History of opera - Knowledge

5634: 20185: 1575: 7341: 17155: 10627: 7420: 385: 13390: 11060:—numerous nations that had not previously excelled in music experienced a musical renaissance, enhanced by the nationalist sentiments associated with Romanticism and political liberalism. In general, most of these compositions were linked to musical Romanticism, though often with a national component based on the folk and popular tradition of each of these countries. Most plots were historical and national—Rimsky-Korsakov devoted thirteen of his fifteen operas to Russian themes—and vernacular languages were introduced into the operatic texts. Several of these nations did not enjoy political autonomy at the time, so that opera —and culture in general— were identity factors of national vindication. These movements lasted in many cases until the beginning of the 20th century. 18471: 5155: 2334: 3088: 2183: 3165: 7797: 3726: 248:, performance, costumes, makeup, hairdressing, and other artistic disciplines. It is therefore a work of collective creation, which essentially starts from a librettist and a composer, and where the vocal performers have a primordial role, but where the musicians and the conductor, the dancers, the creators of the sets and costumes, and many other figures are equally essential. On the other hand, it is a social event, so it has no reason to exist without an audience to witness the show. For this very reason, it has been over time a reflection of the various currents of thought, political and philosophical, religious and moral, aesthetic and cultural, peculiar to the society where the plays were produced. 3465: 14532: 2484: 4391: 16409: 15560: 18941: 20015: 12955: 6652: 12159: 15298: 1166: 2945:. A generation younger, Metastasio was directly influenced by Zeno, whom he replaced as imperial poet. In a fifty-year career he wrote twenty-seven librettos that were set to music in some one hundred operas. He was a great reformer of operatic writing, to the point that one often speaks of "metastasian opera" for his works. His librettos were elegant and sophisticated, and he gave greater prominence to the soloists. Zeno and Metastasio introduced the so-called "doctrine of the affections", whereby every emotion (love, hate, sadness, hope, despair) was expressed by a certain musical form (aria, chorale, instrumental movement). 6958: 6792: 3823: 18578: 9711: 5811: 4785: 3427: 7033: 7100: 4882:'s sons. He lived for a time in Italy, where he converted to Catholicism and married an opera singer, a fact that would undoubtedly influence him to approach a genre that neither his father nor his brothers had treated. With a great mastery of instrumental music, he combined the simplicity and clarity of Italian music with Germanic precision. He later settled in England, where he was director of the Theatre Royal in London. His work influenced Mozart, whom he even gave lessons to when the latter traveled to London at the age of eight. His works include: 3815:(1763). Rameau's operas enjoyed great popularity, while at the same time sparking intense debates between their defenders and detractors: in 1733 the so-called quarrel of Lullyists and Ramists broke out, between those who advocated maintaining the operatic tradition initiated by Lully and those who viewed with pleasure the new form introduced by Rameau, which placed more emphasis on the music than on the text. Similarly, in the 1750s the so-called jester's quarrel arose between supporters of Rameau, advocates of French opera seria, and the philosopher 17733: 11045: 5935: 8834: 16721:

technical renovation took place, motivated by the appearance of new technologies, such as electronic music. All this resulted in new compositional methods and new sound ranges, which were adapted to the new musical movements that were happening in the course of the century. The new music composed in this century broke radically with the past and sought a new language, breaking the scheme of traditional musical discourse: if necessary, harmony, melody and tonality were broken. Many of these innovations caused bewilderment, especially

4148: 9098: 1946: 11069: 16707: 18332: 5285:, with a libretto by Metastasio. In 1745 he moved to London, where he unsuccessfully sought Händel's support; he therefore settled in Vienna the following year, until 1770, when he settled in Paris. Among the reforms introduced by Gluck were: preeminence of the plot over vocal improvisations, with more truthful characters; austere music, without ornamentation; limitation of recitatives, all with orchestral accompaniment; overture, choir and ballet are integrated into the action of the opera; abolition of the 17437: 8369:(1829). In his works, Rossini eliminated the recitative without musical accompaniment, so they were set to music from beginning to end. He introduced the so-called "crescendo Rossini", a gradual crescendo in which the same theme was repeated successively increasing in intensity. He also introduced choirs, which became fashionable, generally placed between the aria and the cabaletta and between the two parts of the cabaletta. He stopped composing at the age of thirty-six and lived on his earnings ever since. 6277: 5384:

culmination of instrumental forms, consolidated with the definitive structuring of the modern orchestra. Classicism was manifested in the balance and serenity of composition, the search for formal beauty, for perfection, in harmonious and inspiring forms of high values. It sought the creation of a universal musical language, a harmonization between form and musical content. The taste of the public began to be valued, which gave rise to a new way of producing musical works, as well as new forms of patronage.

12571: 8155: 13728: 13083: 18872: 5670:), set in a Turkish harem. This work broke completely with the baroque style, especially by breaking with the succession of arias and the inclusion of real characters, who express their feelings. Depending on the plot he introduced various musical styles, such as folk music to accompany the maid, or passages with Turkish music, characterized by its strident percussion. He employed a denser orchestra, with more wind instruments. He also introduced an aria in two parts, one slower and one faster ( 82: 19853: 9521: 8373: 8154: 17644: 7570: 4946: 5251: 11848: 5510: 16028: 5250: 8156: 6396: 2145: 10293: 5373: 15069:, of a showy orchestration of dramatic tone. The voice was taken to the limit of its expressive possibilities. In verismo, leading roles were even given to villains and reprehensible characters, such as murderers, pimps, prostitutes and other characters of low extraction. However, over time, the didactic message that verismo sought to convey drifted into sensationalist plots, which together with colorful and gimmicky orchestration reflected the new tastes of the public. 1842: 20574: 1516: 1012: 5252: 12435: 6688:. In the field of art and music, an evolutionary dynamic of styles began to follow one another chronologically with increasing speed, culminating in the 20th century with an atomization of styles and currents that coexist and oppose, influence and confront each other. Music was a reflection on numerous occasions of these artistic movements, which occurred not only in art and music, but also in literature, theater, dance and other artistic manifestations. 2871: 2411: 17858: 4522: 543: 16497: 1191:. The theater was founded by Domenico Mazzocchi, who after losing papal favor moved from Rome to the Venetian city. As opera became a business, it began to depend more and more on the tastes of the public, since by its attendance at performances it could favor a certain compositional line or relegate it to oblivion. One of the first consequences was that the public showed more and more taste for high-pitched voices, those of tenors, sopranos and 15018: 822: 19176: 339:, a new way of conceiving artistic creation in which new compositional methods and techniques emerged, which were expressed in a great variety of styles, at a time of greater diffusion of the media that allowed reaching a wider audience through various channels, not only in person (radio, television), and in which the wide musical repertoire of previous periods was still valued, which remained in force in the main opera houses of the world. 1195:, while the use of choirs and large orchestras declined, since an accompaniment of few instruments was preferred, between ten and fifteen, generally. As the genre became more popular, more comic elements were introduced and the texts were simplified, to the point where, especially in the arias, the interpretation was more important than the words that were expressed. After the San Cassiano, the opening of new theaters flourished in Venice: 17671:, was close to expressionism, although he can sometimes be described as neoclassical, but more than anything else he was an unclassifiable genius with a surprising palette of sounds of great variety; he himself never wanted to be associated with any particular style. In his beginnings, still influenced by Russian folklore, and with a certain influence of French impressionism, he enjoyed great success with his ballets, represented by the 10766: 20585: 14773: 7255: 10090:). Critical of Italian opera, which he considered contrived and conventional, in his works he suppressed the aria, as well as the concept of "closed numbers", of episodes isolated from the rest, creating instead works of a continuous flow, an integrated whole running from beginning to end with a single musical concept; even the intermissions were connected to the rest of the composition. This system is called "transcomposition" ( 9474: 4861: 8109: 15207: 13603: 10038: 666: 11219: 3926:, a type of simple shows, with contemporary plots, generally of domestic and urban cut, and of conservative tone, in which technical innovations, cultural currents and social aspects in general, as well as the defects and customs of the characters, were ridiculed. It had certain elements in common with the Italian opera buffa, such as the taste for costumes and transvestism, or the characters inspired by the 31635: 17987: 17491:, a romantic opera in terms of thematic, but of complex musical structure, where he experimented with all available musical resources from classicism to the avant-garde, from tonal to atonal, from recitative to music, from popular music to sophisticated music of dissonant counterpoint. A work of strong psychological expression, it united musical atonalism with argumental expressionism. His second opera, 12045: 10116: 1338: 25: 7656:, excelled in the comic genre. He began his musical career as a cellist, until he switched to composition. Endowed with a keen sense of dramatic art and well acquainted with the tastes of the French public, he devoted himself to operetta, for which he rented the Théâtre Marigny, which he renamed Bouffes-Parisiens, where he premiered works by himself and other composers. In 1858 he composed 16939: 1219: 2949: 4084: 8855:. However, he gradually evolved towards the forms of the musical drama, de-emphasizing the aria – from which he did not manage to detach himself, as Wagner did – and enhancing the melody. Verdi's operas had a strong nationalist component, which turned his works into pleas against the foreign occupation of various regions of Italy, a fact that made him a symbol of the 303:, a period in which cultured music was reserved for the social elites, but which produced new and rich musical forms, and which saw the establishment of a language of its own for opera, which was gaining richness and complexity not only in compositional and vocal methods but also in theatrical and scenographic production. The second half of the 18th century saw the 15875: 11380: 14133:", the former divided into three acts and the latter composed of only one. It included sung and spoken parts, as well as popular dances, with a generally costumbrista theme —especially casticista— and comic tendency. It developed especially in the third quarter of the century, the era of the "género grande", three-act plays influenced by the French 2444:, he eliminated the comic characters and the interspersed plots, following only the original story. Scarlattian melody was generally simpler than Monteverdi's, but endowed with a special charm, which led Luigi Fait to comment that "with Scarlatti, Italian opera reaches the height of its beauty". There are 114 known operas by Scarlatti, including 11382: 14631: 6759:, creator of large and ingenious sets with the latest technologies of the time, as well as special effects, fireworks and other novelties. He invented a moving panorama composed of a curtain that was rolled up on a cylinder and, when unrolled, produced movement effects on the scene. On the other hand, the pioneer of photography 9588:, 1821), a theme based on folk legends: the whole action takes place in a forest, with elements alluding to nature, mystery, magic and populism, all the necessary ingredients for a romantic opera. With this opera, Weber created the German national opera and, at the same time, the first fully Romantic opera. His next opera, 5990:(1789). He composed about eighty operas, in serious and buffo genre, although the latter more dramatic than usual, thus helping to prestige it. Cimarosa was a prolific composer, who by the age of thirty-five had composed fifteen operas, when in 1787 he was appointed maestro di cappella in St. Petersburg, where he premiered 5751:. In it he showed his mastery of the vocal ensemble, introducing a sextet in act three. He also showed admirable psychological skill in the treatment of the characters, as well as in the various emotional qualities of the instruments (clarinet for love, oboe for grief, bassoon for irony). The following year he produced 3379:. He was maestro de cappella in Mantua and Rome before being appointed vice maestro de cappella of Emperor Charles VI in Vienna, where he remained for about twenty years. He collaborated regularly with the librettists Zeno and Metastasio. His work is notable for its use of large chorales. Among his works stand out: 10100:), and was used by numerous composers since Wagner. He was so meticulous with his performances that he was the first to darken the hall and focus the spectator's attention on the stage. Likewise, he forbade applause during the performance, which was allowed only at the end. Another of Wagner's innovations was the 19197:), a cycle of seven operas composed between 1977 and 2003. It was premiered in its entirety in 2011, although each part had already been premiered separately. Stockhausen's pretension was to realize a "cosmic theater" that would unite music and religion, in search of a transcendental vision of the human being. 15181: 9901: 4425:— was not even premiered. Just as in Germany works with recitative in German and arias in Italian were produced, in England the introduction of the English language did not take off either. Thus, the operatic scene was largely dominated by Handel, along with the premiere of Italian productions. In 1732 the 4307: 8686: 4362:, which was innovative for its expressive contrasts that allowed a great showcasing of the singers. That year he was appointed director of the Dresden Opera, where he was one of the main promoters of opera seria. He left some seventy operas. Fux was the author of eighteen operas, mostly with librettos by 2800:. The themes of opera seria were generally drawn from classical mythology, with a moralistic component, showing the more virtuous side of the heroes of old age. Generally, the action was centered on the recitatives and the arias were left for lyrical incursions by the singers, with a preference for the 4309: 13624:

In Spain it is not possible to speak of nationalism as such: a Spanish nationality was not claimed against a foreign dominator, no patriotic identities or lost cultural essences were asserted, no formulas from the past were sought, neither popular legends nor traditional folklore were resorted to. On

10289:. The tetralogy took him twenty-six years of work, and its performance brought him serious difficulties because of the enormity of the works: it was not until 1876 that he premiered the complete cycle at the Festspielhaus in Bayreuth, a new theater sponsored by him for the reproduction of his operas. 6807:

Romantic music survived for almost the entire century, until the appearance of the musical avant-garde of the 20th century. It was characterized, as in the rest of the arts, by the predominance of feeling and passion, of the subjectivity and emotionality of the artist, with exaltation of national and

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Opera developed in this century in an increasingly grandiloquent manner, on large stages and with large scenographic stagings, with larger and larger orchestras performing more powerful and sonorous music. This forced vocal performers to increase their singing power, to fill the entire theater and to

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introduced a more purist, classicist style, with simplified plots and more cultured and sophisticated operas. At that time, Naples was a Spanish possession, and the opera had the patronage of the Spanish viceroys, especially conde de Oñate. Among the main novelties, a distinction was made between two

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In the first half of the 17th century, the rules of operatic librettos were established, which would undergo few variations until almost the 20th century: simple dialogues and conventional language, stanzas of rigorous forms, distinction between "recitative" —declaimed parts that develop the action —

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and composer of madrigals and recitatives. In the course of their studies of Ancient Greek theater they found that in Greek theatrical performances the text was sung to individual voices. This idea struck them, since nothing like it existed at the time, at a time when almost all sung music was choral

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emerged at the beginning of the century as a style fundamentally concerned with the inner expressiveness of the individual, in its psychological deepening, as opposed to the dominant naturalism at the turn of the century, which in opera gave the verismo. In this current, interpersonal relationships,

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underwent a gradual evolution over time: during the colonial period, Italian or Spanish operas were performed; after the independence of the colonies, native works began to be produced, but which followed the rules of Italian opera; over time, local elements were added, generally with a folkloric or

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in its cast, which added various ornamentations that did not please the composer, so from then on he composed the musical ornaments himself, closing the doors to improvisations by the singers. With this work, Rossini abandoned the historical and mythological themes typical of traditional opera seria

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The germ of romantic opera arose in France, where opera seria and opera buffa tended to converge, at the same time that the Gluckian reform was coming to fruition. The recitatives with harpsichord were discarded and became orchestral. The plots based on the Greco-Latin classics were abandoned to set

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In music, the most outstanding aspect was the progressive independence of composers and performers from the patronage of the aristocracy and the Church. The new addressee was the public, preferably the bourgeoisie, but also the common people, in theaters and concert halls. The new situation gave the

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Baroque opera was noted for its complicated and ornate scenography, with sudden changes and complicated lighting and sensory effects. Numerous sets were used, up to fifteen or twenty changes of scenery per performance. There began a taste for solo voices, mainly treble (tenor, soprano), which led in

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During this period, the main musical centers were in the monarchic courts, aristocratic circles and episcopal sees. The instrumentation reached heights of great perfection, especially in the violin The Baroque orchestra was small, usually only a chamber orchestra, or about forty instruments at most.

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One of the main novelties of this new form of artistic expression was its secularism, at a time when artistic and musical production was mostly of a religious nature. Another was the appearance of monody, the singing of a single voice, as opposed to medieval and Renaissance polyphony; it was a vocal

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compared the playing of two violinists, one more serene and the other more extravagant, commenting of the latter that "he tries at all costs to surprise, to attract attention, with unbridled and extravagant sounds. It seems but that in this way it was a matter of diving to the bottom of the seas to

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also stood out. Ravel was a convinced anti-Wagnerian, who eagerly searched for his own style. He was very meticulous and nonconformist in his work, so he continually revised his works, which explains his scarce production. With a Basque mother, he felt great attraction for Spanish culture, which is

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Between the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries there was the post-Romanticism, which as its name suggests was an evolution of Romanticism based on more modern premises, but maintaining the same spirit that characterized that movement. The main influence of this style was Wagner, so it is

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In Ireland, during the 19th century, mostly Italian opera triumphed, as well as some in English. Composers such as Michael Balfe, Vincent Wallace and Charles Stanford settled in London and wrote in English. It was not until the 20th century that operas were composed in Irish, the first of which was

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tetralogy he went so far as to form an orchestra of one hundred and fifteen instruments. Such orchestral power presented serious difficulties for the human voice to live up to, so his performers needed special training, which led to the appearance of two new vocal figures: the Wagnerian soprano and

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is considered the creator of German national opera. He was director of the Dresden Opera House, from where he promoted several reforms in opera, such as the arrangement of the orchestra and choir, and a rehearsal schedule that encouraged performers to study the drama rather than the music. He wrote

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in one act, indebted to the Neapolitan opera, but with the new romantic spirit, more dynamic, with a more marked rhythm and with the tonal gradations introduced by the Mannheim school. This work pleased both the traditionalists and the supporters of innovation, who liked its timbral agility and its

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went so far as to found his own chamber opera orchestra, the English Opera Group. On the other hand, the traditional operetta genre evolved into the musical, a revamped genre that relied more on popular music and dance, in centers such as the West End theaters in London or the Broadway theaters in

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The main exponent of classicism was the Austrian Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. He was a child prodigy, who toured Europe with his father between the ages of six and fourteen, becoming acquainted with the main musical currents of the time: Italian and French opera, Gallant music, Mannheim school. In his

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emerged, which became popular especially in the first half of the 18th century and again in the first half of the 19th century in Italy. It is a vocal technique of difficult execution consisting of maintaining a uniform tone passing from one musical phrase to another without pauses, in a sustained

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The immediate postwar period was a difficult period for opera, not only because of the destruction caused during the war, but also because of the pessimism and skepticism of the intellectual elites, who came to question the viability of the operatic genre, which they considered obsolete. In those

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In United Kingdom we cannot speak of an opera of nationalist vindication in the political sense that it had in other countries, but there were attempts to create an English opera alien to Italian, French or German influences. In the field of serious opera this initiative did not take off, despite

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The classical music—not to be confused with the general concept of "classical music" understood as the vocal and instrumental music of cultured tradition produced from the Middle Ages to the present day— it meant between the last third of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century the

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theater emerged in medieval times, a type of lyrical-musical drama in prose or verse, with a historical or mythological theme. The narration was recited by a choir, while the main actors performed gesturally, in rhythmic movements. The representation was performed by three actors, together with a

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The neoclassicism was a return to the musical models of eighteenth-century classicism, characterized by restraint, balance and formal clarity. It developed especially in the interwar period (1920s and 1930s). Its models were basically the classicists, but also recovered baroque forms, as well as

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Opera in the twentieth century maintained the previous repertoire, which continued to be successfully performed in the best theaters and auditoriums of the world, while, at the production level, although there was a copious and excellent production, the innovations produced in this field did not

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in Venice, where he was able to rely on the orphans of the hospice to form a large orchestra, for which he is considered the first great master of orchestral music. He devoted himself to opera both as a composer and impresario. In 1739 he claimed to have written ninety-four operas, although only

2745: 2087:(1689), a French-influenced work with short arias and dances. It was a commission for a college of young ladies, which they were to perform themselves, with a small instrumental ensemble. It is a short work, lasting an hour, but which Purcell resolved brilliantly: its final aria, the so-called " 16437:

arose in France, with a desire to modernize musical conception, which developed between the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th. As in painting, it was intended to capture the sensations that the artist produced the surrounding world, with a basis of reality, but interpreted

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The beginnings of French romantic opera are situated in the post-revolutionary environment. The change of regime entailed the replacement of classical mythological themes, linked to the aristocracy, by new themes and characters based on popular heroism, with a series of works that were called

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Opera has its roots in the various forms of sung or musical theater that have been produced throughout history all over the world. Dramatic representation as well as singing, music, dance and other artistic manifestations are forms of expression consubstantial to human beings, practiced since

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The 20th century saw a great revolution in music, motivated by the profound political and social changes that took place during the century. The transforming, experimental and renovating interest of the artistic avant-gardes was translated into a new musical language, at the same time that a

11308:, 1876–1881), of comic genre, which he also left unfinished. Rimsky-Korsakov was a naval officer and amateur composer. He was a pupil of Balakirev, and was noted for his mastery of the orchestra and his evocative harmonies, despite which he did not triumph much in the West. After operas like 5686: 19714:

Philip Glass was one of the most prominent representatives of minimalism, a style that, as opposed to the dense structures used at the time in Europe, sought to elaborate music with few elements, using for example repetitive patterns in different speed, duration and volume, in staggered or

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was characteristic. Also frequent was the presence of stuttering, yawning or sneezing. The music, generally stringed, was simple, of small orchestras, although over time it would be equated with that of opera seria. Eventually, both genres tended to merge, with the appearance of the

11639:, he showed great gifts for orchestration and dramatization, and adapted the cadences of the Czech language to music. For this reason he is considered the first Czech national composer, a circumstance somewhat diluted, however, by his strong Wagnerian influence. His first opera was 8999: 16725:, in a public accustomed to a hierarchy of notes where a fundamental note dominated; in atonality, each note has equal relevance to the others. For this reason, contemporary music has not enjoyed great public success and has often been confined to a closed circle of intellectuals. 9000: 8998: 8157: 4202:

in Venice, which was a great success. In his works he brought together Italian and French influences, without lacking his Germanic character. Shortly thereafter, he returned to his homeland, where he became the chapel master to Prince Elector George of Hanover, who in 1714 became

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was an avant-garde musician who was influenced by Schönberg's dodecaphonism and composers such as Stravinsky, Honegger, Poulenc and Milhaud. In his work he brought together acoustic and electronic sounds, and used recording as an additional resource. He composed only one opera,

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melody over the rest of the elements. On the other hand, the romantic opera stood out for its folkloristic taste and the use of themes based on the history and mythology of the country. A new taste for so-called "gothic" themes also emerged, which in opera gave a variant called

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In the 1960s, opera was making a resurgence and composers embarked on more ambitious and larger-scale works. Alongside productions of a more traditional character, anti-opera with experimental and aleatoric elements, without any narrative character, followed; examples would be

10381: 5332:(1779), premiered in Paris. His regular librettist was Raniero di Calzabigi. During his stay in France, the so-called quarrel of Gluckists and Piccinnists (1775–1779) arose between supporters of Gluck's reform and supporters of Italian opera. Gluck did not limit himself to his 4211:. He composed forty-two operas, usually solemn and grandiose works, where he usually incorporated choirs, though not ballets like the French. He had a preference for heroic plots and his protagonists were usually heroes of antiquity, whether historical or mythological, such as 5688: 13816: 6818:

interventions. A new interest in nature and its sounds arose, which were imitated in numerous compositions: storms, fire, avalanches, volcanic eruptions, etc. The ideal instrument to reflect the romantic passions was the piano, from which numerous virtuosos emerged, such as

2434:), with a theme-variation-theme structure (ABA); he reduced vocal ornamentations and suppressed the improvisations often performed by the singers; he also reduced the recitatives and lengthened the arias, in a recitative-aria alternation, and added a shorter type of arias ( 5253: 1300:— the abandonment of the Aristotelian units, the coexistence of comic and tragic characters, the relationships between lords and servants, the taste for entanglement and for disguises and cross-dressed characters. In the Venetian operatic milieu these features were called 16757:, and many had to go into exile. During this century, there was even experimentation with the traditional operatic repertoire through avant-garde productions, more modern scenographies and contemporary adaptations of classical operas, as was the trend in the 1920s at the 13323:, under Ottoman rule, opera was not introduced until the last quarter of the 19th century. It became independent in 1882, to become part after World War I of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, later Yugoslavia. In 1894 the National Theater (Pozorište Narodno) of 7733: 17522:), which achieved a remarkable success and was the most performed opera of the time. Greatly influenced by jazz, Krenek experimented with the main musical trends of the time: neo-romanticism, neoclassicism, atonality, dodecaphonism and other styles. In 1934 he composed 342:

During the course of history, within opera there have been differences of opinion as to which of its components was more important, the music or the text, or even whether the importance lay in the singing and virtuosity of the performers, a phenomenon that gave rise to

11553: 1923:(1710). He was director of the Theater am Gänsemarkt, where he premiered on average about five operas per season; his output is estimated to be between seventy-five and one hundred operas, although only nineteen complete ones survive. Other authors of the period were: 14647:

In Brazil, when the Portuguese court moved to the new continent in 1808, due to the Napoleonic invasion, it brought with it a taste for Italian opera. Gradually, local composers emerged, among them Carlos Gomes, the first Latin American composer to triumph in Europe

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In this period the librettos varied in themes and plots, but had few structural transformations, so that conventional language and the simplification of dialogues and situations predominated as in previous eras. One of the most successful novelists of the period was

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that is often considered a precedent of opera, was premiered in 1600, and which pointed out some of the variants of Roman opera as opposed to Florentine opera: greater presence of sacred themes, the presence of allegorical characters, and greater use of choirs. Pope

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Between the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century, the foundations of the contemporary society were laid, marked in the political field by the end of absolutism and the establishment of democratic governments. -an impulse initiated with the

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stood out internationally. He settled in Italy, where he composed serious and buffa operas, which stood out for the grace of their characters and their beautiful melodies. He was invited to Vienna, where he composed three operas with libretto by Lorenzo da Ponte:

16481:. It was his only opera, but a masterpiece. Despite its simple plot – a love rivalry between two brothers and a young girl – Debussy created a profound and moving work, evocative and suggestive, that is still novel today. With this work he initiated the genre of 10198: 1702: 8868: 8482: 8867: 8866: 7908: 470:", theatrical pieces of popular character that were represented in the porches of the churches, in vernacular language. These plays alternated spoken and sung parts, generally in choir, and were accompanied by instrumental music and, sometimes, popular dances. 11864:

was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire during the 19th century and did not achieve independence until after the First World War. His political ties brought him into close contact with the operatic environment of Vienna, the capital of the empire. In 1884 the

2001: 20117:, self-taught, studied the musical forms of the native tribes of his country, which influenced his music. During a stay in Paris he assimilated the novelties of the musical avant-garde, especially those of Erik Satie and Darius Milhaud. He was the author of 10382: 11603: 315:. The 19th century was marked by the Romanticism, characterized by the individuality of the composer, already considered an enlightened genius and increasingly revered, as were the greatest vocal figures of singing, who became stars in a society where the 13817: 8544:(1830) he had his first international success, and initiated a plot line based on characters of human character —especially women in the role of heroine— treated psychologically. This work opened doors for him to other cities: thus, he composed for Milan 7732: 15477: 2921:, for whom he was also imperial historiographer. He introduced historical themes into opera and, in his plots, always incorporated a code of honor to serve as an example for the public. He wrote thirty-five librettos, some of them in collaboration with 15220:. A pupil of Ponchielli, he had a great instinct for suggestive melodies and passionate plots, as well as for combining music and drama in perfect harmony, always with the voice as the central axis of his composition. An admirer of Wagner, he used the 15125:(premiered in 1890), with which he won the competition and reaped an enormous success. Based on a play by Giovanni Verga, it was notable for its ordinary characters driven by violent passions. He did not repeat such success with his following plays: 19554:(1966), commissioned for the Metropolitan Opera. For his part, the Italian-American Menotti was a precocious talent, having already written two operas by the age of thirteen. Influenced by Italian verismo, his work is notable for its melodramatism: 10162:, 1843). This opera began a series of Germanic-themed works generally set in the Middle Ages, with romantic loves featuring a recurring moral: redemption by love through death. In 1843 he was appointed chapel master in Dresden. In 1845 he premiered 16789:, for example, was one of the singers who was most lavish in recording his performances, thus increasing his popularity. Other media that contributed to the diffusion of opera were radio, cinema and television. in 1951, the first television opera, 11104:

and a melancholic and expressive spirit, as well as a strong orientalist influence, especially Arabic and Chinese. They also liked ballets and folk dances. In the 19th century Russian opera went through three phases: during the absolutist reign of

1426:

was director of the Ospedale dei Mendicanti in Venice and maestro di cappella of St. Mark's Basilica. He composed fourteen operas for various Venetian theaters, many of which have been lost. He introduced the heroic-comic genre, as in his operas

8863: 2003: 806:, an instrumental stanza repeated between the five acts. As for the voices, although he left some parts in polyphony, he differentiated the main solo voices: Orpheus was tenor, Eurydice soprano, and Charon bass. In 1608, Monteverdi premiered 8484: 7911: 5297:("tableau"), a scenic concept that turned each act into a dramatic-musical unit encompassing soloists, choir, ensembles and ballets, which formed an organic ensemble scene. This concept was especially developed in 19th-century French opera. 1622:

continuo bass. At the same time, he gave greater prominence to the text, which provided greater expressiveness to the opera. Likewise, he adapted the singing to the prosody of the French language, creating a typically Gallic vocality called

6016:(1770), which was a great success, so that in 1774 he was appointed court composer to Emperor Joseph II. In 1784 he was appointed director of the Paris Opera, where he succeeded Gluck. Here he composed several operas in the Gluckian style: 5868:. Due to the little experience he had in the field of opera, the music of this work was symphonic, with an instrumentation so dense that it demanded great efforts from the singers. He later made other attempts to compose operas, such as a 12801:

In the United States the fondness for European opera grew throughout the 19th century. In 1883 the Metropolitan Opera House opened in New York City, the most prestigious theater in the country, which in 1966 moved to a new building at

11605: 11381: 2804:

aria, which experienced its golden age. Serious opera wanted to strip lyrical dramas of the extravagances and convoluted plots used until then, with a more sober style inspired by ancient Greek theater. One of its major theorists was

6413:, who brought numerous composers to St. Petersburg, such as Baldassare Galuppi, Tommaso Traetta, Giovanni Paisiello, Domenico Cimarosa, Giuseppe Sarti and Vicente Martín y Soler. The first opera written in Russian was by an Italian, 15073: 7628: 4119:

performed operas with arias in Italian and recitatives in German. A precocious musician, he composed his first opera at the age of twelve. He was a composer, organist, conductor and creator of the first musical magazine in history,

17461:, the twelve notes of the scale (the main and intermediate notes) are used, but breaking the hierarchy between them. Stylistically, dodecaphonism was strongly linked to expressionism. Schönberg composed two operas in this context: 9990:, 1846). His work was still largely heir to Mozart. Nicolai was an organist in Rome, where he became fond of opera. He combined his activity as a composer with that of conductor, mainly at the Vienna Hofoper. His first success was 9274:, which failed, so he temporarily abandoned composition and devoted himself to writing. However, after some revisions and thanks to Verdi's support, in 1875 he revived it, and this time it was a success. Two years later he began 13181:

gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1878, after which it joined European cultural life. The closeness of Romanian – a language of Latin origin – to Italian favored the spread of Italian opera. Among the pioneers was

12067:(1847), his greatest success. In this, as in almost all his works, he showed the relations between the Polish nobility and the townspeople as victims of their cruelty. In his works he introduced Polish folk dances, such as the 3449:, the typical Italian popular theater of Renaissance origin. His works featured real characters and everyday events, with simpler plots and witty dialogues that helped to humanize opera. His work influenced composers such as 11286:, 1915), not performed in the current operatic repertoire. Modest Músorgski, of aristocratic origin, began a military career, which he abandoned to devote himself to music. Between 1868 and 1869 he composed his masterpiece, 6980:

genre also continued, which in 1805 was established at the Salle Feydeau and, in 1840, at the Salle Favart. Here unconventional, new or foreign works were premiered, which were rejected at the more conservative Paris Opera.

435:) were born and the foundations of scenography and interpretation were laid. From various testimonies, it is known that the dramatic representations were sung and accompanied by music, although nowadays hardly any traces of 363:

and the appearance of great geniuses such as Mozart, music as the main component of opera became more and more important. Mozart himself once commented: "poetry must be the obedient servant of music". Other authors, such as

10349:. He was an admirer of Wagner, but rejected his influence and was determined to find a path of his own. He focused on comic opera, intending to create a new German comic genre more serious and profound than the traditional 8865: 18346:, opera continued with its split, perhaps more accentuated, between the neoclassical tradition and the musical avant-gardes inherited from impressionism, expressionism and atonalism, which gave new musical styles such as 9488:

In Germany, musical activity was distributed among the various states into which the nation was divided, until the unification of the country in 1871, which brought greater cultural patronage from the reigning house, the

5400:

by Mozart-, as well as choirs, although not as grandiose as the baroque ones. The orchestra was enlarged and instrumental music became increasingly prominent in relation to the vocal line. In 1778 the La Scala Theater of

4378:. Mattheson was a tenor as well as a composer. He worked as an assistant to other operatists, including Keiser, before composing his own. In 1715 he was appointed director of music at Hamburg Cathedral. His works include 3758:

still predominated, where the taste for ballet stood out. Just as Italian opera tended to have three long acts, French opera had five short ones, with ballets interspersed. The most prominent operatist of this period was

4804:

In the second third of the 18th century some voices began to emerge critical of opera seria, which was considered stultified and too much geared to vocal flourishes. The first criticisms came from some writings such as

16190: 4308: 734: 5189:

In Italy, gallant music had less incidence, given the presence of the Venetian and Neapolitan schools. Even so, it is denoted in the work of Niccolò Piccinni, Domenico Scarlatti and Baldassare Galuppi, as well as in

13222:), whose manuscript he lost during a trip, so he had to rewrite it and finally premiered it at the Paris Opera in 1936. It was a grandiloquent work, requiring three groups of timpani and machinery to simulate wind. 9902: 19214:, 1965), which was considered one of the best German operas of the second half of the century. It was an innovative work, featuring a five-level stage on which up to three scenes could be performed simultaneously. 3913:, in 1752. It was of poor quality, but was influential for its introduction of country characters shown as simple and virtuous people, as opposed to the cynical and corrupt nobility, ideals that were echoed in the 11574:

were part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The liberal revolutions of this period – especially that of 1848 – awakened the yearning for independence in these regions, which was stifled. It was not until the end of

7629: 17282:), a movement that in a certain way reacted against expressionist subjectivism, although it used many of its resources, while having points in common with neoclassicism and assimilating new musical forms such as 15182: 15371:

and premiered in 1926. In this work he synthesized his musical style: conjunction of drama and music, real characters of great emotional force and music of great symphonic intensity. It includes the famous aria

15286:

is set in Japan, in keeping with the exotic taste of the time. Although it was not well received at its premiere, over time its tonal coloring and harmonic language have been appreciated. It includes the famous

15075: 8687: 6570:, incorporated into the Austro-Hungarian Empire, opera enjoyed little protection, apart from that exercised by the Esterházy, Haydn's protectors. József Chudy was the author of the first opera in Hungarian, the 7440:, a composer who died prematurely at the age of thirty-six, so he could only complete six operas, although he projected about thirty. He was a disciple of Halévy, who wrote him his first libretto, the operetta 6975:

developed in France, characterized by the exuberance of its large stage productions, with large orchestras and numerous characters, with generally historical and epic themes, aimed at a bourgeois audience. The

5387:

Opera continued to enjoy great popularity, although it underwent a gradual evolution in accordance with the novelties introduced by classicism. Along with solo voices there were duos, trios, quartets and other

1614:, a composer of Florentine origin (his real name was Giovanni Battista Lulli). Lully adapted opera to French taste, with choirs, ballets, a richer orchestra, musical interludes and shorter arias. He developed 4694:, the marqués de la Mina encouraged opera and sponsored the installation of an Italian company in the Teatro de la Santa Cruz, in which worked the composer Giuseppe Scolari, who premiered some operas such as 124:, was created. Since then it has developed parallel to the various musical currents that have followed one another over time up to the present day, generally linked to the current concept of classical music. 6711:

was established as a minor genre of opera, based on a theatrical piece with dances and songs alternating with dialogues, with light music of popular taste. It became established in France as a derivation of

7760:

was a child prodigy as a pianist and began composing at the age of six. He was a prolific composer, who wrote thirteen operas, as well as orchestral and vocal music. His first success was with the operetta

16020:(1942). In these works he introduced a new harmonic language that crossed traditional tonal boundaries, with passionate sounds that could include screams and other guttural sounds, thus anticipating later 5687: 3042:, although he also dabbled in opera. Concerned with the harmony of the vocal ensemble, he provided serenity and balance to the slow movements, with special attention to the lower voices. His works include 8516:(1822), thanks to which he got a contract to compose operas for several theaters in Naples. He then decided to compose generally comic operas, which denoted the influence of Rossini and Bellini, such as 6812:). Romanticism emphasized individuality, irrationality as a reaction to enlightened reason. The protagonism was won by the human being and his heroic actions, as opposed to mythological gods and baroque 11735:

can be considered a late representative of Czech nationalism, although his work already enters modernity and, because of the quality of his works, he can be considered a universal composer. A native of

10106:, a passage where he associated a certain musical motif with a recurring idea (a character, a feeling, an object, a scenic situation). He developed this concept while composing the first three parts of 7734: 298:

The subsequent evolution of opera has run parallel to the various musical currents that have followed one another over time: between the 17th century and the first half of the 18th it was framed by the

17654:

various expressive options such as dissonance. In general, more objective and defined musical forms were sought, with a more contrasted and diaphanous timbre, repetitive rhythms – with frequent use of

1852:

Throughout the seventeenth century opera spread throughout Europe, generally under Italian influence. In Germany -then divided into numerous states of varying political configuration-, the pioneer was

10092: 6584:

In these years opera was being introduced in North America: in United States, the first performances were given at the John Street Theater in New York, opened in 1767. Among the opera's pioneers were

8996: 3972:(1767). In his works he introduced extramusical sounds, such as that of a hammer or the braying of a donkey. Grétry won over audiences with his elegant and expressive melodies. His first success was 736: 355:. From its beginnings until the consolidation of classicism, the text enjoyed greater importance, always linked to the visual spectacle, the lavish decorations and the complex baroque scenographies; 10197: 5580:(1770), his first serious opera, which reaped a notable success, and featured a richer and more elegant orchestration than the Italian operas of the time. In the following two years he composed two 1701: 16192: 1147:

before entering puberty so that their voice would not change; thus, as adults they maintained a high-pitched voice, close to the female one, but more powerful, flexible and penetrating. Singing in

9770:(1823) were never premiered in the composer's lifetime, despite the beauty of their melodies; in general, Schubert's plots tended to fail him, not living up to his music. His greatest success was 7060:(1791), where he introduced more real characters and more dramatic situations, with a richer and more powerful orchestration, and effects based on nature, in this case a fire. His masterpiece was 3763:. He held several jobs as organist and chapel master in various French cathedrals, while writing various treatises on music theory. It was not until he was fifty that he composed his first opera, 2913:. Zeno was a Venetian historian and librarian who, after dabbling in the field of opera libretti, was always eager to have them considered a literary genre of the first rank. In 1718, he replaced 10383: 2360:, a melodic song with orchestral music. In the arias, space was left for vocal improvisations by the singers. Comic characters were eliminated, which gave as a counterpart the inclusion of comic 20203:(Russia since 1991), music enjoyed state protectionism, although under the stylistic and argumentative guidelines imposed by the regime, generally linked to a certain post-Romantic nationalism. 16489:), a type of opera based on literary texts respected in their integrity which, while they can be reduced, cannot be altered in their essence, and which are declaimed in the style of the Russian 13818: 788:— with prologue and five acts. In this work, libretti were printed for the first time so that the audience could follow the performance. Monteverdi added a musical introduction which he called " 18426:

emerged, which recovered the narrative text and the traditional resources of opera, although with a contemporary language and a certain ironic and satirical component; some exponents would be:

15476: 5432:", in four movements. Opera was not Haydn's main interest, but he composed several for the Esterházy court, usually comic; today they are not usually in the operatic repertoire. These include: 17012:), interested in musical avant-garde and popular rhythms, with an informal and spontaneous style. Poulenc, author of his own librettos, stood out for his lyrical melodies. His first opera was 20276:(1976), with a somewhat chaotic score that included fragments alluding to other composers, as well as various heterodox sounds, both guttural and from instruments such as horns and whistles. 5405:

was inaugurated, one of the most famous in the world, with an auditorium of 2800 spectators. Similarly, in 1792 the La Fenice Theater in Venice opened, which has also enjoyed great prestige.

15119:. Mascagni worked as a conductor with various companies throughout Italy until 1888, when he entered a musical competition organized by the publisher Edoardo Sanzogno with the one-act opera 9253:), with whom he often had conflicts, as he was very demanding with the texts he set to music. He sometimes wrote his own plots, which he would then pass on to a librettist alone to versify. 2656:(1714), at the age of nineteen. In 1725 he was appointed organist of the chapel of the viceroy of Naples. His works were more conservative than those of Vinci and Porpora, based largely on 16981:. For expressionist authors, art was a form of expression, not entertainment, so they were more concerned with the message they wanted to convey than with style or musical or plot device. 16454:, its main representative, resorted to a scale of tones not used until then, whole tones and complex intervals from the ninth onwards, as well as intervals of parallel fourths and fifths. 2761:

The musical production of the first half of the 18th century is usually called late Baroque. The main center of production continued to be Italy, especially Naples and Venice. In 1732 the

2664:(1737), with libretto by Metastasio. He also composed several comic operas, to which he gave respectability for the commitment he put into them. Bononcini had a great initial success with 2002: 8682:

are present, but he composed vibrant dramatic scenes, where the music enhances the effect of the voice. His melodies were crystalline, lively, with a magnetism that is still valid today.

8483: 20376:

was a violin virtuoso as well as a composer, with an avant-garde style heir to atonalism. He composed four operas, of difficult vocal interpretation due to the orchestral density —with

12254:

In Sweden, after the presence of German composers in the beginnings of Swedish opera in the late 18th century, the 19th century saw the emergence of the first national authors, such as

7910: 5420:. Haydn, considered the father of the symphony, was a great innovator in the field of music. Self-taught, in his youth he played in street bands, until he entered the service of Prince 4934:(1755). Generally, his operas followed the Italian style, influenced by Scarlatti. It is worth mentioning that Frederick II's sister, Wilhelmina of Prussia, was a composer of an opera ( 1051:

was generally characterized by contrast, violent chords, moving volumes, exaggerated ornamentation, varied and contrasted structure. Despite this, not all baroque music is exaggerated:

517:), interludes that were interspersed between the various acts of a theatrical work, which brought together song, dance, instrumental music and scenographic effects, with plots based on 16833:, a minor modality of the genre composed of one-act works, with few characters and a reduced orchestra, a format similar to the género chico of the Spanish zarzuela. Examples would be 16729:

enjoy great success among the majority public. The composers' eagerness to experiment provoked harsh criticism and controversy, if not even censorship or political persecution: in the

11604: 17200:, 1918), an opera of great complexity that required an orchestra of 120 musicians, with a somber and tortured theme, fully immersed in the depressing spirit of the postwar period. In 15061:. Verist composers denoted the influence of Verdi and Wagner, although they broke with the Romantic tradition. The music was continuous, transcomposed in the Wagnerian style, without 14502: 8400:. Bellini produced more sentimental and melancholic works, of dreamlike evocation, with choppy, irregular phrases, the voice floating above the melody. He is considered the master of 3707:

stood out. The most famous was Farinelli, who performed all over Europe with great success. He retired at the age of thirty-two, at the height of his fame, and entered the service of

594:) and, in cases of individual voices, occurred only in the religious sphere. They then had the idea of setting dramatic texts of a profane nature to music, which germinated in opera ( 19303:

he sought a greater communion between the musical performance and the audience, through a more textured orchestra, nuanced vocality and lyrical, dynamic music. He composed six operas

15577:. A student of Arrigo Boito, he was an inconstant composer, who seemed not to find his own style. He made veristic works, as well as serious and comic operas, among which stand out: 14354: 6190:

At this time emerged in Italy the genre of the farsa, a variant of the opera buffa of smaller format and generally fanciful plot, unrealistic. Cimarosa composed some farces, such as

10452:

In the second half of the century, especially in Austria, there was a revival of operetta, which enjoyed great popularity in Viennese society. Its most prominent representative was

9497:. During this century, the hitherto predominant Italian influence was gradually abandoned, especially thanks to the work of Richard Wagner. In Austria, after the dissolution of the 3137:. In Germany he composed thirty-three operas, and his style became so Germanized that on his return to his homeland his works were rejected by the public. Traetta was influenced by 4196:. Despite his origins, he wrote all his operas in Italian. In 1708 he traveled to Naples, where he made contact with the notable operatic school of that city. In 1710 he premiered 2769:

and at the Royal Academy of Music in London. The only non-Italian national school was in France. During this period, scenography developed notably, thanks above all to the Italian

11254:, Modest Músorgski and Nikolái Rimski-Kórsakov, although the former did not venture into opera. Borodin was a chemist and practiced music as a hobby. He completed only one opera, 6028:(1787). In 1788 he was appointed chapel master of the Viennese court, in charge of Italian opera. He composed about thirty operas, both serious and buffas, among which stand out: 8864: 1618:

in a slow-fast-slow structure, unlike the Italian, which became almost autonomous pieces of the operatic ensemble. On the other hand, he used to accompany the recitative with a

16924:

explained that for every hour of a performance, an opera director will complete 150 hours of preparation and rehearsals; or 2.5 hours of work for every minute of onstage time.

13885:(1916), which he premiered at the Metropolitan in New York. Falla, one of the best modern Spanish composers, combined musical nationalism —with some influence of the Norwegian 7029:(1799). In these works, the characters found themselves in random situations that threw them into intense emotions, a fact that would be the neuralgic point of romantic opera. 6492:

and Estanislaus II saw opera flourish under royal patronage. Numerous Polish nobles hired Italian companies for their palaces. In 1765 the Teatr Narodowy (National Theater) in

696:, with the same libretto by Rinuccini as his namesake of two years earlier, with prologue and three acts. He was the author of the first theoretical treatise on the new genre, 14784:, Italian opera was introduced in the early 19th century. In 1859 the Teatro Carrera, later called Nacional and, since 1886, Colón, was inaugurated. The first local opera was 14364: 8266:(1814) is a theatrical farce, where the librettist appears pretending to write the opera as it unfolds. That year he composed his last serious opera in the traditional style: 3679:, who all performed in London for Händel. Bordoni and Cuzzoni maintained a strong rivalry between them, to the point that they came to blows in the performance of Bononcini's 610:, who was the one who mainly investigated Greek theater, pointed out the emotional affect that individual singing generated in the audience in Greek theatrical performances ( 21210: 7630: 5657:

he settled in Vienna, where he was commissioned by Emperor Joseph II to write an opera in German, given the pan-Germanist policy of the monarch. In 1782 he premiered at the

16386:

showed a clearly Wagnerian style, although with a more cosmopolitan component, not as Germanized as that of other followers of the German composer. His two best works were

15074: 11428:, 1876) he began his personal dramatic style, characterized by lyrical music, dances and folk melodies, with a certain orientalist taste. With these parameters he composed 11292:, based on a text by Aleksandr Pushkin, in which he introduced his characteristic declamatory style based on Russian colloquial language. Between 1872 and 1880 he composed 10079:

for the symphony orchestra, following the model of Giacomo Meyerbeer's grandiloquent opera. He renewed the operatic orchestra, to which he added the Wagnerian tuba. In his

16906: 6763:

introduced the double-painted sets, which thanks to lighting effects caused a sensation of movement. The most prestigious theater was – along with La Scala in Milan – the

5273:

During this period a reform in opera was introduced that pointed to a change of style that would culminate in classicism. Its architect was the Bohemian-Austrian composer

1275:, an intermediate song between the recitative and the aria, which over time became closed numbers with a tendency to ornamentation. Likewise, from the years 1630–1640 the 13308:, 1782), now lost. Throughout the 19th century some Slovene composers occasionally devoted themselves to opera, with poor results. In the transition to the 20th century, 323:

in social preeminence. This century saw the emergence of the musical variants of numerous nations with hardly any musical tradition until then, in what came to be called

19217:

Hans Werner Henze brought together in his work expressionism, serialism, dodecaphonism, neoclassicism and popular music such as jazz. After his first full-length opera,

16818:, director of the Deutsches Theater, introduced numerous innovations, such as three-dimensional sets and the use of lighting to create atmosphere. Another innovator was 14600: 14232:

Towards the end of the century the "género chico" was more fashionable, one-act plays, with more recitative, with a certain influence of Viennese operetta. Of note are:

9256:

After Verdi, the work of two composers who already foreshadowed a certain change of style that would materialize at the end of the century with verismo was outstanding:

6692:

musician greater creative freedom, but also deprived him of the previous security provided by his patrons, as he was subject to the ups and downs of success or failure.

2428:

and of the viceroy of Naples, as well as director of the Teatro San Bartolomeo in Naples. In his works he introduced numerous novelties: he created the three-part aria (

16769:. On the other hand, in this period the fascination with opera singers continued and even increased, sometimes becoming highly popular phenomena, such as the so-called 14910: 14349: 10276:

ideal, in which myth equated to social change, to the universal struggle between reactionary forces and humanist evolution. For this he was also inspired by the Nordic

4207:. In 1712 he settled in England, where he developed most of his work, and where he was conductor of the orchestra of the Royal Academy of Music, which was based at the 19715:

superimposed alterations. He was also influenced by Eastern —especially Indian— and North African music. In 1967 he formed the Philip Glass Ensemble. His first opera,

4829:, calmer than the baroque, lighter and simpler, gentle, decorative, melodic and sentimental. The taste for contrast disappeared and the sonorous gradation was sought ( 14507: 11951:

combined his own style with traditional Hungarian folk melodies, to which he adapted the asymmetrical patterns of his country's language. He composed a single opera,

735: 19984: 16191: 15705:. He was a pupil of Massenet and, in 1887, won the Rome prize. It was in that city that he was infected by the verist atmosphere and composed his most famous opera, 13645:. During practically the first half of the century the influence of Italian opera, especially Rossinian opera, continued. Some composers followed that line, such as 7001:. However, these propagandist works of the revolution failed to make the public forget that opera was first and foremost entertainment, a fact helped by the work of 2308: 1805:, a hybrid genre of the two, in which sung parts with music alternated with danced interludes, with generally comic and amorous themes. This genre was introduced by 16802:

This century saw numerous novelties in the field of scenography: from verismo emerged a more sober and realistic trend in stage representation, whose pioneers were

11300:), which was completed by Rimsky-Kórsakov. Both are operas of difficult performance, so they are often offered only in their orchestral version. His last opera was 2850:, which included only spoken parts. There were also duets, trios and quartets, absent from opera seria. In opera buffa a type of rapid, syllabic declamation called 925:, a sumptuous production that was a great success. When in 1644 the Barberini had to go into exile in Paris, Rossi accompanied them, and obtained the protection of 21248: 21142:

in 1836, where it described the music produced in the previous century. Over time, it came to be synonymous with cultured music or academic music, the opposite of

21136:, characterized by classicism, corresponding to the last third of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th. The term "classical music" first appeared in the 20184: 16146:, after which he went into exile in the United States, where he died in anonymity. Pfitzner was influenced by Schumann and Wagner, noticeable in his early operas: 12183:, there had been some operas in Danish since the late 18th century, but it was with the advent of Romanticism that Danish opera germinated, with composers such as 2905:

In the field of opera seria, a unique phenomenon in the history of opera took place in this period: librettists were more relevant than composers, especially two:

16248:, 1927) was a work of a certain eroticism with a score conceived on an epic scale that creates great difficulty for the performers. With the establishment of the 13044:, closer to Poland, received like Poland the initial influence of Italian opera. In 1922 the Lithuanian National Theater (Lietuvos Tautas Teatras) was founded in 8749:, his masterpiece. After Bellini's death and Donizetti's installation in Paris he was for a few years the most famous composer in his country, with works such as 2816:

However, the disappearance of comic characters left a certain void in a sector of the public, generally lower class, who liked these characters. To satisfy them,

17761:

lived all his life under the censorship magnifying glass of the Soviet regime, but he achieved some of the best compositions of the century. His first opera was

5428:

he lived for thirty years. He created an orchestra close to the modern one, with a correlation between strings and winds. Haydn gave the symphony the so-called "

17453:

The spirit of renewal at the turn of the century, which led all the arts to a break with the past and to seek a new creative impulse, led the Austrian composer

14022:

met Falla and Albéniz in Paris, through whose influence he turned to Spanish national music, with a certain impressionist influence. His most relevant opera is

10272:, the initial approach for a single opera was extended to four due to the vastness of the plot. Wagner moved away from the legendary tale and adapted it to his 3445:. A lawyer by profession, he worked as a librettist for several Venetian theaters. He wrote about a hundred librettos, in which he incorporated elements of the 14517:, zarzuela was in decline, until its virtual disappearance in the 1960s. Today, the classics of the genre are still performed, but there is no new production. 3517:(1781). Piccinni introduced the rondo aria, which had a slow and fast two-part structure, repeated twice. Galuppi wrote his first opera at the age of sixteen ( 17402:

in force until then in theater and opera for the sake of a new concept of staging, which understood theater as a game, a show, a fantasy overflowing reality.

5633: 3141:

influence, which he combined with his prodigious ability to compose chorales and elegant melodies. His first compositions were for opera houses in Naples and

9088:, a work controversial for having a tubercular courtesan as its protagonist, with which Verdi anticipated fin-de-siècle verismo. It includes the famous duet 21260: 20074:(1970), an experimental opera without libretto or plot, with recorded orchestral music, a ballet without dance and a choir of sixty voices singing solo. In 10720: 4429:—also known as Covent Garden— in London, the country's main operatic center, rebuilt in 1809 and 1858; since 1892 it has been called the Royal Opera House. 3129:(1741). After reaping fame for these works he was appointed chapel master of St. Peter's at the Vatican in 1749 and, four years later, the same position in 12370:

was tied to Sweden until 1808, when it was annexed by Russia, until it became independent after World War I. The first autochthonous works were written by

11268:, 1869–1870, completed between 1874 and 1887 and premiered in 1890). César Cui was an engineer by profession. He was the author of several operas, such as 10736: 7596:

was a classicist, a fervent detractor of Wagner and "modern" music. He composed nine operas, strictly based on the French tradition. His first success was

4660:

it briefly resurfaced, due to the rejection of Italian opera caused by popular discontent with the monarch's Italian ministers. Of particular note was the

2672:), which was performed in nineteen Italian cities. In 1697 he settled in Vienna, in the service of the emperor Joseph I, until in 1719 he was hired by the 1183:

was founded (demolished in 1812), the first opera center in the world, located in a palace that belonged to the Tron family. The first opera performed was

9080:

about a medieval troubadour. Composed in only thirty days, it contains a wide range of melodies, including the famous gypsy choir with its anvil strikes.

635:, with a prologue and six scenes; of this work only the libretto and small fragments of the music are preserved. Peri, who was also a singer, represented 18045:

developed a style which, despite its modernity, denoted the weight of Italian musical tradition, especially Monteverdi and Vivaldi. He was the author of

15270:

presented an equally tragic plot enhanced by musical dissonances and twisted harmonies, with one of the most complex female roles ever sketched. Her aria

11740:, he incorporated in his works the folk melodies typical of that region, with a preference for simple plots about ordinary people. His first success was 2215: 17789:, which enjoyed great success outside his country, but was disliked by the Soviet authorities for its dissonant style. A revised version with the title 17294:. He sought in his works a type of musical theater that featured the best artists and professionals, from playwrights to dancers. His first operas were 11748: 11544:(1890). His work was admired by Tchaikovsky and Rimsky-Korsakov, but was not widely disseminated because he refused to have it translated into Russian. 10192:(1865), was a difficult work for the public, where he introduced harmonic dissonances that confused the viewer, with a melody that is lost in infinity. 8550:(1832), a sentimental comedy with libretto by Felice Romani, where he humanized in the same way the characters of the opera buffa; it includes the aria 2765:

in Rome was inaugurated. Italian influence spread throughout Europe: Italian companies were established at the Dresden Opera House, at the court of the

1574: 1443:

started in religious music, which he abandoned to devote himself to opera. He succeeded Cavalli as organist of San Marco. His most important works were

19922: 15268:(1904). The former, about Parisian bohemian life, blended tragedy, passion and humor, along with seductive music that greatly pleased audiences. Tosca 13525: 13393: 3505:, which is usually considered the first semi-serious opera. In 1776 he was invited to Paris, where he had a tense rivalry with Gluck: both composed an 22313: 15153:, he undertook a trilogy in the Wagnerian style, which he never completed. After a time in which he devoted himself mainly to writing, the success of 6696:

be heard above the instruments. To this end, new techniques of voice enhancement appeared and new registers emerged, such as the "robust tenor", the "

135:, "work") is a musical genre that combines symphonic music, usually performed by an orchestra, and a written dramatic text—expressed in the form of a 96: 17558:

was a pupil of Schönberg and, although he did not use atonality, his work employed the chromaticism of the modern Vienna School. His first opera was

4719:, some works of lyrical-theatrical character and of satirical and picaresque sign, which were represented in the theatrical intermissions along with 1030:

it developed during the 17th century. It was a time of great disputes in the political and religious fields, in which a division emerged between the

16318: 14947: 6808:

popular music. The orchestra was enlarged, to fully satisfy the expressiveness of the artist, the new feelings that nested in him (the sublime, the

14939: 10728: 8187:

Lyceum. Following in the footsteps of Paisiello and Cimarosa, he enriched the orchestra with more wind instruments. In 1810 he premiered in Venice

7802: 3109:

The Neapolitan school also continued, where the split between opera seria and opera buffa took place. Its main representatives in this period were

1776:. He worked at the court of Louis XIV and was conductor of the orchestra of the Académie Royale de Musique. He composed four Lullian-style operas: 11189:

Aleksandr Dargomizhski, a friend of Glinka's, was similarly committed to creating a national opera grounded in Russian folklore. His first opera,

7340: 13448:, whose territory was divided between Turkey and Russia, opera enjoyed great popularity. The first Armenian opera was due to Tigran Chukhachean ( 3178:(also known in Italian as Domenico Terradeglias) is considered to belong to the Neapolitan school. He studied in Naples, where he was a pupil of 30605: 19879:

was a student of Schönberg and the first Spanish composer to use dodecaphonism. He was also influenced by Falla. He was the author of the opera

18610:. In 1947 he was commissioned to write an opera for the reopening of the Royal Opera House in London and, after six years of work, he presented 13411:) there was presence of Italian companies since the end of the 18th century. The first Turkish opera premiered at the Vienna Volksoper in 1918: 9635:(1813), after which his operas were performed throughout Europe and in New York. His work influenced Rossini. Spohr first achieved success with 8851:

structure, with themes generally inspired by medieval Italy. His early work denoted the influence of Rossini and continued the typical forms of

5779:), his last collaboration with Da Ponte, which was considered frivolous and immoral. His last two operas are from the year of his death (1791): 1610:, the first written in French, premiered in 1671. However, the following year, Perrin was imprisoned for debt and the royal privilege passed to 19863:

Spain entered modernity in the second half of the century, after leaving behind musical nationalism and the virtual disappearance of zarzuela.

18362:, etc. In general, the new musical languages have been misunderstood by the public, which has remained anchored in the traditional repertoire. 14712: 14612: 13710: 11474:(1891). Tchaikovsky was the most Europeanist of the Russian composers of the period, as well as the most Romantic – he is often referred to as 4850: 1412:, until he returned to his native city and was appointed maestro di cappella of St. Mark's Basilica. He is remembered as the introducer of the 484:

was developed, a type of sung theater, of ritual character, where the music does not accompany the text, but serves only to create atmosphere.

20058:

moved between neoclassicism and aleatoric music, with an eclectic, anti-conventional style, in which a sense of humor and irony stand out. In

6969:

the new romantic dramas to music, with a preference for medieval settings (bards, troubadours) or popular legends. At this time the so-called

4621:, numerous Italian singers and composers settled in the country, among them the famous Farinelli. Among the works produced in these years are 3939: 2832:

became independent and became shows of their own. The opera buffa was of comic genre, intended for a more popular audience, influenced by the

2636:, which turned him towards serious opera. In 1724, he renewed his success with Farnace, which took him to Rome and Venice. It was followed by 16450:), they also sought a new language confronting both the formal purism of classicism and the passionate violence of Romanticism. To this end, 14620: 13341:

became independent from the Ottoman Empire in 1830. Soon several Italian companies were established and a taste for opera began. In 1888 the

9201:; however, Verdi did not arrive in time and it was not premiered until two years later. His last two operas were based on Shakespeare plays: 18683:(1968), which was notable for its lack of direct narration, being a story told from several points of view. He repeated the same formula in 13637:, Basque, Galician), together with a certain orientalist influence fashionable in Europe and considered here as more genuine because of the 12620:(1830). In 1835 he returned to England and joined the effort to create an English national opera. He composed twenty-nine operas, including 11408:, a character tormented by his homosexuality and with a tendency to depression, but of great sensitivity as a composer. His first opera was 6519:

In Sweden, Queen Louise Ulrica encouraged the construction of the Drottningholm Theater, inaugurated in 1766, and invited composers such as

3950:. The first one started in Italian opera, but when the public did not like it, he switched to comic opera, where he reaped great successes: 18182:

was an eclectic musician who brought together neoclassicism with a certain neo-baroque tendency, impressionism and American popular music (

15049:

environments, where the protagonists were ordinary characters. This movement grew out of the naturalista literature initiated in France by

12946:. It was not very well received initially, although over time it grew in prestige until it was considered one of the best American operas. 9873:(1850). Liszt, of Hungarian origin, was in addition to being a composer a virtuoso pianist and conductor. He also produced a single opera, 7506:

which, however, introduced realistic elements, according to the literary naturalism of the time, a phenomenon that in Italy would give the

6888:– and the dramatic, based on the great romantic literary dramas. The difference between recitative and aria was diluted, predominating the 1600:

created a company to perform operas in the French taste and obtained from King Louis XIV the royal privilege to constitute an academy, the

1153:

was also introduced, consisting of fluctuations in timbre, pitch and intensity, which provided greater emotionality to the interpretation.

21286:

Especially from Giordano and Puccini, while, in the early verismo, Mascagni and Leoncavallo still showed compact numbers in their works. —

10688: 16860:

New York. Other media that contributed to the diffusion of opera were radio, cinema and television. in 1951, the first television opera,

4190:, in 1705, at the age of nineteen. In 1707 he traveled to Rome, Venice and Florence, the latter city where he premiered his first opera, 19295:

was a pupil of Stockhausen, although he sought to move beyond experimental languages in search of greater expressiveness. Influenced by

10626: 6222:, 1811). It developed until the beginning of the 19th century, when, with the advent of Romanticism, it virtually disappeared, although 1971:

in Vienna, to which only the court had access. Most were Italian operas, although Austrian composers were gradually added, most notably

19281: 19189:

was one of the most prominent representatives of serialism and electronic music. He tackled one of the most complex operatic projects,

18069:

also combined modernity and tradition, influenced by Renaissance and Baroque music. After several youthful works, in 1915 he premiered

17841:, which was not well received by the Soviet authorities, who branded him as unpatriotic. To congratulate himself with them he composed 2820:

were introduced in the intermissions of the plays, which gradually gained success until they became separate works. A good example was

12774:(1889), which already reflected their disagreements, until soon after they parted ways. Sullivan tried his hand at serious opera with 11174:. It featured French and Italian influences, but introduced distinctly Russian melodies, based on folk folklore, as in the use of the 11113:, in which certain reforms were introduced, opera presented a more popular component and tended to social realism, whose paradigm was 5630:(1781) was a new commission from Munich. This work marked his entry into musical maturity and his gradual abandonment of the baroque. 359:

said in this respect: "the word must be decisive, it must direct the harmony, not serve it." However, since the reform carried out by

17679:. After them, he began a new stage of a more sober musicality, reducing instrumental resources, which is evident in his first opera, 16826:, conductor at the Vienna Hofoper, both of whom strove to integrate the stage performance with the musical drama as a unified whole. 11899:

is considered the father of Hungarian national opera. He was a conductor and pianist as well as a composer and, in 1853, founded the

8126:, of the showcasing of voices, especially soprano voices. Composers such as Rossini, Bellini and Donizetti were staunch defenders of 8118:

In Italy, Romanticism had a markedly populist and nationalist component, in which opera was a means of political vindication for the

6731:

During this century numerous innovations and advances were introduced in the scenographic field, especially in lighting: in 1822 the

5842:, with a libretto by Emanuel Schikaneder, but the project remained unfinished. Two years later he made what would be his only opera, 4874:("sentimental style"). In Germany, it had an early precedent in the late work of Telemann and Mattheson. Its main representative was 4401:

In England, too, no national school emerged and the public remained faithful to Italian opera. In 1707, an attempt at English opera,

12645:. The former traveled in several countries until he settled in London, where he achieved an early success with the Italianate opera 19889:, self-taught, departed from serialism towards aleatoric music, while practicing electronic music. He was the author of the operas 16544:(1907), based on the text by Maurice Maeterlinck, where he mixed Wagnerian chromaticism with the pentatonic scale used by Debussy. 14823:. In the early 19th century Italian opera predominated, until the second half saw the first local productions with authors such as 10788:, installed in the country, was appointed director of the Imperial Theater of St. Petersburg and premiered several operas, such as 7931:

Emmanuel Chabrier studied law, but eventually turned to his greatest hobby, music. A great admirer of Wagner, in 1886 he premiered

1179:, the first place where music was detached from religious or aristocratic protection to be performed in public places: in 1637 the 1121:, plus some oboes, flutes, bassoons and trumpets. Alongside these was a section for basso continuo, usually composed of one or two 19940: 2892:– to which were added comments in recitative by characters who watched the scene from outside, generating a form of ensemble. The 20959: 17154: 14721:

began in the operatic tradition while a Spanish colony. Throughout the 19th century, Italian opera triumphed above all. In 1875,

12928:

combined classical music with elements of American popular music, especially jazz and blues. In 1922 he premiered the jazz-opera

11693:

was an outstanding symphonist, author of ten operas that continued the path begun by Smetana. He began with comic works, such as

10552:, of Croatian origin, was a composer and conductor, author of operettas some of which remembered especially for their overtures: 8638:(1840), in which he introduced the do de pecho and initiated the golden age of tenors. He went to Vienna, where he was appointed 7419: 5974:(1782), on Beaumarchais's play, which would also later be versioned by Rossini. In 1784 he returned to Vienna, where he composed 1279:, the conjunction of voices in different numbers, was gaining relevance: duet, trio, quartet, quintet, sextet, septet and octet. 19576: 18484:. The most recurrent themes in his works were loneliness and pain, his major existential concerns, as deoned in his first work, 17382:), with a libretto by Georg Kaiser. Shortly thereafter he went into exile in the United States, where he made several musicals. 15918:, despite the scandal caused by the erotic charge of the plot. Since then he began a collaboration with the Austrian playwright 15453:(1892), in a Germanizing style, with libretto by Luigi Illica. Cilea abandoned law for music. He achieved an early success with 10647:

In Spain, opera was directly influenced by Italy, to the point that the production of local authors was in Italian. The work of

7235:(1793), at the age of eighteen. Established in Paris, he triumphed with his comic operas, but he also tried other genres, as in 19707: 8446:. His following works were fully romantic, with the common plot of the death of one of the lovers and the sublimation of love. 2440:) to give greater speed to the work, performed by secondary characters; on the other hand, together with his usual librettist, 935:(1647), with prologue and three acts, a large production that featured numerous visual effects. Mention should also be made of 384: 16873:

Another phenomenon of relevance in this century was the proliferation of opera festivals, which counted on the example of the

10850:(also called in German Adalbert Gyrowetz) developed his work between Vienna, Naples, Paris and London. He composed in Italian 31551: 31416: 31397: 31351: 31332: 31304: 22331: 18889:, he integrated in his style diverse influences, from classical to serialism and oriental music. He composed only one opera, 18366:

early years, modest productions predominated, along with experimental forms such as the so-called "anti-opera", based on the

17334: 15161:(1892), a tragic story about four itinerant actors, with libretto written by himself. His next works were not so successful: 14676:, 1889), who, however, wrote in Italian, in a late-Verdian style. The first attempts in Portuguese were by composers such as 13229: 10910: 9604:. Except in Germany, his operas are not widely performed today, but his overtures still enjoy fair fame as symphonic pieces. 8134:

came to a virtual end with Rossini, while Bellini and Donizetti introduced some innovations, such as the substitution of the

17302: 15892:, who was noted for his harmonic creativity and mastery of orchestration. Under Wagner's influence he started in opera with 13688:—of modern Spanish musicology. In his first works, some of them in Italian, he showed the influence of Italian opera, as in 13389: 8824:

composed several works both together and separately, and are remembered as the authors of the last traditional opera buffa:

8361:(1823). He then began a journey of several years that took him to Vienna, Paris, London and again Paris, where he premiered 8244:

theater in Venice, he abandoned the classical schemes and gave the structure of the opera buffa to the serious, with arias,

5769:, commissioned by the Prague State Theater. In this work he combined tragedy and comedy in equal parts. In 1790 he produced 5154: 2644:, both from 1726 and with libretto by Pietro Metastasio. Until his death in 1730 he composed two operas per year, including 18583: 18470: 16088:, 1910), more Wagnerian in style. Zemlinsky devoted himself to opera as both composer and conductor. His first success was 14101:

resurfaced again, recovered by the new romantic taste and the nationalist revival. In 1856, a group of composers formed by

5289:

in the arias; music at the service of the text, harmonizing both elements. On the other hand, as opposed to the concept of

3943: 19675:

was described as a minimalist, although in his music one finds neo-Romantic echoes and elements of popular music, such as

19530:

excelled as a melodist, with a conservative style sometimes described as post-romantic. He collaborated on occasions with

17870:

was influenced by Tchaikovsky. He devoted himself mainly to symphonic and piano music, but tackled opera in works such as

6767:, which, after various venues, was located in 1821 in the hall on rue Le Peletier, where it enjoyed the golden age of the 31660: 17501:, was closer to dodecaphonism, and applied Wagnerian transcomposition. The work remained incomplete and was completed by 16551:

attempted to combine impressionism with traditional music, especially Baroque. His first two operas were of comic genre:

13006:

was in the Germanic cultural sphere, so this influence predominated in the origin of its operatic tradition. In 1919 the

10112:

and applied it from then on to all his operas. Wagner wrote his own librettos, so he controlled all aspects of the work.

8921:

was compared to the Italians, under foreign domination in a good part of their territories. It includes the famous choir

8279: 7526:

began in church music, until he turned to opera, with a total of twelve works in his career. His first works were of the

6878:, the ornamentation, gaining importance the role of the soprano, while for the tenor it became fashionable from 1840 the 4093:

An indigenous style did not flourish in Germany, and the structure of Italian opera was generally followed. However, the

3537:, with a libretto by Carlo Goldoni, the first opera buffa of great length. It was followed by other comic operas such as 3087: 2918: 31043: 18982:, in which he used three rows of twelve tones that symbolically connected each element of the opera. It was followed by 13847:. Albéniz began in zarzuela, until he signed a contract with an English banker to write operas, the fruit of which were 11746:(1904), a story of rural atmosphere. After a few years of unsuccessful plays, his greatest successes came in the 1920s: 1409: 18527: 17799:, a pupil of Rimsky-Korsakov, combined traditional music with some experimental features. He composed his first opera, 9996: 7546: 6717: 6409:

In Russia, a taste for opera began at this time at the court of the tsars, thanks especially to the support of Empress

6012:

was a pupil of Florian Gassmann, who took him to Vienna in 1766, when he was sixteen. At the age of twenty he composed

6000:(1789). In 1791 he was appointed chapel master in Vienna, where the following year he reaped his greatest success with 5682:, a scene that brings together all the characters on stage, whose text makes a synthesis of what happened in the play. 5529: 4649:

were lovers of Italian opera, and favored the stay of composers such as Francesco Coradini and Giovanni Battista Mele.

2902:, scenes that usually brought together all the characters of the work, singing in ensemble, also became more relevant. 21815: 21167:, it is a type of song with refrain that used to use popular melodies; on the other hand, as in the case of Mozartian 19867:

stood out for his skillful use of instrumentation, with a certain influence of Olivier Messiaen. He was the author of

19018:, a disciple of Dallapiccola, evolved from neoclassicism towards integral serialism. He composed some operas, such as 18715:(1988) he required from the singers a vocal declamation that should sound as if it were not opera. In 1997 he adapted 16961:

emotionality and the psychic states of the characters were especially valued. On a literary level, its referents were

15606:

In the 1910s this style evolved towards a so-called post-Verismo, characterized by the strong influence of the writer

11717:

combined traditional Czech music with the influence of Wagner, Weber and Schumann. He set to music works by Schiller,

9513:(Vienna State Opera) opened, which quickly became one of the most active centers of European opera; and, in 1898, the 6861:. The figure of the conductor became more important and many composers were at the same time conductors; one of them, 6321:. In 1787 he was appointed court composer to Catherine II of Russia in St. Petersburg. Mention should also be made of 4589: 3968: 3514: 2652:, both from 1730 and again with librettos by Metastasio. Leo was an organist and church musician. His first opera was 2333: 31617: 31591: 31570: 31524: 31506: 31488: 31470: 31452: 31434: 31379: 19550: 17975: 17567: 16636:, Italian tenor, one of the most famous of all time, with a flexible tone that allowed him a great variety of roles; 16417: 13873:

of which he only made this first title. Granados achieved fame with his piano pieces. In 1898 he premiered his opera

10178:, the first in which he eliminated arias and recitatives, with continuous melodic scenes. After participating in the 9048:(1853) are more realistic dramas, which stick more to the historical aspect. The former, based on Victor Hugo's play 5970: 602:— as opposed to polyphony, which he considered to generate an incoherent musical discourse, a theory he expounded in 20652:, Greek soprano, one of the most famous divas of all times, who combined dramatic intensity and technical precision; 16855:

by Stravinski (1918). In Vienna, the Kammeroper, dedicated to this genre, was founded in 1953. The English composer

16785:). It is worth noting that the technical advances that allowed voice recording popularized this genre domestically: 10456:, violinist, conductor and composer, a member of a family of musicians famous above all for their specialization in 10312: 8723:

also stood out. Mercadante studied in Naples and was encouraged to compose operas by Rossini. His first success was

7042:

Paradoxically, among the first exponents of French romantic opera were two Italian composers established in France:

1380:(1662). He was director of the Teatro San Cassiano, with a contract to write one opera a year. Another exponent was 31061: 17256:, 1928) he combined medieval influences with German folklore and counterpoint techniques. After being considered a 16910: 16206: 16045: 13760:

at the Teatro Real. From then on he devoted himself mainly to zarzuela, but still composed several operas, such as

10889:, Spanish mezzo-soprano, Rossini's wife, in many of whose operas she performed, considered one of the first "divas" 9566: 7516: 3947: 3838: 3725: 2777:— who introduced theatrical perspective and numerous stage effects. Between 1700 and 1750 was the era of classical 2224: 1312: 16056:. Humperdinck was a gifted student, who in 1881 met Wagner, who took him on as an assistant for the production of 14704: 13553: 13067: 11127:, a genre of recitative singing occasionally elevated to arioso, but renouncing the aria, choruses and ensembles. 10468: 5662: 3891: 2838:. It included arias and recitatives, but with second-rank performers, who sang with their natural voices, without 307:, a period of great creativity marked by the serenity and harmony of its compositions, with great figures such as 21072:

in French) with great efforts, while on land it would be possible to find with much more ease valuable jewels." —

20287:

moved in a traditional tonal language, with a great sense of rapport between music and theater. His first opera,

20231:(1953), which he recomposed three times until he premiered the definitive version in 1980. Other exponents were: 17777: 17738: 16743: 16216:

was considered a child prodigy, and aroused the admiration of Mahler, Puccini and Strauss. His first operas were

13467:

In Georgia, Italian opera was introduced in the mid-19th century. The first Georgian composer of some renown was

12184: 11900: 10063:) that united music, poetry, drama, philosophy, scenography and other arts, theory that he embodied in his essay 7796: 5748: 781: 17422:), premiered in 1932, although his Jewishness caused it to be immediately withdrawn, so he emigrated to the UK. 17040:, 1959) he presented an opera with only a soprano speaking on the telephone for forty minutes, with libretto by 16114: 11770:, 1926), inspired by his obsessive love for the young Kamila Stösslová. He died while working on his last work, 11207:(1856), with lyrical melodies based on the patterns of the Russian language. He left unfinished his last opera, 10992: 8939:(1844) was his most fully Romantic work, based on a play by Victor Hugo. The following operas he composed were: 7117: 4755: 3510: 3164: 2182: 981:, a tenor who was already famous before the rise of opera, who participated in the first performances of Peri's 31639: 20924: 20266:

developed an eclectic oeuvre in which each of his compositions was independent of the rest, although a certain

19004: 17457:

to create a system where all notes have the same value and harmony is replaced by the progression of tones. In

15658: 14531: 13893:, which he met during a stay in France. Although he was not very prolific in opera, he left two notable works: 12806:. In the 19th century Italian opera predominated, despite attempts at English-language operas such as those by 12452:

came into contact with opera thanks to French or Italian traveling companies. The first Dutch opera author was

10179: 9878: 8929: 8327:

1817) was a semi-serious opera, with a romantic plot, but with comic elements; he cultivated the same genre in

6068: 5986: 5565: 4390: 3882:

until, accused of the murder of his wife, he settled in Spain, where he served Philip V. He later lived in the

3464: 3187: 1905:, the first to write operas entirely in German. He composed several operas that enjoyed great success, such as 17803:(1911) at the age of twenty. During a tour of the United States, the Chicago Opera commissioned him an opera, 16408: 15559: 13557: 8489: 8277:

and began to elaborate works of contemporary cut, based on the new romantic literature; a first case would be

7072:. Spontini moved to Paris in 1800, where he preferentially cultivated the tragic genre. His first success was 3153:, 1763). In 1765 he moved to Venice and, in 1768, to Russia, where he was appointed opera director by Empress 31240: 20884:, Italian soprano, one of the stars of the Metropolitan Opera along with Maria Callas, with whom she rivaled; 20014: 19395: 19235: 18940: 14902: 14789: 12734:

In the field of comedic opera, however, there was more fortune, in keeping with the long-standing success of

11641: 11624: 11215:), on a tragedy by Aleksandr Pushkin, which was completed by Cui and Rimski-Kórsakov, and premiered in 1872. 11147: 10980: 10630: 10008:. Flotow studied in Paris, so his plays followed the French style. He was famous for his catchy tunes, as in 9077: 8478:(1835), he composed and premiered in Paris, where it was a great success. He died at the age of thirty-four. 8130:, at a time in Europe in general when the orchestra was becoming more and more prominent. However, classical 6831:—, in search of more expressive sounds. New instruments were also incorporated to the orchestra, such as the 3992: 3833: 3487:. The former was a prolific composer, author of about one hundred and twenty works. He began his career with 2844:

or sopranos. The arias were shorter and the recitatives kept the music, unlike in Spanish zarzuela or German

1370: 1196: 814: 14738: 14275: 6322: 6041: 2234: 1059:

creates simple and radiant melodies. The basis of baroque music is serene and balanced, with ornamentation:

985:. In 1598 he entered the service of the Gonzaga of Mantua, for which he performed in this city Monteverdi's 19614:(1951), which mixed the traditional operatic genre with pop music. In 1956 he premiered his comic operetta 19598: 19588: 18612: 18546: 18492: 17709:

translated into Latin, in neoclassical style. After these works, all short, his only full-length opera was

17104: 16862: 16791: 16701: 16693: 12192: 11360: 11250:, interested in composing a specifically Russian music. It consisted of Mili Balákirev, Aleksandr Borodín, 9600: 9264:. Boito was a composer and librettist, author of the librettos of Verdi's last operas. His first opera was 7939:. He later turned, however, toward light music of comic tone, with which he achieved his greatest success, 7676: 6116: 6088: 5104: 4656:

zarzuela declined, due to the preference of the new rulers for Italian opera. However, during the reign of

3412: 2792:

Around the second quarter of the 18th century opera was gradually divided into two contrasting genres: the

2531: 2483: 1323: 1318: 16582:

approached impressionism departing from Wagnerian influence. He only turned to opera early in his career:

14793: 14203: 9131:, 1855), premiered in Paris, based on a libretto of an opera that Donizetti left unfinished at his death ( 7396: 7228: 6756: 6651: 4672: 4462:. They were works based on ballads and short songs, with folk dances and melodies. There also emerged the 3845: 577:, aimed to study and critical discussion of the arts, especially drama and music. One of its scholars was 20553:, was the promoter of the establishment of opera in the country and author of the first national operas: 20546: 19112: 15692:, a composer of cosmopolitan style who was also influenced by post-Romantic and impressionism, author of 15622:. The former, a largely self-taught composer and conductor, had great success with his first two operas, 13654: 13533: 13104: 13086: 12453: 11436: 11195: 10355: 10206: 10154: 9477: 9151:

during a masked ball; containing a regicide it was censored in Naples, so he had to premiere it in Rome.

9090: 9013: 8975:(1847) he introduced an ugly-voiced soprano, befitting the character of Lady Macbeth, thus breaking with 5880: 5165: 4925: 4603: 3744: 3331: 2754: 2502: 2073:. He composed preferably religious and entertainment music for the court and was the author of an opera, 1696:, which included a minor plot with a comic air and some catchy melodies that greatly pleased the public. 839:

During the first decades of the 17th century the opera gradually spread: in 1608 was premiered in Mantua

31370:

Azcárate Ristori, José María de; Pérez Sánchez, Alfonso Emilio; Ramírez Domínguez, Juan Antonio (1983).

21303:

was a selection of Caruso's hits, recorded in Milan in 1902, while the first recorded opera was Verdi's

18973: 14412: 13875: 12509: 7239:(1800), of exotic and oriental taste. After a stay in Russia, on his return he renewed his success with 7121: 7054:(1788) he began the course of what would become French romantic opera, which he would put on track with 6006:. His final output was some sixty operas, in which he denoted great vital intensity and melodic warmth. 5564:. That year he received a commission from the grand duke of Tuscany Leopold – future Holy Roman Emperor 5091: 1157:

and "number" (or "closed piece") — ornamental parts in the form of aria, duet, choir, or other formats.

30508: 19141: 18946: 18854: 17747: 16886: 16590: 15512: 14386: 14381: 14193: 12593: 12489: 11772: 11583:, now divided between the Czech Republic and Slovakia, was formed. Czech opera started from the German 10005: 9221: 8606: 8518: 8337:(1818) he elaborated a new hybrid, which he called azione sacrotragica. In serious genre he elaborated 8218: 7777: 7002: 6918: 6868:

This period saw a remarkable development of opera, especially in Italy, where it was the golden age of

5177: 5128: 5000:

was one of the first Germanic composers to compose operas with recitative instead of dialogue, such as

4973: 4208: 2588: 1879: 1817: 1223: 785: 706: 598:

was the name given to it by the Camerata). Galilei was the main advocate of a single melodic line —the

20599: 15167: 14897:, European cultural life was closely followed in the 19th century. The first opera in the country was 14685: 10835:

was director of the Warsaw Opera from 1824 to 1840. He composed more than twenty operas, most notably

10648: 10320:, 1868), described as a comedy, but not in the ordinary sense of the term, but as an evocation of the 8739:

that same year. Returning to his country in 1831, he obtained a great success the following year with

5064: 4667:, who defined in his works the so-called casticismo madrileño: among his works it is worth mentioning 4087: 2505:. He died at the age of twenty-six, but had a successful career. In 1732 he composed his first opera, 2210: 939:, impresario as well as composer, who initiated the hiring of singers for opera. He was the author of 812:, with libretto by Rinuccini, of which the music has not been preserved, except for one fragment: the 726:. Thus, the first operas had parts sung by soloists and parts spoken or declaimed in monody, known as 30609: 21138: 18962:

framed himself in serialism, with a strong influence of Schönberg, as is evident in his first opera,

18729: 16878: 16473: 16201: 16062: 15297: 14840: 14421: 14188: 14102: 13901: 13685: 13374: 12866: 12642: 11919:) and adapted the recitatives to the inflections of the Hungarian language. His greatest success was 11022: 10913:, Spanish tenor and composer, interpreter of Rossini's works, father of María Malibrán, mezzo-soprano 10780:

In Russia, where during the reign of Catherine II the taste for Italian opera had predominated, with

10429: 9141:(1857), also based on a work by García Gutiérrez, an obscure opera that was not liked by the public. 8534: 8200: 8189: 7964: 7577: 7416:, 1846), a musical work for orchestra, solo voices and choir usually performed also in opera houses. 7366: 7241: 5274: 5267: 5239: 5158: 4793: 4779: 4432:

However, as time went on, audiences began to tire of Händelian operas, which explains the success of

4204: 4048: 3010: 2962:, the main representative of the Italian late-baroque school, stood out. He was chapel master of the 2806: 2774: 1211:(1655) and Santi Apostoli (1649). It was in these theaters that the piazza-like layout surrounded by 458:, music and theater were also closely related. They were works of religious character, of two types: 428: 258: 17044:. Milhaud was a pupil of Paul Dukas and Vincent d'Indy. He produced major historical works, such as 16613:(1910). In 1916 he emigrated to the United States, where he began an opera that he left unfinished, 16607:

brought together the influence of Debussy with that of Richard Strauss. He produced a single opera,

13859: 9732: 9123: 8556:, one of the most famous of the opera. He then tried his hand at the dramatic genre with the somber 8248:

and recitative with orchestra. He also introduced changes to the usual structure of opera buffa, in

7454: 6287: 6280: 4177: 4036: 3660:

were a conglomerate of music, songs, dances, arias and chorales, which could be added successively.

3653: 1994: 1627:. From 1673 until 1687, the date of his death, he composed one opera per year-most with libretti by 1104: 21964: 20954: 20833: 20812:, Italian bass who performed several seasons at the Metropolitan, as well as in musicals and films; 20718:, Italian tenor who succeeded Caruso at the Metropolitan in New York, with a sweet and light voice; 20691: 20688:, Spanish tenor with a wide variety of roles, the one who has recorded the most records in history; 19695: 18042: 17722: 17369: 17180:

began in post-romanticism, but later opted for a style close to expressionism. His first opera was

14321: 12954: 12807: 12791: 11866: 11851: 11139: 11049: 10974: 10108: 9304:(1874) was well received, but did not remain in the operatic repertoire. He tried orientalism with 8787:, which earned him an appointment as director of that city's Teatro San Carlo. His masterpiece was 8670: 7718: 7713: 7682: 7641: 6293: 6176: 6038:(1799). He enjoyed great success during his lifetime, but after his death his popularity declined. 5976: 5537:), at the age of only eleven. That same year he performed for the university an operetta in Latin, 5462: 5367: 5191: 4969: 4696: 4475: 4443: 4181: 2770: 2571:. He was one of the first to musicalize librettos by Pietro Metastasio. Among his early operas are 2458: 2319:, 1708). After the death of Philip IV, the zarzuela moved to the Teatro del Buen Retiro in Madrid. 2247: 2127: 2058: 1723: 1071:, sonorous arabesques that are the salt of the baroque musician. It was also at this time that the 888:(1619), which as a novelty introduced comic elements. Religious themes were also introduced, as in 304: 20608:, English mezzo-soprano interpreter of traditional works and numerous works by Britten and Walton; 20096: 19343: 17208:, 1920) he also showed a theme centered on loneliness, despair and sexual desire. His last works, 16462: 15751: 9288:, it was premiered in 1924. Ponchielli composed nine operas, although he succeeded with only one, 8071: 7686:(1881) he attempted something more serious, but died during rehearsals. He counted as librettists 6957: 5456: 5350: 4870:

The main center of galant music was the Germanic area (Germany and Austria), where it is known as

4468:, short works performed during the intermissions of theatrical works, in the style of the Italian 4103:

and the Spanish zarzuela, which alternated dialogue with music and song. The earliest example was

2229: 1525:

One of the first countries where opera was introduced after Italy was France, where it was called

29797: 20949: 20944: 20078:(1981) he presented Schubert and Goethe singing a black spiritual. Other Argentine authors were: 19657: 19641:

hymns— he obtained a great success and excellent reviews. His next works were not as successful:

19637:(1955), which combined a certain post-romanticism with elements of American folklore —especially 19556: 18701: 18562: 17843: 17690: 17681: 17576: 16944: 16213: 16049: 15796: 15242: 14986: 14928:

in Montevideo, the country's main operatic center, was opened in 1856. Among its composers were:

14879: 14722: 14484: 14465: 14238: 14183: 13253: 12638: 11711:, a lyrical love story far removed from the explosive realist dramas that triumphed at the time. 11636: 11350: 11151: 11120: 10941:, French baritone who for his register of one octave more in falsetto gave name to the so-called 10651:, author of operas of Rossinian influence, although with some Mozartian reminiscence, stood out: 10601: 10298: 10214: 9502: 9050: 8805: 8558: 8256: 7050:. The former settled in Paris in 1787, when he had already composed thirteen operas in Italy. In 6536: 5699: 5647: 5513: 5502: 5413: 5096: 4917: 3787: 3731: 3704: 3558: 2583:(1720). In 1726 he moved to Venice and, in 1733, to London, where he was musical director of the 2242: 1968: 1861: 1165: 858: 51: 30494: 22323: 19493: 18374:, tried a type of scenic music without plot and, sometimes, even without text, in works such as 18312: 16640:, Russian bass who performed both the repertoire of his country and Rossini, Bellini and Verdi; 15678: 15471:(1902), a mixture of tragedy and comedy, in which he combined verismo with a certain bel canto. 14641: 13019: 12667:(1864). Stanford studied in London and Germany. He was the author of several operas in English: 12158: 12075:. After him, for a time the Wagnerian influence was felt, as in the work of Władysław Żeleński ( 11816: 10816: 8350: 8298:), based on the play by Beaumarchais, one of his greatest successes, of buffo genre, as well as 7019: 6791: 4849:

developed, with the first large modern orchestra (40 instruments), an initiative of the elector

3822: 3134: 2963: 2077:(1682), a short work that included French-influenced ballets. Of particular note was his pupil, 31655: 20627: 19948: 19608:

was a composer and conductor, author of numerous musicals and film scores. His first opera was

19241: 19223:(1952), he moved to Italy, where his style became more sensual and exuberant, in works such as 19200: 18679: 18636: 18335: 18074: 17928: 17469: 16403: 16240: 15946: 15813: 15607: 15367:, on which he worked between 1920 and the year of his death (1924), and which was completed by 14542: 14526: 14040: 13853: 13552:, Italian opera predominated during the 19th century, with few local productions. In 1793, the 13007: 12958: 12464:(1840). In general, opera has been of little interest to Dutch composers. Of note is the opera 12116:, 1924), an evocative, richly nuanced and colorfully orchestrated work, somewhat influenced by 11110: 10747: 10508: 10361: 10303: 9710: 9619:. Mayr studied in Italy, where Piccinni encouraged him to compose opera. His first success was 9162: 8817: 8699: 8570: 8546: 8250: 7408: 7402: 6932: 6635:, tenor and composer, who performed roles by Lully, Rameau, Grétry and Gluck; and German tenor 6489: 6410: 5981: 5719: 5576: 5376: 4630: 4577: 4418: 4245: 4116: 3793: 3748: 3229: 3154: 2673: 2513: 2303: 2283: 2187: 2164: 2149: 1924: 1741: 1353: 1307: 1233: 762:

became patrons of these performances and, from Florence, they spread to the rest of Italy. The

328: 35: 21060: 19960: 19905:

developed his work starting from serialism and dodecaphonism. He was the author of the operas

16467: 16457:

Claude Debussy began several operatic projects that he left unfinished-a couple on stories by

16252:

in 1938, he emigrated to the United States, where he composed film scores and won two Oscars.

16112:), which was not premiered until forty years later. It was followed by his two greatest hits, 15433:, 1924). Catalani evolved from an early Wagnerian influence towards verismo. His first opera, 12058: 12048: 11690: 11100:

was noted for the colorful timbres, the preference for brass instruments, the tendency to the

10408: 8678:(1843). He composed a total of sixty-seven operas. In his works the musical embellishments of 8404:, for his long, lyrical vocal melodies. After two operas for which he began to be recognized ( 7757: 5484: 4727:. It occurred mainly in the second half of the 18th century. The first work of this genre was 4646: 1527: 21265: 21091: 20839: 20806:, Italian tenor of great vocal gifts, one of the most famous and charismatic of recent times; 20678: 20528: 20517: 20332: 20149: 19757: 19717: 19672: 19186: 19179: 19153: 18292: 18171: 17917: 17829: 17638: 17431: 17360: 17021: 16890: 16524:, 1911), a one-act comic work, with sound effects of machines and clocks. His next opera was 16434: 15919: 15628: 15313: 14660: 14287: 14122: 14062: 13895: 13762: 13468: 13457: 13059: 12127: 11796: 11588: 11452: 11430: 11388: 11288: 11115: 10781: 10554: 10488: 10268: 10202: 9692: 9294:(1876), based on a play by Victor Hugo adapted for libretto by Arrigo Boito. His first work, 9246: 8168: 7786: 7612:, 1850), not based on Shakespeare despite the title. He was influenced by Gounod, as seen in 7309:) in the 16th century, which was notable for its lavish staging. His third major success was 6673: 6485: 6403: 6002: 5626: 5561: 5550: 5211: 5182: 5136: 4879: 4875: 4864: 4526: 4434: 4300: 3928: 3904: 3816: 3668: 3368: 2834: 2584: 2519: 2109: 2095:), enjoys just fame. He also composed several semi-operas inspired by masquerades, including 2062: 1960: 1395: 1052: 568: 401: 397: 251:

Opera was born at the end of the 16th century, as an initiative of a circle of scholars (the

59: 30474: 24147: 20776:, Italian tenor of elevated tessitura, performed at the Metropolitan for thirty-three years; 20639: 19902: 19701: 19472: 18577: 15289: 14170: 14106: 10164: 7832:

was a pupil of Ambroise Thomas, a fact that turned him towards opera. His first success was

7329:— in which the dancers, in the role of spirits rising from the tombs, were dressed in white 6777:, designed by architect Charles Garnier, was inaugurated, with seating for 2600 spectators. 5810: 5421: 5031:: in 1778, Joseph II renamed the French Theater in Vienna as Deutsches Nationaltheater (now 4784: 2141:, whose plays were adapted to opera on numerous occasions from his time to the present day. 2065:

saw a revival of theatrical and operatic performances. The first opera composer of note was

1871: 1845: 1692:, based on a tragedy by Euripides and composed to celebrate the victory of Louis XIV in the 977:

In these first works one of the first opera singers of recognized talent stood out vocally:

30591: 20712:, Swedish tenor who mastered several languages, which allowed him a great variety of roles; 20433: 20386: 20373: 19930: 19782: 19269: 19147: 18796: 18708: 18428: 18216: 17772: 17699:(1922), a tribute to the Russian school of traditional opera. A more ambitious project was 17403: 17399: 17354: 17316: 17160: 17001: 16807: 16657: 15976: 15574: 15194: 15121: 15101: 15093: 13929: 13720: 13521: 13480: 13342: 13152: 12938:(1935), a folk-opera incorporating jazz and blues rhythms, with a libretto by his brother, 12914: 12891: 12876: 12815: 12480: 12325: 12317: 12080: 11933: 11247: 11142:

in Moscow opened. In the business field, it is also worth noting the productions staged by

11106: 10847: 10820: 10263: 10254: 9937: 9922: 9538: 9531: 9153: 9148: 9143: 9110: 8918: 8905:(1839) he had a resounding success at La Scala in Milan. On the other hand, his next work, 8826: 8366: 8268: 8119: 7499: 7168: 6862: 6824: 6724:. It was also well established in Vienna, where it was nourished by the traditional German 6528: 6305: 6108: 5857: 5833: 5825: 5821: 5604: 5592: 5539: 5417: 5302: 5262: 4642: 4022: 3962: 3760: 3736: 3038: 2938: 2766: 2682: 2493: 2488: 2464: 2421: 2414: 2388: 2376: 2299: 2206: 2153: 1972: 1736: 941: 874:

family sponsored the new genre: the Barberini built an auditorium for 3000 people in their

776: 747: 647: 431:

was one of the favorite spectacles of society. There, the main dramatic genres (comedy and

389: 300: 21189: 20865: 20727: 20703: 20414: 17242:, 1921), but later evolved into a neo-baroque style with use of polyphony. In that sense, 14316: 14270: 14086: 14024: 13921: 13752:. Chapí studied in Paris thanks to a scholarship obtained after composing the short opera 13349:, since 1939 Royal Opera and, nowadays, National Opera. An early pioneer in the genre was 13027: 11732: 9158: 9068: 8877: 7976: 7941: 7658: 7032: 6827:. Alongside it were gaining importance the percussion instruments —especially timpani and 5164:

In France, the galant style was already denoted in the work of Rameau and, more fully, in

4797: 2632:(The lovers of the galley), of comic genre. That same year he reaped a great success with 2237:, the first opera composed and performed in America, premiered at the Viceroyal Palace of 2175:. This company premiered the first opera by a Polish author-although written in Italian-, 1561:

with Maria Theresa of Austria. The work was not much liked, as it was in Italian and with

8: 21205: 21108: 21040: 20859: 20773: 20621: 20038: 19864: 19814: 19453: 19445: 19275: 19163: 19158: 18900: 18841: 18674: 18066: 17758: 17743: 17701: 17411: 17390: 16914: 16596: 16478: 15756: 15702: 15611: 15593: 15482: 15425: 15272: 15116: 15031: 14666: 14595:(1929), considered the Argentine national opera. Other authors were: Pascual De Rogatis ( 14553:, opera was carried by Italian companies, after the country's independence. In 1857, the 13282: 12604:(1826). Macfarren was director of the Royal Academy of Music; he composed, among others, 12589: 12283: 12023: 11960: 11911: 11762: 11679: 11340: 11278: 11162: 11081: 11057: 11039: 10521: 9390: 9290: 9261: 9242: 8693: 8589: 8584: 8552: 8540: 8528: 8321: 8224: 8206: 7666:), an irreverent reinterpretation of classical Greek myths, which scandalized the purist 7182:(1828), which he wrote for the Spanish mezzo-soprano María Malibrán. His masterpiece was 7158: 6990: 6901: 6899:("death"), provoked by the grim events of the French Revolution; a good example would be 6548: 6509: 6350: 6125: 6030: 5800: 5781: 5556: 5468: 4913: 4818: 4657: 4335: 4220: 3909: 3598: 3175: 3168: 3069: 2975: 2934: 2628: 2568: 2452: 2425: 2138: 2041: 1883: 1811: 1716: 1611: 1585: 1558: 1519: 1494: 1452: 1440: 1358: 1180: 1034: 1015: 884: 573: 518: 436: 335:. In the 20th century opera, like the rest of music and the arts in general, entered the 324: 253: 92: 47: 20845: 20079: 18922: 18179: 17990: 17454: 17080: 16676:, German soprano of high and delicate voice, interpreter of Mozart, Wagner and Strauss; 14138: 14118: 13865: 12304:

belonged to Denmark until 1814, and to Sweden until 1905. The first Norwegian opera was

12122: 10614: 10407:

It is also worth naming among the composers of romantic opera from the Germanic sphere:

9598:(1826), commissioned in English by the Royal Opera in London, is based on Shakespeare's 8090: 8039: 7110: 7099: 6505: 5328: 5005: 4664: 3480: 3110: 1200: 31581: 28207: 24151: 20934: 20522: 20361: 20295:, 1975), was a great success, so the Finnish National Opera commissioned another work, 20232: 20114: 19914: 19788: 19727: 19616: 19531: 19501: 19311: 19219: 19060: 18959: 18711:

developed an innovative work, with great jazz influence and a taste for percussion. In

18560:, one of Britten's preoccupations, whose premiere was on television. His last work was 18518: 18503: 18444: 18351: 17867: 17732: 17536:

scenes. With the advent of Nazism he emigrated to the United States, where he composed

17127:, best known for his symphonic and piano compositions, who composed several operettas: 16902: 16898: 16867: 16851: 16796: 16710: 16681: 16673: 16628:, Italian baritone with a high-pitched, crystalline voice, adjusted to what was called 16372: 16264: 16166: 15956: 15789: 15507: 15467: 15363: 15145: 15139: 14991: 14433: 14330: 13428: 13241: 13183: 12827: 12493: 12442: 12239: 12143: 12012: 11966: 11663: 11611: 10959:, Italian soprano and diva, considered the best of the last quarter of the 19th century 10938: 10828: 10635: 10588: 10462: 10434: 10392: 10283: 10188: 9954: 9805:, occasionally dabbled in opera. Mendelssohn composed operas mostly in his youth, with 9616: 9332: 9281: 9233: 9176: 9167: 8947: 8907: 8716: 8652: 8512: 8418: 8329: 7834: 7763: 7536: 7442: 7364:

devoted himself to epic opera. He began five operas, of which he completed only three:

7325: 7259: 7093: 7013: 6612: 6450: 6317: 6199: 6048:(1781), which he premiered at the Teatro San Carlo and was later performed by Haydn in 5945: 5729: 5707: 5409: 5052: 4949: 4810: 4751: 4747: 4638: 4561: 4224: 4216: 4170: 4126: 4031: 3986: 3952: 3769: 3688: 3649: 3606: 3493: 3484: 3435: 3351: 3270: 3057: 2997: 2880:

Some of the characteristic elements of the opera buffa were: the use of the recitative

2810: 2615: 2469: 2446: 2255: 2032: 1935: 1651: 1633: 1604:, located in the Jeu de Paume de la Bouteille theater. Both authors produced the opera 1283: 1282:

The Venetian opera was particularly influenced by the Spanish theater of the so-called

1208: 1188: 1169: 1118: 967: 946: 936: 890: 827: 771: 752: 692: 651: 356: 274: 55: 41: 21263:, both unfinished. It also had this format partially the first version of Músorgski's 20685: 18630: 16782: 16677: 14929: 14475: 13936:(1897), in Wagnerian style. In 1906 he premiered two works at the Liceo de Barcelona, 13650: 13424: 13236:) was formed in 1918. It became independent in 1991. In 1895, the National Theatre in 12135: 11632: 11620: 11556: 11109:, opera was to serve monarchical propaganda, as in Glinka's work; during the reign of 10904: 10832: 10549: 10416: 10401: 9869:). Schumann, who excelled primarily as a symphonic musician, composed a single opera, 9165:, was commissioned by the Imperial Theater of St. Petersburg, where it was premiered. 6142: 5787: 5642: 3990:(1780), which he did not resolve as well as his comic works. His greatest success was 3696: 3426: 1853: 1682: 1663: 1306:

Claudio Monteverdi settled in 1613 in Venice, where he was maestro di cappella of the

1290:— perceptible in the plot confluence between fantasy and reality —a path started with 31613: 31587: 31566: 31547: 31520: 31502: 31484: 31466: 31448: 31430: 31412: 31393: 31375: 31347: 31328: 31300: 22327: 21226:

and the struggle for power, while signaling the death of religion and the triumph of

21223: 21096: 20803: 20655: 20595:

Among the most outstanding opera singers of the 20th century it is worth mentioning:

20577: 20534: 20456: 20441: 20204: 20137: 20029: 20018: 19643: 19610: 19605: 19420: 18998: 18433: 18266: 18147: 18133:– in his words – that gradually assumed contemporary novelties. He was the author of 18126: 17965: 17955: 17726: 17070: 17046: 16882: 16874: 16774: 16766: 16697: 16625: 16548: 16148: 16078:, 1898), which was not so successful. After several more failures, he succeeded with 16016: 15940: 15930: 15763: 15694: 15619: 15599: 15545: 14848: 14730: 14514: 14233: 14209: 14121:

created the Sociedad Artística to promote the genre and promoted the creation of the

14032: 13961: 13912: 13749: 13738: 13642: 13358: 13168: 13123:. The main architect of the Bulgarian national opera was Georgi Atanasov, a pupil of 12783: 12680: 12663: 12630: 12388: 12357: 12349: 12341: 12091: 11991: 11925:(1861), where he incorporated the címbalo, the Hungarian zither. Of his later works, 11905: 11405: 11393: 11239: 11224: 11183: 11135: 11044: 11016: 11010: 10712: 10578: 10540: 10498: 10453: 10424: 10244: 10170: 10120: 10027: 9982: 9976: 9933: 9794: 9772: 9742: 9625: 9608: 9510: 9498: 9415: 9382: 9377: 9238: 9062:, a passage associated with some aspect of the opera, an antecedent of the Wagnerian 8833: 8704: 8600: 8470: 8464: 8462:, his most famous work, with libretto also by Romani, which includes the famous aria 8412: 8406: 8397: 8338: 8262: 8230: 8180: 8173: 8162: 8112: 7999: 7653: 7646: 7510:. He introduced popular Spanish music and dances, such as a seguidilla, as well as a 7371: 7355: 7286: 7270: 6998: 6940: 6906: 6752: 6721: 6669: 6345:(1797). He later settled in France, where he excelled as a composer of guitar music. 6254: 6238: 6058: 5949: 5938: 5570: 5223: 4930: 4618: 4426: 4394: 4339: 4257: 4166: 4012: 3914: 3883: 3708: 3672: 3664: 3614: 3525:

in 1729. He composed about a hundred operas, a good part of them written for London:

3502: 3179: 2914: 2910: 2874: 2669: 2536: 2348: 2328: 2219:, a pastoral eclogue composed by Bernardo Monanni and Filippo Piccinini on a text by 2171:. In 1632 he created a company with Italian singers, who performed several operas in 1887: 1799:

After Lully's operas, and because of the French fondness for ballet, there arose the

1750: 1628: 1538: 1423: 962: 875: 846: 784:, an ambitious work composed for orchestra of forty-three instruments —including two 701: 678: 632: 628: 557: 509:, which paved the way for the birth of opera. The most immediate was the intermedio ( 420: 405: 369: 261:

was sung, had the idea of setting dramatic texts to music. Thus, Jacopo Peri created

21171:, it was a final scene where all the characters of the play were grouped together. — 20633: 16104: 15413: 15240:(1889), which was not well received, was delayed. He did achieve great success with 14570: 14053: 14019: 13907: 13328: 13049: 12291: 12028: 11828: 11673: 10916: 10769: 10583: 10262:, 1848–1852 and 1869–1874), which he was able to develop thanks to the patronage of 10055:. He gave to the opera heights of great brilliance, with the pretension of making a 9697: 9580: 9526: 9189:, was one of his grandest productions. It was commissioned by the khedive of Egypt, 9097: 8334: 7981: 7691: 5771: 1657: 1545:

was performed, which caused a great sensation. Pier Francesco Cavalli premiered his

1334:. It was one of the first operas with a historical rather than a mythological plot. 1253:

that requires a powerful timbre and harmonic articulation. The main interpreters of

244:

As a multidisciplinary genre, opera brings together music, singing, dance, theater,

22319: 21133: 20929: 20906: 20827: 20779: 20697: 20665: 20272: 20244: 19968: 19733: 19339: 18908: 18882: 18875: 18801: 18663: 18618: 18588: 18532: 18481: 18474: 18454: 18438: 18114: 17945: 17911: 17901: 17861: 17796: 17763: 17676: 17514: 17442: 17192: 17029: 16957: 16894: 16856: 16846: 16770: 16753: 16648:, American soprano with great stage presence; the same nationality had the soprano 16645: 16637: 16579: 16383: 16331: 16327: 16305: 16276: 15869: 15845: 15778: 15733: 15644: 15615: 15583: 15386: 15382: 15305: 15301: 15282: 15264: 15247: 15127: 14808: 14403: 14391: 14036: 13916: 13881: 13879:, close to zarzuela. Later, he adapted several compositions for piano in his opera 13840: 13829: 13824: 13646: 13613: 13517: 13055: 12969: 12899: 12881: 12018: 12007: 11948: 11534: 11506: 11143: 11072: 11068: 10998: 10886: 10700: 10338:, which was notable for a diaphanous music that anticipated to some extent musical 10138: 9631: 9285: 9227: 9207: 9137: 8979:. It was his first work based on Shakespeare, of whom he was a great admirer. With 8612: 8564: 8500: 8393: 8386: 8381: 8346: 8309: 8287: 8212: 7558: 7520:), a genre of Cuban native provenance. Bizet died three months after the premiere. 7485: 7319: 7291: 7265: 7069: 7047: 7036: 6701: 6627:, sister of composer Stephen Storace, for whom Mozart wrote the role of Susanna in 6520: 6368:(1787). In 1792 he settled in Naples, where he performed serious and buffa operas: 5916: 5739: 5602:, of Gluckian influence. In 1775 he received a commission from Munich and produced 5490: 5474: 5389: 5078: 4555: 4422: 4343: 4239: 4004: 3852:

from 1728 to 1731. His work influenced Rameau. He was the author of operas such as

3781: 3775: 3676: 3578: 3566: 3363: 3323: 2822: 2762: 2749: 2525: 2369: 2337: 2088: 2050: 2008: 1945: 1763: 1554: 1550: 1418: 1405: 1400: 1276: 1228: 1204: 926: 899: 763: 578: 537: 510: 492: 480:

choir of eight singers, a flute player and three drummers. In China, the so-called

459: 111: 21163: 20661: 20339:(1973), after which he conceived a trilogy in which he elaborated text and music: 20263: 20165: 20032:

composed in a neo-expressionist style heir to serialism, as denoted in his operas

19467: 18383: 17693:, which combined neo-romantic and orientalist influences. His next stage work was 17488: 16803: 16778: 16706: 16354: 15746: 14261: 14214: 14126: 14070: 13836: 13745: 13416: 13207: 11714: 9677:, 1830). Marschner was fortunate that Weber premiered his first opera in Dresden: 9250: 8453: 7920: 7868: 7137: 6961: 6774: 6044:

was the last great representative of the Neapolitan school. His first success was

5717:), it was not until three years later that he received other commissions in 1786: 5144: 4676: 3922: 3828: 2517:, of comic genre, which reaped a notable success. The following year he premiered 1693: 1088: 30513: 21129: 21100: 21056: 20939: 20919: 20871: 20849: 20715: 20673: 20617: 20611: 20495: 20483: 20207:

excelled as a symphonic musician and was the author of several operas, including

20101: 20091: 19876: 19840: 19809: 19536: 19428: 19136: 19065: 18996:

started in serialism and then moved on to electronic music. He was the author of

18951: 18859: 18835: 18756: 18724: 18651: 18625: 18616:, whose premiere in 1954 was not as successful as expected. In 1967 he premiered 18599: 18523: 18399: 18355: 18331: 18255: 18249: 18158: 18122: 18118: 17895: 17718: 17668: 17647: 17502: 17463: 17385: 17296: 17275: 17182: 17056: 16997: 16989: 16949: 16680:, Spanish tenor of wide register who could sing both lyric and heroic tenor; and 16609: 16458: 16134: 16038: 16006: 15924: 15889: 15878: 15689: 15533: 15443: 15390: 15357: 15217: 15210: 15199: 15106: 15045:(Young School)— sought to reflect reality, with more popular plots, in rural and 14959: 14824: 14811:, was produced as early as the 18th century. The opera tradition was centered in 14746: 14677: 14243: 14114: 13844: 13350: 13301: 13124: 13120: 12925: 12739: 12712: 12704: 12653: 12581: 12409: 12401: 12400:. The first works in Finnish appeared after independence, with composers such as 12313: 12244: 12106:(1913), which denoted German, French and Russian influences. His masterpiece was 12099: 11971: 11708: 11703: 11310: 11123:, coincides with the work of Tchaikovsky. On the other hand, in Russia arose the 11097: 10892: 10785: 10346: 10335: 10146:, 1836), was a failure. After traveling in Norway, London and Paris, he composed 9929: 9798: 9752: 9642: 9560: 9420: 9344: 8971: 8775: 8720: 8618: 8051: 8017: 7820:(1856), already denoted his facility for composing melodies. His masterpiece was 7620: 7593: 7330: 7247: 7043: 6814: 6740: 6425:, 1755). Vasili Pashkévich was the pioneer of opera among Russian composers with 6414: 6361: 6242: 6168: 6159: 6009: 5934: 5758: 5713: 5586: 5073: 5010: 4997: 4846: 4842: 4732: 4531: 4491: 4271: 4233: 4192: 4110: 4105: 4078: 3875: 3376: 3311: 3114: 3103: 3096: 3033: 3026: 3016: 2969: 2959: 2952: 2858: 2707: 2603:(1747), as well as Vienna, before returning to Naples, where he died in poverty. 2313: 2259: 2121: 2115: 2083: 2036: 2014: 1985: 1919: 1902: 1786: 1688: 1639: 1615: 1580: 1475: 971: 906: 758:

These first experiences were a great success, especially among the nobility: the

655: 641: 582: 269: 29696: 21331: 20794:, Swedish soprano with a wide and powerful voice, ideal for Wagnerian registers; 20410: 19652: 17436: 16984:

In France, this style was practiced by some composers who formed a group called

16364: 16080: 14925: 14554: 14535: 14449: 14130: 14110: 13987: 13957: 12570: 12517: 12438: 10680: 9940:. Lortzing was a composer and conductor, almost self-taught. His first work was 9641:(1816), the first operatic adaptation of Goethe's play. Musical director of the 8142:, and the reservation of bel canto passages for moments of intensity, as in the 8063: 7694:, nephew of composer Fromental Halévy – authors also of the libretto of Bizet's 6847:. At the same time, movements that expressed more emotions were sought, such as 6276: 6018: 5086: 4147: 2543:, which was more successful than the main work. The following year he premiered 1806: 31665: 29692: 21327: 21017: 20899: 20881: 20874:, Australian soprano capable of great vocal prowess, for which she excelled in 20821: 20791: 20767: 20460: 20396: 20356: 20284: 20067: 20055: 19823: 19793: 19747: 19689: 19666: 19545: 19433: 19408: 19296: 19251: 19076: 18978: 18595: 18498: 18415: 18407: 18367: 18347: 18284: 18279: 18274: 18162: 17786: 17672: 17555: 17498: 17311: 17227: 17177: 16993: 16974: 16921: 16762: 16741:

to adhere to the regime's cultural guidelines after attending a performance of

16451: 16422: 16297: 16256: 16170:(1917), a major work on the position of the artist in society. His next works, 16067: 16033: 15999: 15910: 15720: 15716: 15707: 15565: 15423:(1898), which was followed by a series of failures, until he renewed fame with 15419: 15054: 15042: 14967: 14856: 14630: 14575: 14558: 14470: 14150: 14048: 13727: 13681: 13404: 13211: 13195: 13100: 13082: 12972:

had a period of independence between 1918 and 1940, to be then absorbed by the

12943: 12934: 12871: 12861: 12851: 12803: 12770: 12419: 12383: 12255: 12233: 12167: 11580: 11567: 11529: 11446: 11157: 11131: 11090: 10968: 10962: 10947: 10898: 10797: 10478: 10048: 10041: 9917: 9721: 9714: 9406: 9356: 9276: 9115: 9024: 8953: 8901: 8888: 8844: 8837: 8821: 8799: 8658: 8315: 8084: 7925: 7829: 7807: 7587: 7523: 7494: 7425: 7361: 7351: 7193: 7088: 6923: 6786: 6760: 6744: 6685: 6597: 6466: 6246: 6215: 6024: 5957: 5496: 5120: 4854: 4594: 4581: 4503: 4483: 4450:, a reaction to Händel's somewhat pompous solemnity. This work inaugurated the 4410: 4406: 4363: 3645: 3622: 2922: 2898: 2884:, greater use of choir and ensembles, and the use of the cavatina and the aria 2863: 2607: 2556: 2545: 2205:

In Spain, opera arrived with some delay due to the social crisis caused by the

2097: 1874:

in Hamburg opened, becoming the leading operatic city in the Germanic area. In

1773: 1711: 1676: 1670: 1606: 1597: 1567: 1533: 1175:

In the middle decades of the 17th century the major opera-producing center was

1099: 1083: 978: 715: 687: 585:— a celebrated Hellenist and musicologist, author of a method of tablature for 505: 451:, laid the foundations of dramatic art, whose influence continues to this day. 424: 368:, sought to bring together all the arts in a single creation, which he called " 365: 237: 87: 31369: 30308: 29588: 29300: 26492: 25053: 24948: 24936: 24924: 24237: 22459: 22230: 21855: 19976: 18830: 15246:(1893), which brought him fame and fortune. In collaboration with librettists 15065:

and with arias without a fixed standard. They eliminated overtures, but added

14248: 13625:

the other hand, the different regional modalities of popular music were used (

12750:— after the theater where they were performed. Their collaboration began with 10687:(1837), which he premiered at La Scala in Milan. He was later director of the 10517: 10234: 9520: 8372: 7970: 7813: 7750: 7176:, 1828). Halévy suffered several failures until he had his first success with 6971: 6769: 6237:

France experienced a period of transition, as the atmosphere generated by the

2967:

about fifty librettos and twenty scores survive. Notable among his works are:

1792: 81: 31649: 31047: 21143: 20815: 20797: 20761: 20755: 20749: 20733: 20709: 20224: 20044: 20004: 19992: 19886: 19835: 19527: 19520: 19374: 19292: 19225: 19092: 19069: 19043: 19015: 18964: 18810: 18737: 18657: 18603: 18552: 18459: 18449: 17643: 17458: 17374: 17140: 17117: 17005: 16933: 16838: 16830: 16823: 16819: 16815: 16786: 16669: 16661: 16633: 16508: 16500: 16430: 16359: 16099: 16090: 16053: 16021: 15985: 15664: 15497: 15368: 15351: 15236: 15079: 15058: 15021: 14996: 14864: 14758: 13999: 13990:

was a professor of organ at the Madrid Conservatory. He composed two operas:

13890: 13608: 13597: 13512:. Opera was introduced in the late 19th century: the first Azerbaijani opera 13277: 13265: 13203: 12758: 12743: 12597: 12522: 12497: 12478:

became independent from the Netherlands in 1830. Precisely, it was the opera

12469: 12397: 12117: 11921: 11886: 11490: 11397: 10956: 10526: 10339: 10224: 9637: 9452: 9186: 9105: 9101: 9004: 8941: 8872: 8789: 8745: 8708: 8646: 8640: 8594: 8504: 8495: 8458: 8452:(1831) was a semi-serious opera, based on a script for a pantomime-ballet by 8448: 8443: 8430: 8194: 8103: 7880: 7699: 7687: 7582: 7569: 7552: 7437: 7436:

In a second generation —sometimes referred to as late Romanticism— stood out

7430: 7301: 6917:, nineteen of whose novels were adapted into sixty-three operas. Another was 6840: 6632: 6624: 6585: 6346: 6311: 6299: 5610: 5450: 4972:, of Czech origin, composed several operas – preferably buffas – for Empress 4945: 4626: 4327: 4228: 4061: 4017: 3640: 3442: 3299: 2906: 2691: 2441: 2078: 2061:, Henry Cooke, Charles Coleman and George Hudson. Subsequently, the reign of 2019: 1949: 1829: 1593: 1498: 1381: 1376: 1077: 1048: 1006: 931: 879: 832: 800:, a musical line that included spoken and sung parts. He also introduced the 481: 279: 210: 160: 20227:

composed ballets, symphonic and concert music and some operas, most notably

18903:

was director of the Opéra-Comique and the Paris Opera. He was the author of

17618: 17597: 16714: 16066:(1893), his first and most successful opera, based on the fairy tale by the 16027: 15050: 14044: 11847: 6735:

was introduced for the first time at the Paris Opera, in the performance of

6615:, Salieri's pupil and lover, for whom Mozart wrote the role of Konstanze in 5509: 1993:, also located in the Hofburg, was opened. The first public theater was the 894:(1631), by Landi, with libretto by cardinal Giulio Rospigliosi (future pope 20902:, American dramatic baritone, the only one in his time to reach the high C; 20649: 20588: 20220: 20200: 20188: 19935: 19742: 19684: 19620:, which he was not very satisfied with and tinkered with for thirty years. 19541: 19439: 19206: 18822: 18768: 18512: 18486: 18343: 18187: 18153: 17890: 17706: 17664: 17629:, 1931), which because of its ineffectiveness has been scarcely performed. 17589: 17509: 17493: 17447: 17310:, 1928). From then on he formed a fruitful partnership with the playwright 17041: 16978: 16970: 16748: 16738: 16730: 16665: 16641: 16604: 15971: 15701:

Outside Italy, the veristic influence is denoted in the work of the French

15521: 15502: 15374: 15251: 15150: 14580: 14546:

popular air; finally, works of a universal character began to be produced.

14303: 14091: 13953: 13886: 13805: 13573: 13488: 13304:

was founded. The first opera in Slovenian is due to Jakob Frančišek Zupan (

12973: 12939: 12835: 12692: 12485: 12228: 12162: 12102:, where he studied the syncopated rhythms played there. His first work was 11896: 11171: 11076: 11004: 10922: 10765: 10593: 10128: 9781: 9703: 9612: 9490: 9468: 9368: 9316: 9257: 9231:— he composed as entertainment, his second comic work after the failure of 9212: 9190: 9038: 9008: 8981: 8965: 8923: 8856: 8664: 8424: 8079: 7953: 7724: 7448: 7394:, a full-length work that was divided into two parts for its premiere; and 6952: 6914: 6844: 6395: 6334: 5996: 5904: 5892: 5838: 5753: 5694: 5438: 5044: 4961: 4928:

in Berlin in 1742. King Frederick himself wrote the libretto for his opera

4775: 4736: 4452: 3879: 3720: 3656:. Generally, rather than collaborating in a single homogeneous whole, most 3233: 2657: 2611: 2430: 2220: 2144: 2070: 1801: 1769: 1645: 1510: 1356:, introduced some novelties, such as the use of short arias, in works like 1287: 808: 607: 467: 198: 182: 152: 19852: 18871: 18622:, a one-act comedy that parodied the vocal excesses of traditional opera. 17602: 14803:

Mexico had an operatic tradition from its colonial past: a Mexican opera,

13774:(1909). Bretón studied in Italy and Vienna. He began with the short opera 11251: 10292: 10012:(1844), his first international success. Settling in Vienna, he premiered 7840: 7470:

for the Théâtre Lyrique. In the same theater he premiered two years later

7086:, such as large choirs, processions or bands on stage, culminating in his 6921:, whose texts were set to music in 122 operas, twenty of them on his work 6611:

Among the singers, at this time it is worth remembering: Austrian soprano

6437:, 1779). He also produced two operas to libretti by Empress Catherine II: 6049: 5372: 3858: 1841: 1815:(1689), which was followed by numerous works by this author, most notably 20999: 20893: 20887: 20784: 20743: 20605: 20573: 20267: 20100:, 1968, opera-tango). Already in the 21st century it is worth mentioning 19856: 19766: 19481: 19458: 19456:

was influenced by Stravinsky, Prokofiev and jazz. He made his debut with

19390: 19267:, 1962). His following works expressed his leftist political commitment: 18846: 18716: 18571: 18567: 18541: 18261: 18110: 17838: 17812: 17344: 17287: 17009: 16966: 16962: 16758: 16672:, Italian soprano who excelled in tragic roles, mainly in Verist operas; 16649: 16412: 16308:

attempted to establish an "English-style Wagnerism", with operas such as

15990: 15915: 15768: 15407: 15046: 14934: 14820: 14812: 14344: 13870: 13796:(1900). In some of his works he introduced Spanish folk music, such as a 13670: 13309: 12985: 12846: 12747: 12724: 12527: 12449: 12220: 12212: 11784: 11576: 11540: 11260: 11230: 11200: 10985: 10609: 10524:. He excelled in operetta with a witty, energetic and imaginative style: 10086: 9802: 9473: 9432: 9266: 9044: 9019: 8634: 7990: 7856: 7790: 7739: 7708: 7511: 7376: 7346: 7274: 6936: 6849: 6820: 6764: 6636: 6399: 5804: 5658: 5614:, a pastoral serenade. Again in Salzburg, between 1779 and 1780 he began 5598: 5444: 5429: 5112: 5032: 4860: 4538: 3849: 2991: 2797: 2793: 2739: 2735: 2507: 2365: 2133: 2054: 1990: 1619: 1601: 1515: 1292: 1267: 1122: 1031: 1011: 918: 719: 669: 618: 553: 488: 455: 351: 336: 320: 316: 245: 232: 228: 193:

and musical accompaniments, while the sung part can be in choir or solo,

168: 121: 31065: 20630:, Italian tenor nicknamed the "tenor of tenors", ideal in Verdian roles; 20335:

was mostly devoted to symphonic music, but made a foray into opera with

16447: 12434: 12057:

belonged at this time to Russia. The pioneer of modern Polish opera was

11186:, which inaugurated the genre of the so-called Russian "magical opera". 10971:, Polish tenor of attractive physique perfectly suited to romantic roles 8847:. He began in romantic opera with a buffo air, with its recitative-aria- 7896: 7056: 4724: 1823: 878:. They also promoted the creation of a school of operatists, among whom 646:

by the same authors— the first surviving complete opera, on the myth of

21300: 21219: 21157: 21112: 21012: 20809: 20721: 20479: 20192: 19881: 19777: 19582: 19566: 18993: 18886: 18645: 18359: 18244: 17906: 17816: 17484: 17271: 17260:

by the Nazis, he went into exile in Switzerland and the United States.

17169: 17124: 16811: 16512: 16443: 15908:, 1901), which failed. On the other hand, he enjoyed public favor with 15712: 15648:(1943). Zandonai attracted the attention of the publisher Ricordi with 15341: 15323: 15188: 15038: 14816: 14672: 14654: 14636: 14591: 14359: 13788: 13733: 13638: 13503: 13233: 12886: 12764: 12576: 12535: 12204: 12108: 11718: 11101: 10928: 10882:

Among the lyrical interpreters of Romanticism it is worth remembering:

10175: 9994:(1839). In 1849 – the year of his death – he achieved his masterpiece: 9786: 9766: 9683: 9198: 8917:(1842), with which his link with politics began: the plot based on the 8376: 8358: 8304: 7890: 7874: 7635: 7507: 7466:, which reflected the taste for exoticism of the time. In 1865 he made 7386: 7078: 7007: 6875: 6677: 6231: 5678: 5425: 4837: 4470: 4464: 3934: 3740: 2870: 2828: 2564: 2410: 2103: 2031:(masque), which combined music, dance and theater in verse. During the 1467: 1413: 1364: 1341: 1144: 1038: 898:). In this work, Landi introduced the fast-slow-fast structure —called 895: 802: 797: 500: 393: 202: 190: 18502:(1947). For this he founded the English Opera Group orchestra and the 17857: 17588:, who found some similarity between the protagonist and the figure of 17571: 16496: 14589:

to commemorate the centenary of independence; another work of his was

14585: 12822:, 1882). In the 20th century, influences of popular music, especially 12637:

Two other Irish composers developed their work in London, like Balfe:

9054:, revolved around a superstitious jester who is cursed. It includes a 7850:(1884). After receiving a commission from the Paris Opera he composed 5766: 5596:(1772), the latter with libretto by Metastasio. That year he produced 4521: 4456:

genre, equivalent to the operetta, the Spanish zarzuela or the German

3663:

In the vocal field, at this time it is worth remembering the sopranos

2372:

of Naples, one of the most prestigious in the world, was inaugurated.

1997:, opened in 1761, which eventually became the official court theater. 1727: 921:, who worked for the Barberini. In 1642 he premiered in their theater 542: 20694:, German baritone and conductor, much in demand in operatic recitals; 20377: 20106: 20025: 19175: 19128: 18780: 18510:). In 1951, the Royal Opera proposed him to compose a second part of 18371: 18010: 17997: 17610: 17593: 17533: 17529: 17407: 17244: 16722: 16292: 16249: 16124: 16060:. However, his production was oriented towards a simpler line, as in 15900: 15401: 15143:(1895). Leoncavallo composed his first opera at the age of nineteen ( 15133: 15111: 15088: 15026: 15017: 14982: 14875: 14781: 14550: 14429: 13704: 13698: 13666: 13634: 13626: 13432: 13287: 13041: 12989: 12864:

was the author of what is considered the first great American opera,

12738:, which was renewed by a new type of operetta produced by the tandem 12612:(1849). Balfe, composer, singer and violinist, was first baritone in 12172: 12072: 12061:. He composed several operettas until he moved to the big genre with 11916: 11175: 11130:

The seat of the Imperial Opera was at the Bolshoi Kamenny Theater in

10572: 10273: 10102: 9590: 9514: 9506: 9300: 9032: 8987: 8883: 8362: 8241: 7958: 7306: 6890: 6870: 6732: 6656: 6532: 6512:, the taste for opera continued, with composers such as Jan Stefani ( 6338: 6227: 5672: 5545: 5027: 4831: 4716: 4691: 4458: 4277: 4251: 4198: 4132: 4095: 3807: 3692: 3634: 3468: 3458: 3130: 3048: 2846: 2560: 2066: 1331: 1297: 1255: 1242: 1042: 871: 821: 796:", giving structure to modern opera. These arias alternated with the 591: 448: 444: 440: 345: 312: 219: 164: 140: 20584: 18897:, 1983), a highly staged work, which included three Martenot waves. 18643:

1955). His next projects were all different in theme and structure:

15656:(1908), based on a Dickens short story. His first great success was 14772: 14080: 14002:, a pupil of Enric Morera, wrote several operas in Catalan, such as 13419:

in the 1920s, opera became more widespread in the country: in 1929,

12044: 11742: 10183: 9481: 7826:(1883), set in colonial India, which was notable for its exoticism. 6333:(1820), but unfortunately died of consumption at the age of twenty. 4184:, in 1703 he settled in Hamburg, where he composed his first opera, 3896: 2942: 2529:, which was more successful than the main work. In 1734 he composed 521:, allegories or pastoral scenes. Its main production center was the 29687: 21322: 21132:

of orchestral type, it actually refers to a specific period in the

20853: 20542: 19633: 18881:

In France, one of the most outstanding musicians of the period was

18557: 18035: 17950: 17656: 17614: 17398:), a work of a fantastic nature, in which the author abandoned the 17365: 16439: 16226: 15966: 15684: 15449: 15226: 14696: 14098: 13658: 13630: 13549: 13324: 13297: 13096: 12647: 12095: 11870: 11855: 11571: 11026: 10773: 10387: 10331: 10326: 10115: 9280:, on which he worked for forty years until his death. Completed by 8236: 8183:, a composer between classicism and Romanticism. He studied at the 7480: 7254: 7184: 7105: 7025: 6796: 6708: 6535:, founded in 1782. Several German composers settled there, such as 6453:

studied in Italy with Galuppi and wrote several operas in Italian:

5608:, of comic tone, still in the Baroque style. That year he produced 5581: 5521: 4939: 4938:, 1740) and promoted the creation of the Markgräfliches Theater in 4743: 4653: 4447: 4162: 3798: 3700: 3245: 2985: 2926: 2852: 2840: 2744: 2436: 2263: 2197: 1891: 1890:

devoted themselves. The latter inaugurated the Schlossopernhaus in

1866: 1261: 1139: 1060: 929:, thus helping to introduce opera in France. There he composed his 841: 789: 564: 525: 496: 285: 224: 214: 186: 177: 172: 148: 136: 31244: 21128:

Although today it is usually generalized as "classical music" the

20994:

The basso continuo was generally formed by a keyboard instrument (

20758:, Spanish light lyric tenor, mainly Italian and French repertoire; 18370:

of the traditional resources of the genre. Other authors, such as

18038:

poems, although not an opera, is often performed in opera houses.

17190:, 1910), with which he achieved great success. It was followed by 16920:

In an article published by Opera Holland Park, the opera director

15393:. Giordano began in Sanzogno's competition with the one-act opera 14815:(Palacio de Bellas Artes, inaugurated in 1934) and cities such as 13437: 13415:, by Vedî Sabra. With the process of Europeanization initiated by 8108: 7860:(1889) he had several failures, until reaching success again with 7822: 7745: 7478:), based on a play by Walter Scott. Another bet for exoticism was 7289:. He settled in Paris in 1831, when he had his first success with 5852:

of political-moral character, a drama of romantic style, based on

1322:(1642). The latter is considered his best opera, with libretto by 704:, was a singer and composer, the first woman to compose an opera: 30479: 21227: 21022: 21007: 20890:, Welsh baritone with a repertoire ranging from Mozart to Wagner; 20614:, Italian mezzo-soprano specialist in Handel, Mozart and Rossini; 20550: 20513: 20452: 20402: 20381: 20280: 20259: 20145: 20050: 19680: 17751: 17663:

One of the countries where this style was most prevalent was the

17479: 17291: 16985: 16529: 15894: 15784: 15766:

was a prolific composer, author of some twenty operas, including

15634: 15206: 15012: 14921: 14557:

in Buenos Aires was opened. One of the first local composers was

13797: 13602: 13445: 13225: 13178: 13045: 12977: 12840: 12752: 12613: 12475: 12371: 12367: 12180: 12068: 11861: 11737: 11587:, with a popular and folkloric component. Its first exponent was 11563: 11525: 11470: 9724:

was one of the most prominent Romantic composers, famous for his

9494: 8913: 8624: 8354: 8184: 8030: 8008: 7862: 6836: 6828: 6681: 6567: 6223: 5844: 5816: 4720: 4661: 4573: 4375: 4212: 3553:(1756), but Galuppi and Goldoni's most famous joint work was the 3454: 3003: 2930: 2596: 2168: 1956: 1493:

was also popular with the public, and counted among his admirers

1386: 1327: 1149: 1130: 1068: 1064: 1056: 1027: 741: 659: 432: 332: 156: 21218:, where the myth of medieval origin would be an allegory of the 20896:, Canadian heroic tenor who excelled in both acting and singing; 20862:, Italian tenor who formed an artistic couple with Maria Callas; 19516: 17660:— and a more diatonic harmony, far from Wagnerian chromaticism. 16664:, French baritone admired by Verdi, who gave him several roles; 15417:(1896), with libretto by Luigi Illica. He repeated success with 15173: 12834:(1906), the first American opera premiered at the Metropolitan. 11881:, 1822), by József Ruzitska. Other pioneers were András Bartay ( 11376:, 1909), based on a play by Pushkin, premiered after his death. 11218: 10901:, French tenor, first figure of the Paris Opera for twelve years 10051:

stood out. He was a composer, conductor and music critic in the

10037: 8662:(1843). Back in his country he returned to the comic genre with 7446:(1857). He resided for three years in Italy, where he premiered 7400:(1862), also written by the composer himself from Shakespeare's 4704:(1752). There was also a local composer, Josep Duran, author of 4099:

emerged as a minor genre of comic tone, analogous to the French

3638:, an opera composed jointly by several composers. The first was 1143:. The latter were children who excelled in singing and who were 665: 31634: 21103:

until the beginning of the 20th century: the voice of the last

20995: 19638: 18507: 18326: 18117:, based in Germany, evolved from a post-Romantic influenced by 18090: 17986: 17524: 17094: 16734: 16584: 16540:(1899), which he left unfinished. He completed only one opera, 16376: 15395: 13978: 13674: 13520:, is considered to be the first Azerbaijani opera. In 1910 the 13408: 13346: 13338: 13320: 13237: 13228:

was an integral part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, until the

13003: 12895: 12301: 12094:

was the main architect of a Polish national music. He lived in

12090:

After Poland's independence, which occurred after World War I,

12054: 11160:

is considered the "father of Russian music." His first hit was

10640: 10148: 10014: 9650: 8959: 8935: 8422:(1827), performed at La Scala in Milan. Two failures followed: 7816:

excelled especially in operetta and ballet. His first success,

7614: 7502:, set in the folkloric Spain of gypsies and bandits. It was an 7463: 7391: 7337:); this work is considered the first modern ballet in history. 7296: 6809: 6660: 6493: 6481: 5393: 4896: 4822: 4731:(1757), by Luis de Misón. Other authors were Antonio Guerrero, 4371: 4366:, though also by Zeno and Metastasio. His greatest success was 4323: 4295: 4283: 4186: 4158: 4153: 3450: 2341: 2192: 2172: 2160: 2027: 1875: 1490: 1460: 1456: 1272: 1249: 1176: 867: 767: 759: 636: 599: 522: 308: 19623:

Carlisle Floyd composed two operas during his student period:

19534:, who wrote the libretto for his first and most famous opera, 18157:(1925); the latter, incomplete, was completed by his disciple 16877:(1876). In 1901 the Munich Festival appeared, followed by the 16644:, Czech soprano who excelled in roles by Puccini and Strauss; 15922:, who wrote most of his librettos. Their first joint work was 15437:(1875), was to a libretto by Arrigo Boito. It was followed by 15339:), a set of three operas to be performed in a single session: 13431:

received an official commission for an opera for the visit of

11001:, German soprano of whom Rossini said she had the purest voice 8991:(1850) he abandoned Romanticism in search of greater realism. 8783:, 1846). Pacini scored a major success in 1824 in Naples with 7884:(1894), which included cannon sounds. His later works include 5860:. In this work he denoted the influence of Mozart, especially 4541:, composer and producer. He was the author of the comic opera 4346:. Hasse studied in Naples with Scarlatti. His first opera was 3264:(1770). Perez, of Spanish origin, composed some buffa operas ( 1310:. There he composed twelve operas, the principal of which are 1037:

countries, where the absolutist state was entrenched, and the

30309: