History of rail transport in Germany

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came to help engineer the railway linking Leipzig and Dresden. In many cities, the new railway shops were the centres of technological awareness and training, so that by 1850, Germany was self-sufficient in meeting the demands of railroad construction, and the railways were a major impetus for the growth of the new steel industry. Observers found that even as late as 1890, their engineering was inferior to Britain's. However, German unification in 1870 stimulated consolidation, nationalisation into state-owned companies, and further rapid growth. Unlike the situation in France, the goal was support of industrialisation, and so, heavy lines crisscrossed the Ruhr and other industrial districts, and provided good connections to the major ports of Hamburg and Bremen. By 1880, Germany had 9,400 locomotives pulling 43,000 passengers and 30,000 tons of freight a day, and forged ahead of France.

592: 1136: 497: 1983: 202: 1279: 232: 420: 3125: 2060: 1434: 52: 1128: 2046: 1865:). In the absence of a good highway network and trucks, Germany relied heavily on the railways, supplemented by slower river and canal transport for bulk goods. The rail yards were the main targets of the "transportation strategy" of the British and American strategic bombing campaign of 1944–45, and resulted in massive destruction of the system. 481:, flanges, wagons and so on, also had a normative effect because subsequently, the German railways adopted the same standards based on what was clearly a mature system. The development of the German railway network bypassed this line and it was never connected to other railways. Finally, it had to compete with electric 1929:

Unlike the DRG, which was a corporation, both the DB and the DR were federal state institutions, directly controlled by their respective transportation ministries. Railway service between East and West was restricted; there were around five well-controlled and secure checkpoints between West and East

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4. It promotes the spirit of the nation, as it has a tendency to destroy the Philistine spirit arising from isolation and provincial prejudice and vanity. It binds nations by ligaments, and promotes an interchange of food and of commodities, thus making it feel a unit. The iron rails become a nervous

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During the 1820s, the nobility favoured costly and economically inefficient (but prestigious) canal projects over railways. In the 1830s, the growing liberal middle classes supported railways as a progressive innovation with benefits for the German people in general as well as for the shareholders in

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Prussia nationalized its railways in an effort both to lower rates on freight service and to equalize those rates among shippers. Instead of lowering rates as far as possible, the government ran the railways as a profitmaking endeavor, and the railway profits became a major source of revenue for the

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in 1871 stimulated consolidation, nationalization into state-owned companies, and further rapid growth. Unlike the situation in France, the goal was support of industrialization, and so heavy lines crisscrossed the Ruhr and other industrial districts, and provided good connections to the major ports

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King William I announced on 18 April 1843 the "Act Affecting the Construction of Railways", according to which railways were to "be transferred to the administration of the state or built at the cost of the state". Apart from the state railways the construction of other branch lines was left to

627:

Lacking a technological base at first, the Germans imported their engineering and hardware from Britain, but quickly learned the skills needed to operate and expand the railways. For example, in 1837-39, Thomas Clarke Worsdell (1788–1862), chief coachbuilder of the Liverpool and Manchester Company,

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Lacking a technological base at first, the Germans imported their engineering and hardware from Britain, but quickly learned the skills needed to operate and expand the railways. In many cities, the new railway shops were the centres of technological awareness and training, so that by 1850, Germany

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The takeoff stage of economic development came with the railroad revolution in the 1840s, which opened up new markets for local products, created a pool of middle managers, increased the demand for engineers, architects and skilled machinists and stimulated investments in coal and iron. Political

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saw in the railway the possibility of stimulating the economy and overcoming the patronization of little states, and were already starting railway construction in the 1820s and early 1830s, others feared the fumes and smoke generated by locomotives or saw their own livelihoods threatened by them.

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In Baden an "Act Concerning the Construction of a Railway from Mannheim to the Swiss Border near Basel" was passed on 29 March 1838 and announced on 2 April 1838. Several other acts followed that dealt with the financing, forced acquisitions, the establishment of a railway division and operating

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It promotes the spirit of the nation, as it has a tendency to destroy the Philistine spirit arising from isolation and provincial prejudice and vanity. It binds nations by ligaments, and promotes an interchange of food and of commodities, thus making it feel to be a unit. The iron rails become a

284:

The following years saw a rapid growth: By the year 1845, there were already more than 2,000 km of railway line in Germany; ten years later that number was above 8,000. Most German states had state-owned railway companies, but there were several large private companies as well. One of these

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the joint stock companies that built and operated the railroads. Though private concerns such as the Nuremberg-Fürth Railway were superseded by state railway companies in the 1840s, the government companies copied many of the private companies' methods and organizational structures. Economist

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drove the locomotive on this first journey and became the first engine driver in Germany. In contemporary publications, this first journey by a steam locomotive was seen as the beginning of a new era. The decision of the Ludwig Railway Company to opt for the English system, including its

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made the construction of a coherent infrastructure a necessity. The initial impetus to build was hampered by complicated negotiations on land ownership. However, by the 1840s, trunk lines did link the major cities; each German state being responsible for the lines within its own borders.

2736:; 395pp; 72 essays by experts, cover the early years, construction, railways and industrialization, finance, and railways in the world wars, as well as trade unions, employees, accidents, tourism, and numerous other topics. Heavily illustrated catalog for major museum exhibit. 1454:

state. The nationalization of the railways slowed the economic development of Prussia because the state favoured the relatively backward agricultural areas in its railway building. Moreover, the railway surpluses substituted for the development of an adequate tax system.

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disunity of three dozen states and a pervasive conservatism made it difficult to build railways in the 1830s. However, by the 1840s, trunk lines did link the major cities; each German state was responsible for the lines within its own borders. Economist

1779:(DRG Standard design), using similar mechanical parts to lower costs, which allowed fast and reliable manufacturing, repair and operating. New DRG Standard design locomotives were mostly large passenger and freight locomotives, like the 1401:

advised on the constitution of a German Empire as a federal state in 1848/1849. In doing so, they considered nationalising the railways and placing their management under the imperial government in order to strengthen the power of the

2033:

The German railways had long been protected from competition from intercity buses on journeys over 50 km. However, in January 2013, this protection was removed, leading to a significant shift from rail to bus for long journeys.

531:. This was the first railway in Germany to be in state ownership, probably intended to prevent a takeover by Prussia, but it was later sold to Prussia in 1869 due to the financial difficulties which the duchy found itself in. 333:

took over the work. The railway is now closed and has been dismantled, although parts of the line may still be seen. The tracks and wagons were later used in a roughly similar way in the construction of the Deilthal Railway.

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on 7 April 1839. With a total route length of 120 km (75 mi), this was also the first German trunk or long-distance railway and the first exclusively steam-powered railway in Germany. Its route also included the

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The governing bodies of the German states had differing attitudes to the railway. Some left the initiative to private operators, others attempted to establish a state-owned railway, especially in the southern German

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at the turn of 1855/56, the Rhenish Railway Company, which was founded to build the line to Belgium, began work on a railway from Cologne upriver along a section of the left bank of the Rhine. This line reached

108:. This line used "Hund" carts with unflanged wheels running on wooden planks and a vertical pin on the truck fitting into the gap between the planks to keep it going the right way. The miners called the wagons 3070: 2967: 1852:

During the Second World War, austere versions of the standard locomotives were produced to speed up construction times and minimize the use of imported materials. These were the so-called war locomotives

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and solid wheels replacing spoked wheels on new goods wagons. As the Second World War loomed, production was geared towards the war effort. The focus was on fewer types but greater numbers of so-called

3080: 2012:; however, this was not immediately the case with the railways. Administrative and organisational problems led to the decision to completely re-organise and reconnect Germany's railways. The so-called 2997: 2917: 3060: 2840: 1934:. Four transit routes existed between West Germany and West Berlin; citizens of West Berlin and West Germany were able to use these without too much harassment by the East German authorities. 2987: 2947: 2900: 2845: 2810: 2805: 3065: 2952: 1013: 166:, in 1825. In Germany, even before the first real railways opened, there were attempts to use locomotives for railway operations. For example, in 1815, Johann Friedrich Krigar ( 1311:, on the other hand, initially encouraged private railways, but later took several railway companies into state ownership that had run into financial difficulties, such as the 2779: 2552:

Lodge, Martin C.E. "On different tracks: Institutions and railway regulation in Britain and Germany" (PhD Diss. London School of Economics and Political Science, 2000)

131:. The system was horse-drawn, and was not available to the public as transport. Some of these tracks were already using iron rails – hence the German term for railway, 2277:

The first international railway route had already been opened on 14 November 1842; this was the cross-border line from Valenciennes in France to Quiévrain in Belgium.

2008:

fell. Train frequency rapidly increased on the existing East/West corridors; closed links which had formerly crossed the border were re-opened. On 3 October 1990,

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As the main line network consolidated, railways were driven into the hinterland, serving local needs and commuter traffic. This was the age of the branch line or

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nerve system, which, on the one hand, strengthens public opinion, and, on the other hand, strengthens the power of the state for police and governmental purposes.

978: 405: 91:

were used below ground for transportation, initially using wooden rails, and were steered either by a guide pin between the rails or by flanges on the wheels.

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The political disunity of three dozen states and a pervasive conservatism made it difficult to build railways in the 1830s, but the growing importance of the

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of Hamburg and Bremen. By 1880, Germany had 9,400 locomotives each annually pulling 43,000 passengers or 30,000 tons of freight, and forged ahead of France.

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system, which, on the one hand, strengthens public opinion, and, on the other hand, strengthens the power of the state for police and governmental purposes.

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led to the design and production of all-steel, standard passenger coaches in the 1920s and early 1930s. These four-wheeled, branch line coaches, nicknamed

1873:

After World War II, Germany (and the DRG) was divided into 4 zones: American, British, French and Soviet. The first three eventually combined to form the

443:, was the first railway in Germany, because it introduced the new type of steam engine. It was officially opened on 7 December 1835 with a journey from 3220: 3113: 1569: 2772: 281:

was self-sufficient in meeting the demands of railroad construction, and the railways were a major impetus for the growth of the new steel industry.

2636:

Schot, Johan, Hans Buiter, and Irene Anastasiadou. "The dynamics of transnational railway governance in Europe during the long nineteenth century."

946: 3042: 2855: 1016:. With the completion of the railway within Breslau on 3 February 1848 that connected its termini, there was now a continuous rail link from the 148: 985:

on the eastern bank of the Elbe. After crossing the Elbe, passengers had to re-board the train at Schleinufer (Elbbahnhof), the terminus of the

3091: 2431: 2169: 1802:

established the first railway speed world record above 200 km/h: 200.4 km/h, between Hamburg and Berlin. The record was finalised by

198:, which had been converted in 1821 from wooden to iron rails. This engine worked, but failed to meet expectations due to its poor performance. 2514:

Fremdling, Rainer, and Günter Knieps. “Competition, Regulation, and Nationalization: The Prussian Railway System in the Nineteenth Century,”

982: 3266: 191: 171: 2962: 2765: 2217: 267:

2. It is a means to the improvement of the culture of the nation.... It brings talent, knowledge and skill of every kind readily to market.

3182: 1819:('Association design') wagons, continued as new designs using interchangeable components were introduced from about 1927. These were the 1709:

At the end of the First World War, most of the state railways lost their 'royal' or 'grand duchy' titles as the nobility abdicated. Huge

214:

In the first half of the 19th century, opinions about the emerging railways in Germany varied widely. While business-minded people like

2286:

By contemporary definitions the largest German city in 1846 was Vienna with 521,289 inhabitants (c.f. Berlin 408,502, Hamburg 148,754).

1961: 325:(7½ kilometres), was largely completed by 1828 and was the first railway to operate over such a distance. The haulage of coal on this 1965: 1378:

on 4 October 1840. The period of the Bavarian state railways began with the nationalisation of the Munich-Augsburg line in 1844. The

615:

It is a means to the improvement of the culture of the nation. It brings talent, knowledge and skill of every kind readily to market.

581: 1713:

of locomotives and rolling stock followed. Epoch I ended with the merger of the seven remaining state railways in the newly created

1342:

was founded. Prior to that, there were the following early and significant approaches to the creation of national "state railways" (

3027: 754: 361:), each 3.30 metres long, were laid in pairs and fixed with wooden nails. Iron rails, 40 millimetres thick, were fastened onto the 23:, were developed in Germany in the 16th century. Modern German rail history officially began with the opening of the steam-powered 3146: 2083: 1949: 270:

3. It secures the community against dearth and famine, and against excessive fluctuation in the prices of the necessaries of life.

3225: 2957: 2937: 2820: 1583: 535: 342: 3106: 2932: 2088: 1810: 1691: 618:

It secures the community against dearth and famine, and against excessive fluctuation in the prices of the necessaries of life.

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in October of that year. Within three years the railway network in the German Confederation had more than doubled in length.

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went into service: a 286-kilometre-long (178 mi) diagonal connection between the two largest cities of what became the

154:

The railways in Germany were given a significant impetus by the development of the first working locomotives in England (by

3200: 3037: 2895: 2870: 2865: 2860: 2830: 2825: 2815: 2800: 1662: 961:

via Berlin. The route was more complicated than today however: the link from Brunswick to Magdeburg ran, in July 1843, via

3215: 3032: 3022: 3002: 2992: 2977: 2972: 2922: 2890: 2875: 2850: 1826: 1555: 1339: 1259: 1176: 3245: 1541: 258:, speaking for the liberals, summed up the advantages to be derived from the development of the railway system in 1841: 3205: 3177: 3017: 2942: 2912: 1941:

norm. In 1970 the DR followed. The DB started experimenting with the Intercity trains in a new livery (bright orange).

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which opened on 22 September 1838; its 12-kilometre extension from Zehlendorf to Berlin was opened on 29 October 1838.

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and German lines west of the Rhine, were joined to the central European network that, meanwhile, had been extended to

850: 3099: 2719: 970: 661: 2752: 2601:

Mitchell, Allan. “Weak Sisters: The Employment of Women by French and German Railroads in the Nineteenth Century,”

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The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present

2093: 1910:

From 1949, the new governments assumed authority for railway operations. The DRG's (or DR's) successors were named

1748: 1610: 1330:. Numerous ways were tried in order to create a common, German state railway. This was finally achieved during the 520: 1977: 1938: 1766:(BR) (roughly translates as classes) of engines with similar wheel notations, like the "BR 18" which covered all 1597: 1367: 974: 839: 788: 637: 377: 163: 3121: 1144: 648:, was opened on 24 April 1837, becoming the third German railway to be built. The line was completed through to 264:

First, as a means of national defence, it facilitates the concentration, distribution and direction of the army.

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Vahrenkamp, Richard. "The limits of railway transportation in a mass consumption society: Germany, 1900–1938."

1922: 935: 815: 699:. The line was opened on 15 October 1843 and was the first railway line that crossed an external border of the 381: 1690:

In order to enable the free exchange of goods wagons between the different state railway administrations, the

3210: 1513: 1379: 1326:, in particular, pressed for the development of a state railway system. The railway was seen as having great 738: 1861: 953:

of the Hanoverian State Railway were opened simultaneously creating the first through railway link from the

611:# As a means of national defence, it facilitates the concentration, distribution and direction of the army. 823: 143:) (1829) are examples of railways from those early days that can still be seen today. From 1827 to 1836, a 2507:

Fremdling, Rainer "Freight Rates and State Budget: The Role of the National Prussian Railways 1880–1913,"

2412: 2342:

Rainer Fremdling, "Freight Rates and State Budget: The Role of the National Prussian Railways 1880–1913,"

1926:(DR, German State Railways) in East Germany kept the old name to hold tracking rights in western Berlin. 1874: 1398: 1283: 986: 939: 915: 236: 2210:

Deutschlands erste Eisenbahn mit Dampfkraft. Die kgl. priv. Ludwigseisenbahn zwischen Nürnberg und Fürth

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or wartime designs for the transportation of large quantities of tanks, vehicles, troops and supplies.

1803: 1527: 1426: 1383: 1115: 1072: 950: 869: 835: 692: 187: 167: 2493:

Davie, H. G. W. "The Influence of Railways on Military Operations in the Russo-German War 1941–1945."

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David J. S. King, "The Ideology Behind a Business Activity: The Case of the Nuremberg-Fürth Railway,"

1681:), formed in 1870, was a private railway company that was nationalised in 1909 and became part of the 2519: 2462:

Banzawa, Ayumu. "A Comparison of Railway Nationalization Between Two Empires: Germany and Japan." in

2078: 2073: 1312: 1044:, right of the Rhine, in the west, Harburg in the north, Warsaw and Kraków in the east and as far as 772:

the now loosely connected German railway network now had a total length of just under 1,000 km.

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on 1 August 1845, and which was completed in 1855. Unlike all the surrounding railways, Baden used a

469: 136: 2162: 112:("dogs") from the noise they made on the tracks. Such wagonways soon became very popular in Europe. 2733: 2570:

The collapse of the German War Economy, 1944–1945: Allied Air Power and the German National Railway

2374:

The collapse of the German War Economy, 1944–1945: Allied Air Power and the German National Railway

1215: 1196: 1153: 505: 2329: 1040:

on 1 September 1848, the first contiguous Central European network was formed, reaching as far as

591: 3235: 1840: 1775: 1752: 1710: 1657: 1644: 1631: 1618: 1605: 1503: 1437: 1068: 742: 680: 432: 349:

was built on German soil. According to one description, the tracks of this line consisted of oak

286: 40: 24: 2563:

The most valuable asset of the Reich. A history of the German National Railway: Vol 1: 1920–1932

2357:

The most valuable asset of the Reich. A history of the German National Railway: Vol 1: 1920–1932

1304: 1188: 672:

was opened. After being extended to Halle and Leipzig in 1840 it became the first international

1636: 1319: 1157: 1009: 858: 440: 36: 1945: 1165: 358: 2577:

Private and public enterprise in Europe: energy, telecommunications and transport, 1830–1990

2538: 1937:

The DB started in 1968 with changing the locomotive and passenger car serial numbers to the

2009: 1623: 1296: 1108: 1104: 1084: 727: 700: 607:

summed up the advantages to be derived from the development of the railway system in 1841:

577:, which was taken into operation in four stages between 26 September 1839 and 19 May 1840. 326: 2478:

The Politics of Technological Change in Prussia: Out of the Shadow of Antiquity, 1809–1848

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in the south. Among the northern lines there were still small gaps in Berlin and Hamburg.

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founded a consortium with the aim of building a wagonway from the Schlebusch Coal Region (

293:), built one of the first ever international railway lines. The line connected Cologne to 8: 3172: 1912: 1905: 1739: 1726: 1714: 1649: 1335: 1100: 1080: 880: 673: 462: 2323: 1948:(ICE V) set a new German railway speed record of 406.9 km/h (254.3 miles/h) on the 3230: 2665: 2615: 2587: 2150: 1674: 1300: 1149: 1096: 1088: 919: 453: 155: 2757: 2747: 750: 2715: 2221: 2138: 1855: 1788: 1391: 1359:

private concerns. However, relatively few private railways were built in Württemberg.

1327: 1323: 765: 509: 458: 413: 306: 215: 99: 60: 2526:

Kocka, Jurgen, "Capitalism and Bureaucracy in German Industrialisation before 1914"

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on 1 May 1847. In autumn of that year continuous east-west links were established:

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on 15 May. On 15 October 1847, the entire 263-kilometre-long (163 mi) line to

769: 330: 1845: 1751:(DRG, German State Railway Company), a private company, which was required to pay 1702:) was formed in 1909. The standard wagons that resulted are often referred to as ' 938:

connected the railway network Lower Silesia to Central Germany when it opened the

818:, from Deutz to Düsseldorf, was opened on 20 December 1845; the second section to 764:

With the opening of the Berlin-Frankfurt Railway on 31 October 1842 from Berlin's

2119: 1821: 1792: 1331: 1223: 1025: 923: 804: 719: 574: 393: 159: 104: 3192: 3151: 2502:

Politics and Industrialization: Early Railroads in the United States and Prussia

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Politics and Industrialization: Early Railroads in the United States and Prussia

2249:

Harold W. Hart, "Thomas Clarke Worsdell and the Leipzig & Dresden Railway."

1733: 1494: 1468: 822:

followed on 9 February 1846. The line was extended the following year, reaching

528: 2488: 2065: 1815: 1767: 1049: 1041: 688: 604: 595: 562: 551: 397: 255: 219: 2629:

Roth, Ralf. "German State Action and Railway Policy during the 20th Century."

2553: 1355: 846: 3260: 3167: 2693:

Black devil and iron angel: the railway in nineteenth-century German realism.

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Robbins, Michael. "Some Recent Railway History in German: A Review Article."

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The Development of Railway Technology in East Asia in Comparative Perspective

2051: 2026: 2016:(Railway Reform) came into effect on 1 January 1994, when the State railways 1999: 1446: 1208: 1135: 1060: 1029: 873: 654: 496: 322: 179: 35:

on 7 December 1835. This had been preceded by the opening of the horse-drawn

1968:(250 km/h) were opened for service including the new ICE 1 train sets. 1416: 669: 539: 2708:

Die große Geschichte der Eisenbahn in Deutschland: die illustrierte Chronik

2385: 2213: 2142: 1917: 1890: 1886: 1832: 1799: 1784: 1780: 1683: 1227: 524: 474: 401: 350: 346: 2645:

Railroads and Rifles. Soldiers, Technology, and the Unification of Germany

2225: 1982: 2005: 1931: 1669:), founded in 1871 and handed to France at the end of the First World War 1474: 1387: 1267: 1266:, the first junction between the European standard gauge and the Russian 758: 731: 478: 366: 201: 170:) built a copy of the Blenkinsop steam engine at the Royal Iron Foundry ( 1957: 1747:", on 30 August 1924 the state railways were legally merged to form the 147:

was also built in Austria and Bohemia from Budweis to Gmunden via Linz (

127:

in order to speed up the transportation of coal to loading quays on the

2024:

were formally reunited to form the current German Railway Corporation (

1744: 1703: 1292: 1219: 1064: 927: 892: 800: 715: 245: 182:; and, in 1818, he built another locomotive for the 1.8-kilometre-long 128: 19:

can be traced back to the 16th century. The earliest form of railways,

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Berlin's termini were not linked within the city until 1851, when the

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were available "for enjoyment". In 1847, the railway was converted to

372:

On 20 September 1831, the Deilthal Railway was ceremonially opened by

231: 175: 1849:, lasted into the 1970s and can still be seen today on museum lines. 1825:('interchangeable design') wagons. The 1930s saw the introduction of 1480: 1184: 1045: 665: 570: 566: 547: 486: 444: 419: 120: 88: 56: 28: 20: 2712:

The Great History of Railways in Germany: The Illustrated Chronology

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Stevenson, David. "War by timetable? The railway race before 1914."

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Several states operated their own railways, collectively called the

1421: 1175:

on 3 October 1859 the west European rail network, consisting of the

1005: 903: 435:, built in 1835 by the private Ludwig Railway Company in Nuremberg ( 2596:

Great Train Race: Railways and the Franco-German Rivalry, 1815–1914

2310:

Great Train Race: Railways and the Franco-German Rivalry, 1815–1914

2265:

Great Train Race: Railways and the Franco-German Rivalry, 1815–1914

1375: 1263: 1243: 1180: 888: 862: 827: 819: 711: 385: 195: 144: 116: 95: 2545:

Lee, "Economic Development and the State in 19th century Germany"

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was completed, initially just single-tracked. On the same day the

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on 20 December 1838, thus becoming the first steam railway in the

490: 448: 408:

as a steam-driven railway with the name Steele-Vohwinkel Railway (

32: 3124: 2624:

Railways and the Economic Development of Western Europe 1830–1914

1758:

The more than 200 steam locomotive types of the different German

1508:

Königlich Preußische und Großherzoglich Hessische Staatseisenbahn

1363: 1308: 1231: 1021: 854: 808: 796: 780: 696: 684: 649: 641: 543: 513: 451:

after earlier test runs had been carried out with the locomotive

294: 80: 76: 72: 51: 2714:] (in German) (special ed.). München: GeraMond Verlag. 2672:

Transport and the Development of the European Economy, 1750–1918

2584:

The Development of the Economies of Continental Europe 1850–1914

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was opened, linking the two great cities of Prussia, Berlin and

119:, about 30 kilometres long, was also built above ground for the 1371: 1239: 1204: 1083:

were completed. The connexion of the southern German states of

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in 1848, traffic from Berlin ended at the station of Magdeburg-

831: 792: 784: 746: 645: 369:

was initially just 82 cm. The line was one Prussian mile.

84: 1127: 718:

and the first section of the 285-kilometre-long (177 mi)

39:

on 20 September 1831. The first long-distance railway was the

1953: 1370:

began railway construction in 1839 and opened its route from

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Locomotive of the Cologne-Minden Railway supplied in 1848 by

723: 558: 338: 314: 1930:

Germany, and about the same number between East Germany and

493:. On 31 October 1922, it was closed and used for a tramway. 139:) in Bochum (1787) and the Schlebusch-Harkort Coal Railway ( 1882: 958: 482: 389: 124: 2432:"European Bus Upstarts Snatch 20% of Passengers from Rail" 2045: 845:

On 1 September 1846, the last section (Frankfurt (Oder) –

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in 1812) and the opening of the first public railway, the

2485:

The Economic Development of France and Germany, 1815–1914

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Capitalism, Politics, and Railroads in Prussia, 1830–1870

1574:

Großherzoglich Mecklenburgische Friedrich-Franz-Eisenbahn

791:. Lehrte became an important railway hub, with routes to 2386:

Lutz, Friedrich; Lange, Bernd; Müller, Matthias (2003).

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In the following year, 1849, a connexion from Berlin to

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Three and a half months later, on 15 December 1846, the

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On 22 October 1843, the 16-kilometre-long (9.9 mi)

706:

On 12 September 1840, the Grand Duchy of Baden opened a

59:

with a guide pin (in Fig. F), in a 1556 drawing by

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This was followed by the first railway in Prussia, the

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from 1844 to 1853; a line 548 kilometres long between

1885:

were ceded to Poland except for the northern part of

1498:(state railways). Those created up to 1871 were the: 1000:

On 18 October 1847, there was a continuous line from

431:

The majority and official view, however, is that the

2041: 676:

and had a route length of 116 km (72 mi).

1839:The grave lack of passenger coaches resulting from 1656:), a Kurhesse state railway, from 1866 part of the 2748:Animated map of railway lines in Germany 1835–1885 1899: 1773:New construction standards since 1925 resulted in 1720: 1570:Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg Friedrich-Franz Railway 1484:("local line") depending on local laws and usage. 2453:Aldcroft, Derek H., and Michael J. Freeman, eds. 1406: 1156:, to where in the same year the main line of the 135:, which means "iron way". The Rauendahl Incline ( 83:, was to be found mainly in association with the 3258: 1868: 1024:And with the closure of a short gap between the 98:operation was illustrated in Germany in 1556 by 1993: 2728:Sonnenberger, Franz & Manfred Jehle, eds. 2220:), Fürth, 1985 (2nd revised edition), p. 196, 1809:The standardisation of goods wagons under the 1152:on 1 January 1857, Bingerbrück in 1859, today 67:), the forerunner of all modern railway wagons 3107: 2773: 2753:The Leipzig-Dresden railway line through time 2732:(Deutsche Eisenbahn 1835 -1985) (2 vol 1989) 1588:Großherzoglich Oldenburgische Staatseisenbahn 918:owned by the Hanoverian State Railway in the 598:'s concept for a German railway net from 1833 2678: 2413:"Career, education and lifestyle in Germany" 2238:Germany from Napoleon to Bismarck: 1800–1866 1615:Herzoglich Braunschweigische Staatseisenbahn 329:was carried out by horses. On 1 April 1876, 300: 1877:(the West) and the Russian zone became the 945:On 15 October 1847 the last section of the 898: 345:Company, founded in 1828, the first proper 3114: 3100: 2780: 2766: 1881:(the East). German territories beyond the 1795:and Basel. On 11 May 1936 the streamlined 1546:Königlich Württembergische Staatseisenbahn 1273: 1218:was extended to the Russian border beyond 849:) of the 330-kilometre-long (210 mi) 660:On 29 June 1839, the first section of the 437:Ludwigs-Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft in Nürnberg 1466:(plural: -en), also variously called the 582:List of the first German railways to 1870 2705: 2262: 1981: 1602:Königlich Hannöversche Staatseisenbahnen 1432: 1420: 1277: 1134: 1126: 902: 857:. At the same time the main line of the 590: 495: 418: 380:, and was to be called from then on the 317:. The Schlesbusch-Harkort Coal Railway ( 230: 200: 50: 17:The history of rail transport in Germany 2654:162 (1999): 163–194. France vs Germany 2168:CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1584:Grand Duchy of Oldenburg State Railways 1560:Großherzoglich Badische Staatseisenbahn 1322:in 1871, attitudes changed in Prussia; 757:. As a result, Köthen became the first 384:(PWE). Until 1844 it was operated as a 209: 3259: 2455:Transport in the Industrial Revolution 2429: 2089:German steam locomotive classification 1811:German State Railway Wagon Association 1692:German State Railway Wagon Association 1532:Königlich Sächsische Staatseisenbahnen 1230:. With the opening of the branch from 3147:History of the railway in Württemberg 3095: 2761: 2466:(Springer, Singapore, 2017). 129–149. 2388:"DB launches new locomotive strategy" 2084:History of the railway in Württemberg 1755:of about 660 million Marks annually. 508:: the 11-kilometre-long stretch from 3267:History of rail transport in Germany 3142:History of rail transport in Germany 2516:Scandinavian Economic History Review 2509:Journal of European Economic History 2344:Journal of European Economic History 1972:Deutsche Reichsbahn (DR) (1949–1994) 1731:In 1920, following World War I, the 1663:Imperial Railways in Alsace-Lorraine 1518:Königlich Bayerische Staatseisenbahn 1334:(1918–1939): in accordance with the 631: 2788:History of rail transport in Europe 2132: 1960:. In 1991 the new high speed lines 1556:Grand Duchy of Baden State Railways 1122: 337:With the laying of iron rails from 297:in Belgium and was opened in 1843. 13: 3178:Deutsche Reichsbahn (East Germany) 2582:Milward, Alan S., and S. B. Saul. 2495:Journal of Slavic Military Studies 2446: 2325:Mulhall's Dictionary of Statistics 2195:List quoted in John J. Lalor, ed. 2137:(2 ed.). London. p. 16. 2117:Georgius Agricola (trans Hoover), 1487: 1099:, 1852), continuing via Mannheim ( 1077:Frederick William Northern Railway 1034:Emperor Ferdinand Northern Railway 779:("cross railway") was opened from 427:(built 1835) in an 1850 photograph 14: 3278: 2741: 2328:. G. Routledge and sons. p. 1916:(DB, German Federal Railways) in 787:, the first line operated by the 741:began working the route from the 412:). The trackbed is used today by 3183:Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft 3123: 2346:, Spring 1980, Vol. 9#1 pp 21–40 2184:. Business and Economic History, 2094:Narrow gauge railways in Germany 2058: 2044: 1749:Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft 1696:Deutscher Staatsbahnwagenverband 1667:Reichseisenbahn Elsaß-Lothringen 1611:Duchy of Brunswick State Railway 1542:Royal Württemberg State Railways 1504:Prussian state railway companies 861:that started in Breslau reached 755:Berlin-Potsdam-Magdeburg Railway 521:Duchy of Brunswick State Railway 2565:(1999); Vol 2: 1933–1945 (2000) 2423: 2405: 2379: 2366: 2349: 2336: 2322:Michael George Mulhall (1884). 2315: 2302: 2289: 2280: 2197:Cyclopædia of Political Science 1978:East German Deutsche Reichsbahn 1900:Deutsche Bundesbahn (1949–1994) 1770:Pacific express train engines. 1721:Deutsche Reichsbahn (1920–1945) 1598:Royal Hanoverian State Railways 1368:Munich-Augsburg Railway Company 1260:Saint Petersburg–Warsaw Railway 1131:Baden Class IX, built 1854–1863 851:Lower Silesian-Märkisch Railway 840:Royal Hanoverian State Railways 789:Royal Hanoverian State Railways 734:of 1600 mm until 1854/55. 365:, again with wooden nails. The 319:Schlebusch-Harkorter Kohlenbahn 164:Stockton and Darlington Railway 2271: 2256: 2243: 2230: 2202: 2189: 2176: 2126: 2111: 1171:With the opening of Cologne's 977:. Until the completion of the 936:Saxon-Silesian Railway Company 382:Prince William Railway Company 376:, a son of the Prussian king, 226: 65:De re metallica Libri XII 46: 1: 2392:International Railway Journal 2099: 1869:Transition period (1945–1949) 1514:Royal Bavarian State Railways 1380:Royal Bavarian State Railways 1328:military-strategic importance 1262:to this border crossing near 1014:Kraków-Upper Silesian Railway 739:Berlin-Anhalt Railway Company 43:, completed on 7 April 1839. 2699: 2686:Journal of Transport History 2662:Journal of Transport History 2251:Journal of Transport History 1994:Deutsche Bahn (1994–present) 1457: 1048:at the northern foot of the 1008:for the first time when the 561:was the 41.2-kilometre-long 536:Düsseldorf-Elberfeld Railway 7: 2730:Zug der Zeit. Zeit der Züge 2528:Journal of Economic History 2037: 1875:Federal Republic of Germany 1399:Frankfurt National Assembly 1139:The railway network in 1861 836:line from Hanover to Minden 679:Between 1839 and 1843, the 655:first German railway tunnel 500:The railway network in 1849 410:Steele-Vohwinkler Eisenbahn 10: 3283: 2706:Knipping, Andreas (2013). 2631:Revista de Historia Actual 2612:Railways of Western Europe 1997: 1975: 1903: 1879:German Democratic Republic 1862:Übergangskriegslokomotiven 1806:in 1938 at 203 km/h. 1743:. In accordance with the " 1724: 1528:Royal Saxon State Railways 1478:("neighbourhood line") or 1414: 1384:Ludwig South-North Railway 1282:Locomotive of the private 1270:networks was established. 1143:Following the takeover of 1116:Ludwig South-North Railway 916:line from Celle to Harburg 737:On 12 September 1841, the 579: 557:The first railway line in 519:From 1 December 1838, the 388:for the transportation of 102:(image right) in his work 3191: 3160: 3134: 3051: 2793: 2679:Historiography and memory 2186:1991, Vol. 20, pp 162–170 2135:The Evolution of Railways 2079:Rail transport in Germany 2074:History of rail transport 1889:, which was ceded to the 1643:), from 1882 part of the 1630:), from 1866 part of the 1617:), from 1870 part of the 1604:), from 1866 part of the 1313:Berg-Mark Railway Company 1095:Berlin – Frankfurt/Main ( 1067:was established when the 814:The first section of the 807:in front of the gates of 753:, where the line met the 695:, with its connection to 662:Magdeburg-Leipzig Railway 636:The first section of the 378:Frederick William II 301:The first German railways 3161:German railway companies 3129:German railway companies 2568:Mierzejewski, Alfred C. 2561:Mierzejewski, Alfred C. 2547:Economic History Review, 2372:Alfred C. Mierzejewski, 2355:Alfred C. Mierzejewski, 2263:Mitchell, Allan (2000). 2133:Lee, Charles E. (1943). 2104: 1813:, that had produced the 1737:were united to form the 1641:Anhaltische Leopoldsbahn 1438:Prussian state railways' 1216:Prussian Eastern Railway 934:On 1 September 1847 the 899:Central European network 586: 538:opened the line between 321:), with a length of one 115:From 1787, a network of 2401:(subscription required) 2295:by Colleen A. Dunlavy, 1962:Hannover-Fulda-Würzburg 1841:World War I reparations 1791:started riding between 1658:Prussian state railways 1654:Bebra-Hanauer Eisenbahn 1645:Prussian state railways 1632:Prussian state railways 1619:Prussian state railways 1606:Prussian state railways 1274:State railway ambitions 940:Dresden–Gorlitz railway 638:Leipzig-Dresden Railway 433:Bavarian Ludwig Railway 400:and was worked between 392:, but as early as 1833 285:private companies, the 235:No. 302 of the private 184:Friederiken-Schienenweg 41:Leipzig-Dresden railway 25:Bavarian Ludwig Railway 3135:German railway history 2836:Bosnia and Herzegovina 2638:History and Technology 2622:O’Brien, Patrick, ed. 2473:(Ohio State UP, 1998). 2457:(Manchester UP, 1983). 1990: 1944:In 1988 the prototype 1637:Anhalt Leopold Railway 1628:Nassauische Staatsbahn 1443: 1430: 1427:Berlin–Hamburg Railway 1382:began by building the 1320:unification of Germany 1287: 1160:was extended, linking 1158:Hessian Ludwig Railway 1154:Bingen Central Station 1140: 1132: 1091:took somewhat longer: 1010:Upper Silesian Railway 987:line from Oschersleben 947:Cologne-Minden Railway 911: 870:Berlin–Hamburg Railway 859:Upper Silesian Railway 816:Cologne-Minden Railway 625: 599: 567:free city of Frankfurt 506:Berlin-Potsdam Railway 501: 441:Paul Camille von Denis 428: 414:S-Bahn line no. 9 311:Kohlerevier Schlebusch 240: 206: 71:The forerunner of the 68: 37:Prince William Railway 2643:Showalter, Dennis E. 2640:27.3 (2011): 265–289. 2579:(Cambridge UP, 2005). 2497:30.2 (2017): 321–346. 2010:Germany was reunified 1985: 1946:InterCityExperimental 1436: 1424: 1281: 1199:, Hungary beyond the 1138: 1130: 979:Buckau Railway Bridge 906: 879:Likewise in 1846 the 609: 594: 580:Further information: 573:, the capital of the 499: 422: 234: 204: 54: 2688:9.1 (1988): 109-117. 2605:22#3 (1995): 175–82. 2586:(Harvard UP. 1977). 2549:(1988) 41#3: 346–67. 2511:(1980) 9#1 pp 21–40. 2500:Dunlavy, Colleen A. 2218:Universität Würzburg 1964:(280 km/h) and 1624:Nassau State Railway 1472:("secondary line"), 1305:Duchy of Württemberg 1297:Grand Duchy of Baden 1189:Königsberg (Prussia) 1145:Cöln-Crefeld Railway 1109:Rhine Valley Railway 1105:Freiburg im Breisgau 728:Freiburg im Breisgau 701:German Confederation 327:narrow gauge railway 291:Rheinische Eisenbahn 210:Railways before 1871 190:), a coal line near 3173:Deutsche Bundesbahn 3052:States with limited 2664:32.1 (2011): 1–16. 2518:41 (1993): 129–54. 2489:online 1921 edition 2022:Deutsche Reichsbahn 2018:Deutsche Bundesbahn 1987:Deutsche Reichsbahn 1950:new high speed line 1923:Deutsche Reichsbahn 1913:Deutsche Bundesbahn 1906:Deutsche Bundesbahn 1827:welded construction 1740:Deutsche Reichsbahn 1727:Deutsche Reichsbahn 1715:Deutsche Reichsbahn 1650:Bebra-Hanau Railway 1340:Deutsche Reichsbahn 1336:Weimar Constitution 1284:Mecklenburg Railway 1191:(now Kaliningrad), 1101:Main-Neckar Railway 1081:Electorate of Hesse 1069:Halle–Bebra railway 995:Berlin Link Railway 895:went into service. 881:Main-Neckar Railway 463:Newcastle upon Tyne 353:on which so-called 237:Mecklenburg Railway 2691:Youngman, Paul A. 2652:Past & Present 2575:Millward, Robert. 2530:(1981) 34: 453–68. 2480:(Princeton, 1993). 2476:Brose, Eric Dorn. 2419:. 25 January 2018. 2253:4 (1976): 282–285. 2240:(1996) p. 165 1991: 1966:Mannheim-Stuttgart 1762:were grouped into 1675:Palatinate Railway 1447:German unification 1444: 1431: 1425:Borsig engine for 1301:Kingdom of Bavaria 1288: 1141: 1133: 1097:Main-Weser Railway 1073:Thuringian Railway 1012:was linked to the 920:Kingdom of Hanover 912: 838:was opened by the 600: 502: 459:Stephenson and Co. 429: 241: 207: 205:2010 postage stamp 156:Richard Trevithick 69: 3254: 3253: 3089: 3088: 2626:(Oxford UP, 1983) 2594:Mitchell, Allan. 2469:Brophy, James M. 1856:Kriegslokomotiven 1789:Rheingold Express 1510:(K.P.u.G.H.St.E.) 1506:, including the 1324:Otto von Bismarck 1114:Berlin – Munich ( 997:entered service. 914:In the north the 722:from Mannheim to 710:: the route from 632:First trunk lines 550:and the Prussian 523:operated between 331:steam locomotives 307:Friedrich Harkort 216:Friedrich Harkort 100:Georgius Agricola 61:Georgius Agricola 3274: 3128: 3127: 3116: 3109: 3102: 3093: 3092: 2794:Sovereign states 2782: 2775: 2768: 2759: 2758: 2725: 2670:Ville, Simon P. 2633:5 (2007): 15–28. 2487:(4th ed. 1966). 2440: 2439: 2427: 2421: 2420: 2409: 2403: 2402: 2399: 2383: 2377: 2370: 2364: 2361:Vol 2: 1933–1945 2353: 2347: 2340: 2334: 2333: 2319: 2313: 2308:Allan Mitchell, 2306: 2300: 2293: 2287: 2284: 2278: 2275: 2269: 2268: 2260: 2254: 2247: 2241: 2234: 2228: 2206: 2200: 2193: 2187: 2180: 2174: 2173: 2166: 2160: 2156: 2154: 2146: 2130: 2124: 2115: 2068: 2063: 2062: 2061: 2054: 2049: 2048: 1797:steam locomotive 1536:K.Sächs.Sts.E.B. 1181:Belgian networks 1173:Cathedral Bridge 1123:European network 1038:Austrian Silesia 885:Frankfurt (Main) 770:Frankfurt (Oder) 766:Silesian station 743:Anhalter Bahnhof 726:, which reached 485:running between 394:passenger wagons 343:Deilthal Railway 3282: 3281: 3277: 3276: 3275: 3273: 3272: 3271: 3257: 3256: 3255: 3250: 3201:Alsace-Lorraine 3187: 3156: 3130: 3122: 3120: 3090: 3085: 3071:Northern Cyprus 3053: 3047: 2968:North Macedonia 2789: 2786: 2744: 2739: 2722: 2702: 2681: 2533:Landes, David. 2483:Clapham, J. H. 2449: 2447:Further reading 2444: 2443: 2430:D'Inca, Joris. 2428: 2424: 2411: 2410: 2406: 2400: 2384: 2380: 2371: 2367: 2354: 2350: 2341: 2337: 2320: 2316: 2307: 2303: 2294: 2290: 2285: 2281: 2276: 2272: 2261: 2257: 2248: 2244: 2235: 2231: 2208:Wolfgang Mück: 2207: 2203: 2194: 2190: 2181: 2177: 2167: 2158: 2157: 2148: 2147: 2131: 2127: 2123:(1913), p. 156. 2120:De re metallica 2116: 2112: 2107: 2102: 2064: 2059: 2057: 2050: 2043: 2040: 2002: 1996: 1980: 1974: 1908: 1902: 1896: 1871: 1822:Austauschbauart 1793:Hook of Holland 1729: 1723: 1490: 1488:Important lines 1460: 1442:built 1906–1923 1441: 1429:, built in 1873 1419: 1413: 1411:era (1871–1920) 1332:inter-war years 1276: 1224:Chernyshevskoye 1125: 1026:William Railway 901: 751:Köthen (Anhalt) 720:Baden Main Line 683:was built from 681:Rhenish Railway 634: 589: 584: 575:Duchy of Nassau 468:The Englishman 303: 287:Rhenish Railway 239:, built in 1866 229: 212: 174:), Berlin, for 160:John Blenkinsop 105:De re metallica 49: 12: 11: 5: 3280: 3270: 3269: 3252: 3251: 3249: 3248: 3243: 3238: 3233: 3228: 3223: 3218: 3213: 3208: 3203: 3197: 3195: 3189: 3188: 3186: 3185: 3180: 3175: 3170: 3164: 3162: 3158: 3157: 3155: 3154: 3149: 3144: 3138: 3136: 3132: 3131: 3119: 3118: 3111: 3104: 3096: 3087: 3086: 3084: 3083: 3078: 3073: 3068: 3063: 3057: 3055: 3049: 3048: 3046: 3045: 3043:United Kingdom 3040: 3035: 3030: 3025: 3020: 3015: 3010: 3005: 3000: 2995: 2990: 2985: 2980: 2975: 2970: 2965: 2960: 2955: 2950: 2945: 2940: 2935: 2930: 2925: 2920: 2915: 2910: 2908: 2903: 2898: 2893: 2888: 2883: 2878: 2873: 2868: 2863: 2858: 2856:Czech Republic 2853: 2848: 2843: 2838: 2833: 2828: 2823: 2818: 2813: 2808: 2803: 2797: 2795: 2791: 2790: 2785: 2784: 2777: 2770: 2762: 2756: 2755: 2750: 2743: 2742:External links 2740: 2738: 2737: 2726: 2720: 2701: 2698: 2697: 2696: 2689: 2680: 2677: 2676: 2675: 2668: 2658: 2648: 2641: 2634: 2627: 2619: 2618: 2607: 2606: 2599: 2591: 2590: 2580: 2573: 2566: 2558: 2557: 2550: 2542: 2541: 2531: 2523: 2522: 2512: 2505: 2498: 2491: 2481: 2474: 2467: 2459: 2458: 2450: 2448: 2445: 2442: 2441: 2422: 2417:deutschland.de 2404: 2378: 2365: 2348: 2335: 2314: 2301: 2288: 2279: 2270: 2255: 2242: 2229: 2201: 2188: 2175: 2125: 2109: 2108: 2106: 2103: 2101: 2098: 2097: 2096: 2091: 2086: 2081: 2076: 2070: 2069: 2066:Germany portal 2055: 2039: 2036: 1998:Main article: 1995: 1992: 1976:Main article: 1973: 1970: 1904:Main article: 1901: 1898: 1870: 1867: 1816:Verbandsbauart 1787:. In 1928 the 1725:Main article: 1722: 1719: 1671: 1670: 1660: 1647: 1634: 1621: 1608: 1595: 1581: 1567: 1553: 1539: 1525: 1511: 1489: 1486: 1459: 1456: 1415:Main article: 1412: 1405: 1404: 1403: 1395: 1360: 1352: 1318:Following the 1275: 1272: 1124: 1121: 1120: 1119: 1112: 1050:Semmering Pass 991: 990: 983:Friedrichstadt 943: 900: 897: 689:border station 633: 630: 624: 623: 619: 616: 605:Friedrich List 596:Friedrich List 588: 585: 563:Taunus Railway 552:Rhine Province 470:William Wilson 439:) by engineer 398:standard gauge 374:Prince William 302: 299: 278: 277: 276: 275: 271: 268: 265: 256:Friedrich List 228: 225: 220:Friedrich List 211: 208: 48: 45: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3279: 3268: 3265: 3264: 3262: 3247: 3244: 3242: 3239: 3237: 3234: 3232: 3229: 3227: 3224: 3222: 3219: 3217: 3214: 3212: 3209: 3207: 3204: 3202: 3199: 3198: 3196: 3194: 3190: 3184: 3181: 3179: 3176: 3174: 3171: 3169: 3168:Deutsche Bahn 3166: 3165: 3163: 3159: 3153: 3150: 3148: 3145: 3143: 3140: 3139: 3137: 3133: 3126: 3117: 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1933: 1927: 1925: 1924: 1919: 1915: 1914: 1907: 1897: 1894: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1866: 1864: 1863: 1858: 1857: 1850: 1848: 1847: 1846:Donnerbüchsen 1842: 1837: 1835: 1834: 1828: 1824: 1823: 1818: 1817: 1812: 1807: 1805: 1801: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1777: 1771: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1756: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1741: 1736: 1735: 1728: 1718: 1716: 1712: 1707: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1688: 1686: 1685: 1680: 1676: 1668: 1664: 1661: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1635: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1622: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1609: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1568: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1554: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1540: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1526: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1512: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1500: 1499: 1497: 1496: 1485: 1483: 1482: 1477: 1476: 1471: 1470: 1465: 1455: 1451: 1448: 1439: 1435: 1428: 1423: 1418: 1410: 1400: 1396: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1348: 1347: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1316: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1285: 1280: 1271: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1212: 1210: 1209:Mediterranean 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1169: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1146: 1137: 1129: 1117: 1113: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1093: 1092: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1071:owned by the 1070: 1066: 1062: 1061:Halle (Saale) 1058: 1053: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1030:Upper Silesia 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 998: 996: 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 951:Minden branch 948: 944: 941: 937: 933: 932: 931: 929: 925: 921: 917: 910: 905: 896: 894: 890: 886: 882: 877: 875: 874:German Empire 871: 866: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 843: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 812: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 773: 771: 767: 762: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 735: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 708:state railway 704: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 677: 675: 671: 667: 663: 658: 656: 651: 647: 643: 639: 629: 620: 617: 614: 613: 612: 608: 606: 597: 593: 583: 578: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 555: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 532: 530: 526: 522: 517: 515: 511: 507: 498: 494: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 471: 466: 464: 460: 456: 455: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 426: 421: 417: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 370: 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 335: 332: 328: 324: 323:Prussian mile 320: 316: 312: 308: 298: 296: 292: 288: 282: 272: 269: 266: 263: 262: 261: 260: 259: 257: 251: 248: 247: 238: 233: 224: 221: 217: 203: 199: 197: 193: 189: 185: 181: 180:Upper Silesia 177: 173: 169: 165: 161: 157: 152: 150: 146: 142: 138: 134: 130: 126: 122: 118: 113: 111: 107: 106: 101: 97: 92: 90: 86: 82: 78: 74: 66: 62: 58: 53: 44: 42: 38: 34: 30: 26: 22: 18: 3246:Württemberg 3193:Länderbahnen 3152:Länderbahnen 3141: 3081:Transnistria 2885: 2729: 2711: 2707: 2692: 2685: 2671: 2661: 2651: 2644: 2637: 2630: 2623: 2611: 2602: 2595: 2583: 2576: 2569: 2562: 2546: 2534: 2527: 2515: 2508: 2501: 2494: 2484: 2477: 2470: 2463: 2454: 2435: 2425: 2416: 2407: 2395: 2391: 2381: 2373: 2368: 2360: 2356: 2351: 2343: 2338: 2324: 2317: 2309: 2304: 2296: 2291: 2282: 2273: 2264: 2258: 2250: 2245: 2237: 2232: 2214:Dissertation 2209: 2204: 2199:(1881) 3:118 2196: 2191: 2183: 2178: 2134: 2128: 2118: 2113: 2032: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2003: 1986: 1943: 1936: 1928: 1921: 1918:West Germany 1911: 1909: 1895: 1891:Soviet Union 1887:East Prussia 1872: 1860: 1854: 1851: 1844: 1838: 1833:Kriegsbauart 1831: 1820: 1814: 1808: 1776:Einheitsloks 1774: 1772: 1763: 1760:Länderbahnen 1759: 1757: 1738: 1734:Länderbahnen 1732: 1730: 1708: 1699: 1695: 1689: 1684:K.Bay.Sts.B. 1682: 1678: 1672: 1666: 1653: 1640: 1627: 1614: 1601: 1594:, 1867–1920) 1591: 1587: 1577: 1573: 1566:, 1840–1920) 1563: 1559: 1549: 1545: 1535: 1531: 1522:K.Bay.Sts.B. 1521: 1517: 1507: 1495:Länderbahnen 1493: 1491: 1479: 1473: 1469:Sekundärbahn 1467: 1463: 1461: 1452: 1445: 1408: 1366:the private 1351:regulations. 1344:Staatsbahnen 1343: 1317: 1289: 1286:, built 1866 1255: 1254:and Polish: 1251: 1247: 1235: 1228:East Prussia 1226:) in German 1214:In 1860 the 1213: 1170: 1166:Ludwigshafen 1142: 1054: 999: 992: 971:Oschersleben 963:Wolfenbüttel 913: 878: 867: 844: 813: 776: 774: 763: 761:in Germany. 736: 705: 678: 659: 635: 626: 610: 601: 565:between the 556: 533: 529:Wolfenbüttel 518: 503: 475:rail profile 467: 452: 436: 430: 424: 409: 371: 362: 359:wooden rails 354: 347:railway line 336: 318: 310: 304: 290: 283: 279: 252: 244: 242: 213: 183: 158:in 1804 and 153: 132: 114: 109: 103: 93: 70: 64: 16: 15: 3221:Mecklenburg 3054:recognition 3028:Switzerland 2963:Netherlands 2610:Nock, O. S 2236:Nipperdey, 2159:|work= 2006:Berlin Wall 1989:(1949–1993) 1932:West Berlin 1753:reparations 1711:reparations 1564:G.Bad.St.E. 1475:Vizinalbahn 1356:Württemberg 1268:broad gauge 1256:Wierzbałowo 1250:, Russian: 1168:from 1853. 759:railway hub 732:broad gauge 479:track gauge 457:, built by 367:track gauge 363:Straßbäumen 227:Development 192:Geislautern 176:Königshütte 47:Forerunners 3231:Palatinate 2998:San Marino 2958:Montenegro 2938:Luxembourg 2918:Kazakhstan 2821:Azerbaijan 2100:References 2014:Bahnreform 1745:Dawes Plan 1704:DSV wagons 1417:Länderbahn 1409:Länderbahn 1293:monarchies 1252:Вержболово 1220:Eydtkuhnen 1150:Rolandseck 1065:Gerstungen 928:River Elbe 893:Heidelberg 801:Hildesheim 716:Heidelberg 693:Herbesthal 670:Schönebeck 540:Düsseldorf 510:Zehlendorf 404:South and 355:Straßbäume 246:Zollverein 129:River Ruhr 121:coal mines 89:Mine carts 87:industry. 3226:Oldenburg 2933:Lithuania 2700:In German 2398:(11): 42. 2226:214732497 2161:ignored ( 2151:cite book 1893:in 1945. 1764:Baureihen 1717:in 1920. 1679:Pfalzbahn 1550:K.W.St.E. 1481:Lokalbahn 1464:Nebenbahn 1458:Nebenbahn 1258:) on the 1248:Wirballen 1246:(German: 1234:(German: 1203:, and to 1185:Flensburg 1046:Gloggnitz 975:Magdeburg 777:Kreuzbahn 674:main line 666:Magdeburg 571:Wiesbaden 548:Rhineland 525:Brunswick 487:Nuremberg 445:Nuremberg 406:Vohwinkel 305:In 1820, 133:Eisenbahn 117:wagonways 57:mine cart 55:A German 29:Nuremberg 21:wagonways 3261:Category 3061:Abkhazia 3013:Slovenia 3008:Slovakia 2983:Portugal 2841:Bulgaria 2359:(1999); 2038:See also 1958:Würzburg 1952:between 1785:Class 41 1781:Class 01 1578:M.F.F.E. 1502:Various 1376:Augsburg 1264:Kybartai 1244:Virbalis 1075:and the 1032:and the 967:Jerxheim 949:and the 922:reached 889:Mannheim 863:Gleiwitz 828:Dortmund 820:Duisburg 712:Mannheim 386:wagonway 351:sleepers 196:Saarland 145:wagonway 96:wagonway 79:, as in 27:between 3236:Prussia 3211:Bavaria 3038:Ukraine 2988:Romania 2948:Moldova 2906:Ireland 2901:Iceland 2896:Hungary 2886:Germany 2881:Georgia 2871:Finland 2866:Estonia 2861:Denmark 2846:Croatia 2831:Belgium 2826:Belarus 2816:Austria 2811:Armenia 2806:Andorra 2801:Albania 2734:excerpt 2695:(2005). 2674:(1990). 2647:(1975). 2614:(1977) 2603:Francia 2598:(2000). 2572:(2007). 2537:(1972) 2504:(1994). 2299:(1994). 2216:at the 2143:1591369 1804:Mallard 1402:empire. 1364:Bavaria 1309:Prussia 1295:of the 1232:Vilnius 1222:(today 1207:on the 1197:Galicia 1193:Rzeszów 1118:, 1853) 1111:, 1855) 1089:Bavaria 1079:in the 1022:Vistula 1020:to the 1002:Breslau 957:to the 926:on the 924:Harburg 855:Breslau 847:Bunzlau 809:Hamburg 805:Harburg 797:Cologne 781:Hanover 697:Antwerp 687:to the 685:Cologne 664:, from 650:Dresden 642:Leipzig 640:, from 544:Erkrath 514:Potsdam 341:by the 295:Antwerp 194:in the 123:of the 81:England 77:Germany 73:railway 3241:Saxony 3066:Kosovo 3033:Turkey 3023:Sweden 3003:Serbia 2993:Russia 2978:Poland 2973:Norway 2953:Monaco 2923:Latvia 2891:Greece 2876:France 2851:Cyprus 2718: 2666:online 2656:online 2616:online 2588:online 2554:online 2539:online 2520:online 2436:Forbes 2376:(2007) 2363:(2000) 2312:(2000) 2224: 2141: 1920:, and 1800:05 002 1592:G.O.E. 1392:Lindau 1372:Munich 1240:Kaunas 1205:Triest 1177:French 1057:Kassel 1006:Kraków 909:Borsig 832:Minden 793:Berlin 785:Lehrte 747:Berlin 646:Althen 402:Steele 85:mining 3216:Hesse 3206:Baden 3018:Spain 2943:Malta 2913:Italy 2710:[ 2105:Notes 1954:Fulda 1768:4-6-2 1236:Wilna 1201:Theiß 1164:with 1162:Mainz 1103:) to 1085:Baden 1042:Deutz 1018:Rhine 955:Rhine 883:from 724:Basel 587:1840s 559:Hesse 491:Fürth 483:trams 454:Adler 449:Fürth 425:Adler 339:Essen 315:Haspe 313:) to 110:Hunde 33:Fürth 2716:ISBN 2222:OCLC 2170:link 2163:help 2139:OCLC 2020:and 1956:and 1883:Oder 1859:and 1673:The 1407:The 1397:The 1390:and 1338:the 1303:and 1179:and 1087:and 1059:via 969:and 959:Oder 891:and 826:via 824:Hamm 803:and 569:and 542:and 534:The 527:and 489:and 477:and 423:The 390:coal 218:and 125:Ruhr 31:and 2330:293 2030:). 1939:UIC 1783:or 1706:'. 1700:DSV 1698:or 1590:or 1576:or 1562:or 1548:or 1534:or 1520:or 1440:P8, 1388:Hof 1374:to 1362:In 1354:In 1346:): 1195:in 1036:in 1028:in 1004:to 973:to 887:to 783:to 768:to 749:to 745:in 714:to 691:of 668:to 644:to 512:to 461:in 447:to 178:in 151:). 75:in 3263:: 2434:. 2415:. 2396:43 2394:. 2390:. 2155:: 2153:}} 2149:{{ 1687:. 1315:. 1307:. 1299:, 1238:)– 1211:. 1187:, 965:, 876:. 842:. 811:. 799:, 795:, 703:. 657:. 554:. 465:. 416:. 188:de 172:de 168:de 149:de 141:de 137:de 94:A 3115:e 3108:t 3101:v 2781:e 2774:t 2767:v 2724:. 2556:. 2438:. 2332:. 2267:. 2212:( 2172:) 2165:) 2145:. 1853:( 1694:( 1677:( 1665:( 1652:( 1639:( 1626:( 1613:( 1600:( 1586:( 1580:) 1572:( 1558:( 1552:) 1544:( 1538:) 1530:( 1524:) 1516:( 1394:. 1242:– 1107:( 1063:/ 989:. 942:. 357:( 289:( 186:( 63:(

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Knowledge

History of rail transport in Germany

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