp. 146–147 3233:GlobalSecurity.org 2901:, pp. 445–456 2553:6.1 (1982): 23-44. 2551:Diplomatic History 2159: 2076: 2023: 2015: 1987:Republic of Hawaii 1869:between the U.S., 1796:protected cruisers 1694:protected cruisers 1678: 1639:Frederick Douglass 1631:Pan American Union 1535:War of the Pacific 1479: 1450:Workingman's Party 1430:Chinese immigrants 1376: 1252: 1200: 1062: 1014: 938: 879:Cuban insurrection 835:of Massachusetts, 818:Frederick Douglass 813: 804:Frederick Douglass 776:country at large. 752:Orville E. Babcock 748:Dominican Republic 744: 670: 501:Dominican Republic 403:Western Hemisphere 357:Western Hemisphere 123:Dominican Republic 75:American Civil War 27: 10189: 10188: 10066:Caroline Harrison 10031:Benjamin Harrison 9829:Benjamin Harrison 9795: 9794: 9719:Francis Cleveland 9695:Frances Cleveland 9657:Buffalo, New York 9519:Berlin Conference 9504:Hatch Act of 1887 9319: 9318: 9049:Chester A. Arthur 9015: 9014: 8688: 8687: 8569: 8568: 8562:(2020 miniseries) 8527:Grant High School 8244: 8243: 8026:Korean Expedition 7784: 7783: 7762:Schuyler Colfax → 7757:← Hannibal Hamlin 7742:← Abraham Lincoln 7706:Alcoholism debate 7685:Florence J. Smith 7573:Tennessee Johnson 7329:Southern Unionist 7297:(1857–1862, 1875) 7227: 7226: 7050:Mary Todd Lincoln 7031: 7030: 7013:U.S. Capitol bust 6978:Lincoln, Nebraska 6937:Young Abe Lincoln 6875:White House ghost 6835:Lincoln, Nebraska 6642:John Wilkes Booth 6181:Seaports blockade 6166:Confiscation Acts 6057: 6056: 5811:Peraino, Kevin. 5747:Foreman, Amanda. 5653:Perkins, Dexter. 5629:LeFeber, Walter. 5622:Langley, Lester. 5615:Herrick, Walter. 5553:Beisner, Robert. 5486:978-0-8050-6907-5 5441:978-1-4391-2118-4 5412:978-0-684-84926-3 5388:978-0-7006-0320-6 5369:978-0-394-46095-6 5352:Reeves, Thomas C. 5343:978-0-87338-210-6 5270:978-1-55750-595-8 5232:978-1-60021-066-2 5203:978-0-393-01372-6 5161:978-0-8262-0780-7 5130:978-0-8050-6951-8 5115:Karabell, Zachary 5051:978-0-7006-0641-2 5006:. New York City: 4937:978-0-8225-1512-8 4926:Chester A. Arthur 4914:978-0-7006-0208-7 4890:978-0-8420-2604-8 4781:978-0-8050-6952-5 4771:Benjamin Harrison 4737:978-0-87081-080-0 4728:Boulder, Colorado 4714:978-0-945707-05-9 4480:McWilliams, 25–36 4445:978-0-19-996779-7 4241:Paul M. Kennedy, 4228:Walter LaFeber, 4111:American Rifleman 3916:, pp. 74–76. 3904:, pp. 95–96. 3812:, pp. 57–58. 3796:, pp. 55–57. 3753:, pp. 81–84. 3734:, pp. 82–84. 3217:, pp. 45–50. 3205:, pp. 49–54. 3193:(1976) pp. 53–59. 2913:(December 1981), 2911:American Heritage 2839:Rachel St. John, 2789:, pp. 40–41. 2755:Frank J. Merli, 2413:, pp. 68–71. 2389:, pp. 62–64. 2115:Battle of Ganghwa 2035:Isthmus of Panama 1924:in 1875 with the 1922:free trade treaty 1902:Otto Von Bismarck 1830:Hilary A. Herbert 1641:as ambassador to 1623:John B. Henderson 1604:Kingdom of Hawaii 1564:When Britain and 1476:Chinese exclusion 1426:Burlingame Treaty 1355:Virginus incident 1281:Morrison R. Waite 1273:William M. Evarts 1208:William H. Seward 1136:Eduard de Stoeckl 1101:Battle of Ganghwa 1030:Morrison R. Waite 1022:William M. Evarts 946:William H. Seward 839:of New York, and 787:, headed by Sen. 760:Buenaventura Báez 655:Otto von Bismarck 455:Walter Q. Gresham 421:Benjamin Harrison 367:of New Jersey, a 337:James A. Garfield 312:George W. McCrary 308:William M. Evarts 71:Benjamin Harrison 63:Chester A. Arthur 59:James A. Garfield 10249: 10178: 10177: 9999:Baltimore crisis 9924: 9917: 9855: 9847: 9822: 9815: 9808: 9799: 9798: 9784: 9783: 9707:Esther Cleveland 9561:Murchison letter 9422:Westland Mansion 9382: 9371: 9353:Grover Cleveland 9346: 9339: 9332: 9323: 9322: 9308: 9307: 9078: 9067: 9042: 9035: 9028: 9019: 9018: 9004: 9003: 8818:Oakwood Cemetery 8768:Kanawha Division 8748: 8740: 8715: 8708: 8701: 8692: 8691: 8677: 8676: 8658:← Andrew Johnson 8643:Julia Dent Grant 8589:Jesse Root Grant 8551:Ulysses S. Grant 8532:U.S. Grant Hotel 8416: 8415: 8344:speeding arrests 8317:White Haven home 8236:Page Act of 1875 8209:Ku Klux Klan Act 8194:Enforcement Acts 7999: 7998: 7834: 7818:Ulysses S. Grant 7811: 7804: 7797: 7788: 7787: 7773: 7772: 7557:Southern Justice 7309: 7298: 7290: 7279: 7254: 7247: 7240: 7231: 7230: 7215: 7214: 7203: 7202: 7192:Andrew Johnson → 7185:← James Buchanan 7160:(great-grandson) 7122:Mordecai Lincoln 6973:Laramie, Wyoming 6893:Lincoln Memorial 6881: 6880: 6776:Five-dollar bill 6416:Spot Resolutions 6269:Thanksgiving Day 6225:Ten percent plan 6220:Tour of Richmond 6084: 6077: 6070: 6061: 6060: 6047: 6046: 6037: 6036: 5884: 5877: 5870: 5861: 5860: 5839:(2014): 741–762. 5670:Plesur, Milton. 5605:(Yale UP, 1966). 5584:Dobson, John M. 5490: 5466: 5445: 5424: 5392: 5373: 5361: 5347: 5335: 5324: 5303: 5292: 5287: 5285: 5255:(3rd ed.). 5254: 5236: 5215: 5183: 5178: 5176: 5145: 5134: 5110: 5081: 5064: 5055: 5033: 5028: 5026: 5008:Houghton Mifflin 4996: 4975: 4961:Grover Cleveland 4954: 4947:"Fish, Hamilton" 4941: 4929: 4918: 4894: 4875: 4856: 4831:(4): 1331–1365. 4819: 4806: 4785: 4761: 4749: 4718: 4699: 4682:Abbot, Willis J. 4668: 4662: 4656: 4653:Moore & Hale 4650: 4644: 4638: 4632: 4622: 4613: 4607: 4601: 4595: 4589: 4579: 4573: 4567: 4561: 4551: 4545: 4535: 4529: 4512: 4506: 4503: 4497: 4487: 4481: 4478: 4472: 4469: 4463: 4456: 4450: 4449: 4433: 4423: 4417: 4406: 4400: 4399: 4383: 4373: 4367: 4364: 4355: 4352:Moore & Hale 4345: 4339: 4333: 4327: 4321: 4312: 4305: 4299: 4293: 4287: 4277: 4271: 4265: 4259: 4252: 4246: 4239: 4233: 4226: 4220: 4213: 4207: 4201: 4195: 4194: 4174: 4168: 4165: 4159: 4156: 4150: 4147: 4141: 4138: 4132: 4129: 4123: 4120: 4114: 4107: 4101: 4098: 4092: 4085: 4079: 4069: 4063: 4053: 4042: 4036: 4030: 4020: 4011: 4005: 3999: 3989: 3983: 3972: 3966: 3960: 3954: 3947: 3941: 3935: 3929: 3926:Moore & Hale 3923: 3917: 3911: 3905: 3899: 3893: 3883: 3877: 3867: 3858: 3855: 3849: 3846: 3840: 3837: 3831: 3828: 3822: 3819: 3813: 3803: 3797: 3787: 3778: 3772: 3763: 3760: 3754: 3744: 3735: 3729: 3723: 3717: 3706: 3696: 3687: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3676: 3665: 3656: 3647: 3641: 3632: 3629: 3623: 3620: 3614: 3611: 3605: 3604:(1976) pp 53=59. 3598: 3592: 3585: 3579: 3572: 3566: 3559:Moore & Hale 3556: 3550: 3547: 3541: 3534: 3528: 3527: 3507: 3501: 3491: 3485: 3479: 3473: 3472: 3470: 3468: 3457: 3451: 3437: 3431: 3416: 3410: 3404: 3398: 3397: 3381: 3371: 3365: 3359: 3353: 3343: 3337: 3331: 3325: 3319: 3306: 3300: 3294: 3288: 3275: 3269: 3260: 3251: 3238: 3237: 3224: 3218: 3212: 3206: 3200: 3194: 3187: 3181: 3175: 3169: 3163: 3157: 3151: 3145: 3139: 3133: 3126: 3120: 3119:, pp. 7, 8. 3117:Chamberlain 1902 3114: 3108: 3102: 3091: 3085: 3072: 3066: 3060: 3053: 3047: 3040: 3034: 3024: 3018: 3012: 2999: 2993: 2987: 2981: 2975: 2974:, pp. 82–87 2969: 2963: 2956: 2950: 2944: 2938: 2931: 2918: 2908: 2902: 2896: 2890: 2884: 2878: 2871: 2865: 2850: 2844: 2837: 2831: 2825: 2819: 2813: 2807: 2796: 2790: 2784: 2778: 2775: 2769: 2766: 2760: 2753: 2747: 2746: 2732: 2723: 2720: 2714: 2704: 2698: 2697: 2693:9-7810-0050-8772 2675: 2666: 2659: 2650: 2647: 2641: 2638: 2632: 2625: 2619: 2616: 2610: 2607: 2601: 2598: 2592: 2589: 2583: 2580: 2574: 2563: 2557: 2547: 2541: 2531: 2525: 2522: 2513: 2503: 2494: 2484: 2475: 2469: 2460: 2457: 2451: 2448: 2442: 2439: 2433: 2423: 2414: 2408: 2402: 2396: 2390: 2384: 2375: 2369: 2363: 2362:, p. 87-88. 2357: 2351: 2336: 2330: 2324: 2318: 2312: 2306: 2305: 2285: 2279: 2269: 2263: 2256: 2250: 2240: 2234: 2231: 2225: 2222: 2216: 2213: 2142:Baltimore Crisis 2093:Asiatic Squadron 2002:Panamanian Canal 1926:Hawaiian Kingdom 1906:Treaty of Berlin 1879:Malietoa Laupepa 1661:had been added: 1585:Trade agreements 1530:) in his honor. 1528:Presidente Hayes 1361:Virginius Affair 1309:French Americans 1297:Aleutian Islands 1287:Aleutian Islands 1079:Asiatic Squadron 873:Gregorio Luperón 841:Oliver P. Morton 599:January Uprising 547:blockade runners 391:Thomas F. Bayard 270:Ulysses S. Grant 79:William McKinley 67:Grover Cleveland 51:Ulysses S. Grant 10257: 10256: 10252: 10251: 10250: 10248: 10247: 10246: 10192: 10191: 10190: 10185: 10149: 10144:Robert Carter I 10052: 10018: 9979:McKinley Tariff 9925: 9919: 9918: 9909: 9858: 9850: 9839: 9831: 9826: 9796: 9791: 9748: 9727:(granddaughter) 9683: 9637: 9514:Texas Seed Bill 9426: 9385: 9374: 9363: 9355: 9350: 9320: 9315: 9267: 9226: 9210: 9137: 9102:Central America 9081: 9070: 9059: 9051: 9046: 9016: 9011: 8975: 8958:Lucy Webb Hayes 8946: 8909:President Hayes 8890: 8822: 8751: 8743: 8732: 8724: 8719: 8689: 8684: 8648: 8645:(granddaughter) 8565: 8536: 8480:Brooklyn relief 8469:The Peacemakers 8414: 8396: 8355: 8285: 8267: 8250:Post-presidency 8240: 8182:Great Sioux War 8143: 8134:Post Office Act 8093: 8086: 8082:Desert Land Act 8040:Economic policy 8035: 7997: 7900: 7840:Military career 7835: 7826: 7820: 7815: 7785: 7780: 7732: 7689: 7638: 7609:Charles Johnson 7579: 7521: 7424:Alaska Purchase 7358: 7312: 7301: 7293: 7282: 7271: 7263: 7258: 7228: 7223: 7175: 7116:Abraham Lincoln 7088:(granddaughter) 7082:(granddaughter) 7027: 7023:Wabash, Indiana 6948:Brooklyn relief 6903:reflecting pool 6879: 6830:Lincoln Highway 6810:Abraham Lincoln 6697: 6691: 6609: 6559: 6540:Lincoln Bedroom 6491:Knob Creek Farm 6478: 6472: 6458:Religious views 6438:Lincoln's beard 6393: 6387: 6323: 6279:Birchard Letter 6144:Perpetual Union 6120: 6093: 6091:Abraham Lincoln 6088: 6058: 6053: 6025: 5951:F. D. Roosevelt 5893: 5888: 5778:Monaghan, Jay. 5761:Jones, Howard. 5754:Jones, Howard. 5699: 5694: 5643:Nevins, Allan. 5529: 5527:Further reading 5524: 5508:Zakaria, Fareed 5487: 5463: 5442: 5413: 5389: 5370: 5344: 5321: 5283: 5281: 5271: 5233: 5204: 5174: 5172: 5162: 5131: 5099:10.2307/3348178 5052: 5038:Hoogenboom, Ari 5024: 5022: 4993: 4972: 4964:. Times Books. 4938: 4915: 4891: 4837:10.2307/3092545 4803: 4782: 4738: 4715: 4676: 4671: 4663: 4659: 4651: 4647: 4639: 4635: 4623: 4616: 4608: 4604: 4596: 4592: 4580: 4576: 4568: 4564: 4552: 4548: 4536: 4532: 4527:Wayback Machine 4513: 4509: 4504: 4500: 4488: 4484: 4479: 4475: 4470: 4466: 4457: 4453: 4446: 4424: 4420: 4407: 4403: 4396: 4374: 4370: 4365: 4358: 4350:, p. 132; 4346: 4342: 4334: 4330: 4322: 4315: 4309:The New Empire 4306: 4302: 4294: 4290: 4278: 4274: 4266: 4262: 4253: 4249: 4240: 4236: 4227: 4223: 4214: 4210: 4202: 4198: 4191: 4175: 4171: 4166: 4162: 4157: 4153: 4148: 4144: 4139: 4135: 4130: 4126: 4121: 4117: 4108: 4104: 4099: 4095: 4086: 4082: 4070: 4066: 4054: 4045: 4037: 4033: 4021: 4014: 4006: 4002: 3994:, p. 337; 3990: 3986: 3973: 3969: 3961: 3957: 3948: 3944: 3936: 3932: 3924: 3920: 3912: 3908: 3900: 3896: 3884: 3880: 3868: 3861: 3856: 3852: 3847: 3843: 3838: 3834: 3829: 3825: 3820: 3816: 3804: 3800: 3788: 3781: 3773: 3766: 3761: 3757: 3745: 3738: 3730: 3726: 3718: 3709: 3697: 3690: 3680: 3678: 3674: 3663: 3657: 3650: 3642: 3635: 3630: 3626: 3621: 3617: 3612: 3608: 3599: 3595: 3591:(1903), p. 327. 3586: 3582: 3573: 3569: 3557: 3553: 3548: 3544: 3535: 3531: 3524: 3508: 3504: 3492: 3488: 3480: 3476: 3466: 3464: 3449: 3441:McCusker, J. J. 3429: 3421:McCusker, J. J. 3417: 3413: 3405: 3401: 3394: 3372: 3368: 3360: 3356: 3344: 3340: 3332: 3328: 3320: 3309: 3301: 3297: 3293:, p. 1148. 3289: 3278: 3274:, p. 1146. 3270: 3263: 3252: 3241: 3226: 3225: 3221: 3213: 3209: 3201: 3197: 3188: 3184: 3176: 3172: 3164: 3160: 3152: 3148: 3140: 3136: 3132:(1970) p 446—47 3127: 3123: 3115: 3111: 3103: 3094: 3086: 3075: 3067: 3063: 3054: 3050: 3046:(1970) p 442—43 3041: 3037: 3025: 3021: 3013: 3002: 2994: 2990: 2982: 2978: 2970: 2966: 2957: 2953: 2945: 2941: 2932: 2921: 2909: 2905: 2897: 2893: 2885: 2881: 2872: 2868: 2851: 2847: 2838: 2834: 2826: 2822: 2814: 2810: 2797: 2793: 2785: 2781: 2776: 2772: 2767: 2763: 2754: 2750: 2742:The Independent 2733: 2726: 2721: 2717: 2705: 2701: 2694: 2686:. p. 321. 2676: 2669: 2660: 2653: 2648: 2644: 2639: 2635: 2627:Don H. Doyle, 2626: 2622: 2617: 2613: 2608: 2604: 2599: 2595: 2590: 2586: 2581: 2577: 2564: 2560: 2548: 2544: 2532: 2528: 2523: 2516: 2504: 2497: 2485: 2478: 2470: 2463: 2458: 2454: 2449: 2445: 2440: 2436: 2424: 2417: 2409: 2405: 2397: 2393: 2385: 2378: 2370: 2366: 2358: 2354: 2337: 2333: 2325: 2321: 2313: 2309: 2302: 2286: 2282: 2270: 2266: 2257: 2253: 2241: 2237: 2232: 2228: 2223: 2219: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2144: 2127: 2062: 2056: 2054:Korean incident 2047:Monroe Doctrine 2012:Harper's Weekly 2004: 1999: 1965:Sanford B. Dole 1914: 1887:Mata'afa Iosefo 1863: 1806:armored cruiser 1686:William H. Hunt 1651: 1627:Andrew Carnegie 1587: 1559:Treaty of Ancón 1504: 1422: 1405: 1392:Emilio Castelar 1373: 1371:Emilio Castelar 1363: 1357: 1339: 1329: 1324: 1311: 1305: 1289: 1249: 1188: 1174: 1161: 1155: 1150: 1141:Alaska Purchase 1113: 1111:Alaska purchase 1044: 1038: 1036:Korean incident 1011: 926: 912: 891: 881: 837:Roscoe Conkling 807: 741: 732: 726: 642: 614: 608: 587:Central America 579: 573: 536:Lord Palmerston 520: 514: 497:Monroe Doctrine 473: 467: 447: 441: 417: 411: 399:Monroe Doctrine 383: 377: 345:James G. Blaine 334: 324: 296: 290: 264: 258: 234:Abraham Lincoln 227: 221: 173:Abraham Lincoln 167: 161: 156: 148:overseas empire 130:James G. Blaine 111:Alaska Purchase 109:negotiated the 94:Monroe Doctrine 43:Abraham Lincoln 12: 11: 5: 10255: 10245: 10244: 10239: 10234: 10229: 10224: 10219: 10214: 10209: 10204: 10187: 10186: 10184: 10183: 10170: 10169: 10162: 10154: 10151: 10150: 10148: 10147: 10141: 10135: 10129: 10123: 10117: 10111: 10105: 10099: 10093: 10087: 10081: 10075: 10069: 10062: 10060: 10054: 10053: 10051: 10050: 10045: 10040: 10035: 10026: 10024: 10020: 10019: 10017: 10016: 10011: 10006: 10001: 9996: 9991: 9986: 9981: 9976: 9971: 9966: 9961: 9956: 9951: 9946: 9944:Foreign policy 9941: 9935: 9933: 9927: 9926: 9912: 9910: 9908: 9907: 9902: 9897: 9892: 9887: 9882: 9877: 9872: 9866: 9864: 9860: 9859: 9857: 9856: 9848: 9836: 9833: 9832: 9825: 9824: 9817: 9810: 9802: 9793: 9792: 9790: 9789: 9776: 9775: 9768: 9761: 9753: 9750: 9749: 9747: 9746: 9740: 9737:Rose Cleveland 9734: 9728: 9722: 9716: 9710: 9704: 9701:Ruth Cleveland 9698: 9691: 9689: 9685: 9684: 9682: 9681: 9676: 9671: 9670: 9669: 9664: 9659: 9651: 9649:Cleveland Park 9645: 9643: 9639: 9638: 9636: 9635: 9630: 9625: 9620: 9615: 9613:Pullman Strike 9610: 9605: 9600: 9595: 9590: 9585: 9584: 9583: 9578: 9568: 9563: 9558: 9557: 9556: 9551: 9541: 9536: 9531: 9526: 9521: 9516: 9511: 9506: 9501: 9496: 9491: 9490: 9489: 9479: 9474: 9469: 9467:Foreign policy 9464: 9459: 9454: 9453: 9452: 9447: 9436: 9434: 9428: 9427: 9425: 9424: 9419: 9414: 9409: 9404: 9399: 9393: 9391: 9387: 9386: 9384: 9383: 9372: 9360: 9357: 9356: 9349: 9348: 9341: 9334: 9326: 9317: 9316: 9314: 9313: 9300: 9299: 9294: 9288: 9287: 9280: 9272: 9269: 9268: 9266: 9265: 9259: 9256:William Arthur 9253: 9247: 9241: 9234: 9232: 9228: 9227: 9225: 9224: 9218: 9216: 9212: 9211: 9209: 9208: 9203: 9198: 9193: 9188: 9183: 9178: 9176:Tariff of 1883 9173: 9168: 9163: 9158: 9156:Foreign policy 9153: 9147: 9145: 9139: 9138: 9136: 9135: 9130: 9125: 9120: 9115: 9110: 9105: 9097: 9089: 9087: 9083: 9082: 9080: 9079: 9068: 9056: 9053: 9052: 9045: 9044: 9037: 9030: 9022: 9013: 9012: 9010: 9009: 8996: 8995: 8988: 8980: 8977: 8976: 8974: 8973: 8967: 8961: 8954: 8952: 8948: 8947: 8945: 8944: 8939: 8934: 8929: 8924: 8919: 8912: 8904: 8898: 8896: 8892: 8891: 8889: 8888: 8883: 8878: 8873: 8868: 8863: 8858: 8853: 8848: 8843: 8838: 8832: 8830: 8824: 8823: 8821: 8820: 8815: 8810: 8805: 8800: 8795: 8790: 8785: 8780: 8775: 8770: 8765: 8759: 8757: 8753: 8752: 8750: 8749: 8741: 8729: 8726: 8725: 8718: 8717: 8710: 8703: 8695: 8686: 8685: 8683: 8682: 8669: 8668: 8661: 8653: 8650: 8649: 8647: 8646: 8640: 8634: 8628: 8622: 8616: 8610: 8604: 8598: 8592: 8586: 8579: 8577: 8571: 8570: 8567: 8566: 8564: 8563: 8555: 8546: 8544: 8538: 8537: 8535: 8534: 8529: 8524: 8523: 8522: 8517: 8507: 8502: 8497: 8492: 8487: 8485:Chicago statue 8482: 8477: 8472: 8465: 8460: 8459: 8458: 8448: 8440: 8435: 8430: 8428:Grant Memorial 8424: 8422: 8413: 8412: 8406: 8404: 8398: 8397: 8395: 8394: 8393: 8392: 8387: 8379: 8378: 8377: 8372: 8363: 8361: 8357: 8356: 8354: 8353: 8348: 8347: 8346: 8336: 8331: 8326: 8325: 8324: 8314: 8309: 8304: 8299: 8293: 8291: 8287: 8286: 8284: 8283: 8275: 8273: 8269: 8268: 8266: 8265: 8260: 8254: 8252: 8246: 8245: 8242: 8241: 8239: 8238: 8233: 8228: 8223: 8218: 8213: 8212: 8211: 8206: 8201: 8191: 8190: 8189: 8184: 8179: 8174: 8172:"Peace Policy" 8164: 8163: 8162: 8155:Reconstruction 8151: 8149: 8145: 8144: 8142: 8141: 8136: 8131: 8130: 8129: 8119: 8114: 8109: 8104: 8098: 8096: 8088: 8087: 8085: 8084: 8079: 8074: 8069: 8064: 8059: 8054: 8049: 8043: 8041: 8037: 8036: 8034: 8033: 8028: 8023: 8022: 8021: 8007: 8005: 8003:Foreign policy 7996: 7995: 7994: 7993: 7988: 7983: 7978: 7973: 7968: 7963: 7958: 7948: 7943: 7938: 7933: 7932: 7931: 7921: 7916: 7910: 7908: 7902: 7901: 7899: 7898: 7893: 7892: 7891: 7890: 7889: 7879: 7874: 7869: 7864: 7859: 7854: 7843: 7841: 7837: 7836: 7825: 7822: 7821: 7814: 7813: 7806: 7799: 7791: 7782: 7781: 7779: 7778: 7765: 7764: 7759: 7753: 7752: 7745: 7737: 7734: 7733: 7731: 7730: 7723: 7718: 7713: 7708: 7703: 7697: 7695: 7691: 7690: 7688: 7687: 7682: 7677: 7672: 7667: 7662: 7657: 7652: 7646: 7644: 7640: 7639: 7637: 7636: 7630: 7627:Robert Johnson 7624: 7618: 7612: 7606: 7600: 7594: 7587: 7585: 7581: 7580: 7578: 7577: 7569: 7561: 7553: 7545: 7540: 7535: 7529: 7527: 7523: 7522: 7520: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7504: 7499: 7493: 7488: 7487: 7486: 7481: 7476: 7471: 7461: 7456: 7451: 7446: 7441: 7436: 7431: 7426: 7421: 7416: 7415: 7414: 7409: 7404: 7394: 7389: 7384: 7379: 7377:Foreign policy 7374: 7368: 7366: 7360: 7359: 7357: 7356: 7354:Kirkwood House 7351: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7331: 7326: 7324:Homestead Acts 7320: 7318: 7317:Pre-presidency 7314: 7313: 7311: 7310: 7299: 7291: 7280: 7268: 7265: 7264: 7261:Andrew Johnson 7257: 7256: 7249: 7242: 7234: 7225: 7224: 7222: 7221: 7209: 7196: 7195: 7188: 7180: 7177: 7176: 7174: 7173: 7167: 7161: 7155: 7149: 7146:Samuel Lincoln 7143: 7137: 7131: 7125: 7119: 7113: 7107: 7101: 7095: 7092:Thomas Lincoln 7089: 7083: 7077: 7071: 7065: 7059: 7053: 7047: 7041: 7039: 7033: 7032: 7029: 7028: 7026: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7010: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6958:D.C. City Hall 6955: 6950: 6945: 6940: 6933: 6926: 6919: 6912: 6910:Mount Rushmore 6907: 6906: 6905: 6900: 6889: 6887: 6878: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6837: 6832: 6827: 6823:Here I Grew Up 6819: 6814: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6788:Postage stamps 6785: 6784: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6758: 6757: 6756: 6751: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6720: 6719: 6709: 6703: 6701: 6693: 6692: 6690: 6689: 6682: 6675: 6670: 6669: 6668: 6658: 6656:Petersen House 6653: 6652: 6651: 6639: 6638: 6637: 6625: 6623:Ford's Theater 6619: 6617: 6611: 6610: 6608: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6591: 6590: 6580: 6575: 6569: 6567: 6561: 6560: 6558: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6511: 6510: 6505: 6495: 6494: 6493: 6482: 6480: 6474: 6473: 6471: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6433:Baltimore Plot 6430: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6406:Black Hawk War 6403: 6397: 6395: 6389: 6388: 6386: 6385: 6380: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6331: 6329: 6325: 6324: 6322: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6261: 6256: 6255: 6254: 6244: 6239: 6237:Foreign policy 6234: 6233: 6232: 6230:Reconstruction 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6158: 6153: 6152: 6151: 6146: 6136: 6130: 6128: 6122: 6121: 6119: 6118: 6108: 6098: 6095: 6094: 6087: 6086: 6079: 6072: 6064: 6055: 6054: 6052: 6051: 6041: 6030: 6027: 6026: 6024: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5947: 5946: 5941: 5931: 5930: 5929: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5898: 5895: 5894: 5887: 5886: 5879: 5872: 5864: 5858: 5857: 5847: 5840: 5833: 5826: 5816: 5809: 5808: 5807: 5786: 5776: 5766: 5759: 5752: 5745: 5735: 5723:Doyle, Don H. 5721: 5714: 5707: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5692: 5685: 5675: 5668: 5658: 5651: 5641: 5634: 5627: 5620: 5613: 5608:Healy, David. 5606: 5599: 5589: 5582: 5575: 5565: 5558: 5551: 5541: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5522: 5505: 5491: 5485: 5467: 5461: 5446: 5440: 5425: 5411: 5393: 5387: 5374: 5368: 5348: 5342: 5325: 5319: 5304: 5293: 5269: 5244: 5237: 5231: 5216: 5202: 5184: 5160: 5135: 5129: 5111: 5093:(2): 161–173. 5082: 5065: 5056: 5050: 5034: 4997: 4992:978-0940450585 4991: 4976: 4971:978-0805069235 4970: 4955: 4942: 4936: 4919: 4913: 4895: 4889: 4876: 4857: 4820: 4807: 4801: 4786: 4780: 4762: 4750: 4736: 4719: 4713: 4700: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4669: 4657: 4655:, p. 134. 4645: 4643:, p. 151. 4633: 4614: 4612:, p. 127. 4602: 4600:, p. 146. 4590: 4574: 4562: 4546: 4530: 4507: 4498: 4496:, p. 442. 4482: 4473: 4464: 4451: 4444: 4418: 4401: 4394: 4368: 4356: 4354:, p. 147. 4340: 4328: 4313: 4300: 4288: 4272: 4260: 4247: 4234: 4221: 4208: 4196: 4189: 4169: 4167:Welch, 166–169 4160: 4151: 4142: 4133: 4124: 4115: 4102: 4093: 4080: 4064: 4043: 4031: 4012: 4000: 3998:, p. 145. 3984: 3967: 3955: 3942: 3930: 3928:, p. 108. 3918: 3906: 3894: 3878: 3859: 3857:Welch, 192–194 3850: 3841: 3839:Welch, 186–187 3832: 3830:Welch, 183–184 3823: 3814: 3808:, p. 70; 3798: 3779: 3777:, p. 416. 3764: 3755: 3736: 3724: 3707: 3688: 3648: 3646:, p. 387. 3633: 3631:Welch, 194–198 3624: 3622:Bradford 1980. 3615: 3606: 3593: 3580: 3567: 3551: 3542: 3529: 3522: 3502: 3486: 3474: 3458:1800–present: 3411: 3409:, p. 120. 3399: 3392: 3366: 3354: 3338: 3326: 3307: 3295: 3276: 3261: 3239: 3219: 3207: 3195: 3182: 3170: 3158: 3146: 3134: 3128:David Donald, 3121: 3109: 3107:, p. 277. 3092: 3090:, p. 505. 3073: 3071:, p. 344. 3061: 3055:Simon (1995), 3048: 3042:David Donald, 3035: 3019: 3000: 2988: 2976: 2964: 2962:, pp. 775–777. 2951: 2949:, p. 398. 2939: 2919: 2903: 2891: 2889:, p. 337. 2879: 2866: 2845: 2832: 2820: 2808: 2791: 2779: 2770: 2761: 2748: 2724: 2715: 2699: 2692: 2667: 2661:Howard Jones, 2651: 2642: 2633: 2620: 2611: 2602: 2593: 2584: 2582:Graff, 113-114 2575: 2558: 2542: 2526: 2514: 2495: 2476: 2474:, pp. 88. 2461: 2452: 2443: 2434: 2415: 2403: 2391: 2376: 2364: 2360:Trefousse 2002 2352: 2331: 2319: 2307: 2300: 2280: 2264: 2251: 2235: 2226: 2217: 2207: 2205: 2202: 2143: 2140: 2126: 2123: 2058:Main article: 2055: 2052: 2003: 2000: 1998: 1995: 1974: 1973: 1935:against Queen 1913: 1910: 1898:Samoan Islands 1862: 1859: 1853:) and sixteen 1823:Krag–Jørgensen 1650: 1647: 1586: 1583: 1574:Lord Salisbury 1570:British Guiana 1508:Paraguayan War 1503: 1500: 1483:John F. Miller 1421: 1418: 1404: 1401: 1384:Daniel Sickles 1369: 1359:Main article: 1356: 1353: 1348:Daniel Sickles 1344:Alabama Claims 1333:Ten Years' War 1328: 1327:Ten Years' War 1325: 1323: 1322:Cuba and Spain 1320: 1304: 1301: 1288: 1285: 1260:Queen Victoria 1256:Charles Sumner 1233:Alabama Claims 1182:Alabama Claims 1173: 1170: 1165:Irish Catholic 1157:Main article: 1154: 1151: 1149: 1146: 1121:Alabama Claims 1112: 1109: 1040:Main article: 1037: 1034: 990:Queen Victoria 986:Charles Sumner 979:Union blockade 971:Alabama Claims 920:Alabama Claims 911: 908: 903:Daniel Sickles 885:Ten Years' War 880: 877: 846:Horace Greeley 822:Horace Greeley 793:Bancroft Davis 789:Charles Sumner 739:Charles Sumner 728:Main article: 725: 722: 718:Liberian-Grebo 651:Charles Sumner 641: 638: 626:Mexican border 610:Main article: 607: 604: 572: 569: 565:Alabama Claims 513: 510: 466: 463: 440: 437: 429:John W. Foster 410: 407: 376: 373: 323: 320: 289: 286: 282:Charles Sumner 257: 254: 250:William Seward 230:Andrew Johnson 220: 217: 181:William Seward 163:Main article: 160: 157: 155: 152: 115:Russian Alaska 107:William Seward 98:Mexican Empire 47:Andrew Johnson 23:William Seward 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10254: 10243: 10240: 10238: 10235: 10233: 10230: 10228: 10225: 10223: 10220: 10218: 10215: 10213: 10210: 10208: 10205: 10203: 10200: 10199: 10197: 10182: 10181: 10172: 10171: 10168: 10167: 10163: 10161: 10160: 10156: 10155: 10152: 10145: 10142: 10139: 10136: 10133: 10130: 10127: 10124: 10121: 10118: 10116:(grandmother) 10115: 10114:Anna Harrison 10112: 10110:(grandfather) 10109: 10106: 10103: 10100: 10097: 10094: 10091: 10088: 10085: 10082: 10079: 10076: 10074:(second wife) 10073: 10070: 10067: 10064: 10063: 10061: 10059: 10055: 10049: 10048:Harrison Hall 10046: 10044: 10041: 10039: 10036: 10034: 10032: 10028: 10027: 10025: 10021: 10015: 10012: 10010: 10007: 10005: 10002: 10000: 9997: 9995: 9992: 9990: 9987: 9985: 9982: 9980: 9977: 9975: 9972: 9970: 9967: 9965: 9962: 9960: 9957: 9955: 9952: 9950: 9947: 9945: 9942: 9940: 9937: 9936: 9934: 9932: 9928: 9923: 9916: 9906: 9903: 9901: 9898: 9896: 9893: 9891: 9888: 9886: 9883: 9881: 9878: 9876: 9873: 9871: 9868: 9867: 9865: 9861: 9853: 9849: 9845: 9842: 9838: 9837: 9834: 9830: 9823: 9818: 9816: 9811: 9809: 9804: 9803: 9800: 9788: 9787: 9778: 9777: 9774: 9773: 9769: 9767: 9766: 9762: 9760: 9759: 9755: 9754: 9751: 9744: 9741: 9738: 9735: 9732: 9729: 9726: 9725:Philippa Foot 9723: 9720: 9717: 9714: 9711: 9708: 9705: 9702: 9699: 9696: 9693: 9692: 9690: 9686: 9680: 9677: 9675: 9672: 9668: 9665: 9663: 9660: 9658: 9655: 9654: 9652: 9650: 9647: 9646: 9644: 9640: 9634: 9631: 9629: 9626: 9624: 9621: 9619: 9616: 9614: 9611: 9609: 9606: 9604: 9601: 9599: 9596: 9594: 9593:Panic of 1893 9591: 9589: 9586: 9582: 9579: 9577: 9574: 9573: 9572: 9569: 9567: 9564: 9562: 9559: 9555: 9552: 9550: 9547: 9546: 9545: 9542: 9540: 9537: 9535: 9532: 9530: 9527: 9525: 9522: 9520: 9517: 9515: 9512: 9510: 9507: 9505: 9502: 9500: 9497: 9495: 9492: 9488: 9485: 9484: 9483: 9480: 9478: 9475: 9473: 9470: 9468: 9465: 9463: 9460: 9458: 9455: 9451: 9448: 9446: 9443: 9442: 9441: 9438: 9437: 9435: 9433: 9429: 9423: 9420: 9418: 9415: 9413: 9410: 9408: 9405: 9403: 9400: 9398: 9395: 9394: 9392: 9388: 9380: 9377: 9373: 9369: 9366: 9365:22nd and 24th 9362: 9361: 9358: 9354: 9347: 9342: 9340: 9335: 9333: 9328: 9327: 9324: 9312: 9311: 9302: 9301: 9298: 9295: 9293: 9290: 9289: 9286: 9285: 9281: 9279: 9278: 9274: 9273: 9270: 9263: 9260: 9257: 9254: 9251: 9248: 9245: 9242: 9239: 9236: 9235: 9233: 9229: 9223: 9220: 9219: 9217: 9213: 9207: 9204: 9202: 9199: 9197: 9194: 9192: 9189: 9187: 9184: 9182: 9179: 9177: 9174: 9172: 9169: 9167: 9164: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9154: 9152: 9149: 9148: 9146: 9144: 9140: 9134: 9131: 9129: 9126: 9124: 9121: 9119: 9116: 9114: 9111: 9109: 9106: 9104: 9103: 9098: 9096: 9095: 9091: 9090: 9088: 9084: 9076: 9073: 9069: 9065: 9062: 9058: 9057: 9054: 9050: 9043: 9038: 9036: 9031: 9029: 9024: 9023: 9020: 9008: 9007: 8998: 8997: 8994: 8993: 8989: 8987: 8986: 8982: 8981: 8978: 8971: 8968: 8965: 8962: 8959: 8956: 8955: 8953: 8949: 8943: 8940: 8938: 8935: 8933: 8930: 8928: 8925: 8923: 8920: 8918: 8917: 8913: 8911: 8910: 8905: 8903: 8900: 8899: 8897: 8893: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8869: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8859: 8857: 8854: 8852: 8849: 8847: 8844: 8842: 8839: 8837: 8834: 8833: 8831: 8829: 8825: 8819: 8816: 8814: 8811: 8809: 8806: 8804: 8801: 8799: 8796: 8794: 8793:Spiegel Grove 8791: 8789: 8786: 8784: 8781: 8779: 8776: 8774: 8771: 8769: 8766: 8764: 8761: 8760: 8758: 8754: 8746: 8742: 8738: 8735: 8731: 8730: 8727: 8723: 8716: 8711: 8709: 8704: 8702: 8697: 8696: 8693: 8681: 8680: 8671: 8670: 8667: 8666: 8662: 8660: 8659: 8655: 8654: 8651: 8644: 8641: 8638: 8635: 8632: 8631:Chapman Grant 8629: 8626: 8623: 8620: 8617: 8614: 8611: 8608: 8605: 8602: 8599: 8596: 8593: 8590: 8587: 8584: 8581: 8580: 8578: 8576: 8572: 8561: 8560: 8556: 8553: 8552: 8548: 8547: 8545: 8543: 8539: 8533: 8530: 8528: 8525: 8521: 8518: 8516: 8513: 8512: 8511: 8508: 8506: 8503: 8501: 8498: 8496: 8493: 8491: 8488: 8486: 8483: 8481: 8478: 8476: 8473: 8471: 8470: 8466: 8464: 8461: 8457: 8454: 8453: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8445: 8444:General Grant 8441: 8439: 8436: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8426: 8425: 8423: 8421: 8417: 8411: 8408: 8407: 8405: 8403: 8399: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8383: 8382: 8380: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8368: 8367: 8365: 8364: 8362: 8358: 8352: 8349: 8345: 8342: 8341: 8340: 8337: 8335: 8332: 8330: 8327: 8323: 8320: 8319: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8310: 8308: 8305: 8303: 8300: 8298: 8295: 8294: 8292: 8288: 8282: 8281: 8277: 8276: 8274: 8270: 8264: 8261: 8259: 8256: 8255: 8253: 8251: 8247: 8237: 8234: 8232: 8229: 8227: 8224: 8222: 8219: 8217: 8214: 8210: 8207: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8197: 8196: 8195: 8192: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8169: 8168: 8165: 8161: 8158: 8157: 8156: 8153: 8152: 8150: 8148:Social policy 8146: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8128: 8125: 8124: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8099: 8097: 8095: 8089: 8083: 8080: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8070: 8068: 8065: 8063: 8060: 8058: 8055: 8053: 8050: 8048: 8045: 8044: 8042: 8038: 8032: 8029: 8027: 8024: 8020: 8018: 8014: 8013: 8012: 8009: 8008: 8006: 8004: 8000: 7992: 7989: 7987: 7984: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7959: 7957: 7954: 7953: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7930: 7927: 7926: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7911: 7909: 7907: 7903: 7897: 7894: 7888: 7885: 7884: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7852:Fort Donelson 7850: 7849: 7848: 7845: 7844: 7842: 7838: 7832: 7829: 7823: 7819: 7812: 7807: 7805: 7800: 7798: 7793: 7792: 7789: 7777: 7776: 7767: 7766: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7754: 7751: 7750: 7746: 7744: 7743: 7739: 7738: 7735: 7729: 7728: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7698: 7696: 7692: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7673: 7671: 7670:Henry Johnson 7668: 7666: 7665:Dolly Johnson 7663: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7647: 7645: 7641: 7634: 7633:Frank Johnson 7631: 7628: 7625: 7622: 7621:Daniel Stover 7619: 7616: 7613: 7610: 7607: 7604: 7601: 7598: 7595: 7592: 7589: 7588: 7586: 7582: 7575: 7574: 7570: 7567: 7566: 7562: 7559: 7558: 7554: 7551: 7550: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7530: 7528: 7524: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7494: 7492: 7489: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7466: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7400: 7399: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7369: 7367: 7365: 7361: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7321: 7319: 7315: 7307: 7304: 7300: 7296: 7292: 7288: 7285: 7281: 7277: 7274: 7270: 7269: 7266: 7262: 7255: 7250: 7248: 7243: 7241: 7236: 7235: 7232: 7220: 7219: 7210: 7208: 7207: 7198: 7197: 7194: 7193: 7189: 7187: 7186: 7182: 7181: 7178: 7171: 7168: 7165: 7162: 7159: 7156: 7153: 7150: 7147: 7144: 7141: 7138: 7135: 7132: 7129: 7126: 7123: 7120: 7118:(grandfather) 7117: 7114: 7111: 7108: 7105: 7102: 7099: 7096: 7093: 7090: 7087: 7084: 7081: 7078: 7075: 7072: 7069: 7066: 7063: 7060: 7057: 7054: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7042: 7040: 7038: 7034: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6998:New York City 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6938: 6934: 6932: 6931: 6927: 6925: 6924: 6920: 6918: 6917: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6895: 6894: 6891: 6890: 6888: 6886: 6882: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6850:Lincoln Prize 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6825: 6824: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6811: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6771:Lincoln penny 6769: 6767: 6764: 6763: 6762: 6759: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6746: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6718: 6715: 6714: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6704: 6702: 6700: 6694: 6687: 6683: 6680: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6667: 6664: 6663: 6662: 6661:State funeral 6659: 6657: 6654: 6649: 6645: 6644: 6643: 6640: 6636: 6633: 6632: 6631: 6630: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6620: 6618: 6616: 6615:Assassination 6612: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6589: 6586: 6585: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6570: 6568: 6566: 6562: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6500: 6499: 6496: 6492: 6489: 6488: 6487: 6484: 6483: 6481: 6475: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6428: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6398: 6396: 6390: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6332: 6330: 6326: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6253: 6250: 6249: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6189: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6163: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6150: 6149:Lincoln Bible 6147: 6145: 6142: 6141: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6131: 6129: 6127: 6123: 6116: 6112: 6109: 6106: 6103: 6100: 6099: 6096: 6092: 6085: 6080: 6078: 6073: 6071: 6066: 6065: 6062: 6050: 6042: 6040: 6032: 6031: 6028: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5996:G. H. W. Bush 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5936: 5935: 5932: 5928: 5925: 5924: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5899: 5896: 5892: 5885: 5880: 5878: 5873: 5871: 5866: 5865: 5862: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5845: 5841: 5838: 5834: 5831: 5827: 5825: 5821: 5817: 5814: 5810: 5805: 5801: 5797: 5796: 5795: 5794:online review 5791: 5787: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5764: 5760: 5757: 5753: 5750: 5746: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5734: 5733:online review 5730: 5726: 5722: 5719: 5715: 5712: 5708: 5705: 5701: 5700: 5690: 5686: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5673: 5669: 5667: 5663: 5659: 5656: 5652: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5639: 5635: 5632: 5628: 5625: 5621: 5618: 5614: 5611: 5607: 5604: 5600: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5587: 5583: 5580: 5576: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5563: 5559: 5556: 5552: 5550: 5546: 5542: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5531: 5520: 5519:0-691-01035-8 5516: 5512: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5503:0-7006-0355-7 5500: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5482: 5478: 5477: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5462:0-393-31742-0 5458: 5454: 5453: 5447: 5443: 5437: 5433: 5432: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5408: 5404: 5403: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5384: 5380: 5375: 5371: 5365: 5360: 5359: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5339: 5334: 5333: 5326: 5322: 5320:0-7006-0671-8 5316: 5312: 5311: 5305: 5301: 5300: 5294: 5291: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5253: 5252: 5245: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5228: 5224: 5223: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5199: 5195: 5194: 5189: 5185: 5182: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5144: 5143: 5136: 5132: 5126: 5122: 5121: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5066: 5062: 5057: 5053: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5032: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5005: 5004: 4998: 4994: 4988: 4984: 4983: 4977: 4973: 4967: 4963: 4962: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4943: 4939: 4933: 4928: 4927: 4920: 4916: 4910: 4906: 4905: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4886: 4882: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4864: 4863:Hamilton Fish 4858: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4808: 4804: 4802:0-7006-0190-2 4798: 4794: 4793: 4787: 4783: 4777: 4774:. Macmillan. 4773: 4772: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4754:Brands, H. W. 4751: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4720: 4716: 4710: 4706: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4688: 4683: 4679: 4678: 4666: 4661: 4654: 4649: 4642: 4637: 4630: 4626: 4621: 4619: 4611: 4606: 4599: 4594: 4588: 4584: 4578: 4571: 4566: 4560: 4556: 4550: 4544: 4540: 4534: 4528: 4524: 4521: 4517: 4511: 4502: 4495: 4491: 4486: 4477: 4468: 4461: 4455: 4447: 4441: 4437: 4432: 4431: 4422: 4415: 4411: 4405: 4397: 4395:9780312268831 4391: 4387: 4382: 4381: 4372: 4363: 4361: 4353: 4349: 4344: 4337: 4332: 4325: 4320: 4318: 4310: 4304: 4298: 4292: 4286: 4282: 4276: 4269: 4264: 4257: 4251: 4244: 4238: 4231: 4225: 4218: 4212: 4205: 4200: 4192: 4190:9781851099511 4186: 4182: 4181: 4173: 4164: 4155: 4146: 4137: 4128: 4119: 4112: 4106: 4097: 4090: 4084: 4077: 4076:Doenecke 1981 4073: 4068: 4061: 4060:Doenecke 1981 4057: 4052: 4050: 4048: 4040: 4035: 4028: 4024: 4019: 4017: 4009: 4008:Doenecke 1981 4004: 3997: 3996:Doenecke 1981 3993: 3988: 3981: 3977: 3971: 3964: 3959: 3952: 3946: 3939: 3934: 3927: 3922: 3915: 3910: 3903: 3898: 3891: 3887: 3886:Doenecke 1981 3882: 3875: 3871: 3870:Doenecke 1981 3866: 3864: 3854: 3848:Graff, 123–25 3845: 3836: 3827: 3818: 3811: 3810:Doenecke 1981 3807: 3802: 3795: 3794:Doenecke 1981 3791: 3786: 3784: 3776: 3771: 3769: 3759: 3752: 3751:Doenecke 1981 3748: 3743: 3741: 3733: 3728: 3721: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3704: 3700: 3695: 3693: 3677:on 2015-09-06 3673: 3669: 3662: 3655: 3653: 3645: 3640: 3638: 3628: 3619: 3610: 3603: 3597: 3590: 3584: 3577: 3571: 3564: 3560: 3555: 3546: 3539: 3533: 3525: 3523:9781550020854 3519: 3515: 3514: 3506: 3500: 3496: 3490: 3483: 3478: 3463: 3455: 3448: 3447: 3442: 3435: 3428: 3427: 3422: 3415: 3408: 3403: 3395: 3393:9780826211279 3389: 3385: 3380: 3379: 3370: 3364: 3358: 3352: 3348: 3342: 3335: 3330: 3323: 3318: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3304: 3299: 3292: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3281: 3273: 3268: 3266: 3259: 3255: 3250: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3235: 3234: 3229: 3223: 3216: 3211: 3204: 3199: 3192: 3186: 3179: 3174: 3167: 3162: 3155: 3150: 3143: 3138: 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