67:
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5149:
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4841:, while his other maps featured a uniform graduated scale of 1:900,000. A 3 ft (0.91 m) squared map of 1137—carved into a stone block—followed a uniform grid scale of 100 li for each gridded square, and accurately mapped the outline of the coasts and river systems of China, extending all the way to India. Furthermore, the world's oldest known terrain map in printed form comes from the edited encyclopedia of Yang Jia in 1155, which displayed western China without the formal grid system that was characteristic of more professionally made Chinese maps. Although
635:
3950:
2943:
4097:
2324:
3875:
2559:
3169:
2547:
2699:
5099:('Treatise on Architectural Methods') in 1103, greatly expanded upon the works of Yu Hao and compiled the standard building codes used by the central government agencies and by craftsmen throughout the empire. He addressed the standard methods of construction, design, and applications of moats and fortifications, stonework, greater woodwork, lesser woodwork, wood-carving, turning and drilling, sawing, bamboo work, tiling, wall building, painting and decoration, brickwork, glazed tile making, and provided proportions for
5229:
4247:
5213:
3482:
3011:
4388:
4366:
3189:
3445:
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2719:
10374:
2708:
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2728:
2370:
4690:
4160:. Foreigners, in turn, affected the Chinese economy. For example, many West and Central Asian Muslims went to China to trade, becoming a preeminent force in the import and export industry, while some were even appointed as officers supervising economic affairs. Sea trade with the South-west Pacific, the Hindu world, the Islamic world, and East Africa brought merchants great fortune and spurred an enormous growth in the
3423:
5302:. The scientist and statesman Shen Kuo was known for his criticism relating to architecture, saying that it was more important for an artist to capture a holistic view of a landscape than it was to focus on the angles and corners of buildings. For example, Shen criticized the work of the painter Li Cheng for failing to observe the principle of "seeing the small from the viewpoint of the large" in portraying buildings.
3366:. A guilty individual or parties brought to court for a criminal or civil offense were not viewed as wholly innocent until proven otherwise, while even accusers were viewed with a high level of suspicion by the judge. Due to costly court expenses and immediate jailing of those accused of criminal offenses, people in the Song preferred to settle disputes and quarrels privately, without the court's interference.
430:
2429:
3598:
14755:
4177:
3910:, hare, partridge, pheasant, francolin, quail, fox, badger, clam, crab, and many others. Dairy products were rare in Chinese cuisine at this time. Beef was rarely consumed since the bull was a valuable draft animal, and dog meat was absent from the diet of the wealthy, although the poor could choose to eat dog meat if necessary (yet it was not part of their regular diet). People also consumed
3863:
merchants might choose to wear more ornate clothing and male blouses that came down below the waist. Acceptable apparel for scholar-officials was rigidly defined by the social ranking system. However, as time went on this rule of rank-graded apparel for officials was not as strictly enforced. Each official was able to display his awarded status by wearing different-colored traditional
5192:, towering 84 m (276 ft) in total height. Some of the bridges reached lengths of 1,220 m (4,000 ft), with many being wide enough to allow two lanes of cart traffic simultaneously over a waterway or ravine. The government also oversaw construction of their own administrative offices, palace apartments, city fortifications, ancestral temples, and Buddhist temples.
4063:. Much of this iron was reserved for military use in crafting weapons and armouring troops, but some was used to fashion the many iron products needed to fill the demands of the growing domestic market. The iron trade within China was advanced by the construction of new canals, facilitating the flow of iron products from production centres to the large market in the capital city.
3310:
local elites supervised local affairs and sponsored necessary facilities of local communities; any local magistrate appointed to his office by the government relied upon the cooperation of the few or many local gentry in the area. For example, the Song government—excluding the educational-reformist government under
Emperor Huizong—spared little amount of state revenue to maintain
5309:. About 100 km (62 mi) from Gongxian is another Song dynasty tomb at Baisha, which features "elaborate facsimiles in brick of Chinese timber frame construction, from door lintels to pillars and pedestals to bracket sets, that adorn interior walls." The two large chambers of the Baisha tomb also feature conical-shaped roofs. Flanking the avenues leading to these tombs
3252:, and equality in competition for those wishing to attain an official seat in government. Using statistics gathered by the Song state, Edward A. Kracke, Sudō Yoshiyuki, and Ho Ping-ti supported the hypothesis that simply having a father, grandfather, or great-grandfather who had served as an official of state did not guarantee one would obtain the same level of authority.
5405:(1081–1129) stated "... the inscriptions on stone and bronze are made at the time the events took place and can be trusted without reservation, and thus discrepancies may be discovered." Historian R.C. Rudolph states that Zhao's emphasis on consulting contemporary sources for accurate dating is parallel with the concern of the German historian
3290:, and marriage alliances to secure appointments. By the late 11th century, the founding elite became obsolete, while political partisanship and factionalism at court undermined the marriage strategies of the professional elite, which dissolved as a distinguishable social group and was replaced by a multitude of gentry families.
5413:
compiled during the
Huizong reign periods of Zheng He and Xuan He (1111–1125). Hong Mai obtained old vessels from the Han dynasty and compared them with the descriptions offered in the catalogue, which he found so inaccurate he stated he had to "hold my sides with laughter." Hong Mai pointed out that
5351:
In addition to the Song gentry's antiquarian pursuits of art collecting, scholar-officials during the Song became highly interested in retrieving ancient relics from archaeological sites, in order to revive the use of ancient vessels in ceremonies of state ritual. Scholar-officials of the Song period
5024:
had been mounted on
Chinese ships since the 1st century, as evidenced by a preserved Han tomb model of a ship. In the Song period, the Chinese devised a way to mechanically raise and lower rudders in order for ships to travel in a wider range of water depths. The Song arranged the protruding teeth of
3862:
regulated the food that one consumed and the clothes that one wore according to status and social class. Clothing was made of hemp or cotton cloths, restricted to a color standard of black and white. Trousers were the acceptable attire for peasants, soldiers, artisans, and merchants, although wealthy
3309:
would now take over grassroots affairs on the vast local level. Excluding the scholar-officials in office, this elite social class consisted of exam candidates, examination degree-holders not yet assigned to an official post, local tutors, and retired officials. These learned men, degree-holders, and
2766:
The Song government confiscated portions of land owned by the landed gentry in order to raise revenue for these projects, an act which caused dissension and loss of loyalty amongst leading members of Song society but did not stop the Song's defensive preparations. Financial matters were made worse by
2319:
ended these northern border clashes. The Song were forced to provide tribute to the
Khitans, although this did little damage to the Song economy since the Khitans were economically dependent upon importing massive amounts of goods from the Song. More significantly, the Song state recognized the Liao
5360:
of the Shang era. Some attempted to recreate these bronze vessels by using imagination alone, not by observing tangible evidence of relics; this practice was criticized by Shen Kuo in his work of 1088. Yet Shen Kuo had much more to criticize than this practice alone. Shen objected to the idea of his
2533:
After their fall to the Jin, the Song lost control of North China. Now occupying what has been traditionally known as "China Proper", the Jin regarded themselves the rightful rulers of China. The Jin later chose earth as their dynastic element and yellow as their royal color. According to the theory
4887:
thousands of documents and volumes of written literature, consumed eagerly by an increasingly literate public. The advancement of printing deeply affected education and the scholar-official class, since more books could be made faster while mass-produced, printed books were cheaper in comparison to
3505:
Military strategy and military training were treated as sciences that could be studied and perfected; soldiers were tested in their skills of using weaponry and in their athletic ability. The troops were trained to follow signal standards to advance at the waving of banners and to halt at the sound
2966:
The Song dynasty was an era of administrative sophistication and complex social organization. Some of the largest cities in the world were found in China during this period (Kaifeng and
Hangzhou had populations of over a million). People enjoyed various social clubs and entertainment in the cities,
3870:
Women wore long dresses, blouses that came down to the knee, skirts, and jackets with long or short sleeves, while women from wealthy families could wear purple scarves around their shoulders. The main difference in women's apparel from that of men was that it was fastened on the left, not on the
3437:
marshals, each independently responsible to the
Emperor. Since the Emperor rarely led campaigns personally, Song forces lacked unity of command. The imperial court often believed that successful generals endangered royal authority, and relieved or even executed them (notably Li Gang, Yue Fei, and
3357:
up until the modern era. Roving sheriffs maintained law and order in the municipal jurisdictions and occasionally ventured into the countryside. Official magistrates overseeing court cases were not only expected to be well-versed in written law but also to promote morality in society. Magistrates
3330:
played a prominent role in Song culture and society. A scholar-official would be frowned upon by his peers if he pursued means of profiteering outside of his official salary; however, this did not stop many scholar-officials from managing business relations through the use of intermediary agents.
3318:
schools; instead, the bulk of the funds for schools was drawn from private financing. This limited role of government officials was a departure from the earlier Tang dynasty (618–907), when the government strictly regulated commercial markets and local affairs; now the government withdrew heavily
3054:
for her marriage, women naturally gained many new legal rights in ownership of property. Under certain circumstances, an unmarried daughter without brothers, or a surviving mother without sons, could inherit one-half of her father's share of undivided family property. There were many notable and
3049:
Although women were on a lower social tier than men according to
Confucian ethics, they enjoyed many social and legal privileges and wielded considerable power at home and in their own small businesses. As Song society became more and more prosperous and parents on the bride's side of the family
4297:
and
Yingzhou about ten to twenty thousand such bombs at a time. In turn, the invading Mongols employed northern Chinese soldiers and used these same types of gunpowder weapons against the Song. By the 14th century the firearm and cannon could also be found in Europe, India, and the Middle East,
4205:
investors usually divided their investment among many ships, and each ship had many investors behind it. One observer thought eagerness to invest in overseas trade was leading to an outflow of copper cash. He wrote, "People along the coast are on intimate terms with the merchants who engage in
3465:
were separated from the regular infantry and placed in their own units as they were prized combatants, providing effective missile fire against cavalry charges. The government was eager to sponsor new crossbow designs that could shoot at longer ranges, while crossbowmen were also valuable when
3243:
helped to widely circulate
Confucian teachings and to educate more and more eligible candidates for the exams. This can be seen in the number of exam takers for the low-level prefectural exams rising from 30,000 annual candidates in the early 11th century to 400,000 candidates by the late 13th
5195:
The professions of the architect, craftsman, carpenter, and structural engineer were not seen as professionally equal to that of a
Confucian scholar-official. Architectural knowledge had been passed down orally for thousands of years in China, in many cases from a father craftsman to his son.
4139:
The economic power of Song China can be attested by the growth of the urban population of its capital city Hangzhou. The population was 200,000 at the start of the 12th century and increased to 500,000 around 1170 and doubled to over a million a century later. This economic power also heavily
3436:
The Song military was chiefly organized to ensure that the army could not threaten Imperial control, often at the expense of effectiveness in war. Northern Song's Military Council operated under a Chancellor, who had no control over the imperial army. The imperial army was divided among three
3905:
Song restaurant and tavern menus are recorded. They list entrees for feasts, banquets, festivals, and carnivals. They reveal a diverse and lavish diet for those of the upper class. They could choose from a wide variety of meats and seafood, including shrimp, geese, duck, mussel, shellfish,
3285:
with the transition of the periods from Tang to Song. At the beginning of the dynasty, government posts were disproportionately held by two elite social groups: a founding elite who had ties with the founding emperor and a semi-hereditary professional elite who used long-held clan status,
4337:
that allowed a figure mounted on the vehicle to always point in the southern direction, no matter how the vehicle's wheels turned about. The concept of the differential gear that was used in this navigational vehicle is now found in modern automobiles in order to apply an equal amount of
4206:
overseas trade, either because they are fellow-countrymen or personal acquaintances. ... money to take with them on their ships for purchase and return conveyance of foreign goods. They invest from ten to a hundred strings of cash, and regularly make profits of several hundred percent".
3055:
well-educated women, and it was a common practice for women to educate their sons during their earliest youth. The mother of the scientist, general, diplomat, and statesman Shen Kuo taught him essentials of military strategy. There were also exceptional women writers and poets, such as
2538:(wuxing), the earth element follows the fire, the dynastic element of the Song, in the sequence of elemental creation. Therefore, their ideological move showed that the Jin considered Song reign in China complete, with the Jin replacing the Song as the rightful rulers of China Proper.
2366:). Heavy losses on both sides prompted the Vietnamese commander Thường Kiệt (1019–1105) to make peace overtures, allowing both sides to withdraw from the war effort; captured territories held by both Song and Vietnamese were mutually exchanged in 1082, along with prisoners of war.
2421:(1019–1086). As one faction supplanted another in the majority position of the court ministers, it would demote rival officials and exile them to govern remote frontier regions of the empire. One of the prominent victims of the political rivalry, the famous poet and statesman
2995:(202 BCE – CE 220) postal system to provide swift communication throughout the empire. The central government employed thousands of postal workers of various ranks to provide service for post offices and larger postal stations. In rural areas, farming peasants either
4030:
and Yangtze River. Both private and government-controlled industries met the needs of a growing Chinese population in the Song; prominent merchant families and private businesses were allowed to occupy industries that were not already government-operated monopolies.
5119:
work of tie beams and cross beams, and diagrams showing the various building types of halls in graded sizes. He also outlined the standard units of measurement and standard dimensional measurements of all building components described and illustrated in his book.
5365:; Shen rightfully attributed the discovered handicrafts and vessels from ancient times as the work of artisans and commoners from previous eras. He also disapproved of his peers' pursuit of archaeology simply to enhance state ritual, since Shen not only took an
4046:
was pursued by both private entrepreneurs who owned their own smelters as well as government-supervised smelting facilities. The Song economy was stable enough to produce over 100,000,000 kg (220,000,000 lb) of iron products per year. Large-scale
3787:
deeply affected the pre–Neo-Confucian doctrine of Cheng Yi. The philosophical work of Cheng Yi in turn influenced Zhu Xi. Although his writings were not accepted by his contemporary peers, Zhu's commentary and emphasis upon the Confucian classics of the
3456:
as lower members in the hierarchic social order, a person could gain status and prestige in society by becoming a high-ranking military officer with a record of victorious battles. At its height, the Song military had one million soldiers divided into
2778:(r. 1206–1227), initially invaded the Jin dynasty in 1205 and 1209, engaging in large raids across its borders, and in 1211 an enormous Mongol army was assembled to invade the Jin. The Jin dynasty was forced to submit and pay tribute to the Mongols as
2390:, which included measures such as improving the recruitment system of officials, increasing the salaries for minor officials, and establishing sponsorship programs to allow a wider range of people to be well educated and eligible for state service.
3550:
written in 1044. It was the first known book to have listed formulas for gunpowder; it gave appropriate formulas for use in several different kinds of gunpowder bombs. It also provided detailed descriptions and illustrations of double-piston pump
2346:(1031–1095). However, this campaign was ultimately a failure due to a rival military officer of Shen disobeying direct orders, and the territory gained from the Western Xia was eventually lost. The Song fought against the Vietnamese kingdom of
3362:(999–1062) embodied the upright, moral judge who upheld justice and never failed to live up to his principles. Song judges specified the guilty person or party in a criminal act and meted out punishments accordingly, often in the form of
2283:, and its arrival in 1081. However, China's closest neighbouring states had the greatest impact on its domestic and foreign policy. From its inception under Taizu, the Song dynasty alternated between warfare and diplomacy with the ethnic
4321:—were marked by the mechanical striking of a drum or bell as an auditory signal. The specifications for the 11th-century odometer were written by Chief Chamberlain Lu Daolong, who is quoted extensively in the historical text of the
5003:
for canal systems allowed different water levels to be raised and lowered for separated segments of a canal, which significantly aided the safety of canal traffic and allowed for larger barges. There was the Song-era innovation of
3613:
The visual arts during the Song dynasty were heightened by new developments such as advances in landscape and portrait painting. The gentry elite engaged in the arts as accepted pastimes of the cultured scholar-official, including
3700:
was the eighth emperor of the Song dynasty and he was a renowned artist as well as a patron of the art and the catalogue of his collection listed over 6,000 known paintings. A prime example of a highly venerated court painter was
2377:
During the 11th century, political rivalries divided members of the court due to the ministers' differing approaches, opinions, and policies regarding the handling of the Song's complex society and thriving economy. The idealist
4109:
The annual output of minted copper currency in 1085 reached roughly six billion coins. The most notable advancement in the Song economy was the establishment of the world's first government issued paper-printed money, known as
2409:
reform, the establishment of several government monopolies, the support of local militias, and the creation of higher standards for the Imperial examination to make it more practical for men skilled in statecraft to pass.
4284:
manuscript of 1044 was the first book in history to provide formulas for gunpowder and their specified use in different types of bombs. While engaged in a war with the Mongols, in 1259 the official Li Zengbo wrote in his
3987:
City views of the Song dynasty from paintings. Clockwise from upper left: A Northern Song dynasty (960–1127) era Chinese painting of a water-powered mill for grain, with surrounding river transport. The bridge scene from
3264:
and considers only three paternal ascendants of exam candidates while ignoring the demographic reality of Song China, the significant proportion of males in each generation that had no surviving sons, and the role of the
5369:
approach with the study of archaeology, but he also emphasized the study of functionality and investigating what was the ancient relics' original processes of manufacture. Shen used ancient texts and existing models of
3269:. Many felt disenfranchised by what they saw as a bureaucratic system that favored the land-holding class able to afford the best education. One of the greatest literary critics of this was the official and famous poet
4851:) since the Sui dynasty, the illustrated gazetteer became much more common during the Song dynasty, when the foremost concern was for illustrative gazetteers to serve political, administrative, and military purposes.
2844:
continued the assault against the Song, gaining a temporary foothold on the southern banks of the Yangtze. By the winter of 1259, Uriyangkhadai's army fought its way north to meet Kublai's army, which was besieging
3141:—was spoken by actors on stage. The four largest drama theatres in Kaifeng could hold audiences of several thousand each. There were also notable domestic pastimes, as people at home enjoyed activities such as the
2685:
boasted 70,000 men on 600 warships, and the Song forces only 3,000 men on 120 warships, the Song dynasty forces were victorious in both battles due to the destructive power of the bombs and the rapid assaults by
4197:
and corresponding printing plate. The Jiaozi was a form of promissory banknote which appeared around the 11th century in the Sichuan capital of Chengdu, China. Numismatists regard it as the first paper money in
3536:
army. This defeat not only marked the eventual submission of the Southern Han to the Song dynasty, but also the last instance where a war elephant corps was employed as a regular division within a Chinese army.
3399:
in order to determine cause of death (strangulation, poisoning, drowning, blows, etc.) and to prove whether death resulted from murder, suicide, or accidental death. Song Ci stressed the importance of proper
3326:, including artisans, artists, educational tutors, and entertainers. Despite the disdain for trade, commerce, and the merchant class exhibited by the highly cultured and elite exam-drafted scholar-officials,
3128:
and art collectors' clubs, horse-loving clubs, poetry clubs, and music clubs. Like regional cooking and cuisines in the Song, the era was known for its regional varieties of performing arts styles as well.
3124:, singers and musicians, prostitutes, and places to relax, including tea houses, restaurants, and organized banquets. People attended social clubs in large numbers; there were tea clubs, exotic food clubs,
2401:(1067–1085), Wang Anshi severely criticized the educational system and state bureaucracy. Seeking to resolve what he saw as state corruption and negligence, Wang implemented a series of reforms called the
2865:
to make an immediate assault and succeeded in pushing the Mongol forces back to the northern banks of the Yangtze. There were minor border skirmishes until 1265, when Kublai won a significant battle in
3305:
Due to Song's enormous population growth and the body of its appointed scholar-officials being accepted in limited numbers (about 20,000 active officials during the Song period), the larger scholarly
2877:, the last obstacle in his way to invading the rich Yangtze River basin. Kublai officially declared the creation of the Yuan dynasty in 1271. In 1275, a Song force of 130,000 troops under Chancellor
4144:
wrote in 1154 of the prowess of Chinese merchant ships in the Indian Ocean and of their annual voyages that brought iron, swords, silk, velvet, porcelain, and various textiles to places such as
3804:
also adopted Zhu Xi's teaching, known as the Shushigaku (朱子學, School of Zhu Xi) of Japan, and in Korea the Jujahak (주자학). Buddhism's continuing influence can be seen in painted artwork such as
2767:
the fact that many wealthy, land-owning families—some of which had officials working for the government—used their social connections with those in office in order to obtain tax-exempt status.
4168:. However, there was risk involved in such long overseas ventures. In order to reduce the risk of losing money on maritime trade missions abroad, wrote historians Ebrey, Walthall, and Palais:
11306:
2085:, the populace intermingled at public festivals and private clubs, and cities had lively entertainment quarters. The spread of literature and knowledge was enhanced by the rapid expansion of
5389:
Despite the gentry's overriding interest in archaeology simply for reviving ancient state rituals, some of Shen's peers took a similar approach to the study of archaeology. His contemporary
4914:) implemented a faster typesetting process, improved Bi's baked-clay movable type character set with a wooden one, and experimented with tin-metal movable type. The wealthy printing patron
8745:
Anderson, James A. (2008), "'Treacherous Factions': Shifting Frontier Alliances in the Breakdown of Sino-Vietnamese Relations on the Eve of the 1075 Border War", in Wyatt, Don J. (ed.),
4960:, which permitted accurate navigation on the open sea regardless of the weather. The magnetized compass needle – known in Chinese as the "south-pointing needle" – was first described by
2050:, use of early-ripening rice from Southeast and South Asia, and production of widespread food surpluses. The Northern Song census recorded 20 million households, double that of the
5409:(1795–1886), and was in fact emphasized by many Song scholars. The Song scholar Hong Mai (1123–1202) heavily criticized what he called the court's "ridiculous" archaeological catalogue
5397:
and archaeology. During the 11th century, Song scholars discovered the ancient shrine of Wu Liang (78–151 CE), a scholar of the Han dynasty; they produced rubbings of the carvings and
4593:
The oldest known illustration of an endless power-transmitting chain drive. It was used for coupling the main driving shaft of the Kaifeng clock tower to the armillary sphere gear box.
2566:
was under the control of the Jin dynasty. The Xia dynasty's territory generally remained unchanged. In the southwest, the Song dynasty bordered a territory about a sixth its size, the
3835:
philosophy and practice to the present day. A true revival of Buddhism in Chinese society would not occur until the Mongol rule of the Yuan dynasty, with Kublai Khan's sponsorship of
2461:
While the central Song court remained politically divided and focused upon its internal affairs, alarming new events to the north in the Liao state finally came to its attention. The
2342:
The Song dynasty managed to win several military victories over the Tanguts in the early 11th century, culminating in a campaign led by the polymath scientist, general, and statesman
4136:, and Anqi. The size of the workforce employed in paper money factories was large; it was recorded in 1175 that the factory at Hangzhou employed more than a thousand workers a day.
3796:, Zhu Xi's Four Books and his commentary on them became standard requirements of study for students attempting to pass the civil service examinations. The neighbouring countries of
2046:
three times larger than that of Europe during the 12th century. China's population doubled in size between the 10th and 11th centuries. This growth was made possible by expanded
2477:
toppled and completely conquered the Liao dynasty by 1125. During the joint attack, the Song's northern expedition army removed the defensive forest along the Song-Liao border.
5196:
Structural engineering and architecture schools were known to have existed during the Song period; one prestigious engineering school was headed by the renowned bridge-builder
4035:
emphasize this toleration of market mechanisms over population growth or new farming technologies as the major cause of Song economic prosperity. Artisans and merchants formed
8810:
5107:. In his book, Li provided detailed and vivid illustrations of architectural components and cross-sections of buildings. These illustrations displayed various applications of
3120:. There were entertainment quarters in the cities providing a constant array of amusements. There were puppeteers, acrobats, theatre actors, sword swallowers, snake charmers,
3097:(618–907). With many ethnic foreigners travelling to China to conduct trade or live permanently, there came many foreign religions; religious minorities in China included
5089:
built into pagoda towers for diagonal wind bracing. Shen Kuo also preserved Yu's specified dimensions and units of measurement for various building types. The architect
3521:
in order to secure movements of troops and supplies. There were large ships in the Song navy that could carry 1,000 soldiers aboard their decks, while the swift-moving
2861:—a rival claimant to the Mongol Khaganate—forced Kublai to move back north with the bulk of his forces. In Kublai's absence, the Song forces were ordered by Chancellor
2358:
from 1075 to 1077 over a border dispute and the Song's severing of commercial relations with Đại Việt. After the Vietnamese forces inflicted heavy damages in a raid on
11299:
605:
591:
566:
552:
538:
524:
510:
496:
482:
4932:
that massive printing projects began to employ movable type printing. This includes the printing of sixty-six copies of a 5,020 volume long encyclopedia in 1725, the
2908:
and 1300 members of the royal clan. On Kublai's orders, carried out by his commander Bayan, the rest of the former imperial family of Song were unharmed; the deposed
10405:
5401:
decorating the walls of his tomb so that they could be analyzed elsewhere. On the unreliability of historical works written after the fact, the epigrapher and poet
3322:
The gentry distinguished themselves in society through their intellectual and antiquarian pursuits, while the homes of prominent landholders attracted a variety of
2920:, out of fear that Emperor Gong would stage a coup to restore his reign. Other members of the Song imperial family continued to live in the Yuan dynasty, including
2690:. The strength of the navy was heavily emphasized following these victories. A century after the navy was founded it had grown in size to 52,000 fighting marines.
14837:
3763:
had waned in influence but it retained its hold on the arts and on the charities of monasteries. Buddhism had a profound influence upon the budding movement of
14832:
5025:
anchors in a circular pattern instead of in one direction. David Graff and Robin Higham state that this arrangement " them more reliable" for anchoring ships.
5016:
to repair them while suspended out of the water. The Song used crossbeams to brace the ribs of ships in order to strengthen them in a skeletal-like structure.
2200:, reuniting much of the territory that had once belonged to the Han and Tang empires and ending the upheaval of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. In
3902:, which sent 30,000 bushels as a tribute to Song. Champa rice was drought-resistant and able to grow fast enough to offer two harvests a year instead of one.
3725:(b. 177). This art project was a diplomatic gesture to the Jin dynasty while he negotiated for the release of his mother from Jurchen captivity in the north.
11292:
4140:
influenced foreign economies abroad. In 1120 alone, the Song government collected 18,000,000 ounces (510,000 kg) of silver in taxes. The Moroccan geographer
2315:). Song forces were repulsed by the Liao forces, who engaged in aggressive yearly campaigns into Northern Song territory until 1005, when the signing of the
4577:
A depiction of the 13th century "long serpent" rocket launcher. The holes in the frame are designed to keep the rockets separate, from the 1510 edition of
4317:. The Chinese odometer was a wheeled carriage, its gearwork being driven by the rotation of the carriage's wheels; specific units of distance—the Chinese
1897:
dynasties in northern China. After retreating to southern China following attacks by the Jin dynasty, the Song was eventually conquered by the Mongol-led
5266:
and other buildings aid modern-day scholars in their attempts to reconstruct and realize the nuances of Song architecture. Song dynasty artists such as
3867:
that hung to the ground around his feet, specific types of headgear, and even specific styles of girdles that displayed his graded-rank of officialdom.
2503:
of 1125 and 1127. Because of the removal of the previous defensive forest, the Jin army marched quickly across the North China Plain to Kaifeng. In the
4942:
replaced the old Chinese methods of movable type, while traditional woodblock printing in modern East Asia is used sparsely and for aesthetic reasons.
2916:
where he took up a monastic life. The former emperor would eventually be forced to commit suicide under the orders of Kublai's great-great-grandson,
2499:
However, the poor performance and military weakness of the Song army was observed by the Jurchens, who immediately broke the alliance, beginning the
2320:
state as its diplomatic equal. The Song created an extensive defensive forest along the Song-Liao border to thwart potential Khitan cavalry attacks.
7694:
4628:
appeared in medieval clockworks, derived from ancient clockworks of classical times). Su's tower featured a rotating gear wheel with 133 clock jack
3239:
and Tang dynasties, but by the Song period, it became virtually the only means for drafting officials into the government. The advent of widespread
2770:
Although the Song dynasty was able to hold back the Jin, a new foe came to power over the steppe, deserts, and plains north of the Jin dynasty. The
2069:
The expansion of the population, growth of cities, and emergence of a national economy led to the gradual withdrawal of the central government from
1952:, the Southern Song Empire contained a large population and productive agricultural land, sustaining a robust economy. In 1234, the Jin dynasty was
14802:
9630:
5085:
in the 10th and 11th centuries, respectively. Shen Kuo preserved the written dialogues of Yu Hao when describing technical issues such as slanting
2450:(1085–1100) and who remained in power until 1125. He revived the New Policies and pursued political opponents, tolerated corruption and encouraged
4754:, although it had earlier been described by Jia Xian in around 1100. Yang Hui also provided rules for constructing combinatorial arrangements in
5259:
2458:
in 1120. The rebellion may have been caused by an increasing tax burden, the concentration of landownership and oppressive government measures.
8930:
Chen, Yuan Julian (2018), "Frontier, Fortification, and Forestation: Defensive Woodland on the Song-Liao Border in the Long Eleventh Century",
4671:
was prepared in 1193 for instructing the crown prince on astronomical findings. The planispheres were engraved in stone several decades later.
13610:
14782:
10193:
5176:). Many of the pagoda towers built during the Song period were erected at heights that exceeded ten stories. Some of the most famous are the
4934:
1878:
14822:
10619:
3792:
as an introductory corpus to Confucian learning formed the basis of the Neo-Confucian doctrine. By the year 1241, under the sponsorship of
3711:
11223:
10947:
10886:
10778:
10393:
9670:, Manoa: Asian Interactions and Comparisons, a joint publication of the University of Hawaii Press and the Association for Asian Studies,
6586:
5582:
5432:
4908:
10126:
10113:
2454:(1100–1126) to neglect his duties to focus on artistic pursuits. Later, a peasant rebellion broke out in Zhejiang and Fujian, headed by
11075:
4951:
4896:
and expansion of the educated class of scholar elites, the latter which expanded dramatically in size from the 11th to 13th centuries.
4325:(compiled by 1345). In the Song period, the odometer vehicle was also combined with another old complex mechanical device known as the
4216:
4026:
and in multiple sailing vessels at a time when monetary gain was assured from the vigorous overseas trade and domestic trade along the
2442:
The continual alternation between reform and conservatism had effectively weakened the dynasty. This decline can also be attributed to
1991:
1828:
1768:
10613:
5090:
3696:
The imperial courts of the emperor's palace were filled with his entourage of court painters, calligraphers, poets, and storytellers.
2789:
The Mongols were allied with the Song, but this alliance was broken when the Song recaptured the former imperial capitals of Kaifeng,
2058:
dynasties. It is estimated that the Northern Song had a population of 90 million people, and 200 million by the time of the
12959:
4039:
that the state had to deal with when assessing taxes, requisitioning goods, and setting standard workers' wages and prices on goods.
2782:; when the Jin suddenly moved their capital city from Beijing to Kaifeng, the Mongols saw this as a revolt. Under the leadership of
1980:
was proclaimed the new Great Khan and in 1271 founded the Yuan dynasty. After two decades of sporadic warfare, Kublai Khan's armies
12541:
6534:
4022:
The Song dynasty had one of the most prosperous and advanced economies in the medieval world. Song Chinese invested their funds in
4004:
3994:
3379:(such as his argument for two throat valves instead of three); this perhaps spurred the interest in the performance of post-mortem
2967:
and there were many schools and temples to provide the people with education and religious services. The Song government supported
2417:), also known as the "Reformers", were opposed by the ministers in the "Conservative" faction led by the historian and Chancellor
66:
14797:
2220:
or military position) and promoted projects that ensured efficiency in communication throughout the empire. In one such project,
10254:
3301:, an educational institution equivalent to modern-day college. It was originally built in 1111 during the Northern Song dynasty.
2003:
11187:
9517:
Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 7: Military Technology; The Gunpowder Epic
4803:
4278:, enabled the Song Chinese to ward off their militant enemies until the Song's ultimate collapse in the late 13th century. The
3388:
3315:
1882:
1458:
6582:
The Study on the Daughters' Rights to Possess and Arrange Their Parents' Property during the Period from Tang to Song dynasty
5242:
2582:
found new ways to bolster its strong economy and defend itself against the Jin dynasty. It had able military officers such as
14563:
13945:
11088:
10091:
10072:
10054:
10034:
10016:
9998:
9979:
9916:
9827:
9807:
9752:
9693:
9675:
9570:
9539:
9458:
9428:
9394:
9376:
9334:
9232:
9192:
9087:
9063:
9041:
9019:
8991:
8967:
8880:
8860:
8838:
8820:
8772:
8754:
8735:
4883:
was passed on to one of Shen Kuo's nephews, and was carefully preserved. Movable type enhanced the already widespread use of
3509:
The Song navy was of great importance during the consolidation of the empire in the 10th century; during the war against the
2917:
2011:
1758:
4938:, which necessitated the crafting of 250,000 movable type characters cast in bronze. By the 19th century the European style
10515:
10500:
10487:
10452:
10417:
10388:
9865:
West, Stephen H. (1997), "Playing With Food: Performance, Food, and The Aesthetics of Artificiality in The Sung and Yuan",
4313:, when the state needed to accurately measure distances traveled throughout the empire, the Chinese relied on a mechanical
4185:
3453:
3417:
2148:
1928:; 1127–1279) comprise the period following the loss of control over the northern half of Song territory to the Jurchen-led
1331:
1321:
172:
14469:
10108:
2562:
Southern Song in 1142. The western and southern borders remain unchanged from the previous map. However, the north of the
2661:. With a permanent navy, the Song were prepared to face the naval forces of the Jin on the Yangtze River in 1161, in the
1981:
1800:
962:
298:
4956:
The most important nautical innovation of the Song period seems to have been the introduction of the magnetic mariner's
4899:
The movable type invented by Bi Sheng was ultimately trumped by the use of woodblock printing due to the limitations of
4724:
for each rectangular grid. China's coastline and river systems are clearly defined and precisely pinpointed on the map.
2204:, he established a strong central government over the empire. The establishment of this capital marked the start of the
14615:
13615:
10520:
6300:
2507:
during the latter invasion, the Jurchens captured not only the capital, but the retired Emperor Huizong, his successor
952:
4600:
Su Song was best known for his horology treatise written in 1092, which described and illustrated in great detail his
4413:
thanks to Shen Kuo's astronomical observations. Su Song's celestial atlas of five star maps is actually the oldest in
2473:(1054–1126) advised Emperor Huizong to form an alliance with the Jurchens, and the joint military campaign under this
13259:
10284:
10186:
9055:
8781:
Bol, Peter K. (2001), "The Rise of Local History: History, Geography, and Culture in Southern Song and Yuan Wuzhou",
6022:
1629:
5393:(1007–1072) compiled an analytical catalogue of ancient rubbings on stone and bronze which pioneered ideas in early
4833:, a formal rectangular grid system, and use of a standard graduated scale of distances was applied to terrain maps.
3231:, in an effort to select the most capable individuals for governance. Selecting men for office through proven merit
2299:
in the northwest. The Song dynasty used military force in an attempt to quell the Liao dynasty and to recapture the
12537:
11162:
10510:
10400:
9508:
Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 3: Civil Engineering and Nautics
9269:——— (1996), "Song Dynasty Local Gazetteers and Their Place in The History of Difangzhi Writing",
5034:
4860:
4512:
4334:
4220:
2228:. Emperor Taizu also promoted groundbreaking scientific and technological innovations by supporting works like the
1995:
9203:"East Asian History Sourcebook: Chinese Accounts of Rome, Byzantium and the Middle East, c. 91 B.C.E. – 1643 C.E."
8829:
Brose, Michael C. (2008), "People in the Middle: Uyghurs in the Northwest Frontier Zone", in Wyatt, Don J. (ed.),
5824:"East Asian History Sourcebook: Chinese Accounts of Rome, Byzantium and the Middle East, c. 91 B.C.E. – 1643 C.E."
4527:
was the first to do so. He also improved the designs of astronomical instruments such as the widened astronomical
3319:
from regulating commerce and relied upon a mass of local gentry to perform necessary duties in their communities.
14241:
13138:
12219:
10146:
9770:
3717:
3540:
There was a total of 347 military treatises written during the Song period, as listed by the history text of the
1383:
13403:
5305:
There were also pyramidal tomb structures in the Song era, such as the Song imperial tombs located in Gongxian,
14792:
14787:
10242:
9562:
5326:
2268:
1821:
1773:
795:
4903:, yet movable type printing continued to be used and was improved in later periods. The Yuan scholar-official
14679:
11048:
10346:
10237:
3555:, as well as instructions for the maintenance and repair of the components and equipment used in the device.
3098:
2351:
1795:
1721:
1656:
847:
9499:
Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2: Mechanical Engineering
6012:
3827:
experienced a literary flourishing in the Song period, which saw the publication of several major classical
3630:(1051–1107) enjoyed antiquarian affairs, often borrowing or buying art pieces to study and copy. Poetry and
14812:
14674:
14558:
10546:
10215:
10179:
10153:
9744:
9241:
Hargett, James M. (1985), "Some Preliminary Remarks on the Travel Records of the Song Dynasty (960–1279)",
5477:
4473:
4330:
4294:
3564:
3177:
1731:
453:
8855:, Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press (first published by China Intercontinental Press),
7702:
5164:
Grandiose building projects were supported by the government, including the erection of towering Buddhist
3544:(compiled in 1345). However, only a handful of these military treatises have survived, which includes the
14827:
14817:
14807:
14684:
13721:
13080:
13072:
13060:
12239:
11007:
10538:
10534:
10460:
10432:
10211:
5462:
4845:
had existed since 52 CE during the Han dynasty and gazetteers accompanied by illustrative maps (Chinese:
4834:
4230:
3978:
3939:
3340:
3158:
2958:
2937:
2933:
2798:
2753:
2535:
2466:
2402:
2193:
2142:
2082:
2078:
2063:
1929:
1905:
1894:
1783:
1540:
921:
706:
584:
155:
17:
10373:
5286:, and Ma Lin painted close-up depictions of buildings as well as large expanses of cityscapes featuring
5148:
2786:(r.1229–1241), both the Jin dynasty and Western Xia dynasty were conquered by Mongol forces in 1233/34.
14733:
12702:
12163:
11387:
10422:
10232:
9442:
9420:
9184:
8983:
8872:
4571:
4355:
4310:
4226:
3840:
3311:
1788:
774:
9490:
Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 3, Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth
6688:
3886:
The main food staples in the diet of the lower classes remained rice, pork, and salted fish. In 1011,
2885:. By 1276, most of the Song territory had been captured by Yuan forces, including the capital Lin'an.
2657:. The Song dynasty therefore established China's first permanent navy in 1132, with a headquarters at
14642:
13790:
13354:
13206:
13202:
12923:
12907:
12175:
12167:
12143:
12067:
11965:
11683:
11461:
11395:
10294:
9898:
9858:
Return to the City of Light: Quanzhou, an eastern city shining with the splendour of medieval culture
9297:
Hartwell, Robert M. (1982), "Demographic, Political, and Social Transformations of China, 750-1550",
9079:
4790:
4071:
3643:
2474:
1814:
1751:
1716:
1289:
985:
895:
272:
3815:. However, the ideology was highly criticized and even scorned by some. The statesman and historian
3470:. Song cavalry employed a slew of different weapons, including halberds, swords, bows, spears, and '
2625:
To protect and support the multitude of ships sailing for maritime interests into the waters of the
2386:(989–1052), was the first to receive a heated political backlash when he attempted to institute the
14600:
14575:
14425:
14084:
14079:
13126:
12227:
12005:
11997:
11969:
11659:
11512:
11465:
11399:
11383:
10870:
10625:
10279:
10247:
9472:
9033:
6521:"Fenjia: household division and inheritance in Qing and Republican China Written", David Wakefield
5437:
4636:, and presenting announcement plaques. In his printed book, Su published a celestial atlas of five
3887:
3475:
2398:
2070:
1953:
1134:
3112:
The populace engaged in a vibrant social and domestic life, enjoying such public festivals as the
14667:
14548:
14089:
14042:
13985:
13684:
13628:
13376:
13166:
12812:
12808:
12071:
11981:
11867:
11835:
11757:
11749:
11590:
11586:
11516:
11504:
11500:
11132:
10901:
10476:
10309:
5283:
4102:
A painting shows a pair of cargo ships with stern-mounted rudders accompanied by a smaller craft.
3697:
3354:
3018:
2551:
2515:
2508:
2451:
2436:
2328:
1711:
204:
4785:
into Chinese mathematics; before this blank spaces were used instead of zeroes in the system of
3958:
14689:
14590:
14585:
14273:
14221:
14141:
14074:
13978:
13963:
13856:
13623:
13577:
13418:
13305:
12919:
12863:
12568:
12533:
12529:
12091:
12079:
12075:
11574:
11284:
10726:
10274:
10118:
9836:
Wagner, Donald B. (2001), "The Administration of the Iron Industry in Eleventh-Century China",
6583:
5589:
5419:
5374:
to create one based on ancient standards; Shen described ancient weaponry such as the use of a
5234:
5082:
4928:
switched their printing process from woodblock to movable type printing. Yet it was during the
4528:
4326:
4258:
Advancements in weapons technology enhanced by gunpowder, including the evolution of the early
4048:
3793:
3768:
3639:
3589:
3528:
In a battle on January 23, 971, massive arrow fire from Song dynasty crossbowmen decimated the
2830:
2670:
2094:
2043:
1948:). Although the Song dynasty had lost control of the traditional Chinese heartlands around the
1763:
1741:
1726:
1212:
931:
409:
10123:
5335:
Scholars of the Song dynasty claim to have collected ancient relics dating back as far as the
14777:
14620:
14580:
14393:
14268:
13332:
13322:
13281:
13252:
13113:
13034:
12513:
12453:
12289:
12285:
11256:
10495:
6522:
5583:"China, Europe and the Great Divergence: A study in historical national accounting, 980–1850"
4996:
3851:, which had entered China in the Tang era, would also be revived in China under Mongol rule.
3494:
3082:
3014:
2988:
2913:
2303:, a territory under Khitan control since 938 that was traditionally considered to be part of
2163:
1870:
1736:
1153:
191:
147:
14508:
6683:
4565:
tower of Kaifeng featured in Su Song's book, written by 1092 and published in print by 1094.
4555:
3678:
existed in China since the 1st century, the matured form known as "treatise on a place", or
3065:
during this period had a great effect on people's lives, beliefs, and daily activities, and
3045:
feather banner like the one used in dramatical theater to signal an acting leader of troops.
2526:
and shift of capitals from Kaifeng to Lin'an was the dividing line between the Northern and
2109:
ideals, and emphasized a new organization of classic texts that established the doctrine of
14713:
14543:
14513:
14388:
14319:
14290:
14209:
13543:
13381:
13371:
13130:
12832:
12554:
12478:
12059:
11142:
10631:
10351:
9819:
China's Geography: Globalization and the Dynamics of Political, Economic, and Social Change
5077:
Architecture during the Song period reached new heights of sophistication. Authors such as
5012:
without sinking the ships. If ships were damaged, the Chinese of the 11th century employed
5005:
4904:
4751:
4504:
4293:
was manufacturing one to two thousand strong iron-cased bombshells a month, dispatching to
4241:
4085:
3864:
3819:(1007–1072) called the religion a "curse" that could only be remedied by uprooting it from
3293:
3228:
2909:
2272:
2209:
2122:
2114:
1956:, who took control of northern China, maintaining uneasy relations with the Southern Song.
1941:
1778:
991:
311:
111:
14493:
5081:
and Shen Kuo wrote books outlining the field of architectural layouts, craftsmanship, and
4051:
would have continued if not for the 11th-century innovation of the use of coal instead of
8:
14405:
14285:
14251:
14153:
13973:
13968:
13780:
13499:
13435:
13310:
13295:
11181:
11021:
10410:
10356:
9368:
6420:
The Song dynasty in China (960–1279): Life in the Song Seen through a 12th-century Scroll
4822:
4743:
4680:
4641:
4406:
4027:
4023:
3732:
3715:. Emperor Gaozong of Song initiated a massive art project during his reign, known as the
3623:
3278:
3274:
3227:
system of recruiting officials; this was based upon degrees acquired through competitive
2900:, finally crushed the Song resistance. The last remaining ruler, the 13-year-old emperor
2882:
2874:
2563:
2300:
2252:
2221:
2217:
1998:
flourished during the Song era. The Song dynasty was the first in world history to issue
943:
14121:
14111:
12816:
12305:
12191:
9343:
Hsu, Mei-ling (1993), "The Qin Maps: A Clue to Later Chinese Cartographic Development",
9327:
Statesmen and Gentlemen: The Elite of Fu-Chou, Chiang-Hsi, in Northern and Southern Sung
9202:
5823:
4587:
3949:
3666:
2942:
2413:
The reforms created political factions in the court. Wang Anshi's "New Policies Group" (
2347:
14518:
14498:
14481:
14432:
14297:
14106:
14057:
13990:
13908:
13849:
13844:
13839:
13795:
13765:
13657:
13555:
13423:
13398:
13178:
13004:
12828:
12742:
12665:
11957:
11157:
11117:
10324:
10319:
10044:
9950:
9942:
9882:
9817:
9787:
9728:
9655:
9604:
9596:
9531:
9314:
9286:
9258:
9209:
9168:
9160:
9123:
9115:
8953:
8919:
8849:
8798:
8117:
6557:
6273:
5830:
5708:
5357:
5352:
claimed to have discovered ancient bronze vessels that were created as far back as the
5314:
5310:
5267:
5044:
4884:
4794:
4767:
4562:
4515:
over time. He created a theory of land formation involving concepts accepted in modern
3706:
3671:
3631:
3209:, Palace Museum, Beijing; "Four Generals of Zhongxing" by Southern Song dynasty artist
3138:
3066:
2379:
2280:
2229:
2182:
2086:
2039:
1866:
1746:
926:
831:
823:
640:
11989:
11953:
8831:
Battlefronts Real and Imagined: War, Border, and Identity in the Chinese Middle Period
8747:
Battlefronts Real and Imagined: War, Border, and Identity in the Chinese Middle Period
2355:
2121:, they became much more prominent in the Song period. Officials gaining power through
14627:
14523:
14459:
14454:
14383:
14280:
13995:
13923:
13918:
13760:
13689:
13672:
13667:
13662:
13462:
13413:
13008:
12927:
12730:
12363:
11871:
11196:
11036:
11031:
10968:
10505:
10329:
10314:
10304:
10299:
10259:
10087:
10068:
10050:
10030:
10012:
9994:
9975:
9954:
9912:
9906:
9823:
9803:
9748:
9689:
9671:
9624:
9608:
9566:
9535:
9525:
9454:
9424:
9390:
9372:
9330:
9228:
9188:
9172:
9127:
9083:
9073:
9059:
9037:
9015:
9009:
8987:
8977:
8963:
8923:
8876:
8856:
8834:
8816:
8768:
8750:
8731:
8109:
6561:
6296:
6018:
5406:
5366:
5299:
5184:
built in 1165 during the Southern Song, though there were others. The tallest is the
5116:
5009:
4900:
4875:
4838:
4734:
4684:
4645:
4351:
4299:
4194:
4111:
4081:
4013:
3657:
3653:
3371:
3134:
3117:
3062:
2893:
2662:
2504:
2500:
2465:, a subject tribe of the Liao, rebelled against them and formed their own state, the
2244:
1933:
1674:
1242:
1222:
997:
758:
750:
445:
441:
285:
13190:
12804:
12525:
12055:
11961:
4096:
2224:
created detailed maps of each province and city that were then collected in a large
634:
14476:
14263:
14258:
14214:
14201:
14131:
14099:
14094:
13958:
13953:
13935:
13896:
13829:
13812:
13753:
13743:
13738:
13679:
13635:
13605:
13565:
13548:
13531:
13494:
13245:
13198:
13142:
12987:
12971:
12644:
12521:
12505:
12492:
12332:
12309:
12235:
12125:
11985:
11973:
11790:
11732:
11704:
11570:
11553:
11348:
11107:
11041:
10588:
10556:
10339:
10334:
9934:
9874:
9845:
9779:
9720:
9647:
9588:
9352:
9306:
9278:
9250:
9152:
9105:
8959:
8939:
8911:
8790:
8121:
8105:
8101:
8091:
6549:
6265:
5700:
5371:
5362:
5291:
5100:
4999:
and nautical technology during the Song dynasty. The 10th-century invention of the
4656:
4625:
4621:
4609:
4116:
4032:
3859:
3836:
3820:
3764:
3760:
3674:
to argue for a philosophical point. Although an early form of the local geographic
3615:
3461:
of 50 troops, companies made of two platoons, battalions composed of 500 soldiers.
3392:
3273:. Yet Su was a product of his times, as the identity, habits, and attitudes of the
3260:
criticized this model, stating that it places too much emphasis on the role of the
3168:
3121:
3113:
3078:
3037:
2666:
2558:
2276:
2130:
2110:
2047:
1848:
1353:
911:
903:
671:
648:
449:
135:
35:
12983:
12915:
11675:
9816:
Veeck, Gregory; Pannell, Clifton W.; Smith, Christopher J.; Huang, Youqin (2007),
9668:
Buddhism, Diplomacy, and Trade: The Realignment of Sino-Indian Relations, 600–1400
4922:
established China's first metal movable type (using bronze) in 1490. In 1638, the
3743:
2698:
14694:
14662:
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14503:
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11761:
11753:
11651:
11647:
10774:
10361:
10264:
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10130:
6590:
5472:
5361:
peers that ancient relics were products created by famous "sages" in lore or the
5155:
5135:
4969:
4893:
4798:
4613:
4608:
built in Kaifeng. The clock tower featured large astronomical instruments of the
3298:
3287:
3266:
3257:
3253:
3249:
2972:
2889:
2480:
2447:
2362:, the Song commander Guo Kui (1022–1088) penetrated as far as Thăng Long (modern
2316:
2178:
1985:
736:
324:
255:
14116:
3728:
3432:. Trebuchets like this were used to launch the earliest type of explosive bombs.
3235:. The civil service system became institutionalized on a small scale during the
2912:
was demoted, being given the title 'Duke of Ying', but was eventually exiled to
2522:
to establish a new capital at Lin'an (modern Hangzhou). The Jurchen conquest of
14759:
14637:
14632:
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14570:
14553:
14464:
14449:
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14186:
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11478:
11457:
11391:
11094:
10744:
10465:
10427:
9849:
9765:
9761:
9143:
Guo, Qinghua (1998), "Yingzao Fashi: Twelfth-Century Chinese Building Manual",
9001:
6553:
6256:(2013). "The deaths of two Khaghans: a comparison of events in 1242 and 1260".
6253:
5482:
5467:
5402:
5375:
5169:
5165:
4939:
4924:
4633:
4524:
4520:
4372:
4280:
4124:, the Song court established several government-run factories in the cities of
4009:
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3779:
Buddhism influenced Fan Zhongyan and Wang Anshi through its concept of ethical
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2406:
2387:
2074:
1255:
1172:
868:
861:
720:
151:
125:
9925:
Yuan, Zheng (1994), "Local Government Schools in Sung China: A Reassessment",
9356:
8900:"Legitimation Discourse and the Theory of the Five Elements in Imperial China"
6269:
5128:
4700:
3882:
such as these were imported to Song China from South Asia and the Middle East.
3664:(1126–1193) and Su Shi, the latter of whom wrote the 'daytrip essay' known as
2818:
2783:
2425:(1037–1101), was jailed and eventually exiled for criticizing Wang's reforms.
1957:
14771:
14718:
14605:
14400:
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11634:
11620:
11379:
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11173:
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11152:
10974:
10962:
10442:
10437:
10084:
China among Equals: The Middle Kingdom and Its Neighbors, 10th–14th Centuries
8251:
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3130:
3000:
2897:
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2292:
2284:
2240:
1965:
1917:
1045:
1012:
543:
232:
14146:
14126:
9783:
6258:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
4987:, a concept pioneered in 984 by the Assistant Commissioner of Transport for
4246:
2744:
husband (Zuoxianwang) dating from the Southern Song. A head sculpture of an
14747:
14610:
14351:
14341:
14307:
14236:
14231:
14158:
13948:
13930:
13891:
13886:
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11122:
10956:
10907:
10756:
10648:
10603:
10598:
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10163:
9711:
Steinhardt, Nancy Shatzman (1993), "The Tangut Royal Tombs near Yinchuan",
6565:
5487:
5279:
5181:
4929:
4919:
4873:(990–1051), first described by the scientist and statesman Shen Kuo in his
4866:
4755:
4725:
4709:
4259:
4161:
3989:
3848:
3780:
3702:
3552:
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2587:
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2383:
2304:
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2264:
2256:
2197:
2102:
2090:
2059:
2055:
2006:. This dynasty saw the first surviving records of the chemical formula for
1949:
1898:
1886:
1620:
1596:
1583:
1570:
1514:
1411:
1125:
1115:
1092:
840:
678:
598:
571:
529:
259:
143:
31:
9766:"Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia"
9638:
Schafer, Edward H. (1957), "War Elephants in Ancient and Medieval China",
8915:
5228:
4708:, or "Map of the Tracks of Yu", carved into stone in 1137, located in the
3874:
3010:
2858:
14329:
14314:
14163:
13876:
13785:
13775:
13701:
13349:
13344:
13174:
13150:
13021:
12850:
12457:
12396:
11993:
11908:
11708:
11696:
11262:
11219:
11112:
11102:
11064:
11053:
10943:
10919:
10793:
10762:
10666:
10593:
10551:
9741:
The Washing Away of Wrongs: Forensic Medicine in Thirteenth-Century China
9005:
8263:
5719:
5379:
5287:
5258:
Besides existing buildings and technical literature of building manuals,
5177:
5173:
5051:
4888:
laborious handwritten copies. The enhancement of widespread printing and
4818:
4771:
4717:
4668:
4660:
4605:
4540:
4485:
4481:
4461:
4153:
4077:
3999:
3907:
3891:
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3085:
were worshipped with sacrificial offerings. Tansen Sen asserts that more
3056:
2992:
2921:
2841:
2794:
2757:
2749:
2523:
2397:(1021–1086) became Chancellor of the imperial court. With the backing of
2296:
2263:
Kingdom in Korea, and other countries that were also trade partners with
2233:
2118:
2051:
1977:
1969:
1890:
1527:
1398:
1232:
1200:
1187:
1021:
9972:"This Culture of Ours": Intellectual Transitions in T'ang and Sung China
7048:
6277:
5691:
Durand, John (1960). "The Population Statistics of China, A.D. 2–1953".
4535:(which had shifted over centuries of time). Shen Kuo was also known for
3525:
were viewed as essential fighting ships in any successful naval battle.
3444:
3188:
2873:
From 1268 to 1273, Kublai blockaded the Yangtze River with his navy and
2813:
as part of a coordinated Mongol attack in 1259 with armies attacking in
14356:
14173:
14047:
14007:
13940:
12963:
12636:
12087:
11892:
11058:
11015:
10913:
10876:
10846:
10840:
10817:
10799:
10708:
10696:
10672:
9991:
The Imperial Capitals of China – An Inside View of the Celestial Empire
9886:
9791:
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8802:
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state, the Song navy employed tactics such as defending large floating
3498:
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3350:
3282:
3202:
2630:
2606:
to support maritime trade abroad, including at the major international
2575:
2485:
2418:
2394:
2213:
2035:
2027:
2023:
2015:
1961:
1874:
1279:
1068:
767:
487:
10171:
9946:
9481:
Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 1, Introductory Orientations
9262:
8869:
Historical Perspectives on East Asian Science, Technology and Medicine
7625:
7623:
7562:
7560:
7385:
7383:
6925:
6414:
3969:
3244:
century. The civil service and examination system allowed for greater
3217:(1103–1142) is the second person from the left in the latter painting.
14246:
14017:
13901:
13871:
13652:
13526:
13317:
13096:
13048:
12903:
12836:
12710:
12648:
12440:
12379:
12359:
11977:
11765:
11492:
11083:
10992:
10937:
10931:
10852:
10720:
10714:
10702:
10690:
10684:
10608:
10571:
10561:
9800:
The Genius of China: 3,000 Years of Science, Discovery, and Invention
9408:
8891:
The Cambridge History of China Volume 5 Part Two Sung China, 960-1279
8096:
8079:
7323:
6997:
6995:
6993:
6850:
6848:
6846:
6844:
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5658:
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5457:
5452:
5394:
5383:
5263:
5197:
5139:
4842:
4830:
4814:
4721:
4629:
4601:
4536:
4532:
4511:
while experimenting with a compass. Shen theorized that geographical
4469:
4457:
4453:
4410:
4387:
4365:
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4275:
4157:
4141:
4060:
3911:
3722:
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was defeated by Kublai's newly appointed commander-in-chief, general
2878:
2862:
2834:
2737:
2718:
2674:
2615:
2603:
2470:
2248:
2007:
1973:
788:
515:
217:
10135:
9878:
9724:
9651:
9592:
9417:
The Reunification of China: Peace through War under the Song Dynasty
9310:
9282:
9156:
9110:
8899:
8794:
8513:
5704:
4547:
instead of linear interpolation in calibrating the measure of time.
4432:(1020–1101) embodied advancements in all fields of study, including
2707:
2369:
13647:
13430:
13388:
13327:
13068:
13056:
13052:
12890:
12734:
12722:
12718:
12714:
12640:
12584:
12580:
12572:
12461:
12428:
12420:
12371:
11949:
11936:
11863:
11843:
11831:
11578:
11529:
11436:
11244:
11232:
11213:
11137:
11026:
10986:
10858:
10834:
10811:
10768:
10750:
10576:
9938:
9802:, with a foreword by Joseph Needham, New York: Simon and Schuster,
9254:
8152:
7620:
7608:
7557:
7407:
7380:
5415:
5271:
4961:
4880:
4870:
4810:
4747:
4713:
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4414:
4342:
to a car's wheels even when they are rotating at different speeds.
4314:
4290:
4133:
4121:
4052:
3776:
3462:
3383:
in China during the 12th century. The physician and judge known as
3323:
3240:
3232:
3074:
3026:
2951:
2947:
2905:
2822:
2727:
2611:
2443:
2343:
2126:
2106:
1999:
1945:
1912:; 960–1127), the capital was in the northern city of Bianjing (now
809:
692:
165:
98:
91:
8952:
Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Walthall, Anne; Palais, James B. (2006),
8867:
Chan, Alan Kam-leung; Clancey, Gregory K.; Loy, Hui-Chieh (2002),
8128:
6990:
6901:
6841:
6794:
6622:
6431:
6309:
6213:
6201:
6153:
6031:
5971:
5956:
5855:
5655:
5060:
3133:
was very popular amongst the elite and general populace, although
2323:
2002:
or true paper money and the first Chinese government to establish
13560:
13489:
13445:
13300:
13223:
13219:
13182:
13162:
13158:
13134:
13100:
13092:
13064:
12955:
12706:
12689:
12517:
12424:
12367:
12346:
12251:
12247:
12243:
11851:
11818:
11607:
11557:
11496:
11250:
11238:
11127:
10882:
10660:
10654:
10581:
10566:
10289:
10269:
9032:(2nd enlarged ed.), Cambridge; London: The Belknap Press of
8338:
6891:
6889:
6887:
6595:
5104:
5013:
4988:
4957:
4915:
4826:
4729:
4689:
4441:
4437:
4429:
4398:
4267:
4263:
4129:
4125:
3895:
3642:
and dozens of treatises on technical subjects. This included the
3585:
3574:
3458:
3422:
3405:
3401:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3214:
3146:
3086:
3051:
3042:
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2814:
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2790:
2771:
2741:
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2650:
2607:
2583:
2519:
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2312:
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2201:
2031:
1937:
1913:
1422:
1273:
1267:
873:
501:
105:
84:
13361:
11314:
9579:
Rudolph, R. C. (1963), "Preliminary Notes on Sung Archaeology",
9075:
Daily Life in China on the Eve of the Mongol Invasion, 1250–1276
8275:
7238:
7236:
4640:. These star charts feature a cylindrical projection similar to
3922:-fruit juice, honey and ginger drinks, spices and seasonings of
3638:. Enormous encyclopedic volumes were compiled, such as works of
13393:
13268:
13076:
12975:
12824:
12800:
12726:
12661:
12632:
12179:
12171:
12159:
12147:
12108:
11879:
11875:
11745:
11700:
11655:
11594:
11453:
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10864:
10805:
10787:
10738:
10732:
10678:
5447:
5295:
5275:
5201:
5108:
5078:
5067:
5021:
4759:
4489:
4433:
4405:
published in 1092, featuring cylindrical projection similar to
4339:
4305:
4271:
4165:
3927:
3919:
3915:
3899:
3879:
3772:
3467:
3396:
3363:
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3070:
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2976:
2779:
2619:
2599:
2595:
2546:
2493:
2428:
2422:
2260:
2098:
139:
8812:
The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China
8636:
8626:
8624:
8622:
8620:
8618:
6978:
6954:
6884:
6816:
6814:
4825:
date to the 4th century BCE, yet it was not until the time of
3404:'s conduct during autopsies and the accurate recording of the
2514:
The remaining Song forces regrouped under the self-proclaimed
14027:
12820:
12042:
11769:
11362:
10925:
10895:
8593:
8591:
8443:
8441:
8439:
8437:
8060:
7973:
7484:
7482:
7233:
7120:
6452:
6418:, in Ebrey, Patricia, & Conrad Schirokauer, consultants,
5306:
5219:
5189:
5086:
5017:
4979:
4892:
in the Song period was thus a direct catalyst in the rise of
4149:
4036:
3810:
3801:
3797:
3736:
3627:
3558:
3426:
Traction trebuchet on an Early Song dynasty warship from the
3090:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2826:
2810:
2745:
2638:
2634:
2363:
2225:
2208:
period. He ensured administrative stability by promoting the
2158:
1885:. The Song often came into conflict with the contemporaneous
852:
557:
10067:. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
9181:
Maritime trade and state development in early Southeast Asia
8537:
8398:
8374:
8350:
8287:
8212:
8140:
7847:
7835:
7811:
7799:
7751:
7299:
7007:
6584:
http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-TSSF201003024.htm
3597:
3152:
10980:
10065:
The Age of Confucian Rule: The Song Transformation of China
8687:
8615:
8578:
8576:
7961:
7903:
7901:
7888:
7886:
7635:
6872:
6860:
6811:
5944:
5743:
5331:
4766:, and was the first to use negative coefficients of 'x' in
4750:'s 1261 book provided the earliest Chinese illustration of
4145:
3930:, soy sauce, vegetable oil, sesame oil, salt, and vinegar.
3844:
3828:
3634:
profited from the rising popularity and development of the
3022:
3004:
2678:
2654:
2077:
assumed a larger role in local administration and affairs.
2019:
1857:
13237:
8704:
8702:
8665:
8663:
8603:
8588:
8465:
8434:
8176:
7652:
7650:
7533:
7479:
7311:
7265:
7263:
7221:
6663:
6661:
6233:
6231:
6165:
6119:
6117:
6115:
6102:
6100:
5779:
5540:
5538:
5536:
5534:
5028:
4879:
of 1088. The collection of Bi Sheng's original clay-fired
4176:
1854:
9405:
War, Politics and Society in Early Modern China, 900–1795
7596:
7511:
7509:
7443:
7335:
7173:
7026:
7024:
7022:
6831:
6829:
6703:
6129:
6087:
6085:
5550:
5168:
and the construction of enormous bridges (wood or stone,
3832:
3748:
3652:, compiled into 1000 volumes of 9.4 million written
2042:. Economically, the Song dynasty was unparalleled with a
828:
814:
800:
9838:
Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient
8573:
8561:
8453:
8422:
8410:
8386:
8048:
8036:
7985:
7937:
7925:
7898:
7883:
7871:
7859:
7823:
7787:
7763:
7419:
7287:
7248:
7163:
7161:
7159:
6763:
6416:
China in 1000 CE: The Most Advanced Society in the World
6362:
6360:
6333:
6177:
3660:
also became popular with the writings of the geographer
1869:
that ruled from 960 to 1279. The dynasty was founded by
779:
9550:
Soldiers of the Dragon: Chinese Armies 1500 BCE–CE 1840
9011:
Asia in Western and World History: A Guide for Teaching
8699:
8675:
8660:
8549:
8489:
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7494:
7275:
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6505:
6503:
6228:
6141:
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6097:
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5531:
4345:
3093:
traveled to China during the Song than in the previous
1908:
is divided into two periods: during the Northern Song (
9815:
8767:(Revised ed.), Beijing: Foreign Languages Press,
8648:
8239:
7775:
7506:
7467:
7455:
7431:
7060:
7019:
6826:
6739:
6476:
6464:
6082:
5725:
5521:
5519:
5418:, who prohibited scholars from reading and consulting
4716:. This 3 ft (0.91 m) squared map features a
4632:
who were timed to rotate past shuttered windows while
4250:
Earliest known written formula for gunpowder from the
3223:
During this period greater emphasis was laid upon the
3041:
A 12th-century painting by Su Hanchen; a girl waves a
1936:. At that time, the Song court retreated south of the
14731:
8362:
8200:
8188:
7662:
7395:
7368:
7209:
7197:
7185:
7156:
6727:
6715:
6612:
6610:
6396:
6384:
6372:
6357:
6345:
6321:
6189:
5867:
5631:
5607:
5562:
4945:
4846:
3334:
3059:(1084–1151), who became famous even in her lifetime.
3021:, prime minister Zhao Pu and other ministers playing
2653:, it was necessary to establish an official standing
1851:
755:
741:
725:
711:
697:
683:
11464:(鄆州) | Jìzhōu (濟州) | Shànzhōu (單州) |
9227:, New York & London: W.W. Norton & Company,
8955:
East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History
8299:
8224:
8021:
7913:
7674:
7359:
7144:
7132:
6937:
6775:
6500:
6488:
5992:
5803:
5755:
5619:
4531:, which allowed Shen Kuo to fix the position of the
2669:. During these battles the Song navy employed swift
2239:
The Song court maintained diplomatic relations with
1639:
1561:
1441:
1374:
1304:
1178:
9713:
Muqarnas: An Annual on Islamic Art and Architecture
9706:, Brookfield, Vermont: VARIORUM, Ashgate Publishing
8951:
8525:
8477:
8332:
7629:
7566:
7545:
7521:
7413:
7389:
7329:
7108:
7096:
7084:
7001:
6931:
6854:
6805:
6628:
6601:
6446:
6315:
6222:
6207:
6159:
6040:
5986:
5965:
5886:
5884:
5882:
5861:
5791:
5672:
5666:
5516:
5414:the erroneous material was the fault of Chancellor
4604:-powered, 12 m (39 ft) tall astronomical
2393:After Fan was forced to step down from his office,
2062:. This dramatic increase of population fomented an
1968:, died in 1259 while besieging the mountain castle
9201:Halsall, Paul (2000) . Jerome S. Arkenberg (ed.).
8848:
8833:, New York: Palgrave MacMillan, pp. 253–289,
8749:, New York: Palgrave MacMillan, pp. 191–226,
8728:T'ang China: The Rise of the East in World History
7949:
7715:
7347:
6751:
6607:
6070:
6058:
5908:
5896:
5843:
5767:
3626:. The poet and statesman Su Shi and his associate
3411:
3069:on spirituality was popular. The major deities of
2829:. On August 11, 1259, Möngke Khan died during the
9686:Cultural flow between China and the outside world
9050:Fraser, Julius Thomas; Haber, Francis C. (1986),
8501:
6634:
5822:Paul Halsall (2000) . Jerome S. Arkenberg (ed.).
5643:
4616:, both driven by an early intermittently working
3474:' that discharged a gunpowder blast of flame and
2736:Clockwise from upper left: Anonymous painting of
1984:in 1279 after defeating the Southern Song in the
1916:) and the dynasty controlled most of what is now
14769:
10086:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
9096:Golas, Peter (1980), "Rural China in the Song",
9052:Time, Science, and Society in China and the West
8815:, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press,
7584:
6535:"Women and Property in China, 960-1949 (review)"
6046:
5879:
5134:The 42-metre (138 ft) tall, brick and wood
4968:and first mentioned in active use by sailors in
4797:, and astronomical data used in determining the
4644:, the latter being a cartographic innovation of
2821:and other Mongol armies attacking in modern-day
9822:, Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers,
9027:
8642:
6960:
6907:
6895:
6458:
5180:built in 1049 during the Northern Song and the
4539:clockworks, as he invented a new overflow-tank
4424:Polymaths such as the scientists and statesmen
3823:and replacing it with Confucian discourse. The
2954:province, built in 1223 during the Song dynasty
2904:, committed suicide, along with Prime Minister
1877:dynasty and went on to conquer the rest of the
71:The Song dynasty at its greatest extent in 1111
14838:States and territories established in the 960s
10136:The Newly Compiled Overall Geographical Survey
9743:, translated by Brian E. McKnight, Ann Arbor:
8866:
7979:
6295:. University of California Press. p. 45.
5588:. Economic History Association. Archived from
4995:There were other considerable advancements in
4674:
3375:argued against traditional Chinese beliefs in
2797:at the collapse of the Jin dynasty. After the
2598:improvement projects, and the construction of
2574:Although weakened and pushed south beyond the
14833:States and territories disestablished in 1279
13253:
11300:
10187:
10046:All Under Heaven: A Complete History of China
9451:Magnetism in the Solid State: An Introduction
9243:Chinese Literature: Essays, Articles, Reviews
9028:Fairbank, John King; Goldman, Merle (2006) ,
8080:"Book Review: The Soochow Astronomical Chart"
4935:Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China
4728:refers to the Chinese deity described in the
3735:of mixed styles written by Song dynasty poet
2527:
1988:, and reunited China under the Yuan dynasty.
1921:
1822:
1495:
653:
356:3,100,000 km (1,200,000 sq mi)
49:
14710:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy
10620:Along the River During the Qingming Festival
9629:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
5821:
5815:
4306:Measuring distance and mechanical navigation
3712:Along the River During the Qingming Festival
1485:
9974:. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
9225:The Open Empire: A History of China to 1600
9134:Graff, David Andrew; Higham, Robin (2002),
9133:
9049:
9000:
8630:
8447:
7967:
7641:
7242:
7227:
7126:
6171:
5313:of officials, tomb guardians, animals, and
2896:in 1279, the Yuan army, led by the general
2857:, but a pending civil war with his brother
2541:
372:1,800,000 km (690,000 sq mi)
364:2,100,000 km (810,000 sq mi)
13260:
13246:
11307:
11293:
10194:
10180:
9710:
8979:The Cambridge Illustrated History of China
8609:
8597:
6284:
4952:Science and technology of the Song dynasty
4217:Science and technology of the Song dynasty
3559:Arts, literature, philosophy, and religion
3353:of the earlier Tang dynasty, the basis of
2987:. The Song dynasty supported a widespread
2153:
1829:
1815:
65:
10029:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
9760:
9329:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
9109:
8943:
8095:
5544:
4210:
3153:Civil service examinations and the gentry
2677:aboard the decks that launched gunpowder
2622:, that were sustaining China's commerce.
2435:, a painting of the Song royal palace by
2275:from the ruler of "Fu lin" (拂菻, i.e. the
2232:tower designed and built by the engineer
348:800,000 km (310,000 sq mi)
27:Chinese imperial dynasty from 960 to 1279
11206:
10109:Song dynasty at China Heritage Quarterly
9514:
9505:
9496:
9487:
9478:
9436:
9362:
9296:
9078:, Translated by H. M. Wright, Stanford:
8744:
8582:
8567:
8555:
8543:
8519:
8495:
8471:
8459:
8428:
8416:
8404:
8392:
8380:
8356:
8344:
8320:
8293:
8269:
8257:
8218:
8182:
8170:
8158:
8146:
8134:
8066:
8054:
8042:
8015:
7991:
7943:
7931:
7907:
7892:
7877:
7865:
7853:
7841:
7829:
7817:
7805:
7793:
7769:
7757:
7745:
7733:
7656:
7578:
7317:
7305:
7293:
7281:
7254:
7013:
6878:
6866:
6820:
6678:
6676:
6667:
6482:
6470:
6237:
6147:
6135:
6123:
5950:
5938:
5926:
5749:
5737:
5330:
4978:
4854:
4789:. He is also known for working with the
4742:There were many notable improvements to
4699:
4688:
4519:. He performed optical experiments with
4245:
4005:Along the River During Qingming Festival
3995:Along the River During Qingming Festival
3873:
3742:
3727:
3480:
3443:
3421:
3292:
3036:
3009:
2971:programs including the establishment of
2957:
2941:
2557:
2545:
2479:
2427:
2368:
2322:
2157:
1994:, science, philosophy, mathematics, and
14803:13th-century disestablishments in China
14534:
10201:
9904:
9637:
9578:
9556:
9523:
9519:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
9510:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
9501:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
9492:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
9483:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
9268:
9240:
9200:
8888:
8725:
8708:
8693:
8681:
8669:
8281:
7781:
7695:"Islam in China (650–present): Origins"
7515:
7500:
7341:
7269:
6745:
6402:
6390:
6378:
6366:
6351:
6339:
6327:
6290:
6195:
6183:
6091:
6010:
5637:
5625:
5613:
5568:
5556:
5378:on crossbows; while experimenting with
5311:are lines of Song dynasty stone statues
5029:Structural engineering and architecture
4659:, the remnants of which would form the
3854:
3588:, active during the reign of Shenzong.
2760:statue from the Song dynasty (960–1279)
2681:. Although the Jin forces commanded by
2064:economic revolution in pre-modern China
2026:. It also saw the first discernment of
14:
14770:
11188:Collected Cases of Injustice Rectified
11113:Endless power transmitting chain drive
10124:Song dynasty art with video commentary
9892:
9835:
9797:
9614:
9222:
9071:
8654:
8245:
7682:Cambridge Illustrated History of China
7668:
7614:
7602:
7539:
7488:
7473:
7461:
7449:
7437:
7425:
7401:
7066:
7030:
6984:
6972:
6733:
6709:
6652:
6428:, as accessed October 6 & 9, 2012.
6426:) (Asia for Educators, Columbia Univ.)
6248:
6246:
6017:. New York: St Martin's. p. 148.
5785:
5690:
5580:
4804:Mathematical Treatise in Nine Sections
4781:–1261) was the first to introduce the
4634:ringing gongs and bells, banging drums
4543:which had more efficient higher-order
3918:, pears, plums, apricots, pear juice,
3493:, built in 1055; it was intended as a
3452:Although the scholar-officials viewed
2927:
2518:(1127–1162) and withdrew south of the
2071:direct involvement in economic affairs
1883:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period
830:
757:
13241:
11288:
10175:
10049:, Chichester: John Wiley & Sons,
9701:
9547:
9414:
9402:
9324:
9095:
8975:
8828:
8808:
8368:
8308:
8233:
8030:
8003:
7919:
7721:
7374:
7215:
7191:
7179:
7167:
7150:
7138:
7054:
7042:
6948:
6835:
6788:
6769:
6673:
6616:
6509:
6494:
6076:
5998:
5914:
5902:
5809:
5761:
5678:
5525:
4329:. This device, originally crafted by
3501:for observation of potential dangers.
3497:, yet served a military purpose as a
14783:10th-century establishments in China
13043:
12213:
12134:
11330:
9924:
9864:
9855:
9738:
9688:, Beijing: Foreign Languages Press,
9683:
9466:
9448:
9387:The Chinese Market Economy 1000-1500
9178:
8929:
8897:
7955:
7551:
7527:
7078:
6919:
6757:
6721:
6542:Journal of Interdisciplinary History
6106:
6064:
6052:
5890:
5873:
5849:
5797:
5773:
4620:mechanism (similarly to the western
4346:Polymaths, inventions, and astronomy
4235:
4012:during the Southern Song dynasty by
3705:(1085–1145) who painted an enormous
3418:Military history of the Song dynasty
3408:of each autopsy by official clerks.
2683:Wanyan Liang (the Prince of Hailing)
2149:List of emperors of the Song dynasty
2034:, first recorded description of the
14823:Former countries in Chinese history
9665:
9384:
9342:
9142:
8846:
8780:
8762:
8531:
8507:
8483:
8206:
8194:
7590:
7353:
7203:
7114:
7102:
7090:
6640:
6252:
6243:
5649:
4746:during the Song era. Mathematician
4333:in the 3rd century, incorporated a
3683:
3682:, replaced the old "map guide", or
2853:. Kublai made preparations to take
2590:. The government sponsored massive
24:
9962:
9908:China; Land of Dragon and Emperors
9867:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
9860:, Fujian People's Publishing House
9299:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
9271:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
8783:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
6532:
6424:Asian Topics on Asia for Educators
4946:Hydraulic and nautical engineering
4503:Shen Kuo was the first to discern
4409:and the corrected position of the
3335:Law, justice, and forensic science
3213:(1174–1224); the renowned general
2511:, and most of the Imperial court.
2446:(1047–1126), who was appointed by
2105:with new commentary, infused with
2089:and the 11th-century invention of
2081:was vibrant. Citizens gathered to
25:
14849:
12910:(洋州) | Làngzhōu (閬州) |
12540:(辰州) | Yuánzhōu (沅州) |
11793:(永寧) | Guǎngxìn (廣信) |
11772:(祁州) | Zhàozhōu (趙州) |
11748:(相州) | Dìngzhōu (定州) |
11511:(均州) | Fángzhōu (房州) |
10102:
10027:A history of Chinese civilization
10009:The Dynasties of China: A History
9559:Khubilai Khan: His Life and Times
9527:Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors
9056:University of Massachusetts Press
8333:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006
7630:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006
7567:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006
7414:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006
7390:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006
7330:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006
7002:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006
6932:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006
6855:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006
6806:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006
6629:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006
6602:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006
6447:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006
6316:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006
6293:Khubilai Khan: His Life and Times
6223:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006
6208:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006
6160:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006
6041:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006
5987:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006
5966:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006
5862:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006
5667:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006
4869:printing was made by the artisan
4762:'s forty-third proposition about
4758:, provided theoretical proof for
2962:Model of the capital city Kaifeng
14753:
14741:
13165:(柳州) | Guìzhōu (貴州) |
13055:(韶州) | Xúnzhōu (循州) |
12090:(岷州) | Lánzhōu (蘭州) |
11870:(嵐州) | Shízhōu (石州) |
11756:(懷州) | Wèizhōu (衛州) |
11315:Administrative divisions of the
10372:
10011:, New York: Carroll & Graf,
9911:, New York: Random House, Inc.,
9615:Sastri, Nilakanta, K.A. (1984),
8976:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (1999),
8730:, New York: Palgrave Macmillan,
8072:
7687:
5356:(1600–1046 BCE), which bore the
5227:
5211:
5147:
5127:
5059:
5043:
5035:Architecture of the Song dynasty
5006:watertight bulkhead compartments
4983:A plan and side view of a canal
4861:History of printing in East Asia
4586:
4570:
4554:
4386:
4364:
4221:Architecture of the Song dynasty
4184:
4175:
4095:
4070:
3977:
3968:
3957:
3948:
3596:
3573:
3187:
3176:
3167:
2991:that was modeled on the earlier
2799:first Mongol invasion of Vietnam
2748:, 11th Century. A seated wooden
2726:
2717:
2706:
2697:
2083:view and trade precious artworks
1873:, who usurped the throne of the
1847:
910:
633:
603:
589:
564:
550:
536:
522:
508:
494:
480:
429:
428:
12733:(簡州) | Lízhōu (黎州) |
12086:(熙州) | Hézhōu (河州) |
11878:(麟州) | Fǔzhōu (府州) |
11654:(滄州) | Jìzhōu (冀州) |
10147:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
9771:International Studies Quarterly
9515:——— (1986e),
9506:——— (1986d),
9497:——— (1986c),
9488:——— (1986b),
9385:Liu, William Guangling (2015),
6576:
6526:
6515:
6408:
6004:
5684:
5093:(1065–1110), who published the
4080:from the 13th century featured
3718:Eighteen Songs of a Nomad Flute
3412:Military and methods of warfare
2333:
2216:by skill and merit (instead of
2187:
2168:
2093:printing. Philosophers such as
1940:and established its capital at
874:
853:
829:
815:
801:
780:
14798:1279 disestablishments in Asia
10614:Great Bodhisattva of Zhengding
9927:History of Education Quarterly
9619:, Madras: University of Madras
9563:University of California Press
5574:
5327:History of Chinese archaeology
5320:
5218:Temple of the Saintly Mother,
4738:, dated 5th–3rd centuries BCE.
2291:in the northeast and with the
1769:Science and technology history
756:
742:
726:
712:
698:
684:
654:
13:
1:
12382:(信州) | Tàipíngzhōu (太平州)
11049:Southern Song dynasty coinage
9453:, New York: Springer-Verlag,
8090:(4061): 279. 30 August 1947.
7699:Religion & Ethics – Islam
5504:
4885:woodblock methods of printing
4829:(224–271) that topographical
4775:
3667:Record of Stone Bell Mountain
2997:owned their own plots of land
2373:A Song-era wooden Bodhisattva
2350:twice, the first conflict in
1139:
1098:
1074:
1051:
1027:
968:
10154:Dynasties in Chinese history
9745:University of Michigan Press
9581:The Journal of Asian Studies
9098:The Journal of Asian Studies
8904:Journal of Song-Yuan Studies
8893:, Cambridge University Press
7980:Chan, Clancey & Loy 2002
7617:, pp. 178–179, 181–183.
5509:
5478:Timeline of the Song dynasty
4823:earliest extant Chinese maps
4695:Jade Mirror of Four Unknowns
3831:which remain influential in
3565:Religion in the Song dynasty
3495:Buddhist religious structure
3233:was an ancient idea in China
3205:, 10th century; Zhou Wenju,
2675:traction trebuchet catapults
7:
13267:
10461:Department of State Affairs
9895:Buddhism in Chinese History
9552:, Oxford: Osprey Publishing
9439:Law and Order in Sung China
9437:McKnight, Brian E. (1992),
9136:A Military History of China
8765:An Outline History of China
8643:Fairbank & Goldman 2006
8522:, pp. 96–100, 108–109.
8260:, pp. 547–549, Plate LXXXI.
6961:Fairbank & Goldman 2006
6908:Fairbank & Goldman 2006
6896:Fairbank & Goldman 2006
6459:Fairbank & Goldman 2006
5463:Taxation in premodern China
5425:
5066:The Xiude Temple Pagoda in
4847:
4801:. Qin's major work was the
4675:Mathematics and cartography
4561:An interior diagram of the
4311:As early as the Han dynasty
4231:List of Chinese discoveries
3940:Economy of the Song dynasty
3693:, during the Song dynasty.
3341:Society of the Song dynasty
3197:Clockwise from upper left:
3159:Society of the Song dynasty
2938:Society of the Song dynasty
2934:Culture of the Song dynasty
2143:History of the Song dynasty
2079:Social life during the Song
10:
14854:
10423:Bureau of Military Affairs
10007:Gascoigne, Bamber (2003),
9989:Cotterell, Arthur (2007),
9893:Wright, Arthur F. (1959),
9850:10.1163/156852001753731033
9443:Cambridge University Press
9421:Cambridge University Press
9407:(1st ed.), New York:
9185:University of Hawaii Press
8984:Cambridge University Press
8932:Journal of Chinese History
8898:Chen, Yuan Julian (2014),
8873:Singapore University Press
8726:Adshead, S. A. M. (2004),
8718:
8161:, pp. 46, 59–60, 104.
6554:10.1162/jinh.2001.32.1.160
6011:Roberts, J. A. G. (1996).
5386:by using a hollow handle.
5363:ancient aristocratic class
5324:
5032:
4991:, the engineer Qiao Weiyo.
4949:
4858:
4835:Following a long tradition
4693:Facsimile of Zhu Shijie's
4678:
4665:Soochow Astronomical Chart
4651:The Song Chinese observed
4513:climates gradually shifted
4375:for Su's celestial globe,
4356:List of Chinese inventions
4349:
4239:
4227:List of Chinese inventions
4224:
4214:
3937:
3933:
3606:, by Mao Yi, 12th century.
3582:Double Happiness (Cui Bai)
3562:
3415:
3338:
3156:
3081:, and the many deities of
2931:
2484:A Liao dynasty (907–1125)
2146:
2140:
2136:
2115:civil service examinations
2038:, and improved designs of
1982:conquered the Song dynasty
207:(founder of Southern Song)
194:(founder of Northern Song)
29:
14703:
14655:
14172:
13576:
13275:
13214:
13121:
13112:
13033:
13016:
12995:
12950:
12943:
12898:
12885:
12875:
12858:
12844:
12791:
12784:
12767:
12750:
12697:
12684:
12677:
12656:
12651:(漳州) | Tīngzhōu (汀州)
12627:
12617:
12600:
12563:
12553:
12500:
12487:
12477:
12448:
12415:
12408:
12387:
12354:
12341:
12331:
12317:
12280:
12270:
12263:
12203:
12124:
12099:
12050:
12037:
12030:
12013:
11944:
11931:
11924:
11887:
11826:
11813:
11806:
11781:
11740:
11727:
11720:
11691:
11642:
11629:
11619:
11602:
11565:
11548:
11541:
11524:
11487:
11477:
11444:
11431:
11424:
11407:
11370:
11357:
11347:
11323:
11074:
11006:
10827:
10641:
10533:
10486:
10451:
10381:
10370:
10295:Alliance Conducted at Sea
10285:Song–Viet war (1075–1077)
10210:
10160:
10151:
10143:
9905:Yen-Mah, Adeline (2008),
9899:Stanford University Press
9479:Needham, Joseph (1986a),
9365:When China Ruled the Seas
9363:Levathes, Louise (1994),
9357:10.1080/03085699308592766
9325:Hymes, Robert P. (1986),
9138:, Boulder: Westview Press
9080:Stanford University Press
8889:Chaffee, John W. (2015),
8137:, pp. 278, 280, 428.
7057:, pp. 30–31, footnote 27.
6270:10.1017/S0041977X13000475
5382:, Shen suggested hanging
5054:of Kaifeng, built in 1049
4791:Chinese remainder theorem
4500:, and many other fields.
3489:, the tallest pre-modern
2673:naval vessels armed with
2475:Alliance Conducted at Sea
2212:system of drafting state
2210:civil service examination
2185:, Emperor Taizu of Song (
2004:a permanent standing navy
1925:
1909:
1867:imperial dynasty of China
1643:
1565:
1445:
1378:
1308:
1182:
885:
867:
860:
846:
839:
822:
808:
794:
787:
773:
766:
749:
735:
719:
705:
691:
677:
670:
665:
661:
647:
632:
628:
623:
459:
437:
422:
408:
404:
385:
381:
376:
368:
360:
352:
344:
339:
335:
321:
308:
295:
282:
269:
252:
242:
238:
228:
224:
211:
198:
185:
181:
171:
161:
131:
121:
76:
64:
59:
50:
43:
11939:(京兆) | Hézhōng (河中)
10626:Four Great Books of Song
10114:Song dynasty at bcps.org
10082:Rossabi, Morris (1983).
10025:Gernet, Jacques (1982),
9704:Science in Ancient China
9557:Rossabi, Morris (1988),
9473:Harvard University Press
9469:Imperial China: 900–1800
9223:Hansen, Valerie (2000),
9072:Gernet, Jacques (1962),
9034:Harvard University Press
8347:, pp. 206–208, 217.
8284:, pp. 406, 409–412.
6987:, pp. 60–61, 68–69.
6291:Rossabi, Morris (2009).
5438:Four Great Books of Song
5380:ancient musical measures
5237:arm clusters containing
5222:, Taiyuan, built in 1032
5200:(1012–1067) in medieval
4298:during the early age of
3992:'s (1085–1145) painting
3888:Emperor Zhenzong of Song
3847:. The Christian sect of
3747:Portrait of the Chinese
2801:in 1258, Mongol general
2542:Southern Song, 1127–1279
1954:conquered by the Mongols
394:Northern: 80–110 million
30:Not to be confused with
13226:(萬安) | Zhūyái (朱崖)
11686:(濱州) | Ēnzhōu (恩州)
10477:Secretariat-Chancellery
9798:Temple, Robert (1986),
9784:10.1111/0020-8833.00053
8809:Brook, Timothy (1998),
8631:Fraser & Haber 1986
8448:Graff & Higham 2002
8272:, p. 549, Plate LXXXII.
8106:2027/mdp.39015071688480
7968:Embree & Gluck 1997
7642:Embree & Gluck 1997
7243:Graff & Higham 2002
7228:Graff & Higham 2002
7127:Graff & Higham 2002
6689:Encyclopædia Britannica
6533:Li, Lillian M. (2001).
6172:Embree & Gluck 1997
5284:Emperor Huizong of Song
5142:, Hebei, built in 1045.
5008:that allowed damage to
4474:pharmaceutical medicine
4120:). For the printing of
4086:watertight compartments
3721:from the life story of
3656:. The genre of Chinese
3466:employed as long-range
3355:traditional Chinese law
3139:the vernacular language
3019:Emperor Taizong of Song
2552:Emperor Gaozong of Song
2516:Emperor Gaozong of Song
2467:Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
2329:Emperor Taizong of Song
2307:(Most parts of today's
2154:Northern Song, 960–1127
11108:Early Bessemer process
11076:Science and technology
10275:Nong Zhigao rebellions
10043:Kruger, Rayne (2003),
9970:Bol, Peter K. (1992).
9856:Wang, Lianmao (2000),
9702:Sivin, Nathan (1995),
9179:Hall, Kenneth (1985),
9002:Embree, Ainslie Thomas
7365:Ebrey, Cambridge, 149.
5376:scaled sighting device
5348:
5083:structural engineering
4992:
4770:. Yang's contemporary
4739:
4697:
4373:south polar projection
4327:south-pointing chariot
4287:Kezhai Zagao, Xugaohou
4255:
4211:Science and technology
4208:
4049:Deforestation in China
3883:
3756:
3740:
3590:National Palace Museum
3502:
3449:
3433:
3395:on the examination of
3302:
3099:Middle Eastern Muslims
3046:
3034:
2963:
2955:
2831:siege of Diaoyu Castle
2756:(1115–1234). A wooden
2571:
2555:
2496:
2488:wood-carved statue of
2439:
2374:
2339:
2192:) spent sixteen years
2174:
2125:led to a shift from a
2117:had existed since the
2044:gross domestic product
1976:. His younger brother
254:• Signing of the
156:Nestorian Christianity
14793:12th century in China
14788:11th century in China
14680:Medieval great powers
12218:Yángzhōu (揚州) |
10496:Ministry of Personnel
10401:Imperial examinations
10119:Song and Liao artwork
10063:Kuhn, Dieter (2009).
9548:Peers, C. J. (2006),
9524:Paludan, Ann (1998),
9415:Lorge, Peter (2015),
9403:Lorge, Peter (2005),
9145:Architectural History
9014:, Armonk: ME Sharpe,
8916:10.1353/sys.2014.0000
8847:Cai, Yanxin (2011) ,
7701:, BBC, archived from
5581:Broadberry, Stephen.
5433:Emperors' family tree
5334:
5325:Further information:
5154:Close-up view of the
4997:hydraulic engineering
4982:
4859:Further information:
4855:Movable type printing
4837:, Shen Kuo created a
4703:
4692:
4679:Further information:
4350:Further information:
4249:
4240:Further information:
4225:Further information:
4203:
4164:industry of Song-era
4024:joint stock companies
3877:
3841:Drogön Chögyal Phagpa
3755:, painted in 1238 AD.
3746:
3731:
3563:Further information:
3484:
3448:Armoured Song cavalry
3447:
3425:
3349:retained most of the
3296:
3083:Chinese folk religion
3040:
3015:Emperor Taizu of Song
3013:
2961:
2945:
2561:
2549:
2483:
2431:
2372:
2326:
2164:Emperor Taizu of Song
2161:
2147:Further information:
2127:military-aristocratic
1871:Emperor Taizu of Song
1634:(mainland, 1912–1949)
148:Chinese folk religion
122:Common languages
14690:European colonialism
14675:Ancient great powers
10632:Dongjing Meng Hua Lu
10406:Administrative units
10280:Song–Tibet relations
10255:Song–Đại Cồ Việt war
9684:Shen, Fuwei (1996),
9666:Sen, Tansen (2003),
9467:Mote, F. W. (1999),
9449:Mohn, Peter (2003),
9369:Simon & Schuster
9030:China: A New History
8851:Chinese Architecture
8763:Bai, Shouyi (2002),
8069:, pp. 165, 445.
5788:, pp. 173, 316.
5260:Song dynasty artwork
4974:Pingzhou Table Talks
4730:geographical chapter
4505:magnetic declination
4242:History of gunpowder
3855:Cuisine and clothing
3584:. It was painted by
3506:of bells and drums.
2817:under Mongol leader
2469:. The Song official
2131:scholar-bureaucratic
2123:imperial examination
397:Southern: 65 million
297:• Beginning of
14813:Confucian dynasties
14685:Modern great powers
12849:Huáiān (懷安) |
12409:Jiangnan West (江南西)
11925:Yongxing Army (永興軍)
11425:Jingdong West (京東西)
11182:Forensic entomology
11143:Watertight bulkhead
11022:Joint-stock company
10516:Ministry of Justice
10501:Ministry of Revenue
10411:Sixteen Prefectures
9993:, London: Pimlico,
9739:Sung, Tz'u (1981),
9532:Thames & Hudson
8696:, pp. 170–171.
8546:, pp. 151–153.
8407:, pp. 350–351.
8383:, pp. 215–216.
8359:, pp. 212–213.
8335:, pp. 159–160.
8296:, pp. 201–203.
8221:, pp. 538–540.
8149:, pp. 134–137.
7856:, pp. 283–284.
7844:, pp. 281–282.
7820:, pp. 174–175.
7808:, pp. 173–174.
7760:, pp. 220–221.
7705:on February 8, 2007
7542:, pp. 135–136.
7491:, pp. 134–137.
7308:, pp. 122–124.
7182:, pp. 130–131.
7016:, pp. 155–157.
6934:, pp. 162–163.
6922:, pp. 196–199.
6910:, pp. 101–106.
6881:, pp. 416–420.
6869:, pp. 405–413.
6823:, pp. 417–418.
6772:, pp. 145–146.
6712:, pp. 222–225.
6109:, pp. 159–161.
5953:, pp. 208–209.
5752:, pp. 469–471.
5728:, pp. 103–104.
5559:, pp. 29, 327.
5315:legendary creatures
4918:(1439–1513) of the
4807:published in 1247.
4768:quadratic equations
4744:Chinese mathematics
4681:Chinese mathematics
4642:Mercator projection
4523:just decades after
4407:Mercator projection
4403:Xin Yi Xiang Fa Yao
4377:Xin Yi Xiang Fa Yao
4033:Economic historians
3733:Chinese calligraphy
3107:Persian Manichaeans
3025:, an early form of
2928:Culture and society
2671:paddle wheel driven
2564:Qinling Huaihe Line
2554:(r. 1127–1162)
2301:Sixteen Prefectures
2253:Kara-Khanid Khanate
2194:conquering the rest
2179:usurping the throne
2040:astronomical clocks
2010:, the invention of
244:• Established
14828:Medieval East Asia
14818:Dynasties of China
14808:960 establishments
12264:Huainan West (淮南西)
11542:Jingxi North (京西北)
11118:Astronomical clock
10325:Treaty of Shaoxing
10129:2008-09-07 at the
9210:Fordham University
8945:10.1017/jch.2018.7
7605:, pp. 88, 94.
7452:, pp. 127–30.
7081:, pp. 12, 72.
6589:2014-03-07 at the
6014:A History of China
5831:Fordham University
5693:Population Studies
5358:oracle bone script
5349:
5300:Chinese city walls
5251:, printed in 1103.
4993:
4901:Chinese characters
4865:The innovation of
4740:
4698:
4563:astronomical clock
4256:
3884:
3757:
3741:
3707:panoramic painting
3672:persuasive writing
3654:Chinese characters
3604:Cats in the Garden
3523:paddle-wheel craft
3503:
3450:
3434:
3387:(1186–1249) wrote
3358:such as the famed
3303:
3288:family connections
3067:Chinese literature
3047:
3035:
3007:on large estates.
2964:
2956:
2875:besieged Xiangyang
2572:
2556:
2497:
2440:
2375:
2340:
2281:Michael VII Doukas
2230:astronomical clock
2183:Later Zhou dynasty
2175:
2162:Court portrait of
2087:woodblock printing
1649:
1459:Five Dynasties and
1451:
1386:Southern dynasties
1314:
1213:Chu–Han Contention
641:Chinese characters
639:"Song dynasty" in
14729:
14728:
14651:
14650:
14616:Polish–Lithuanian
13791:Gurjara-Pratihara
13235:
13234:
13231:
13230:
13108:
13107:
13029:
13028:
12939:
12938:
12871:
12870:
12780:
12779:
12673:
12672:
12613:
12612:
12549:
12548:
12473:
12472:
12404:
12403:
12327:
12326:
12259:
12258:
12199:
12198:
12120:
12119:
12026:
12025:
11920:
11919:
11802:
11801:
11716:
11715:
11615:
11614:
11537:
11536:
11473:
11472:
11420:
11419:
11343:
11342:
11282:
11281:
11278:
11277:
11197:Dream Pool Essays
11089:Gunpowder weapons
11002:
11001:
10529:
10528:
10521:Ministry of Works
10506:Ministry of Rites
10453:Three Departments
10290:Fang La rebellion
10270:Wang Ze rebellion
10170:
10169:
10161:Succeeded by
10093:978-0-520-04383-1
10074:978-0-674-03146-3
10056:978-0-470-86533-0
10036:978-0-521-24130-4
10018:978-1-84119-791-3
10000:978-1-84595-009-5
9981:978-0-8047-1920-9
9918:978-0-385-73748-7
9829:978-0-7425-5402-3
9809:978-0-671-62028-8
9754:978-0-89264-800-9
9695:978-7-119-00431-0
9677:978-0-8248-2593-5
9572:978-0-520-05913-9
9541:978-0-500-05090-3
9460:978-3-540-43183-1
9430:978-1-107-08475-9
9396:978-1-4384-5567-9
9378:978-0-671-70158-1
9336:978-0-521-30631-7
9234:978-0-393-97374-7
9194:978-0-8248-0959-1
9089:978-0-8047-0720-6
9065:978-0-87023-495-8
9043:978-0-674-01828-0
9021:978-1-56324-264-9
8993:978-0-521-66991-7
8969:978-0-618-13384-0
8882:978-9971-69-259-9
8862:978-0-521-18644-5
8840:978-1-4039-6084-9
8822:978-0-520-22154-3
8774:978-7-119-02347-2
8756:978-1-4039-6084-9
8737:978-1-4039-3456-7
8474:, pp. 82–84.
8209:, pp. 96–97.
8197:, pp. 90–93.
8185:, pp. 62–63.
8006:, pp. 23–24.
7428:, pp. 88–89.
7344:, pp. 74–76.
7332:, pp. 81–83.
7320:, pp. 82–84.
7245:, pp. 86–87.
7206:, pp. 81–82.
7129:, pp. 25–26.
7045:, pp. 30–31.
6975:, pp. 92–93.
6838:, pp. 35–36.
6724:, pp. 69–70.
6655:, pp. 82–83.
6566:Project MUSE
6342:, pp. 50–51.
6186:, pp. 90–91.
6138:, pp. 43–47.
5876:, pp. 70–71.
5726:Veeck et al. 2007
5595:on 9 January 2021
5420:written histories
5407:Leopold von Ranke
5372:armillary spheres
5367:interdisciplinary
5188:built in 1055 in
5117:mortise and tenon
4966:Dream Pool Essays
4876:Dream Pool Essays
4839:raised-relief map
4813:was essential to
4752:Pascal's triangle
4735:Book of Documents
4685:Chinese geography
4646:Gerardus Mercator
4626:mechanical clocks
4352:Chinese astronomy
4335:differential gear
4300:gunpowder warfare
4289:that the city of
4236:Gunpowder warfare
3900:Kingdom of Champa
3783:, while Buddhist
3658:travel literature
3644:universal history
3454:military soldiers
3389:a pioneering work
3372:Dream Pool Essays
3199:A Literary Garden
3135:Classical Chinese
3118:Qingming Festival
3079:ancestral spirits
3063:Religion in China
2894:Pearl River Delta
2688:paddlewheel ships
2663:Battle of Tangdao
2505:Jingkang Incident
2433:Auspicious Cranes
2405:. These involved
2245:Fatimid Caliphate
2012:gunpowder weapons
1906:dynasty's history
1839:
1838:
1796:Transport history
1722:Education history
1694:
1693:
1689:
1688:
1675:Republic of China
1657:People's Republic
1630:Republic of China
1609:
1608:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1552:
1438:
1437:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1365:
1302:
1301:
1205:(206 BC – 220 AD)
1135:Spring and Autumn
998:Liao civilization
889:
888:
881:
880:
796:Yale Romanization
672:Standard Mandarin
619:
618:
615:
614:
611:
610:
577:
576:
424:• Per capita
327:(end of dynasty)
286:Jingkang Incident
273:Alliance with Jin
213:• 1278–1279
200:• 1127–1162
114:(1129, 1138–1276)
16:(Redirected from
14845:
14758:
14757:
14756:
14746:
14745:
14744:
14737:
14532:
14531:
14197:Austro-Hungarian
13897:Chagatai Khanate
13262:
13255:
13248:
13239:
13238:
13119:
13118:
13041:
13040:
12948:
12947:
12883:
12882:
12789:
12788:
12682:
12681:
12625:
12624:
12561:
12560:
12485:
12484:
12413:
12412:
12339:
12338:
12268:
12267:
12211:
12210:
12132:
12131:
12035:
12034:
11929:
11928:
11811:
11810:
11725:
11724:
11721:Hebei West (河北西)
11627:
11626:
11546:
11545:
11485:
11484:
11429:
11428:
11355:
11354:
11328:
11327:
11309:
11302:
11295:
11286:
11285:
11228:
11225:
11204:
11203:
10952:
10951: 1174–1189
10949:
10891:
10890: 1050–1080
10888:
10783:
10782: 1111–1117
10780:
10639:
10638:
10589:Longquan celadon
10557:Five Great Kilns
10449:
10448:
10376:
10196:
10189:
10182:
10173:
10172:
10144:Preceded by
10141:
10140:
10097:
10078:
10059:
10039:
10021:
10003:
9985:
9957:
9921:
9901:
9889:
9861:
9852:
9832:
9812:
9794:
9757:
9735:
9707:
9698:
9680:
9662:
9634:
9628:
9620:
9611:
9575:
9553:
9544:
9520:
9511:
9502:
9493:
9484:
9475:
9463:
9445:
9433:
9411:
9399:
9381:
9359:
9339:
9321:
9293:
9265:
9237:
9219:
9217:
9216:
9197:
9175:
9139:
9130:
9113:
9092:
9068:
9046:
9024:
8996:
8972:
8960:Houghton Mifflin
8948:
8947:
8926:
8894:
8885:
8865:
8854:
8843:
8825:
8805:
8777:
8759:
8740:
8712:
8706:
8697:
8691:
8685:
8679:
8673:
8667:
8658:
8652:
8646:
8640:
8634:
8628:
8613:
8607:
8601:
8595:
8586:
8580:
8571:
8565:
8559:
8553:
8547:
8541:
8535:
8529:
8523:
8517:
8511:
8505:
8499:
8493:
8487:
8481:
8475:
8469:
8463:
8457:
8451:
8445:
8432:
8426:
8420:
8414:
8408:
8402:
8396:
8390:
8384:
8378:
8372:
8366:
8360:
8354:
8348:
8342:
8336:
8330:
8324:
8318:
8312:
8306:
8297:
8291:
8285:
8279:
8273:
8267:
8261:
8255:
8249:
8243:
8237:
8231:
8222:
8216:
8210:
8204:
8198:
8192:
8186:
8180:
8174:
8168:
8162:
8156:
8150:
8144:
8138:
8132:
8126:
8125:
8099:
8097:10.1038/160279b0
8076:
8070:
8064:
8058:
8052:
8046:
8040:
8034:
8028:
8019:
8013:
8007:
8001:
7995:
7989:
7983:
7977:
7971:
7965:
7959:
7953:
7947:
7941:
7935:
7929:
7923:
7917:
7911:
7905:
7896:
7890:
7881:
7875:
7869:
7863:
7857:
7851:
7845:
7839:
7833:
7827:
7821:
7815:
7809:
7803:
7797:
7791:
7785:
7779:
7773:
7767:
7761:
7755:
7749:
7743:
7737:
7731:
7725:
7719:
7713:
7712:
7711:
7710:
7691:
7685:
7678:
7672:
7666:
7660:
7654:
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5560:
5554:
5548:
5542:
5529:
5523:
5245:building manual
5231:
5215:
5151:
5131:
5063:
5047:
4913:
4912: 1290–1333
4910:
4850:
4780:
4777:
4663:. Moreover, the
4622:verge escapement
4610:armillary sphere
4590:
4574:
4558:
4428:(1031–1095) and
4390:
4371:Star map of the
4368:
4188:
4179:
4099:
4074:
3981:
3972:
3961:
3952:
3837:Tibetan Buddhism
3829:koan collections
3771:(1033–1107) and
3765:Neo-Confucianism
3761:Chinese Buddhism
3692:
3688:
3685:
3600:
3577:
3393:forensic science
3277:had become less
3275:scholar-official
3191:
3180:
3171:
3131:Theatrical drama
3114:Lantern Festival
3050:provided larger
2999:, paid rents as
2973:retirement homes
2730:
2721:
2710:
2701:
2667:Battle of Caishi
2399:Emperor Shenzong
2337:
2335:
2277:Byzantine Empire
2191:
2189:
2172:
2170:
2111:Neo-Confucianism
2048:rice cultivation
1927:
1911:
1864:
1863:
1860:
1859:
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1831:
1824:
1817:
1759:Military history
1717:Economic history
1705:Related articles
1682:
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1376:
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1359:
1354:Sixteen Kingdoms
1337:
1327:
1311:
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1306:
1305:
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1060:
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1038:
1036:
1032:
1029:
979:
977:
973:
970:
914:
904:History of China
891:
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876:
856:
855:
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136:Chinese Buddhism
102:
88:
69:
54:
53:
52:
41:
40:
36:Liu Song dynasty
21:
14853:
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14842:
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14754:
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14742:
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14732:
14730:
14725:
14714:American Empire
14699:
14695:African empires
14647:
14530:
14222:Central African
14168:
13986:Romano-Germanic
13572:
13306:Middle Assyrian
13279:
13271:
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11283:
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11226:
11202:
11158:Horner's method
11070:
10998:
10950:
10902:Emperor Huizong
10889:
10823:
10781:
10637:
10525:
10511:Ministry of War
10482:
10447:
10377:
10368:
10347:Mongol conquest
10265:Chanyuan Treaty
10225:Chenqiao mutiny
10206:
10200:
10166:
10157:
10149:
10131:Wayback Machine
10105:
10100:
10094:
10081:
10075:
10062:
10057:
10042:
10037:
10024:
10019:
10006:
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9988:
9982:
9969:
9965:
9963:Further reading
9960:
9919:
9879:10.2307/2719361
9830:
9810:
9762:Taagepera, Rein
9755:
9725:10.2307/1523201
9696:
9678:
9652:10.2307/1579643
9622:
9621:
9593:10.2307/2050010
9573:
9542:
9461:
9431:
9397:
9379:
9337:
9311:10.2307/2718941
9283:10.2307/2719404
9235:
9214:
9212:
9195:
9157:10.2307/1568644
9111:10.2307/2054291
9090:
9066:
9054:, Amherst, MA:
9044:
9022:
8994:
8970:
8883:
8863:
8841:
8823:
8795:10.2307/3558587
8775:
8757:
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8721:
8716:
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8707:
8700:
8692:
8688:
8680:
8676:
8668:
8661:
8653:
8649:
8641:
8637:
8629:
8616:
8610:Steinhardt 1993
8608:
8604:
8598:Steinhardt 1993
8596:
8589:
8581:
8574:
8566:
8562:
8554:
8550:
8542:
8538:
8534:, pp. 1–6.
8530:
8526:
8518:
8514:
8506:
8502:
8494:
8490:
8486:, pp. 4–6.
8482:
8478:
8470:
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8454:
8446:
8435:
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8411:
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7804:
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7573:
7565:
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7522:
7514:
7507:
7499:
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7487:
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7472:
7468:
7460:
7456:
7448:
7444:
7436:
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7424:
7420:
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7408:
7400:
7396:
7388:
7381:
7373:
7369:
7364:
7360:
7352:
7348:
7340:
7336:
7328:
7324:
7316:
7312:
7304:
7300:
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7276:
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7261:
7253:
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7174:
7166:
7157:
7149:
7145:
7137:
7133:
7125:
7121:
7113:
7109:
7105:, pp. 250.
7101:
7097:
7093:, pp. 239.
7089:
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6716:
6708:
6704:
6695:
6693:
6682:
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6674:
6666:
6659:
6651:
6647:
6639:
6635:
6627:
6623:
6615:
6608:
6600:
6596:
6591:Wayback Machine
6581:
6577:
6537:
6531:
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6520:
6516:
6508:
6501:
6493:
6489:
6481:
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6397:
6389:
6385:
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6358:
6350:
6346:
6338:
6334:
6326:
6322:
6314:
6310:
6303:
6289:
6285:
6254:Haw, Stephen G.
6251:
6244:
6236:
6229:
6221:
6214:
6206:
6202:
6194:
6190:
6182:
6178:
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6105:
6098:
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6083:
6075:
6071:
6063:
6059:
6051:
6047:
6039:
6032:
6025:
6009:
6005:
6001:, pp. 3–4.
5997:
5993:
5985:
5972:
5964:
5957:
5949:
5945:
5937:
5933:
5925:
5921:
5913:
5909:
5901:
5897:
5889:
5880:
5872:
5868:
5860:
5856:
5848:
5844:
5835:
5833:
5820:
5816:
5808:
5804:
5796:
5792:
5784:
5780:
5772:
5768:
5760:
5756:
5748:
5744:
5736:
5732:
5724:
5720:
5705:10.2307/2172247
5689:
5685:
5677:
5673:
5665:
5656:
5648:
5644:
5636:
5632:
5624:
5620:
5612:
5608:
5598:
5596:
5592:
5585:
5579:
5575:
5567:
5563:
5555:
5551:
5543:
5532:
5528:, pp. 4–5.
5524:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5473:Tiger Cave Kiln
5428:
5384:an ancient bell
5339:, such as this
5329:
5323:
5298:, and distinct
5256:
5255:
5254:
5253:
5252:
5232:
5224:
5223:
5216:
5166:Chinese pagodas
5162:
5161:
5160:
5159:
5158:
5156:Lingxiao Pagoda
5152:
5144:
5143:
5136:Lingxiao Pagoda
5132:
5075:
5074:
5073:
5072:
5071:
5064:
5056:
5055:
5048:
5037:
5031:
4954:
4948:
4911:
4894:social mobility
4863:
4857:
4799:winter solstice
4795:Heron's formula
4778:
4718:graduated scale
4687:
4677:
4614:celestial globe
4598:
4597:
4596:
4595:
4594:
4591:
4583:
4582:
4575:
4567:
4566:
4559:
4422:
4421:
4420:
4419:
4418:
4391:
4382:
4381:
4380:
4369:
4358:
4348:
4308:
4244:
4238:
4233:
4223:
4215:Main articles:
4213:
4202:
4201:
4200:
4199:
4191:
4190:
4189:
4181:
4180:
4107:
4106:
4105:
4104:
4103:
4100:
4091:
4090:
4089:
4075:
4020:
4019:
4018:
4017:
3984:
3983:
3982:
3974:
3973:
3964:
3963:
3962:
3954:
3953:
3942:
3936:
3857:
3843:as the leading
3821:Chinese culture
3759:In philosophy,
3698:Emperor Huizong
3690:
3689: – transl.
3686:
3611:
3610:
3609:
3608:
3607:
3601:
3593:
3592:
3578:
3567:
3561:
3515:pontoon bridges
3420:
3414:
3347:judicial system
3343:
3337:
3299:Donglin Academy
3267:extended family
3258:Robert P. Hymes
3254:Robert Hartwell
3250:social mobility
3221:
3220:
3219:
3218:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3173:
3172:
3161:
3155:
2946:A city gate of
2940:
2932:Main articles:
2930:
2924:and Zhao Yong.
2890:Battle of Yamen
2764:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2723:
2722:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2703:
2702:
2544:
2509:Emperor Qinzong
2452:Emperor Huizong
2448:Emperor Zhezong
2437:Emperor Huizong
2356:significant war
2332:
2317:Shanyuan Treaty
2269:Chinese records
2186:
2167:
2156:
2151:
2145:
2139:
1986:Battle of Yamen
1850:
1846:
1835:
1806:
1805:
1801:Women's history
1707:
1706:
1697:
1696:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1678:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1638:
1633:
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1623:
1612:
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1610:
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1600:
1592:
1587:
1579:
1574:
1560:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1536:
1531:
1523:
1518:
1510:
1504:
1499:
1489:
1477:
1469:
1464:
1460:
1440:
1439:
1434:
1425:
1415:
1407:
1402:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1373:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1349:
1346:
1340:
1335:
1325:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1285:
1259:
1251:
1246:
1236:
1227:(202 BC – 9 AD)
1226:
1216:
1204:
1196:
1191:
1176:
1175:
1164:
1163:
1156:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1129:
1119:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1088:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1041:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1016:
1015:
1004:
1003:
975:
971:
966:
958:
947:
946:
737:Tongyong Pinyin
727:
707:Gwoyeu Romatzyh
643:
604:
590:
565:
551:
537:
523:
509:
495:
481:
425:
413:
400:
388:
328:
325:Battle of Yamen
314:
310:• Fall of
301:
299:Mongol invasion
288:
275:
262:
256:Chanyuan Treaty
245:
214:
205:Emperor Gaozong
201:
188:
187:• 960–976
117:
97:
83:
72:
55:
48:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
14851:
14841:
14840:
14835:
14830:
14825:
14820:
14815:
14810:
14805:
14800:
14795:
14790:
14785:
14780:
14763:
14762:
14750:
14727:
14726:
14724:
14723:
14722:
14721:
14716:
14707:
14705:
14701:
14700:
14698:
14697:
14692:
14687:
14682:
14677:
14672:
14671:
14670:
14659:
14657:
14653:
14652:
14649:
14648:
14646:
14645:
14640:
14635:
14630:
14625:
14624:
14623:
14613:
14608:
14603:
14598:
14593:
14588:
14583:
14578:
14573:
14568:
14567:
14566:
14561:
14551:
14546:
14540:
14538:
14529:
14528:
14527:
14526:
14521:
14516:
14511:
14506:
14496:
14491:
14490:
14489:
14479:
14474:
14473:
14472:
14467:
14462:
14452:
14447:
14446:
14445:
14440:
14430:
14429:
14428:
14423:
14418:
14413:
14408:
14398:
14397:
14396:
14391:
14381:
14376:
14371:
14366:
14365:
14364:
14359:
14354:
14349:
14344:
14334:
14333:
14332:
14327:
14317:
14312:
14311:
14310:
14305:
14295:
14294:
14293:
14288:
14278:
14277:
14276:
14271:
14261:
14256:
14255:
14254:
14249:
14244:
14239:
14234:
14224:
14219:
14218:
14217:
14212:
14204:
14199:
14194:
14189:
14184:
14178:
14176:
14170:
14169:
14167:
14166:
14161:
14156:
14151:
14150:
14149:
14144:
14139:
14134:
14129:
14124:
14119:
14109:
14104:
14103:
14102:
14097:
14092:
14087:
14082:
14077:
14067:
14066:
14065:
14060:
14055:
14050:
14040:
14035:
14030:
14025:
14020:
14015:
14010:
14005:
14000:
13999:
13998:
13993:
13983:
13982:
13981:
13976:
13971:
13966:
13961:
13956:
13943:
13938:
13933:
13928:
13927:
13926:
13921:
13916:
13906:
13905:
13904:
13899:
13894:
13889:
13879:
13874:
13869:
13864:
13859:
13854:
13853:
13852:
13847:
13842:
13837:
13827:
13826:
13825:
13820:
13815:
13810:
13800:
13799:
13798:
13793:
13788:
13778:
13773:
13768:
13763:
13758:
13757:
13756:
13751:
13746:
13736:
13731:
13730:
13729:
13724:
13719:
13714:
13709:
13704:
13694:
13693:
13692:
13687:
13677:
13676:
13675:
13670:
13665:
13660:
13650:
13645:
13644:
13643:
13633:
13632:
13631:
13626:
13618:
13613:
13608:
13603:
13598:
13593:
13588:
13582:
13580:
13578:Post-classical
13574:
13573:
13571:
13570:
13569:
13568:
13558:
13553:
13552:
13551:
13546:
13536:
13535:
13534:
13524:
13523:
13522:
13517:
13512:
13507:
13502:
13497:
13487:
13482:
13477:
13476:
13475:
13470:
13465:
13460:
13450:
13449:
13448:
13443:
13433:
13428:
13427:
13426:
13421:
13416:
13411:
13406:
13396:
13391:
13386:
13385:
13384:
13379:
13377:Middle Kingdom
13374:
13364:
13359:
13358:
13357:
13352:
13347:
13337:
13336:
13335:
13333:Neo-Babylonian
13330:
13325:
13323:Old Babylonian
13315:
13314:
13313:
13308:
13298:
13293:
13287:
13285:
13273:
13272:
13265:
13264:
13257:
13250:
13242:
13233:
13232:
13229:
13228:
13218:
13216:
13212:
13211:
13125:
13123:
13116:
13110:
13109:
13106:
13105:
13047:
13045:
13038:
13031:
13030:
13027:
13026:
13020:
13018:
13014:
13013:
12999:
12997:
12993:
12992:
12954:
12952:
12945:
12941:
12940:
12937:
12936:
12902:
12900:
12896:
12895:
12889:
12887:
12880:
12873:
12872:
12869:
12868:
12862:
12860:
12856:
12855:
12848:
12846:
12842:
12841:
12795:
12793:
12786:
12782:
12781:
12778:
12777:
12771:
12769:
12765:
12764:
12754:
12752:
12748:
12747:
12701:
12699:
12695:
12694:
12688:
12686:
12679:
12675:
12674:
12671:
12670:
12660:
12658:
12654:
12653:
12631:
12629:
12622:
12615:
12614:
12611:
12610:
12604:
12602:
12598:
12597:
12567:
12565:
12558:
12551:
12550:
12547:
12546:
12504:
12502:
12498:
12497:
12491:
12489:
12482:
12475:
12474:
12471:
12470:
12452:
12450:
12446:
12445:
12419:
12417:
12410:
12406:
12405:
12402:
12401:
12391:
12389:
12385:
12384:
12358:
12356:
12352:
12351:
12345:
12343:
12336:
12329:
12328:
12325:
12324:
12321:
12319:
12315:
12314:
12284:
12282:
12278:
12277:
12274:
12272:
12265:
12261:
12260:
12257:
12256:
12217:
12215:
12208:
12201:
12200:
12197:
12196:
12138:
12136:
12129:
12122:
12121:
12118:
12117:
12103:
12101:
12097:
12096:
12054:
12052:
12048:
12047:
12041:
12039:
12032:
12028:
12027:
12024:
12023:
12017:
12015:
12011:
12010:
11948:
11946:
11942:
11941:
11935:
11933:
11926:
11922:
11921:
11918:
11917:
11891:
11889:
11885:
11884:
11830:
11828:
11824:
11823:
11817:
11815:
11808:
11804:
11803:
11800:
11799:
11785:
11783:
11779:
11778:
11744:
11742:
11738:
11737:
11731:
11729:
11722:
11718:
11717:
11714:
11713:
11695:
11693:
11689:
11688:
11646:
11644:
11640:
11639:
11633:
11631:
11624:
11617:
11616:
11613:
11612:
11606:
11604:
11600:
11599:
11569:
11567:
11563:
11562:
11552:
11550:
11543:
11539:
11538:
11535:
11534:
11528:
11526:
11522:
11521:
11491:
11489:
11482:
11475:
11474:
11471:
11470:
11448:
11446:
11442:
11441:
11435:
11433:
11426:
11422:
11421:
11418:
11417:
11411:
11409:
11405:
11404:
11374:
11372:
11368:
11367:
11361:
11359:
11352:
11345:
11344:
11341:
11340:
11334:
11332:
11325:
11321:
11320:
11312:
11311:
11304:
11297:
11289:
11280:
11279:
11276:
11275:
11273:
11272:
11266:
11260:
11254:
11248:
11242:
11236:
11230:
11227: 10th c.
11217:
11210:
11208:
11201:
11200:
11193:
11192:
11191:
11179:
11178:
11177:
11170:
11160:
11155:
11150:
11145:
11140:
11135:
11130:
11125:
11120:
11115:
11110:
11105:
11100:
11099:
11098:
11095:Wujing Zongyao
11091:
11080:
11078:
11072:
11071:
11069:
11068:
11061:
11056:
11051:
11046:
11045:
11044:
11039:
11034:
11024:
11019:
11012:
11010:
11004:
11003:
11000:
10999:
10997:
10996:
10990:
10984:
10978:
10972:
10966:
10960:
10954:
10941:
10935:
10929:
10923:
10917:
10911:
10905:
10899:
10893:
10880:
10874:
10868:
10862:
10856:
10850:
10844:
10838:
10831:
10829:
10825:
10824:
10822:
10821:
10815:
10809:
10803:
10797:
10791:
10785:
10772:
10766:
10760:
10754:
10748:
10745:Huang Tingjian
10742:
10736:
10730:
10724:
10718:
10712:
10706:
10700:
10694:
10688:
10682:
10676:
10670:
10664:
10658:
10652:
10645:
10643:
10636:
10635:
10628:
10623:
10616:
10611:
10606:
10601:
10596:
10591:
10586:
10585:
10584:
10579:
10574:
10569:
10564:
10554:
10549:
10543:
10541:
10531:
10530:
10527:
10526:
10524:
10523:
10518:
10513:
10508:
10503:
10498:
10492:
10490:
10488:Six Ministries
10484:
10483:
10481:
10480:
10473:
10468:
10463:
10457:
10455:
10446:
10445:
10440:
10435:
10430:
10428:Qingli Reforms
10425:
10420:
10415:
10414:
10413:
10403:
10398:
10397:
10396:
10385:
10383:
10379:
10378:
10371:
10369:
10367:
10366:
10365:
10364:
10359:
10354:
10344:
10343:
10342:
10337:
10332:
10327:
10322:
10317:
10312:
10307:
10297:
10292:
10287:
10282:
10277:
10272:
10267:
10262:
10257:
10252:
10251:
10250:
10248:Gaoliang River
10245:
10240:
10235:
10227:
10221:
10219:
10208:
10207:
10199:
10198:
10191:
10184:
10176:
10168:
10167:
10162:
10159:
10150:
10145:
10139:
10138:
10133:
10121:
10116:
10111:
10104:
10103:External links
10101:
10099:
10098:
10092:
10079:
10073:
10060:
10055:
10040:
10035:
10022:
10017:
10004:
9999:
9986:
9980:
9966:
9964:
9961:
9959:
9958:
9939:10.2307/369121
9933:(2): 193–213,
9922:
9917:
9902:
9890:
9862:
9853:
9844:(2): 175–197,
9833:
9828:
9813:
9808:
9795:
9778:(3): 475–504,
9758:
9753:
9736:
9708:
9699:
9694:
9681:
9676:
9663:
9646:(2): 289–291,
9635:
9612:
9587:(2): 169–177,
9576:
9571:
9554:
9545:
9540:
9521:
9512:
9503:
9494:
9485:
9476:
9464:
9459:
9446:
9434:
9429:
9412:
9400:
9395:
9389:, SUNY Press,
9382:
9377:
9360:
9340:
9335:
9322:
9305:(2): 365–442,
9294:
9277:(2): 405–442,
9266:
9255:10.2307/495194
9249:(1/2): 67–93,
9238:
9233:
9220:
9198:
9193:
9176:
9140:
9131:
9104:(2): 291–325,
9093:
9088:
9069:
9064:
9047:
9042:
9025:
9020:
8998:
8992:
8973:
8968:
8949:
8938:(2): 313–334,
8927:
8895:
8886:
8881:
8861:
8844:
8839:
8826:
8821:
8806:
8778:
8773:
8760:
8755:
8742:
8736:
8722:
8720:
8717:
8714:
8713:
8711:, p. 171.
8698:
8686:
8684:, p. 172.
8674:
8672:, p. 170.
8659:
8657:, p. 142.
8647:
8635:
8633:, p. 227.
8614:
8612:, p. 376.
8602:
8600:, p. 375.
8587:
8585:, p. 115.
8572:
8570:, p. 153.
8560:
8548:
8536:
8524:
8512:
8500:
8488:
8476:
8464:
8462:, p. 141.
8452:
8433:
8431:, p. 660.
8421:
8419:, p. 463.
8409:
8397:
8395:, p. 350.
8385:
8373:
8371:, p. xxi.
8361:
8349:
8337:
8325:
8313:
8298:
8286:
8274:
8262:
8250:
8248:, p. 179.
8238:
8223:
8211:
8199:
8187:
8175:
8163:
8151:
8139:
8127:
8071:
8059:
8057:, p. 448.
8047:
8045:, p. 445.
8035:
8020:
8008:
7996:
7994:, p. 614.
7984:
7972:
7970:, p. 843.
7960:
7948:
7946:, p. 446.
7936:
7934:, p. 136.
7924:
7912:
7910:, p. 208.
7897:
7895:, p. 569.
7882:
7880:, p. 287.
7870:
7868:, p. 291.
7858:
7846:
7834:
7832:, p. 283.
7822:
7810:
7798:
7796:, p. 117.
7786:
7774:
7772:, p. 192.
7762:
7750:
7738:
7726:
7714:
7686:
7673:
7661:
7646:
7644:, p. 339.
7634:
7632:, p. 158.
7619:
7607:
7595:
7583:
7571:
7569:, p. 157.
7556:
7544:
7532:
7520:
7505:
7503:, p. 102.
7493:
7478:
7476:, p. 134.
7466:
7464:, p. 129.
7454:
7442:
7440:, p. 215.
7430:
7418:
7416:, p. 169.
7406:
7394:
7392:, p. 168.
7379:
7377:, p. 151.
7367:
7358:
7346:
7334:
7322:
7310:
7298:
7296:, p. 119.
7286:
7274:
7272:, p. 291.
7259:
7257:, p. 422.
7247:
7232:
7220:
7218:, p. 129.
7208:
7196:
7194:, p. 131.
7184:
7172:
7170:, p. 130.
7155:
7143:
7131:
7119:
7117:, p. 254.
7107:
7095:
7083:
7071:
7069:, p. 170.
7059:
7047:
7035:
7033:, p. 107.
7018:
7006:
7004:, p. 161.
6989:
6977:
6965:
6963:, p. 104.
6953:
6951:, p. 148.
6936:
6924:
6912:
6900:
6898:, p. 106.
6883:
6871:
6859:
6857:, p. 159.
6840:
6825:
6810:
6808:, p. 162.
6793:
6791:, p. 147.
6774:
6762:
6750:
6748:, p. 162.
6738:
6736:, p. 223.
6726:
6714:
6702:
6672:
6670:, p. 465.
6657:
6645:
6633:
6631:, p. 172.
6621:
6606:
6594:
6575:
6548:(1): 160–162.
6525:
6514:
6512:, p. 158.
6499:
6497:, p. 155.
6487:
6475:
6463:
6451:
6449:, p. 167.
6430:
6407:
6395:
6383:
6371:
6356:
6344:
6332:
6320:
6318:, p. 240.
6308:
6302:978-0520261327
6301:
6283:
6264:(3): 361–371.
6242:
6240:, p. 139.
6227:
6225:, p. 236.
6212:
6210:, p. 235.
6200:
6188:
6176:
6174:, p. 385.
6164:
6162:, p. 239.
6152:
6150:, p. 134.
6140:
6128:
6126:, p. 476.
6111:
6096:
6094:, p. 136.
6081:
6069:
6057:
6045:
6043:, p. 165.
6030:
6023:
6003:
5991:
5989:, p. 164.
5970:
5968:, p. 163.
5955:
5943:
5941:, p. 208.
5931:
5929:, p. 207.
5919:
5907:
5895:
5878:
5866:
5864:, p. 154.
5854:
5842:
5814:
5812:, p. 258.
5802:
5800:, p. 158.
5790:
5778:
5766:
5764:, p. 138.
5754:
5742:
5740:, p. 518.
5730:
5718:
5699:(3): 209–256.
5683:
5671:
5669:, p. 156.
5654:
5652:, p. 294.
5642:
5640:, p. 435.
5630:
5618:
5616:, p. 115.
5606:
5573:
5571:, p. 625.
5561:
5549:
5547:, p. 493.
5545:Taagepera 1997
5530:
5514:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5483:Wang Chongyang
5480:
5475:
5470:
5468:Tianchao Daguo
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5403:Zhao Mingcheng
5322:
5319:
5288:arched bridges
5233:
5226:
5225:
5217:
5210:
5209:
5208:
5207:
5206:
5153:
5146:
5145:
5133:
5126:
5125:
5124:
5123:
5122:
5065:
5058:
5057:
5049:
5042:
5041:
5040:
5039:
5038:
5033:Main article:
5030:
5027:
4950:Main article:
4947:
4944:
4940:printing press
4925:Peking Gazette
4856:
4853:
4764:parallelograms
4676:
4673:
4592:
4585:
4584:
4579:Wujing Zongyao
4576:
4569:
4568:
4560:
4553:
4552:
4551:
4550:
4549:
4525:Ibn al-Haytham
4521:camera obscura
4392:
4385:
4384:
4383:
4370:
4363:
4362:
4361:
4360:
4359:
4347:
4344:
4307:
4304:
4281:Wujing Zongyao
4252:Wujing Zongyao
4237:
4234:
4212:
4209:
4193:
4192:
4183:
4182:
4174:
4173:
4172:
4171:
4170:
4101:
4094:
4093:
4092:
4076:
4069:
4068:
4067:
4066:
4065:
4057:blast furnaces
4010:Leifeng Pagoda
3986:
3985:
3976:
3975:
3967:
3966:
3965:
3956:
3955:
3947:
3946:
3945:
3944:
3943:
3938:Main article:
3935:
3932:
3924:Sichuan pepper
3894:to China from
3860:Sumptuary laws
3856:
3853:
3794:Emperor Lizong
3649:Zizhi Tongjian
3640:historiography
3636:ci poetry form
3622:, and writing
3602:
3595:
3594:
3579:
3572:
3571:
3570:
3569:
3568:
3560:
3557:
3547:Wujing Zongyao
3491:Chinese pagoda
3429:Wujing Zongyao
3416:Main article:
3413:
3410:
3339:Main article:
3336:
3333:
3262:nuclear family
3196:
3195:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3175:
3174:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3157:Main article:
3154:
3151:
3087:Buddhist monks
3001:tenant farmers
2989:postal service
2969:social welfare
2929:
2926:
2840:His successor
2735:
2734:
2725:
2724:
2716:
2715:
2714:
2705:
2704:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2643:Southeast Asia
2627:East China Sea
2550:A portrait of
2543:
2540:
2407:land value tax
2388:Qingli Reforms
2338: 976–997)
2190: 960–976
2171: 960–976
2155:
2152:
2141:Main article:
2138:
2135:
2101:reinvigorated
1837:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1826:
1819:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1798:
1793:
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1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1732:Jewish history
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1708:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1683:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1665:
1663:(1949–present)
1652:
1650:
1644:
1637:
1636:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1607:
1606:
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1591:
1590:
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1492:
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1468:
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1454:
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1446:
1436:
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1433:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1406:
1405:
1393:
1392:
1379:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1350:
1347:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1338:
1328:
1317:
1315:
1309:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1296:
1284:
1283:
1263:
1262:
1256:Three Kingdoms
1250:
1249:
1239:
1229:
1219:
1208:
1207:
1195:
1194:
1183:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1159:
1154:Warring States
1151:
1122:
1111:
1110:
1087:
1086:
1064:
1063:
1059: 1046 BC
1040:
1039:
1035: 1600 BC
1017:
1011:
1010:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1002:
1001:
981:
980:
976: 2000 BC
957:
956:
948:
942:
941:
940:
937:
936:
935:
934:
932:Historiography
929:
924:
916:
915:
907:
906:
900:
899:
887:
886:
883:
882:
879:
878:
871:
869:Middle Chinese
865:
864:
862:Middle Chinese
858:
857:
850:
844:
843:
837:
836:
826:
820:
819:
812:
806:
805:
798:
792:
791:
789:Yue: Cantonese
785:
784:
777:
771:
770:
764:
763:
753:
747:
746:
739:
733:
732:
723:
717:
716:
709:
703:
702:
695:
689:
688:
681:
675:
674:
668:
667:
666:Transcriptions
659:
658:
651:
645:
644:
638:
630:
629:
626:
625:
617:
616:
613:
612:
609:
608:
601:
595:
594:
587:
578:
575:
574:
569:
561:
560:
555:
547:
546:
541:
533:
532:
527:
519:
518:
513:
505:
504:
499:
491:
490:
485:
473:
472:
467:
457:
456:
439:
435:
434:
426:
423:
420:
419:
416:
406:
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402:
401:
399:
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389:
386:
383:
382:
379:
378:
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366:
365:
362:
358:
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346:
342:
341:
337:
336:
333:
332:
329:
322:
319:
318:
315:
309:
306:
305:
302:
296:
293:
292:
289:
283:
280:
279:
276:
270:
267:
266:
263:
253:
250:
249:
248:4 February 960
246:
243:
240:
239:
236:
235:
230:
229:Historical era
226:
225:
222:
221:
215:
212:
209:
208:
202:
199:
196:
195:
189:
186:
183:
182:
179:
178:
175:
169:
168:
163:
159:
158:
133:
129:
128:
126:Middle Chinese
123:
119:
118:
116:
115:
109:
103:
95:
89:
80:
78:
74:
73:
70:
62:
61:
57:
56:
47:
44:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
14850:
14839:
14836:
14834:
14831:
14829:
14826:
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14821:
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14816:
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14809:
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14796:
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14781:
14779:
14776:
14775:
14773:
14766:
14761:
14751:
14749:
14739:
14738:
14735:
14720:
14719:Soviet empire
14717:
14715:
14712:
14711:
14709:
14708:
14706:
14704:Miscellaneous
14702:
14696:
14693:
14691:
14688:
14686:
14683:
14681:
14678:
14676:
14673:
14669:
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14609:
14607:
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14599:
14597:
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14574:
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14569:
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14562:
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14525:
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14507:
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14495:
14492:
14488:
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14480:
14478:
14475:
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14468:
14466:
14463:
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14448:
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14441:
14439:
14436:
14435:
14434:
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14427:
14424:
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14419:
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14414:
14412:
14409:
14407:
14404:
14403:
14402:
14399:
14395:
14392:
14390:
14387:
14386:
14385:
14382:
14380:
14377:
14375:
14372:
14370:
14367:
14363:
14360:
14358:
14355:
14353:
14350:
14348:
14345:
14343:
14340:
14339:
14338:
14335:
14331:
14328:
14326:
14323:
14322:
14321:
14318:
14316:
14313:
14309:
14306:
14304:
14303:German Empire
14301:
14300:
14299:
14296:
14292:
14289:
14287:
14284:
14283:
14282:
14279:
14275:
14272:
14270:
14267:
14266:
14265:
14262:
14260:
14257:
14253:
14250:
14248:
14245:
14243:
14240:
14238:
14235:
14233:
14230:
14229:
14228:
14225:
14223:
14220:
14216:
14213:
14211:
14208:
14207:
14205:
14203:
14200:
14198:
14195:
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14190:
14188:
14185:
14183:
14180:
14179:
14177:
14175:
14171:
14165:
14162:
14160:
14157:
14155:
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14145:
14143:
14140:
14138:
14135:
14133:
14130:
14128:
14125:
14123:
14120:
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14115:
14114:
14113:
14110:
14108:
14105:
14101:
14098:
14096:
14093:
14091:
14088:
14086:
14083:
14081:
14078:
14076:
14073:
14072:
14071:
14068:
14064:
14061:
14059:
14056:
14054:
14051:
14049:
14046:
14045:
14044:
14043:Turco-Persian
14041:
14039:
14036:
14034:
14031:
14029:
14026:
14024:
14021:
14019:
14016:
14014:
14011:
14009:
14006:
14004:
14001:
13997:
13994:
13992:
13989:
13988:
13987:
13984:
13980:
13977:
13975:
13972:
13970:
13967:
13965:
13962:
13960:
13957:
13955:
13952:
13951:
13950:
13947:
13944:
13942:
13939:
13937:
13934:
13932:
13929:
13925:
13922:
13920:
13917:
13915:
13912:
13911:
13910:
13907:
13903:
13900:
13898:
13895:
13893:
13890:
13888:
13885:
13884:
13883:
13880:
13878:
13875:
13873:
13870:
13868:
13865:
13863:
13860:
13858:
13855:
13851:
13848:
13846:
13843:
13841:
13838:
13836:
13833:
13832:
13831:
13828:
13824:
13821:
13819:
13816:
13814:
13811:
13809:
13806:
13805:
13804:
13801:
13797:
13794:
13792:
13789:
13787:
13784:
13783:
13782:
13779:
13777:
13774:
13772:
13769:
13767:
13764:
13762:
13759:
13755:
13752:
13750:
13747:
13745:
13742:
13741:
13740:
13737:
13735:
13732:
13728:
13725:
13723:
13720:
13718:
13715:
13713:
13710:
13708:
13705:
13703:
13700:
13699:
13698:
13695:
13691:
13688:
13686:
13683:
13682:
13681:
13678:
13674:
13671:
13669:
13666:
13664:
13661:
13659:
13656:
13655:
13654:
13651:
13649:
13646:
13642:
13639:
13638:
13637:
13634:
13630:
13627:
13625:
13622:
13621:
13619:
13617:
13614:
13612:
13609:
13607:
13604:
13602:
13599:
13597:
13594:
13592:
13589:
13587:
13584:
13583:
13581:
13579:
13575:
13567:
13564:
13563:
13562:
13559:
13557:
13554:
13550:
13547:
13545:
13542:
13541:
13540:
13537:
13533:
13530:
13529:
13528:
13525:
13521:
13518:
13516:
13513:
13511:
13508:
13506:
13503:
13501:
13498:
13496:
13493:
13492:
13491:
13488:
13486:
13483:
13481:
13478:
13474:
13471:
13469:
13466:
13464:
13461:
13459:
13456:
13455:
13454:
13451:
13447:
13444:
13442:
13439:
13438:
13437:
13434:
13432:
13429:
13425:
13422:
13420:
13417:
13415:
13412:
13410:
13407:
13405:
13402:
13401:
13400:
13397:
13395:
13392:
13390:
13387:
13383:
13380:
13378:
13375:
13373:
13370:
13369:
13368:
13365:
13363:
13360:
13356:
13353:
13351:
13348:
13346:
13343:
13342:
13341:
13338:
13334:
13331:
13329:
13326:
13324:
13321:
13320:
13319:
13316:
13312:
13309:
13307:
13304:
13303:
13302:
13299:
13297:
13294:
13292:
13289:
13288:
13286:
13283:
13278:
13274:
13270:
13263:
13258:
13256:
13251:
13249:
13244:
13243:
13240:
13225:
13221:
13217:
13213:
13208:
13204:
13201:(鬱林州) |
13200:
13196:
13192:
13188:
13184:
13180:
13176:
13172:
13168:
13164:
13160:
13156:
13152:
13148:
13144:
13140:
13136:
13132:
13128:
13124:
13120:
13117:
13115:
13114:Guangnan West
13111:
13102:
13099:(南恩州) |
13098:
13094:
13090:
13086:
13082:
13078:
13074:
13070:
13066:
13062:
13058:
13054:
13050:
13046:
13042:
13039:
13036:
13035:Guangnan East
13032:
13023:
13019:
13015:
13010:
13006:
13002:
12998:
12994:
12989:
12985:
12981:
12977:
12973:
12969:
12965:
12961:
12957:
12953:
12949:
12946:
12942:
12933:
12929:
12925:
12921:
12917:
12913:
12909:
12905:
12901:
12897:
12892:
12888:
12884:
12881:
12878:
12874:
12865:
12861:
12857:
12852:
12847:
12843:
12838:
12834:
12830:
12826:
12822:
12818:
12814:
12810:
12806:
12802:
12798:
12794:
12790:
12787:
12783:
12774:
12770:
12766:
12761:
12757:
12753:
12749:
12744:
12740:
12736:
12732:
12728:
12724:
12720:
12716:
12712:
12708:
12704:
12700:
12696:
12691:
12687:
12683:
12680:
12676:
12667:
12663:
12659:
12655:
12650:
12647:(南劍州) |
12646:
12642:
12638:
12634:
12630:
12626:
12623:
12620:
12616:
12607:
12603:
12599:
12594:
12590:
12586:
12582:
12578:
12574:
12570:
12566:
12562:
12559:
12556:
12552:
12543:
12539:
12535:
12531:
12527:
12523:
12519:
12515:
12511:
12507:
12503:
12499:
12494:
12490:
12486:
12483:
12480:
12476:
12467:
12463:
12459:
12455:
12451:
12447:
12442:
12438:
12434:
12430:
12426:
12422:
12418:
12414:
12411:
12407:
12398:
12394:
12390:
12386:
12381:
12377:
12373:
12369:
12365:
12361:
12357:
12353:
12348:
12344:
12340:
12337:
12334:
12330:
12320:
12316:
12311:
12307:
12303:
12299:
12295:
12291:
12287:
12283:
12279:
12275:Shòuchūn (壽春)
12273:
12269:
12266:
12262:
12253:
12249:
12245:
12241:
12237:
12233:
12229:
12225:
12221:
12216:
12212:
12209:
12206:
12202:
12193:
12189:
12185:
12181:
12177:
12173:
12169:
12165:
12161:
12157:
12153:
12149:
12145:
12141:
12137:
12133:
12130:
12127:
12123:
12114:
12110:
12106:
12102:
12098:
12093:
12089:
12085:
12081:
12077:
12073:
12069:
12065:
12061:
12057:
12053:
12049:
12044:
12040:
12036:
12033:
12029:
12020:
12016:
12012:
12007:
12003:
11999:
11995:
11991:
11987:
11983:
11979:
11975:
11971:
11967:
11963:
11959:
11955:
11951:
11947:
11943:
11938:
11934:
11930:
11927:
11923:
11914:
11910:
11906:
11902:
11898:
11894:
11890:
11886:
11881:
11877:
11873:
11869:
11865:
11861:
11857:
11853:
11849:
11845:
11841:
11837:
11833:
11829:
11825:
11820:
11816:
11812:
11809:
11805:
11796:
11792:
11788:
11784:
11780:
11775:
11771:
11767:
11763:
11759:
11755:
11751:
11747:
11743:
11739:
11734:
11730:
11726:
11723:
11719:
11710:
11706:
11702:
11698:
11694:
11690:
11685:
11681:
11677:
11673:
11669:
11665:
11661:
11657:
11653:
11649:
11645:
11641:
11636:
11632:
11628:
11625:
11622:
11618:
11609:
11605:
11601:
11596:
11592:
11588:
11584:
11580:
11576:
11572:
11568:
11564:
11559:
11555:
11551:
11547:
11544:
11540:
11531:
11527:
11523:
11518:
11514:
11510:
11506:
11502:
11498:
11494:
11490:
11486:
11483:
11480:
11476:
11467:
11463:
11459:
11455:
11451:
11447:
11443:
11438:
11434:
11430:
11427:
11423:
11414:
11410:
11406:
11401:
11397:
11393:
11389:
11385:
11381:
11377:
11373:
11369:
11364:
11360:
11356:
11353:
11350:
11346:
11337:
11333:
11329:
11326:
11322:
11318:
11310:
11305:
11303:
11298:
11296:
11291:
11290:
11287:
11270:
11267:
11264:
11261:
11258:
11255:
11252:
11249:
11246:
11243:
11240:
11237:
11234:
11231:
11221:
11218:
11215:
11212:
11211:
11209:
11205:
11199:
11198:
11194:
11190:
11189:
11185:
11184:
11183:
11180:
11176:
11175:
11174:Yingzao Fashi
11171:
11169:
11168:Liaodi Pagoda
11166:
11165:
11164:
11161:
11159:
11156:
11154:
11153:Tianchi basin
11151:
11149:
11146:
11144:
11141:
11139:
11136:
11134:
11131:
11129:
11126:
11124:
11121:
11119:
11116:
11114:
11111:
11109:
11106:
11104:
11101:
11097:
11096:
11092:
11090:
11087:
11086:
11085:
11082:
11081:
11079:
11077:
11073:
11067:
11066:
11062:
11060:
11057:
11055:
11052:
11050:
11047:
11043:
11040:
11038:
11035:
11033:
11030:
11029:
11028:
11025:
11023:
11020:
11017:
11014:
11013:
11011:
11009:
11005:
10994:
10991:
10988:
10985:
10982:
10979:
10976:
10975:Zhao Mengjian
10973:
10970:
10967:
10964:
10963:Wuzhun Shifan
10961:
10958:
10955:
10945:
10942:
10939:
10936:
10933:
10930:
10927:
10924:
10921:
10918:
10915:
10912:
10909:
10906:
10903:
10900:
10897:
10894:
10884:
10881:
10878:
10875:
10872:
10869:
10866:
10863:
10860:
10857:
10854:
10851:
10848:
10845:
10842:
10839:
10836:
10833:
10832:
10830:
10826:
10819:
10816:
10813:
10810:
10807:
10804:
10801:
10798:
10795:
10792:
10789:
10786:
10776:
10773:
10770:
10767:
10764:
10761:
10758:
10755:
10752:
10749:
10746:
10743:
10740:
10737:
10734:
10731:
10728:
10725:
10722:
10719:
10716:
10713:
10710:
10707:
10704:
10701:
10698:
10695:
10692:
10689:
10686:
10683:
10680:
10677:
10674:
10671:
10668:
10665:
10662:
10659:
10656:
10653:
10650:
10647:
10646:
10644:
10640:
10634:
10633:
10629:
10627:
10624:
10622:
10621:
10617:
10615:
10612:
10610:
10607:
10605:
10602:
10600:
10597:
10595:
10592:
10590:
10587:
10583:
10580:
10578:
10575:
10573:
10570:
10568:
10565:
10563:
10560:
10559:
10558:
10555:
10553:
10550:
10548:
10545:
10544:
10542:
10540:
10536:
10532:
10522:
10519:
10517:
10514:
10512:
10509:
10507:
10504:
10502:
10499:
10497:
10494:
10493:
10491:
10489:
10485:
10478:
10474:
10472:
10469:
10467:
10464:
10462:
10459:
10458:
10456:
10454:
10450:
10444:
10443:Three Bureaus
10441:
10439:
10438:Baojia system
10436:
10434:
10431:
10429:
10426:
10424:
10421:
10419:
10416:
10412:
10409:
10408:
10407:
10404:
10402:
10399:
10395:
10392:
10391:
10390:
10387:
10386:
10384:
10380:
10375:
10363:
10360:
10358:
10355:
10353:
10350:
10349:
10348:
10345:
10341:
10338:
10336:
10333:
10331:
10328:
10326:
10323:
10321:
10318:
10316:
10313:
10311:
10310:Huangtiandang
10308:
10306:
10303:
10302:
10301:
10300:Jin–Song Wars
10298:
10296:
10293:
10291:
10288:
10286:
10283:
10281:
10278:
10276:
10273:
10271:
10268:
10266:
10263:
10261:
10260:Song–Xia wars
10258:
10256:
10253:
10249:
10246:
10244:
10243:Southern Tang
10241:
10239:
10236:
10234:
10231:
10230:
10228:
10226:
10223:
10222:
10220:
10217:
10213:
10209:
10204:
10197:
10192:
10190:
10185:
10183:
10178:
10177:
10174:
10165:
10156:
10155:
10148:
10142:
10137:
10134:
10132:
10128:
10125:
10122:
10120:
10117:
10115:
10112:
10110:
10107:
10106:
10095:
10089:
10085:
10080:
10076:
10070:
10066:
10061:
10058:
10052:
10048:
10047:
10041:
10038:
10032:
10028:
10023:
10020:
10014:
10010:
10005:
10002:
9996:
9992:
9987:
9983:
9977:
9973:
9968:
9967:
9956:
9952:
9948:
9944:
9940:
9936:
9932:
9928:
9923:
9920:
9914:
9910:
9909:
9903:
9900:
9896:
9891:
9888:
9884:
9880:
9876:
9873:(1): 67–106,
9872:
9868:
9863:
9859:
9854:
9851:
9847:
9843:
9839:
9834:
9831:
9825:
9821:
9820:
9814:
9811:
9805:
9801:
9796:
9793:
9789:
9785:
9781:
9777:
9773:
9772:
9767:
9763:
9759:
9756:
9750:
9746:
9742:
9737:
9734:
9730:
9726:
9722:
9718:
9714:
9709:
9705:
9700:
9697:
9691:
9687:
9682:
9679:
9673:
9669:
9664:
9661:
9657:
9653:
9649:
9645:
9641:
9636:
9632:
9626:
9618:
9613:
9610:
9606:
9602:
9598:
9594:
9590:
9586:
9582:
9577:
9574:
9568:
9564:
9560:
9555:
9551:
9546:
9543:
9537:
9533:
9529:
9528:
9522:
9518:
9513:
9509:
9504:
9500:
9495:
9491:
9486:
9482:
9477:
9474:
9470:
9465:
9462:
9456:
9452:
9447:
9444:
9441:, Cambridge:
9440:
9435:
9432:
9426:
9422:
9419:, Cambridge:
9418:
9413:
9410:
9406:
9401:
9398:
9392:
9388:
9383:
9380:
9374:
9370:
9366:
9361:
9358:
9354:
9350:
9346:
9341:
9338:
9332:
9328:
9323:
9320:
9316:
9312:
9308:
9304:
9300:
9295:
9292:
9288:
9284:
9280:
9276:
9272:
9267:
9264:
9260:
9256:
9252:
9248:
9244:
9239:
9236:
9230:
9226:
9221:
9211:
9207:
9204:
9199:
9196:
9190:
9186:
9182:
9177:
9174:
9170:
9166:
9162:
9158:
9154:
9150:
9146:
9141:
9137:
9132:
9129:
9125:
9121:
9117:
9112:
9107:
9103:
9099:
9094:
9091:
9085:
9081:
9077:
9076:
9070:
9067:
9061:
9057:
9053:
9048:
9045:
9039:
9035:
9031:
9026:
9023:
9017:
9013:
9012:
9007:
9003:
8999:
8995:
8989:
8985:
8982:, Cambridge:
8981:
8980:
8974:
8971:
8965:
8961:
8957:
8956:
8950:
8946:
8941:
8937:
8933:
8928:
8925:
8921:
8917:
8913:
8909:
8905:
8901:
8896:
8892:
8887:
8884:
8878:
8874:
8871:, Singapore:
8870:
8864:
8858:
8853:
8852:
8845:
8842:
8836:
8832:
8827:
8824:
8818:
8814:
8813:
8807:
8804:
8800:
8796:
8792:
8788:
8784:
8779:
8776:
8770:
8766:
8761:
8758:
8752:
8748:
8743:
8739:
8733:
8729:
8724:
8723:
8710:
8705:
8703:
8695:
8690:
8683:
8678:
8671:
8666:
8664:
8656:
8651:
8645:, p. 33.
8644:
8639:
8632:
8627:
8625:
8623:
8621:
8619:
8611:
8606:
8599:
8594:
8592:
8584:
8583:Needham 1986d
8579:
8577:
8569:
8568:Needham 1986d
8564:
8558:, p. 84.
8557:
8556:Needham 1986d
8552:
8545:
8544:Needham 1986d
8540:
8533:
8528:
8521:
8520:Needham 1986d
8516:
8509:
8504:
8498:, p. 85.
8497:
8496:Needham 1986d
8492:
8485:
8480:
8473:
8472:Needham 1986d
8468:
8461:
8460:Needham 1986d
8456:
8450:, p. 86.
8449:
8444:
8442:
8440:
8438:
8430:
8429:Needham 1986d
8425:
8418:
8417:Needham 1986d
8413:
8406:
8405:Needham 1986d
8401:
8394:
8393:Needham 1986d
8389:
8382:
8381:Needham 1986e
8377:
8370:
8365:
8358:
8357:Needham 1986e
8353:
8346:
8345:Needham 1986e
8341:
8334:
8329:
8323:, p. 33.
8322:
8321:Needham 1986c
8317:
8311:, p. 27.
8310:
8305:
8303:
8295:
8294:Needham 1986e
8290:
8283:
8278:
8271:
8270:Needham 1986b
8266:
8259:
8258:Needham 1986b
8254:
8247:
8242:
8236:, p. 22.
8235:
8230:
8228:
8220:
8219:Needham 1986b
8215:
8208:
8203:
8196:
8191:
8184:
8183:Needham 1986b
8179:
8173:, p. 43.
8172:
8171:Needham 1986b
8167:
8160:
8159:Needham 1986b
8155:
8148:
8147:Needham 1986b
8143:
8136:
8135:Needham 1986b
8131:
8123:
8119:
8115:
8111:
8107:
8103:
8098:
8093:
8089:
8085:
8081:
8075:
8068:
8067:Needham 1986c
8063:
8056:
8055:Needham 1986c
8051:
8044:
8043:Needham 1986c
8039:
8033:, p. 17.
8032:
8027:
8025:
8018:, p. 98.
8017:
8016:Needham 1986c
8012:
8005:
8000:
7993:
7992:Needham 1986b
7988:
7982:, p. 15.
7981:
7976:
7969:
7964:
7957:
7952:
7945:
7944:Needham 1986c
7940:
7933:
7932:Needham 1986a
7928:
7922:, p. 32.
7921:
7916:
7909:
7908:Needham 1986b
7904:
7902:
7894:
7893:Needham 1986d
7889:
7887:
7879:
7878:Needham 1986c
7874:
7867:
7866:Needham 1986c
7862:
7855:
7854:Needham 1986c
7850:
7843:
7842:Needham 1986c
7838:
7831:
7830:Needham 1986c
7826:
7819:
7818:Needham 1986e
7814:
7807:
7806:Needham 1986e
7802:
7795:
7794:Needham 1986e
7790:
7784:, p. 79.
7783:
7778:
7771:
7770:Needham 1986e
7766:
7759:
7758:Needham 1986e
7754:
7748:, p. 82.
7747:
7746:Needham 1986e
7742:
7736:, p. 80.
7735:
7734:Needham 1986e
7730:
7723:
7718:
7704:
7700:
7696:
7690:
7683:
7677:
7671:, p. 38.
7670:
7665:
7659:, p. 48.
7658:
7657:Needham 1986e
7653:
7651:
7643:
7638:
7631:
7626:
7624:
7616:
7611:
7604:
7599:
7592:
7587:
7581:, p. 23.
7580:
7579:Needham 1986c
7575:
7568:
7563:
7561:
7554:, p. 86.
7553:
7548:
7541:
7536:
7530:, p. 73.
7529:
7524:
7518:, p. 78.
7517:
7512:
7510:
7502:
7497:
7490:
7485:
7483:
7475:
7470:
7463:
7458:
7451:
7446:
7439:
7434:
7427:
7422:
7415:
7410:
7404:, p. 93.
7403:
7398:
7391:
7386:
7384:
7376:
7371:
7362:
7356:, p. 44.
7355:
7350:
7343:
7338:
7331:
7326:
7319:
7318:Needham 1986e
7314:
7307:
7306:Needham 1986e
7302:
7295:
7294:Needham 1986e
7290:
7284:, p. 19.
7283:
7282:Needham 1986e
7278:
7271:
7266:
7264:
7256:
7255:Needham 1986d
7251:
7244:
7239:
7237:
7230:, p. 87.
7229:
7224:
7217:
7212:
7205:
7200:
7193:
7188:
7181:
7176:
7169:
7164:
7162:
7160:
7153:, p. 45.
7152:
7147:
7141:, p. 43.
7140:
7135:
7128:
7123:
7116:
7111:
7104:
7099:
7092:
7087:
7080:
7075:
7068:
7063:
7056:
7051:
7044:
7039:
7032:
7027:
7025:
7023:
7015:
7014:McKnight 1992
7010:
7003:
6998:
6996:
6994:
6986:
6981:
6974:
6969:
6962:
6957:
6950:
6945:
6943:
6941:
6933:
6928:
6921:
6916:
6909:
6904:
6897:
6892:
6890:
6888:
6880:
6879:Hartwell 1982
6875:
6868:
6867:Hartwell 1982
6863:
6856:
6851:
6849:
6847:
6845:
6837:
6832:
6830:
6822:
6821:Hartwell 1982
6817:
6815:
6807:
6802:
6800:
6798:
6790:
6785:
6783:
6781:
6779:
6771:
6766:
6760:, p. 76.
6759:
6754:
6747:
6742:
6735:
6730:
6723:
6718:
6711:
6706:
6691:
6690:
6685:
6679:
6677:
6669:
6668:Needham 1986d
6664:
6662:
6654:
6649:
6643:, p. 13.
6642:
6637:
6630:
6625:
6618:
6613:
6611:
6604:, p. 71.
6603:
6598:
6592:
6588:
6585:
6579:
6571:
6567:
6563:
6559:
6555:
6551:
6547:
6543:
6536:
6529:
6523:
6518:
6511:
6506:
6504:
6496:
6491:
6485:, p. 36.
6484:
6483:Needham 1986d
6479:
6473:, p. 35.
6472:
6471:Needham 1986d
6467:
6461:, p. 89.
6460:
6455:
6448:
6443:
6441:
6439:
6437:
6435:
6427:
6425:
6422:([§]
6421:
6417:
6411:
6405:, p. 90.
6404:
6399:
6393:, p. 94.
6392:
6387:
6381:, p. 88.
6380:
6375:
6369:, p. 82.
6368:
6363:
6361:
6354:, p. 56.
6353:
6348:
6341:
6336:
6330:, p. 49.
6329:
6324:
6317:
6312:
6304:
6298:
6294:
6287:
6279:
6275:
6271:
6267:
6263:
6259:
6255:
6249:
6247:
6239:
6238:Needham 1986a
6234:
6232:
6224:
6219:
6217:
6209:
6204:
6198:, p. 80.
6197:
6192:
6185:
6180:
6173:
6168:
6161:
6156:
6149:
6148:Needham 1986a
6144:
6137:
6136:Levathes 1994
6132:
6125:
6124:Needham 1986d
6120:
6118:
6116:
6108:
6103:
6101:
6093:
6088:
6086:
6078:
6073:
6067:, p. 14.
6066:
6061:
6054:
6049:
6042:
6037:
6035:
6026:
6024:9780312163341
6020:
6016:
6015:
6007:
6000:
5995:
5988:
5983:
5981:
5979:
5977:
5975:
5967:
5962:
5960:
5952:
5951:Anderson 2008
5947:
5940:
5939:Anderson 2008
5935:
5928:
5927:Anderson 2008
5923:
5916:
5911:
5904:
5899:
5892:
5887:
5885:
5883:
5875:
5870:
5863:
5858:
5852:, p. 69.
5851:
5846:
5832:
5828:
5825:
5818:
5811:
5806:
5799:
5794:
5787:
5782:
5776:, p. 23.
5775:
5770:
5763:
5758:
5751:
5750:Needham 1986c
5746:
5739:
5738:Needham 1986b
5734:
5727:
5722:
5714:
5710:
5706:
5702:
5698:
5694:
5687:
5681:, p. 96.
5680:
5675:
5668:
5663:
5661:
5659:
5651:
5646:
5639:
5634:
5628:, p. 76.
5627:
5622:
5615:
5610:
5591:
5584:
5577:
5570:
5565:
5558:
5553:
5546:
5541:
5539:
5537:
5535:
5527:
5522:
5520:
5515:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5493:Wen Tianxiang
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5443:House of Zhao
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5430:
5423:
5421:
5417:
5412:
5408:
5404:
5400:
5396:
5392:
5387:
5385:
5381:
5377:
5373:
5368:
5364:
5359:
5355:
5354:Shang dynasty
5346:
5344:
5338:
5337:Shang dynasty
5333:
5328:
5318:
5316:
5312:
5308:
5303:
5301:
5297:
5296:pagoda towers
5293:
5289:
5285:
5281:
5277:
5273:
5269:
5265:
5261:
5250:
5249:
5248:Yingzao Fashi
5244:
5240:
5236:
5230:
5221:
5214:
5205:
5203:
5199:
5193:
5191:
5187:
5186:Liaodi Pagoda
5183:
5179:
5175:
5172:or segmental
5171:
5167:
5157:
5150:
5141:
5137:
5130:
5121:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5097:
5096:Yingzao Fashi
5092:
5088:
5084:
5080:
5069:
5062:
5053:
5046:
5036:
5026:
5023:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5007:
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4986:
4981:
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4963:
4959:
4953:
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4937:
4936:
4931:
4927:
4926:
4921:
4917:
4906:
4902:
4897:
4895:
4891:
4890:print culture
4886:
4882:
4878:
4877:
4872:
4868:
4862:
4852:
4849:
4844:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4824:
4820:
4816:
4812:
4808:
4806:
4805:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4788:
4787:counting rods
4784:
4773:
4769:
4765:
4761:
4757:
4756:magic squares
4753:
4749:
4745:
4737:
4736:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4707:
4702:
4696:
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4686:
4682:
4672:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4654:
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4639:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4589:
4580:
4573:
4564:
4557:
4548:
4546:
4545:interpolation
4542:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4529:sighting tube
4526:
4522:
4518:
4517:geomorphology
4514:
4510:
4506:
4501:
4499:
4495:
4494:art criticism
4491:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4427:
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4408:
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4400:
4396:
4389:
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4357:
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4336:
4332:
4328:
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4320:
4316:
4312:
4303:
4301:
4296:
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4288:
4283:
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4277:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4232:
4228:
4222:
4218:
4207:
4196:
4187:
4178:
4169:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4137:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4118:
4113:
4098:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4073:
4064:
4062:
4059:for smelting
4058:
4054:
4050:
4045:
4044:iron industry
4040:
4038:
4034:
4029:
4025:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4006:
4001:
3997:
3996:
3991:
3980:
3971:
3960:
3951:
3941:
3931:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3903:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3881:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3866:
3861:
3852:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3812:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3775:(1130–1200).
3774:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3754:
3753:Wuzhun Shifan
3750:
3745:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3724:
3720:
3719:
3714:
3713:
3708:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3691: tujing
3681:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3668:
3663:
3659:
3655:
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3650:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
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3625:
3621:
3617:
3605:
3599:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3576:
3566:
3556:
3554:
3553:flamethrowers
3549:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3535:
3532:corps of the
3531:
3526:
3524:
3520:
3519:Yangtze River
3516:
3512:
3511:Southern Tang
3507:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3487:Liaodi Pagoda
3483:
3479:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3464:
3460:
3455:
3446:
3442:
3440:
3431:
3430:
3424:
3419:
3409:
3407:
3403:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3373:
3367:
3365:
3361:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3342:
3332:
3329:
3328:commercialism
3325:
3320:
3317:
3313:
3308:
3300:
3295:
3291:
3289:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3225:civil service
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3190:
3179:
3170:
3160:
3150:
3149:board games.
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3110:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3058:
3053:
3044:
3039:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2960:
2953:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2935:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2898:Zhang Hongfan
2895:
2891:
2886:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2871:
2869:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2803:Uriyangkhadai
2800:
2796:
2792:
2787:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2768:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2729:
2720:
2709:
2700:
2691:
2689:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2623:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2580:Southern Song
2577:
2569:
2565:
2560:
2553:
2548:
2539:
2537:
2536:Five Elements
2531:
2529:
2528:Southern Song
2525:
2521:
2517:
2512:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2501:Jin–Song Wars
2495:
2491:
2487:
2482:
2478:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2459:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2411:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2371:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2330:
2325:
2321:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2271:even mention
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2222:cartographers
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2206:Northern Song
2203:
2199:
2195:
2184:
2180:
2165:
2160:
2150:
2144:
2134:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1966:Mongol Empire
1963:
1960:, the fourth
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1934:Jin–Song Wars
1931:
1923:
1922:Southern Song
1919:
1918:Eastern China
1915:
1907:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1881:, ending the
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1862:
1844:
1832:
1827:
1825:
1820:
1818:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1764:Naval history
1762:
1760:
1757:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1748:
1747:Music history
1745:
1743:
1742:Media history
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1727:Legal history
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1701:
1700:
1681:1949–present)
1677:
1676:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1661:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1642:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1593:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1580:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1535:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1522:
1517:
1516:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1498:
1497:
1496:Southern Song
1493:
1488:
1487:
1486:Northern Song
1483:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1470:
1463:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1408:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1395:
1388:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1307:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1281:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1252:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1155:
1152:
1147: 476 BC
1136:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1120:(1046–771 BC)
1118:
1117:
1113:
1112:
1106: 256 BC
1095:
1094:
1090:
1089:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1042:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1018:
1014:
1008:
1007:
1000:
999:
994:
993:
988:
987:
983:
982:
965:
964:
960:
959:
955:
954:
950:
949:
945:
939:
938:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
919:
918:
917:
913:
909:
908:
905:
902:
901:
897:
893:
892:
884:
872:
870:
866:
863:
859:
851:
849:
845:
842:
838:
832:
827:
825:
821:
813:
811:
807:
799:
797:
793:
790:
786:
778:
776:
772:
769:
765:
759:
754:
752:
748:
740:
738:
734:
724:
722:
718:
710:
708:
704:
696:
694:
690:
682:
680:
676:
673:
669:
664:
660:
652:
650:
646:
642:
636:
631:
627:
622:
602:
600:
597:
596:
588:
586:
583:
582:
579:
573:
570:
563:
562:
559:
556:
549:
548:
545:
544:Southern Tang
542:
535:
534:
531:
528:
521:
520:
517:
514:
507:
506:
503:
500:
493:
492:
489:
486:
479:
478:
475:
474:
471:
468:
466:
463:
462:
458:
455:
451:
447:
443:
440:
436:
427:
421:
417:
411:
407:
403:
396:
393:
392:
390:
387:• 1120s
384:
380:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
338:
334:
331:19 March 1279
330:
326:
320:
316:
313:
307:
303:
300:
294:
290:
287:
281:
277:
274:
268:
264:
261:
257:
251:
247:
241:
237:
234:
233:Postclassical
231:
227:
223:
219:
216:
210:
206:
203:
197:
193:
192:Emperor Taizu
190:
184:
180:
176:
174:
170:
167:
164:
160:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
134:
130:
127:
124:
120:
113:
110:
107:
104:
100:
96:
93:
90:
86:
82:
81:
79:
75:
68:
63:
58:
42:
37:
33:
19:
14778:Song dynasty
14765:
14470:Contemporary
14320:Indo-Persian
14308:Nazi Germany
14252:Contemporary
14154:Vijayanagara
14053:Great Seljuk
13964:Thessalonica
13892:Golden Horde
13716:
13532:Carthaginian
13311:Neo-Assyrian
13296:Neo-Sumerian
13222:(昌化) |
13205:(廉州) |
13197:(白州) |
13193:(欽州) |
13189:(雷州) |
13185:(高州) |
13181:(化州) |
13177:(橫州) |
13173:(賓州) |
13169:(宜州) |
13161:(潯州) |
13157:(龔州) |
13153:(藤州) |
13149:(昭州) |
13145:(象州) |
13141:(融州) |
13137:(邕州) |
13133:(容州) |
13129:(桂州) |
13095:(康州) |
13091:(新州) |
13087:(端州) |
13083:(封州) |
13079:(賀州) |
13075:(英州) |
13071:(雄州) |
13067:(梅州) |
13063:(連州) |
13059:(潮州) |
13051:(廣州) |
13017:Inspectorate
13007:(梁山) |
13003:(雲安) |
12986:(渝州) |
12982:(涪州) |
12978:(達州) |
12974:(萬州) |
12970:(忠州) |
12966:(施州) |
12962:(黔州) |
12958:(夔州) |
12944:Kuizhou (夔州)
12930:(蓬州) |
12926:(興州) |
12922:(文州) |
12918:(巴州) |
12914:(劍州) |
12906:(利州) |
12859:Inspectorate
12835:(榮州) |
12831:(合州) |
12827:(瀘州) |
12823:(戎州) |
12815:(普州) |
12811:(資州) |
12807:(果州) |
12803:(遂州) |
12799:(梓州) |
12768:Inspectorate
12758:(永康) |
12741:(茂州) |
12737:(雅州) |
12729:(嘉州) |
12725:(漢州) |
12721:(綿州) |
12717:(彭州) |
12713:(蜀州) |
12709:(眉州) |
12705:(邛州) |
12678:Chengdu (成都)
12664:(邵武) |
12643:(泉州) |
12639:(建州) |
12635:(福州) |
12601:Inspectorate
12591:(邵州) |
12587:(郴州) |
12583:(永州) |
12579:(道州) |
12575:(衡州) |
12571:(潭州) |
12555:Jinghu South
12536:(歸州) |
12532:(岳州) |
12528:(峽州) |
12524:(澧州) |
12520:(鼎州) |
12516:(復州) |
12512:(安州) |
12508:(鄂州) |
12479:Jinghu North
12464:(臨江) |
12460:(南安) |
12456:(興國) |
12439:(撫州) |
12435:(袁州) |
12431:(吉州) |
12427:(虔州) |
12423:(洪州) |
12395:(廣德) |
12378:(饒州) |
12374:(江州) |
12370:(池州) |
12366:(歙州) |
12362:(宣州) |
12308:(光州) |
12304:(濠州) |
12300:(舒州) |
12296:(和州) |
12292:(蘄州) |
12288:(廬州) |
12250:(真州) |
12246:(滁州) |
12242:(泗州) |
12238:(泰州) |
12234:(海州) |
12230:(楚州) |
12226:(宿州) |
12222:(亳州) |
12190:(秀州) |
12186:(睦州) |
12182:(衢州) |
12178:(處州) |
12174:(台州) |
12170:(溫州) |
12166:(明州) |
12162:(婺州) |
12158:(湖州) |
12154:(潤州) |
12150:(蘇州) |
12146:(越州) |
12142:(杭州) |
12111:(鎮戎) |
12107:(德順) |
12082:(原州) |
12078:(渭州) |
12074:(涇州) |
12070:(鳳州) |
12066:(成州) |
12062:(隴州) |
12058:(秦州) |
12031:Qinfeng (秦鳳)
12004:(寧州) |
12000:(邠州) |
11996:(環州) |
11992:(慶州) |
11988:(坊州) |
11984:(鄜州) |
11980:(延州) |
11972:(華州) |
11968:(同州) |
11964:(虢州) |
11960:(商州) |
11956:(陝州) |
11952:(解州) |
11911:(火山) |
11907:(寧化) |
11903:(岢嵐) |
11899:(平定) |
11895:(威勝) |
11874:(隰州) |
11866:(憲州) |
11862:(遼州) |
11858:(汾州) |
11854:(忻州) |
11850:(代州) |
11846:(澤州) |
11842:(絳州) |
11838:(晉州) |
11834:(潞州) |
11789:(安肅) |
11768:(磁州) |
11764:(深州) |
11760:(洺州) |
11752:(邢州) |
11707:(保定) |
11703:(永靜) |
11699:(乾寧) |
11682:(德州) |
11678:(霸州) |
11674:(雄州) |
11670:(莫州) |
11666:(棣州) |
11662:(博州) |
11658:(瀛州) |
11650:(澶州) |
11593:(穎州) |
11589:(陳州) |
11585:(蔡州) |
11581:(孟州) |
11577:(滑州) |
11573:(鄭州) |
11556:(河南) |
11515:(金州) |
11507:(鄧州) |
11503:(唐州) |
11499:(隨州) |
11495:(襄州) |
11460:(曹州) |
11456:(徐州) |
11452:(兗州) |
11398:(濰州) |
11394:(萊州) |
11390:(登州) |
11386:(沂州) |
11382:(密州) |
11378:(青州) |
11317:Song dynasty
11316:
11269:Guo Shoujing
11195:
11186:
11172:
11163:Architecture
11148:Fishing reel
11123:Movable type
11093:
11063:
10957:Zhou Jichang
10908:Zhang Zeduan
10757:Zhou Bangyan
10649:Fan Zhongyan
10630:
10618:
10604:Yaozhou ware
10599:Qingbai ware
10433:New Policies
10238:Southern Han
10229:Unification
10203:Song dynasty
10202:
10164:Yuan dynasty
10152:
10083:
10064:
10045:
10026:
10008:
9990:
9971:
9930:
9926:
9907:
9897:, Stanford:
9894:
9870:
9866:
9857:
9841:
9837:
9818:
9799:
9775:
9769:
9740:
9716:
9712:
9703:
9685:
9667:
9643:
9639:
9616:
9584:
9580:
9561:, Berkeley:
9558:
9549:
9526:
9516:
9507:
9498:
9489:
9480:
9468:
9450:
9438:
9416:
9404:
9386:
9367:, New York:
9364:
9348:
9344:
9326:
9302:
9298:
9274:
9270:
9246:
9242:
9224:
9213:. Retrieved
9205:
9180:
9148:
9144:
9135:
9101:
9097:
9074:
9051:
9029:
9010:
9006:Gluck, Carol
8997:(paperback).
8978:
8954:
8935:
8931:
8907:
8903:
8890:
8868:
8850:
8830:
8811:
8789:(1): 37–76,
8786:
8782:
8764:
8746:
8727:
8709:Rudolph 1963
8694:Rudolph 1963
8689:
8682:Rudolph 1963
8677:
8670:Rudolph 1963
8650:
8638:
8605:
8563:
8551:
8539:
8527:
8515:
8510:, p. 5.
8503:
8491:
8479:
8467:
8455:
8424:
8412:
8400:
8388:
8376:
8364:
8352:
8340:
8328:
8316:
8289:
8282:Hargett 1996
8277:
8265:
8253:
8241:
8214:
8202:
8190:
8178:
8166:
8154:
8142:
8130:
8087:
8083:
8074:
8062:
8050:
8038:
8011:
7999:
7987:
7975:
7963:
7958:, p. 1.
7951:
7939:
7927:
7915:
7873:
7861:
7849:
7837:
7825:
7813:
7801:
7789:
7782:Rossabi 1988
7777:
7765:
7753:
7741:
7729:
7717:
7707:, retrieved
7703:the original
7698:
7689:
7681:
7676:
7664:
7637:
7610:
7598:
7586:
7574:
7547:
7535:
7523:
7516:Rossabi 1988
7501:Yen-Mah 2008
7496:
7469:
7457:
7445:
7433:
7421:
7409:
7397:
7370:
7361:
7349:
7342:Hargett 1985
7337:
7325:
7313:
7301:
7289:
7277:
7270:Schafer 1957
7250:
7223:
7211:
7199:
7187:
7175:
7146:
7134:
7122:
7110:
7098:
7086:
7074:
7062:
7050:
7038:
7009:
6980:
6968:
6956:
6927:
6915:
6903:
6874:
6862:
6765:
6753:
6746:Rossabi 1988
6741:
6729:
6717:
6705:
6694:, retrieved
6687:
6648:
6636:
6624:
6619:, p. 1.
6597:
6578:
6545:
6541:
6528:
6517:
6490:
6478:
6466:
6454:
6423:
6419:
6415:
6410:
6403:Rossabi 1988
6398:
6391:Rossabi 1988
6386:
6379:Rossabi 1988
6374:
6367:Rossabi 1988
6352:Rossabi 1988
6347:
6340:Rossabi 1988
6335:
6328:Rossabi 1988
6323:
6311:
6292:
6286:
6261:
6257:
6203:
6196:Rossabi 1988
6191:
6184:Adshead 2004
6179:
6167:
6155:
6143:
6131:
6092:Paludan 1998
6079:, p. 5.
6072:
6060:
6048:
6013:
6006:
5994:
5946:
5934:
5922:
5917:, p. 9.
5910:
5905:, p. 8.
5898:
5869:
5857:
5845:
5834:. Retrieved
5826:
5817:
5805:
5793:
5781:
5769:
5757:
5745:
5733:
5721:
5696:
5692:
5686:
5674:
5645:
5638:Chaffee 2015
5633:
5626:Rossabi 1988
5621:
5614:Rossabi 1988
5609:
5597:. Retrieved
5590:the original
5576:
5569:Chaffee 2015
5564:
5557:Chaffee 2015
5552:
5488:Water Margin
5410:
5388:
5350:
5342:
5304:
5290:, halls and
5280:Zhang Zeduan
5257:
5246:
5194:
5182:Liuhe Pagoda
5163:
5103:formulas in
5094:
5076:
4994:
4973:
4965:
4964:in his 1088
4955:
4933:
4930:Qing dynasty
4923:
4920:Ming dynasty
4898:
4874:
4867:movable type
4864:
4809:
4802:
4741:
4733:
4710:Stele Forest
4705:
4694:
4669:planispheres
4664:
4655:, including
4650:
4599:
4578:
4502:
4423:
4402:
4376:
4322:
4309:
4286:
4279:
4262:, explosive
4260:flamethrower
4257:
4251:
4204:
4162:shipbuilding
4138:
4115:
4108:
4041:
4021:
4003:
4002:depicted in
3993:
3990:Zhang Zeduan
3904:
3885:
3869:
3865:silken robes
3858:
3849:Nestorianism
3809:
3781:universalism
3758:
3716:
3710:
3703:Zhang Zeduan
3695:
3679:
3665:
3647:
3646:text of the
3618:, composing
3612:
3603:
3581:
3580:Close up on
3545:
3541:
3539:
3534:Southern Han
3530:war elephant
3527:
3508:
3504:
3451:
3439:Han Shizhong
3435:
3427:
3370:
3368:
3344:
3321:
3307:gentry class
3304:
3283:bureaucratic
3279:aristocratic
3229:examinations
3222:
3211:Liu Songnian
3206:
3198:
3122:storytellers
3111:
3103:Kaifeng Jews
3095:Tang dynasty
3061:
3048:
2965:
2910:Emperor Gong
2887:
2872:
2839:
2788:
2776:Genghis Khan
2769:
2765:
2647:Indian Ocean
2624:
2602:and seaport
2592:shipbuilding
2588:Han Shizhong
2579:
2573:
2568:Dali dynasty
2532:
2513:
2498:
2460:
2441:
2432:
2414:
2412:
2403:New Policies
2392:
2384:Fan Zhongyan
2376:
2354:and later a
2341:
2327:Portrait of
2305:China proper
2289:Liao dynasty
2257:Central Asia
2238:
2218:aristocratic
2205:
2198:China proper
2176:
2103:Confucianism
2091:movable type
2075:lower gentry
2068:
2060:Ming dynasty
1990:
1950:Yellow River
1903:
1899:Yuan dynasty
1879:Ten Kingdoms
1843:Song dynasty
1842:
1840:
1737:LGBT history
1673:
1655:
1628:
1595:
1582:
1569:
1539:
1526:
1513:
1494:
1484:
1473:
1472:
1461:Ten Kingdoms
1457:
1410:
1397:
1384:Northern and
1382:
1352:
1330:
1320:
1288:
1278:
1272:
1266:
1260:(220–280 AD)
1254:
1241:
1231:
1221:
1217:(206–202 BC)
1211:
1199:
1192:(221–207 BC)
1186:
1157:(475–221 BC)
1130:(771–256 BC)
1126:Eastern Zhou
1124:
1116:Western Zhou
1114:
1091:
1067:
1044:
1020:
996:
990:
984:
961:
951:
875:/suoŋ ʈˠiᴇu/
841:Southern Min
775:Romanization
679:Hanyu Pinyin
624:Song dynasty
599:Yuan dynasty
572:Northern Han
530:Southern Han
470:Succeeded by
469:
464:
454:Chinese cash
144:Confucianism
32:Song (state)
14058:Khwarezmian
13991:Carolingian
13796:Rashtrakuta
13500:Shaishunaga
13399:Hellenistic
13382:New Kingdom
13372:Old Kingdom
12819:(昌州) |
12785:Zizhou (梓州)
12645:Nánjiànzhōu
11976:(耀州) |
11807:Hedong (河東)
11481:South (京西南)
11324:Jingji (京畿)
11271:(1231–1316)
11265:(1202–1261)
11263:Qin Jiushao
11259:(1192-1279)
11253:(1186–1249)
11247:(1031–1095)
11241:(1020–1101)
11235:(1010–1070)
11220:Zhang Sixun
11065:Zhu Fan Zhi
11054:Champa rice
11018:(1021–1086)
10995:(1235–1305)
10989:(1222–1307)
10983:(1210–1269)
10977:(1199–1295)
10971:(1190–1230)
10965:(1178–1249)
10944:Lin Tinggui
10940:(1140–1210)
10934:(1120–1182)
10928:(1100–1197)
10922:(1096–1119)
10920:Wang Ximeng
10916:(1094-1172)
10910:(1085–1145)
10904:(1082–1135)
10898:(1051–1107)
10879:(1049–1106)
10873:(1036–1093)
10867:(1020–1090)
10861:(1019–1079)
10855:(1000–1064)
10820:(1170–1231)
10814:(1140–1207)
10808:(1130–1200)
10802:(1127–1206)
10796:(1126–1193)
10794:Fan Chengda
10790:(1125–1209)
10771:(1085–1144)
10765:(1084–1155)
10763:Li Qingzhao
10759:(1056–1121)
10753:(1047–1126)
10747:(1045–1105)
10741:(1039–1112)
10735:(1037–1101)
10729:(1033–1107)
10723:(1032–1085)
10717:(1022–1077)
10711:(1019–1086)
10705:(1019–1083)
10699:(1017–1073)
10693:(1012–1067)
10687:(1011–1077)
10681:(1009–1066)
10675:(1007–1072)
10669:(1002–1060)
10667:Mei Yaochen
10594:Cizhou ware
10471:Chancellery
10466:Secretariat
10394:Family tree
10352:Diaoyucheng
9719:: 369–381,
9471:, Harvard:
9345:Imago Mundi
9206:Fordham.edu
8910:: 325–364,
8741:(hardback).
8655:Hansen 2000
8246:Temple 1986
7669:Gernet 1962
7615:Wagner 2001
7603:Gernet 1962
7540:Gernet 1962
7489:Gernet 1962
7474:Gernet 1962
7462:Gernet 1962
7450:Gernet 1962
7438:Gernet 1962
7426:Wright 1959
7402:Wright 1959
7067:Gernet 1962
7031:Gernet 1962
6985:Gernet 1962
6973:Gernet 1962
6734:Gernet 1962
6710:Gernet 1962
6653:Gernet 1962
5827:Fordham.edu
5786:Sastri 1984
5399:bas-reliefs
5321:Archaeology
5262:portraying
5239:cantilevers
5178:Iron Pagoda
5174:arch bridge
5052:Iron Pagoda
4819:cartography
4783:zero symbol
4779: 1202
4772:Qin Jiushao
4667:on Chinese
4661:Crab Nebula
4638:star charts
4606:clock tower
4486:cartography
4482:mathematics
4462:meteorology
4395:star charts
4393:One of the
4154:Indus River
4122:paper money
4028:Grand Canal
3914:, raisins,
3908:fallow deer
3892:Champa rice
3890:introduced
3806:Lin Tinggui
3785:metaphysics
3739:(1051–1107)
3662:Fan Chengda
3624:calligraphy
3517:across the
3472:fire lances
3463:Crossbowmen
3369:Shen Kuo's
3312:prefectural
3246:meritocracy
3126:antiquarian
3057:Li Qingzhao
3033:(1235–1305)
2993:Han dynasty
2922:Zhao Mengfu
2918:Gegeen Khan
2842:Kublai Khan
2819:Möngke Khan
2784:Ögedei Khan
2758:Bodhisattva
2754:Jin dynasty
2750:Bodhisattva
2530:dynasties.
2524:North China
2297:Western Xia
2241:Chola India
2234:Zhang Sixun
2214:bureaucrats
2129:elite to a
2119:Sui dynasty
2113:. Although
2016:fire arrows
1996:engineering
1978:Kublai Khan
1970:Diaoyucheng
1958:Möngke Khan
1930:Jin dynasty
1891:Western Xia
1784:Discoveries
1779:Cartography
1774:Archaeology
1712:Art history
1601:(1644–1912)
1588:(1368–1644)
1575:(1271–1368)
1545:(1115–1234)
1532:(1038–1227)
1528:Western Xia
1500:(1127–1279)
1332:Eastern Jin
1322:Western Jin
1247:(25–220 AD)
1243:Eastern Han
1223:Western Han
1102: 1046
1082: 1046
1078: 1250
1055: 1600
1031: 2070
972: 8500
953:Paleolithic
944:Prehistoric
585:Jin dynasty
465:Preceded by
108:(1129–1138)
101:(1128–1129)
94:(1127–1128)
18:Song Empire
14772:Categories
14628:Portuguese
14509:Revival Le
14499:Vietnamese
14142:Later Tran
14112:Vietnamese
14008:Singhasari
13996:Holy Roman
13620:Bulgarian
13556:Satavahana
13527:Phoenician
13463:Achaemenid
13424:Indo-Greek
13404:Macedonian
13318:Babylonian
13097:Nán'ēnzhōu
12335:East (江南東)
12322:Wúwéi (無為)
12207:East (淮南東)
11623:East (河北東)
11351:East (京東東)
11216:(972–1051)
11133:Pound lock
11059:Nanhai One
11016:Wang Anshi
10914:Su Hanchen
10877:Li Gonglin
10847:Zhao Chang
10843:(970–1053)
10841:Xu Daoning
10837:(960–1030)
10818:Zhao Rukuo
10800:Yang Wanli
10709:Sima Guang
10697:Zhou Dunyi
10673:Ouyang Xiu
10663:(998–1061)
10657:(991–1055)
10651:(989–1052)
10382:Government
9530:, London:
9351:: 90–100,
9215:2016-09-16
9183:, Hawaii:
8958:, Boston:
8369:Brook 1998
8309:Sivin 1995
8234:Sivin 1995
8031:Sivin 1995
8004:Sivin 1995
7920:Sivin 1995
7722:Golas 1980
7709:2007-08-01
7375:Ebrey 1999
7216:Peers 2006
7192:Peers 2006
7180:Peers 2006
7168:Peers 2006
7151:Lorge 2005
7139:Lorge 2005
7055:Sivin 1995
7043:Sivin 1995
6949:Ebrey 1999
6836:Hymes 1986
6789:Ebrey 1999
6770:Ebrey 1999
6617:Sivin 1995
6510:Ebrey 1999
6495:Ebrey 1999
6077:Sivin 1995
5999:Sivin 1995
5915:Sivin 1995
5903:Sivin 1995
5836:2016-09-14
5810:Brose 2008
5762:Ebrey 1999
5679:Brook 1998
5526:Lorge 2015
5505:References
5391:Ouyang Xiu
5264:cityscapes
5220:Jin Temple
5204:province.
5113:cantilever
5111:brackets,
5001:pound lock
4985:pound lock
4843:gazetteers
4653:supernovae
4630:mannequins
4618:escapement
4509:true north
4498:hydraulics
4478:archeology
4450:metallurgy
4446:mineralogy
4276:land mines
4156:, and the
4114:(see also
3817:Ouyang Xiu
3813:Laundering
3790:Four Books
3687: zho
3670:that used
3632:literature
3499:watchtower
3351:legal code
3207:Go players
3203:Zhou Wenju
3003:, or were
2985:graveyards
2649:, and the
2631:Yellow Sea
2610:, such as
2604:warehouses
2576:Huai River
2486:polychrome
2419:Sima Guang
2395:Wang Anshi
2380:Chancellor
2273:an embassy
2247:of Egypt,
2036:pound lock
2028:true north
2024:fire lance
2022:, and the
1992:Technology
1962:Great Khan
1875:Later Zhou
1789:Inventions
1519:(916–1125)
1490:(960–1127)
1478:(960–1279)
1145: – c.
1143: 770
1104: – c.
1080: – c.
1069:Late Shang
1057: – c.
1033: – c.
974: – c.
816:Sung3 ciu4
802:Sung chìuh
728:Sung ch'ao
721:Wade–Giles
713:Sonq chaur
488:Later Zhou
433:26.5 taels
377:Population
162:Government
87:(960–1127)
14621:Couronian
14259:Ethiopian
14247:Manchukuo
14202:Brazilian
14048:Ghaznavid
14018:Srivijaya
13969:Trebizond
13954:Byzantine
13936:North Sea
13931:Norwegian
13919:Almoravid
13902:Ilkhanate
13872:Majapahit
13845:Muromachi
13754:Solomonic
13739:Ethiopian
13653:Caliphate
13586:Aragonese
13414:Ptolemaic
13207:Qióngzhōu
13199:Yùlínzhōu
13143:Xiàngzhōu
13069:Xióngzhōu
13049:Guǎngzhōu
13005:Liángshān
12968:Zhōngzhōu
12817:Chāngzhōu
12703:Qióngzhōu
12649:Zhāngzhōu
12542:Chéngzhōu
12466:Jiànchāng
12372:Jiāngzhōu
12347:Jiāngníng
12310:Huángzhōu
12306:Guāngzhōu
12192:Chángzhōu
12064:Chéngzhōu
12043:Fèngxiáng
11958:Shāngzhōu
11840:Jiàngzhōu
11746:Xiāngzhōu
11672:Xióngzhōu
11571:Zhèngzhōu
11558:Yǐngchāng
11493:Xiāngzhōu
11207:Inventors
11084:Gunpowder
10993:Qian Xuan
10959:(12th c.)
10938:Liang Kai
10932:Zhao Boju
10871:Wang Shen
10853:Yi Yuanji
10849:(10th c.)
10721:Cheng Hao
10715:Zhang Zai
10703:Zeng Gong
10691:Cai Xiang
10685:Shao Yong
10609:Jian ware
10572:Guan ware
10562:Ding ware
10357:Xiangyang
10233:Later Shu
10158:960–1279
9955:144538656
9617:The CōĻas
9609:164153713
9409:Routledge
9173:192365949
9128:162997737
8924:147099574
8114:0028-0836
7956:Mohn 2003
7552:West 1997
7528:West 1997
7079:Sung 1981
6920:Yuan 1994
6758:West 1997
6722:West 1997
6562:142559461
6107:Shen 1996
6065:Wang 2000
6053:Chen 2014
5891:Chen 2018
5874:Mote 1999
5850:Mote 1999
5798:Shen 1996
5774:Hall 1985
5599:15 August
5510:Citations
5498:Zeng Gong
5458:Tang Clan
5453:Shao Yong
5395:epigraphy
5292:pavilions
5198:Cai Xiang
5140:Zhengding
5020:-mounted
4905:Wang Zhen
4831:elevation
4815:surveying
4648:in 1569.
4602:hydraulic
4541:clepsydra
4537:hydraulic
4533:pole star
4470:astronomy
4458:magnetics
4454:mechanics
4411:pole star
4295:Xiangyang
4158:Euphrates
4142:al-Idrisi
4061:cast iron
3825:Chan sect
3767:, led by
3751:Buddhist
3723:Cai Wenji
3676:gazetteer
3381:autopsies
3360:Bao Zheng
3345:The Song
3324:courtiers
3281:and more
3031:Qian Xuan
2975:, public
2902:Zhao Bing
2879:Jia Sidao
2863:Jia Sidao
2859:Ariq Böke
2835:Chongqing
2805:attacked
2774:, led by
2738:Cai Wenji
2616:Guangzhou
2471:Tong Guan
2249:Srivijaya
2008:gunpowder
2000:banknotes
1974:Chongqing
1865:) was an
1465:(907–979)
1426:(690–705)
1416:(618–907)
1403:(581–618)
1390:(420–589)
1358:(304–439)
1336:(317–420)
1326:(266–316)
1294:(266–420)
1237:(9–23 AD)
963:Neolithic
927:Dynasties
854:Sòng tiâu
743:Sòng cháo
685:Sòng cháo
516:Later Shu
414:(nominal)
369:1204 est.
361:1127 est.
278:1115–1125
218:Zhao Bing
132:Religion
106:Jiangning
14601:Japanese
14564:Scottish
14544:American
14536:Colonial
14465:Imperial
14433:Moroccan
14369:Japanese
14347:Afsharid
14206:Burmese
14192:Austrian
14147:Later Le
14122:Early Le
14107:Venetian
14033:Tiwanaku
13946:Hellenic
13909:Moroccan
13840:Kamakura
13830:Japanese
13813:Saffarid
13766:Georgian
13680:Chalukya
13658:Rashidun
13648:Calakmul
13616:Bruneian
13495:Haryanka
13473:Sasanian
13468:Parthian
13419:Bactrian
13409:Seleucid
13389:Goguryeo
13367:Egyptian
13301:Assyrian
13291:Akkadian
13282:Colonies
13220:Chānghuà
13203:Liánzhōu
13175:Héngzhōu
13155:Gōngzhōu
13151:Téngzhōu
13147:Zhāozhōu
13139:Róngzhōu
13135:Yōngzhōu
13131:Róngzhōu
13093:Kāngzhōu
13085:Duānzhōu
13081:Fēngzhōu
13073:Yīngzhōu
13061:Liánzhōu
13057:Cháozhōu
13053:Sháozhōu
12960:Qiánzhōu
12932:Lóngzhōu
12928:Péngzhōu
12924:Xīngzhōu
12912:Jiànzhōu
12908:Yángzhōu
12891:Xīngyuán
12851:Guǎng'ān
12833:Róngzhōu
12821:Róngzhōu
12773:Língjǐng
12756:Yǒngkāng
12731:Jiǎnzhōu
12719:Miánzhōu
12715:Péngzhōu
12641:Quánzhōu
12637:Jiànzhōu
12593:Quánzhōu
12589:Shàozhōu
12585:Chēnzhōu
12581:Yǒngzhōu
12573:Héngzhōu
12538:Chénzhōu
12518:Dǐngzhōu
12493:Jiānglín
12462:Línjiāng
12433:Yuánzhōu
12425:Qiánzhōu
12421:Hóngzhōu
12360:Xuánzhōu
12333:Jiangnan
12252:Tōngzhōu
12248:Zhēnzhōu
12164:Míngzhōu
12140:Hángzhōu
12126:Liangzhe
12113:Tōngyuǎn
12109:Zhènróng
12080:Yuánzhōu
12072:Jīngzhōu
12068:Fèngzhōu
12060:Lǒngzhōu
12002:Níngzhōu
11994:Huánzhōu
11990:Qìngzhōu
11986:Fāngzhōu
11966:Tóngzhōu
11954:Shǎnzhōu
11937:Jīngzhào
11897:Píngdìng
11893:Wēishèng
11880:Fēngzhōu
11864:Xiànzhōu
11860:Liáozhōu
11791:Yǒngníng
11762:Shēnzhōu
11758:Míngzhōu
11754:Huáizhōu
11750:Xíngzhōu
11733:Zhēndìng
11701:Yǒngjìng
11697:Qiánníng
11656:Yíngzhōu
11652:Cāngzhōu
11648:Chánzhōu
11591:Yǐngzhōu
11587:Chénzhōu
11579:Mèngzhōu
11530:Guānghuà
11517:Yǐngzhōu
11505:Dèngzhōu
11501:Tángzhōu
11437:Yīngtiān
11413:Huáiyáng
11388:Dēngzhōu
11376:Qīngzhōu
11349:Jingdong
11245:Shen Kuo
11233:Jia Xian
11214:Bi Sheng
11138:Dry dock
11027:Banknote
10987:Gong Kai
10859:Wen Tong
10835:Fan Kuan
10828:Painters
10812:Xin Qiji
10769:Zhu Bian
10751:Cai Jing
10727:Cheng Yi
10577:Jun ware
10547:Religion
10418:Military
10389:Emperors
10320:Yancheng
10305:Jingkang
10216:Timeline
10127:Archived
9764:(1997),
9625:citation
9151:: 1–13,
9008:(1997),
8532:Guo 1998
8508:Guo 1998
8484:Guo 1998
8207:Hsu 1993
8195:Hsu 1993
7591:Liu 2015
7354:Bol 2001
7204:Cai 2011
7115:Bai 2002
7103:Bai 2002
7091:Bai 2002
6696:June 28,
6641:Sen 2003
6587:Archived
6278:24692275
5650:Liu 2015
5426:See also
5416:Cai Jing
5272:Fan Kuan
5268:Li Cheng
5243:Li Jie's
5014:drydocks
4972:'s 1119
4962:Shen Kuo
4881:typeface
4871:Bi Sheng
4811:Geometry
4748:Yang Hui
4706:Yu Ji Tu
4624:of true
4466:horology
4426:Shen Kuo
4323:Song Shi
4315:odometer
4291:Qingzhou
4268:firearms
4264:grenades
4198:history.
4134:Hangzhou
4053:charcoal
3777:Mahayana
3769:Cheng Yi
3616:painting
3542:Song Shi
3476:shrapnel
3459:platoons
3241:printing
3116:and the
3075:Buddhism
3027:football
2952:Zhejiang
2948:Shaoxing
2906:Lu Xiufu
2823:Shandong
2795:Chang'an
2752:statue,
2740:and her
2665:and the
2612:Quanzhou
2608:seaports
2444:Cai Jing
2348:Đại Việt
2344:Shen Kuo
2107:Buddhist
2095:Cheng Yi
2030:using a
2014:such as
1946:Hangzhou
1752:Timeline
1679:(Taiwan,
1659:of China
1173:Imperial
922:Timeline
896:a series
894:Part of
810:Jyutping
699:ㄙㄨㄥˋ ㄔㄠˊ
693:Bopomofo
438:Currency
418:estimate
353:980 est.
345:958 est.
166:Monarchy
99:Yangzhou
92:Yingtian
85:Bianjing
60:960–1279
14760:History
14734:Portals
14668:largest
14663:Empires
14643:Swedish
14638:Spanish
14633:Russian
14596:Italian
14571:Chinese
14559:English
14554:British
14549:Belgian
14524:Vietnam
14514:Tay son
14460:Tsarist
14455:Russian
14450:Ottoman
14416:Dzungar
14411:Khoshut
14384:Mexican
14379:Maratha
14362:Pahlavi
14342:Safavid
14337:Iranian
14264:Haitian
14227:Chinese
14187:Ashanti
14159:Wagadou
14085:Eastern
14080:Western
14063:Timurid
14023:Tibetan
14013:Songhai
14003:Serbian
13924:Almohad
13914:Idrisid
13818:Samanid
13808:Tahirid
13803:Iranian
13781:Kannauj
13761:Genoese
13697:Chinese
13690:Eastern
13685:Western
13673:Fatimid
13668:Abbasid
13663:Umayyad
13636:Burmese
13596:Ayyubid
13591:Angevin
13561:Xianbei
13549:Eastern
13544:Western
13490:Magadha
13453:Iranian
13446:Xiongnu
13431:Hittite
13340:Chinese
13328:Kassite
13277:Ancient
13269:Empires
13195:Báizhōu
13191:Qīnzhōu
13187:Léizhōu
13183:Gāozhōu
13179:Huàzhōu
13171:Bīnzhōu
13163:Liǔzhōu
13159:Xúnzhōu
13127:Guìzhōu
13101:Huìzhōu
13089:Xīnzhōu
13065:Méizhōu
13009:Nánpíng
12988:Kāizhōu
12972:Wànzhōu
12964:Shīzhōu
12956:Kuízhōu
12920:Wénzhōu
12805:Guǒzhōu
12801:Suìzhōu
12760:Shíquán
12743:Wēizhōu
12739:Màozhōu
12727:Jiāzhōu
12723:Hànzhōu
12711:Shǔzhōu
12707:Méizhōu
12690:Chéngdū
12666:Xīnghuà
12606:Guìyáng
12577:Dàozhōu
12569:Tánzhōu
12534:Guīzhōu
12530:Yuèzhōu
12526:Xiázhōu
12454:Xīngguó
12441:Yúnzhōu
12397:Nánkāng
12393:Guǎngdé
12380:Xìnzhōu
12376:Rāozhou
12368:Chízhōu
12364:Shèzhōu
12302:Háozhōu
12298:Shūzhōu
12244:Chúzhōu
12236:Tàizhōu
12232:Hǎizhōu
12228:Chǔzhōu
12205:Huainan
12188:Xiùzhōu
12176:Chǔzhōu
12172:Táizhōu
12168:Wēnzhōu
12152:Rùnzhōu
12144:Yuèzhōu
12092:Jiēzhōu
12088:Mínzhōu
12076:Wèizhōu
12056:Qínzhōu
12006:Dānzhōu
11998:Bīnzhōu
11978:Yánzhōu
11974:Yàozhōu
11970:Huázhōu
11962:Guózhōu
11950:Xìezhōu
11909:Huǒshān
11905:Nínghuà
11876:Línzhōu
11868:Lánzhōu
11856:Fénzhōu
11852:Xīnzhōu
11848:Dàizhōu
11836:Jìnzhōu
11819:Tàiyuán
11795:Shùn'ān
11774:Bǎozhōu
11705:Bǎodìng
11684:Bīnzhōu
11608:Xìnyáng
11583:Càizhōu
11575:Huázhōu
11513:Jīnzhou
11509:Jūnzhōu
11497:Suízhōu
11462:Yùnzhōu
11458:Cáozhōu
11450:Yǎnzhōu
11396:Wéizhōu
11392:Láizhōu
11336:Kāifēng
11251:Song Ci
11239:Su Song
11128:Compass
11008:Economy
10969:Li Song
10883:Cui Bai
10661:Song Qi
10655:Yan Shu
10642:Writers
10582:Ru ware
10567:Ge ware
10539:Society
10535:Culture
10340:Caizhou
10330:Tangdao
10212:History
9887:2719361
9792:2600793
9733:1523201
9660:1579643
9601:2050010
9319:2718941
9291:2719404
9165:1568644
9120:2054291
8803:3558587
8719:Sources
8122:9218319
7680:Ebrey,
6684:"China"
5713:2172247
5341:bronze
5241:, from
5235:Bracket
5170:trestle
5105:masonry
5070:, Hebei
5022:rudders
4989:Huainan
4958:compass
4916:Hua Sui
4827:Pei Xiu
4732:of the
4720:of 100
4657:SN 1054
4442:geology
4438:zoology
4430:Su Song
4415:printed
4399:Su Song
4272:cannons
4152:), the
4130:Chengdu
4126:Huizhou
4014:Li Song
3934:Economy
3916:jujubes
3896:Vietnam
3880:jujubes
3871:right.
3684:transl.
3680:fangzhi
3586:Cui Bai
3468:snipers
3406:inquest
3402:coroner
3397:corpses
3385:Song Ci
3377:anatomy
3215:Yue Fei
3147:xiangqi
3052:dowries
3043:peacock
2981:paupers
2977:clinics
2892:on the
2888:In the
2868:Sichuan
2815:Sichuan
2807:Guangxi
2791:Luoyang
2780:vassals
2772:Mongols
2742:Xiongnu
2659:Dinghai
2651:Red Sea
2600:beacons
2584:Yue Fei
2534:of the
2520:Yangtze
2490:Guanyin
2463:Jurchen
2456:Fang La
2360:Guangxi
2336:
2313:Tianjin
2309:Beijing
2295:of the
2293:Tanguts
2287:of the
2285:Khitans
2202:Kaifeng
2181:of the
2137:History
2133:elite.
2032:compass
1964:of the
1938:Yangtze
1932:in the
1914:Kaifeng
1423:Wu Zhou
1013:Ancient
992:Yangtze
781:Son zau
649:Chinese
502:Jingnan
323:•
284:•
271:•
173:Emperor
77:Capital
14606:Mongol
14591:German
14586:French
14576:Danish
14519:Dainam
14494:Tongan
14482:Somali
14477:Sokoto
14443:'Alawi
14421:Kalmyk
14401:Mongol
14394:Second
14374:Korean
14325:Mughal
14315:Indian
14298:German
14291:Second
14281:French
14274:Second
14210:Second
14182:Afghan
14174:Modern
14100:Kyrgyz
14095:Uighur
14090:Second
14070:Turkic
14038:Toltec
13974:Epirus
13959:Nicaea
13882:Mongol
13835:Yamato
13771:Huetar
13629:Second
13566:Rouran
13515:Shunga
13510:Maurya
13485:Kushan
13458:Median
13436:Hunnic
13394:Harsha
13224:Wàn'ān
13167:Yízhōu
13077:Hèzhōu
13022:Dàníng
13001:Yún'ān
12984:Yúzhōu
12980:Fúzhōu
12976:Dázhōu
12916:Bāzhōu
12904:Lìzhōu
12877:Lizhou
12864:Fùshùn
12837:Qúzhōu
12829:Hézhōu
12825:Lúzhōu
12813:Pǔzhōu
12809:Zīzhōu
12797:Zǐzhōu
12735:Yǎzhōu
12662:Shàowǔ
12633:Fúzhōu
12619:Fujian
12522:Lǐzhōu
12514:Fùzhōu
12510:Ānzhōu
12449:Armies
12437:Fǔzhōu
12429:Jízhōu
12388:Armies
12318:Armies
12294:Hézhōu
12290:Qízhōu
12286:Lúzhōu
12240:Sìzhōu
12224:Sùzhōu
12220:Bózhōu
12184:Mùzhōu
12180:Qúzhōu
12160:Wùzhōu
12156:Húzhōu
12148:Sūzhōu
12105:Déshùn
12100:Armies
12084:Xīzhōu
12014:Armies
11982:Fūzhōu
11888:Armies
11872:Xízhōu
11844:Zézhōu
11832:Lùzhōu
11782:Armies
11770:Qízhōu
11766:Cízhōu
11709:Xìn'ān
11692:Armies
11680:Dézhōu
11676:Bàzhōu
11668:Mòzhōu
11664:Dìzhōu
11660:Bózhōu
11635:Dàmíng
11603:Armies
11595:Rǔzhōu
11525:Armies
11479:Jingxi
11466:Púzhōu
11454:Xúzhōu
11408:Armies
11400:Zīzhōu
11384:Yízhōu
11380:Mìzhōu
11363:Jǐ'nán
11037:Guanzi
11032:Jiaozi
10865:Guo Xi
10806:Zhu Xi
10788:Lu You
10775:Zhu Yu
10739:Su Zhe
10733:Su Shi
10679:Su Xun
10552:Poetry
10335:Caishi
10205:topics
10090:
10071:
10053:
10033:
10015:
9997:
9978:
9953:
9947:369121
9945:
9915:
9885:
9826:
9806:
9790:
9751:
9731:
9692:
9674:
9658:
9640:Oriens
9607:
9599:
9569:
9538:
9457:
9427:
9393:
9375:
9333:
9317:
9289:
9263:495194
9261:
9231:
9191:
9171:
9163:
9126:
9118:
9086:
9062:
9040:
9018:
8990:
8966:
8922:
8879:
8859:
8837:
8819:
8801:
8771:
8753:
8734:
8120:
8112:
8084:Nature
7684:, 142.
6692:, 2007
6568:
6560:
6299:
6276:
6021:
5711:
5448:Lu You
5411:Bogutu
5345:vessel
5276:Guo Xi
5202:Fujian
5115:arms,
5109:corbel
5101:mortar
5091:Li Jie
5087:struts
5079:Yu Hao
5068:Quyang
4970:Zhu Yu
4848:tujing
4821:. The
4760:Euclid
4490:optics
4434:botany
4379:, 1092
4340:torque
4331:Ma Jun
4274:, and
4254:(1044)
4195:Jiaozi
4166:Fujian
4112:Jiaozi
4037:guilds
3928:ginger
3920:lychee
3878:Dried
3811:Luohan
3773:Zhu Xi
3620:poetry
3364:caning
3316:county
3271:Su Shi
3105:, and
3101:, the
3071:Daoism
2979:, and
2793:, and
2645:, the
2620:Xiamen
2618:, and
2596:harbor
2578:, the
2494:Shanxi
2423:Su Shi
2415:Xin Fa
2261:Goryeo
2259:, the
2251:, the
2243:, the
2177:After
2099:Zhu Xi
2073:. The
1942:Lin'an
1920:. The
1621:Modern
1277:, and
995:, and
986:Yellow
898:on the
848:Tâi-lô
446:Guanzi
442:Jiaozi
412:
312:Lin'an
220:(last)
177:
140:Taoism
112:Lin'an
14748:China
14656:Lists
14611:Omani
14581:Dutch
14487:Isaaq
14438:Saadi
14406:Oirat
14389:First
14357:Qajar
14286:First
14269:First
14242:China
14215:Third
14075:First
14028:Tikal
13979:Morea
13949:Roman
13867:Latin
13862:Khmer
13857:Kanem
13823:Buyid
13749:Zagwe
13744:Aksum
13734:Chola
13641:First
13624:First
13611:Bornu
13606:Benin
13601:Aztec
13539:Roman
13520:Gupta
13505:Nanda
13441:White
13122:Lower
13044:Lower
13037:(廣南東)
12951:Lower
12899:Lower
12886:Upper
12792:Lower
12698:Lower
12685:Upper
12628:Lower
12564:Lower
12557:(荊湖南)
12506:Èzhōu
12501:Lower
12488:Upper
12481:(荊湖北)
12458:Ānnán
12416:Lower
12355:Lower
12342:Upper
12281:Lower
12271:Upper
12214:Lower
12135:Lower
12051:Lower
12038:Upper
12019:Bǎoān
11945:Lower
11932:Upper
11913:Bǎodé
11901:Kělán
11827:Lower
11814:Upper
11741:Lower
11728:Upper
11643:Lower
11630:Upper
11621:Hebei
11566:Lower
11554:Hénán
11549:Upper
11488:Lower
11445:Lower
11432:Upper
11371:Lower
11358:Upper
11331:Upper
11257:Li Ye
11042:Huizi
10926:Li Di
10896:Mi Fu
10362:Yamen
10315:De'an
9951:S2CID
9943:JSTOR
9883:JSTOR
9788:JSTOR
9729:JSTOR
9656:JSTOR
9605:S2CID
9597:JSTOR
9315:JSTOR
9287:JSTOR
9259:JSTOR
9169:S2CID
9161:JSTOR
9124:S2CID
9116:JSTOR
8920:S2CID
8799:JSTOR
8118:S2CID
6570:16192
6558:S2CID
6538:(PDF)
6274:JSTOR
5709:JSTOR
5593:(PDF)
5586:(PDF)
5307:Henan
5190:Hebei
5018:Stern
5010:hulls
4714:Xi'an
4417:form.
4397:from
4150:Yemen
4117:Huizi
4084:with
4082:hulls
4078:Junks
4000:Ships
3912:dates
3802:Korea
3798:Japan
3737:Mi Fu
3628:Mi Fu
3201:, by
3137:—not
3091:India
3089:from
3029:, by
3005:serfs
2914:Tibet
2883:Bayan
2855:Ezhou
2851:Hubei
2847:Ezhou
2827:Henan
2811:Hanoi
2809:from
2746:arhat
2679:bombs
2639:Japan
2635:Korea
2364:Hanoi
2265:Japan
2226:atlas
2020:bombs
1944:(now
1046:Shang
558:Wuyue
450:Huizi
258:with
152:Islam
14426:Bogd
14352:Zand
14330:Sikh
14237:Qing
14232:Ming
14164:Wari
14132:Tran
14117:Dinh
13887:Yuan
13877:Mali
13786:Pala
13776:Inca
13727:Yuan
13717:Song
13712:Liao
13707:Tang
13480:Kush
13362:Dʿmt
13215:Army
13209:(瓊州)
13103:(惠州)
13024:(大寧)
13011:(南平)
12996:Army
12990:(開州)
12934:(龍州)
12893:(興元)
12879:(利州)
12866:(富順)
12853:(廣安)
12845:Army
12839:(渠州)
12775:(陵井)
12762:(石泉)
12751:Army
12745:(威州)
12692:(成都)
12668:(興化)
12657:Army
12621:(福建)
12608:(桂陽)
12595:(全州)
12544:(誠州)
12495:(江陵)
12468:(建昌)
12443:(筠州)
12399:(南康)
12349:(江寧)
12312:(黃州)
12254:(通州)
12194:(常州)
12128:(兩浙)
12115:(通遠)
12094:(階州)
12045:(鳳翔)
12021:(保安)
12008:(丹州)
11915:(保德)
11882:(豐州)
11821:(太原)
11797:(順安)
11787:Ānsù
11776:(保州)
11735:(真定)
11711:(信安)
11637:(大名)
11610:(信陽)
11597:(汝州)
11560:(潁昌)
11532:(光化)
11519:(郢州)
11468:(濮州)
11439:(應天)
11415:(淮陽)
11402:(淄州)
11365:(濟南)
11338:(開封)
11103:Coke
10981:Muqi
10537:and
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