176:
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326:
162:
721:
1128:
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268:, but he also had them restored to their former glory. He was also the first to date an archaeological artifact in his attempt to date Naram-Sin's temple during his search for it. Even though his estimate was inaccurate by about 1,500 years, it was still a very good one considering the lack of accurate dating technology.
410:
of 1088. He endorsed the idea that materials, technologies, and objects of antiquity should be studied for their functionality and for the discovery of ancient manufacturing techniques. Although a distinct minority, there were others who took the discipline as seriously as Shen did. For instance, the
699:), and castles, and a review of archaeological remains, including sepulchral monuments, roads, coins and urns. He was also ahead of his time in the analysis of his findings. He attempted to chart the chronological stylistic evolution of handwriting, medieval architecture, costume, and shield shapes.
1084:
and (within types) chronologically. This style of arrangement, designed to highlight the evolutionary trends in human artefacts, was a revolutionary innovation in museum design, and was of enormous significance for the accurate dating of the objects. His most important methodological innovation was
619:
In the late 18th to 19th century archaeology became a national endeavor as personal cabinets of curios turned into national museums. People were now being hired to go out and collect artifacts to make a nation's collection more grand and to show how far a nation's reach extends. For example,
342:
Archaeology later concerned itself with the antiquarianism movement. Antiquarians studied history with particular attention to ancient artifacts and manuscripts, as well as historical sites. They usually were wealthy people. They collected artifacts and displayed them in cabinets of curios.
809:, in 1798–1801, which also was the first major overseas archaeological expedition. The emperor took with him a force of 500 civilian scientists, specialists in fields such as biology, chemistry and languages, in order to carry out a full study of the ancient civilisation. The work of
1068:
periods. He excavated these over seventeen seasons, beginning in the mid-1880s and ending with his death. His approach was highly methodical by the standards of the time, and he is widely regarded as the first scientific archaeologist. Influenced by the evolutionary writings of
970:, and the terms he used to categorise and describe them are still used by archaeologists today. The first reference to the use of a trowel on an archaeological site was made in a letter from Cunnington to Hoare in 1808, which describes John Parker using one in the excavation of
1221:
in Oxford, where they could be studied by classicists, while an attempt was made to reconstruct much of the original site. Although this was done in a manner that would be considered inappropriate today, it helped raise the profile of archaeology considerably.
582:
Cyriac of Ancona was the most enterprising and prolific recorder of Greek and Roman antiquities, particularly inscriptions, in the fifteenth century, and the general accuracy of his records entitles him to be called the founding father of modern classical
951:
estate from his grandfather in 1785. Hoare turned his attention to antiquarian pursuits and began funding
Cunnington's excavations in 1804. The latter's site reports and descriptions were published by Hoare in a book entitled Ancient Historie of
713:, work for which he has been remembered as "probably... the most important of the early forerunners of the discipline of archaeology". He was one of the first to attempt to date the megaliths, arguing that they were a remnant of the pre-Roman
1089:
artefacts, not just beautiful or unique ones, be collected and catalogued. This focus on everyday objects as the key to understanding the past broke decisively with past archaeological practice, which had often verged on treasure hunting.
260:, who is thus known as the first archaeologist. Not only did he lead the first excavations which were to find the foundation deposits of the temples of Šamaš the sun god, the warrior goddess Anunitu (both located in
491:'s writings involved recording of local traditions, examining manuscripts, inscriptions, coins and architectures, which is described as one of the earliest traces of archaeology. One of his notable work is called
293:). He was the first western scholar to systematically collect artifacts and test their accuracy. He was also the first to make a compelling narrative of the past. He is known for a set of nine books called the
1197:
wrote that
Schliemann's excavations were carried out with such rough methods that he did to Troy what the Greeks could not do in their times, destroying and levelling down the entire city walls to the ground.
1048:
provided a great opportunity for such 'amateurs' to unearth and study the antiquities of many other cultures. A major figure in the development of archaeology into a rigorous science was the army officer and
1150:, laid down many of the ideas behind modern archaeological recording; he remarked that "I believe the true line of research lies in the noting and comparison of the smallest details." Petrie developed the
570:) also traveled throughout Greece to record his findings on ancient buildings and objects. Ciriaco traveled all around the Eastern Mediterranean, noting his archaeological discoveries in a day-book,
767:
and architecture. His original approach was based on detailed empirical examinations of artefacts from which reasoned conclusions could be drawn and theories developed about ancient societies.
759:
A very influential figure in the development of the theoretical and systematic study of the past through its physical remains was "the prophet and founding hero of modern archaeology,"
943:
from around 1798, in collaboration with his regular excavators
Stephen and John Parker of Heytesbury. Cunnington's work was funded by a number of patrons, the wealthiest of whom was
852:. The marble sculptures themselves, however, were valued by his critics only for their aesthetic qualities, not for the information they contained about Ancient Greek civilization.
1124:), but Petrie's exemplary analysis of the architecture of Giza disproved these hypothesis and still provides much of the basic data regarding the pyramid plateau to this day.
3052:
219:. This pyramid, having been built in the 27th century BCE, predated Khaemweset by approximately 1,400 years. Due to his activities, he is sometimes nicknamed "the first
763:. Winckelmann was a founder of scientific archaeology by first applying empirical categories of style on a large, systematic basis to the classical (Greek and Roman)
1736:
1686:
343:
Antiquarianism also focused on the empirical evidence that existed for the understanding of the past, encapsulated in the motto of the 18th-century antiquary Sir
1154:, which revolutionized the chronological basis of Egyptology. He was also responsible for mentoring and training a whole generation of Egyptologists, including
136:
activity. "Archaeology", from 1607 onwards, initially meant what we would call "ancient history" generally, with the narrower modern sense first seen in 1837.
54:
and with those who were interested in the past, such as kings and queens who wanted to show past glories of their respective nations. In the 6th century BCE,
705:
was another antiquarian who contributed to the early development of archaeology in the early 18th century. He also investigated the prehistoric monuments of
2422:
1466:
Fairbank, John King; Goldman, Merle (2006) , China: A New
History (2nd enlarged ed.). Cambridge; London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press,
1441:
2155:
2113:
476:
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1486:
Fraser, Julius Thomas; Haber, Francis C. (1986), Time, Science, and
Society in China and the West. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press,
1419:
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surveys of
England's countryside, drawing, describing and interpreting the monuments that they encountered. These individuals were frequently
2903:
3077:
3072:
3042:
3032:
3022:
1060:
In 1880, he began excavations on lands that came to him in inheritance and which contained a wealth of archaeological material from the
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were discovered in 1768. The discovery of entire towns, complete with utensils and even human shapes, as well the unearthing of ancient
3082:
3067:
3062:
3047:
1366:
2086:
Hicks, Dan (2013). Hicks, Dan; Stevenson, Alice (eds.). "Characterizing the World
Archaeology Collections of the Pitt Rivers Museum".
1389:
2231:
Constructing "Korean" Origins: A Critical Review of
Archaeology, Historiography, and Racial Myth in Korean State-Formation Theories
629:
347:, "We speak from facts not theory". Tentative steps towards the systematization of archaeology as a science took place during the
2811:
1891:
1287:
1262:
1830:
1112:
is another man who may legitimately be called the Father of
Archaeology. Petrie was the first to scientifically investigate the
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1867:
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However, prior to the development of modern techniques excavations tended to be haphazard; the importance of concepts such as
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2011:
1730:
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311:. However, scholars have found errors in his records and believe he probably did not go as far up the Nile as he claimed.
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research in the 20th century. During this time there were also significant advances in the technology used in the field.
806:
775:
468:
299:, in which he wrote everything he could learn about different regions. He discussed the causes and consequences of the
785:
in 1784. Although
Jefferson's investigative methods were ahead of his time, they were primitive by today's standards.
175:
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2190:
2073:
1943:
1794:
1620:
1599:
1578:
1557:
1536:
1512:
1491:
1471:
628:, the British consul to Egypt, to gather antiquities for Britain. In nineteenth-century Mexico, the expansion of the
788:
2896:
2432:
1044:
As late as the mid-19th century, archaeology was still regarded as an amateur pastime by scholars. Britain's large
1028:
used the Old Testament and calculated that the origins of the world were on 23 October 4004 BCE (a Sunday). Later
907:. However, the methodology was still poor, and the digging was aimed at the discovery of artefacts and monuments.
3370:
3239:
2136:
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837:
740:. These excavations began in 1748 in Pompeii, while in Herculaneum they began in 1738 under the auspices of King
3277:
3183:
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2331:
1970:
1912:
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in the early 15th century, for which he has been called an early founder of archaeology. The itinerant scholar
432:
427:(1081–1129) stressed the importance of using ancient inscriptions to correct discrepancies and errors in later
360:
117:. It evolved into a much more systematic discipline in the late 19th century and became a widely used tool for
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1445:
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2840:
2550:
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1320:
829:
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3201:
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in the late 17th century as a survey of early urban and military sites, including Roman towns, "camps" (
3092:
2326:
2109:
1925:
1267:
1010:
760:
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recorded local landmarks within their parishes, details of the landscape and ancient monuments such as
556:
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2648:
2514:
2454:
2407:
2284:
990:
860:
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625:
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132:
first cites "archaeologist" from 1824; this soon took over as the usual term for one major branch of
2042:
Everill, P. 2010. The Parkers of Heytesbury: Archaeological pioneers. Antiquaries Journal 90: 441–53
3148:
2936:
2682:
2575:
2524:
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73:
was the first scholar to systematically study the past and also an early examiner of artifacts. In
211:, was known for his keen interest in identifying and restoring monuments of Egypt's past, such as
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3191:
3173:
3006:
3001:
2788:
2713:
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2489:
1763:
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588:
464:
1935:
1929:
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2833:
2823:
2743:
2738:
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2560:
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2519:
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1081:
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452:
420:
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unearthed, studied, and cataloged ancient artifacts, a native practice that continued into the
28:
1720:
1670:
981:. The idea of overlapping strata tracing back to successive periods was borrowed from the new
3325:
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3216:
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2412:
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428:
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250:
59:
44:
36:
1415:
1350:
1314:
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In the first half of the 19th century many other archaeological expeditions were organized;
774:, possibly inspired by his experiences in Europe, supervised the systematic excavation of a
384:
were generally concerned with archaeological pursuits in order to revive the use of ancient
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1652:
A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century (PB)
1189:
in the 1870s. These scholars distinguished nine successive cities, from prehistory to the
1001:. The application of stratigraphy to archaeology first took place with the excavations of
109:
who were interested in the collection of artifacts. The antiquarian movement shifted into
8:
3307:
3272:
3264:
3153:
3143:
2653:
2638:
2540:
2346:
2336:
2316:
1214:
1174:
1158:, who went on to achieve fame with the discovery of the tomb of 14th-century BCE pharaoh
1136:
884:
745:
381:
1182:
1165:
The first stratigraphic excavation to reach wide popularity with the public was that of
872:
507:
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3138:
3120:
3105:
2912:
2733:
2596:
1982:
1231:
1190:
1147:
1105:. This is an 1897 mirror image copy of the main part of the inscription (all 28 lines).
1078:
1029:
944:
936:
928:
924:
802:
540:
512:
344:
300:
235:
191:
102:
63:
40:
1888:
3332:
3037:
2783:
2778:
2763:
2186:
2179:
2069:
2007:
1966:
1939:
1827:
1790:
1726:
1676:
1616:
1595:
1574:
1553:
1532:
1508:
1487:
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were completely overlooked. For instance, in 1803, there was widespread criticism of
406:
348:
216:
3158:
2768:
2703:
2670:
2381:
2366:
2091:
1864:
1783:
Egyptology: The Missing Millennium : Ancient Egypt in Medieval Arabic Writings
1218:
771:
702:
681:
611:—even if they did not always understand the significance of what they were seeing.
532:
528:
378:
86:
24:
2134:
E.P. Uphill, "A Bibliography of Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie (1853–1942),"
637:
325:
62:
excavated, surveyed and restored sites built more than a millennium earlier under
2606:
2459:
2361:
2250:
1895:
1871:
1834:
1650:
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1098:
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One of the major achievements of 19th century archaeology was the development of
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231:
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161:
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2601:
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1708:
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sites. In the third and fourth decade of the 19th century, archaeologists like
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608:
592:
520:
424:
374:
272:
118:
82:
74:
19:
is the study of human activity in the past, primarily through the recovery and
3364:
2643:
1958:
1716:
1646:
1178:
1155:
1146:
His painstaking recording and study of artefacts, both in Egypt and later in
1127:
1061:
998:
986:
864:
841:
814:
720:
596:
548:
416:
385:
106:
1613:
Superfluous Things: Material Culture and Social Status in Early Modern China
1592:
Superfluous Things: Material Culture and Social Status in Early Modern China
1529:
Superfluous Things: Material Culture and Social Status in Early Modern China
2494:
2341:
2095:
2026:
1712:
1202:
1117:
1065:
1025:
994:
978:
778:
524:
444:
436:
389:
370:
122:
90:
32:
1909:
The Pursuit of Ruins: Archeology, History, and the Making of Modern Mexico
2570:
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2300:
1186:
1159:
971:
920:
904:
733:
673:
669:
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393:
320:
227:
208:
133:
110:
98:
78:
16:
2224:
Down from Olympus: Archaeology and Philhellenism in Germany, 1750 – 1970
574:, that eventually filled six volumes. He has been called the "father of
2633:
2565:
1666:
1006:
1002:
964:
822:
706:
657:
412:
220:
204:
2226:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press, 1996 (1st paperback ed. 2003).
1725:. British Academy centenary monographs. British Academy. p. 309.
1217:. Many of the finds from this site were catalogued and brought to the
1093:
264:), and the sanctuary that Naram-Sin built to the moon god, located in
2881:
2621:
2580:
1999:
1850:, with Clive Foss. Harvard University Press, 2003. ISBN 9780674007581
1786:
1166:
1050:
1024:. Before this, people had the notion that the earth was quite young.
1021:
960:
953:
948:
940:
880:
845:
471:
in the 16th century during the Ming period, but it was criticized by
279:
246:
195:
187:
70:
55:
2051:
Everill, P. 2009. Invisible Pioneers. British Archaeology 108: 40–43
1767:(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982, 1985 reprinting), p. 1132, entry on
2376:
1140:
782:
677:
664:. The first known excavations made at Stonehenge were conducted by
527:
civilisation and the rediscovery of classical culture began in the
472:
401:
397:
20:
2217:
The Land of Prehistory: A Critical History of American Archaeology
1017:
began to put the artifacts they had found in chronological order.
648:
499:
1150 and is described as one of the first history books of India.
27:
and environmental data that they have left behind, which includes
3206:
2442:
2238:
Bone Rooms: From Scientific Racism to Human Prehistory in Museums
2181:
Minotaur: Sir Arthur Evans and the Archaeology of the Minoan Myth
1206:
982:
967:
876:
729:
710:
685:
661:
543:, scholars generally view antiquarianism as emerging only in the
488:
51:
915:
656:
Among the first sites to undergo archaeological excavation were
377:
became interested in the antiquarian pursuit of art collecting.
2088:
World Archaeology at the Pitt Rivers Museum: A Characterization
888:
849:
753:
749:
600:
308:
265:
261:
212:
190:
account of the excavation of a foundation deposit belonging to
114:
50:
The development of the field of archaeology has its roots with
2269:
672:
and the Duke of Buckingham also dug there shortly afterwards.
2210:
Tracing Archaeology's Past: The Historiography of Archaeology
1210:
1152:
system of dating layers based on pottery and ceramic findings
714:
688:
604:
396:
relics in state rituals. This attitude was criticized by the
1883:
Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "William Camden".
1822:
Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Flavio Biondo".
1170:
536:
440:
304:
2255:
Archaeological Theory and the Politics of Culture Heritage
640:
to create a glorious image of Mexico's pre-Hispanic past.
2062:
General Pitt Rivers: The father of scientific archaeology
1963:
Blood and Mistletoe: The History of the Druids in Britain
1859:
Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "John Leland".
1116:
in Egypt during the 1880s. Many hypotheses as to how the
129:
415:(1007–1072) compiled an analytical catalogue of ancient
2185:. New York: Hill and Wang (Farrar, Straus and Giroux).
1632:
Rudolph, R.C. "Preliminary Notes on Sung Archaeology,"
1193:. Their work has been criticized as rough and damaging—
1032:(1788–1868) established a much deeper sense of time in
910:
555:
historian, created a systematic guide to the ruins and
531:. Despite the importance of antiquarian writing in the
1707:
793:
The Egyptian Expedition under the Orders of Bonaparte
736:, both of which had been covered by ashes during the
728:
Excavations were carried out in the ancient towns of
2423:
Conservation and restoration of archaeological sites
1771:, as an example of meaning 4b, "recorded tradition."
744:. In Herculaneum, the Theatre, the Basilica and the
632:
and the excavation of major archaeological ruins by
1889:
https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-Camden
1571:
A History of Archaeological Thought: Second Edition
1550:
A History of Archaeological Thought: Second Edition
587:English antiquarians of the 16th century including
2178:
1828:https://www.britannica.com/biography/Flavio-Biondo
676:was a pioneer archaeologist who recorded numerous
668:and Gilbert North in the early 17th century. Both
1482:
1480:
652:An early photograph of Stonehenge taken July 1877
3362:
1865:https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Leland
1523:
1521:
959:Cunnington made meticulous recordings of mainly
1390:>. "ANP203-History-of-Archaeology-Lecture-2"
956:in 1810, a copy of which is kept at Stourhead.
443:(1368–1644) dynasties, were revived during the
2264:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
1477:
1349:Kelly, Robert L.; Thomas, David Hurst (2013).
1135:Engastromenos), the wife of the archaeologist
1020:Another important development was the idea of
475:(1123–1202) for containing inaccuracies about
97:. The 15th and 16th centuries saw the rise of
2897:
2285:
2245:Uncovering the Past: A History of Archaeology
1518:
113:as personal collections turned into national
77:, the study of the past was recorded. In the
2240:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2016.
2233:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2000.
2176:
935:The father of archaeological excavation was
515:(Ciriaco de' Pizzicolli), fresco, dated 1459
334:, Greek sculpture from the 1st century BCE,
2152:"Great Ancient Civilizations of Asia Minor"
2149:
1636:(Volume 22, Number 2, 1963): 171 (169–177).
1442:"The History of the Science of Archaeology"
1348:
805:'s army carried out excavations during its
3321:
2904:
2890:
2292:
2278:
2004:Napoleon's Egypt: Invading the Middle East
1998:
1672:Theory in Archaeology: A World Perspective
1505:The Cambridge Illustrated History of China
1312:
578:" by historians such as Edward W. Bodnar:
351:in Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries.
1507:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
939:(1754–1810). He undertook excavations in
738:eruption of Mount Vesuvius in the year 79
2247:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993.
1989:, p. 584, Random House (New York, 1983).
1615:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
1594:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
1573:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
1552:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
1531:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
1126:
1092:
914:
787:
719:
684:in southern England. He also mapped the
647:
506:
447:(1644–1912), but never developed into a
411:official, historian, poet, and essayist
324:
2177:MacGillivray, Joseph Alexander (2000).
1780:
1774:
1701:
1409:
1407:
1288:List of archaeological sites by country
1263:Register of Professional Archaeologists
1034:Antiquités celtiques et antédiluviennes
614:
3363:
2911:
1924:
1039:
519:In Europe, interest in the remains of
245:) was discovered and analysed by king
2885:
2273:
2212:. Southern Illinois Univ Press, 1989.
2085:
1931:John Aubrey and the Realm of Learning
1739:from the original on 22 December 2023
1689:from the original on 22 December 2023
1675:. Taylor & Francis. p. 192.
1645:
1422:from the original on 19 November 2016
1369:from the original on 22 December 2023
1344:
1342:
1340:
1225:
1213:revealed the ancient existence of an
502:
2112:. Palestine Exploration Fund. 2000.
2066:Salisbury and South Wiltshire Museum
1965:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
1665:
1404:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1302:
911:Development of archaeological method
643:
449:systematic discipline of archaeology
207:, a son of ancient Egyptian Pharaoh
2262:A History of Archaeological Thought
1416:"The History of Archaeology Part 1"
1387:
887:unearthed the ruins of Babylon and
636:were part of the liberal regime of
13:
2202:
2158:from the original on 17 March 2013
1337:
817:to discover the hidden meaning of
660:and other megalithic monuments in
433:Native Chinese antiquarian studies
14:
3382:
2942:History and philosophy of science
1413:
1299:
1139:, wearing treasures recovered at
919:Artefacts discovered at the 1808
482:
354:
271:Early systemic investigation and
181:Extract describing the excavation
3344:
3343:
3331:
3320:
2950:
2864:
2854:
2853:
2116:from the original on 14 May 2011
1811:Biondo Flavio: Italy Illuminated
1722:Archaeology: The Widening Debate
1655:. Pearson Education. p. 13.
1503:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (1999).
724:Pompeii and Mt. Vesuvius in 1900
487:The 12th century Indian scholar
174:
160:
2299:
2170:
2143:
2137:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
2128:
2102:
2079:
2054:
2045:
2036:
2020:
1992:
1976:
1952:
1918:
1901:
1877:
1853:
1840:
1816:
1803:
1751:
1659:
1639:
1626:
1605:
1584:
1563:
1542:
1355:. Cengage Learning. p. 2.
1316:Great Adventures in Archaeology
1253:Council for British Archaeology
838:Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin
821:proved the key to the study of
630:National Museum of Anthropology
314:
1934:. London: Duckworth. pp.
1913:University of New Mexico Press
1497:
1460:
1434:
1381:
1120:had been proposed (such as by
373:(960–1279) in China, educated
361:History of Chinese archaeology
230:, a foundation deposit of the
39:(also known as eco-facts) and
1:
2110:"Sir William Flinders Petrie"
1293:
1118:pyramids had been constructed
1101:'s most significant find—the
752:, had much impact throughout
564:
496:
283:
254:
239:
194:(ruled c. 2200 BCE), by king
148:
139:
2438:electrical resistance survey
1634:The Journal of Asian Studies
1321:University of Nebraska Press
563:or Cyriacus of Ancona (1391–
553:Italian Renaissance humanist
338:. Excavated in Rome in 1506.
7:
3293:Neurology and neurosurgery
1898:. Accessed 27 October 2021.
1874:. Accessed 27 October 2021.
1837:. Accessed 27 October 2021.
1313:Silverberg, Robert (1997).
1248:Archaeology of the Americas
1236:
1201:Meanwhile, the work of Sir
1015:Christian JĂĽrgensen Thomsen
431:discussing ancient events.
95:adoption of Western methods
10:
3387:
2327:Johann Joachim Winckelmann
2257:. London: Routledge, 2004.
2219:. London: Routledge, 1998.
2033:(Hutchinson, January 2006)
1569:Trigger, Bruce G. (2006).
1548:Trigger, Bruce G. (2006).
1352:Archaeology: Down to Earth
1268:List of Russian historians
1229:
1030:Jacques Boucher de Perthes
1011:Jacques Boucher de Perthes
761:Johann Joachim Winckelmann
557:topography of ancient Rome
533:literature of ancient Rome
358:
318:
275:can be traced back to the
147:Excavations of Nabonidus (
3316:
3263:
3230:
3182:
3129:
3091:
3015:
2959:
2948:
2919:
2849:
2801:
2696:
2589:
2533:
2482:
2473:
2408:Philosophy of archaeology
2395:
2307:
1761:7.3.7: cited also in the
1169:, on the site of ancient
857:Giovanni Battista Belzoni
811:Jean-François Champollion
622:Giovanni Battista Belzoni
459:(重修宣和博古圖) archaeological
168:Nabonidus cylinder Sippar
2243:William H. Stiebing Jr.
2208:Christenson, Andrew L.,
2140:, 1972 Vol. 31: 356–379.
2090:. Oxford: Archaeopress.
1781:El Daly, Okasha (2004).
947:, who had inherited the
875:excavated the palace of
3007:20th century in science
3002:19th century in science
1894:27 October 2021 at the
1885:Encyclopedia Britannica
1861:Encyclopedia Britannica
1833:27 October 2021 at the
1824:Encyclopedia Britannica
1764:Oxford Latin Dictionary
1611:Clunas, Craig. (2004).
1590:Clunas, Craig. (2004).
1527:Clunas, Craig. (2004).
1258:History of anthropology
1110:William Flinders Petrie
903:excavated sites in the
893:Library of Ashurbanipal
495:which was completed in
465:Emperor Huizong of Song
457:Chong xiu Xuanhe bogutu
303:. He also explored the
3371:History of archaeology
2927:Theories and sociology
2222:Marchand, Suzanne L.,
2096:10.2307/j.ctv17db2mz.7
2006:. Palgrave Macmillan.
1392:. Anthropology.msu.edu
1278:Typology (archaeology)
1273:Outline of archaeology
1143:
1106:
1079:arranged the artefacts
989:work of scholars like
932:
799:
725:
653:
585:
561:Ciriaco de' Pizzicolli
516:
453:Chinese historiography
339:
66:. The 5th-century-BCE
2987:Scientific Revolution
2418:Archaeological ethics
2413:Archaeological diving
2403:Archaeological theory
1870:22 April 2016 at the
1813:(Cambridge, MA, 2005)
1243:Archaeology of Russia
1215:advanced civilisation
1130:
1096:
918:
791:
742:Charles VII of Naples
723:
651:
580:
510:
477:Han dynasty artifacts
359:Further information:
328:
319:Further information:
251:Neo-Babylonian Empire
60:Neo-Babylonian Empire
45:archaeological record
3240:Agricultural science
2992:Age of Enlightenment
2357:Augustus Pitt Rivers
2352:William Henry Holmes
2317:Archaeological sites
2060:Bowden, Mark (1984)
1515:(paperback), p. 148.
1283:Women in archaeology
1122:Charles Piazzi Smyth
1085:his insistence that
1055:Augustus Pitt Rivers
901:Karl Richard Lepsius
693:Monumenta Britannica
615:Shift to nationalism
461:collection catalogue
365:Archaeology of China
331:Laocoön and His Sons
3278:Veterinary medicine
2972:Classical Antiquity
2347:John Lloyd Stephens
2337:Heinrich Schliemann
2236:Redman, Samuel J.,
2215:Kehoe, Alice Beck,
1175:Heinrich Schliemann
1137:Heinrich Schliemann
1131:Sophia Schliemann (
1040:Professionalisation
891:and discovered the
885:Austen Henry Layard
813:in deciphering the
746:Villa of the Papyri
691:monument. He wrote
467:(r. 1100–1125) was
404:(1031–1095) in his
198:(ruled c. 550 BCE).
93:(1644–1912) before
41:cultural landscapes
2913:History of science
2871:History portal
2433:geophysical survey
1983:Daniel J. Boorstin
1846:Edward W. Bodnar,
1232:Modern archaeology
1226:Modern methodology
1191:Hellenistic period
1144:
1107:
945:Richard Colt Hoare
937:William Cunnington
933:
929:William Cunnington
925:Richard Colt Hoare
923:excavation by Sir
867:artifacts for the
800:
726:
654:
517:
513:Cyriacus of Ancona
503:Renaissance Europe
345:Richard Colt Hoare
340:
301:Greco-Persian Wars
192:Naram-Sin of Akkad
103:Renaissance Europe
64:Naram-sin of Akkad
3358:
3357:
3250:Materials science
3212:Political science
2977:Medieval European
2879:
2878:
2797:
2796:
2779:Pseudoarchaeology
2396:Method and theory
2150:Kenneth W. Harl.
2031:The Elgin Marbles
2013:978-1-4039-6431-1
1936:156–7, 162–6, 181
1907:Christina Bueno,
1732:978-0-19-726255-9
1682:978-1-134-84346-6
1418:. ThoughtCo.com.
1362:978-1-133-60864-6
1330:978-0-8032-9247-5
1173:, carried out by
840:for removing the
807:Egyptian campaign
644:First excavations
541:ancient monuments
539:'s discussion of
435:waned during the
407:Dream Pool Essays
382:scholar-officials
349:Enlightenment era
87:scholar-officials
3378:
3351:
3347:
3346:
3339:
3335:
3324:
3323:
3245:Computer science
3093:Natural sciences
3058:Medieval Islamic
2954:
2906:
2899:
2892:
2883:
2882:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2857:
2856:
2704:Archaeoastronomy
2671:Paleoethnobotany
2480:
2479:
2382:Alfred V. Kidder
2367:Mortimer Wheeler
2294:
2287:
2280:
2271:
2270:
2260:Trigger, Bruce,
2251:Smith, Laurajane
2197:
2196:
2184:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2147:
2141:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2083:
2077:
2058:
2052:
2049:
2043:
2040:
2034:
2024:
2018:
2017:
1996:
1990:
1980:
1974:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1922:
1916:
1905:
1899:
1887:, 28 Apr. 2021,
1881:
1875:
1863:, 14 Apr. 2021,
1857:
1851:
1844:
1838:
1826:, 31 May. 2021,
1820:
1814:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1778:
1772:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1643:
1637:
1630:
1624:
1609:
1603:
1588:
1582:
1567:
1561:
1546:
1540:
1525:
1516:
1501:
1495:
1484:
1475:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1444:. Archived from
1438:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1414:Hirst, K. Kris.
1411:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1388:Watrall, Ethan.
1385:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1346:
1335:
1334:
1323:. p. viii.
1310:
1219:Ashmolean Museum
1183:Wilhelm Dörpfeld
987:palaeontological
873:Paul Émile Botta
865:Ancient Egyptian
772:Thomas Jefferson
703:William Stukeley
569:
566:
529:Late Middle Ages
498:
469:widely reprinted
463:commissioned by
439:(1279–1368) and
429:historical texts
292:
288:
285:
259:
256:
244:
241:
178:
164:
153:
150:
25:material culture
3386:
3385:
3381:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3375:
3361:
3360:
3359:
3354:
3342:
3330:
3312:
3259:
3226:
3184:Social sciences
3178:
3125:
3087:
3011:
2955:
2946:
2915:
2910:
2880:
2875:
2865:
2863:
2845:
2793:
2692:
2607:Archaeogenetics
2585:
2529:
2475:Sub-disciplines
2469:
2465:Post-excavation
2460:Lithic analysis
2391:
2362:Flinders Petrie
2303:
2298:
2229:Pai, Hyung Il,
2205:
2203:Further reading
2200:
2193:
2175:
2171:
2161:
2159:
2148:
2144:
2133:
2129:
2119:
2117:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2084:
2080:
2059:
2055:
2050:
2046:
2041:
2037:
2025:
2021:
2014:
1997:
1993:
1987:The Discoverers
1981:
1977:
1957:
1953:
1946:
1926:Hunter, Michael
1923:
1919:
1911:. Albuquerque:
1906:
1902:
1896:Wayback Machine
1882:
1878:
1872:Wayback Machine
1858:
1854:
1845:
1841:
1835:Wayback Machine
1821:
1817:
1808:
1804:
1797:
1779:
1775:
1759:Ab Urbe Condita
1756:
1752:
1742:
1740:
1733:
1719:, eds. (2002).
1709:Cunliffe, Barry
1706:
1702:
1692:
1690:
1683:
1664:
1660:
1644:
1640:
1631:
1627:
1610:
1606:
1589:
1585:
1568:
1564:
1547:
1543:
1526:
1519:
1502:
1498:
1485:
1478:
1465:
1461:
1451:
1449:
1448:on 11 June 2011
1440:
1439:
1435:
1425:
1423:
1412:
1405:
1395:
1393:
1386:
1382:
1372:
1370:
1363:
1347:
1338:
1331:
1311:
1300:
1296:
1239:
1234:
1228:
1195:Kenneth W. Harl
1103:Merneptah Stele
1099:Flinders Petrie
1075:Herbert Spencer
1046:colonial empire
1042:
913:
897:Robert Koldeway
781:on his land in
776:Native American
682:field monuments
646:
634:Leopoldo Batres
617:
609:standing stones
567:
505:
485:
367:
357:
336:Vatican Museums
323:
317:
290:
286:
277:Greek historian
257:
243: 2200 BCE
242:
232:Akkadian Empire
202:
201:
200:
199:
184:
183:
182:
179:
171:
170:
165:
156:
155:
151:
142:
123:anthropological
68:Greek historian
12:
11:
5:
3384:
3374:
3373:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3352:
3340:
3328:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3273:Human medicine
3269:
3267:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3236:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3188:
3186:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3135:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3097:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2956:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2932:Historiography
2929:
2923:
2921:
2917:
2916:
2909:
2908:
2901:
2894:
2886:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2873:
2861:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2834:Assyriologists
2831:
2824:Archaeologists
2821:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2805:
2803:
2799:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2676:Zooarchaeology
2673:
2668:
2666:Geoarchaeology
2658:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2636:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2627:Paleopathology
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2602:Bioarchaeology
2599:
2593:
2591:
2590:Methodological
2587:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2486:
2484:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2372:Dorothy Garrod
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2322:Antiquarianism
2319:
2313:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2297:
2296:
2289:
2282:
2274:
2266:
2265:
2258:
2248:
2241:
2234:
2227:
2220:
2213:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2191:
2169:
2142:
2127:
2101:
2078:
2053:
2044:
2035:
2019:
2012:
1991:
1975:
1959:Hutton, Ronald
1951:
1944:
1917:
1900:
1876:
1852:
1839:
1815:
1809:J.A.White(ed),
1802:
1795:
1789:. p. 35.
1773:
1750:
1731:
1717:Renfrew, Colin
1700:
1681:
1658:
1647:Singh, Upinder
1638:
1625:
1604:
1583:
1562:
1541:
1517:
1496:
1476:
1459:
1433:
1403:
1380:
1361:
1336:
1329:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1238:
1235:
1230:Main article:
1227:
1224:
1071:Charles Darwin
1041:
1038:
912:
909:
869:British Museum
830:stratification
795:, painting by
765:history of art
666:William Harvey
645:
642:
616:
613:
593:William Camden
504:
501:
484:
483:Medieval India
481:
425:Zhao Mingcheng
356:
355:Imperial China
353:
316:
313:
291: 425 BCE
273:historiography
258: 550 BCE
186:
185:
180:
173:
172:
166:
159:
158:
157:
152: 550 BCE
146:
145:
144:
143:
141:
138:
83:imperial China
81:(960–1279) of
75:Medieval India
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3383:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3350:
3341:
3338:
3334:
3329:
3327:
3319:
3318:
3315:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3262:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3229:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3181:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3149:Combinatorics
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3116:Earth science
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2967:Ancient world
2965:
2964:
2962:
2958:
2953:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2937:Pseudoscience
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2907:
2902:
2900:
2895:
2893:
2888:
2887:
2884:
2872:
2862:
2860:
2852:
2851:
2848:
2842:
2839:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2829:Egyptologists
2827:
2826:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2800:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2774:Phenomenology
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2695:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2662:
2661:Environmental
2659:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2649:Computational
2647:
2645:
2644:Archaeogaming
2642:
2641:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2536:
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2518:
2516:
2515:Post-Medieval
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2495:Protohistoric
2493:
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2488:
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2483:Chronological
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2332:Richard Hoare
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2194:
2192:9780809030354
2188:
2183:
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2157:
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2146:
2139:
2138:
2131:
2115:
2111:
2105:
2097:
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2082:
2075:
2074:0-947535-00-4
2071:
2067:
2063:
2057:
2048:
2039:
2032:
2028:
2023:
2015:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1995:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1947:
1945:0-7156-0818-5
1941:
1937:
1933:
1932:
1927:
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1904:
1897:
1893:
1890:
1886:
1880:
1873:
1869:
1866:
1862:
1856:
1849:
1848:Later travels
1843:
1836:
1832:
1829:
1825:
1819:
1812:
1806:
1798:
1796:1-84472-063-2
1792:
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1777:
1770:
1766:
1765:
1760:
1754:
1738:
1734:
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1718:
1714:
1713:Davies, Wendy
1710:
1704:
1688:
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1678:
1674:
1673:
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1662:
1654:
1653:
1648:
1642:
1635:
1629:
1622:
1621:0-8248-2820-8
1618:
1614:
1608:
1601:
1600:0-8248-2820-8
1597:
1593:
1587:
1580:
1579:0-521-84076-7
1576:
1572:
1566:
1559:
1558:0-521-84076-7
1555:
1551:
1545:
1538:
1537:0-8248-2820-8
1534:
1530:
1524:
1522:
1514:
1513:0-521-66991-X
1510:
1506:
1500:
1493:
1492:0-87023-495-1
1489:
1483:
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1473:
1472:0-674-01828-1
1469:
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1212:
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1199:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1179:Frank Calvert
1176:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1156:Howard Carter
1153:
1149:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1114:Great Pyramid
1111:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1088:
1083:
1082:typologically
1080:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1058:
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1052:
1047:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1003:prehistorical
1000:
999:Charles Lyell
996:
992:
991:William Smith
988:
984:
980:
975:
973:
969:
966:
962:
957:
955:
950:
946:
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898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
853:
851:
847:
843:
842:Elgin Marbles
839:
835:
831:
826:
824:
820:
819:hieroglyphics
816:
815:Rosetta Stone
812:
808:
804:
798:
794:
790:
786:
784:
780:
777:
773:
768:
766:
762:
757:
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747:
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731:
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708:
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700:
698:
694:
690:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
650:
641:
639:
638:Porfirio DĂaz
635:
631:
627:
624:was hired by
623:
612:
610:
606:
602:
598:
597:topographical
594:
590:
584:
579:
577:
573:
562:
558:
554:
550:
549:Flavio Biondo
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
514:
509:
500:
494:
493:Rajatarangini
490:
480:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
419:on stone and
418:
414:
409:
408:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
380:
379:Neo-Confucian
376:
372:
366:
362:
352:
350:
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337:
333:
332:
327:
322:
312:
310:
306:
302:
298:
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281:
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274:
269:
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263:
252:
248:
237:
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229:
224:
222:
218:
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206:
197:
193:
189:
177:
169:
163:
137:
135:
131:
126:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
107:Flavio Biondo
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
48:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
18:
3288:Neuroscience
3196:
3192:Anthropology
3174:Trigonometry
2709:Archaeometry
2683:Experimental
2617:Near Eastern
2576:Near Eastern
2571:Mesopotamian
2525:Contemporary
2342:Arthur Evans
2308:
2267:
2261:
2254:
2244:
2237:
2230:
2223:
2216:
2209:
2180:
2172:
2160:. Retrieved
2145:
2135:
2130:
2118:. Retrieved
2104:
2087:
2081:
2061:
2056:
2047:
2038:
2030:
2027:Dorothy King
2022:
2003:
1994:
1986:
1978:
1962:
1954:
1930:
1920:
1908:
1903:
1884:
1879:
1860:
1855:
1847:
1842:
1823:
1818:
1810:
1805:
1782:
1776:
1768:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1741:. Retrieved
1721:
1703:
1691:. Retrieved
1671:
1661:
1651:
1641:
1633:
1628:
1623:, pp. 95–97.
1612:
1607:
1591:
1586:
1581:, pp. 74–76.
1570:
1565:
1549:
1544:
1528:
1504:
1499:
1462:
1450:. Retrieved
1446:the original
1436:
1424:. Retrieved
1394:. Retrieved
1383:
1371:. Retrieved
1351:
1315:
1203:Arthur Evans
1200:
1164:
1145:
1132:
1108:
1086:
1059:
1043:
1033:
1026:James Ussher
1019:
995:James Hutton
979:stratigraphy
976:
958:
934:
854:
827:
801:
797:LĂ©on Cogniet
792:
779:burial mound
770:In America,
769:
758:
727:
701:
692:
655:
618:
586:
581:
571:
518:
511:Portrait of
492:
486:
456:
445:Qing dynasty
405:
371:Song dynasty
368:
341:
329:
315:Antiquarians
294:
270:
225:
221:Egyptologist
217:step pyramid
203:
127:
99:antiquarians
91:Qing dynasty
49:
33:architecture
15:
3255:Engineering
3197:Archaeology
3164:Probability
3131:Mathematics
2997:Romanticism
2982:Renaissance
2789:Transgender
2714:Battlefield
2490:Prehistoric
2450:Burnt layer
2387:George Bass
2301:Archaeology
2162:23 November
2120:19 November
1667:Ucko, P. J.
1187:Carl Blegen
1160:Tutankhamun
1051:ethnologist
972:Bush Barrow
921:Bush Barrow
905:Middle East
734:Herculaneum
674:John Aubrey
670:Inigo Jones
589:John Leland
583:archeology.
576:archaeology
572:Commentaria
568: 1455
545:Middle Ages
451:outside of
369:During the
321:Antiquarian
228:Mesopotamia
226:In ancient
209:Ramesses II
134:antiquarian
111:nationalism
79:Song Empire
17:Archaeology
3232:Technology
3217:Psychology
3169:Statistics
3016:By culture
2920:Background
2812:by country
2744:Industrial
2739:Indigenous
2688:Underwater
2634:Calceology
2556:Australian
2534:Geographic
2520:Historical
2455:Excavation
2000:Cole, Juan
1971:0300144857
1769:monumentum
1452:3 November
1294:References
1007:Bronze Age
983:geological
965:Bronze Age
863:collected
861:Henry Salt
823:Egyptology
717:religion.
707:Stonehenge
680:and other
678:megalithic
658:Stonehenge
626:Henry Salt
595:conducted
535:, such as
413:Ouyang Xiu
289: – c.
287: 484
205:Khaemweset
140:Beginnings
119:historical
85:, Chinese
3326:Timelines
3303:Pathology
3298:Nutrition
3222:Sociology
3202:Economics
3111:Chemistry
3101:Astronomy
3038:Byzantine
3033:Brazilian
3028:Argentine
2749:Landscape
2622:Osteology
2505:Classical
1787:Routledge
1494:, p. 227.
1167:Hissarlik
1148:Palestine
1022:deep time
961:neolithic
954:Wiltshire
949:Stourhead
941:Wiltshire
881:Sargon II
846:Parthenon
844:from the
697:hillforts
601:clergymen
400:official
296:Histories
280:Herodotus
247:Nabonidus
236:Naram-Sin
196:Nabonidus
188:Cuneiform
71:Herodotus
56:Nabonidus
29:artifacts
3365:Category
3349:Category
3308:Pharmacy
3265:Medicine
3154:Geometry
3144:Calculus
3063:Japanese
2859:Category
2841:Journals
2759:Mortuary
2754:Maritime
2729:Funerary
2724:Feminist
2719:Conflict
2697:Thematic
2612:Medieval
2566:Egyptian
2561:Oceanian
2546:American
2510:Medieval
2500:Biblical
2377:Max Uhle
2156:Archived
2114:Archived
2002:(2007).
1961:(2009).
1928:(1975).
1892:Archived
1868:Archived
1831:Archived
1737:Archived
1687:Archived
1669:(2005).
1649:(2009).
1602:, p. 97.
1560:, p. 74.
1539:, p. 95.
1474:, p. 33.
1420:Archived
1367:Archived
1237:See also
1141:Hisarlik
1036:(1847).
877:Assyrian
803:Napoleon
783:Virginia
473:Hong Mai
417:rubbings
402:Shen Kuo
398:polymath
105:such as
37:biofacts
21:analysis
3283:Anatomy
3207:History
3139:Algebra
3121:Physics
3106:Biology
3083:Spanish
3078:Russian
3073:Mexican
3048:Chinese
3023:African
2819:Periods
2654:Virtual
2639:Digital
2541:African
2443:Sondage
2309:History
1915:, 2016.
1426:5 April
1396:7 April
1373:10 June
1207:Knossos
1097:One of
968:barrows
834:context
750:frescos
730:Pompeii
715:druidic
711:Avebury
686:Avebury
662:England
603:: many
489:Kalhana
249:of the
238:(ruled
115:museums
58:of the
52:history
23:of the
3337:Portal
3068:Korean
3053:Indian
3043:French
2960:By era
2808:Sites
2734:Gender
2597:Aerial
2581:Nubian
2428:Survey
2189:
2072:
2010:
1973:p. 86.
1969:
1942:
1793:
1757:Livy,
1743:10 May
1729:
1693:10 May
1679:
1619:
1598:
1577:
1556:
1535:
1511:
1490:
1470:
1359:
1327:
889:Nimrud
879:ruler
850:Athens
754:Europe
605:vicars
455:. The
421:bronze
392:, and
375:gentry
309:Delphi
266:Harran
262:Sippar
234:ruler
213:Djoser
3159:Logic
2802:Lists
2784:Queer
2764:Music
2551:Asian
1211:Crete
1077:, he
1066:Saxon
1062:Roman
689:henge
551:, an
525:Roman
521:Greco
386:Shang
43:(the
2769:Nazi
2187:ISBN
2164:2012
2122:2007
2070:ISBN
2008:ISBN
1967:ISBN
1940:ISBN
1791:ISBN
1745:2022
1727:ISBN
1695:2022
1677:ISBN
1617:ISBN
1596:ISBN
1575:ISBN
1554:ISBN
1533:ISBN
1509:ISBN
1488:ISBN
1468:ISBN
1454:2008
1428:2014
1398:2014
1375:2020
1357:ISBN
1325:ISBN
1185:and
1171:Troy
1073:and
1064:and
1013:and
1005:and
997:and
985:and
963:and
927:and
899:and
895:and
859:and
832:and
732:and
709:and
591:and
537:Livy
441:Ming
437:Yuan
390:Zhou
363:and
307:and
305:Nile
128:The
121:and
2092:doi
1209:in
1205:at
1133:née
1087:all
848:in
394:Han
223:".
215:'s
130:OED
101:in
47:).
3367::
2253:,
2154:.
2068:.
2064:.
2029:,
1985:,
1938:.
1785:.
1735:.
1715:;
1711:;
1685:.
1520:^
1479:^
1406:^
1365:.
1339:^
1319:.
1301:^
1181:,
1177:,
1162:.
1057:.
1053:,
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974:.
883:,
871:,
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565:c.
547:.
497:c.
479:.
423:.
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255:c.
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240:c.
149:c.
35:,
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2195:.
2166:.
2124:.
2098:.
2094::
2076:.
2016:.
1948:.
1799:.
1747:.
1697:.
1456:.
1430:.
1400:.
1377:.
1333:.
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282:(
154:)
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