History of the Southern United States

5647: 5142: 5659: 4296:, with a consensus holding that he was much less effective than Abraham Lincoln. As a former Army officer, senator, and Secretary of War, he possessed the stature and experience to be president, but certain character defects undercut his performance. He played favorites and was imperious, frosty, and quarrelsome. By dispensing with parties, he lost the chance to build a grass roots network that would provide critically needed support in dark hours. Instead, he took the brunt of the blame for all difficulties and disasters. Davis was animated by a profound vision of a powerful, opulent new nation, the Confederate States of America, premised on the right of its white citizens to self-government. However, in dramatic contrast to Lincoln, he was never able to articulate that vision or provide a coherent strategy to fight the war. He neglected the civilian needs of the Confederacy while spending too much time meddling in military details. Davis's meddling in military strategy proved counterproductive. His explicit orders that 5778: 1565: 4425:(13,700 km) of track comprised enough of a railroad system to handle essential military traffic along some internal lines, assuming it could be defended and maintained. As the system deteriorated because of worn out equipment, accidents and sabotage, the South was unable to construct or even repair new locomotives, cars, signals or track. Little new equipment ever arrived, although rails in remote areas such as Florida were removed and put to more efficient use in the war zones. Realizing their enemy's dilemma, Union cavalry raids routinely destroyed locomotives, cars, rails, roundhouses, trestles, bridges, and telegraph wires. By the end of the war, the southern railroad system was totally ruined. Meanwhile, the Union army rebuilt rail lines to supply its forces. A Union railroad through hostile territory, as from 4056:. Just before the fleet was about to enter the harbor, Confederates unleashed a massive bombardment and forced the Federal garrison holed up in the fort to surrender. The incident, prompted President Lincoln to proclaim that United States forces had been attacked and called for mobilizations to restore Government control in the seceded states. In response the Confederate military strategy was to hold its territory together, gain worldwide recognition, and inflict so much punishment on invaders that the Northerners would tire of an expensive war and negotiate a peace treaty that would recognize the independence of the CSA. Two Confederate counter-offensives into Maryland and southern Pennsylvania failed to influence Federal elections as hoped. The victory of Lincoln and his party in the 1864 elections made the 6268: 5944: 5154:

available in the cities, but were hard to find in most rural areas. All the Southern high schools combined graduated 66,000 students in 1928. The school terms were shorter in the South, and total spending per student was much lower. Nationwide, the students in elementary and secondary schools attended 140 days of school in 1928, compared to 123 days for white children in the South and 95 for blacks. The national average in 1928 for school expenditures was $ 70,700 for every 1,000 children aged 5–17. Only Florida reached that level, and seven of the thirteen Southern states spent under $ 31,000 per 1,000 children. Conditions were marginally better in newer growing areas, such as in Texas and central Florida, with the deepest poverty in South Carolina, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Arkansas.

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another to the contending armies. The railroads were paralyzed, with most of the companies bankrupt. These lines had been the special target of the enemy. On one stretch of 114 miles in Alabama, every bridge and trestle was destroyed, cross-ties rotten, buildings burned, water-tanks gone, ditches filled up, and tracks grown up in weeds and bushes. ... Communication centers like Columbia and Atlanta were in ruins; shops and foundries were wrecked or in disrepair. Even those areas bypassed by battle had been pirated for equipment needed on the battlefront, and the wear and tear of wartime usage without adequate repairs or replacements reduced all to a state of disintegration.

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for discriminatory programs. Doctor King launched a massive march on Washington in August 1963, bringing out 200,000 demonstrators in front of the Lincoln Memorial, the largest political assembly in the nation's history. The Kennedy administration now gave full-fledged support to the civil rights movement, but powerful southern congressmen blocked any legislation. After Kennedy was assassinated President Lyndon Johnson called for immediate passage of Kennedy civil rights legislation as a memorial to the martyred president. Johnson formed a coalition with Northern Republicans that led to passage in the House, and with the help of Republican Senate leader

4644:" promise. Slaves' opinions varied concerning the actions of Sherman and his army. Some who welcomed him as a liberator chose to follow his armies. Jacqueline Campbell has written, on the other hand, that some slaves looked upon the Union army's ransacking and invasive actions with disdain. They often felt betrayed, as they "suffered along with their owners, complicating their decision of whether to flee with or from Union troops", although that is now seen as a post synopsis of Confederate nationalism. A Confederate officer estimated that 10,000 liberated slaves followed Sherman's army, and hundreds died of "hunger, disease, or exposure" along the way. 3616: 1817: 4688: 3628: 3144: 104: 2725:, made in New England from cane sugar, which was in turn grown in the Caribbean. This slave trade was generally able to fulfill labor needs in the South for the cultivation of tobacco after the decline of indentured servants. At approximately the point when tobacco labor needs began to increase, the mortality rate fell and all groups lived longer. By the late 17th century and early 18th century, slaves became economically viable sources of labor for the growing tobacco culture. Also, further south than the Mid-Atlantic, Southern settlers grew wealthy by raising and selling rice, 5138:

to earn a living. The landowner provided land, housing, tools and seed, and perhaps a mule, and a local merchant loaned money for food and supplies. At harvest time, the sharecropper received a share of the crop (from one-third to one-half), which paid off his debt to the merchant. By the late 1860s, white farmers had also become sharecroppers. The cropper system was a step below that of the tenant farmer, who rented the land, provided his own tools and mule, and received half the crop. Landowners provided more supervision to sharecroppers, and less or none to tenant farmers.

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of the Confederate government, by running away or through advances of federal troops, the slave became legally and actually free. Plantation owners, realizing that emancipation would destroy their economic system, sometimes moved their slaves as far as possible out of reach of the Union Army. By June 1865, the Union Army controlled all of the Confederacy and liberated all of the designated slaves. The owners were never compensated. Nor were the slaves themselves. Many of the freedmen remained on the same plantation, others crowded into refugee camps operated by the

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after the harvest, when the food supplies for the next year had been gathered and were exposed to destruction. In early 1865, Sherman's army moved north through the Carolinas in a campaign even more devastating than the march through Georgia. More telling than the twisted rails, smoldering main streets, dead cattle, burning barns and ransacked houses was the bitter realization among civilians and soldiers throughout the remaining Confederacy that if they persisted, sooner or later their homes and communities would receive the same treatment. According to a 2022

3047:. Thomas Jefferson wrote the first draft; interestingly Jefferson's draft condemned the United Kingdom for bringing slaves to North America despite being a slaveowner himself. Other delegates insisted on removal of any mention of slavery from the document. South Carolina's delegation ensured the continuance of the institution of slavery. Delegate Thomas Lynch threatened to break away from the country if congress entertained any discussion on slavery, indicating that for South Carolina preserving slavery was more important than American nationhood. Meanwhile 3883: 4716: 6250:, along with many immigrants from different countries, has led to the introduction of different cultural values and social norms not rooted in Southern traditions. Observers conclude that collective identity and Southern distinctiveness are thus declining, particularly when defined against "an earlier South that was somehow more authentic, real, more unified and distinct." The process has worked both ways, however, with aspects of Southern culture spreading throughout a greater portion of the rest of the United States in a process termed " 5442: 4412: 3945: 3058: 3248:

Loyalist owners and became slaves elsewhere in the British Empire. Between 1770 and 1790, there was a sharp decline in the percentage of blacks – from 61% to 44% in South Carolina and from 45% to 36% in Georgia. In addition, some slaveholders were inspired to free their slaves after the Revolution. They were moved by the principles of the Revolution, along with Quaker and Methodist preachers who worked to encourage slaveholders to free their slaves. Planters such as George Washington often freed slaves by their wills. In the

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carpetbaggers. The declining aristocracy are ineffectual and money hungry, and in the last analysis they subordinated the values of their political and social heritage in order to maintain control over the black population. The poor whites suffered from strange malignancies of racism and conspiracy-mindedness, and the rising middle class was timid and self-interested even in its reform movement. The most sympathetic characters in the whole sordid affair are simply those who are too powerless to be blamed for their actions.

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work in the region's many bases and new industries. During and after the war millions of hard-scrabble farmers, both white and black, left agriculture for other occupations and urban jobs. The United States began mobilizing for war in a major way in the spring of 1940. The warm weather of the South proved ideal for building 60% of the Army's new training camps and nearly half the new airfields. In all, 40% of spending on new military installations went to the South. For example, in 1940 the small town of 1500 people in

5494: 5453:, where unlimited amounts of locally generated electricity were used to prepare uranium for the atom bomb. The number of production workers doubled during the war. Most training centers, factories and shipyards were closed in 1945, but not all, and the families that left hardscrabble farms remained to find jobs in the growing urban South. The region had finally reached the take off stage into industrial and commercial growth, although its income and wage levels lagged well behind the national average. Nevertheless, as 4846: 2041: 4323: 3735: 6122: 6198:", promising more enjoyable weather and recreation, a lower cost of living, skilled work force positions, minimal taxes, weak labor unions, and a business-friendly environment. With the expansion of jobs in the South, there has been migration of people from other U.S. regions and immigrants from other countries, increasing the population and political influence of southern states. The newcomers and growing population within the region helped in displacing the old rural political system, built around 5770: 2562: 2831: 4700: 5475: 1866:

ocean, most of which would have had a patchy maritime Boreal forest adapted to colder conditions. Meanwhile much of the interior South had a taiga forest comparable to the Canadian Yukon and the Northwest Territories. The Floridian peninsula was much larger and was mostly a temperate savanna. Further west almost the whole of Texas consisted of a tropical desert. However there were also times in prehistory where the South did not adhere to global conditions; for instance during the

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undermined landlord or merchant hegemony, diversified agriculture and transformed it from a labor- to a capital-intensive industry, and ended the legal and extra-legal support for racism. The discontinuity that war, invasion, military occupation, the confiscation of slave property, and state and national legislation failed to bring in the mid-19th century, finally arrived in the second third of the 20th century. A "second reconstruction" created a real New South.

3289: 2224: 1512: 1473: 5483: 5484: 2162: 4504:, who viewed the federal government as worthy of defending because it had provided economic and political security. A section of slaveholding unionists believed preserving the union was more important than protecting slavery. The Southern ideals of honor, family, and duty were as important to Unionists as to their pro-secession neighbors. They believed, however, that rebelling against the United States, which many of their ancestors had fought for in 1991:, flat-topped or rounded cones, elongated ridges, and sometimes a variety of other forms. They were generally built as part of complex villages. These cultures generally had developed hierarchical societies that had an elite. These commanded hundreds or even thousands of workers to dig up tons of earth with the hand tools available, move the soil long distances, and finally, workers to create the shape with layers of soil as directed by the builders. 5229: 3273: 2659: 5633:; and allowed federal funds to be cut off in cases of discrimination. Furthermore, racial, religious and gender discrimination was outlawed for businesses with 25 or more employees, as well as apartment houses. The South resisted until the last moment, but as soon as the new law was signed by President Johnson on July 2, 1964, it was widely accepted across the nation. There was only a scattering of diehard opposition, typified by restaurant owner 1522: 3491: 2823: 24: 5039: 5339: 2481: 4449:

voted against secession. Meanwhile North Carolina voted by popular referendum to remain in the United States; when North Carolina later seceded anyway the governor would not permit a second referendum to be held. Tennessee had strong unionist sentiment in its eastern Appalachian counties. Further west Kentucky's Pro Confederate Governor declared neutrality because he believed the majority of the white population would refuse secession.

2676: 5380: 3853: 1913: 5371:, poor education, and inability to vote. Black migration transformed many Northern and Western cities, creating new cultures and music. Many African Americans, like other groups, became industrial workers; others started their own businesses within the communities. Southern whites also migrated to industrial cities like Chicago, Detroit, Oakland, and Los Angeles, where they took jobs in the booming new auto and defense industry. 4335: 5520:. During this migration, black people left the racism and lack of opportunities in the South and settled in northern cities like Chicago, where they found work in factories and other sectors of the economy. This migration produced a new sense of independence in the black community and contributed to the vibrant black urban culture seen in the emergence of jazz and the blues from New Orleans and its spread north to 3363:

traders brought slaves by ship and overland to sell to planters across the Deep South. The city was a cosmopolitan port with a variety of jobs that attracted more immigrants than other areas of the South. Because of lack of investment, however, construction of railroads to span the region lagged behind the North. People relied most heavily on river traffic for getting their crops to market and for transportation.

3209:. Twenty years after the ratification of the Constitution, the law-making body prohibited the importation of slaves, effective January 1, 1808. While North and South were able to find common ground to gain the benefits of a strong Union, the unity achieved in the Constitution masked deeply rooted differences in economic and political interests. After the 1787 convention, two discrete understandings of American 5351:

created inside the community to accommodate white-imposed sanctions while subtly encouraging challenges to those sanctions. Known as "walking the tightrope," such efforts at bringing about change were only slightly effective before the 1920s, but did build the foundation that younger African Americans deployed in their aggressive, large-scale activism during the civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s.

5411:. While Franklin Roosevelt's progressive coalition and even Franklin's spouse Eleanor Roosevelt desired reforms, the Roosevelt administration did not interfere with Jim Crow and other racist policies as part of a compromise with the segregationist wing of the Southern Democratic Party. Without congressional votes from segregationist democrats New Deal legislation would have likely been blocked by congress. 4228:" was so powerful that the threat of losing their supplies would induce Britain and France to enter the war as allies, and thereby frustrate Union efforts. Confederate leaders were ignorant of European conditions; Britain depended on the Union for its food supply, and would not benefit from an extremely expensive major war with the U.S. The Confederacy moved its capital from a defensible location in remote 3699:

the African slave, kindly treated by his master and mistress and looked after in his old age, is better off than the free laborers of Europe; and under the slave system conflicts between capital and labor are avoided. The advantages of slavery in this respect, he concluded, "will become more and more manifest, if left undisturbed by interference from without, as the country advances in wealth and numbers".

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populations of 8,100 and 37,900, respectively), plus Charleston, much of which was destroyed in an accidental fire in 1861. These eleven contained 115,900 people in the 1860 census, or 14% of the urban South. Historians have not estimated their population when they were invaded. The number of people who lived in the destroyed towns represented just over 1% of the Confederacy's population. In addition, 45

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mechanization technologies, and nearly all of the black cotton farmers moved to urban areas either within the region, or to cities in the North or Midwest. Former white farmers, usually moved within the region to nearby towns or cities. The early-to-mid 20th century also saw many factories and service industries opening in towns throughout the region for employment, which served as new job occupations.

4527: 4337: 4746:. In the Confederacy there was little military action in Texas and Florida. Of 645 counties in nine Confederate states (excluding Texas and Florida), there was Union military action in 56% of them, containing 63% of the whites and 64% of the slaves in 1860; however, by the time the action took place some people had fled to safer areas, so the exact population exposed to war is unknown. 4603: 2630:, connected the threat of Bacon's Rebellion, namely the potential for lower-class revolt, with the colony's transition over to slavery, saying, "But for those with eyes to see, there was an obvious lesson in the rebellion. Resentment of an alien race might be more powerful than resentment of an upper class. Virginians did not immediately grasp it. It would sink in as time went on." 2990: 5331:

increases in the eligible voting population with the inclusion of women, blacks, and those eighteen and over throughout this period, turnout in ex-Confederate states remained below the national average throughout the 20th century. Not until the late 1960s did all American citizens regain protected civil rights by passage of legislation following the leadership of the

5831:. This ambitious set of programs sought to eradicate poverty across the United States, when the program began 45.9 percentage of America's impoverished lived in the South though it had only 31% of the population. Fifty years later, poverty did not disappear but it was also less concentrated in the Southeast Region and was more balanced across the country as a whole. 4001:, in South Carolina, the Confederate government ordered an attack on the fort, which surrendered on April 13. President Lincoln called upon the states to supply 75,000 troops to serve for ninety days to recover federal property, and, forced to choose sides, Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina promptly voted to secede. Kentucky declared its neutrality. 5786: 4886:. Second came rule by the U.S. Army, which held elections that included all freedmen and also excluded over 10,000 former Confederate leaders on account of their prior war on the United States government. Third was "Radical Reconstruction" or "Black Reconstruction" in which a Republican coalition governed the state, comprising a coalition of freedmen, 2794:. Portuguese speaking Angolans in the lowcountry of South Carolina, with prior military training attempted to escape to Catholic Spanish Florida. The rebellion however was intercepted by the South Carolina militia and almost all were executed, others were sold and sent to the West Indies. The rebellion profoundly changed slavery in South Carolina, the 5788: 5129:. In the decades before the 1940s, there were only a few scattered large cities in the region, with small courthouse towns serving the mostly rural population. Local politics revolved around the politicians and lawyers based at the courthouse. Mill towns, primarily focused on textile production or tobacco product manufacture, began opening in the 5670: 4493:, 150 suspected Unionists were arrested; 25 were lynched without trial and 40 more were hanged after a summary trial. Draft resistance was widespread especially among Texans of German or Mexican descent; many of the latter leaving to Mexico. Confederate officials would attempt to hunt down and kill potential draftees who had gone into hiding. 5646: 2787:. Caribbean slaves were often worked literally to death on large sugar and rice plantations, while the American slave population had a higher life expectancy and was maintained through natural reproduction. This natural reproduction was important for the continuation of slavery after the prohibition on slave importation in 1808. 5438:. By March 1941, 20,000 men were constructing a permanent camp for 60,000 soldiers. Money flowed freely for the war effort, as over $ 4 billion went into military facilities in the South, and another $ 5 billion into defense plants. Major shipyards were built in Virginia, and Charleston, SC, and along the Gulf Coast. 3156: 3870:

majority in the House of Representatives also grew, making Southern political leaders increasingly uncomfortable. Southerners became concerned that they would soon find themselves at the mercy of a federal government in which they no longer had sufficient representation to protect their interests. By the late 1840s, Senator

3339:, along with other popular media portrayals. Historians in recent decades have paid much more attention to the enslaved people of the South and the world they made for themselves. To a lesser extent, they have also studied the poor subsistence farmers, known as "yeoman farmers", who owned little property and no slaves. 8264:, pp. 15, 36. "These figures suggest that by 1820 more than half of adult white males were casting votes, except in those states that still retained property requirements or substantial tax requirements for the franchise – in the South this was Virginia, (maintaining property restrictions through 1840), and Louisiana." 3158: 3861:

Northerners began to perceive it as an economic threat, even if they remained indifferent to its moral dimension. While relatively few Northerners favored outright abolition, many more opposed the expansion of slavery to new territories, as in their view the availability of slaves lowered wages for free labor.

5708:, which were violently attacked by police and white counter-protesters. Throughout January and February, these protests received national media coverage and drew attention to the issue of voting rights. King and other demonstrators were arrested during a march on February 1 for violating an anti-parade 5716:

gave a militant speech in Selma in which he said that many African Americans did not support King's nonviolent approach; he later privately said that he wanted to frighten whites into supporting King. The next day, King was released and a letter he wrote addressing voting rights, "Letter From A Selma

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Many white farmers, and some black farmers, were tenant farmers who owned their work animals and tools, and rented their land. Others were day laborers or impoverished sharecroppers, who worked under the supervision of the landowner. Sharecropping was a way for landless farmers (both black and white)

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raids were the favorite device, with instructions to ruin railroads and bridges. Sherman's insight was deeper. He focused on the trust the rebels had in their Confederacy as a living nation, and he set out to destroy that trust; he predicted his raid would "demonstrate the vulnerability of the South,

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was an executive order issued by Lincoln on January 1, 1863. In a single stroke it changed the legal status, as recognized by the U.S. government, of 3 million slaves in designated areas of the Confederacy from "slave" to "free". It had the practical effect that as soon as a slave escaped the control

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in 1837, declared that slavery was "instead of an evil, a good – a positive good". Calhoun supported his view with the following reasoning: in every civilized society one portion of the community must live on the labor of another; learning, science, and the arts are built upon leisure;

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and the Civil War, Berlin wrote that, whether slaves were directly uprooted or lived in fear that they or their families would be involuntarily moved, "the massive deportation traumatized black people, both slave and free". Individuals lost their connection to families and clans. Added to the earlier

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was the third largest American city in population by 1840. The success of the city was based on the growth of international trade associated with products being shipped to and from the interior of the country down the Mississippi River. New Orleans also had the largest slave market in the country, as

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placed harsh regulations on slaves, including a provision that allowed any White colonist to inspect any slave for any reason. Some attempts were made to improve working conditions but these were mostly fruitless as no slave could testify against any whites. There were later revolts as well, provoked

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and ultimately torching the settlement. The rebellion was first suppressed by a few armed merchant ships from London whose captains sided with Berkeley and the loyalists. Government forces arrived soon after and spent several years defeating pockets of resistance and reforming the colonial government

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and by extension the American Southeast took place. Cactus Hill near Richmond, Virginia may be one of the oldest archaeological sites in the Americas. If proven to have been inhabited 16,000 to 20,000 years ago, it would provide supporting evidence for pre-Clovis occupation of the Americas. The first

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The industrialization and modernization of the South continued to pick up speed with the ending of racial segregation policies in the 1960s. Today, the economy of the South is a diverse mixture of agriculture, light and heavy industry, tourism, and high technology companies, that help serve both the

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technologies and economic diversification of new industries. There were 1.5 million cotton farms in 1945, and only 18,600 remained in 2009. By 2020, many Fortune 500 companies were headquartered in the South Texas led the nation by having over 50, Virginia with 22, Georgia with 18, Florida with

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was broken and the Senate finally passed its version on June 19 by vote of 73 to 27. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was the most powerful affirmation of equal rights ever made by Congress. It guaranteed access to public accommodations such as restaurants and places of amusement, authorized the Justice

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escalated the crisis by defying court orders to admit the first two black students to the University of Alabama. Kennedy responded by sending Congress a comprehensive civil rights bill, and ordered Attorney General Robert Kennedy to file federal lawsuits against segregated schools, and to deny funds

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were broken, channels were blocked, the few steamboats which had not been captured or destroyed were in a state of disrepair, wharves had decayed or were missing, and trained personnel were dead or dispersed. Horses, mules, oxen, carriages, wagons, and carts had nearly all fallen prey at one time or

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The Union had a 3–1 superiority in railroad mileage and (even more important) an overwhelming advantage in engineers and mechanics in the rolling mills, machine shops, factories, roundhouses and repair yards that produced and maintained rails, bridging equipage, locomotives, rolling stock, signaling

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The Confederacy decided not to have political parties. There was a strong sense that parties were divisive and would weaken the war effort. Historians, however, agree that the lack of parties weakened the political system. Instead of having a viable alternative to the current system, as expressed by

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At the same time, Southerners increasingly perceived the economic and population growth of the North as threatening to their interests. For several decades after the Union was formed, as new states were admitted, North and South were able to finesse their sectional differences and maintain political

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wrote in 1832 that Virginia was a "negro-raising state"; i.e. Virginia "produced" slaves. According to him, in 1832 Virginia exported "upwards of 6,000 slaves" per year, "a source of wealth to Virginia". A newspaper from 1836 gives the figure as 40,000, earning for Virginia an estimated $ 24,000,000

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By the mid-18th century, the colonies of Maryland, Delaware, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia had been established. In the upper colonies, that is, Maryland, Virginia, and portions of North Carolina, the tobacco culture prevailed. However, in the lower colonies of South Carolina

2518:. Maryland soon became one of the few predominantly Catholic regions among the English colonies in North America. Maryland was also one of the key destinations where the government sent tens of thousands of English convicts punished by sentences of transportation. Such punishment persisted until the 2436:

Settlement of Chesapeake Bay was driven by a desire to obtain precious metal resources, specifically gold. The colony was technically still within Spanish territorial claims, yet far enough from most Spanish settlements to avoid colonial clashes. As the "Anchor of the South", the region includes the

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Mound builders were originally thought to be exclusively agricultural however early mounds found in Louisiana preceded such cultures and were products of hunter-gatherers. The first mound building was an early marker of political and social complexity among the cultures in the Eastern United States.

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Throughout southern history, exports were the main foundation of the southern economy, starting with tobacco, rice and indigo in the colonial period. After 1800, cotton comprised the chief export of the United States. In the American Civil War, Confederate officials thought mistakenly that European

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The labor movement in the South was divided, and lost its political influence. Southern liberals were in a quandary – most of them kept quiet or moderated their liberalism, others switched sides, and the rest continued on the liberal path. One by one, the last group was defeated; historian Numan V.

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marked a time of dramatic change within the South from an economic standpoint, as new industries and military bases were developed by the federal government, providing much needed capital and infrastructure in many regions. People from all parts of the US came to the South for military training and

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of South Carolina, who proudly proclaimed in 1900, "We have done our level best ... we have scratched our heads to find out how we could eliminate the last one of them. We stuffed ballot boxes. We shot them. We are not ashamed of it." With no voting rights and no voice in government, blacks in the

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Estimate of Confederate losses were 94,000 killed in battle, 164,000 who died of disease, and 26,000 who died in Union prisons. Estimate of Union losses were 110,000 killed in battle, 225,000 who died of disease, and 30,000 who died in Confederate prisons. Northern military deaths were greater than

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study which sought to measure the medium- and long-term economic impact of Sherman's March, "the capital destruction induced by the March led to a large contraction in agricultural investment, farming asset prices, and manufacturing activity. Elements of the decline in agriculture persisted through

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after the United States evacuated the federal forts and installations. These were the same Native American Nations that had been subject to removal thirty years before. Over half of the American Indian troops participating in the Civil War from the Indian Territory supported the Confederacy; troops

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Among Southern White populations and lawmakers there was never universal support for separation from the National Government, particularly in the upper south. Virginia's state legislature at first voted by 2/3 to remain in the United States, after the fall of Fort Sumpter 36% of the delegates again

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was discussed and remained a possibility if Confederate independence had been achieved. After secession, no compromise was possible, because the Confederacy insisted on its independence and the Lincoln Administration refused to meet with President Davis's commissioners. Lincoln ordered that a Navy

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in equal numbers. By means of this compromise approach, the balance of power in the Senate could be extended indefinitely. The House of Representatives, however, was a different matter. As the North industrialized and its population grew, aided by a major influx of European immigrants, the Northern

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Early in the history of the colony, it became clear that the claims of gold deposits were vastly exaggerated. Referred to as the "Starving Time" of the Jamestown colony, the years from the time of landing in 1607 until 1609 were rife with famine and instability. However, Native American support, in

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The migration also empowered the growing civil rights movement. While the movement existed in all parts of the United States to combat Jim Crow law policies, its focus was against the Jim Crow laws taking place in the South. Most of the major events in the movement occurred in the South, including

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There was little cash in circulation, since most farmers operated on credit accounts from local merchants, and paid off their debts at cotton harvest time in the fall. Although there were small country churches everywhere, there were only a few dilapidated schools in rural areas. High schools were

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has noted, "Neither white nor black Southerners were unaffected by the physical and emotional demands of the war. Scarcities of food and clothing, for example, imposed hardships on both races." Conditions were worse for blacks. Late in the war and soon after large numbers of blacks moved away from

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By 1862, most Northern leaders realized that the mainstay of Southern secession, slavery, had to be attacked head-on. All the border states rejected President Lincoln's proposal for compensated emancipation. However, by 1865 all had begun the abolition of slavery, except Kentucky and Delaware. The

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was elected president in a hotly contested four way race. In Southern States local leaders ensured that Lincoln was blocked from the ballot, instead most voters made a choice between hard line Breckingridge and Bell who advocated preservation of the union, slavery was the prevailing subject of the

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trapped by the much larger American and French armies under Washington. He surrendered. The most prominent Loyalists, especially those who joined Loyalist regiments, were evacuated by the Royal Navy back to England, Canada, or other British colonies; they brought their slaves along, but lost their

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If any two hundred Southern men backed by a Federal administration should go to Indianapolis, turn out the Indiana people, take possession of all the seats of power, honor, and profit, denounce the people at large as assassins and barbarians, introduce corruption in all the branches of the public

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The Southern network still expanded from 11,000 miles (18,000 km) in 1870 to 29,000 miles (47,000 km) in 1890. Railroads helped create a mechanically skilled group of craftsmen and broke the isolation of much of the region. Passengers were few, however, and apart from hauling the cotton

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About a quarter of white Southern families were slave owners, with most being independent yeoman farmers. Nevertheless, the slave system represented the basis of the Southern social and economic structure, and thus even the majority of non-slave-owners opposed any suggestions for terminating that

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meant that royal forces soon controlled most of Georgia and South Carolina. The British set up a network of forts inland, expecting the Loyalists would rally to the flag. Far too few Loyalists turned out however, and the British had to fight their way north into North Carolina and Virginia with a

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With increasing national attention focused on Selma and voting rights, President Johnson reversed his decision to delay voting rights legislation. On February 6, he announced he would send a proposal to Congress. Johnson did not reveal the proposal's content or disclose when it would come before

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decisions overturning such provisions were rapidly followed by new state laws with new devices to restrict voting. Most blacks in the former Confederacy and Oklahoma could not vote until 1965, after passage of the Voting Rights Act and Federal enforcement to ensure people could register. Despite

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region, especially in the Carolinas. Racial segregation and outward signs of inequality were commonplace in many rural areas and rarely challenged. Blacks who violated the color line were liable to expulsion or lynching. Cotton became even more important than before, even though prices were much

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Sharecropping was a way for very poor farmers to earn a living from land owned by someone else. The landowner provided land, housing, tools and seed, and perhaps a mule, and a local merchant provided food and supplies on credit. At harvest time the sharecropper received a share of the crop (from

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The economic calamity suffered by the South during had widespread implications. Except for land, most assets and investments had vanished with slavery, but debts were left behind. Worst of all were the human deaths and amputations. Most farms were intact but most had lost their horses, mules and

4627:

from Atlanta to Savannah in the fall of 1864 burned and ruined every part of the industrial, commercial, transportation and agricultural infrastructure it touched, but the actual damage was confined to a swath of territory totaling about 15% of Georgia. Sherman struck at Georgia in October, just

3588:

The replacement for the importation of slaves from abroad was increased domestic production. Virginia and Maryland had little new agricultural development, and their need for slaves was mostly for replacements for decedents. Normal reproduction more than supplied these: Virginia and Maryland had

2061:

were scattered throughout the southeast. Chiefdoms featured a noble class ruling a large number of commoners and were characterized by villages and towns with large earthen mounds and complex religious practices. Some noted explorers who encountered and described the culture, by then in decline,

1865:

and its aftermath the first humans likely arrived in the Southern United States. The entire region had a climate and geography that differed remarkably from current conditions. Overall the region was not only colder but much drier. On average the coastline extended at least 50 miles out into the

1690:

brought freedom to Black slaves living in rebellious areas as soon as the US Army arrived. With a smaller economy, smaller population and (in some cases) widespread dissent among its white population the Confederate States of America was unable to carry on a protracted struggle with the national

4395:

Disease and sickness had more devastating and fatal effects on emancipated slaves than on soldiers, since ex-slaves often lacked the basic necessities to survive. Emancipation liberated bonds people from slavery, but they often lacked clean clothing, adequate shelter, proper food, and access to

4046:

The seceded states, joined as the Confederate States of America sought to consolidate control over border southern states including Kentucky and Missouri, The Confederate government also envisioned westward expansion through its Arizona territory- one goal being to extend the CSA to the Pacific

4018: 3973:

Members of the South Carolina legislature had previously sworn to secede from the Union if Lincoln was elected, and the state declared its secession on December 20, 1860. South Carolina's declaration of secession mentioned slavery 17 times and justifying South Carolina's independence in lieu of

3801:

measure to foster the development of domestic industry, primarily in the North. In 1832, the legislature of South Carolina nullified the entire "Tariff of Abominations", as the Tariff of 1828 was known in the South, prompting a stand-off between the state and federal government. On May 1, 1833,

2200:

led the first European expedition deep into the territory, searching for gold, and a passage to China. A vast undertaking, de Soto's North American expedition ranged across parts of the modern states of Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas,

5922:

When a significant change finally occurred, its impetus came from outside the South. Depression-bred New Deal reforms, war-induced demand for labor in the North, perfection of cotton-picking machinery, and civil rights legislation and court decisions finally... destroyed the plantation system,

5485: 5350:

has explored the defensive techniques developed inside the African American community to avoid the worst features of Jim Crow as expressed in the legal system, unbalanced economic power, and intimidation and psychological pressure. Chafe says "protective socialization by blacks themselves" was

4773:

Railroad mileage was of course located mostly in rural areas. The war followed the rails, and over two-thirds of the South's rails, bridges, rail yards, repair shops and rolling stock were in areas reached by Union armies, which systematically destroyed what it could. The South had 9,400 miles

4754:

were burned (out of 830). The South's agriculture was not highly mechanized. The value of farm implements and machinery in the 1860 Census was $ 81 million; by 1870, there was 40% less, or $ 48 million worth. Many old tools had broken through heavy use and could not be replaced; even

3860:

The primary issue feeding sectionalism was slavery, and especially the issue of whether to permit slavery in western territories seeking admission to the Union as states. In the early 19th century, as the cotton boom took hold, slavery became more economically viable on a large scale, and more

3710:

In short, even though some individual slaveowners grew rich and some family fortunes were founded on the exploitation of slaves, that is very different from saying that the whole society, or even its non-slave population as a whole, was more economically advanced than it would have been in the

3584:

The southern plantation economy was dependent on foreign trade, and the success of this trade helps explain why southern elites and some white yeomen were so violently opposed to abolition. There is considerable debate among scholars about whether or not the slaveholding South was a capitalist

3015:

cause in solidarity with Massachusetts. Georgia, the newest, smallest, most exposed and militarily most vulnerable colony, hesitated briefly before joining the other 12 colonies in Congress. South Carolina meanwhile had the largest loyalist support of any state, usually from the backcountry or

4923:

The building of a new, modern rail system was widely seen as essential to the economic recovery of the South, and modernizers invested in a "Gospel of Prosperity". Northern money financed the rebuilding and dramatic expansion of railroads throughout the South; they were modernized in terms of

4778:

and other Union generals adopted a policy of systematic destruction of the rail system. Even in untouched areas, the lack of maintenance and repair, the absence of new equipment, the heavy over-use, and the deliberate movement of equipment by the Confederates from remote areas to the war zone

3247:

The Revolution provided a shock to slavery in the South and other regions of the new country. Thousands of slaves took advantage of wartime disruption to find their own freedom, catalyzed by the British Governor Dunmore of Virginia's promise of freedom for service. Many others were removed by

2077:

The chiefdoms all disappeared by 1730. The most important factor in their gradual disappearance was the chaos induced by slave raids and the enslavement of tens of thousands of Indians. Other factors included epidemics of diseases of European origin and wars among themselves and with European

6206:

With the economy growing into other job sectors during the mid-to-late 20th century, farming was less emphasized as before (and the remaining farmers more often specialized in things such as soybeans and cattle, or citrus in Florida). The need for cotton pickers largely ended with the use of

4660:

The soldiers who returned from the war found widespread desolation at their homes. In the Shenandoah Valley, blackened chimneys stood sentinel over cold ash heaps which once were houses. Throughout the South, fences were down, weeds had overrun the fields, windows were broken, live stock had

5917:

Economic historians of the South generally emphasize the continuity of the system of white supremacy and cotton plantations in the Black Belt from the late colonial era into the mid-20th century, when it collapsed. Harold D, Woodman summarizes the explanation that external forces caused the

4424:

completely cut off such imports. The lines in the South were mostly designed for short hauls, as from cotton areas to river or ocean ports; they were not designed for trips of more than 100 miles or so, and such trips involved numerous changes of trains and layovers. The South's 8,500 miles

5460:

Per capita income jumped 140% from 1940 to 1945, compared to 100% elsewhere in the United States. Southern income rose from 59% to 65%. Dewey Grantham says the war, "brought an abrupt departure from the South's economic backwardness, poverty, and distinctive rural life, as the region moved

4749:

The Confederacy in 1861 had 297 towns and cities with 835,000 people; of these 162 with 681,000 people were at one point occupied by Union forces. Ten were destroyed or severely damaged by war action, including Atlanta (with an 1860 population of 9,600), Columbia, and Richmond (with prewar

3948:

Results by county, with darker shades indicating larger percentages for the winning candidate. Red is for Lincoln (Republican), blue is for Douglas (Northern Democratic), green is for Breckinridge (Southern Democratic), yellow is for Bell (Constitutional Union), and purple is for "Fusion"

5181:

is not a result of its ennobling and uplifting message. It is the story of the decay and decline of the aristocracy, the suffering and betrayal of the poor whites, and the rise and transformation of a middle class. It is not a happy story. The Redeemers are revealed to be as venal as the

4998:

A reaction to the defeat and changes in society began immediately, with terrorist groups such as the Ku Klux Klan arising in 1866 as the first line of insurgents. They attacked and killed both freedmen and their white allies. By the 1870s, more organized paramilitary groups, such as the

4759:

cattle; fences and barns were in disrepair. Prices for cotton had plunged. The rebuilding would take years and require outside investment because the devastation was so thorough. One historian has summarized the collapse of the transportation infrastructure needed for economic recovery.

13346:(2 vols. 1962). An annotated bibliography of about 1000 books published by American and European travelers in the South. Discusses the background of the author, the content, the authors viewpoint or bias, and the quality of the information. Some titles are on line at books.google.com 4902:

and the vigorous use of federal courts and soldiers. The Reconstruction governments spent large sums on railroad subsidies and schools, but quadrupled taxes and set off a tax revolt. Stage four was reached by 1876 by a coalition of white supremacists and former confederates, called

2022:. Natives had elaborate and lengthy trading routes connecting their main residential and ceremonial centers extending through the river valleys and from the East Coast to the Great Lakes, however the vast majority of mounds were concentrated in what would later become known as the 1804:. Civil Rights coupled with the collapse of Black Belt agriculture has led some historians to postulate that a 'New South' based on Free Trade, Globalization, and cultural diversity has emerged. Meanwhile, the South has influenced the rest of the United States in a process called 6023:

won Florida, Maryland, Delaware, North Carolina, and Virginia in 2008 but did not repeat his victory in North Carolina during his 2012 reelection campaign. Joe Biden also performed well for a modern Democrat in the South, winning Maryland, Delaware, Virginia, and Georgia, in the

1631:

were imported to the United States primarily but not exclusively for forced labor in the south. While the great majority of Whites did not own slaves, slavery was nevertheless the foundation of the region's economy and social order. Southern slavery denied basic human rights to

4821:; the start and ending times of Union Army occupation varied by state. Slavery ended and the large slave-based plantations were mostly subdivided into tenant or sharecropper farms of 20–40 acres (8.1–16.2 ha). Many white farmers (and some blacks) owned their land. However 2086:

was the most important slave market. The Indian population in the southeast decreased from an estimated 500,000 in 1540 to 90,000 in 1730. The chiefdoms were replaced by simpler coalescent tribes and confederacies made up of survivors and refugees from the fragmenting nations.

13353:(3 vols. 1956–59). An annotated bibliography of about 1300 books published by travelers in the South before 1865. Discusses the background of the author, the content, the authors viewpoint or bias, and the quality of the information. Some titles are on line at books.google.com 2220:, founded in 1565. Most of the Spanish left when Florida was turned over to Britain in 1763. St. Augustine remains the oldest continuously inhabited European settlement in the continental United States. Spain also colonized parts of Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas. 2875:

were also grown in the area and exported to Europe. The plantation owners built a vast aristocratic life and accumulated a great deal of wealth from their land. They relied on slavery as a means of working their land. On the other side of the agricultural coin were the small

4019: 3669:

In the 19th century, some proponents of slavery often defended the institution as a "necessary evil". At that time, it was feared that emancipation of black slaves would have more harmful social and economic consequences than the continuation of slavery. On April 22, 1820,

4857: 3878:

stated that the new Northern majority in the Congress would make the government of the United States "an engine of Northern aggrandizement" and that Northern leaders had an agenda to "promote the industry of the United States at the expense of the people of the South."

4336: 4063:

Both sides wanted the border southern states, with the Confederacy controlling half of Kentucky and the southern portion of Missouri early in the war, but the Union military forces took control of all of them in 1861–1862. Union victories in western Virginia allowed a

4587:

aligned with the Confederacy. They practiced and supported slavery, opposed abolition, and feared their lands would be seized by the Union. After the war, the Indian territory was disestablished, their black slaves were freed, and the tribes lost some of their lands.

5999:

for president against Truman. Thurmond carried only the Deep South, but that threat was enough to guarantee the national Democratic Party in 1952 and 1956 would not make civil rights a major issue. In 1956, 101 of the 128 southern congressmen and senators signed the

2394:. The colony failed to prosper, however, and the colonists were retrieved the following year by English supply ships. In 1587, Raleigh again sent out a group of colonists to Roanoke. From this colony, the first recorded European birth in North America, a child named 4433:

in 1864, was an essential but fragile lifeline—it took a whole army to guard it, because each foot of track had to be secure. Large numbers of Union soldiers throughout the war were assigned to guard duty and, while always ready for action, seldom saw any fighting.

3602:

per year. Demand for slaves was the strongest in what was then the southwest of the country: Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana, and, later, Texas, Arkansas, and Missouri. Here there was abundant land suitable for plantation agriculture, which young men with some

3174:, the South found political stability and a minimum of federal interference in state affairs. However, with this stability came a weakness in its design, and the inability of the Confederation to maintain economic viability eventually forced the creation of the 2645: 1791:

and others in a multi-racial coalition vigorously campaigned to end institutionalized racism in the American South as well as the rest of the United States. From a political and legal standpoint, many of these aims were realized by the Supreme Court's ruling on

1928: 5198:. The resulting "Oil Boom" permanently transformed the economy of the West South Central states and produced the richest economic expansion after the Civil War. Certain locations of the South also took part of major inventions of the Gilded Age, including the 3552: 5824:", adopting the rallying cry of the civil rights movement. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 was introduced in Congress two days later while civil rights leaders, now under the protection of federal troops, led a march of 25,000 people from Selma to Montgomery. 5310:

temporarily exempted white illiterates from literacy tests. The numbers of voters dropped drastically throughout the former Confederacy as a result. This can be seen via the feature "Turnout in Presidential and Midterm Elections" at the University of Texas'

5658: 4481:

was granted its independence from the rest of Virginia by congress in 1863. Cities and areas farther away from Eastern Virginia were more supportive of statehood. In Mississippi a county broke away from the Confederacy and freed the slaves, becoming the

3789:, the "Principles of '98" embodied in these resolutions were cited by leaders in South Carolina as a justification for state legislatures' asserting the power to nullify, or prevent the local application of, acts of the federal Congress that they deemed 6210:

During the 20th century, millions of non-Southern U.S. migrants and retirees have moved down for job opportunities and mild winters. Oftentimes they have moved into homes located near the coast, which, over the years, resulted in increasingly expensive

2612:

against Governor Berkeley, after he refused Bacon's demand to drive Native American Indians out of Virginia. Thousands of Virginians from all races and classes (including those in indentured servitude) rose up in arms against Berkeley, chasing him from

3520:

demanded the forcible removal of native populations who refused to acknowledge state laws to reservations in the West. Whigs and religious leaders opposed the move as inhumane. Thousands of deaths resulted from the relocations, as seen in the Cherokee

4472:

or pro-Union guerrilla groups. Every State had an organized Unionist army with the exception of South Carolina. Although Southern Unionists came from all classes, most differed socially, culturally, and economically from the region's dominant pre-war

2533:

almost from the beginning. The Spanish experienced trouble colonizing North Carolina because it had a dangerous coastline, a lack of ports, and few inland rivers by which to navigate. In the 1650s and 1660s, settlers (mostly English) moved south from

4558:

never formally joined the Confederacy, but it did receive representation in the Confederate Congress. Many Indians from the Territory were integrated into regular Confederate Army units. After 1863, the tribal governments sent representatives to the

4859: 4833:

one-third to one-half, with the landowner taking the rest). The cropper used his share to pay off his debt to the merchant. The system started with blacks when large plantations were subdivided. By the 1880s white farmers also became sharecroppers.

2026:. Prior to European contact, some Mississippian cultures were experiencing severe social stress as warfare increased and mound construction slowed or in other cases stopped completely, the societal decline was possibly caused by the Little Ice Age. 3342:

There were almost 700,000 enslaved persons in the U.S. in 1790, which equated to approximately 18 percent of the total population, or roughly one in every six people. This had persisted through the 17th and 18th centuries, but the invention of the

2880:

farmers. They did not have the capability or wealth to operate large plantations. Instead, they worked small tracts of land to feed themselves and trade locally, and grow some tobacco. They developed a political activism in response to the growing

1742:

were implemented all across the region by 1900. Compared to the North, the Southern United States lost its previous political and economic power and fell behind the rest of the United States for decades. Its agricultural economy was often based on

1607:

cultures, building some of the largest cities of the Pre-Columbian United States. European history in the region would begin with the earliest days of the exploration. Spain, France, and especially England explored and claimed parts of the region.

6279:

The South always had a strong, aggressive interest in foreign affairs, especially regarding expansion to the Southwest, and the importance of foreign markets for Southern exports of cotton, tobacco and oil. All the southern colonies supported the

6048:(CSA; the Confederacy) and associated figures have been removed from public spaces in the United States, mostly in the south all but five after 2015. Some have been removed by state and local governments; others have been torn down by protestors. 4270:

and thus enshrined slavery in its constitution. The U.S. Constitution has a clause that states "No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed," the Confederate Constitution added onto this a phrase that explicitly protected slavery.

5986:

An essential condition for this north–south coalition was for northern liberals to ignore the problem of racism throughout the South and elsewhere in the country. After 1945, however, northern liberals – led especially by young

5422:

in 1933 to provide rural electrification and stimulate development. Locked into low-productivity agriculture, the region's growth was slowed by limited industrial development, low levels of entrepreneurship, and the lack of capital investment.

5787: 4763:

One of the greatest calamities which confronted Southerners was the havoc wrought on the transportation system. Roads were impassable or nonexistent, and bridges were destroyed or washed away. The important river traffic was at a standstill:

2647: 1930: 3554: 6202:

from the late 19th century through mid-20th century. Many suburb areas became the base of the emerging Republican Party within the region, which became dominant in presidential elections by 1968, and in most state politics by the 1990s.

4258:

The strength of the Confederacy included an unusually strong officer corps—about a third of the officers of the U.S. Army had resigned and joined. But the political leadership was not very effective. A classic interpretation is that the

4365:

were stepped up. The slaves did become increasingly independent, and resistant to punishment, but historians agree there were no insurrections. In the invaded areas, insubordination was more the norm than was loyalty to the old master;

5023:

administration, make government a curse instead of a blessing, league with the most ignorant class of society to make war on the enlightened, intelligent, and virtuous, what kind of social relations would such a state of things beget.

2895:

trees in the area provided raw materials for shipyards to develop, and the harbor provided a safe port for English ships bringing in imported goods. The colonists exported tobacco, indigo and rice and imported tea, sugar, and slaves.

2601:

was often low, and indentured servants came from overpopulated European areas. With the lower price of servants compared to slaves, and the high mortality of the servants, planters often found it much more economical to use servants.

4836:

The system was distinct from that of the tenant farmer, who rented the land, provided his own tools and mule, and received half the crop. Landowners provided more supervision to sharecroppers, and less or none to tenant farmers.

4236:, only 100 miles (160 km) from Washington. Richmond had the heritage and facilities to match those of Washington, but its proximity to the Union forced the CSA to spend most of its war-making capability to defend Richmond. 3510:, which authorized the president to negotiate treaties that exchanged Native American tribal lands in the eastern states for lands west of the Mississippi River. Its goal was primarily to remove Native Americans, including the 3661:(the name given to the transportation of slaves from Africa to North America). These sales of slaves broke up many families and caused much hardship. Characterizing it as the "central event" in the life of a slave between the 3157: 4975:

Anti Confederate disenfranchisement sometimes excluded 10–20% of white voters in certain states and smaller groups in others. Most Ex Confederate restrictions were lifted by 1870 though all were completely repealed in 1884.

5297:

From 1890 to 1908, ten of the eleven former Confederate states, along with Oklahoma upon statehood, passed disenfranchising constitutions or amendments that introduced voter registration barriers – such as

3666:

colonists combining slaves from different tribes, many ethnic Africans lost their knowledge of varying tribal origins in Africa. Most were descended from families that had been in the United States for many generations.

1707:

laws gave Black men the vote, and for a few years they shared power in the South, despite violent attacks by the Ku Klux Klan. Reconstruction attempted to uplift the former enslaved but this crusade was abandoned in the

3906:, many Northerners became alarmed by new territory now being added on the Southern side of the free-slave boundary, the slavery-in-the-territories issue heated up dramatically. After a four-year sectional conflict, the 5819:

In the wake of the events in Selma, President Johnson, addressing a televised joint session of Congress on March 15, called on legislators to enact expansive voting rights legislation. In his speech, he used the words

5399:, the economy suffered significant reversals and millions were left unemployed. Beginning in 1934 and lasting until 1939, an ecological disaster of severe wind and drought caused an exodus from Texas and Arkansas, the 4737:

The number of civilian deaths during the war is unknown, but was highest among refugees and former slaves. Most of the war was fought in Virginia and Tennessee, but every Confederate state was affected, as well as the

2899:

After the late 17th century, the economies of the North and the South began to diverge, especially in coastal areas. The Southern emphasis on export production contrasted with the Northern emphasis on food production.

2048:

The Mississippian shatter zone describes the period from 1540 to 1730 in the southeastern part of the present United States. During that time, the interaction between European explorers and colonists transformed the

4873:

was the process by which the states returned to full status. It took place in four stages, which varied by state. Tennessee and the border states were not affected. First came the governments appointed by President

3083:, the British turned their attention to the South. With fewer regular troops at their disposal, the British commanders developed a "southern strategy" that relied heavily on volunteer soldiers and militia from the 2686:

From the introduction of tobacco in 1613, its cultivation began to form the basis of the early Southern economy. Cotton did not become a mainstay until much later, after technological developments, especially the

3930:, Congress left the issue of slavery to a vote in each territory, thereby provoking a breakdown of law and order as rival groups of pro- and anti-slavery immigrants competed to populate the newly settled region. 5306: – that were hard for minorities to meet. Most African Americans, most Mexican Americans, and tens of thousands of poor whites were disenfranchised, losing the vote for decades. In some states, 5358:

devastated cotton crops in the South, producing an additional catalyst to African Americans' decisions to leave the South. From 1910 to 1970, more than 6.5 million African Americans left the South in the

2589:

system, the offering of large tracts of land to those arriving in the colony. This early immigration by an elite contributed to the development of an aristocratic political and social structure in the South.

5276:

South were subjected to a system of segregation and discrimination. Blacks and whites attended separate schools. Blacks could not serve on juries, which meant that they had little if any legal recourse. In

4907:", had won political control of all the states except South Carolina, Florida and Louisiana. The disputed presidential election of 1876 hinged on those three violently contested states. The outcome was the 5614:

Confrontations continued to escalate. In summer 1963, there were 800 demonstrations in 200 southern cities and towns, with over 100,000 participants, and 15,000 arrests. In Alabama in June 1963, Governor

4020: 4221:, starting in May 1861, reduced exports by 95%; only small, fast blockade runners—mostly owned and operated by British interests—could get through. The South's vast cotton crops became nearly worthless. 3970:

election. Beckingbridge argued that Southern independence was desirable to protect slavery if Lincoln was elected; Bell argued that the constitution protected slavery so that secession was unnecessary.

1767:

carried an uneasy compromise with segregationist Democrats that the Jim Crow system would be left unaltered and the denial of basic civil rights to Black Americans would continue. Years after President

6303:

need for cotton would require intervention to help the South, for "Cotton is King." Southerners calculated their need for international markets called for aggressive internationalist foreign policies.

5637:

in Georgia, who became governor, but the great majority of restaurants and hotels in Georgia followed the new law as the business community realized that peaceful integration was the only way forward.

2134:

peoples, all of whom still reside in the South. Other peoples whose ancestral links to the Mississippian culture are less clear but were clearly in the region before the European incursion include the

1964:

cultures in North America were collectively termed "Mound Builders", but the term has no formal meaning. It does not refer to specific people or archaeological culture but refers to the characteristic

12258: 3711:

absence of slavery. What this means is that, whether employed as domestic servants or producing crops or other goods, millions suffered exploitation and dehumanization for no higher purpose than the

1759:

that looked to accelerate development. The white South had a strong voice in Congress, which reorganized the cotton and tobacco markets to the advantage of Southern farmers. The government-operated

5595:

has been rededicated as a place of "Revolution and Reconciliation" and is now the setting of moving sculptures related to the battle for Civil Rights in the city, both are center pieces of the

6317:. In the 1930s, isolationism and America First attitudes were weakest in the South, and internationalism strongest there. Southern Conservative Democrats opposed the domestic policies of the 4858: 2581:, who served, with some interruptions, as governor of Virginia from 1645 until 1675. His desire for an elite immigration to Virginia led to the "Second Sons" policy, in which younger sons of 2871:

were formed by wealthy colonists who saw great opportunity in the new country. Tobacco and cotton were the main cash crops of the areas and were readily accepted by English buyers. Rice and

6355:

proclaimed in May, 1941: "Virginia has always been a leader in the vanguard of the fight for freedom. She is ready today as in the past to give virile leadership to the nation." During the

1998:

for centuries, an agrarian culture that flourished in the Midwestern, Eastern, and Southeastern United States. The Mississippian way of life began to develop around the 10th century in the

2646: 1929: 3553: 5141: 3926:

was passed, requiring all citizens to assist in recapturing runaway slaves wherever found. Four years later, the peace bought with successive compromises finally came to an end. In the

2469:

was revoked in 1624. The primary cause of this revocation was the revelation that hundreds of settlers were dead or missing following an attack in 1622 by Native American tribes led by

1679:'s election in 1860 caused South Carolina to secede which was soon followed by all other states in the region with the exception of the 'border states'. The breakaway states formed the 12107: 5011:

where twelve African Americans were murdered by a mob for attempting to attend a Republican political rally. The brutality caused Congress to temporarily revoke Georgia's statehood.

5991:

of Minnesota – increasingly made civil rights a central issue. They convinced Truman to join them in 1948. The conservative Southern Democrats – the

11999: 11772: 3444:

had been extended to a majority of white male adult citizens, a result which the Jacksonians celebrated. Jacksonian democracy also promoted the strength of the presidency and the

1837:

classification for Native Americans who have traditionally inhabited the area now part of the Southeastern United States and the northeastern border of Mexico, that share common

1663:. Tensions escalated as the United States expanded west ward (also retroactively causing the Southeast region to also expand to the west. However, tepid agreements including the 6094:. They also argue that the presence of these memorials more than a hundred years after the defeat of the Confederacy continues to disenfranchise and alienate African Americans. 3997:, proposals for compromise and reunion went nowhere, as the Confederates demanded complete, total, permanent independence. When Lincoln dispatched a supply ship to federal-held 2740:, slavery evolved in practice before it was codified into law. The Barbados slave code of 1661 marked the beginning of the legal codification of slavery. According to historian 3615: 3558: 3351:

in the 1790s made slavery even more profitable and caused a larger plantation system developed. In the 15 years between the invention of the cotton gin and the passage of the

1551: 1878:

well-dated evidence of human occupation in the south United States occurs around 9500 BC with the appearance of the earliest documented Americans, who are now referred to as

11967: 10655:

Coelho, Philip R. P.; McGuire, Robert A. (2006). "Racial Differences in Disease Susceptibilities: Intestinal Worm Infections in the Early Twentieth-Century American South".

5007:, took part in turning Republicans out of office and barring or intimidating black people from voting. A standard example of white supremacist violence in the period is the 8551: 11472: 8465: 3986:. Throughout the South, Confederates seized federal arsenals and forts, without resistance, and forced the surrender of all U.S. forces in Texas. The sitting president, 3978:

followed suit: Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. The other eight slave states postponed a decision, but the seven formed a new government in

3990:, believed he had no constitutional power to act, and in the four months between Lincoln's election and his inauguration, the South strengthened its military position. 3565:

In the North, slaves were mostly household servants or farm laborers, every Northern state abolished slavery by 1804. The Continental Congress abolished slavery in the

4915:

became president and all federal troops were withdrawn from the South, leading to the immediate collapse of the last Republican state governments in the 19th century.

8353: 7512: 5457:

notes, the transformation was, "The demonstration of industrial potential, new habits of mind, and a recognition that industrialization demanded community services."

2398:, was reported. That group of colonists disappeared and is known as the "Lost Colony". Many people theorize that they were either killed or taken in by local tribes. 6837: 5838:, black people have gone on to hold many offices within the Southern states. Black people have been elected or appointed as mayors or police chiefs in the cities of 5777: 2915:

and "the worthy poor". General Oglethorpe imposed very strict laws that many colonists disagreed with, such as the banning of alcoholic beverages. He disagreed with

812: 364: 6238:

Apart from the still-distinctive weather climate, the living experience in the South increasingly resembles a melting pot of cultures in many places, especially in

3702:

Historians have begun to reflect on the impact of slavery on the entire society of the Antebellum south. Thomas Sowell draws the following conclusion regarding the

2514:, on June 20, 1632. Some historians viewed this as compensation for his father having been stripped of his title of Secretary of State in 1625 after announcing his 3111:, fought predominantly between bands of Loyalist and Patriot militia, with the Patriots retaking the areas the British had previously gained. In January 1781, the 2651: 1641: 13370:

Plantation and Frontier Documents, 1649–1863; Illustrative of Industrial History in the Colonial and Antebellum South: Collected from MSS. and Other Rare Sources.

13177: 12248: 5603:

in Atlanta includes a museum that chronicles the American Civil Rights Movement as well as Martin Luther King Jr.'s boyhood home on Auburn Avenue. Additionally,

5254:, came to represent the notion that whites and blacks should have access to physically separate but ostensibly equal facilities. It would not be until 1954 that 2867:

By the end of the 17th century, the number of colonists was growing. The economies of the Southern colonies were tied to agriculture. During this time the great

6291:, in sharp distinction to the strong opposition in the Northeast, from the remaining Federalist Party activists. Southern Democrats took the lead in support of 6182:

18, North Carolina with 13, and Tennessee with 10. There were also 149 Fortune 500 companies in the entire Southeast region including the District of Columbia.

3778:. Enforcement of the acts resulted in the jailing of "seditious" Democratic-Republican editors throughout the North and South, and prompted the adoption of the 4984: 4980: 3020:

in April 1775, Patriot forces took control of every colony, using secret committees that had been organized in the previous two years. After the combat began,

1696: 1692: 674: 531: 9955: 6529:(term 1913–1921) was born and raised in the South. Although his academic and political career was in New Jersey, he still retained strong ties with the South. 4979:

Reconstruction was also a time when many African Americans and some poor whites began to secure these same rights for the first time. With the passage of the

4988: 4774:(15,100 km) of track, and 6,500 miles (10,500 km) were in areas reached by the Union armies. About 4,400 miles (7,100 km) were in areas where 4742:

of Maryland, West Virginia, Kentucky, Missouri, and Indian Territory; Pennsylvania was the only northerner state to be the scene of major action, during the

3028:

to slaves who escaped from Patriot owners and volunteer to fight for the British Army. Over 1,000 volunteered and served in British uniforms, chiefly in the

1700: 1102: 11629: 12087: 6800: 4936:

crop when it was harvested, there was little freight traffic. The lines were owned and directed overwhelmingly by Northerners, who often had to pay heavy

6306: 5418:

noted the South as the "number one priority" in terms of need of assistance during the Great Depression. His administration created programs such as the

3589:

surpluses of slaves. Their tobacco farms were "worn out" and the climate was not suitable for cotton or sugar cane. The surplus was even greater because

3240:, absent from the epitaph was his role as President of the United States. The development of Southern political thought thus focused on the ideal of the 1983:

The namesake cultural trait of the Mound Builders was the building of mounds and other earthworks. These burial and ceremonial structures were typically

838: 828: 1980:, is the oldest known and dated mound complex in North America. It is one of 11 mound complexes from this period found in the Lower Mississippi Valley. 1686:

Lincoln's original goal was only to preserve the United States but to do that he had to destroy the Confederacy's economic base: slavery. Therefore his

8217: 6634: 3306:

From a cultural and social standpoint, the "Old South" is used to describe the rural, agriculturally-based, slavery-reliant economy and society in the

3001: 1612: 1611:

Starting in the 17th century, the history of the Southern United States developed unique characteristics that came from its economy based primarily on

1544: 1071: 634: 13318:

Rabinowitz, Howard N., & James Michael Russell. "What Urban History Can Teach Us About the South and the South Can Teach Us About Urban History."

8337:

Thornton, Russell (1991). "The Demography of the Trail of Tears Period: A New Estimate of Cherokee Population Losses". In Anderson, William L. (ed.).

6074:

Proponents of their removal cite historical analysis that the monuments were not built as memorials, but to intimidate African Americans and reaffirm

5797: 2465:

addition to reinforcements from Britain, sustained the small colony. Due to continued political and economic instability, however, the charter of the

9638: 1476: 11698:

Harold D., Woodman (1987). "Economic Reconstruction and the Rise of the New South, 1865–1900". In Boles, John B. & Nolen, Evelyn Thomas (eds.).

6019:. The region is not, however, entirely monolithic, and every successful Democratic candidate since 1976 has claimed at least three Southern states. 5742:, who was unarmed and protecting his mother. Spurred by this event, and at the initiation of Bevel, on March 7 SCLC and SNCC began the first of the 4618:

realized the weakest point of the Confederate armies was the decrepitude of the southern infrastructure, so they escalated efforts to wear it down.

4260: 3770:

and malcontent that could be brought on by French agents. In response to these developments and to repeated attacks on Adams and the Federalists by

3639: 2269:

menaced the newly founded colony until 1749 when the Spanish and Lipan concluded a peace treaty. Both the Spanish and Lipan were then threatened by

9979: 9715: 4829:, became a dominant form in the cotton South from the 1870s to the 1950s, among both blacks and whites. By the 1960s both had largely disappeared. 1828: 1029: 659: 608: 9994: 8242:(Rhode Island), 25 August 1839 stated: "The state of things in Kentucky ... is quite as favorable to the cause of Jacksonian democracy." cited in 3818:

question." Although the crisis was resolved through a combination of the actions of the president, Congressional reduction of the tariff, and the

11663: 7834: 5600: 4406: 4033: 3974:

looming property rights violations (the right to own slaves) by the national government. In January and February, six other cotton states of the

3422: 1731: 1724: 669: 485: 12166: 11940: 2324:; his colony there grew to more than 1,000 persons by 1818 but was abandoned in 1820. The most important French settlements were established at 13419: 10900: 10618: 5326:

While African Americans, poor whites and civil rights groups started litigation against such provisions in the early 20th century, for decades

4383:. The Bureau provided food, housing, clothing, medical care, church services, some schooling, legal support, and arranged for labor contracts. 4317: 1808:. The legacy of Slavery and Jim Crow continue to impact the region- which by the 21st century was the most populous area of the United States. 1564: 804: 12115: 4715: 4687: 4496:

A study of Southern Unionists in Alabama who continued to support the Union during the war found that they were typically "old fashioned" or "

6008:

Bartley states, "Indeed, the very word 'liberal' gradually disappeared from the southern political lexicon, except as a term of opprobrium."

4932:

ended the expansion everywhere in the United States, leaving many Southern lines bankrupt or barely able to pay the interest on their bonds.

4456:. They were also known as Union Loyalists or Lincoln's Loyalists. Within the eleven Confederate states, states such as Tennessee (especially 4370:

says, "It was not disloyalty, but the lure of freedom." Many slaves became spies for the North, and large numbers ran away to federal lines.

3686:

We have the wolf by the ear, and we can neither hold him, nor safely let him go. Justice is in one scale, and self-preservation in the other.

3126:, where they expected to be rescued by a British fleet. The fleet showed up but so did a larger French fleet, so the British fleet after the 2409:. While the earlier attempt at colonization had failed on Roanoke Island, the English established their first permanent colony in America in 1537: 5315:. Alabama, which had established universal white suffrage in 1819 when it became a state, also substantially reduced voting by poor whites. 2942:. Oglethorpe imagined a province populated by "sturdy farmers" who could guard the border; because of this, the colony's charter prohibited 12092: 5426: 699: 639: 524: 463: 441: 408: 375: 320: 276: 254: 221: 188: 155: 11678: 5763: 5286:

writes about being struck with a bottle and knocked from a moving truck for failing to call a white man "sir". Between 1889 and 1922, the

4391:

the plantation. The Freedmen's Bureau refugee camps saw infectious disease such as smallpox reach epidemic proportions. Jim Downs states:

3627: 3386:

and his supporters, it became the nation's dominant political worldview for a generation. The term itself was in active use by the 1830s.

5652:

Rosa Parks being fingerprinted by Deputy Sheriff D.H. Lackey after being arrested on February 22, 1956, during the Montgomery bus boycott

3594: 3131: 2694:

of 1794, greatly increased the profitability of cotton cultivation. Until that point, most cotton was farmed in large plantations in the

1493: 1450: 818: 580: 11780: 10424:

Nast, Thomas; Waud, Alfred R.; Stephens, Henry L.; Taylor, James E.; Hoover, J.; Crane, George F.; White, Elizabeth (February 9, 1998).

8380: 12020: 8435: 5604: 4539: 4521: 2943: 1148: 1093: 1066: 644: 12137: 5827:

After the passage of the Voting Rights Act, President Lyndon Johnson with the support and urging of Civil Rights leaders launched the

9054: 6614: 5572: 5445:

A real-life "Rosie the Riveter" operating a hand drill at Vultee-Nashville, Tennessee, working on an A-31 Vengeance dive bomber 1943.

4637: 3233: 3044: 717: 654: 649: 616: 602: 537: 13093: 9177: 7654: 7348:

Barth, Jonathan Edward (January 2010). "'The Sinke of America': Society in the Albemarle Borderlands of North Carolina, 1663–1729".

6923: 6332:

Historians have given various explanations for this characteristic, such as the region having a strong military tradition. General

6025: 6016: 6012: 4024:

Secession Statement of the State of South Carolina from the United States, December 1860, slavery is mentioned a total of 18 times.

3962: 3939: 3759: 3418: 983: 969: 833: 784: 737: 732: 679: 629: 574: 12220: 11281:

Pauley, Garth E. (1997). "Presidential rhetoric and interest group politics: Lyndon B. Johnson and the Civil Rights Act of 1964".

1659:

made slavery even more profitable, Southern states refused to ban slavery- perpetuating the division of the United States between

9690: 6404: 6267: 5943: 5564: 5541: 5368: 4656:

and Reconstruction played out against a backdrop of a once prosperous economy that lay in ruins. According to Hesseltine (1936),

2565:

Dramatized Scene from Jamestown court case in 1623. It is the first breach of promise suit in the English-speaking United States.

1735: 1440: 1061: 664: 623: 594: 12751: 12323: 5712:; this inspired similar marches in the following days, causing hundreds more to be arrested. On February 4, civil rights leader 2667:(circa 1785), attributed to slave owner John Rose. Watercolor shows slaves dancing and playing instruments of African origin in 6645: 6174: 4245: 3453: 3237: 2885:

of the plantation owners. Many politicians from this era were yeoman farmers speaking out to protect their rights as free men.

2188:

was the first European to see the Mississippi river, in 1519 when he sailed twenty miles up the river from the Gulf of Mexico.

2006:

culture that flourished in what is now the Southeastern United States from approximately 800 AD to 1500 AD. Among these cities

727: 566: 551: 11480: 10170:

Paskoff, Paul F. (2008). "Measures of War: A Quantitative Examination of the Civil War's Destructiveness in the Confederacy".

7872: 5134:

lower. The number of small farms in rural areas overtime proliferated, and became smaller and smaller as the population grew.

2744:, "Since Barbados was the first English colony to write a comprehensive slave code, its code was especially influential." The 12614: 12494: 12411: 12281: 11813: 11539: 11511: 11455: 11381: 10244: 10149: 10033: 9894: 9834: 9515: 9486: 9435: 9410: 9288: 9235: 8848: 8823: 8500: 8418: 8321: 8064: 7928: 7772: 7581: 7459: 7432: 7401: 7367: 7314: 7270: 7199: 7151: 7021: 6935: 6728: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6609: 6604: 6246:. The arrival of millions of non-southern U.S. migrants (especially in the suburbs and coastal areas), including millions of 5215: 4808: 4076:. The Confederacy did recruit troops in the border states, but the enormous advantage of controlling them went to the Union. 3954: 3675: 3495: 3352: 3329:

in the early 20th century. The romanticized image of the "Old South" tells of slavery's plantations, as famously typified in

2916: 2639: 2511: 2151: 2050: 1515: 1107: 1048: 956: 706: 588: 545: 353: 143: 11005: 9152: 5224:

Editorial cartoon from the January 18, 1879, issue of Harper's Weekly criticizing and satirizing the use of literacy tests."

3742:

that promoted slavery, expanded westward, and decried federal attempts to control slavery's expansion or to implement taxes.

9607: 9117: 7892: 6869:"Late Pleistocene giant short-faced bears, mammoths, and large carcass scavenging in the Saltville Valley of Virginia, USA" 6036: 4653: 4468:

harbored pro-Union sentiment as well. As many as 100,000 men living in states under Confederate control would serve in the

3537:. The Civilized Tribes were permitted to bring 4,000 black slaves with them, some freedmen also went west with the tribes. 2737: 12570:

Cooper, Christopher A.; Knotts, H. Gibbs (2010). "Declining Dixie: Regional Identification in the Modern American South".

6845: 4543:

and one general were enlisted from each tribe. On July 12, 1861, the Confederate government signed a treaty with both the

3244:

farmer; i.e., those who are tied to the land also have a vested interest in the stability and survival of the government.

2597:, continued to arrive along the southern Atlantic coast. Virginia became a prosperous English colony. During this period, 12004: 11871: 11212: 10587: 10492: 5194:, on the morning of January 10, 1901. Other oil fields were later discovered nearby in Arkansas, Oklahoma, and under the 5004: 4734:

Southern military deaths in absolute numbers, but were two-thirds smaller in terms of proportion of population affected.

4483: 4361:

Across the South, widespread rumors alarmed the whites by predicting the slaves were planning some sort of insurrection.

3822:, it had lasting importance for the later development of secessionist thought. An additional factor that led to Southern 3657:

called this forced migration of slaves the "Second Middle Passage" because it reproduced many of the same horrors as the

3590: 2927:

common in the colonies just to the north. However, land grants were not as large as most colonists would have preferred.

2609: 2488: 1503: 990: 745: 125: 5567:

In addition, some of the most important writings to come out of the movement were written in the South, such as King's "

5544:

In addition, some of the most important writings to come out of the movement were written in the South, such as King's "

3252:, more than 10% of all blacks were free by 1810, a significant expansion from pre-war proportions of less than 1% free. 11899: 10304: 9756:

Storey, Margaret M. (February 2003). "Civil War Unionists and the Political Culture of Loyalty in Alabama, 1860–1861".

8699: 7604: 7542: 6599: 5506: 5360: 5327: 4739: 4560: 3457: 3371: 3170:(1781), the South became a major political force in the development of the United States. With the ratification of the 2966: 2790:

Slavery in the Colonial period was not without resistance, the most notable rebellion in the Southern Colonies was the

2626: 2477:, formed in 1619, was allowed to continue as political leadership for the colony in conjunction with a royal governor. 2003: 1776: 1592: 1498: 1055: 823: 684: 556: 11233:

The Politics of Rage: George Wallace, the Origins of the New Conservatism, and the Transformation of American Politics

7102:

Mapping the Mississippian Shatter Zone: The Colonial Indian Slave Trade and Regional Instability in the American South

4882:

was active, helping refugees, setting up employment contracts for Freedmen, and setting up courts and schools for the

3573:(the border between free Pennsylvania and slave Maryland) became the dividing mark between "free" and "slave" states. 3197:

position in the Constitution. Moreover, they were able to force the inclusion of the "fugitive slave clause" and the "

13204: 13003: 12752:"Emancipation and Empire: Reconstructing the Worldwide Web of Cotton Production in the Age of the American Civil War" 12649: 12554: 12525: 12469: 12440: 12382: 11968:"Striking graphic reveals the construction of Confederate monuments peaked during the Jim Crow and civil rights eras" 10871: 10846: 10810: 10714: 10560: 10450: 10368: 10061: 9863: 9334: 9315: 9099: 9022: 8767: 8681: 8611: 7664: 7612: 7243: 6650: 5754:

with their grievances. On the first march, demonstrators were stopped by state and county police on horseback at the

5576: 4813:

The Reconstruction era began following the end of the Civil War in 1865 and lasted until 1877. During this time, the

4249: 3847: 3779: 3725: 3194: 3190: 2924: 2868: 2353: 2227: 722: 712: 113: 66: 12192: 11372:

Kryn, Randy (1989). "James L. Bevel: The Strategist of the 1960s Civil Rights Movement". In Garrow, David J. (ed.).

9965: 9351:

Johnson, Ludwell H. (1981). "Jefferson Davis and Abraham Lincoln As War Presidents: Nothing Succeeds Like Success".

2962: 44: 11742: 11267: 10688: 7291: 6594: 6423: 6419: 5596: 5316: 5033: 4780: 4266:

The Confederate government was formed to explicitly protect the institution of slavery as stated by Vice President

3021: 3017: 2429: 1756: 1016: 791: 430: 11401: 11071: 10981: 6309:, who served as U.S. president from 1913 to 1921, had a strong base in the South for his foreign policy regarding 5781:

President Lyndon Johnson Delivers Remarks at the Signing Ceremony for the Voting Rights Act in the Capitol Rotunda

5449:

Huge warplane plants were opened in Dallas-Fort Worth and Georgia. The most secret and expensive operation was at

4699: 4661:

disappeared. The assessed valuation of property declined from 30 to 60 percent in the decade after 1860. . . . In

1853:

in 1887. The boundaries of the region are defined more by shared cultural traits than by geographic distinctions.

1683:– the most significant country in modern history worldwide that was founded for the purpose of promoting slavery. 10236: 5489:

Martin Luther King Jr. speaks about civil rights at a press conference at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol, August 1964

5408: 4779:

guaranteed the system would be virtually ruined at war's end. The war was effectively over with the surrender at

4065: 2668: 1797: 1209: 951: 902: 33: 13358:

Statistical Atlas of Southern Counties: Listing and analysis of socio-economic indices of 1104 southern counties

12348: 12297: 7491: 6811: 3066:

ended with the surrender of a second British army, marking effective British defeat in North America during the

2706:. In 1640, the Virginia General Court recorded the earliest documentation of lifetime slavery when it sentenced 2358: 2078:

colonists. Indian slaves usually ended up working on plantations in the U.S. or were exported to islands in the

13023: 9507: 8405:

Boyer, Paul S.; Clark, Clifford E.; Halttunen, Karen; Kett, Joseph F. & Salisbury, Neal (January 1, 2010).

8125: 7550: 5332: 5264:, and only in the late 1960s was segregation fully repealed by legislation passed following the efforts of the 5220: 4584: 4396:

medicine in their escape toward Union lines. Many free slaves died once they secured refuge behind union camps.

3807: 3766:

brought these tensions to the fore, and Adams became concerned about French power in America, fearing internal

3679: 3084: 3040:

took Dunmore and other officials home in August 1776, and also carried to freedom 300 surviving former slaves.

2608:

was an unsuccessful armed rebellion by some Virginia settlers that took place from 1676 to 1677. It was led by

2071: 1977: 692: 561: 9115:

Owsley, Frank Lawrence (1925). "Local Defense and the Overthrow of the Confederacy: A Study in State Rights".

1870:

Ice Age 11,000 years ago the region became more warm and wet whereas the rest of North America became colder.

13234: 11919: 11204: 8143:

Bolton, Charles C. (2005). "Planters, Plain Folk, and Poor Whites in the Old South". In Ford, Lacy K. (ed.).

6247: 6045: 5407:

were homeless, hungry and jobless. Thousands would leave the region to seek economic opportunities along the

4624: 4597: 4350: 4327: 4029: 3983: 3811: 3107:

severely weakened army. Behind them most of the territory they had already captured dissolved into a chaotic

3012: 2213: 1680: 1394: 1011: 996: 926: 916: 887: 877: 13388: 13114: 10425: 8209: 2205: 2204:

Among the first European settlements in North America were Spanish settlements in Florida; the earliest was

1716:

took control. Even though the Ku Klux Klan was suppressed new White Supremacist organizations including the

1636:

and permeated all parts of daily life of all residents. Questions of Southern slavery directly impacted the

8864: 8546: 8492: 8457: 6400: 6220: 6187: 6091: 5294:

reached their worst level in history, with almost 3,500 people, three-fourths of them black men, murdered.

3910:

narrowly averted civil war with a complex deal in which California was admitted as a free state, including

3815: 3546: 3402: 3398: 2811: 1660: 1616: 1001: 975: 961: 931: 921: 872: 798: 331: 91: 8931:"The irony of confederate diplomacy: visions of empire, the Monroe doctrine, and the quest for nationhood" 1763:

brought electricity and modernization to that state. Yet in exchange for economic reforms the progressive

1627:. Afterwards, Millions of enslaved Africans, approximately 10% of all slaves taken from Africa during the 12723:

Bogue, Allan G. (1959). "King Cotton Diplomacy: Foreign Relations of the Confederate States of America".

12403: 10732: 10543:

A Nation under Our Feet: Black Political Struggles in the Rural South from Slavery to the Great Migration

10320: 9855: 7191: 6337: 5983:

in Tennessee. They promoted subsidies for small farmers, and supported the nascent labor union movement.

5743: 5705: 5591:

that served as ground zero for the infamous children's protest that eventually led to the passage of the

5568: 5545: 5537: 5404: 5383:

1942 photograph of carpenter at work on Douglas Dam, Tennessee (built by the Tennessee Valley Authority).

5260: 4964:(right) on March 4, 1869. Image is of Arad Simon Lakin ("Ohio") and Noah B. Cloud hanging from the tree. 4420:

gear, and telegraph equipment. In peacetime the South imported all its railroad gear from the North; the

4253: 3828: 3414: 2578: 1821: 1793: 1568: 1425: 1319: 892: 882: 13066: 13062: 8736: 7681: 6411:

was the birthplace of seven of the nation's first twelve presidents (including four of the first five).

3750:

would surface periodically in the early antebellum period, especially within the South. The election of

2185: 10360: 7179: 6868: 6415: 6060: 5902:. They have also gone on to serve in both the U.S. Congress and state legislatures of Southern states. 5580: 5419: 4505: 4501: 4354: 4283:, ex post facto law, or law denying or impairing the right of property in negro slaves shall be passed. 4057: 3923: 3331: 3175: 3080: 3067: 2888: 2856: 2852: 2530: 2526: 2519: 2083: 2035: 1760: 1717: 1021: 1006: 866: 12066: 11655: 9792: 9664: 6748: 6051:

More than 700 such monuments and memorials have been created on public land, the vast majority in the

4995:

males), African Americans in the South began to enjoy more rights than they had ever had in the past.

3043:

Southern politicians were at the forefront in the early Continental Congresses and the writing of The

12637: 10357:

Railroads, Reconstruction, and the Gospel of Prosperity: Aid Under the Radical Republicans, 1865–1877

9916: 7424: 6142: 6110: 5851: 5835: 5396: 4804: 4375: 4346: 4313: 4048: 3958: 3473: 3336: 3171: 3025: 2982: 2246: 1833:

Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands, Southeastern cultures, or Southeast Indians are an

1816: 1687: 1430: 1359: 1324: 897: 386: 8661: 3949:(Non-Republican/Democratic Fusion). South Carolina did not permit any popular vote for the election. 3606:

established. This was expansion of the white, monied population: younger men seeking their fortune.

3228:

on the grave of Jefferson. While including his "condition bettering" roles in the foundation of the

11604: 9091: 8080: 6694: 6584: 6579: 6296: 5855: 5592: 5299: 5130: 4775: 4564: 4478: 3903: 3895: 3378:

over the age of 21 and restructured a number of federal institutions. Originating with the seventh

3127: 2545:

In 1665, the Crown issued a second charter to resolve territorial questions. As early as 1689, the

2242: 1956:– AD 1000), preceded what the Europeans found at the end of the 15th century – the 1874: 1801: 1399: 1304: 1264: 859: 5804:

ministers who participated in the march were attacked on the street and beaten with clubs by four

4464:

at the time), and North Carolina were home to the largest populations of Unionists. Many areas of

13399: 13366: 12793:

Gaughan, Anthony (1999). "Woodrow Wilson and the rise of militant interventionism in the South".

12225: 11582: 10826: 10084: 9478:

Sick from Freedom: African-American Illness and Suffering during the Civil War and Reconstruction

8759: 7880:, and westerly from the heads of the said rivers respectively, in direct lines to the south seas. 7013: 6669:

As of 2021. While there have been 46 presidencies, only 45 individuals have served as president.

6391: 6299:. Low tariff policy was a priority, with the partial exception of the sugar region of Louisiana. 5680:

and Thurgood Marshall, director and special counsel for NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund].

5630: 5283: 4069: 4037: 3927: 3775: 3406: 3326: 3198: 3116: 2313: 2063: 1845:. The concept of a southeastern cultural region was developed by anthropologists, beginning with 1364: 1354: 1349: 1329: 12517: 12511: 10641: 9014: 8194:

Hyde, Samuel C. (2002). "Plain Folk Yeomanry in the Antebellum South". In Boles, John B. (ed.).

8011: 7099:

Ethridge, Robbie (2009). "Introduction". In Ethridge, Robbie & Shuck-Hall, Sheri M. (eds.).

7001: 5505:

African Americans responded to persistent oppression in the south with two major reactions: the

5497:

Segregationist protest in Little Rock, Arkansas; the National Guard was deployed to protect the

2549:

named a separate deputy-governor for the region of the colony that lay to the north and east of

1699:

gave freedom, citizenship and civil rights to Black Americans all across the United States. The

10426:"Reconstruction and Its Aftermath – The African American Odyssey: A Quest for Full Citizenship" 9258: 8358: 8001: 6554: 6368: 6216: 6191: 6097:

Opponents view removing the monuments as erasing history or a sign of disrespect for heritage;

6068: 6052: 5933: 5801: 5697: 5664:

Freedom Riders that had been arrested and taken to a police department in Jackson, Mississippi.

5552: 5529: 4666: 4572: 4489:

In Texas, local officials harassed and murdered Unionists and Germans during the Civil War. In

4297: 3782:

of 1798 (authored by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison), by the legislatures of those states.

3449: 3445: 3229: 3202: 3033: 2815: 2254: 2231: 2217: 1784: 1596: 1466: 1445: 1279: 1194: 1138: 210: 37: 11574: 11198: 10552: 9278: 9043: 8783:

Haveman, H. A. (2004). "Antebellum literary culture and the evolution of American magazines".

8691: 8406: 7635: 5762:

into the crowd and trampled protesters. Televised footage of the scene, which became known as

4534:, Cherokee survivor of Indian removal and final Confederate general to surrender to the Union. 4330:", depicts a tense meeting between a group of newly freed slaves and their former slaveholder. 4052:

fleet of warships and troop transports be sent to Charleston Harbor to reinforce and resupply

3432:

spirit. It built upon Jackson's equal political policy, subsequent to ending what he termed a

2779:

Slavery in the early colonial period differed in the North American colonies from that in the

12955: 12942: 11683: 10577: 10214: 9951: 8556: 7598: 7449: 7418: 6503: 6322: 6106: 6064: 5871: 5685: 5607:

is located in the Sweet Auburn district as is the King Center, location of Martin Luther and

5415: 5265: 4267: 4072:

to take control of western Virginia and, with Washington's approval, create the new state of

3887: 3866: 3771: 3511: 3355:, an increase in the slave trade occurred, furthering the slave system in the United States. 2539: 2286: 1995: 1957: 1946: 1920: 1899: 1780: 1769: 1600: 1314: 1309: 1184: 910: 474: 419: 397: 13214: 13194: 9217: 7918: 7567: 6550:

Presidents born in Southern states, but not primarily identified with that region, include:

6426:; in addition, Washington, while officially non-partisan, was generally associated with the 4263:, as governors of Texas, Georgia, and North Carolina refused Richmond's request for troops. 3162:

Virginia Statue for religious Freedom, by Thomas Jefferson, passed into Virginia Law in 1786

3143: 3024:

of Virginia was forced to flee to a British warship off the coast. In late 1775 he issued a

2721:", a three-way exchange of slaves, rum, and sugar. Northern shippers purchased slaves using 2181: 1968:

earthworks that indigenous peoples erected for an extended period of more than 5,000 years.

103: 13285:

Interpreting Southern History: Historiographical Essays in Honor of Sanford W. Higginbotham

11849: 11700:

Interpreting Southern History: Historiographical Essays in Honor of Sanford W. Higginbotham

9822: 9554: 9205: 8720: 6880: 6566: 6372: 6360: 6158: 6133:, the old agrarian Southern economy evolved into the "New South" – a manufacturing region. 5883: 5867: 5755: 5450: 4879: 4670: 4426: 4380: 3786: 3729: 3695: 3570: 3517: 3367: 3325:

The social structure of the Old South was made an important research topic for scholars by

3276:

The Cotton gin, caused the expansion of the plantation economy and slavery, based on cotton

2848: 2773: 2757: 2698:, and tobacco, which could be grown profitably in farms of smaller scale, was the dominant 2695: 2605: 2550: 2500: 2492: 2458: 2015: 1916: 1862: 1783:. In the face of intense opposition by racist Segregationists, Black Southerners including 1628: 1624: 1525: 1404: 1369: 1274: 1249: 946: 936: 243: 232: 177: 12249:"In the South, Confederate monuments often protected, hard to remove thanks to state laws" 11837: 11325:

Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference

9911: 9062: 8592:

Berlin, Ira; Morgan, Philip D. (January 20, 2016). Berlin, Ira; Morgan, Philip D. (eds.).

6673:

served two non-consecutive terms and is numbered as both the 22nd and 24th U.S. president.

6522:

One president was born in the South, and is identified both with the South and elsewhere:

3719: 3186:

paralleled the American Revolution, as a military and ideological "replay" of the latter.

2546: 2245:

from 1519 until 1821 but the first Spanish settlers arrived in 1716 They operated several

2176:

after its discovery in 1492. Rumors of natives being decorated with gold and stories of a

1671:

did not resolve the growing divisions the South had with the North due to slavery and the

48: 8: 13201:

The End of Southern Exceptionalism: Class, Race, and Partisan Change in the Postwar South

12641: 12631: 9960: 8158: 6281: 5906: 5879: 5847: 5747: 5735: 5734:, state troopers violently broke up a nighttime voting-rights march during which officer 5625: 5584: 4971:

offended former confederates who found themselves without the ability to vote due to the

4743: 4722: 4641: 4490: 4229: 3979: 3911: 3662: 3603: 3598: 3566: 3390: 3099: 3095: 2908: 2844: 2784: 2761: 2745: 2614: 2535: 2410: 2362: 2309: 2238: 1664: 1637: 1389: 1339: 1294: 1284: 1269: 1259: 1244: 1224: 1199: 1189: 1179: 941: 766: 756: 166: 11374:

We Shall Overcome: The Civil Rights Movement in the United States in the 1950s and 1960s

11200:

The Other Great Migration: The Movement of Rural African Americans to Houston, 1900–1941

10394: 8244: 6884: 3561:, Chapter 4. Douglass describes wealth, oppression and control on a Maryland plantation. 3456:

in government. The Jacksonians demanded elected, not appointed, judges and rewrote many

3135:

land. The other Loyalists who remained in the southern states became American citizens.

2776:, the influence of the Barbados Slave Code can be traced throughout various provisions. 1994:

By the 15th century, much of the area had been home to several regional variants of the

13139: 13103: 13083: 12969: 12920: 12900: 12810: 12587: 12458: 12429: 12071: 12048: 11904: 11819: 11734: 11259: 11063: 10973: 10838: 10749: 10634: 10612: 10337: 10281: 10187: 10078: 9773: 9738: 9581: 9533: 9368: 9134: 9008: 8989: 8911: 8176: 7957: 7778: 7717: 7217: 7081: 7073: 6980: 6904: 6154: 6137:

began to emerge throughout the mid-to-late 20th century, in skylines of cities such as

6087: 6079: 6001: 5952: 5895: 5875: 5769: 5739: 5719: 5629:

Department to bring suits to desegregate facilities in schools, gave new powers to the

5608: 5521: 5400: 5307: 5250: 5245: 5241: 4968: 4908: 4870: 4864: 4800: 4706: 4615: 4453: 4301: 4233: 4041: 3907: 3507: 3410: 3394: 3319: 3311: 3206: 3183: 3123: 3029: 2912: 2860: 2769: 2707: 2663: 2594: 2474: 2466: 2438: 2209: 2058: 2019: 1775:

Black Americans and their allies resisted Jim Crow and Segregation, initially with the

1764: 1709: 1704: 1668: 1409: 1384: 1289: 1229: 1204: 1174: 1164: 776: 771: 761: 751: 287: 265: 13174:

Historical dictionary of school segregation and desegregation: The American experience

10318:

Moore, A. B. (1935). "Railroad Building in Alabama During the Reconstruction Period".

9850:

Beringer, Richard E.; Hattaway, Herman; Jones, Archer & Still, William N. (1991).

7976: 4863:

Absolute Equality of all men before the law, the only true basis of reconstruction.by

4636:

The March attracted a huge number of refugees, to whom Sherman assigned land with his

4452:

Southerners who were against the Confederate cause during the Civil War were known as

2312:. France claimed Texas and set up several short-lived forts there, such as the one in 13254: 13224: 13111:

Tobacco and slaves: The development of southern cultures in the Chesapeake, 1680–1800

13052: 12999: 12993: 12979: 12890: 12645: 12610: 12550: 12521: 12490: 12465: 12436: 12407: 12378: 12277: 12052: 12040: 11876: 11823: 11809: 11535: 11507: 11451: 11444: 11377: 11208: 10867: 10842: 10806: 10710: 10703: 10583: 10556: 10541: 10521: 10364: 10240: 10233:

King Cotton in Modern America: A Cultural, Political, and Economic History since 1945

10207: 10191: 10145: 10057: 10029: 9973: 9933: 9890: 9880: 9859: 9830: 9709: 9511: 9482: 9431: 9406: 9372: 9330: 9324: 9311: 9305: 9284: 9231: 9095: 9070: 9018: 8981: 8903: 8844: 8819: 8763: 8695: 8657: 8607: 8528: 8496: 8414: 8317: 8311: 8060: 7924: 7782: 7768: 7709: 7701: 7660: 7608: 7577: 7546: 7455: 7428: 7397: 7310: 7266: 7239: 7195: 7147: 7085: 7065: 7017: 6972: 6931: 6908: 6896: 6892: 6724: 6537: 6437: 6345: 6314: 6243: 6232: 6199: 6098: 5956: 5821: 5588: 5454: 5146: 4443: 4280: 3914:, thus preventing a separate slave territory there, while slavery was allowed in the 3834: 3747: 3300: 3167: 3119:, was a turning point in the American reconquest of South Carolina from the British. 3112: 3091: 3076: 3063: 2993: 2835: 2795: 2753: 2515: 2304:

area, they began to explore the Mississippi River. The French called their territory

2177: 1999: 1842: 1649: 1620: 1599:. By the time Europeans arrived in the 15th century, the region was inhabited by the 1521: 1344: 1299: 1239: 1214: 1169: 1112: 131: 13193:(1979) 1420 pp. Comprehensive brief coverage of 3000 topics by 1000+ scholars. 12591: 9912:"Capital Destruction and Economic Growth: The Effects of Sherman's March, 1850–1920" 8812: 7721: 6344:

to help rebuild Europe after World War II. Rather than pacifism, the South fostered

5027: 4477:. As a reward for loyalty to the capital and with the protection of Union soldiers, 4411: 3944: 3856:

An animation showing the free/slave status of U.S. states and territories, 1789–1861

12910: 12802: 12766: 12732: 12579: 12032: 11845: 11838:"Milburn, James Booth, (1860–21 April 1923), Editor of The Tablet since April 1920" 11801: 11726: 11340:

A More Beautiful and Terrible History: The Uses and Misuses of Civil Rights History

11290: 11055: 10965: 10741: 10664: 10389: 10329: 10273: 10179: 9925: 9804: 9765: 9360: 9221: 9213: 9126: 8973: 8942: 8895: 8792: 8653: 8599: 8524: 8007: 7864: 7760: 7735: 7693: 7330: 7288:

Envisioning an English Empire: Jamestown and the Making of the North Atlantic World

7139: 7106: 7057: 7009: 6964: 6888: 6774: 6670: 6443: 6427: 6292: 6228: 6215:

damages. Tourism has become a major industry as well, especially in venues such as

5899: 5498: 5388: 5205: 5162: 5008: 4912: 4899: 4611: 4555: 4551:

Indian nations. After several battles, Union armies took control of the territory.

4300:

be held no matter what sabotaged the only feasible defense and led directly to the

3994: 3891: 3882: 3790: 3751: 3671: 3525:. The Trail of Tears resulted in approximately 2,000–8,000 of the 16,543 relocated 3469: 3307: 3263: 3217: 3216:

In the South, agrarian laissez-faire formed the basis of political culture. Led by

3103: 3052: 2904: 2718: 2621: 2321: 2191: 2115: 2091: 2067: 1904: 1645: 1374: 1254: 1219: 1117: 1040: 1035: 517: 342: 12088:"Top US General Slams Confederacy As 'Treason', Signals Support For Base Renaming" 8628: 6395:

Bill Clinton and Jimmy Carter meeting in 1978, both Southern Democratic presidents

5493: 4845: 4623:

and make its inhabitants feel that war and individual ruin are synonymous terms."

4538:

Confederate supporters in the trans-Mississippi west also claimed portions of the

13403: 13361: 13035: 12950: 12546: 11164: 10995: 10026:

When Sherman Marched North from the Sea: Resistance on the Confederate Home Front

9226: 8796: 8687: 7573: 7260: 7184: 6589: 6560: 6485: 6333: 6251: 6075: 5988: 5859: 5731: 5709: 5621: 5431: 5191: 5170: 5015: 4662: 4342: 4293: 3966: 3871: 3691: 3375: 3048: 2939: 2791: 2749: 2703: 2598: 2382:, the English began exploring the New World. In 1585, an expedition organized by 2329: 2296:

Later French arrived from the north. Having established agricultural colonies in

2040: 1805: 1676: 1633: 1576: 1435: 1379: 1334: 1234: 309: 13313:

Writing Southern history; essays in historiography in honor of Fletcher M. Green

9615: 8756:

Prelude to Civil War: The Nullification Controversy in South Carolina, 1816–1836

7640:

Sweet Negotiations: Sugar, Slavery, and Plantation Agriculture in Early Barbados

7569:

In the Matter of Color: Race and the American Legal Process: The Colonial Period

5995: – took control of the state parties in half the region and ran 5579:

which details Birmingham's role as the center of the Civil Rights Movement. The

5441: 4322: 3734: 3166:

After the upheaval of the American Revolution effectively came to an end at the

2538:, in addition to runaway servants and fur trappers. They settled chiefly in the 1882:. Paleoindians were hunter-gatherers that roamed in bands and frequently hunted 1772:

died his Supreme Court appointees started dismantling segregation in the 1950s.

13049:

Dixie's Great War: World War I and the American South. War, Memory, and Culture

12843: 12513:

Divergent Paths: How Culture and Institutions have shaped North American Growth

12253: 12142: 12036: 11872:"Jindal seeks to block illegal removal of Confederate monuments in New Orleans" 11116: 10503: 10476: 9039: 8560: 8307: 7631: 6543: 6526: 6497: 6491: 6469: 6465: 6461: 6376: 6170: 5996: 5980: 5828: 5751: 5681: 5677: 5616: 5560: 5556: 5533: 5195: 4875: 4826: 4497: 4457: 4421: 4218: 3987: 3803: 3794: 3703: 3658: 3522: 3499: 3485: 3461: 3383: 3379: 3178:

in Philadelphia in 1787. Importantly, Southerners of 1861 often believed their

2741: 2730: 2470: 2454: 2450: 2418: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2366: 2184:

was the first European to come to the South when he landed in Florida in 1513.

2169: 2135: 1988: 1895: 1604: 1122: 199: 12710:

This Vast Southern Empire: Slaveholders at the Helm of American Foreign Policy

11294: 11103:

At Work in the Atomic City: A Labor and Social History of Oak Ridge, Tennessee

10831: 10277: 8930: 8006:. American National Biography Online. Oxford University Press. February 2000. 7835:"'That Cursed Evil Rum': The Trustees' Prohibition Policy in Colonial Georgia" 6011:

The Republican candidates for president have won the South in elections since

5551:

Most of the major events in the movement occurred in the South, including the

3476:

among both Jacksonians and Whigs that battles over slavery should be avoided.

2561: 1640:

throughout the South gave the region additional power in Congress. Almost all

13413: 13127: 12487:

Dixie Emporium: Tourism, Foodways, and Consumer Culture in the American South

12044: 12021:"Statement on the Removal of Monuments to the Confederacy from Public Spaces" 11228: 10802: 10548: 9937: 9886: 9540: 9535:

Victory Rode the Rails: The Strategic Place of the Railroads in the Civil War

8985: 8907: 8677: 8532: 8098: 7804: 7705: 7069: 6976: 6900: 6563:, born in Kentucky, moved at age 7; identified with Illinois (term 1861–1865) 6533:

Presidents born outside the South, but generally identified with the region:

6449: 6341: 6272: 6178: 6173:. The former main economic base that focused largely on agriculture, such as 6056: 5968: 5964: 5955:– without them Roosevelt lacked majorities in Congress. Typical leaders were 5912: 5634: 5624:

with passage in the Senate early in 1964. For the first time in history, the

5461:

perceptively closer to the mainstream of national economic and social life."

5435: 5347: 5320: 5303: 5237: 5211: 4972: 4929: 4822: 4474: 4461: 4367: 4073: 3798: 3739: 3621:

An overseer on horseback observes the enslaved people picking cotton, c. 1850

3534: 3221: 3210: 3108: 2830: 2582: 2553:. The division of the province into North and South became official in 1712. 2496: 2395: 2282: 2273:

raids until 1785 when the Spanish and Comanche negotiated a peace agreement.

2261:

was founded in 1719 and became the capital and largest settlement of Spanish

2079: 1961: 1879: 1867: 1744: 1739: 1672: 1588: 1587:

spans back thousands of years to the first evidence of human occupation. The

11630:"Who's poor in America? 50 years into the 'War on Poverty,' a data portrait" 10924:

The Disenfranchisement Myth: Poor Whites and Suffrage Restriction in Alabama

9428:

The Freedmen's Bureau: Reconstructing the American South after the Civil War

8458:"Alexandria to New Orleans: The Human Tragedy of the Interstate Slave Trade" 8029:. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press. pp. 157–159. 7100: 6121: 2633: 2336:). Only a few settlers came from France directly, with others arriving from 10262:"Sharecropping as an understandable market response: The post-bellum South" 10049: 9451: 8593: 7713: 7682:"Punishment, Crime, and the Bodies of Slaves in Eighteenth-Century Jamaica" 7110: 6569:, born in Texas, moved at age 2 and identified with Kansas (term 1953–1961) 6546:, born in Connecticut, lived from early childhood in Texas (term 2001–2009) 6540:, born in Massachusetts, but spent his adult life in Texas (term 1989–1993) 6515: 6509: 6455: 6352: 6326: 6130: 6020: 5805: 5517: 5199: 5158:

and other diseases sapped the vitality of many Southerners in rural areas.

5126: 5000: 4992: 4961: 4953: 4948: 4895: 4891: 4640:. These orders have been depicted in popular culture as the origin of the " 4387: 4362: 3841: 3823: 3797:, a set of high taxes on imports of manufactures, enacted by Congress as a 3465: 3413:

dramatically reshaped American politics. It emerged when the long-dominant

3280: 3249: 3189:

Southern leaders were able to protect their sectional interests during the

2978: 2947: 2931: 2920: 2911:

as a colony which would serve as a haven for English subjects who had been

2679: 2569: 2317: 2266: 2196: 1973: 1873:

There is debate among archeologists and historians over the exact when the

1752: 1721: 12736: 11900:"Confederate Monuments Are Illegally Coming Down Across the United States" 11795: 10941:. The University of Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. p. 145. 10409:

Donald, David Herbert; Baker, Jean Harvey & Holt, Michael F. (2001) .

10183: 9995:"'Somewhere Toward Freedom': Sherman's March and Georgia's Refugee Slaves" 9808: 9364: 8946: 8603: 8354:"How Native American Slaveholders Complicate the Trail of Tears Narrative" 7697: 6113:

restricting or prohibiting the removal or alteration of public monuments.

5474: 5117: 4289:

a rival party, the people could only grumble and complain and lose faith.

4009: 3852: 2807: 2503:. After Calvert died in April 1632, the charter for "Maryland Colony" (in 2281:

The first French settlement in what is now the Southern United States was

1912: 11805: 11605:"Johnson Urges Congress at Joint Session to Pass Law Insuring Negro Vote" 11555: 10668: 10481:. Publishing House of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South. p. 149. 10114: 9929: 8715: 7754: 7499:

Gilder Lehrman Center for the Study of Slavery, Resistance, and Abolition

6356: 6310: 6288: 6239: 6224: 6166: 6162: 6134: 5887: 5701: 5571:". Most of the civil rights landmarks can be found around the South. The 5513: 5355: 5272: 4531: 4509: 4225: 4053: 3998: 3875: 3578: 3514:, from the American Southeast – they occupied land that settlers wanted. 3359: 3348: 2688: 2432:. White's paintings were the first English depictions of Native Americans 2424: 2414: 2406: 2402: 2325: 2301: 2258: 2127: 1834: 13323: 12633:

What Caused the Civil War? Reflections on the South and Southern History

12167:"Confederate Statues Were Built To Further A 'White Supremacist Future'" 11738: 11714: 11263: 11247: 9777: 9742: 9639:"Southerner vs. Southerner: Union Supporters Below the Mason-Dixon Line" 8993: 8915: 8411:

The Enduring Vision: A History of the American People, Volume I: To 1877

7764: 7131: 6984: 6775:"Internet Archaeology 11: Ray & Adams 4.2 North and Central America" 6348:

and honor, pride in its fighting ability, and indifference to violence.

6194:. State governments in the South recruited corporate businesses to the " 6040:

Confederate monuments, schools and other iconography established by year

3288: 2891:

became a booming trade town for the southern colonies. The abundance of

2223: 2002:

Valley (for which it is named).The Mississippian culture was a complex,

12814: 12583: 12000:"Confederate Monuments and Civic Values in the Wake of Charlottesville" 11995: 11679:"A 'New Great Migration' is bringing Black Americans back to the South" 11409: 11169:

The Promised Land: The Great Black Migration and How It Changed America

11067: 11043: 10977: 10953: 10753: 10673:

Indicates 56% of the whites suffered from worms, and 20% of the blacks.

10341: 10285: 10261: 9608:"Bluegrass and Mountain Laurel: The Story of Kentucky in the Civil War" 9138: 8574: 7961: 7945: 7796: 7143: 7077: 6951:

Hoxie, Frederick E.; Young, Biloine Whiting; Fowler, Melvin L. (2000).

6639: 6479: 6083: 5976: 5960: 5947:

Ronald Reagan and segregationist South Carolina senator Strom Thurmond.

5809: 5374: 5323:

to segregate public facilities and services, including transportation.

5187: 4925: 4814: 4751: 4469: 4465: 4349:

of 1863 giving freedom to all African Americans who resided within the

3975: 3915: 3819: 3763: 3755: 3746:

Although slavery had yet to become the most prominent political issue,

3720:

Nullification crisis, political representation, and rising sectionalism

3654: 3533:

in Florida refused to move west; they fought the Army for years in the

3344: 3148: 3037: 2872: 2691: 2297: 2230:

the oldest cathedreal in continuous use in the United States, built in

2161: 2023: 1850: 1846: 1788: 1656: 1572: 452: 298: 12930: 11920:"U.S. cities step up removal of Confederate statues, despite Virginia" 9476: 9088:

Northern Naval Superiority and the Economics of the American Civil War

8961: 8883: 8839:

Cook, Robert J.; Barney, William L. & Varon, Elizabeth R. (2013).

6952: 5792:

Lyndon Johnson's Remarks on the Signing of the Voting Rights Act, 1965

4013:

Sequence of states' secession, Civil War, and restoration to the Union

3933: 3272: 2658: 13382: 13306:

Still Fighting the Civil War: The American South and Southern History

13102:(LSU Press, 1986) major scholarly survey with detailed bibliography; 13022:(2013) 25 volumes of about 400 pages each provides intense coverage. 12925:

Best, John Hardin. "Education in the Forming of the American South".

11730: 10301:

The Railroads of the South, 1865–1900: A Study in Finance and Control

9769: 9472: 8977: 8899: 7740:

American Counterpoint: Slavery and Racism in the North-South Dialogue

7656:

Atlantic Virginia: Intercolonial Relations in the Seventeenth Century

7045: 6968: 6473: 6433:

Presidents born in the South and identified with the region include:

6380: 6212: 5992: 5972: 5843: 5713: 5392: 5278: 4904: 4818: 4788: 4548: 3826:

was the proliferation of cultural and literary magazines such as the

3490: 3429: 3315: 3292: 3284:

Downtown New Orleans, 1857 the largest city in the south at the time.

3267: 3179: 2882: 2822: 2780: 2733:

often were modeled on Caribbean plantations, albeit smaller in size.

2711: 2699: 2586: 2585:

were recruited to emigrate to Virginia. Berkeley also emphasized the

2305: 2173: 2107: 2095: 2011: 1883: 1734:

in the 1890s that attempted to unite working-class blacks and whites

1713: 13299:

Reading southern history: essays on interpreters and interpretations

13132:

The Betrayal of the Negro from Rutherford B. Hayes to Woodrow Wilson

12806: 12666: 12489:. Athens: University of Georgia Press. pp. 120–147 on Branson. 11059: 10969: 10799:

The Betrayal of the Negro from Rutherford B. Hayes to Woodrow Wilson

10745: 10333: 9130: 7492:"The Gullah: Rice, Slavery and the Sierra Leone-American connection" 7061: 6810:. Vol. 3. Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 126–134. Archived from 6500:, born in North Carolina, identified with Tennessee (term 1865–1869) 6488:, born in North Carolina, identified with Tennessee (term 1845–1849) 5338: 2675: 2577:

A key figure in the region's political and cultural development was

2480: 13315:(1965). Essays by experts on the historiography of the main topics. 13287:(1987). A major collection of essays by scholars on leading themes. 13146:

The South: The Greenwood Encyclopedia of American Regional Cultures

13042:

Dixie Looks Abroad: The South and U.S. Foreign Relations, 1789—1973

12770: 12695:

Dixie Looks Abroad: The South and U.S. Foreign Relations, 1789—1973

12671: 12018: 11972: 11530:

Issacharoff, Samuel; Karlan, Pamela S.; Pildes, Richard H. (2012).

11184:

The Blues Highway: New Orleans to Chicago: a Travel and Music Guide

10888: 10730:

Hackney, Sheldon (1972). "Origins of the New South in Retrospect".

10054:

The Centennial History of the Civil War, Vol. 3: Never Call Retreat

10028:. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. p. 33. 8743:. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution of Washington. p. 72. 7477:

American Slavery, American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia

6408: 6364: 6318: 6195: 6102: 5759: 5746:, in which Selma residents intended to march to Alabama's capital, 5469: 5379: 5364: 5291: 5169:, which was published in 1951 by Louisiana State University Press. 5155: 5038: 4987:(which granted full U.S. citizenship to African Americans) and the 4957: 4887: 4883: 4849: 4580: 4576: 4568: 3767: 3530: 3526: 3441: 3433: 2974: 2935: 2768:. In other colonies where the codes are not an exact copy, such as 2627:

American Slavery, American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia

2446: 2442: 2428:

Example of Watercolor Painting of the Carolina Algonquin by artist

2290: 2270: 2250: 2139: 2131: 2123: 2103: 2054: 1748: 9072:

The Historical Statistics of the United States: Millennial Edition

9013:(2nd ed.). Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. pp. 7219:

The European Discovery of America: The Southern Voyages, 1492–1616

6383:(Georgia), but the war was generally more supported in the South. 5228: 5018:, a Democrat, explained the white supremacist perspective in 1875: 3762:

came in tandem with escalating tensions with France. In 1798, the

3494:

The Indian Removal Act resulted in the transplantation of several

3151:, hundreds of enslaved worked here to support Jefferson's projects 2018:

was a large walled city built close to the location of modern-day

11924: 11715:"The Southern Manifesto and Southern Opposition to Desegregation" 6150: 6138: 5891: 5863: 5839: 5583:

served as a rallying point for coordinating and carrying out the

5028:

The South: rural life, Jim Crow and reindustrialization 1877–1933

4937: 4784: 4674: 4619: 4544: 4430: 3401:, lasted roughly from Jackson's 1828 election as president until 3225: 2970: 2826:

Engraving showing early North Carolina settlers settle the region

2765: 2748:

served as the basis for the slave codes adopted in several other

2111: 2007: 1984: 1838: 13153:

Railroads in the Old South: Pursuing Progress in a Slave Society

12830:

Roosevelt's Purge: How FDR Fought to Change the Democratic Party

11758:

The New South, 1945–1980: The story of the South's modernization

11029:

Remaking Dixie: The Impact of World War II on the American South

9504:

Railroads in the Old South: Pursuing Progress in a Slave Society

9153:"The "Cornerstone" Speech Full Text - Text of Stephens's Speech" 7539:

White Over Black: American Attitudes Toward the Negro, 1550–1812

7368:"Governor William Berkeley: Virginia's First Economic Developer" 6275:

commander Colonel David D. Barrett and Mao Zedong in Yenan, 1944

5206:

The Jim Crow Era: segregation, disenfranchisement and oppression

5186:

Meanwhile, the first major oil well in the South was drilled at

5177:

Of one thing we may be certain at the outset. The durability of

4602: 3102:, capturing a large American army. A significant victory at the 2946:. The ban on slavery was lifted by 1751 and the colony became a 2938:

province" which would defend the southern British colonies from

13330:

Southern History in the Making: Pioneer Historians of the South

11312:. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press. pp. 234–245. 11138:. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press. pp. 172–183. 10579:

The Cambridge Companion to the Literature of the American South

8521:

Slavery in America: Theodore Weld's "American Slavery As It Is"

8042:

From Savannah to Yorktown: The American Revolution in the South

7236:

The French Thorn: Rival Explorers in the Spanish Sea, 1682–1762

6284:, with Virginia taking a leading position within the colonies. 6146: 5813: 3961:, immediately followed by a Northern Republican victory in the 3241: 2877: 2726: 2341: 1652:, though Washington did free all enslaved persons in his will. 12193:"The History of Blaming 'Both Sides' and Why Language Matters" 11532:

The Law of Democracy: Legal Structure of the Political Process

10954:"Presidential Address: 'The Gods Bring Threads to Webs Begun'" 10142:

Marrow of Tragedy: The Health Crisis of the American Civil War

9729:

Elliott, Claude (1947). "Union Sentiment in Texas 1861–1865".

8579:

Generations of Captivity: A History of African-American Slaves

7801:

Generations of Captivity: A History of African-American Slaves

6059:

from 1877 to 1964. Efforts to remove them increased after the

5909:

living in the South stabilized and began slightly increasing.

5387:

Later, the Southern economy was dealt additional blows by the

4526: 3011:

Some southern colonies, led by Virginia, gave support for the

2386:

established the first English settlement in the New World, on

12976:

The Southern Colonies in the Seventeenth Century, 1607–1689.

9403:

The Emancipation Proclamation: A Brief History with Documents

8440: 7642:. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press. p. 112. 5287: 4765: 3437: 3057: 2504: 2337: 2119: 2099: 1965: 1755:

brought about a generation of Liberal Southerners within the

13136:

The Negro in American Life and Thought, The Nadir, 1877–1901

13059:

History of Agriculture in the Southern United States to 1860

8962:"California Sidelights on the Presidential Election of 1864" 7046:"Resettled Farmers and the Making of a Mississippian Polity" 6926:. In Preucel, Robert W. & Mrozowski, Stephen A. (eds.). 6109:

and opposition to the removals. Some Southern states passed

1619:. While West Africans were brought to the region as soon as 12197: 11773:"Romney Bus Tour Charts Course for Battlegrounds Obama Won" 10784:

The Road to Spindletop: Economic Change in Texas, 1875–1901

10640:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. p. 10602: 10478:

Lucius Q.C. Lamar: His Life, Times, and Speeches. 1825–1893

9910:

Feigenbaum, James; Lee, James; Mezzanotti, Filippo (2022).

9793:"Nations Colliding:The Civil War Comes to Indian Territory" 7820:

The Southern Colonies in the Seventeenth Century, 1607–1689

7756:

Stono: Documenting and Interpreting a Southern Slave Revolt

7305:

Billings, Warren M.; Selby, John E.; Tate, Thad W. (1986).

3919: 3577:

system, whether through outright abolition or case-by-case

2892: 1811: 13032:

Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877

11446:

Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Years, 1954–1965

11402:"Movement Revision Research Summary Regarding James Bevel" 11153:. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press. p. 179. 9849: 9206:"Constitution of the Confederate States of America (1861)" 5913:

Collapse of the Black Belt socioeconomic plantation system

5796:

A second march was held on March 9, which became known as

5403:

region, and the surrounding plains, in which over 500,000

5363:

to Northern and Western cities, defecting from persistent

5145:

Group of doffers and spinners working in a cotton mill in

5042:

The Southern United States as defined by the Census Bureau

4250:

Jefferson Davis § President of the Confederate States

3965:. Notably, South Carolina had no popular vote. Republican 3299:

1850s. Steamboats were an iconic symbol of the Antebellum

2989: 2954:

and Georgia, cultivation focused more on cotton and rice.

2090:

Native American descendants of the mound-builders include

13292:

Shapers of Southern History: Autobiographical Reflections

13213:. (LSU Press, 1964). Broad-ranging history of the region 12995:

Look Away! A History of the Confederate States of America

11945: 11000: 9691:"Newton Knight and the Legend of the Free State of Jones" 9178:"Constitution of the United States, Article I, Section 9" 8884:"Blood and Treasure: Confederate Empire in the Southwest" 8869:

Look Away! A History of the Confederate States of America

7394:

Sir William Berkeley and the Forging of Colonial Virginia

5750:, to highlight voting rights issues and present Governor 2722: 2634:

Rise of tobacco culture and slavery in the colonial South

2014:, was significant and the trading network was extensive; 12937:

Pills, Petticoats, and Plows: The Southern Country Store

12108:"Why the U.S. Capitol Still Hosts Confederate Monuments" 12019:

SAH Heritage Conservation Committee (December 1, 2020).

11548: 10864:

I Am a Man! Race, Manhood, and the Civil Rights Movement

10165: 10163: 10161: 8181:

Ar'n't I a Woman?: Female Slaves in the Plantation South

8163:

Slave Community: Plantation Life in the Antebellum South

5834:

Since the enactment of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and

5282:, an autobiographical account of life during this time, 5046:

Agriculture's share of the labor force by region, 1890:

3842:

Sectional parity and issue of slavery in new territories

3814:

the real object. The next pretext will be the negro, or

3358:

As the country expanded its territory and economy west,

2652:

The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano

2473:. A royal charter was established for Virginia, yet the 1675:'s political aspirations to control the entire country. 12907:

The Promise of the New South: Life after Reconstruction

12605:

Cooper, Christopher A.; Knotts, H. Gibbs, eds. (2008).

12100: 11529: 9909: 9326:

Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln

9048:

One Hundred Years of American Commerce 1795–1895, Vol.1

8404: 7286:

Appelbaum, Robert & Sweet, John Wood, eds. (2012).

6867:

Schubert, Blaine W.; Wallace, Steven C. (August 2009).

3738:

A photo of three unknown men representing the Southern

2930:

Another reason for the founding of the colony was as a

2556: 2253:

to maintain a buffer between Spanish territory and the

2156: 13396: 11771:

McCormick, John & Giroux, Greg (August 10, 2012).

11248:"John F. Kennedy and civil rights for black Americans" 11123:. Louisiana State University Press. pp. 694–701 . 10423: 10413:(Revised 2nd ed.). New York: Norton. p. 580. 10101:

Numbers and Losses in the Civil War in America 1861–65

7138:. American Association of Petroleum Geologists. 1942. 6928:

Contemporary Archaeology in Theory: The New Pragmatism

6838:"Ninety Six National Historic Site: Cultural Overview" 6257: 5938: 5464: 4817:

took control of former Confederate states, except for

4783:

in April 1865. There were no trials for insurgency or

3138: 3090:

Beginning in late December 1778, the British captured

3051:

tried unsuccessfully to expel black soldiers from the

2717:

Much of the slave trade was conducted as part of the "

1712:

and Conservative white Southerners calling themselves

12859: 12857: 12221:"The real story behind all those Confederate statues" 10158: 8741:

Correspondence of Andrew Jackson, Volume V, 1833-1838

6719:

Sturtevant, William C.; Fogelson, Raymond D. (2004).

6359:, there were some dissenters from aggression such as 5684:

was the first African-American student to attend the

5342:

Segregated bus station in Durham, North Carolina 1940

2802: 1886:

including Wooly Mammoth and Giant short-faced bears.

13169:(1999). Readings from primary and secondary sources. 13012:

Ferris, William & Charles Reagan Wilson, (eds.)

12959:

Liberty and Slavery : Southern Politics to 1860

9827:

Between Two Fires: American Indians in the Civil War

6557:, born in Virginia, identified with Ohio (term 1841) 5375:

Depression and the home front of the south 1933–1945

4894:(migrants from the North). Violent terrorism by the 4292:

Historians disparage the effectiveness of President

3793:. The Nullification Crisis arose as a result of the 2838:

in 1770, showing the number of slaves in each colony

2300:

and built a fur trading network with Indians in the

2180:

helped hold the interest of many Spanish explorers.

2145: 2053:(Indian) cultures of that region. In 1540 dozens of 1976:

in Louisiana, constructed about 3500 BCE during the

1923:

city and political center in modern Atlanta, Georgia

13344:

Travels in the New South, 1865–1955: A Bibliography

13211:

The Development of Southern Sectionalism, 1819–1848

13167:

Major Problems in the History of the American South

13092:(1951) classic political analysis, state by state. 12609:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 12324:"Texas leads nation for most Fortune 500 companies" 10866:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 10493:"Census Regions and Divisions of the United States" 9456:

Been in the Storm So Long: The Aftermath of Slavery

7479:. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. p. 270. 7265:. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 7238:. College Station: Texas A&M University Press. 6262: 6031: 5704:, and other civil rights leaders organized several 5236:After the Redeemers took control in the mid-1870s, 5149:. Three of the doffers were under twelve years old. 3934:

Election of 1860, secession, and Lincoln's response

3335:, a blockbuster 1936 novel and its adaptation in a 2347: 13372:(2 vols. 1909). vol 1 & 2 online edition 716pp 12854: 12457: 12428: 12138:"What Confederate Monument Builders Were Thinking" 12025:Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 11443: 10996:"First Measured Century: Interview: James Gregory" 10830: 10702: 10633: 10540: 10386:The Army in Texas During Reconstruction, 1865–1870 10206: 9532: 9467: 9465: 9200: 9198: 8811: 8165:(2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. 8027:The Southern Experience in the American Revolution 7871:. Lillian Goldman Law Library. December 18, 1998. 7659:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 7337:. Lillian Goldman Law Library, Yale School of Law. 7216: 7183: 6718: 6635:History of education in the Southern United States 4983:to the Constitution (which outlawed slavery), the 3405:became the dominant issue with the passage of the 3002:Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War 2957: 1595:to inhabit the Americas and what would become the 13283:Boles, John B. & Evelyn Thomas Nolen, (eds.) 13267:Boles, John B; Johnson, Bethany L., eds. (2003). 13231:American Civil War: A State-by-State Encyclopedia 13134:, (1997). (This is an expanded edition of Logan, 12697:. Louisiana State University Press. pp. 3–7. 12464:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. 11764: 11086:Hoover, Dwight C. & Ratchford, B. U. (1951). 10709:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. 9260:Constitution of the Confederate States of America 8519:Curry, Richard O.; Cowden, Joanna Dunlop (1972). 8313:American Holocaust: The Conquest of the New World 7396:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. 7304: 6924:"Structure and Practice in the Archaic Southeast" 5738:shot and killed young African-American protester 4647: 4606:Sherman's March through Georgia and the Carolinas 4004: 3428:Broadly speaking, the era was characterized by a 3224:, this agrarian position is characterized by the 3130:returned to New York for reinforcements, leaving 2573:The Burning of Jamestown during Bacon's Rebellion 2289:, in 1562. It was established as a haven for the 1571:for the right to vote. Front row, left to right: 13411: 13199:Shafer, Byron E. & Richard Johnston, (eds.) 13189:Roller, David C. & Robert W. Twyman, (eds.) 13100:Rural Worlds Lost: The American South, 1920–1960 12945:, Thomas E. Terrill & Christopher Childers. 12850:. Louisiana State University Press. p. 687. 12460:Rural Worlds Lost: The American South, 1920–1960 12247:Bliss, Jessica; Meyer, Holly (August 17, 2017). 11534:(4th ed.). New York, NY: Foundation Press. 10388:(Thesis). Louisiana State University Libraries. 10056:. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. pp. 415–416. 8882:Bergeron, Arthur W.; Frazier, Donald S. (1996). 8721:American Lion: Andrew Jackson in the White House 7822:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. 7174: 7172: 7170: 6950: 6403:, many of the 45 individuals who have served as 5951:Southern liberals were an essential part of the 5470:Race: from Jim Crow to the Civil Rights Movement 5112: 3421:. Jackson's supporters began to form the modern 1829:History of Native Americans in the United States 1623:began, the system was strictly formalized after 11770: 11356:The Civil Rights Movement: A Documentary Reader 11085: 10605:Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1930 10408: 10226: 10224: 9462: 9212:. Oxford University Press. September 30, 2009. 9195: 9055:"Census of Population and Housing: 1860 Census" 8881: 8838: 8737:"Letter to Rev. Andrew J. Crawford, 1 May 1833" 8666:. New York: The Macmillan Company. p. 316. 8145:A Companion to the Civil War and Reconstruction 8025:Crow, Jeffrey J.; Tise, Larry E., eds. (1978). 7105:. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 1–62. 6953:"Cahokia: The Great Native American Metropolis" 6866: 5601:Martin Luther King Jr. National Historical Park 5244:in public facilities and services. The phrase " 4940:to corrupt politicians for needed legislation. 4898:and related groups was suppressed by President 4407:Confederate railroads in the American Civil War 4034:Economic history of the United States Civil War 3953:For many Southerners, the last straws were the 3464:. In national terms, they favored geographical 3409:in 1854 and the political repercussions of the 2818:, the first college in the South, founded 1693. 12988:(4 vols, 1995); 1,474 entries by 330 scholars. 9050:. New York: D.O. Haynes & Co. p. 111. 8341:. University of Georgia Press. pp. 75–93. 8316:. Oxford University Press (USA). p. 124. 8274:Heidler, David S.; Heidler, Jeanne T. (2007). 8273: 7285: 4318:End of slavery in the United States of America 3569:and its future states. Therefore, by 1804 the 2405:, the South was originally settled by English 13047:Giggie, John & Andrew J. Huebner, (eds.) 12966:The Growth of Southern Nationalism, 1848–1861 12516:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 11844:. Oxford University Press. December 1, 2007. 11525: 11523: 11504:Selma, 1965: The March That Changed the South 10654: 10144:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 9749: 8436:"Capitalism and Slavery in the United States" 7454:. Syracuse University Press. pp. 10–13. 7167: 6723:. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian institution. 6082:; and that they memorialize an unrecognized, 6044:More than 160 monuments and memorials to the 4943: 4794: 3452:, while also seeking to broaden the public's 3257: 3079:in 1777 and the entry of the French into the 2484:Virginia map, on the eve of colonization 1606 1841:traits. This classification is a part of the 1615:agriculture and the ubiquitous and prevalent 1545: 13269:'Origins of the New South' Fifty Years Later 13266: 12604: 12569: 12427:Black, Earl (2003). "The Republican Surge". 11891: 11088:Economic Resources and Policies of the South 10221: 9978:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 9917:American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 9714:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 9481:. Oxford University Press. pp. 5, 212. 9390:. Yale University Press. pp. 21, 66–69. 9272: 9270: 9069:Carter, Susan B.; et al., eds. (2006). 8591: 8385:Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History 7565: 7559: 5927: 5918:disintegration from the 1920s to the 1970s: 3645:Hermitage Slave Quarters (Savannah, Georgia) 2618:to be once more under direct Crown control. 13080:The South in American Literature, 1607–1900 12540: 12349:"U.S. Fortune 500 companies 2021, by state" 12298:"U.S. Fortune 500 companies 2020, by state" 12079: 12059: 11572: 11556:"1965: Selma & the March to Montgomery" 11105:. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. 11027:Sosna, Morton & Cobb, James C. (1997). 10017: 9263:. Montgomery, AL: Shorter & Reid. 1861. 8841:Secession Winter: When the Union Fell Apart 8559:. December 10, 1836. p. 2 – via 8518: 8157: 8057:Yorktown 1781: The World Turned Upside Down 7372:Council for Community and Economic Research 7208: 6829: 6695:"United States Population Growth by Region" 5478:Martin Luther King Jr., civil rights leader 5354:In the early 20th century, invasion of the 5232:Juevenile Convicts, location unknown (1903) 4840: 3806:wrote, "the tariff was only a pretext, and 3559:Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass 3193:, preventing the insertion of any explicit 2977:and other native nations attempted to stop 2316:, built in 1718. In 1817 the French pirate 12541:Mark, Rebecca; Vaughan, Robert C. (2004). 12372: 12246: 11760:. LSU Press. pp. 61, 67–73, 92, 101 . 11656:"U.S. race relations by region; The South" 11520: 11506:(2nd ed.). Boston, MA: Beacon Press. 11367: 11365: 10926:. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press. 10889:"Democracy, Anti-Democracy, and the Canon" 10617:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 10582:. Cambridge University Press. p. 94. 10076: 10042: 9882:Southern Storm: Sherman's March to the Sea 9605: 8652: 8407:"12. The Old South and Slavery, 1830-1860" 7950:Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 7014:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.a2293132 6325:'s internationalist foreign policy during 5271:The most extreme white leader was Senator 4928:, equipment and standards of service. The 4522:Indian Territory in the American Civil War 4239: 3898:and the reinforcement of slavery in Texas. 2293:and was destroyed by the Spanish in 1565. 1938:Several cultural stages, such as Archaic ( 1552: 1538: 47:. Please do not remove this message until 13221:The Emergence of the New South, 1913–1945 12848:The Emergence of the New South, 1913–1945 11988: 11863: 11697: 11337: 11186:(2nd ed.). Trailblazer Publications. 11121:The Emergence of the New South, 1913–1945 11026: 10705:The Emergence of the New South, 1913–1945 10393: 10139: 10098: 9400: 9276: 9267: 9225: 9007:Rice, Otis K.; Brown, Stephen W. (1994). 9006: 8753: 8443:: Humanities & Social Sciences Online 8210:"Cotton Gin and the Expansion of Slavery" 8079: 8054: 8012:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.6014855 7626: 7624: 7258: 7008:. Oxford University Press. May 25, 2016. 6996: 6994: 6615:Culture of honor (Southern United States) 5573:Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument 5248:", upheld in the 1896 Supreme Court case 4693:Atlanta first union station in ruins 1864 3016:'upland'. As soon as news arrived of the 2843:For details on each specific colony, see 1655:As industrial technologies including the 67:Learn how and when to remove this message 13246: 13020:The New Encyclopedia of Southern Culture 12484: 12373:Cobb, James C.; Stueck, William (2005). 12274:The South and America Since World War II 12085: 11869: 11654:Mazzuca, Josephine (November 19, 2002). 11441: 11437: 11435: 11433: 11431: 11429: 11427: 11395: 11393: 11307: 11148: 11133: 10936: 10766: 10682: 10575: 10023: 9956:"The Truth Behind '40 Acres and a Mule'" 9821: 9283:. Oxford University Press. p. 690. 9280:Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era 8514: 8512: 8336: 8306: 8126:"United States – Old South to New South" 8024: 7977:"Tax Aversion and the Legacy of Slavery" 7753:Smith, Mark M., ed. (October 31, 2019). 7742:. Boston: Little, Brown. pp. 78–91. 7734: 7652: 7410: 7391: 7098: 7043: 6921: 6835: 6755:. Virginia Foundation for the Humanities 6390: 6266: 6120: 6035: 6026:2020 United States presidential election 5942: 5808:members. The worst injured was Reverend 5784: 5776: 5768: 5766:, generated outrage across the country. 5492: 5481: 5473: 5440: 5378: 5337: 5227: 5219: 5140: 5116: 5037: 4947: 4855: 4844: 4601: 4525: 4512:, was the unmanly and dishonorable act. 4410: 4333: 4321: 4060:military victory only a matter of time. 4016: 4008: 3943: 3940:1860 United States presidential election 3881: 3851: 3733: 3550: 3489: 3440:. Even before the Jacksonian era began, 3419:1824 United States presidential election 3366:Jacksonian democracy was a 19th-century 3287: 3279: 3271: 3154: 3142: 3056: 3036:, and most of them died of disease. The 2988: 2961: 2829: 2821: 2806: 2674: 2657: 2643: 2568: 2560: 2479: 2423: 2357: 2222: 2160: 2039: 1926: 1911: 1903: 1815: 1812:Native American civilizations until 1730 1563: 43:Relevant discussion may be found on the 13016:(1990) 1630pp; comprehensive coverage. 12842: 12792: 12749: 12435:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 12377:. Athens: University of Georgia Press. 11941:"Why Were Confederate Monuments Built?" 11897: 11793: 11755: 11677:Frey, William H. (September 12, 2022). 11653: 11470: 11362: 11245: 11115: 10921: 10729: 10700: 10685:The Origins of the New South, 1877–1913 10519: 10383: 10354: 10169: 9878: 9728: 9450: 9425: 9350: 9322: 8966:California Historical Society Quarterly 8782: 8734: 8714: 8680:(2005). "The Real History of Slavery". 8433: 8097: 8039: 7974: 7875:from the original on October 22, 2008. 7214: 6798: 6746: 5565:assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. 5542:assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. 5167:The Origins of the New South: 1877–1913 5125:The South remained heavily rural until 4307: 3633:Family of slaves in Georgia, circa 1850 3389:This era, called the Jacksonian Era or 2710:to lifetime servitude under his master 2172:made frequent exploratory trips to the 85:This article is part of a series on the 13412: 13186:(2009), a short scholarly encyclopedia 12897:The South in the Revolution, 1763–1789 12887:The South in the New Nation, 1789–1819 12658: 12397: 11712: 11602: 11322: 11280: 11227: 11196: 11181: 11163: 11100: 10886: 10825: 10781: 10298: 10048: 9992: 9944: 9755: 9530: 9307:Jefferson Davis, American: A Biography 9303: 9210:Oxford African American Studies Center 9114: 9094:: University of South Carolina Press. 9085: 9068: 8959: 8809: 8724:. New York: Random House. p. 247. 8676: 8573: 8381:"Statistics: Slaves and Slaveholdings" 8291: 8183:(2nd ed.). New York: W.W. Norton. 8142: 8085:The South in the New Nation, 1789–1819 7943: 7920:The South in the Revolution, 1763–1789 7817: 7795: 7759:. University of South Carolina Press. 7636:"Chapter 6: The Expansion of Barbados" 7630: 7621: 7536: 7474: 7451:1676: The End of American Independence 7420:1676: The End of American Independence 7233: 7178: 6991: 6930:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 177. 6808:The Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science 6646:Politics of the Southern United States 6642:, celebrating the abolition of slavery 6386: 6116: 6090:was the perpetuation and expansion of 5202:in the Outer Banks of North Carolina. 4246:Constitution of the Confederate States 3238:Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom 2276: 1725:continued to terrorize Black Americans 1642:Southern founding fathers owned slaves 13420:History of the Southern United States 13385:– text, image, and audio collections. 13273:. Historiography re C. Vann Woodward. 13090:Southern Politics in State and Nation 13073:Encyclopedia of Religion in the South 12991: 12722: 12664: 12629: 12509: 12455: 12426: 12321: 12276:. New York: Oxford University Press. 12164: 11994: 11938: 11870:Schachar, Natalie (August 15, 2015). 11579:Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia 11501: 11424: 11390: 11074:from the original on August 19, 2020. 10951: 10861: 10796: 10636:Southern Regions of the United States 10474: 10317: 10230: 10204: 9950: 9790: 9688: 9662: 9636: 9501: 9471: 9385: 9218:10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.33566 9038: 8863: 8626: 8509: 8455: 8449: 8287: 8285: 8220:from the original on November 7, 2021 8175: 7946:"The British Leave Colonial Virginia" 7916: 7832: 7752: 7679: 7596: 7347: 7331:"The Charter of Maryland : 1632" 7186:Knights of Spain, Warriors of the Sun 7044:Pauketat, Timothy R. (January 2003). 6747:Johnson, Michael F. (July 11, 2012). 6630:History of African-American education 6625:Dueling in the Southern United States 6620:Culture of the Southern United States 6610:Colonial history of the United States 6414:This list encompasses members of the 5676:Roy Wilkins in press conference with 4991:(which extended the right to vote to 4677:'s industrial sections were in ashes. 4437: 3676:Founding Fathers of the United States 3540: 3529:perishing along the way. Many of the 3353:Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves 3032:. However, they were defeated in the 2640:Slavery in the colonial United States 2512:Cecilius Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore 2152:Colonial history of the United States 1585:history of the Southern United States 13241:Encyclopedia of the Antebellum South 12827: 12707: 12667:"How the South Won (This) Civil War" 12400:The New Economy and the Modern South 12375:Globalization and the American South 12271: 12218: 12190: 11850:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u200373 11745:from the original on August 7, 2020. 11676: 11408:. Middlebury College. Archived from 11376:. Brooklyn, NY: Carlson Publishing. 11371: 11353: 11270:from the original on August 5, 2020. 10984:from the original on August 5, 2020. 10631: 10603:U.S. Department of Commerce (1930). 10538: 10259: 10083:. New York: Prentice-Hall. pp. 9612:The Cincinnati Civil War Round Table 9118:Mississippi Valley Historical Review 8261: 8193: 7517:The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation 7513:"Music and Dance in Beaufort County" 7447: 7416: 7223:. New York: Oxford University Press. 6742: 6740: 5501:going to school from racist rioters. 5161:Longstanding history was written by 4654:Conclusion of the American Civil War 4500:" conservative Democrats, or former 4261:Confederacy "died of states' rights" 3006: 2969:When the American Revolution began, 2593:English colonists, especially young 2557:Life and Society in the 17th Century 2157:Spanish exploration and colonization 17: 13280:(2008). Emphasis on historiography. 13251:. Louisiana State University Press. 12961:(U. of South Carolina Press, 2000). 12692: 12261:from the original on July 31, 2020. 12086:Williams, Katie Bo (July 9, 2020). 12005:Society of Architectural Historians 11573:Baumgartner, Neil (December 2012). 11041: 10395:10.31390/gradschool_disstheses.1881 10024:Campbell, Jacqueline Glass (2003). 9689:Kelly, James R., Jr. (April 2009). 8928: 8735:Bassett, John Spencer, ed. (1931). 8486: 8087:. Louisiana State University Press. 6258:South's impact on the United States 6129:In the years and decades following 6086:government, the Confederacy, whose 5939:Politics- The Great Partisan Switch 5773:Bloody Sunday-Alabama police attack 5465:The Remaking of The South 1945–1975 4515: 4232:, to the more cosmopolitan city of 3591:slaves were encouraged to reproduce 3370:in the United States that expanded 3205:retained the power to regulate the 3139:The South influences the new nation 2682:, a South Carolina slave plantation 2489:George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore 1861:Around 20,000 years ago during the 13: 13336: 13144:Mark, Rebecca, & Rob Vaughan. 12879: 12607:The New Politics of North Carolina 11898:Kenning, Chris (August 15, 2017). 11666:from the original on May 27, 2016. 11031:. University Press of Mississippi. 11008:from the original on July 18, 2018 10305:University of North Carolina Press 9329:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 8843:. Johns Hopkins University Press. 8581:. Belknap Press. pp. 161–162. 8339:Cherokee Removal: Before and After 8294:Andrew Jackson and His Indian Wars 8282: 7605:University of South Carolina Press 7543:University of North Carolina Press 6721:Handbook of North American Indians 6600:Border states (American Civil War) 6287:The South generally supported the 5905:Since 1970, the proportion of the 5816:, who died on Thursday, March 11. 4591: 3715:... aggrandizement of slaveowners. 3690:By contrast from Thomas Jefferson 2803:The 18th century Southern colonies 1934:Daughter of the Son, Cherokee Myth 1638:struggle for American independence 495: Modern Era 14: 13431: 13376: 13328:Stephenson, Wendell Holmes (ed.) 13278:A Companion to the American South 13260: 12909:(Oxford University Press, 1993). 12665:Hirsh, Michael (April 25, 2008). 12191:Basu, Shumita (August 16, 2017). 12114:. August 17, 2017. Archived from 11794:Brettle, Adrian (July 16, 2020). 11473:"The Death of Jimmie Lee Jackson" 11283:Southern Journal of Communication 10903:from the original on May 25, 2017 10771:. Texas A&M University Press. 10080:A History of the South, 1607–1936 9731:Southwestern Historical Quarterly 9044:"Chapter XVI: American Railroads" 8960:Zornow, William (March 1, 1955). 8888:The Arkansas Historical Quarterly 8683:Black Rednecks and White Liberals 8413:. Cengage Learning. p. 343. 8351: 8214:Digital Public Library of America 8196:A Companion to the American South 7489: 6801:"The Younger Dryas Climate Event" 6749:"Cactus Hill Archaeological Site" 6737: 6651:Southern United States literature 6605:Civil rights movement (1896–1954) 6004:denouncing forced desegregation. 5577:Birmingham Civil Rights Institute 5512:The Great Migration began during 5216:Civil rights movement (1896–1954) 4809:Civil rights movement (1865–1896) 4415:US Civil War railway gun and crew 4224:In 1861 the rebels assumed that " 3848:Origins of the American Civil War 3780:Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions 3774:publishers, Congress enacted the 3479: 3191:Constitutional Convention of 1787 2729:, and cotton. The plantations of 2373: 2354:Colonial South and the Chesapeake 2228:St. Louis Cathedral (New Orleans) 2146:European colonization (1519–1821) 1889: 13191:Encyclopedia of Southern History 13014:Encyclopedia of Southern Culture 12949:(2 vols. 5th ed. 2016), 1160 pp 12866: 12836: 12821: 12786: 12777: 12743: 12716: 12701: 12686: 12623: 12598: 12563: 12534: 12503: 12478: 12449: 12431:The Rise of Southern Republicans 12420: 12391: 12366: 12341: 12315: 12290: 12265: 12240: 12212: 12184: 12165:Parks, Miles (August 20, 2017). 12158: 12130: 12012: 11960: 11939:Parks, Miles (August 20, 2017). 11932: 11912: 11830: 11800:. University of Virginia Press. 11787: 11749: 11706: 11691: 11670: 11647: 11622: 11596: 11566: 11495: 11464: 11399: 11346: 11331: 11316: 11301: 11274: 11239: 11221: 11190: 11175: 11157: 11142: 11127: 11109: 11094: 11078: 11035: 11020: 10988: 10945: 10939:How the States Shaped the Nation 10930: 10915: 10880: 10855: 10819: 10790: 10775: 10760: 10723: 10694: 10689:Louisiana State University Press 10676: 10648: 10625: 10596: 10569: 10532: 10513: 10485: 10468: 10443: 10417: 10411:The Civil War and Reconstruction 10402: 10377: 10348: 10311: 10292: 10253: 10213:. New York: Macmillan. pp. 10198: 10133: 10107: 10091: 10070: 9986: 9903: 9872: 9852:Why the South Lost the Civil War 9843: 9815: 9784: 9722: 9682: 9656: 9630: 9599: 9579: 9573: 9547: 9524: 9495: 9444: 9419: 9401:Vorenberg, Michael, ed. (2010). 8929:May, Robert E. (February 2017). 7877:... the Savannah the Alatamaha 7865:"Charter of Georgia : 1732" 7350:North Carolina Historical Review 7292:University of Pennsylvania Press 7259:Kupperman, Karen Ordahl (2007). 6893:10.1111/j.1502-3885.2009.00090.x 6663: 6595:Black Belt in the American South 6263:South in American foreign policy 6032:Removal of Confederate Monuments 5706:peaceful demonstrations in Selma 5669: 5657: 5645: 5597:Birmingham Civil Rights District 5516:, hitting its high point during 5319:-controlled legislatures passed 5240:were created to legally enforce 5034:Black Belt in the American South 4714: 4698: 4686: 4610:By 1864, the top Union generals 3638: 3626: 3614: 3417:became factionalized around the 3018:Battles of Lexington and Concord 2923:more appropriate than the large 2348:British colonial era (1585–1775) 2255:Louisiana district of New France 2208:'s failed colony in what is now 1908:Mississippian cultures HRoe 2010 1856: 1520: 1511: 1510: 1472: 1471: 102: 22: 13397:Southern Historical Association 12986:Encyclopedia of the Confederacy 12322:Wells, Lindsay (May 31, 2022). 12219:Drum, Kevin (August 15, 2017). 11702:. LSU Press. pp. 254–307 . 11471:Fleming, John (March 6, 2005). 11450:. New York, NY: Penguin Books. 11084:For comprehensive coverage see 10607:. Washington. pp. 113–115. 10355:Summers, Mark Wahlgren (1984). 10237:University Press of Mississippi 10077:Hesseltine, William B. (1936). 9758:The Journal of Southern History 9665:"The Creation of West Virginia" 9394: 9379: 9343: 9297: 9251: 9170: 9145: 9108: 9079: 9031: 9000: 8953: 8922: 8875: 8857: 8832: 8814:The Impending Crisis, 1848–1861 8803: 8776: 8754:Freehling, William W. (1992) . 8747: 8728: 8708: 8670: 8646: 8629:"Like a fire bell in the night" 8620: 8585: 8567: 8547:"Slaves exported from Virginia" 8539: 8480: 8427: 8398: 8373: 8345: 8330: 8300: 8292:Remini, Robert Vincent (2002). 8267: 8255: 8232: 8202: 8187: 8169: 8151: 8136: 8118: 8109: 8091: 8073: 8048: 8033: 8018: 7994: 7968: 7937: 7910: 7885: 7857: 7826: 7811: 7789: 7746: 7728: 7673: 7646: 7590: 7530: 7505: 7483: 7468: 7448:Webb, Stephen Saunders (1995). 7441: 7417:Webb, Stephen Saunders (1995). 7385: 7360: 7341: 7323: 7298: 7279: 7252: 7227: 7124: 7092: 7037: 6379:(Texas) and Secretary of State 5509:and the civil rights movement. 3785:Thirty years later, during the 3314:(1861–65), in contrast to the " 2958:American Revolution (1775–1789) 2669:Beaufort County, South Carolina 2413:, in 1607, at the mouth of the 2029: 13406:, The major scholarly society. 13383:Documenting the American South 13122:Southern Politics in the 1990s 13071:Hill, Samuel S. et al. (eds.) 12927:History of Education Quarterly 12759:The American Historical Review 11603:Wicker, Tom (March 15, 1965). 11252:Presidential Studies Quarterly 11205:Texas A&M University Press 10576:Monteith, Sharon, ed. (2013). 9791:Smith, Troy (September 2013). 9559:North Carolina History Project 9508:Johns Hopkins University Press 9323:Goodwin, Doris Kearns (2005). 9304:Cooper, William James (2000). 8527:: F. E. Peacock. p. 198. 8456:Sweig, Donald (October 2014). 8198:. Blackwell. pp. 139–155. 8105:. Hill & Wang. p. 73. 7944:Moomaw, W. Hugh (April 1958). 7566:Higginbotham, A. Leon (1975). 6957:The Michigan Historical Review 6944: 6915: 6860: 6792: 6767: 6712: 6687: 6125:View of Midtown Atlanta (2016) 5333:American Civil Rights Movement 5121:Sharecroppers in Georgia, 1941 4918: 4648:Material ruin and human losses 4530:Confederate Brigadier General 4078: 4005:Confederate States (1861–1865) 2903:Further south British General 2799:by the oppression of slavery. 2378:Just before they defeated the 1: 13158:Moreland; Laurence W. et al. 12832:. Belknap Press. p. 220. 12485:Stanonis, Anthony J. (2008). 11719:Arkansas Historical Quarterly 11560:Civil Rights Movement Archive 10099:Livermore, Thomas L. (1901). 9531:Turner, George Edgar (1953). 9458:. New York: Knopf. p. 5. 9310:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 9075:. Cambridge University Press. 7818:Craven, Wesley Frank (1949). 7262:Roanoke: The Abandoned Colony 7002:"Southeast Woodlands Indians" 6922:Sassaman, Kenneth E. (2010). 6680: 6046:Confederate States of America 5302:, residency requirements and 5113:Economy of the Jim Crow South 4952:Cartoon threatening that the 4890:(native Southern whites) and 4328:A Visit from the Old Mistress 4030:Confederate States of America 3984:Confederate States of America 3963:presidential election of 1860 3892:Amemrican annexation of Texas 3865:balance by agreeing to admit 3597:). The pro-slavery Virginian 3506:In 1830, Congress passed the 3448:branch at the expense of the 3026:proclamation offering freedom 2417:, which in turn empties into 2237:Spanish Texas was one of the 2212:in 1559. More successful was 2165:Herando de Soto's Expedition. 2044:Herando De Soto burns Mabqila 1950: 1939: 1681:Confederate States of America 13320:Georgia Historical Quarterly 13301:(U. of Alabama Press, 2001). 13249:The Origins of the New South 13024:sample volume on "Folk Art". 12998:. New York: The Free Press. 11502:Fager, Charles (July 1985). 11044:"The South in a War Economy" 10786:. University of Texas Press. 10526:Economic History Association 10140:Humphreys, Margaret (2013). 10103:. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin. 9999:Georgia Historical Quarterly 9879:Trudeau, Noah Andre (2008). 9829:. New York: The Free Press. 9606:Hutchinson, Jack T. (2000). 9277:McPherson, James M. (1988). 8797:10.1016/j.poetic.2003.12.002 8663:History of the United States 8493:University of Virginia Press 8434:Leccese, Stephen R. (2015). 8147:. Blackwell. pp. 75–94. 7917:Alden, John Richard (1957). 7839:Georgia Historical Quarterly 7653:Hatfield, April Lee (2004). 7392:Billings, Warren M. (2004). 7307:Colonial Virginia: A History 6656: 6518:of Arkansas (term 1993–2001) 6494:of Virginia (term 1849–1850) 6482:of Virginia (term 1841–1845) 6458:of Virginia (term 1817–1825) 6452:of Virginia (term 1809–1817) 6446:of Virginia (term 1801–1809) 6440:of Virginia (term 1789–1797) 6401:history of the United States 6221:Myrtle Beach, South Carolina 5800:. That evening, three white 5758:near Selma. The police shot 5313:Politics: Barriers to Voting 4852:Voting in New Orleans (1867) 4721:Ruins of Richmond after the 4625:Sherman's "March to the Sea" 4460:), Virginia (which included 4400: 4341:Modern reading of President 4080:Comparison of Union and CSA 3694:, in a famous speech in the 3547:Slavery in the United States 3468:, justifying it in terms of 3122:The British army marched to 2967:Abduction of Boones Daughter 2702:export of the South and the 2540:Albemarle borderlands region 970:Hispanic and Latino American 7: 13390:Journal of Southern History 13322:(1989) 73#1 pp. 54–66 13290:Boles, John, et al. (eds.) 13184:The A to Z of the Old South 13160:Blacks in Southern Politics 13051:(U of Alabama Press, 2020) 12929:(1996) 36#1 pp. 39–51 12795:Journal of Southern History 12456:Kirby, Jack Temple (1986). 12404:University Press of Florida 11354:Kirk, John A., ed. (2020). 11310:The South in Modern America 11308:Grantham, Dewey W. (1994). 11246:Gilbert, Robert E. (1982). 11197:Pruitt, Bernadette (2013). 11151:The South in Modern America 11149:Grantham, Dewey W. (1994). 11136:The South in Modern America 11134:Grantham, Dewey W. (1994). 11101:Olwell, Russell B. (2004). 10958:Journal of American History 10887:Pildes, Richard H. (2000). 10733:Journal of Southern History 10701:Tindall, George B. (1967). 10321:Journal of Southern History 10266:Journal of Economic History 10205:Ezell, John Samuel (1963). 9856:University of Georgia Press 9388:Southern Negroes, 1861–1865 9349:For a defense of Davis see 8935:Journal of Southern History 8871:. New York: The Free Press. 8103:American Slavery: 1619–1877 8055:Morrissey, Brendan (1997). 7981:University of Chicago Press 7192:University of Georgia Press 6573: 6512:of Georgia (term 1977–1981) 6338:Virginia Military Institute 6105:in particular have mounted 5907:African American population 5744:Selma to Montgomery marches 5575:in Birmingham includes the 5569:Letter from Birmingham Jail 5546:Letter from Birmingham Jail 5538:Selma to Montgomery marches 5261:Brown v. Board of Education 5014:Mississippi Representative 4878:that lasted 1865–1866. The 4638:Special Field Orders No. 15 4254:Confederate States Congress 3922:territories and a stronger 3829:Southern Literary Messenger 3415:Democratic-Republican Party 3234:Declaration of Independence 3045:Declaration of Independence 2812:College of William and Mary 2529:developed differently from 2499:for what was to become the 2072:Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville 1822:Mississippian copper plates 1569:Selma to Montgomery marches 49:conditions to do so are met 10: 13436: 13402:November 18, 2021, at the 13247:Woodward, C. Vann (1951). 13165:Paterson, Thomas G. (ed.) 13148:(2004). Post-1945 society. 13120:Lamis, Alexander P. (ed.) 12992:Davis, William C. (2003). 12037:10.1525/jsah.2020.79.4.379 11756:Bartley, Numan V. (1995). 11338:Theoharis, Jeanne (2018). 10952:Chafe, William H. (2000). 10937:Springer, Melanie (2014). 10767:Spellman, Paul N. (2001). 10683:Woodward, C. Vann (1951). 10657:Social History of Medicine 10520:Whitten, David O. (2010). 10361:Princeton University Press 10231:Brown, D. Clayton (2010). 9386:Wiley, Bell Irvin (1938). 9037:Railroad mileage is from: 8552:South Branch Intelligencer 7975:Einhorn, Robin L. (2006). 7893:"Royal Georgia, 1752–1776" 7833:Sweet, Julie Anne (2010). 7680:Paton, D. (June 1, 2001). 7475:Morgan, Edmund S. (1975). 7234:Weddle, Robert S. (1991). 6407:have been from the South. 6061:Charleston church shooting 5931: 5581:16th Street Baptist Church 5420:Tennessee Valley Authority 5209: 5031: 4944:Backlash to Reconstruction 4798: 4795:Reconstruction (1865–1877) 4598:Sherman's March to the Sea 4595: 4519: 4441: 4404: 4311: 4243: 4027: 3937: 3924:Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 3845: 3760:1796 presidential election 3723: 3544: 3483: 3261: 3258:Antebellum era (1789–1861) 3176:United States Constitution 3081:American Revolutionary War 3068:American Revolutionary War 2999: 2857:Province of South Carolina 2853:Province of North Carolina 2637: 2527:Province of North Carolina 2510:) was granted to his son, 2351: 2206:Tristán de Luna y Arellano 2149: 2084:Charleston, South Carolina 2036:Mississippian shatter zone 2033: 1893: 1826: 1798:President Lyndon Johnson's 1761:Tennessee Valley Authority 1730:After the dissolving of a 1629:Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade 12630:Ayers, Edward L. (2005). 11713:Aucoin, Brent J. (1996). 11295:10.1080/10417949709373074 11048:Southern Economic Journal 10893:Constitutional Commentary 10384:Richter, William (1970). 10278:10.1017/S0022050700076476 9637:Scott, Carole E. (2016). 9426:Cimbala, Paul A. (2005). 9086:Surdam, David G. (2001). 8466:Alexandria Gazette-Packet 8249:Oxford English Dictionary 7686:Journal of Social History 7600:South Carolina: A History 7597:Edgar, Walter B. (1998). 7537:Jordan, Winthrop (1968). 7425:Syracuse University Press 6506:of Texas (term 1963–1969) 6321:, but strongly supported 5928:A New South (1975-Onward) 5836:Voting Rights Act of 1965 5397:Wall Street Crash of 1929 4911:, whereby the Republican 4805:Reconstruction Amendments 4665:, business was stagnant; 4630:American Economic Journal 4376:Emancipation Proclamation 4353:but not those within the 4347:Emancipation Proclamation 4314:Emancipation Proclamation 3867:"slave" and "free" states 3232:, and the writing of the 3172:Articles of Confederation 2285:, located in what is now 2194:, a Spanish explorer and 1688:Emancipation Proclamation 13351:Travels in the Old South 13311:Link, Arthur S., et al. 13162:Praeger Publishers, 1987 13113:(UNC Press Books, 2012) 12984:Current, Richard, (ed.) 12917:The New South, 1945–1980 12398:Dennis, Michael (2009). 11406:Chicago Freedom Movement 11358:. John Wiley & Sons. 11352:For primary sources see 11182:Knight, Richard (2003). 10782:Spratt, John S. (1955). 10522:"The Depression of 1893" 10455:New Georgia Encyclopedia 10299:Stover, John F. (1955). 10260:Reid, Joseph D. (1973). 9993:Parten, Bennett (2017). 9502:Marrs, Aaron W. (2009). 9430:. Malabar, FL: Krieger. 9405:. Bedford/St. Martin's. 9010:West Virginia: A History 8487:Dew, Charles B. (2016). 8040:Lumpkin, Henry (2000) . 7897:New Georgia Encyclopedia 7215:Morison, Samuel (1975). 7136:Source Beds of Petroleum 6806:. In Elias, S.A. (ed.). 6585:African-American history 6580:African-American culture 5593:Civil Rights Act of 1964 5587:as well as the adjacent 5179:Origins of the New South 4841:Political Reconstruction 4755:repairs were difficult. 4565:Elias Cornelius Boudinot 4117:1860 Border state slaves 3957:in 1859 by abolitionist 3890:, leading eventually to 3128:Battle of the Chesapeake 3098:coastline. In 1780 they 2919:and thought a system of 2243:Viceroyalty of New Spain 2214:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés 2186:Alonso Álvarez de Pineda 1875:Peopling of the Americas 473: 451: 429: 418: 396: 385: 363: 352: 341: 330: 308: 297: 286: 264: 242: 231: 209: 198: 176: 165: 13229:Tucker, Spencer, (ed.) 13205:excerpt and text search 12872:Fry (2002), pp. 4, 282. 12272:Cobb, James C. (2011). 11583:Ferris State University 11442:Williams, Juan (2002). 11342:. Boston: Beacon Press. 10922:Feldman, Glenn (2004). 10115:"Facts – The Civil War" 9952:Gates, Henry Louis, Jr. 9695:Mississippi History Now 9643:Warfare History Network 8760:Oxford University Press 5688:who later expelled her. 5631:Civil Rights Commission 5605:Ebenezer Baptist Church 4240:Politics and Government 4194:Bales of cotton in 1864 4183:Bales of cotton in 1860 4038:Confederate States Army 3776:Alien and Sedition Acts 3678:, wrote in a letter to 3327:Ulrich Bonnell Phillips 3199:Three-Fifths Compromise 3117:Cowpens, South Carolina 2996:, South Carolina (1781) 1603:, well known for their 991:Middle Eastern American 813:Technology and industry 13297:Feldman, Glenn, (ed.) 13276:Boles, John B., (ed.) 13233:(2 vols, 2015) 1019pp 12974:Craven, Wesley Frank. 12750:Beckert, Sven (2004). 12708:Karp, Matthew (2016). 12328:Houston Agent Magazine 11998:(September 13, 2017). 11323:Garrow, David (1986). 11090:. New York: Macmillan. 11042:Hon, Ralph C. (1942). 10475:Mayes, Edward (1896). 9586:Tennessee Encyclopedia 9052:; For other data see: 8810:Potter, David (1977). 8489:The Making of a Racist 8245:"Jacksonian democracy" 8115:Kolchin (1994), p. 81. 7111:10.2307/j.ctt1dgn4d8.6 6836:Prentice, Guy (2003). 6799:Carlson, A.E. (2013). 6555:William Henry Harrison 6396: 6369:Martin Luther King Jr. 6276: 6217:Williamsburg, Virginia 6177:, was phased out with 6126: 6069:murder of George Floyd 6041: 5948: 5934:Southern United States 5793: 5782: 5774: 5698:Martin Luther King Jr. 5553:Montgomery bus boycott 5530:Montgomery bus boycott 5502: 5490: 5479: 5446: 5384: 5343: 5233: 5225: 5184: 5150: 5122: 5043: 5025: 4965: 4867: 4853: 4781:Appomattox Court House 4771: 4679: 4607: 4573:Samuel Benton Callahan 4535: 4416: 4358: 4331: 4286: 4276:Article I Section 9(4) 4047:Coast. An invasion of 4025: 4014: 3955:raid on Harper's Ferry 3950: 3899: 3857: 3743: 3717: 3688: 3562: 3503: 3496:Native American tribes 3472:. There was usually a 3450:United States Congress 3303: 3285: 3277: 3230:University of Virginia 3163: 3152: 3075:After their defeat at 3072: 3034:Battle of Great Bridge 2997: 2986: 2839: 2827: 2819: 2816:Williamsburg, Virginia 2683: 2672: 2655: 2574: 2566: 2485: 2433: 2370: 2234: 2232:Louisiana (New France) 2201:Louisiana, and Texas. 2166: 2045: 1935: 1924: 1909: 1824: 1705:Radical reconstruction 1617:institution of slavery 1597:Southern United States 1580: 1103:Admission to the Union 13104:online free to borrow 13094:online free to borrow 12885:Abernethy, Thomas P. 12737:10.1353/cwh.1959.0039 12712:. Harvard University. 11684:Brookings Institution 10862:Estes, Steve (2005). 10839:Harper & Brothers 10632:Odum, Howard (1936). 10539:Hahn, Steven (2005). 10184:10.1353/cwh.2008.0007 10119:National Park Service 9823:Hauptman, Laurence M. 9809:10.1353/cwh.2013.0054 9669:Encyclopedia Virginia 9365:10.1353/cwh.1981.0055 9227:2027/emu.000011289316 8947:10.1353/soh.2017.0002 8604:10.4324/9781315035673 8557:Romney, West Virginia 7698:10.1353/jsh.2001.0066 6842:National Park Service 6753:Encyclopedia Virginia 6504:Lyndon Baines Johnson 6394: 6270: 6124: 6065:Unite the Right rally 6039: 5946: 5791: 5780: 5772: 5686:University of Alabama 5496: 5488: 5477: 5444: 5434:, became the base of 5416:Franklin D. Roosevelt 5382: 5341: 5266:civil rights movement 5231: 5223: 5175: 5144: 5120: 5041: 5032:Further information: 5020: 4951: 4862: 4848: 4761: 4658: 4605: 4529: 4414: 4340: 4325: 4273: 4268:Alexander H. Stephens 4023: 4012: 3947: 3888:Battle of San Jacinto 3885: 3855: 3772:Democratic-Republican 3737: 3708: 3684: 3682:, that with slavery, 3585:society and economy. 3557: 3512:Five Civilized Tribes 3493: 3291: 3283: 3275: 3262:Further information: 3161: 3146: 3060: 3000:Further information: 2992: 2965: 2833: 2825: 2810: 2738:British North America 2678: 2661: 2650: 2572: 2564: 2483: 2427: 2361: 2287:Jacksonville, Florida 2226: 2164: 2043: 1996:Mississippian culture 1978:Middle Archaic period 1958:Mississippian culture 1933: 1915: 1907: 1900:Mississippian culture 1819: 1785:Martin Luther King Jr 1781:civil rights movement 1770:Franklin D. Roosevelt 1661:free and slave states 1567: 1094:Territorial evolution 387:Post-World War II Era 13356:Johnson, Charles S. 13182:Richter, William L. 13098:Kirby, Jack Temple. 12863:Dunn (2010), p. 221. 12828:Dunn, Susan (2010). 12693:Fry, Joseph (2002). 12510:Egnal, Marc (1996). 12067:"The Law of Treason" 11806:10.2307/j.ctv12fw7xq 10769:Spindletop Boom Days 10509:on January 20, 2013. 10209:The South since 1865 9930:10.1257/app.20200397 9663:Barksdale, Kevin T. 9182:United States Senate 8159:Blassingame, John W. 8081:Abernethy, Thomas P. 7132:"Mid-Continent Area" 6779:Internet Archaeology 6567:Dwight D. Eisenhower 6361:J. William Fulbright 6340:, is famous for the 5798:"Turnaround Tuesday" 5756:Edmund Pettus Bridge 5451:Oak Ridge, Tennessee 4561:Confederate Congress 4308:Abolition of slavery 4219:Union naval blockade 4205:Pre-war U.S. exports 4128:1860 Southern slaves 3904:Mexican–American War 3896:Mexican–American War 3812:southern confederacy 3787:Nullification Crisis 3730:Nullification Crisis 3595:they could not marry 3518:Jacksonian Democrats 3399:political scientists 3368:political philosophy 2849:Province of Maryland 2752:colonies, including 2696:Province of Carolina 2547:Carolina proprietors 2501:Province of Maryland 2441:and much of coastal 2308:, in honor of their 1985:flat-topped pyramids 1949:, and the Woodland ( 1917:Etowah Indian Mounds 1863:Last Glacial Maximum 1800:(also a Southerner) 1621:English colonization 1601:Mississippian people 1017:Palestinian American 233:Era of Good Feelings 178:Confederation period 115:Timeline and periods 13367:Phillips, Ulrich B. 13219:Tindall, George B. 13209:Sydnor, Charles W. 13176:(Bloomsbury, 1998) 12951:online 1991 edition 12112:National Geographic 11783:on August 13, 2012. 11634:Pew Research Center 11483:on January 13, 2014 11327:. New York: Morrow. 10430:Library of Congress 9954:(January 7, 2013). 9618:on February 7, 2007 8633:Library of Congress 8627:Jefferson, Thomas. 8595:The Slaves' Economy 8177:White, Deborah Gray 7807:. pp. 272–276. 7765:10.2307/j.ctvqr1bf0 7607:. pp. 131–54. 7006:Oxford Music Online 6885:2009Borea..38..482S 6387:Southern presidents 6295:, and the war with 6282:American Revolution 6135:High-rise buildings 6117:Economy and Society 5736:James Bonard Fowler 5717:Jail", appeared in 5626:southern filibuster 5585:Birmingham campaign 5308:grandfather clauses 4744:Gettysburg Campaign 4723:Siege of Petersburg 4642:40 acres and a mule 4491:Cooke County, Texas 4484:Free State of Jones 4466:Southern Appalachia 4230:Montgomery, Alabama 4081: 4066:Unionist government 3982:, in February: the 3980:Montgomery, Alabama 3928:Kansas–Nebraska Act 3912:Southern California 3663:American Revolution 3599:Thomas Roderick Dew 3567:Northwest Territory 3460:to reflect the new 3458:state constitutions 3407:Kansas–Nebraska Act 3391:Second Party System 3337:1939 Hollywood film 3147:Thomas Jefferson's 3094:and controlled the 2913:imprisoned for debt 2845:Province of Georgia 2785:British West Indies 2746:Barbados Slave Code 2595:indentured servants 2583:English aristocrats 2411:Jamestown, Virginia 2332:(originally called 2277:French colonization 2059:paramount chiefdoms 1665:Missouri Compromise 952:Lithuanian American 903:Vietnamese American 167:American Revolution 36:of this article is 13304:Goldfield, David. 13253:A classic history 13223:(LSU Press, 1967) 13124:(LSU Press, 1999). 13053:online book review 12978:(LSU Press, 1949) 12968:(LSU Press, 1953) 12956:Cooper, William J. 12947:The American South 12943:Cooper, William J. 12919:(LSU Press, 1996) 12915:Bartley, Numan V. 12899:(LSU Press, 1957) 12889:(LSU Press, 1961) 12584:10.1353/sof.0.0284 12118:on August 17, 2017 12072:The New York Times 11928:. August 16, 2017. 11905:The New York Times 11797:Colossal Ambitions 11609:The New York Times 10669:10.1093/shm/hkl047 10500:U.S. Census Bureau 10451:"Camilla Massacre" 10121:. October 27, 2021 9065:on March 27, 2010. 9059:U.S. Census Bureau 8818:. Harper Collins. 8308:Stannard, David E. 8240:Providence Patriot 7869:The Avalon Project 7632:Menard, Russell R. 7427:. pp. 87–93. 7335:The Avalon Project 7180:Hudson, Charles M. 7144:10.1306/sv12343c10 7050:American Antiquity 6699:U.S. Census Bureau 6472:, identified with 6397: 6323:Franklin Roosevelt 6277: 6244:metropolitan areas 6200:courthouse cliques 6127: 6099:white nationalists 6088:founding principle 6055:during the era of 6042: 6002:Southern Manifesto 5979:in Louisiana, and 5953:New Deal coalition 5949: 5794: 5783: 5775: 5740:Jimmie Lee Jackson 5730:On February 18 in 5720:The New York Times 5609:Coretta Scott King 5555:, the Mississippi 5532:, the Mississippi 5503: 5491: 5480: 5447: 5401:Oklahoma Panhandle 5385: 5344: 5258:was overturned in 5251:Plessy v. Ferguson 5246:separate but equal 5242:racial segregation 5234: 5226: 5151: 5123: 5044: 4966: 4909:Compromise of 1877 4868: 4854: 4801:Reconstruction era 4707:Battle of Antietam 4616:William T. Sherman 4608: 4536: 4454:Southern Unionists 4438:Southern Unionists 4417: 4359: 4332: 4234:Richmond, Virginia 4172:Firearm production 4161:Manufactured items 4079: 4042:American Civil War 4026: 4015: 3951: 3908:Compromise of 1850 3900: 3858: 3744: 3706:value of slavery: 3563: 3541:Antebellum slavery 3508:Indian Removal Act 3504: 3411:American Civil War 3332:Gone with the Wind 3320:Reconstruction Era 3312:American Civil War 3304: 3286: 3278: 3164: 3153: 3132:General Cornwallis 3124:Yorktown, Virginia 3073: 3030:Ethiopian Regiment 2998: 2987: 2861:Colony of Virginia 2840: 2828: 2820: 2714:for running away. 2684: 2673: 2664:The Old Plantation 2656: 2575: 2567: 2486: 2475:House of Burgesses 2467:Colony of Virginia 2439:Delmarva Peninsula 2434: 2371: 2239:interior provinces 2235: 2182:Juan Ponce de León 2167: 2064:Pánfilo de Narváez 2046: 1936: 1925: 1910: 1825: 1820:Three examples of 1765:New Deal coalition 1710:Compromise of 1877 1669:Compromise of 1850 1581: 1072:Transgender people 635:Capital punishment 288:Reconstruction Era 13392:articles at JSTOR 13349:Clark, Thomas D. 13342:Clark, Thomas D. 13172:Raffel, Jeffrey. 13109:Kulikoff, Allan. 12964:Craven, Avery O. 12935:Clark, Thomas D. 12905:Ayers; Edward L. 12783:Fry (2002), p. 5. 12725:Civil War History 12616:978-0-8078-3191-5 12578:(3): 1083–1101 . 12496:978-0-8203-2951-2 12413:978-0-8130-3291-7 12283:978-0-19-516650-7 12146:. August 20, 2017 12075:. April 21, 1861. 11976:. August 15, 2017 11877:Los Angeles Times 11815:978-0-8139-4438-8 11541:978-1-59941-935-0 11513:978-0-8070-0405-0 11477:The Anniston Star 11457:978-0-14-009653-8 11383:978-0-926019-02-7 10837:. New York City: 10359:. Princeton, NJ: 10246:978-1-60473-798-1 10172:Civil War History 10151:978-1-4214-0999-3 10035:978-0-8078-5659-8 9968:on June 23, 2013. 9896:978-0-06-059867-9 9836:978-0-68-482668-4 9797:Civil War History 9517:978-0-8018-9130-4 9488:978-0-19975-872-2 9437:978-1-57524-094-7 9412:978-0-31243-581-3 9353:Civil War History 9290:978-0-19974-390-2 9237:978-0-19-530173-1 8865:Davis, William C. 8850:978-1-42140-896-5 8825:978-0-06131-929-7 8654:Beard, Charles A. 8502:978-0-81393-887-5 8420:978-0-495-80094-1 8323:978-0-19-508557-0 8066:978-0-27598-457-1 7930:978-0-80710-003-5 7803:. Cambridge, MA: 7774:978-1-64336-094-2 7736:Woodward, C. Vann 7583:978-0-19502-745-7 7461:978-0-8156-0361-0 7434:978-0-8156-0361-0 7403:978-0-80713-012-4 7316:978-0-52718-722-4 7272:978-0-74255-263-0 7201:978-0-82031-888-2 7153:978-1-6298-1249-6 7023:978-1-56159-263-0 6937:978-1-4051-5832-9 6848:on April 17, 2008 6730:978-0-16-072300-1 6538:George H. W. Bush 6464:, born in either 6438:George Washington 6375:), as opposed to 6351:Virginia Senator 6315:League of Nations 6233:Branson, Missouri 6175:cotton production 6067:in 2017, and the 5957:Lyndon B. Johnson 5822:we shall overcome 5789: 5696:In January 1965, 5589:Kelly Ingram Park 5486: 5455:George B. Tindall 5147:Roanoke, Virginia 5110: 5109: 4956:will lynch white 4880:Freedmen's Bureau 4865:William M Dickson 4860: 4673:were ruined; and 4575:representing the 4567:representing the 4444:Southern Unionist 4381:Freedmen's Bureau 4338: 4281:bill of attainder 4215: 4214: 4021: 3555: 3436:of government by 3301:Mississippi River 3201:". Nevertheless, 3168:Siege of Yorktown 3159: 3113:Battle of Cowpens 3100:seized Charleston 3064:siege of Yorktown 3007:Revolutionary War 2994:Battle of Cowpens 2981:'s settlement of 2836:Thirteen Colonies 2796:Negro Act of 1740 2648: 2624:'s 1975 classic, 2606:Bacon's Rebellion 2520:Revolutionary War 2516:Roman Catholicism 2178:Fountain of Youth 2000:Mississippi River 1931: 1843:Eastern Woodlands 1732:Populist movement 1650:George Washington 1625:Bacon's Rebellion 1562: 1561: 1484: 1483: 1113:American frontier 1012:Lebanese American 997:Egyptian American 927:Estonian American 917:Albanian American 911:European American 888:Japanese American 878:Filipino American 502: 501: 475:Post-Cold War Era 132:Pre-Columbian Era 94: 77: 76: 69: 13427: 13272: 13252: 13151:Marrs, Aaron W. 13082:(Duke UP, 1973) 13078:Hubbell, Jay B. 13061:( 2 vols. 1933) 13009: 12873: 12870: 12864: 12861: 12852: 12851: 12840: 12834: 12833: 12825: 12819: 12818: 12790: 12784: 12781: 12775: 12774: 12765:(5): 1405–1438. 12756: 12747: 12741: 12740: 12720: 12714: 12713: 12705: 12699: 12698: 12690: 12684: 12683: 12681: 12679: 12662: 12656: 12655: 12627: 12621: 12620: 12602: 12596: 12595: 12567: 12561: 12560: 12545:. Westport, CT: 12538: 12532: 12531: 12507: 12501: 12500: 12482: 12476: 12475: 12463: 12453: 12447: 12446: 12434: 12424: 12418: 12417: 12395: 12389: 12388: 12370: 12364: 12363: 12361: 12359: 12345: 12339: 12338: 12336: 12334: 12319: 12313: 12312: 12310: 12308: 12294: 12288: 12287: 12269: 12263: 12262: 12244: 12238: 12237: 12235: 12233: 12216: 12210: 12209: 12207: 12205: 12188: 12182: 12181: 12179: 12177: 12162: 12156: 12155: 12153: 12151: 12134: 12128: 12127: 12125: 12123: 12104: 12098: 12097: 12083: 12077: 12076: 12063: 12057: 12056: 12016: 12010: 12009: 11992: 11986: 11985: 11983: 11981: 11964: 11958: 11957: 11955: 11953: 11936: 11930: 11929: 11916: 11910: 11909: 11895: 11889: 11888: 11886: 11884: 11867: 11861: 11860: 11858: 11856: 11834: 11828: 11827: 11791: 11785: 11784: 11779:. Archived from 11768: 11762: 11761: 11753: 11747: 11746: 11731:10.2307/40030963 11710: 11704: 11703: 11695: 11689: 11688: 11674: 11668: 11667: 11651: 11645: 11644: 11642: 11640: 11626: 11620: 11619: 11617: 11615: 11600: 11594: 11593: 11591: 11589: 11570: 11564: 11563: 11552: 11546: 11545: 11527: 11518: 11517: 11499: 11493: 11492: 11490: 11488: 11479:. Archived from 11468: 11462: 11461: 11449: 11439: 11422: 11421: 11419: 11417: 11412:on March 3, 2016 11397: 11388: 11387: 11369: 11360: 11359: 11350: 11344: 11343: 11335: 11329: 11328: 11320: 11314: 11313: 11305: 11299: 11298: 11278: 11272: 11271: 11243: 11237: 11236: 11225: 11219: 11218: 11194: 11188: 11187: 11179: 11173: 11172: 11165:Lemann, Nicholas 11161: 11155: 11154: 11146: 11140: 11139: 11131: 11125: 11124: 11113: 11107: 11106: 11098: 11092: 11091: 11082: 11076: 11075: 11039: 11033: 11032: 11024: 11018: 11017: 11015: 11013: 10992: 10986: 10985: 10964:(4): 1531–1551. 10949: 10943: 10942: 10934: 10928: 10927: 10919: 10913: 10912: 10910: 10908: 10884: 10878: 10877: 10859: 10853: 10852: 10836: 10823: 10817: 10816: 10794: 10788: 10787: 10779: 10773: 10772: 10764: 10758: 10757: 10727: 10721: 10720: 10708: 10698: 10692: 10691: 10680: 10674: 10672: 10652: 10646: 10645: 10639: 10629: 10623: 10622: 10616: 10608: 10600: 10594: 10593: 10573: 10567: 10566: 10546: 10536: 10530: 10529: 10517: 10511: 10510: 10508: 10502:. Archived from 10497: 10489: 10483: 10482: 10472: 10466: 10465: 10463: 10461: 10447: 10441: 10440: 10438: 10436: 10421: 10415: 10414: 10406: 10400: 10399: 10397: 10381: 10375: 10374: 10352: 10346: 10345: 10315: 10309: 10308: 10296: 10290: 10289: 10257: 10251: 10250: 10228: 10219: 10218: 10212: 10202: 10196: 10195: 10167: 10156: 10155: 10137: 10131: 10130: 10128: 10126: 10111: 10105: 10104: 10097:For details see 10095: 10089: 10088: 10074: 10068: 10067: 10046: 10040: 10039: 10021: 10015: 10014: 10012: 10010: 9990: 9984: 9983: 9977: 9969: 9964:. Archived from 9948: 9942: 9941: 9907: 9901: 9900: 9876: 9870: 9869: 9847: 9841: 9840: 9819: 9813: 9812: 9788: 9782: 9781: 9770:10.2307/30039841 9753: 9747: 9746: 9726: 9720: 9719: 9713: 9705: 9703: 9701: 9686: 9680: 9679: 9677: 9675: 9660: 9654: 9653: 9651: 9649: 9634: 9628: 9627: 9625: 9623: 9614:. Archived from 9603: 9597: 9596: 9594: 9592: 9577: 9571: 9570: 9568: 9566: 9551: 9545: 9544: 9539:. Indianapolis: 9538: 9528: 9522: 9521: 9499: 9493: 9492: 9469: 9460: 9459: 9448: 9442: 9441: 9423: 9417: 9416: 9398: 9392: 9391: 9383: 9377: 9376: 9347: 9341: 9340: 9320: 9301: 9295: 9294: 9274: 9265: 9264: 9255: 9249: 9248: 9246: 9244: 9229: 9202: 9193: 9192: 9190: 9188: 9174: 9168: 9167: 9165: 9163: 9149: 9143: 9142: 9112: 9106: 9105: 9083: 9077: 9076: 9066: 9061:. Archived from 9051: 9035: 9029: 9028: 9004: 8998: 8997: 8978:10.2307/25156538 8957: 8951: 8950: 8926: 8920: 8919: 8900:10.2307/40027875 8879: 8873: 8872: 8861: 8855: 8854: 8836: 8830: 8829: 8817: 8807: 8801: 8800: 8780: 8774: 8773: 8751: 8745: 8744: 8732: 8726: 8725: 8712: 8706: 8705: 8674: 8668: 8667: 8650: 8644: 8643: 8641: 8639: 8624: 8618: 8617: 8589: 8583: 8582: 8571: 8565: 8564: 8543: 8537: 8536: 8525:Itasca, Illinois 8516: 8507: 8506: 8484: 8478: 8477: 8475: 8473: 8462: 8453: 8447: 8446: 8431: 8425: 8424: 8402: 8396: 8395: 8393: 8391: 8377: 8371: 8370: 8368: 8366: 8349: 8343: 8342: 8334: 8328: 8327: 8304: 8298: 8297: 8296:. Penguin Books. 8289: 8280: 8279: 8271: 8265: 8259: 8253: 8252: 8236: 8230: 8229: 8227: 8225: 8206: 8200: 8199: 8191: 8185: 8184: 8173: 8167: 8166: 8155: 8149: 8148: 8140: 8134: 8133: 8122: 8116: 8113: 8107: 8106: 8095: 8089: 8088: 8077: 8071: 8070: 8052: 8046: 8045: 8037: 8031: 8030: 8022: 8016: 8015: 7998: 7992: 7991: 7989: 7987: 7972: 7966: 7965: 7941: 7935: 7934: 7914: 7908: 7907: 7905: 7903: 7889: 7883: 7882: 7861: 7855: 7854: 7852: 7850: 7830: 7824: 7823: 7815: 7809: 7808: 7793: 7787: 7786: 7750: 7744: 7743: 7732: 7726: 7725: 7677: 7671: 7670: 7650: 7644: 7643: 7628: 7619: 7618: 7594: 7588: 7587: 7563: 7557: 7556: 7534: 7528: 7527: 7525: 7523: 7509: 7503: 7502: 7496: 7487: 7481: 7480: 7472: 7466: 7465: 7445: 7439: 7438: 7414: 7408: 7407: 7389: 7383: 7382: 7380: 7378: 7364: 7358: 7357: 7345: 7339: 7338: 7327: 7321: 7320: 7302: 7296: 7295: 7283: 7277: 7276: 7256: 7250: 7249: 7231: 7225: 7224: 7222: 7212: 7206: 7205: 7189: 7176: 7165: 7164: 7162: 7160: 7128: 7122: 7121: 7119: 7117: 7096: 7090: 7089: 7041: 7035: 7034: 7032: 7030: 6998: 6989: 6988: 6969:10.2307/20173887 6948: 6942: 6941: 6919: 6913: 6912: 6864: 6858: 6857: 6855: 6853: 6844:. Archived from 6833: 6827: 6826: 6824: 6822: 6817:on June 11, 2014 6816: 6805: 6796: 6790: 6789: 6787: 6785: 6771: 6765: 6764: 6762: 6760: 6744: 6735: 6734: 6716: 6710: 6709: 6707: 6705: 6691: 6674: 6671:Grover Cleveland 6667: 6476:(term 1829–1837) 6444:Thomas Jefferson 6428:Federalist Party 6424:Democratic Party 6420:Republican Party 6336:, a graduate of 6293:Texas annexation 6229:Orlando, Florida 6188:national economy 5790: 5673: 5661: 5649: 5499:Little Rock Nine 5487: 5389:Great Depression 5290:calculates that 5163:C. Vann Woodward 5049: 5048: 5009:Camilla massacre 4913:Rutherford Hayes 4900:Ulysses S. Grant 4861: 4718: 4702: 4690: 4612:Ulysses S. Grant 4556:Indian Territory 4540:Indian Territory 4516:Indian Territory 4339: 4302:fall of the city 4145:1,064,000 (33%) 4101:9,000,000 (29%) 4098:22,000,000 (71%) 4095:Total population 4082: 4022: 3791:unconstitutional 3714: 3672:Thomas Jefferson 3642: 3630: 3618: 3571:Mason–Dixon line 3556: 3531:Seminole Indians 3470:manifest destiny 3423:Democratic Party 3308:Antebellum South 3264:Antebellum South 3218:Thomas Jefferson 3182:efforts and the 3160: 3104:Battle of Camden 3053:Continental Army 3022:Governor Dunmore 2905:James Oglethorpe 2750:British American 2719:triangular trade 2649: 2622:Edmund S. Morgan 2579:William Berkeley 2322:Galveston Island 2314:Red River County 2241:of the colonial 2192:Hernando de Soto 2068:Hernando de Soto 1955: 1952: 1944: 1941: 1932: 1757:Democratic Party 1691:government. The 1646:Thomas Jefferson 1554: 1547: 1540: 1524: 1514: 1513: 1475: 1474: 1118:Manifest destiny 1108:Historic regions 1090: 1089: 1030:Native Americans 1002:Iranian American 976:Mexican American 962:Serbian American 947:Italian American 932:Finnish American 922:English American 873:Chinese American 860:African American 660:Direct democracy 650:The Constitution 609:Higher education 518:American Century 420:Civil Rights Era 398:Civil Rights Era 354:Great Depression 343:Roaring Twenties 211:Jeffersonian Era 121: 120: 116: 106: 92: 81: 80: 72: 65: 61: 58: 52: 26: 25: 18: 13435: 13434: 13430: 13429: 13428: 13426: 13425: 13424: 13410: 13409: 13404:Wayback Machine 13379: 13339: 13337:Primary sources 13263: 13239:Volo, James M. 13057:Gray, Lewis C. 13006: 12895:Alden, John R. 12882: 12880:Further reading 12877: 12876: 12871: 12867: 12862: 12855: 12844:Tindall, George 12841: 12837: 12826: 12822: 12807:10.2307/2587587 12791: 12787: 12782: 12778: 12754: 12748: 12744: 12721: 12717: 12706: 12702: 12691: 12687: 12677: 12675: 12663: 12659: 12652: 12628: 12624: 12617: 12603: 12599: 12568: 12564: 12557: 12549:. p. 147. 12547:Greenwood Press 12539: 12535: 12528: 12508: 12504: 12497: 12483: 12479: 12472: 12454: 12450: 12443: 12425: 12421: 12414: 12402:. Gainesville: 12396: 12392: 12385: 12371: 12367: 12357: 12355: 12347: 12346: 12342: 12332: 12330: 12320: 12316: 12306: 12304: 12296: 12295: 12291: 12284: 12270: 12266: 12245: 12241: 12231: 12229: 12217: 12213: 12203: 12201: 12189: 12185: 12175: 12173: 12163: 12159: 12149: 12147: 12136: 12135: 12131: 12121: 12119: 12106: 12105: 12101: 12084: 12080: 12065: 12064: 12060: 12017: 12013: 11993: 11989: 11979: 11977: 11966: 11965: 11961: 11951: 11949: 11937: 11933: 11918: 11917: 11913: 11896: 11892: 11882: 11880: 11868: 11864: 11854: 11852: 11836: 11835: 11831: 11816: 11792: 11788: 11769: 11765: 11754: 11750: 11711: 11707: 11696: 11692: 11675: 11671: 11652: 11648: 11638: 11636: 11628: 11627: 11623: 11613: 11611: 11601: 11597: 11587: 11585: 11571: 11567: 11554: 11553: 11549: 11542: 11528: 11521: 11514: 11500: 11496: 11486: 11484: 11469: 11465: 11458: 11440: 11425: 11415: 11413: 11398: 11391: 11384: 11370: 11363: 11351: 11347: 11336: 11332: 11321: 11317: 11306: 11302: 11279: 11275: 11244: 11240: 11226: 11222: 11215: 11214:978-1-623490034 11207:. p. 287. 11195: 11191: 11180: 11176: 11162: 11158: 11147: 11143: 11132: 11128: 11117:Tindall, George 11114: 11110: 11099: 11095: 11083: 11079: 11060:10.2307/1052610 11040: 11036: 11025: 11021: 11011: 11009: 10994: 10993: 10989: 10970:10.2307/2567576 10950: 10946: 10935: 10931: 10920: 10916: 10906: 10904: 10885: 10881: 10874: 10860: 10856: 10849: 10827:Wright, Richard 10824: 10820: 10813: 10795: 10791: 10780: 10776: 10765: 10761: 10746:10.2307/2206441 10740:(2): 191–216 . 10728: 10724: 10717: 10699: 10695: 10687:. Baton Rouge: 10681: 10677: 10653: 10649: 10630: 10626: 10610: 10609: 10601: 10597: 10590: 10589:978-1-107036789 10574: 10570: 10563: 10537: 10533: 10518: 10514: 10506: 10495: 10491: 10490: 10486: 10473: 10469: 10459: 10457: 10449: 10448: 10444: 10434: 10432: 10422: 10418: 10407: 10403: 10382: 10378: 10371: 10353: 10349: 10334:10.2307/2191774 10316: 10312: 10303:. Chapel Hill: 10297: 10293: 10258: 10254: 10247: 10229: 10222: 10203: 10199: 10168: 10159: 10152: 10138: 10134: 10124: 10122: 10113: 10112: 10108: 10096: 10092: 10075: 10071: 10064: 10047: 10043: 10036: 10022: 10018: 10008: 10006: 9991: 9987: 9971: 9970: 9949: 9945: 9908: 9904: 9897: 9877: 9873: 9866: 9858:. p. 349. 9848: 9844: 9837: 9820: 9816: 9789: 9785: 9754: 9750: 9727: 9723: 9707: 9706: 9699: 9697: 9687: 9683: 9673: 9671: 9661: 9657: 9647: 9645: 9635: 9631: 9621: 9619: 9604: 9600: 9590: 9588: 9578: 9574: 9564: 9562: 9561:. March 7, 2016 9553: 9552: 9548: 9529: 9525: 9518: 9500: 9496: 9489: 9470: 9463: 9449: 9445: 9438: 9424: 9420: 9413: 9399: 9395: 9384: 9380: 9348: 9344: 9337: 9318: 9302: 9298: 9291: 9275: 9268: 9257: 9256: 9252: 9242: 9240: 9238: 9204: 9203: 9196: 9186: 9184: 9176: 9175: 9171: 9161: 9159: 9151: 9150: 9146: 9131:10.2307/1895910 9113: 9109: 9102: 9084: 9080: 9053: 9040:Depew, Chauncey 9036: 9032: 9025: 9005: 9001: 8958: 8954: 8927: 8923: 8880: 8876: 8862: 8858: 8851: 8837: 8833: 8826: 8808: 8804: 8781: 8777: 8770: 8752: 8748: 8733: 8729: 8713: 8709: 8702: 8688:Encounter Books 8675: 8671: 8651: 8647: 8637: 8635: 8625: 8621: 8614: 8590: 8586: 8572: 8568: 8545: 8544: 8540: 8517: 8510: 8503: 8485: 8481: 8471: 8469: 8460: 8454: 8450: 8432: 8428: 8421: 8403: 8399: 8389: 8387: 8379: 8378: 8374: 8364: 8362: 8352:Smith, Ryan P. 8350: 8346: 8335: 8331: 8324: 8305: 8301: 8290: 8283: 8272: 8268: 8260: 8256: 8243: 8237: 8233: 8223: 8221: 8208: 8207: 8203: 8192: 8188: 8174: 8170: 8156: 8152: 8141: 8137: 8130:Britannica Kids 8124: 8123: 8119: 8114: 8110: 8096: 8092: 8078: 8074: 8067: 8053: 8049: 8038: 8034: 8023: 8019: 8000: 7999: 7995: 7985: 7983: 7973: 7969: 7942: 7938: 7931: 7915: 7911: 7901: 7899: 7891: 7890: 7886: 7863: 7862: 7858: 7848: 7846: 7831: 7827: 7816: 7812: 7794: 7790: 7775: 7751: 7747: 7733: 7729: 7678: 7674: 7667: 7651: 7647: 7629: 7622: 7615: 7595: 7591: 7584: 7574:Greenwood Press 7564: 7560: 7553: 7535: 7531: 7521: 7519: 7511: 7510: 7506: 7494: 7490:Opala, Joseph. 7488: 7484: 7473: 7469: 7462: 7446: 7442: 7435: 7415: 7411: 7404: 7390: 7386: 7376: 7374: 7366: 7365: 7361: 7346: 7342: 7329: 7328: 7324: 7317: 7303: 7299: 7284: 7280: 7273: 7257: 7253: 7246: 7232: 7228: 7213: 7209: 7202: 7177: 7168: 7158: 7156: 7154: 7130: 7129: 7125: 7115: 7113: 7097: 7093: 7062:10.2307/3557032 7042: 7038: 7028: 7026: 7024: 7000: 6999: 6992: 6949: 6945: 6938: 6920: 6916: 6865: 6861: 6851: 6849: 6834: 6830: 6820: 6818: 6814: 6803: 6797: 6793: 6783: 6781: 6773: 6772: 6768: 6758: 6756: 6745: 6738: 6731: 6717: 6713: 6703: 6701: 6693: 6692: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6677: 6668: 6664: 6659: 6590:American gentry 6576: 6561:Abraham Lincoln 6486:James Knox Polk 6389: 6334:George Marshall 6265: 6260: 6252:Southernization 6119: 6076:white supremacy 6034: 5989:Hubert Humphrey 5941: 5936: 5930: 5915: 5785: 5764:"Bloody Sunday" 5732:Marion, Alabama 5694: 5693: 5692: 5689: 5674: 5665: 5662: 5653: 5650: 5622:Everett Dirksen 5611:'s gravesites. 5559:, the March on 5507:Great Migration 5482: 5472: 5467: 5432:Starke, Florida 5377: 5361:Great Migration 5218: 5210:Main articles: 5208: 5192:Beaumont, Texas 5171:Sheldon Hackney 5115: 5060:Middle Atlantic 5036: 5030: 5016:Wiley P. Harris 4946: 4921: 4856: 4843: 4811: 4799:Main articles: 4797: 4731: 4730: 4729: 4726: 4719: 4710: 4703: 4694: 4691: 4650: 4600: 4594: 4592:Sherman's March 4585:Cherokee Nation 4524: 4518: 4446: 4440: 4409: 4403: 4343:Abraham Lincoln 4334: 4320: 4312:Main articles: 4310: 4294:Jefferson Davis 4256: 4242: 4142:2,200,000 (67%) 4106:Free population 4044: 4017: 4007: 3967:Abraham Lincoln 3942: 3936: 3872:Jefferson Davis 3850: 3844: 3732: 3722: 3712: 3692:John C. Calhoun 3651: 3650: 3649: 3646: 3643: 3634: 3631: 3622: 3619: 3551: 3549: 3543: 3488: 3482: 3310:, prior to the 3270: 3260: 3155: 3141: 3071: 3049:Edward Rutledge 3009: 3004: 2960: 2940:Spanish Florida 2805: 2792:Stono Rebellion 2704:Middle Colonies 2644: 2642: 2636: 2610:Nathaniel Bacon 2599:life expectancy 2559: 2376: 2356: 2350: 2279: 2159: 2154: 2148: 2051:Native American 2038: 2032: 2004:Native American 1989:platform mounds 1953: 1942: 1927: 1902: 1894:Main articles: 1892: 1859: 1831: 1814: 1806:Southernization 1777:Great Migration 1697:14th amendments 1677:Abraham Lincoln 1634:Black Americans 1577:Ralph Abernathy 1558: 1486: 1485: 1087: 1079: 1078: 984:Jewish American 957:Polish American 937:German American 893:Korean American 883:Indian American 854: 846: 845: 700:Merchant Marine 670:Law enforcement 538:Racial violence 512: 504: 503: 310:Progressive Era 118: 114: 95: 93:History of the 73: 62: 56: 53: 42: 27: 23: 12: 11: 5: 13433: 13423: 13422: 13408: 13407: 13394: 13386: 13378: 13377:External links 13375: 13374: 13373: 13364: 13354: 13347: 13338: 13335: 13334: 13333: 13326: 13316: 13309: 13302: 13295: 13288: 13281: 13274: 13262: 13261:Historiography 13259: 13258: 13257: 13244: 13237: 13227: 13217: 13207: 13197: 13187: 13180: 13170: 13163: 13156: 13149: 13142: 13128:Logan, Rayford 13125: 13118: 13107: 13096: 13086: 13076: 13069: 13055: 13045: 13038: 13028: 13027: 13026: 13010: 13004: 12989: 12982: 12972: 12962: 12953: 12940: 12933: 12923: 12913: 12903: 12893: 12881: 12878: 12875: 12874: 12865: 12853: 12835: 12820: 12801:(4): 771–808. 12785: 12776: 12771:10.1086/530931 12742: 12731:(4): 436–437. 12715: 12700: 12685: 12657: 12650: 12622: 12615: 12597: 12562: 12555: 12533: 12526: 12502: 12495: 12477: 12470: 12448: 12441: 12419: 12412: 12390: 12383: 12365: 12340: 12314: 12289: 12282: 12264: 12254:The Tennessean 12239: 12211: 12183: 12157: 12143:Bloomberg News 12129: 12099: 12078: 12058: 12031:(4): 379–380. 12011: 11987: 11959: 11931: 11911: 11890: 11862: 11829: 11814: 11786: 11763: 11748: 11725:(2): 173–193. 11705: 11690: 11669: 11646: 11621: 11595: 11565: 11547: 11540: 11519: 11512: 11494: 11463: 11456: 11423: 11389: 11382: 11361: 11345: 11330: 11315: 11300: 11273: 11258:(3): 386–399. 11238: 11229:Carter, Dan T. 11220: 11213: 11189: 11174: 11156: 11141: 11126: 11108: 11093: 11077: 11054:(3): 291–308. 11034: 11019: 10987: 10944: 10929: 10914: 10879: 10872: 10854: 10847: 10818: 10811: 10805:. p. 91. 10797:Logan (1997). 10789: 10774: 10759: 10722: 10715: 10693: 10675: 10663:(3): 461–482. 10647: 10624: 10595: 10588: 10568: 10561: 10531: 10512: 10484: 10467: 10442: 10416: 10401: 10376: 10369: 10347: 10328:(4): 421–441. 10310: 10291: 10272:(1): 106–130. 10252: 10245: 10220: 10197: 10157: 10150: 10132: 10106: 10090: 10069: 10062: 10041: 10034: 10016: 9985: 9943: 9924:(4): 301–342. 9902: 9895: 9871: 9864: 9842: 9835: 9814: 9803:(3): 279–319. 9783: 9748: 9737:(4): 449–477. 9721: 9681: 9655: 9629: 9598: 9580:Rust, Randal. 9572: 9546: 9523: 9516: 9494: 9487: 9461: 9443: 9436: 9418: 9411: 9393: 9378: 9342: 9335: 9316: 9296: 9289: 9266: 9250: 9236: 9194: 9169: 9144: 9125:(4): 490–525. 9107: 9100: 9078: 9042:, ed. 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Norton. 8276:Indian Removal 8266: 8254: 8231: 8201: 8186: 8168: 8150: 8135: 8117: 8108: 8099:Kolchin, Peter 8090: 8072: 8065: 8047: 8032: 8017: 7993: 7967: 7956:(2): 147–160. 7936: 7929: 7909: 7884: 7856: 7825: 7810: 7788: 7773: 7745: 7727: 7692:(4): 923–954. 7672: 7665: 7645: 7620: 7613: 7589: 7582: 7558: 7551: 7529: 7504: 7482: 7467: 7460: 7440: 7433: 7409: 7402: 7384: 7359: 7340: 7322: 7315: 7297: 7278: 7271: 7251: 7244: 7226: 7207: 7200: 7166: 7152: 7123: 7091: 7036: 7022: 6990: 6943: 6936: 6914: 6879:(3): 482–492. 6859: 6828: 6791: 6766: 6736: 6729: 6711: 6685: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6676: 6675: 6661: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6654: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6575: 6572: 6571: 6570: 6564: 6558: 6548: 6547: 6544:George W. Bush 6541: 6531: 6530: 6527:Woodrow Wilson 6520: 6519: 6513: 6507: 6501: 6498:Andrew Johnson 6495: 6492:Zachary Taylor 6489: 6483: 6477: 6470:South Carolina 6466:North Carolina 6462:Andrew Jackson 6459: 6453: 6447: 6441: 6405:U.S. president 6388: 6385: 6377:Lyndon Johnson 6307:Woodrow Wilson 6273:Dixie' Mission 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6192:global economy 6118: 6115: 6033: 6030: 5997:Strom Thurmond 5981:Estes Kefauver 5940: 5937: 5932:Main article: 5929: 5926: 5925: 5924: 5914: 5911: 5829:War on poverty 5752:George Wallace 5691: 5690: 5682:Autherine Lucy 5678:Autherine Lucy 5675: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5644: 5641: 5640: 5639: 5617:George Wallace 5561:Selma, Alabama 5557:Freedom Summer 5534:Freedom Summer 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5376: 5373: 5304:literacy tests 5284:Richard Wright 5207: 5204: 5196:Gulf of Mexico 5114: 5111: 5108: 5107: 5104: 5101: 5100: 5097: 5096: 5093: 5089: 5088: 5085: 5081: 5080: 5077: 5076:South Atlantic 5073: 5072: 5069: 5065: 5064: 5061: 5057: 5056: 5053: 5029: 5026: 4989:15th Amendment 4985:14th Amendment 4981:13th Amendment 4969:Reconstruction 4945: 4942: 4920: 4917: 4876:Andrew Johnson 4871:Reconstruction 4842: 4839: 4827:tenant farming 4796: 4793: 4728: 4727: 4720: 4713: 4711: 4704: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4685: 4682: 4681: 4680: 4649: 4646: 4596:Main article: 4593: 4590: 4520:Main article: 4517: 4514: 4458:East Tennessee 4442:Main article: 4439: 4436: 4422:Union blockade 4402: 4399: 4398: 4397: 4309: 4306: 4241: 4238: 4213: 4212: 4209: 4206: 4202: 4201: 4198: 4195: 4191: 4190: 4187: 4184: 4180: 4179: 4176: 4173: 4169: 4168: 4165: 4162: 4158: 4157: 4154: 4151: 4150:Railroad miles 4147: 4146: 4143: 4140: 4136: 4135: 4132: 4129: 4125: 4124: 4121: 4118: 4114: 4113: 4110: 4107: 4103: 4102: 4099: 4096: 4092: 4091: 4088: 4085: 4006: 4003: 3988:James Buchanan 3935: 3932: 3843: 3840: 3835:DeBow's Review 3804:Andrew Jackson 3795:Tariff of 1828 3748:states' rights 3721: 3718: 3659:Middle Passage 3653:The historian 3648: 3647: 3644: 3637: 3635: 3632: 3625: 3623: 3620: 3613: 3610: 3609: 3608: 3545:Main article: 3542: 3539: 3523:Trail of Tears 3500:Trail of Tears 3486:Indian removal 3484:Main article: 3481: 3480:Indian removal 3478: 3384:Andrew Jackson 3380:U.S. president 3318:" of the post- 3259: 3256: 3140: 3137: 3061: 3008: 3005: 2959: 2956: 2804: 2801: 2783:, such as the 2742:Russell Menard 2731:South Carolina 2638:Main article: 2635: 2632: 2558: 2555: 2531:South Carolina 2471:Opechancanough 2455:South Carolina 2451:North Carolina 2419:Chesapeake Bay 2392:North Carolina 2388:Roanoke Island 2384:Walter Raleigh 2380:Spanish Armada 2375: 2374:First Colonies 2372: 2367:Roanoke Island 2352:Main article: 2349: 2346: 2278: 2275: 2158: 2155: 2150:Main article: 2147: 2144: 2082:. The city of 2034:Main article: 2031: 2028: 1954: 1000 BC 1896:Mound Builders 1891: 1890:Mound builders 1888: 1858: 1855: 1827:Main article: 1813: 1810: 1794:Brown v. Board 1779:and later the 1701:15th Amendment 1605:mound-building 1575:, children of 1560: 1559: 1557: 1556: 1549: 1542: 1534: 1531: 1530: 1529: 1528: 1518: 1507: 1506: 1504:Historiography 1501: 1496: 1488: 1487: 1482: 1481: 1480: 1479: 1469: 1461: 1460: 1456: 1455: 1454: 1453: 1448: 1443: 1438: 1433: 1428: 1420: 1419: 1415: 1414: 1413: 1412: 1407: 1402: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1382: 1377: 1372: 1367: 1362: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1302: 1297: 1292: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1222: 1217: 1212: 1207: 1202: 1197: 1192: 1187: 1182: 1177: 1172: 1167: 1159: 1158: 1154: 1153: 1152: 1151: 1149:The West Coast 1146: 1141: 1133: 1132: 1128: 1127: 1126: 1125: 1123:Indian removal 1120: 1115: 1110: 1105: 1097: 1096: 1088: 1085: 1084: 1081: 1080: 1077: 1076: 1075: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1052: 1045: 1044: 1043: 1038: 1026: 1025: 1024: 1022:Saudi American 1019: 1014: 1009: 1007:Iraqi American 1004: 999: 987: 980: 979: 978: 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"9". 10828: 10822: 10814: 10812:0-306-80758-0 10808: 10804: 10803:Da Capo Press 10800: 10793: 10785: 10778: 10770: 10763: 10755: 10751: 10747: 10743: 10739: 10735: 10734: 10726: 10718: 10716:0-8071-0010-2 10712: 10707: 10706: 10697: 10690: 10686: 10679: 10670: 10666: 10662: 10658: 10651: 10643: 10638: 10637: 10628: 10620: 10614: 10606: 10599: 10591: 10585: 10581: 10580: 10572: 10564: 10562:0-674-01765-X 10558: 10554: 10550: 10549:Belknap Press 10547:. Cambridge: 10545: 10544: 10535: 10527: 10523: 10516: 10505: 10501: 10494: 10488: 10480: 10479: 10471: 10456: 10452: 10446: 10431: 10427: 10420: 10412: 10405: 10396: 10391: 10387: 10380: 10372: 10370:0-691-04695-6 10366: 10362: 10358: 10351: 10343: 10339: 10335: 10331: 10327: 10323: 10322: 10314: 10306: 10302: 10295: 10287: 10283: 10279: 10275: 10271: 10267: 10263: 10256: 10248: 10242: 10238: 10234: 10227: 10225: 10216: 10211: 10210: 10201: 10193: 10189: 10185: 10181: 10177: 10173: 10166: 10164: 10162: 10153: 10147: 10143: 10136: 10120: 10116: 10110: 10102: 10094: 10086: 10082: 10081: 10073: 10065: 10063:0-671-46990-8 10059: 10055: 10051: 10050:Catton, Bruce 10045: 10037: 10031: 10027: 10020: 10004: 10000: 9996: 9989: 9981: 9975: 9967: 9963: 9962: 9957: 9953: 9947: 9939: 9935: 9931: 9927: 9923: 9919: 9918: 9913: 9906: 9898: 9892: 9888: 9887:HarperCollins 9884: 9883: 9875: 9867: 9865:0-8203-1396-3 9861: 9857: 9853: 9846: 9838: 9832: 9828: 9824: 9818: 9810: 9806: 9802: 9798: 9794: 9787: 9779: 9775: 9771: 9767: 9764:(1): 71–106. 9763: 9759: 9752: 9744: 9740: 9736: 9732: 9725: 9717: 9711: 9696: 9692: 9685: 9670: 9666: 9659: 9644: 9640: 9633: 9617: 9613: 9609: 9602: 9587: 9583: 9576: 9560: 9556: 9550: 9542: 9541:Bobbs-Merrill 9537: 9536: 9527: 9519: 9513: 9509: 9506:. Baltimore: 9505: 9498: 9490: 9484: 9480: 9479: 9474: 9468: 9466: 9457: 9453: 9452:Litwack, Leon 9447: 9439: 9433: 9429: 9422: 9414: 9408: 9404: 9397: 9389: 9382: 9374: 9370: 9366: 9362: 9358: 9354: 9346: 9338: 9336:0-684-82490-6 9332: 9328: 9327: 9319: 9317:0-394-56916-4 9313: 9309: 9308: 9300: 9292: 9286: 9282: 9281: 9273: 9271: 9262: 9261: 9254: 9239: 9233: 9228: 9223: 9219: 9215: 9211: 9207: 9201: 9199: 9183: 9179: 9173: 9158: 9154: 9148: 9140: 9136: 9132: 9128: 9124: 9120: 9119: 9111: 9103: 9101:1-57003-407-9 9097: 9093: 9089: 9082: 9074: 9073: 9064: 9060: 9056: 9049: 9045: 9041: 9034: 9026: 9024:0-8131-1854-9 9020: 9016: 9012: 9011: 9003: 8995: 8991: 8987: 8983: 8979: 8975: 8971: 8967: 8963: 8956: 8948: 8944: 8941:(1): 69–106. 8940: 8936: 8932: 8925: 8917: 8913: 8909: 8905: 8901: 8897: 8893: 8889: 8885: 8878: 8870: 8866: 8860: 8852: 8846: 8842: 8835: 8827: 8821: 8816: 8815: 8806: 8798: 8794: 8790: 8786: 8779: 8771: 8769:0-19-507681-8 8765: 8761: 8757: 8750: 8742: 8738: 8731: 8723: 8722: 8717: 8711: 8703: 8697: 8693: 8689: 8685: 8684: 8679: 8673: 8665: 8664: 8659: 8655: 8649: 8634: 8630: 8623: 8615: 8613:9781315035673 8609: 8605: 8601: 8597: 8596: 8588: 8580: 8576: 8570: 8562: 8558: 8554: 8553: 8548: 8542: 8534: 8530: 8526: 8522: 8515: 8513: 8504: 8498: 8495:. p. 2. 8494: 8490: 8483: 8468: 8467: 8459: 8452: 8444: 8442: 8437: 8430: 8422: 8416: 8412: 8408: 8401: 8386: 8382: 8376: 8361: 8360: 8355: 8348: 8340: 8333: 8325: 8319: 8315: 8314: 8309: 8303: 8295: 8288: 8286: 8277: 8270: 8263: 8258: 8250: 8246: 8241: 8235: 8219: 8215: 8211: 8205: 8197: 8190: 8182: 8178: 8172: 8164: 8160: 8154: 8146: 8139: 8131: 8127: 8121: 8112: 8104: 8100: 8094: 8086: 8082: 8076: 8068: 8062: 8058: 8051: 8043: 8036: 8028: 8021: 8013: 8009: 8005: 8004: 7997: 7982: 7978: 7971: 7963: 7959: 7955: 7951: 7947: 7940: 7932: 7926: 7923:. LSU Press. 7922: 7921: 7913: 7898: 7894: 7888: 7881: 7879: 7874: 7870: 7866: 7860: 7844: 7840: 7836: 7829: 7821: 7814: 7806: 7805:Belknap Press 7802: 7798: 7792: 7784: 7780: 7776: 7770: 7766: 7762: 7758: 7757: 7749: 7741: 7737: 7731: 7723: 7719: 7715: 7711: 7707: 7703: 7699: 7695: 7691: 7687: 7683: 7676: 7668: 7666:0-8122-3757-9 7662: 7658: 7657: 7649: 7641: 7637: 7633: 7627: 7625: 7616: 7614:9781570032554 7610: 7606: 7602: 7601: 7593: 7585: 7579: 7575: 7571: 7570: 7562: 7554: 7548: 7544: 7540: 7533: 7518: 7514: 7508: 7500: 7493: 7486: 7478: 7471: 7463: 7457: 7453: 7452: 7444: 7436: 7430: 7426: 7422: 7421: 7413: 7405: 7399: 7395: 7388: 7373: 7369: 7363: 7355: 7351: 7344: 7336: 7332: 7326: 7318: 7312: 7309:. KTO Press. 7308: 7301: 7293: 7289: 7282: 7274: 7268: 7264: 7263: 7255: 7247: 7245:0-89096-480-7 7241: 7237: 7230: 7221: 7220: 7211: 7203: 7197: 7193: 7188: 7187: 7181: 7175: 7173: 7171: 7155: 7149: 7145: 7141: 7137: 7133: 7127: 7112: 7108: 7104: 7103: 7095: 7087: 7083: 7079: 7075: 7071: 7067: 7063: 7059: 7055: 7051: 7047: 7040: 7025: 7019: 7015: 7011: 7007: 7003: 6997: 6995: 6986: 6982: 6978: 6974: 6970: 6966: 6962: 6958: 6954: 6947: 6939: 6933: 6929: 6925: 6918: 6910: 6906: 6902: 6898: 6894: 6890: 6886: 6882: 6878: 6874: 6870: 6863: 6847: 6843: 6839: 6832: 6813: 6809: 6802: 6795: 6780: 6776: 6770: 6754: 6750: 6743: 6741: 6732: 6726: 6722: 6715: 6700: 6696: 6690: 6686: 6672: 6666: 6662: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6577: 6568: 6565: 6562: 6559: 6556: 6553: 6552: 6551: 6545: 6542: 6539: 6536: 6535: 6534: 6528: 6525: 6524: 6523: 6517: 6514: 6511: 6508: 6505: 6502: 6499: 6496: 6493: 6490: 6487: 6484: 6481: 6478: 6475: 6471: 6467: 6463: 6460: 6457: 6454: 6451: 6450:James Madison 6448: 6445: 6442: 6439: 6436: 6435: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6425: 6421: 6417: 6412: 6410: 6406: 6402: 6393: 6384: 6382: 6378: 6374: 6370: 6366: 6362: 6358: 6354: 6349: 6347: 6343: 6342:Marshall Plan 6339: 6335: 6330: 6328: 6324: 6320: 6316: 6312: 6308: 6304: 6300: 6298: 6294: 6290: 6285: 6283: 6274: 6269: 6255: 6253: 6249: 6245: 6241: 6236: 6234: 6230: 6226: 6222: 6218: 6214: 6208: 6204: 6201: 6197: 6193: 6189: 6183: 6180: 6179:mechanization 6176: 6172: 6168: 6164: 6160: 6156: 6152: 6148: 6144: 6140: 6136: 6132: 6123: 6114: 6112: 6108: 6104: 6100: 6095: 6093: 6089: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6072: 6070: 6066: 6063:in 2015, the 6062: 6058: 6057:Jim Crow laws 6054: 6049: 6047: 6038: 6029: 6027: 6022: 6018: 6015:, except for 6014: 6009: 6005: 6003: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5984: 5982: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5969:Claude Pepper 5966: 5965:John Sparkman 5962: 5958: 5954: 5945: 5935: 5921: 5920: 5919: 5910: 5908: 5903: 5901: 5897: 5893: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5877: 5873: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5837: 5832: 5830: 5825: 5823: 5817: 5815: 5811: 5807: 5803: 5799: 5779: 5771: 5767: 5765: 5761: 5757: 5753: 5749: 5745: 5741: 5737: 5733: 5728: 5724: 5722: 5721: 5715: 5711: 5707: 5703: 5699: 5687: 5683: 5679: 5672: 5667: 5660: 5655: 5648: 5643: 5642: 5638: 5636: 5635:Lester Maddox 5632: 5627: 5623: 5618: 5612: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5549: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5525: 5524:and Chicago. 5523: 5519: 5515: 5510: 5508: 5500: 5495: 5476: 5462: 5458: 5456: 5452: 5443: 5439: 5437: 5436:Camp Blanding 5433: 5428: 5424: 5421: 5417: 5412: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5381: 5372: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5349: 5348:William Chafe 5340: 5336: 5334: 5329: 5328:Supreme Court 5324: 5322: 5321:Jim Crow laws 5318: 5314: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5295: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5280: 5274: 5269: 5267: 5263: 5262: 5257: 5253: 5252: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5238:Jim Crow laws 5230: 5222: 5217: 5213: 5212:Jim Crow laws 5203: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5183: 5180: 5174: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5159: 5157: 5148: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5132: 5128: 5119: 5105: 5103: 5102: 5099: 5098: 5094: 5091: 5090: 5086: 5084:South Central 5083: 5082: 5078: 5075: 5074: 5070: 5067: 5066: 5062: 5059: 5058: 5054: 5051: 5050: 5047: 5040: 5035: 5024: 5019: 5017: 5012: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4996: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4977: 4974: 4973:Ironclad Oath 4970: 4963: 4962:Carpetbaggers 4959: 4955: 4950: 4941: 4939: 4933: 4931: 4930:Panic of 1873 4927: 4916: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4892:carpetbaggers 4889: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4872: 4866: 4851: 4847: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4828: 4825:, along with 4824: 4823:sharecropping 4820: 4816: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4792: 4790: 4787:and only one 4786: 4782: 4777: 4770: 4767: 4760: 4756: 4753: 4747: 4745: 4741: 4740:border states 4735: 4724: 4717: 4712: 4708: 4701: 4696: 4689: 4684: 4683: 4678: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4657: 4655: 4645: 4643: 4639: 4634: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4604: 4599: 4589: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4550: 4546: 4541: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4513: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4494: 4492: 4487: 4485: 4480: 4479:West Virginia 4476: 4475:planter class 4471: 4467: 4463: 4462:West Virginia 4459: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4435: 4432: 4428: 4423: 4413: 4408: 4394: 4393: 4392: 4389: 4384: 4382: 4377: 4371: 4369: 4364: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4329: 4324: 4319: 4315: 4305: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4284: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4269: 4264: 4262: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4237: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4222: 4220: 4210: 4207: 4204: 4203: 4199: 4196: 4193: 4192: 4188: 4185: 4182: 4181: 4177: 4174: 4171: 4170: 4166: 4163: 4160: 4159: 4155: 4152: 4149: 4148: 4144: 4141: 4138: 4137: 4133: 4130: 4127: 4126: 4122: 4119: 4116: 4115: 4111: 4108: 4105: 4104: 4100: 4097: 4094: 4093: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4083: 4077: 4075: 4074:West Virginia 4071: 4067: 4061: 4059: 4055: 4050: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4011: 4002: 4000: 3996: 3991: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3971: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3946: 3941: 3931: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3884: 3880: 3877: 3873: 3868: 3862: 3854: 3849: 3839: 3837: 3836: 3831: 3830: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3800: 3799:protectionist 3796: 3792: 3788: 3783: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3741: 3740:planter class 3736: 3731: 3727: 3726:Nullification 3716: 3707: 3705: 3704:macroeconomic 3700: 3697: 3693: 3687: 3683: 3681: 3677: 3674:, one of the 3673: 3667: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3641: 3636: 3629: 3624: 3617: 3612: 3611: 3607: 3605: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3586: 3582: 3580: 3574: 3572: 3568: 3560: 3548: 3538: 3536: 3535:Seminole Wars 3532: 3528: 3524: 3519: 3515: 3513: 3509: 3501: 3497: 3492: 3487: 3477: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3454:participation 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3426: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3387: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3364: 3361: 3356: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3340: 3338: 3334: 3333: 3328: 3323: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3282: 3274: 3269: 3265: 3255: 3253: 3251: 3245: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3222:James Madison 3219: 3214: 3212: 3211:republicanism 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3187: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3150: 3145: 3136: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3120: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3109:guerrilla war 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3088: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3069: 3065: 3059: 3055: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3041: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3014: 3003: 2995: 2991: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2955: 2951: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2928: 2926: 2922: 2921:smallholdings 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2901: 2897: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2884: 2879: 2874: 2870: 2865: 2864: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2837: 2834:A map of the 2832: 2824: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2800: 2797: 2793: 2788: 2786: 2782: 2777: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2734: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2715: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2690: 2681: 2677: 2670: 2666: 2665: 2660: 2653: 2641: 2631: 2629: 2628: 2623: 2619: 2616: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2600: 2596: 2591: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2571: 2563: 2554: 2552: 2548: 2543: 2541: 2537: 2532: 2528: 2523: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2497:royal charter 2494: 2491:, applied to 2490: 2482: 2478: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2462: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2431: 2426: 2422: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2399: 2397: 2396:Virginia Dare 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2355: 2345: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2294: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2283:Fort Caroline 2274: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2219: 2218:St. Augustine 2215: 2211: 2207: 2202: 2199: 2198: 2193: 2189: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2163: 2153: 2143: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2088: 2085: 2081: 2080:Caribbean Sea 2075: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2042: 2037: 2027: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1992: 1990: 1986: 1981: 1979: 1975: 1969: 1967: 1963: 1962:pre-Columbian 1959: 1948: 1947:Poverty Point 1922: 1921:Mississippian 1918: 1914: 1906: 1901: 1897: 1887: 1885: 1881: 1880:Paleo-Indians 1876: 1871: 1869: 1868:Younger Dryas 1864: 1857:Paleo-Indians 1854: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1830: 1823: 1818: 1809: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1773: 1771: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1745:Sharecropping 1741: 1740:Jim Crow laws 1737: 1733: 1728: 1726: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1673:planter class 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1653: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1609: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1593:first peoples 1590: 1589:Paleo-Indians 1586: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1555: 1550: 1548: 1543: 1541: 1536: 1535: 1533: 1532: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1517: 1509: 1508: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1499:List of years 1497: 1495: 1492: 1491: 1490: 1489: 1478: 1470: 1468: 1467:Urban history 1465: 1464: 1463: 1462: 1458: 1457: 1452: 1449: 1447: 1444: 1442: 1439: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1423: 1422: 1421: 1417: 1416: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1391: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1221: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1208: 1206: 1203: 1201: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1186: 1183: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1162: 1161: 1160: 1156: 1155: 1150: 1147: 1145: 1142: 1140: 1137: 1136: 1135: 1134: 1130: 1129: 1124: 1121: 1119: 1116: 1114: 1111: 1109: 1106: 1104: 1101: 1100: 1099: 1098: 1095: 1092: 1091: 1083: 1082: 1073: 1070: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1059: 1058: 1057: 1053: 1051: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1039: 1037: 1034: 1033: 1032: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1008: 1005: 1003: 1000: 998: 995: 994: 993: 992: 988: 986: 985: 981: 977: 974: 973: 972: 971: 967: 963: 960: 958: 955: 953: 950: 948: 945: 943: 940: 938: 935: 933: 930: 928: 925: 923: 920: 918: 915: 914: 913: 912: 908: 904: 901: 899: 898:Thai American 896: 894: 891: 889: 886: 884: 881: 879: 876: 874: 871: 870: 869: 868: 864: 862: 861: 857: 856: 850: 849: 840: 837: 835: 832: 830: 827: 825: 822: 820: 817: 816: 815: 814: 810: 806: 803: 802: 801: 800: 796: 794: 793: 789: 787: 786: 782: 778: 775: 773: 770: 768: 765: 763: 760: 758: 755: 753: 750: 749: 748: 747: 746:Party Systems 743: 739: 736: 734: 731: 729: 726: 724: 721: 719: 716: 714: 711: 710: 709: 708: 704: 702: 701: 697: 695: 694: 690: 686: 685:Voting rights 683: 681: 678: 676: 673: 671: 668: 666: 663: 661: 658: 656: 653: 651: 648: 646: 643: 641: 638: 636: 633: 631: 628: 627: 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133: 128: 127: 123: 122: 117: 110: 109: 105: 101: 100: 97: 96:United States 90: 89: 86: 83: 82: 79: 71: 68: 60: 50: 46: 40: 39: 35: 29: 20: 19: 16: 13389: 13369: 13357: 13350: 13343: 13329: 13319: 13312: 13305: 13298: 13291: 13284: 13277: 13268: 13248: 13240: 13230: 13220: 13210: 13200: 13190: 13183: 13173: 13166: 13159: 13152: 13145: 13135: 13131: 13121: 13110: 13099: 13089: 13079: 13072: 13067:vol 2 online 13063:vol 1 online 13058: 13048: 13041: 13031: 13019: 13013: 12994: 12985: 12975: 12965: 12958: 12946: 12936: 12926: 12916: 12906: 12896: 12886: 12868: 12847: 12838: 12829: 12823: 12798: 12794: 12788: 12779: 12762: 12758: 12745: 12728: 12724: 12718: 12709: 12703: 12694: 12688: 12678:November 22, 12676:. 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Retrieved 11578: 11575:"James Reeb" 11568: 11559: 11550: 11531: 11503: 11497: 11485:. Retrieved 11481:the original 11476: 11466: 11445: 11414:. Retrieved 11410:the original 11405: 11373: 11355: 11348: 11339: 11333: 11324: 11318: 11309: 11303: 11286: 11282: 11276: 11255: 11251: 11241: 11235:. LSU Press. 11232: 11223: 11199: 11192: 11183: 11177: 11168: 11159: 11150: 11144: 11135: 11129: 11120: 11111: 11102: 11096: 11087: 11080: 11051: 11047: 11037: 11028: 11022: 11010:. Retrieved 10999: 10990: 10961: 10957: 10947: 10938: 10932: 10923: 10917: 10905:. Retrieved 10896: 10892: 10882: 10863: 10857: 10832: 10821: 10801:. New York: 10798: 10792: 10783: 10777: 10768: 10762: 10737: 10731: 10725: 10704: 10696: 10684: 10678: 10660: 10656: 10650: 10635: 10627: 10604: 10598: 10578: 10571: 10542: 10534: 10525: 10515: 10504:the original 10499: 10487: 10477: 10470: 10458:. Retrieved 10454: 10445: 10433:. 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Retrieved 6698: 6689: 6665: 6549: 6532: 6521: 6516:Bill Clinton 6510:Jimmy Carter 6456:James Monroe 6432: 6413: 6398: 6353:Carter Glass 6350: 6331: 6327:World War II 6305: 6301: 6286: 6278: 6237: 6209: 6205: 6184: 6131:World War II 6128: 6096: 6073: 6050: 6043: 6021:Barack Obama 6010: 6006: 5985: 5971:in Florida, 5967:in Alabama, 5950: 5916: 5904: 5872:Jacksonville 5833: 5826: 5818: 5806:Ku Klux Klan 5795: 5729: 5725: 5718: 5695: 5613: 5550: 5526: 5518:World War II 5511: 5504: 5459: 5448: 5427:World War II 5425: 5413: 5395:. After the 5386: 5367:, violence, 5353: 5345: 5325: 5312: 5296: 5277: 5270: 5259: 5255: 5249: 5235: 5200:Wright Flyer 5185: 5178: 5176: 5166: 5160: 5152: 5136: 5127:World War II 5124: 5045: 5021: 5013: 5001:White League 4997: 4978: 4967: 4934: 4922: 4896:Ku Klux Klan 4869: 4835: 4831: 4812: 4772: 4762: 4757: 4748: 4736: 4732: 4705:Bloody Lane 4659: 4651: 4635: 4629: 4609: 4553: 4537: 4495: 4488: 4451: 4447: 4418: 4388:Leon Litwack 4385: 4372: 4360: 4291: 4287: 4278: 4275: 4274: 4265: 4257: 4223: 4216: 4156:8,838 (29%) 4153:21,788 (71%) 4062: 4049:Spanish Cuba 4045: 3992: 3972: 3952: 3901: 3863: 3859: 3833: 3827: 3824:sectionalism 3784: 3745: 3709: 3701: 3689: 3685: 3668: 3652: 3587: 3583: 3575: 3564: 3516: 3505: 3466:expansionism 3427: 3388: 3365: 3357: 3341: 3330: 3324: 3305: 3297:Ben Campbell 3296: 3254: 3246: 3215: 3195:anti-slavery 3188: 3180:secessionist 3165: 3121: 3089: 3074: 3042: 3010: 2979:Daniel Boone 2952: 2948:royal colony 2932:buffer state 2929: 2902: 2898: 2887: 2866: 2842: 2841: 2789: 2778: 2735: 2716: 2685: 2680:Drayton Hall 2662: 2625: 2620: 2604: 2592: 2576: 2544: 2524: 2508:Terra Mariae 2507: 2487: 2463: 2435: 2400: 2377: 2333: 2318:Jean Lafitte 2295: 2280: 2267:Lipan Apache 2262: 2236: 2203: 2197:conquistador 2195: 2190: 2168: 2089: 2076: 2070:(1540), and 2057:and several 2047: 2030:Post Contact 1993: 1982: 1974:Watson Brake 1970: 1937: 1872: 1860: 1835:ethnographic 1832: 1774: 1753:World War II 1749:The New Deal 1729: 1722:White League 1685: 1654: 1610: 1584: 1582: 1143: 1054: 1047: 1028: 989: 982: 968: 909: 865: 858: 811: 797: 792:Social class 790: 783: 744: 718:Marine Corps 705: 698: 691: 655:Debt ceiling 640:Civil rights 622: 615: 601: 587: 573: 544: 532:Civil unrest 530: 525:Antisemitism 523: 516: 498:2008–present 486:2008–present 484: 462: 440: 407: 374: 365:World War II 319: 275: 253: 220: 187: 154: 144:Colonial Era 142: 130: 124: 84: 78: 63: 57:October 2023 54: 32: 15: 13065:; also see 12358:October 27, 11996:Upton, Dell 11855:October 27, 11842:Who Was Who 11639:October 27, 11289:(1): 1–19. 10551:. pp. 10460:November 5, 10435:November 5, 10005:(2): 115–46 9674:October 28, 9622:November 4, 9591:November 4, 9582:"Civil War" 9565:November 4, 9555:"Secession" 9243:October 23, 9162:October 15, 8791:(1): 5–28. 8690:. pp. 8638:October 24, 8575:Berlin, Ira 8390:October 16, 8365:November 4, 8359:Smithsonian 8224:November 7, 8059:. Praeger. 7986:November 7, 7797:Berlin, Ira 7522:October 25, 7159:October 30, 7116:October 30, 7029:October 31, 6821:November 1, 6784:November 1, 6704:October 25, 6399:During the 6357:Vietnam War 6311:World War I 6289:War of 1812 6225:San Antonio 6167:San Antonio 6163:New Orleans 5888:New Orleans 5702:James Bevel 5514:World War I 5369:segregation 5356:boll weevil 5273:Ben Tillman 4960:(left) and 4752:courthouses 4667:Chattanooga 4532:Stand Watie 4351:Confederacy 4226:King Cotton 4054:Fort Sumter 3999:Fort Sumter 3876:Mississippi 3680:John Holmes 3579:manumission 3360:New Orleans 3349:Eli Whitney 3250:Upper South 3207:slave trade 2925:plantations 2907:envisioned 2869:plantations 2736:Throughout 2654:, Chapter 2 2415:James River 2407:Protestants 2403:New England 2326:New Orleans 2320:settled on 2302:Great Lakes 2259:San Antonio 1945:–1000 BC), 1943: 8000 1747:practices. 1736:Segregation 1418:Territories 1139:New England 819:Agriculture 738:Coast Guard 733:Space Force 581:Immigration 431:Vietnam War 332:World War I 126:Prehistoric 13088:Key, V.O. 12640:. p. 12232:August 27, 12204:August 21, 12176:August 21, 12150:August 21, 12122:August 20, 12093:DefenseOne 11980:August 28, 11952:August 28, 11883:August 17, 11012:August 22, 9648:August 14, 9473:Downs, Jim 9321:; compare 8894:(4): 451. 7552:0807871419 7356:(1): 1–27. 6963:(2): 190. 6759:January 2, 6681:References 6640:Juneteenth 6480:John Tyler 6422:, and the 6416:Whig Party 6111:state laws 6084:treasonous 6078:after the 5993:Dixiecrats 5977:Hale Boggs 5961:Jim Folsom 5959:in Texas, 5900:Washington 5880:Montgomery 5848:Birmingham 5810:James Reeb 5748:Montgomery 5727:Congress. 5563:, and the 5540:, and the 5414:President 5409:West Coast 5346:Historian 5300:poll taxes 5188:Spindletop 5173:explains: 5005:Red Shirts 4926:rail gauge 4815:Union Army 4789:war crimes 4725:April 1865 4470:Union Army 4405:See also: 4386:Historian 4368:Bell Wiley 4244:See also: 4197:Negligible 4189:4,500,000 4186:Negligible 4134:3,500,000 4112:5,500,000 4109:22,000,000 4028:See also: 3995:Washington 3976:Deep South 3959:John Brown 3938:See also: 3916:New Mexico 3902:After the 3846:See also: 3820:Force Bill 3802:President 3764:XYZ Affair 3756:John Adams 3752:Federalist 3724:See also: 3655:Ira Berlin 3430:democratic 3395:historians 3345:cotton gin 3149:Monticello 3038:Royal Navy 2889:Charleston 2708:John Punch 2692:cotton gin 2430:John White 2310:King Louis 2024:Deep South 1851:Franz Boas 1847:Otis Mason 1789:Rosa Parks 1718:Red Shirts 1657:cotton gin 1644:including 1613:plantation 1573:James Reeb 693:Journalism 645:Corruption 624:Government 575:Demography 562:Newspapers 453:Reagan Era 299:Gilded Age 137:until 1607 34:neutrality 12543:The South 12053:241554344 12045:0037-9808 11824:243289856 11614:August 3, 11487:March 16, 11167:(2011) . 10907:March 10, 10899:: 12–13. 10833:Black Boy 10613:cite book 10192:144929048 9938:1945-7782 9373:144321582 8986:0008-1175 8908:0004-1823 8533:699102217 7845:(1): 1–29 7783:242311685 7706:0022-4529 7086:163856087 7070:0002-7316 6977:0890-1686 6909:129612660 6901:0300-9483 6657:Footnotes 6474:Tennessee 6381:Dean Rusk 6248:Hispanics 6227:, Texas, 6213:hurricane 6159:Nashville 6157:, Miami, 6143:Charlotte 6103:neo-Nazis 6080:Civil War 6071:in 2020. 5973:Earl Long 5884:Nashville 5852:Charlotte 5844:Baltimore 5802:Unitarian 5714:Malcolm X 5710:ordinance 5405:Americans 5393:Dust Bowl 5292:lynchings 5279:Black Boy 5052:Northeast 4958:Scalawags 4919:Railroads 4905:Redeemers 4888:scalawags 4819:Tennessee 4671:Nashville 4549:Chickasaw 4427:Nashville 4401:Railroads 4304:in 1863. 4298:Vicksburg 4068:based in 3474:consensus 3446:executive 3376:white men 3316:New South 3293:Steamboat 3268:Old South 3213:emerged. 3184:Civil War 3087:element. 2950:by 1752. 2883:oligarchy 2781:Caribbean 2712:Hugh Gwyn 2700:cash crop 2615:Jamestown 2587:headright 2551:Cape Fear 2493:Charles I 2363:Jamestown 2334:Bienville 2306:Louisiana 2291:Huguenots 2210:Pensacola 2174:New World 2108:Chickasaw 2096:Apalachee 2062:included 2055:chiefdoms 2012:St. Louis 1884:megafauna 1714:Redeemers 1591:were the 1144:The South 728:Air Force 603:Education 479:1991–2008 464:1991–2008 457:1981–1991 442:1980–1991 435:1964–1975 424:1954–1968 409:1964–1980 402:1954–1968 391:1945–1964 376:1945–1964 369:1941–1945 358:1929–1941 347:1918–1929 336:1917–1918 321:1917–1945 314:1896–1917 303:1877–1896 292:1865–1877 277:1865–1917 270:1849–1865 255:1849–1865 248:1825–1849 237:1817–1825 222:1815–1849 215:1801–1817 204:1788–1801 189:1789–1815 182:1783–1788 171:1765–1783 156:1776–1789 149:1607–1765 45:talk page 13414:Category 13400:Archived 13360:(1941). 13324:at JSTOR 13138:(1954)) 12931:at JSTOR 12846:(1967). 12672:Newsweek 12592:53573849 12353:Statista 12333:July 13, 12302:Statista 12259:Archived 11973:The Week 11743:Archived 11739:40030963 11664:Archived 11416:April 7, 11268:Archived 11264:27547837 11231:(2000). 11119:(1967). 11072:Archived 11006:Archived 10982:Archived 10901:Archived 10125:July 13, 10052:(1965). 9974:cite web 9961:The Root 9825:(1996). 9778:30039841 9743:30237490 9710:cite web 9475:(2015). 9454:(1979). 9187:June 17, 9157:Owl Eyes 9092:Columbia 8994:25156538 8916:40027875 8867:(2003). 8718:(2009). 8660:(1921). 8577:(2003). 8310:(1993). 8262:Engerman 8218:Archived 8179:(1999). 8161:(1979). 8101:(1994). 8083:(1961). 7902:July 24, 7873:Archived 7799:(2003). 7738:(1971). 7722:29531689 7714:18754158 7634:(2014). 7182:(1997). 6985:20173887 6574:See also 6409:Virginia 6365:Arkansas 6346:chivalry 6319:New Deal 6313:and the 6196:Sun Belt 6107:protests 5896:Richmond 5856:Columbia 5760:tear gas 5391:and the 5365:lynching 5317:Democrat 5156:Hookworm 5131:Piedmont 4884:freedmen 4850:Freedmen 4577:Seminole 4569:Cherokee 4200:300,000 4139:Soldiers 4070:Wheeling 3808:disunion 3768:sabotage 3593:(though 3527:Cherokee 3498:and the 3442:suffrage 3434:monopoly 3374:to most 3372:suffrage 3236:and the 3203:Congress 3092:Savannah 3085:Loyalist 3077:Saratoga 2983:Kentucky 2975:Cherokee 2936:garrison 2774:Maryland 2770:Virginia 2760:(1696), 2758:Carolina 2536:Virginia 2447:Maryland 2443:Virginia 2369:colonies 2271:Comanche 2251:presidio 2247:missions 2140:Powhatan 2138:and the 2132:Seminole 2124:Hitchiti 2104:Cherokee 2074:(1699). 2066:(1528), 1919:, large 1839:cultural 1720:and the 1667:and the 1516:Category 1067:Lesbians 1041:Comanche 1036:Cherokee 834:Medicine 785:Religion 707:Military 680:Taxation 630:Abortion 546:Cultural 38:disputed 13362:excerpt 13332:(1964). 13235:excerpt 13203:(2009) 13034:(2014) 12939:(1944). 12815:2587587 12307:June 7, 11925:Reuters 11068:1052610 10978:2567576 10754:2206441 10553:425–426 10342:2191774 10286:2117145 9139:1895910 9015:111–123 8785:Poetics 8692:158–159 8251:. 2019. 7962:4246423 7377:July 5, 7078:3557032 6881:Bibcode 6373:Georgia 6367:), and 6155:Memphis 6151:Houston 6139:Atlanta 6092:slavery 5892:Raleigh 5876:Memphis 5868:Jackson 5864:Houston 5840:Atlanta 5522:Memphis 5106:Source 5068:Midwest 4791:trial. 4785:treason 4776:Sherman 4675:Atlanta 4633:1920". 4620:Cavalry 4545:Choctaw 4498:Jackson 4431:Atlanta 4363:Patrols 4120:432,586 4058:Union's 3816:slavery 3758:in the 3754:member 3604:capital 3403:slavery 3226:epitaph 3096:Georgia 3013:Patriot 2971:Shawnee 2944:slavery 2934:and a " 2917:slavery 2909:Georgia 2766:Antigua 2762:Georgia 2754:Jamaica 2689:Whitney 2459:Georgia 2136:Catawba 2112:Choctaw 2092:Alabama 2020:Atlanta 2008:Cahokia 1960:. 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