History of cities - Knowledge

172:, for a settlement to qualify as a city, it must have enough surplus of raw materials to support trade and a relatively large population. Bairoch points out that, due to sparse population densities that would have persisted in pre-Neolithic, hunter-gatherer societies, the amount of land that would be required to produce enough food for subsistence and trade for a large population would make it impossible to control the flow of trade. To illustrate this point, Bairoch offers an example: "Western Europe during the pre-Neolithic, the density must have been less than 0.1 person per square kilometre". Using this population density as a base for calculation, and allotting 10% of food towards surplus for trade and assuming that city dwellers do no farming, he calculates that "...to maintain a city with a population of 1,000, and without taking the cost of transport into account, an area of 100,000 square kilometres would have been required. When the cost of transport is taken into account, the figure rises to 200,000 square kilometres ...". Bairoch noted that this is roughly the size of 2731:. "It is now clear that the deindustrialization thesis is part myth and part fact. Robert Z. Lawrence, for example, uses aggregate economic data to show that manufacturing employment in the United States did not decline but actually increased from 16.8 million in 1960, to 20.1 million in 1973, and 20.3 million in 1980. However, manufacturing employment was in relative decline. Barry Bluestone noted that manufacturing represented a decreasing proportion of the U.S. labour force, from 26.2 per cent in 1973 to 22.1 per cent in 1980. Studies in Canada have likewise shown that manufacturing employment was only in relative decline during these years. Yet mills and factories did close, and towns and cities lost their industries. John Cumbler submitted that 'depressions do not manifest themselves only at moments of national economic collapse' such as in the 1930s, but 'also recur in scattered sites across the nation in regions, in industries, and in communities.'" 73: 718: 206:, delves into similar reasons for city formation: reduced transport costs for goods, people and ideas. Discussing the benefits of proximity, Glaeser claims that if a city is doubled in size, workers get a ten percent increase in earnings. Glaeser furthers his argument by stating that bigger cities do not pay more for equal productivity than in a smaller city, so it is reasonable to assume that workers become more productive if they move to a city twice the size as they initially worked in. The workers do not benefit much from the ten percent wage increase, because it is recycled back into the higher cost of living in a larger city. They do gain other benefits from living in cities, though. 1355: 1250: 269: 2576:

in the midst of a golden age as the Tang dynasty gave way—after a short period of fragmentation—to the Song dynasty. This dynasty ruled two of the most impressive cities on the planet, Xian and Hangzhou. / In contrast, poor Western Europe had not recovered from the sacking of Rome and the collapse of the western half of the Roman Empire. For more than five centuries a steady process of deurbanization—whereby the population living in cities and the number of cities declined precipitously—had converted a prosperous landscape into a scary wilderness, overrun with bandits, warlords, and rude settlements."

834:, has been dated to the third century BCE. According to Roderick and Susan McIntosh, Jenné-Jeno did not fit into traditional Western conceptions of urbanity as it lacked monumental architecture and a distinctive elite social class, but it should indeed be considered a city based on a functional redefinition of urban development. In particular, Jenné-Jeno featured settlement mounds arranged according to a horizontal, rather than vertical, power hierarchy, and served as a center of specialized production and exhibited functional interdependence with the surrounding hinterland. 2592:, in mind. These fortifications would often take the form of a regular geometric shape, with towers laid out a regular intervals, and gates allowing entrance into the city itself. The streets within the Bastide city were likewise regularly placed, intended to connect logically to each other, to the central market square, and to the town gates. The placement and pattern of streets was also intended to facilitate the movement of armaments and men to the city defenses. Building took place after the layout had been imposed, creating a more orderly landscape." 30: 1235: 381: 996: 873: 985: 149: 3627: 119: 401: 2419:, cited in Kaplan et al. (2004), pp. 37–38. "The regularity of Teotihuacán began with the main street, the "Street of the Dead," which stretched from the Great Compound and the Temple of Quetzacoatal to another great pyramid, the Pyramid of the Moon. Every other major street, and even the river running through the city, was laid out either parallel or perpendicular to this grand avenue." 137: 849:. Their habitation of the site spanned the period from 3rd century BCE to 13th century CE. Archaeological evidence from Jenné-Jeno, specifically the presence of non-West African glass beads dated from the third century BCE to the fourth century CE, indicates that pre-Arabic trade contacts probably existed between Jenné-Jeno and North Africa. 107:. The Neolithic revolution brought agriculture, which made denser human populations possible, thereby supporting city development. Whether farming immigrants replaced foragers or foragers began farming is not clear. The increased food production per unit of land supported higher population density and more city-like activities. In his book, 2575:

Kaplan et al. (2004), p. 43. "Capitals like Córdoba and Cairo had populations of about 500,000; Baghdad probably had a population of more than 1 million. This urban heritage would continue despite the conquests of the Seljuk Turks and the later Crusades. China, the longest standing civilization, was

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Adams (1981), p. 2. "Southern Mesopotamia was a land of cities. It became one precociously, before the end of the fourth millennium B.C. Urban traditions remained strong and virtually continuous through the vicissitudes of conquest, internal upheaval accompanied by widespread economic breakdown, and

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Kaplan et al. (2004), pp. 53–54. "England was clearly at the center of these changes. London became the first truly global city by placing itself within the new global economy. English colonialism in North America, the Caribbean, South Asia, and later Africa and China helped to further fatten the

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had a population of about a million people by the end of the 1st century BC, after growing continually during the 3rd, 2nd, and 1st centuries BC, making it the largest city in the world at the time. Alexandria's population was also close to Rome's population at around the same time, the historian

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The roster of early urban traditions is notable for its diversity. Excavations at early urban sites show that some cities were sparsely populated political capitals, others were trade centers, and still other cities had a primarily religious focus. Some cities had large dense populations, whereas

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George Modelski considers medieval Baghdad, with an estimated population of 1.2 million at its peak, the largest city before 19th century London and the first with a population of over one million. Others estimate that Baghdad's population may have been as large as 2 million in the 9th

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others carried out urban activities in the realms of politics or religion without having large associated populations. Theories that attempt to explain ancient urbanism by a single factor, such as economic benefit, fail to capture the range of variation documented by archaeologists.

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in Guatemala, was between 100 and 150 square kilometres (39 and 58 sq mi) in total size. Although its population remains a topic of research and debate, newly identified agricultural systems in the Angkor area may have supported up to one million people.

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the imperial palace lay to the north, facing south, absorbing the light of the sun, and royalty slept with their heads to the north and their feet to the south. Next came the Imperial City, and then the people's city, divided into eastern and western halves.

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The first true towns are sometimes considered large settlements where the inhabitants were no longer simply farmers of the surrounding area, but began to take on specialized occupations, and where trade, food storage and power were centralized. In 1950

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James Xiaohe Zhang, "Rapid urbanization in China and its impact on the world economy"; 16th Annual Conference on Global Economic Analysis, "New Challenges for Global Trade in a Rapidly Changing World", Shanhai Institute of Foreign Trade, June 12–14,

58:. Possible costs would include higher rate of crime, higher mortality rates, higher cost of living, worse pollution, traffic and high commuting times. Cities grow when the benefits of proximity between people and firms are higher than the cost. 1540:. In the U.S. urbanization rate increased forty to eighty percent during 1900–1990. Today the world's population is slightly over half urban, and continues to urbanize, with roughly a million people moving into cities every 24 hours worldwide. 1650:

that use technology and communication to create more efficient agglomerations in terms of competitiveness, innovation, environment, energy, utilities, governance, and delivery of services to the citizen. Some companies are building brand new

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The growth of the population of ancient civilizations, the formation of ancient empires concentrating political power, and the growth in commerce and manufacturing led to ever greater capital cities and centres of commerce and industry, with

589:, meaning "gathering place" or "assembly", was the center of athletic, artistic, spiritual and political life of the polis. These Greek city-states reached great levels of prosperity that resulted in an unprecedented cultural boom, that of 199:. Their applications are seen in more basic economic systems as well. Increasing returns to scale occurs when "doubling all inputs more than doubles the output an activity has economies of scale if doubling output less than doubles cost". 49:

settlements are truly cities. The benefits of dense settlement included reduced transport costs, exchange of ideas, sharing of natural resources, large local markets, wider selection of potential mates, and in some cases amenities such as

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wallets of many of its merchants. These colonies would later provide many of the raw materials for industrial production. England's hinterland was no longer confined to a portion of the world; it effectively became a global hinterland."

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the city featured religious buildings (23 temple complexes) and myriad workshops. Although its religious system was clearly expansive and significant, details of its political and economic functioning remain matters of speculation.

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Kaplan et al. (2004), pp. 41–42. "Rome created an elaborate urban system. Roman colonies were organized as a means of securing Roman territory. The first thing that Romans did when they conquered new territories was to establish

2389: 940:. It is the oldest known civilization in the Americas, flourishing between the 30th century BCE and the 18th century BCE. Mesoamerica saw the rise of early urbanism in several cultural regions, including the 1345:

Most towns remained small, so that in 1500 only some two dozen places in the world contained more than 100,000 inhabitants. As late as 1700, there were fewer than forty, a figure that rose to 300 in 1900.

187:, Brendan O'Flaherty asserts "Cities could persist—as they have for thousands of years—only if their advantages offset the disadvantages". O'Flaherty illustrates two similar attracting advantages known as 92:

to assert what conditions gave rise to the first cities. Some theorists have speculated on what they consider suitable pre-conditions and basic mechanisms that might have been important driving forces.

100:) pre-date cities by many thousands of years. Before permanent settlement in cities, there were also large temporary settlements used for religious purposes or as a stopping place for nomadic people. 1376:

and the rise of new great cities, first in Europe and then in other regions, as new opportunities brought huge numbers of migrants from rural communities into urban areas. England led the way as

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the old Roman city concept was extensively used. Cities were founded in the middle of the newly conquered territories, and were bound to several laws about administration, finances and urbanism.

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cities with a legislature of their own were not unheard of, the laws for towns as a rule other than for the countryside, the lord of a town often being another than for surrounding land. In the

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By the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries some cities become powerful states, taking surrounding areas under their control or establishing extensive maritime empires. In Italy

628:, the grandest example of idealized urban planning of the ancient Mediterranean world, where the city's regularity was facilitated by its level site near a mouth of the Nile. 2133: 1208:

were granted by nobility.) The city's central function was commerce, enabled by waterways and ports; the cities themselves were heavily fortified with walls and sometimes

2386: 681:. Following these standard plans, Rome founded hundreds of cities and exerted substantial influence toward urbanizing the Mediterranean. In the process, Rome developed 2032:

massive linguistic and population replacement. The symbolic and material content of civilization obviously changed, but its cultural ambience remained tied to cities."

316:: they developed cities and struggled with the problems of organised states as they moved from individual communities to larger territorial units and eventually to 1646:. Knowledge-based development of cities, globalization of innovation networks, and broadband services are driving forces of a new city planning paradigm towards 3211: 260:

This categorisation is descriptive, and it is used as a general touchstone when considering ancient cities, although not all have each of its characteristics.

2751: 1307:, in present-day Mexico, had an estimated population between 200,000 and 300,000 when the Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés arrived in 1519. During the 752:, an archaeological site dating to circa. 7000 BCE can be considered one of the first cities in the world, and the origin of agriculture in South Asia. 446:

that existed from approximately 7400 BCE to 5200 BCE. Hunting, agriculture and animal domestication all played a role in the society of Çatalhöyük.

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McIntosh, Roderic J., McIntosh, Susan Keech. "Early Urban Configurations on the Middle Niger: Clustered Cities and Landscapes of Power," Chapter 5.

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since the third millennium BC. Because of this, cities could develop as centers of non-agricultural activity, well before the influence of Arab

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estimates a total population close to a million based on a census dated from 32 AD that counted 180,000 adult male citizens in Alexandria.

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Monroe, J. Cameron (2018). ""Elephants for Want of Towns": Archaeological Perspectives on West African Cities and Their Hinterlands".

3431: 963:, possibly reaching a population of 125,000 in 200 CE. The city's grid plan originated with the "Avenue of the Dead", connecting the 3081: 2815: 3443: 3448: 1730: 1699: 1663: 2919: 2900: 2845: 2693: 2479: 2334: 2182: 2112: 1976: 2940: 1803: 1642:

and instantaneous communications are making cities obsolete, or reinforcing the importance of big cities as centres of the

1526:" model became the icon of a self-contained, comprehensively designed, residential and commercial settlement. Professional 1392:

reduced transportation costs, and large manufacturing centers began to emerge, fueling migration from rural to city areas.

1308: 803:, presented characteristics suggestive of an incipient form of urbanism. The second place to show urban characteristics in 644: 1130:. These cities, with populations in the tens of thousands, amassed enormous wealth by means of extensive trade in eastern 3311: 17: 1322:

in the Middle Ages multiplied the number of cities in the region, as well as making some of them very populous, notably

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MacDonald, Kevin (2015). "The Tichitt tradition in the West African Sahel". In Barker, Graeme; Barker, Candice (eds.).

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to locate and plan cities, orienting their walls to cardinal points. Symbolic cities were constructed as celestial

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appeared in large numbers, not only to design cities, but to provide technical expertise to their administration.

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takes up this position in his argument that agricultural activity appears necessary before true cities can form.

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and ancient China are two other areas with major indigenous urban traditions. Among the early Old World cities,

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A comprehensive archaeological map of the world's largest preindustrial settlement complex at Angkor, Cambodia

2006:, Fourth Edition, ed. George Gmelch & Walter P. Zenner; Prospect Heights, Illinois: Waveland Press, 2002. 616:; the Hippodamian, or grid plan, was the basis for subsequent Greek and Roman cities. In the 4th century BCE, 1615: 933: 1999: 1226:

grew into one of the largest cities (in area) of the world. The closest rival to Angkor, the Mayan city of

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Heartland of Cities: Surveys of Ancient Settlement and Land Use on the Central Floodplain of the Euphrates

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cultures. The Norte Chico civilization included as many as 30 major population centers in what is now the

2352:"Initial Encounters: Seeking traces of ancient trade connections between West Africa and the wider world" 2059: 1687: 188: 1054:, was the largest and wealthiest city in Europe, with a population approaching 1 million. Following the 3306: 2810: 2509: 1055: 682: 635:

again shifted the locus of political power, resulting in economic and demographic gain for the city of

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suggests that city formation preceded the birth of agriculture, but this view is not widely accepted.

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Kaplan, David H.; James O. Wheeler; Steven R. Holloway; & Thomas W. Hodler, cartographer (2004).

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rivaled the well-developed regionally traditional capital cities of Baghdad, Beijing, Istanbul and

1008: 905: 337: 268: 744:, existing from about 2600 BCE, was one of the largest, with a population of 50,000 or more and a 3552: 3216: 2230: 2138: 1564: 1181: 1097:, some cities had no other lord than the emperor. Some planned towns were created, in Britain by 767: 232:

Differentiation of the population. Not all residents grow their own food, leading to specialists.

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In the first millennium CE, an urban tradition developed in the Khmer region of Cambodia, where

479:, was home to numerous cities by the third millennium BCE. These cities formed the basis of the 3537: 3426: 3398: 3283: 1575: 1560: 1509: 1185: 1067: 1028: 333: 2719: 2172: 297: 3577: 3368: 3358: 3343: 3196: 3138: 2326: 2073: 1966: 1681: 1619: 1505: 1501: 1432: 1369: 1000: 602: 578: 433: 320:. Among these early civilizations, Egypt is exceptional for its apparent lack of big cities. 3567: 3542: 2960: 1523: 1496:

Growth of cities continued through the twentieth century and increased dramatically in the

1485: 1444: 1280:'s larger capitals grew again as commercial hubs, especially following the emergence of an 1084: 1074: 945: 759: 674: 621: 389: 104: 1395:

Industrialized cities became deadly places to live, due to health problems resulting from

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at first gained independence, but lost their population and their importance, starting in

8: 3607: 3221: 2556: 2050: 1763: 1711: 1571: 1400: 1319: 1119: 1081:. City residence brought freedom from customary rural obligations to lord and community: 968: 881: 617: 593:, expressed in architecture, drama, science, mathematics and philosophy, and nurtured in 523: 308:

led to the significant growth in human population and the rise of cities. The peoples of

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arose in an attempt to make cities defensible against strengthening military firepower.

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Additionally, other early urban centers in West Africa, dated to around 500 CE, include

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was one of the earliest cities (5400 BCE – 600 BCE), and located in southern modern day

3506: 2835: 2562: 2128: 1947: 1939: 1817: 1798: 1607: 1595: 1123: 1090: 972: 277: 192: 169: 2078:. Chapter 2 – The Ideal of Citizenship since Classical Times (originally published in 1935: 1012: 959:

Teotihuacan, flourishing from 200 BCE to 750 CE, was the largest American city of the

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had become the largest city in the world with a population of over a million, while

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Kaplan et al. (2004), p. 52. "Many cities were constructed with fortifications, or

2359: 2322: 2266: 1931: 1812: 1705: 1603: 1177: 1115: 1051: 706: 690: 590: 215: 2697: 842: 3491: 3403: 3188: 3173: 3091: 2984: 2953: 2660: 2544: 2508:(2002). "Writing the Economic History of Byzantium". In Angeliki E. Laiou (ed.). 2469: 2393: 2045: 1656: 1639: 1548: 1478: 1155: 991:, the largest and wealthiest city in Europe from the 9th through the 12th century 917: 649: 393: 385: 313: 305: 46: 3587: 3547: 3293: 3273: 3096: 3029: 2928: 2505: 2041: 1536:

of the 1930s, especially those with a base in heavy industry, were hard hit by

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began, making electricity the main energy medium in cities until present day.

815:, from 800 BC. Both Dhar Tichitt and Dia were founded by the same people: the 3651: 3645: 3631: 3602: 3572: 3496: 3486: 3476: 3471: 3316: 3268: 3039: 2559:

International dictionary of historic places, Volume 4: Middle East and Africa

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representing harmony and connection between the earthly and other realms. In

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La ciudad sagrada de Caral-Supe en los albores de la civilización en el Perú

2156: 827: 3582: 3466: 3363: 3348: 3236: 3178: 3151: 3128: 3086: 2831: 2615: 1758: 1583: 1537: 1470: 1466: 1396: 1373: 1304: 1297: 1216: 1131: 857: 838: 820: 796: 737: 722: 640: 632: 361: 122: 112: 2537: 2364: 2351: 2293:. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. pp. 409–513. 3408: 3393: 3278: 3246: 3226: 3201: 3146: 3123: 3076: 3056: 3049: 3044: 3024: 2997: 2855: 1717: 1693: 1587: 1522:

became widespread and professionalized. At the turn of the century, the "

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attempted to define a historic city with ten general metrics. These are:

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as a prototype of a flourishing and independent city in the 15th century.

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Cities and Economic Development: From the Dawn of History to the Present

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Trudy Ring; Robert M. Salkin; K. A. Berney; Paul E. Schellinger (1996).

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99, no. 1). Minneapolis, MN: The University of Minnesota. p. 31.

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Industrial Sunset: The Making of North America's Rust Belt, 1969–1984

1675: 1669: 1606:, contrary to the global trend of massive urban expansion. Under the 1591: 1416: 1242: 1241:, Italy, constructed in 1593 according to the defensive ideal of the 1238: 1201: 941: 808: 771: 678: 598: 519: 512: 468: 161: 51: 34: 1253: 1169: 984: 3458: 3378: 3251: 3071: 3002: 1474: 1436: 1339: 1020: 763: 749: 741: 543: 508: 443: 365: 357: 353: 196: 89: 55: 2102: 653:), characteristically imposing a grid pattern made of north–south 612:) has been dubbed the "Father of City Planning" for his design of 551: 148: 1579: 1556: 1552: 1412: 1408: 1358: 1327: 1107: 1032: 726: 613: 559: 547: 500: 496: 484: 329: 97: 1590:

in formerly prosperous cities. America's "Steel Belt" became a "

1334:(70,000 to 105,000 inhabitants in the 14th and 15th centuries), 1219:, which enjoyed a considerable autonomy in late medieval Japan. 3338: 3231: 3009: 1377: 1285: 1223: 1173: 1160: 1147: 702: 594: 539: 464: 317: 118: 103:

The conventional view holds that cities first formed after the

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and cities across the country grew in locations strategic for

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Urban World History: An Economic and Geographical Perspective

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Those not producing their own food are supported by the king.

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Similarly, "Are Cities Dying?", a paper by Harvard economist

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Crabgrass frontier: The suburbanization of the United States

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International Dictionary of Historic Places: Southern Europe

400: 3256: 2976: 2694:"Mayday 23: World Population Becomes More Urban Than Rural" 2197:

On The Political Economy of the Roman Empire, Keith Hopkins

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for collective defense and commerce. Their power was later

1143: 1139: 1077:, a town was as much a political entity as a collection of 937: 929: 864:, a center located on a trade route between Egypt and Gao. 831: 812: 636: 488: 472: 453: 42: 2252: 2250: 2248: 2103:

Trudy Ring; Robert Salkin; Sharon Boda (January 1, 1996).

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Size and density of the population should be above normal.

136: 2945: 1544: 1456: 1323: 1165: 904:. In the Andes, the first urban centers developed in the 2284: 2282: 2280: 1089:("City air makes you free") was a saying in Germany. In 507:, have been located and excavated, while others such as 2752:

China’s Great Uprooting: Moving 250 Million Into Cities

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was also used for heating and cooking. From the 1880s,

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became widespread in Europe in the early 19th century.

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Similar phenomena existed elsewhere, as in the case of

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History of Art in Phœnicia and Its Dependences, Vol. 1

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itself, and a new political regime in the form of the

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Beginning in the early first millennium, independent

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have a long history, although opinions vary on which

2004:

Urban Life: Readings in the Anthropology of the City

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emerged as regular features of the urban landscape.

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in Greece began to flourish, evolving the notion of

2784:, 3rd edn, South Melbourne: Oxford University Press 2514:. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks. pp. 130–131. 522:trading empire, flourishing around the turn of the 2912:The City: Critical Concepts in The Social Sciences 2495: 2463: 2461: 2256: 2054:; translated from French to English and edited by 1922:Childe, V. Gordon (1950). "The Urban Revolution". 1046:From the 9th through the end of the 12th century, 2769:The network society: a cross-cultural perspective 1865: 1863: 1372:from the late 18th century onward led to massive 442:, a settlement of some 10,000 people in southern 3643: 2584: 2582: 1555:and other development for the car. Awareness of 1547:ownership has increased steadily, parallel with 837:More recently, scholars have concluded that the 740:of the Indus Valley Civilization in present-day 375: 256:Specialist craftsmen from outside the kin-group. 2641:Metropolis: Angkor, the world's first mega-city 2458: 2412: 2410: 2227:Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization 1111:, fortified cities designed on a regular plan. 841:of Djenne-Djenno was likely established by the 577:, becoming in the process the archetype of the 2890: 1909: 1896: 1860: 1455:) began to replace them, later completed with 1388:. In the United States from 1860 to 1910, the 952:in central Mexico. Later cultures such as the 770:, with the central point corresponding to the 364:and its eastern successor Constantinople (now 2961: 2621: 2579: 2387:History of African Cities South of the Sahara 1876: 1570:In the second half of the twentieth century, 1023:. The locus of wealth in the West shifted to 276:The more complex human societies, called the 195:, which are concepts usually associated with 2511:The Economic History of Byzantium (Volume 1) 2407: 1736:List of oldest continuously inhabited cities 562:, an important Phoenician deity, comes from 2428: 2319:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics 1443:. At the end of the 19th century, electric 1168:only. In Northern Europe, cities including 244:Systems of recording and practical science. 152:Aerial photograph shows the remains of the 2968: 2954: 2604: 2438:(in Spanish). Lima: UNMSM, Fondo Editorial 1964: 1314:West Africa already had cities before the 920:cultures, followed by major cities in the 2422: 2363: 2349: 2343: 2288: 2121: 1992: 1816: 1488:began to expand during the 19th century. 1403:of industry, contaminated water and air, 1245:, today retains its distinctive geometry. 1164:, a specially regulated neighborhood for 762:. City-states emerging at this time used 725:period at the capital, Bianjing, today's 701:political power was increasingly held by 2840:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 2518: 1353: 1349: 1248: 1233: 994: 983: 956:drew on these earlier urban traditions. 871: 716: 483:and subsequent cultures. Cities such as 399: 379: 267: 209: 147: 135: 117: 71: 28: 2909: 2830: 2467: 2397:By Catherine Coquery-Vidrovitch. 2005. 2170: 2127: 2065: 1968:Western Civilization: Volume A: To 1500 1870: 1854: 1832: 14: 3644: 2854: 2327:10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.397 2312: 2306: 2191: 2071: 1921: 1883: 1796: 1731:History of water supply and sanitation 1700:Songdo International Business District 1664:Gujarat International Finance Tec-City 566:and Q-R-T, meaning "king" and "city". 84:. An Anatolian town dated to 7000 BCE. 2949: 2723:; University of Toronto Press, 2003; 2504: 2058:; London: Chapman and Hall, 1885; p. 1066:in the Mediterranean area, including 884:, forming the basis of the city grid. 2627:"Map reveals ancient urban sprawl," 2538:Evolutionary World Politics Homepage 1804:Regional Science and Urban Economics 1559:in the mid-20th century created the 1407:, and communicable diseases such as 1338:(50,000 inhabitants in 1400 AD) and 1309:Spanish colonization of the Americas 860:, the ancient capital of Ghana, and 235:Payment of taxes to a deity or king. 3312:Technical aspects of urban planning 2528:, Washington DC: FAROS 2000, 2003. 2474:. John Wiley and Sons. p. 47. 1563:, which has addressed the need for 96:Smaller human settlements (such as 24: 2654:African cities from 500 AD to 1900 2643:, The Independent, August 15, 2007 2259:Journal of Archaeological Research 1971:. Cengage Learning. pp. 65–. 1818:10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2021.103677 1342:(100,000 inhabitants in 1450 AD). 1284:trade. By the early 19th century, 1276:languished from the 16th century, 515:have been continuously populated. 312:and Egypt laid the foundations of 253:Trade and import of raw materials. 25: 3668: 1936:10.3828/tpr.21.1.k853061t614q42qh 1431:The 19th century saw the rise of 1426: 819:, who would later also found the 3625: 3082:Cities with the most skyscrapers 2683:Kaplan et al. (2004), pp. 54–55. 2601:Kaplan et al. (2004), pp. 47–50. 1638:There is a debate about whether 1326:(72,000 inhabitants in 800 AD), 263: 3563:Sustainable Development Goal 11 3444:Most populous national capitals 2804: 2787: 2774: 2771:. London: Edward Elgar. (ebook) 2761: 2744: 2734: 2711: 2696:. News.ncsu.edu. Archived from 2686: 2677: 2667: 2646: 2634: 2595: 2569: 2550: 2449: 2379: 2297: 2236: 2219: 2209: 2200: 2164: 2035: 2025: 2016: 1958: 1769: 1748: 1633: 1491: 965:Temple of the Feathered Serpent 746:sophisticated sanitation system 422:Cities of the Ancient Near East 272:Cain founding the city of Enoch 109:Cities and Economic Development 3449:Most populous satellite cities 2935:. Cambridge University Press. 2880:. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2862:. New York: Random House Inc. 2225:Kenoyer, Jonathan Mark (1998) 1915: 1902: 1889: 1847: 1838: 1825: 1790: 1626:to become the world's leading 1534:Cities in the great depression 1029:ascendant Islamic civilization 979: 799:, in the south of present-day 782: 721:Daily life of people from the 542:, across the Mediterranean to 140:Extent and major sites of the 13: 1: 3439:Most densely populated cities 2820:University of Chicago Press. 2664:By David Satterthwaite. 2021. 2171:Tellier, Luc-Normand (2009). 1783: 912:or Caral-Supe civilization), 787:Agriculture was practiced in 606: 376:Mediterranean and Mesopotamia 2891:O'Flaherty, Brendan (2005). 1965:Spielvogel, Jackson (2014). 1009:remnants of the Roman Empire 250:Development of symbolic art. 238:Monumental public buildings. 7: 2526:World Cities: –3000 to 2000 2321:. Oxford University Press. 2291:The Cambridge World History 2242:Southall (1998), pp. 38–43. 1724: 1688:King Abdullah Economic City 1318:, but the consolidation of 867: 624:to lay out his new city of 438:The earliest known city is 189:increasing returns to scale 10: 3673: 3307:Theories of urban planning 2975: 2933:The City in Time and Space 2782:New media: an introduction 2767:Castells, M. (ed) (2004). 1618:has undergone concomitant 1616:People's Republic of China 876:The Avenue of the Dead in 663:. The intersection of the 419: 213: 65: 61: 3621: 3520: 3457: 3417: 3302:History of urban planning 3292: 3207:Central business district 3187: 3137: 2983: 2910:Pacione, Michael (2001). 2350:Magnavita, Sonja (2013). 2313:Vydrin, Valentin (2018). 2271:10.1007/s10814-017-9114-2 2206:Rostovtzeff 1941: 1138–39 2107:. Routledge. p. 66. 2072:Pocock, J. G. A. (1998). 1543:During the 20th century, 1390:introduction of railroads 1370:growth of modern industry 1058:and other conflicts, the 936:of north-central coastal 734:Indus Valley civilization 294:Indus Valley Civilization 142:Indus Valley civilization 131:Indus Valley civilization 76:Excavated foundations of 2797:. London: Little, Brown. 2468:Cameron, Averil (2009). 2430:Shady Solís, Ruth Martha 1924:The Town Planning Review 1797:Bosker, Maarten (2022). 1741: 1380:became the capital of a 1064:control over many cities 1013:cities of late antiquity 906:Norte Chico civilization 758:date to the turn of the 503:, made legendary by the 338:Hellenistic civilization 284:in the river valleys of 3553:Million Tree Initiative 2914:. New York: Routledge. 2455:Southall (1998), 48–50. 2233:, Karachi and New York. 2231:Oxford University Press 2139:Oxford University Press 2075:The Citizenship Debates 1655:cities from scratch on 1565:sustainable development 712: 3538:Ecological engineering 3427:World's largest cities 3399:Cycling infrastructure 3284:Peri-urban agriculture 1720:, United Arab Emirates 1714:, United Arab Emirates 1708:, United Arab Emirates 1614:continuing today, the 1578:") in the West led to 1576:economic restructuring 1561:environmental movement 1365: 1257: 1246: 1068:Constantinople in 1453 1056:Byzantine–Ottoman wars 1031:with its major cities 1004: 992: 885: 826:Another ancient site, 756:China's planned cities 729: 417: 397: 280:, emerged around 3000 273: 165: 145: 133: 85: 38: 3578:Urban forest inequity 3369:Multiple nuclei model 3359:Concentric zone model 3344:Mixed-use development 3212:Most expensive cities 3197:World's cities by GDP 2860:The Economy of Cities 2543:May 20, 2007, at the 2365:10.4000/afriques.1145 1682:Bonifacio Global City 1594:" and cities such as 1486:water supply networks 1433:public transportation 1357: 1350:Industrial Revolution 1252: 1237: 1003:, the capital of Iraq 1001:Round city of Baghdad 998: 987: 875: 760:second millennium BCE 720: 603:Hippodamus of Miletus 599:democratic government 434:Colonies in antiquity 420:Further information: 403: 383: 271: 210:Childe’s ten criteria 176:. The urban theorist 151: 139: 129:that was part of the 121: 75: 32: 3568:Sustainable urbanism 3543:Green infrastructure 2177:. PUQ. p. 185. 1469:were uncommon until 1445:urban rail transport 1401:occupational hazards 1184:and eclipsed by the 1085:Stadtluft macht frei 1075:European Middle Ages 880:originates with the 622:Dinocrates of Rhodes 392:to the left and the 390:temple of Hephaestus 314:Western civilization 247:A system of writing. 105:Neolithic Revolution 88:There is not enough 3608:Urban reforestation 3222:Most livable cities 2793:Harford, T. (2008) 2129:Jackson, Kenneth T. 1998:Michael E. Smith, “ 1912:, pp. 572–573) 1844:Bassett, California 1712:Dubai World Central 1572:deindustrialization 1320:Trans-Saharan trade 1256:in the 17th century 969:Pyramid of the Moon 882:Pyramid of the Moon 845:progenitors of the 830:, in what is today 645:founded many cities 618:Alexander the Great 524:first millennium BC 278:first civilizations 127:World Heritage Site 33:This woodcut shows 18:History of the city 3507:Urban homesteading 3432:throughout history 2811:Adams, Robert McC. 2659:2022-02-17 at the 2563:Taylor and Francis 2506:Laiou, Angeliki E. 2392:2008-01-24 at the 1608:Great Leap Forward 1366: 1303:The Aztec city of 1258: 1247: 1124:Republic of Venice 1091:Continental Europe 1005: 993: 934:Norte Chico region 886: 730: 471:within modern day 463:, the area of the 418: 398: 274: 193:economies of scale 170:Vere Gordon Childe 166: 146: 134: 86: 39: 3639: 3638: 3632:Cities portal 3593:Urban heat island 3502:Urban exploration 3374:Linear settlement 3322:Public open space 3157:direct-controlled 3107:Abandoned village 3062:Metropolitan area 2921:978-0-415-25270-6 2902:978-0-674-01918-8 2847:978-0-226-03465-2 2795:The Logic of Life 2780:Flew, T. (2008). 2700:on 7 January 2009 2631:, 14 August 2007. 2524:George Modelski, 2481:978-1-4051-9833-2 2336:978-0-19-938465-5 2315:"Mande Languages" 2184:978-2-7605-2209-1 2114:978-1-884964-02-2 2080:Queen's Quarterly 1978:978-1-285-98299-1 1644:knowledge economy 1624:industrialization 1514:industrialization 1128:Republic of Genoa 1116:medieval communes 1095:Holy Roman Empire 1050:, capital of the 973:ceremonial center 961:pre-Columbian era 896:developed in the 811:, in present-day 748:. Additionally, 699:late Roman Empire 670:decumanus maximus 304:. An increase in 204:Edward L. Glaeser 16:(Redirected from 3664: 3630: 3629: 3628: 3613:Zero-carbon city 3558:Sustainable city 3512:Unitary urbanism 3482:Urban morphology 3419:Urban population 3389:Bicycle-friendly 3164:Independent city 3139:Urban government 3097:Shrinking cities 2970: 2963: 2956: 2947: 2946: 2925: 2906: 2873: 2851: 2798: 2791: 2785: 2778: 2772: 2765: 2759: 2748: 2742: 2738: 2732: 2715: 2709: 2708: 2706: 2705: 2690: 2684: 2681: 2675: 2671: 2665: 2650: 2644: 2638: 2632: 2625: 2619: 2608: 2602: 2599: 2593: 2586: 2577: 2573: 2567: 2566: 2554: 2548: 2522: 2516: 2515: 2502: 2493: 2492: 2490: 2488: 2465: 2456: 2453: 2447: 2446: 2444: 2443: 2426: 2420: 2414: 2405: 2383: 2377: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2367: 2347: 2341: 2340: 2310: 2304: 2301: 2295: 2294: 2286: 2275: 2274: 2254: 2243: 2240: 2234: 2223: 2217: 2213: 2207: 2204: 2198: 2195: 2189: 2188: 2168: 2162: 2160: 2125: 2119: 2118: 2100: 2094: 2093: 2069: 2063: 2056:Walter Armstrong 2039: 2033: 2029: 2023: 2020: 2014: 1996: 1990: 1989: 1987: 1985: 1962: 1956: 1955: 1919: 1913: 1906: 1900: 1893: 1887: 1880: 1874: 1867: 1858: 1851: 1845: 1842: 1836: 1829: 1823: 1822: 1820: 1794: 1777: 1773: 1767: 1752: 1706:Dubai Waterfront 1598:, Michigan, and 1178:Hanseatic League 1052:Byzantine Empire 894:urban traditions 890:ancient Americas 795:. From 1600 BC, 707:Christian Church 691:public buildings 611: 608: 591:classical Greece 216:Urban revolution 144:of ancient India 21: 3672: 3671: 3667: 3666: 3665: 3663: 3662: 3661: 3657:History by city 3642: 3641: 3640: 3635: 3626: 3624: 3617: 3516: 3492:Urban sociology 3453: 3413: 3404:Pedestrian zone 3288: 3217:Cheapest cities 3189:Urban economics 3183: 3174:Autonomous city 3133: 3092:Suburbanization 2985:Urban geography 2979: 2974: 2929:Southall, Aidan 2922: 2903: 2878:Urban Geography 2870: 2848: 2807: 2802: 2801: 2792: 2788: 2779: 2775: 2766: 2762: 2758:, 15 June 2013. 2749: 2745: 2739: 2735: 2716: 2712: 2703: 2701: 2692: 2691: 2687: 2682: 2678: 2672: 2668: 2661:Wayback Machine 2651: 2647: 2639: 2635: 2626: 2622: 2609: 2605: 2600: 2596: 2587: 2580: 2574: 2570: 2555: 2551: 2545:Wayback Machine 2523: 2519: 2503: 2496: 2486: 2484: 2482: 2466: 2459: 2454: 2450: 2441: 2439: 2427: 2423: 2415: 2408: 2394:Wayback Machine 2384: 2380: 2370: 2368: 2348: 2344: 2337: 2311: 2307: 2302: 2298: 2287: 2278: 2255: 2246: 2241: 2237: 2224: 2220: 2214: 2210: 2205: 2201: 2196: 2192: 2185: 2169: 2165: 2149: 2126: 2122: 2115: 2101: 2097: 2090: 2070: 2066: 2046:Charles Chipiez 2040: 2036: 2030: 2026: 2021: 2017: 2000:Earliest Cities 1997: 1993: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1963: 1959: 1920: 1916: 1910:O'Flaherty 2005 1907: 1903: 1897:O'Flaherty 2005 1894: 1890: 1881: 1877: 1868: 1861: 1852: 1848: 1843: 1839: 1835:, pp. 3–4) 1830: 1826: 1795: 1791: 1786: 1781: 1780: 1774: 1770: 1757:estimates that 1753: 1749: 1744: 1727: 1636: 1612:five-year plans 1610:and subsequent 1549:suburban sprawl 1494: 1479:electrification 1429: 1405:poor sanitation 1352: 1118:developed into 1105:and in France, 982: 948:of Oaxaca, and 942:Preclassic Maya 870: 785: 715: 609: 558:). The name of 530:extending from 528:numerous cities 436: 406:Great Colonnade 394:Stoa of Attalos 386:Agora of Athens 378: 306:food production 266: 218: 212: 70: 64: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3670: 3660: 3659: 3654: 3637: 3636: 3622: 3619: 3618: 3616: 3615: 3610: 3605: 3600: 3595: 3590: 3588:Urban forestry 3585: 3580: 3575: 3570: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3548:Green urbanism 3545: 3540: 3535: 3530: 3528:Climate change 3524: 3522: 3518: 3517: 3515: 3514: 3509: 3504: 3499: 3494: 3489: 3484: 3479: 3474: 3469: 3463: 3461: 3455: 3454: 3452: 3451: 3446: 3441: 3436: 3435: 3434: 3423: 3421: 3415: 3414: 3412: 3411: 3406: 3401: 3396: 3391: 3386: 3381: 3376: 3371: 3366: 3361: 3356: 3351: 3346: 3341: 3336: 3331: 3330: 3329: 3319: 3317:Urban planners 3314: 3309: 3304: 3298: 3296: 3294:Urban planning 3290: 3289: 3287: 3286: 3281: 3276: 3274:Municipal bond 3271: 3266: 3265: 3264: 3259: 3254: 3249: 3244: 3239: 3234: 3224: 3219: 3214: 3209: 3204: 3199: 3193: 3191: 3185: 3184: 3182: 3181: 3176: 3171: 3166: 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1723: 1722: 1721: 1715: 1709: 1703: 1697: 1691: 1690:, Saudi Arabia 1685: 1679: 1673: 1667: 1635: 1632: 1528:urban planners 1520:Urban planning 1493: 1490: 1461:motor vehicles 1439:, followed by 1428: 1427:Infrastructure 1425: 1351: 1348: 1278:Western Europe 1122:including the 1060:Ottoman Empire 1048:Constantinople 1025:Constantinople 989:Constantinople 981: 978: 869: 866: 784: 781: 714: 711: 687:public housing 659:and east–west 610: 407 BCE 526:, encompassed 377: 374: 310:Southwest Asia 265: 262: 258: 257: 254: 251: 248: 245: 242: 239: 236: 233: 230: 214:Main article: 211: 208: 185:City Economics 63: 60: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3669: 3658: 3655: 3653: 3650: 3649: 3647: 3634: 3633: 3620: 3614: 3611: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3603:Urban prairie 3601: 3599: 3596: 3594: 3591: 3589: 3586: 3584: 3581: 3579: 3576: 3574: 3573:Urban ecology 3571: 3569: 3566: 3564: 3561: 3559: 3556: 3554: 3551: 3549: 3546: 3544: 3541: 3539: 3536: 3534: 3531: 3529: 3526: 3525: 3523: 3519: 3513: 3510: 3508: 3505: 3503: 3500: 3498: 3497:Anti-urbanism 3495: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3487:Urban culture 3485: 3483: 3480: 3478: 3477:Urban studies 3475: 3473: 3472:Urban warfare 3470: 3468: 3465: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3456: 3450: 3447: 3445: 3442: 3440: 3437: 3433: 3430: 3429: 3428: 3425: 3424: 3422: 3420: 3416: 3410: 3407: 3405: 3402: 3400: 3397: 3395: 3392: 3390: 3387: 3385: 3382: 3380: 3377: 3375: 3372: 3370: 3367: 3365: 3362: 3360: 3357: 3355: 3352: 3350: 3347: 3345: 3342: 3340: 3337: 3335: 3332: 3328: 3325: 3324: 3323: 3320: 3318: 3315: 3313: 3310: 3308: 3305: 3303: 3300: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3291: 3285: 3282: 3280: 3277: 3275: 3272: 3270: 3269:Urban renewal 3267: 3263: 3260: 3258: 3255: 3253: 3250: 3248: 3245: 3243: 3240: 3238: 3235: 3233: 3230: 3229: 3228: 3225: 3223: 3220: 3218: 3215: 3213: 3210: 3208: 3205: 3203: 3200: 3198: 3195: 3194: 3192: 3190: 3186: 3180: 3177: 3175: 3172: 3170: 3167: 3165: 3162: 3158: 3155: 3154: 3153: 3150: 3148: 3145: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3136: 3130: 3127: 3125: 3122: 3120: 3117: 3115: 3112: 3108: 3105: 3104: 3103: 3100: 3098: 3095: 3093: 3090: 3088: 3085: 3083: 3080: 3078: 3075: 3073: 3070: 3068: 3065: 3063: 3060: 3058: 3055: 3051: 3048: 3047: 3046: 3043: 3041: 3040:Commuter town 3038: 3036: 3033: 3031: 3028: 3026: 3023: 3021: 3018: 3016: 3013: 3011: 3008: 3004: 3001: 3000: 2999: 2996: 2994: 2991: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2971: 2966: 2964: 2959: 2957: 2952: 2951: 2948: 2942: 2941:0 521 46211 8 2938: 2934: 2930: 2927: 2923: 2917: 2913: 2908: 2904: 2898: 2894: 2889: 2887: 2886:0-471-35998-X 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2843: 2839: 2838: 2833: 2832:Bairoch, Paul 2829: 2827: 2826:0-226-00544-5 2823: 2819: 2817: 2812: 2809: 2808: 2796: 2790: 2783: 2777: 2770: 2764: 2757: 2753: 2747: 2737: 2730: 2729:0-8020-8528-8 2726: 2722: 2721: 2717:Steven High, 2714: 2699: 2695: 2689: 2680: 2670: 2663: 2662: 2658: 2655: 2649: 2642: 2637: 2630: 2624: 2617: 2613: 2607: 2598: 2591: 2585: 2583: 2572: 2564: 2560: 2553: 2546: 2542: 2539: 2535: 2534:0-9676230-1-4 2531: 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1732: 1729: 1728: 1719: 1716: 1713: 1710: 1707: 1704: 1702:, South Korea 1701: 1698: 1696:, South Korea 1695: 1692: 1689: 1686: 1684:, Philippines 1683: 1680: 1677: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1661: 1660: 1658: 1654: 1653:masterplanned 1649: 1645: 1641: 1631: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1600:Gary, Indiana 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1568: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1541: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1489: 1487: 1482: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1467:Street lights 1464: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1453:rapid transit 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1424: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1393: 1391: 1387: 1386:manufacturing 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1363: 1360: 1356: 1347: 1343: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1312: 1310: 1306: 1301: 1299: 1298:Bastion forts 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1270:Mediterranean 1267: 1263: 1255: 1251: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1229: 1225: 1220: 1218: 1213: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1162: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1142:, as well as 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1112: 1110: 1109: 1104: 1100: 1099:King Edward I 1096: 1092: 1088: 1086: 1080: 1076: 1071: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1044: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1017:Roman Britain 1014: 1010: 1002: 997: 990: 986: 977: 974: 971:. Beyond its 970: 966: 962: 957: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 883: 879: 874: 865: 863: 859: 855: 850: 848: 844: 840: 835: 833: 829: 824: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 793:urban culture 790: 780: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 728: 724: 719: 710: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 671: 666: 665:cardo maximus 662: 658: 657: 652: 651: 646: 642: 638: 634: 629: 627: 623: 620:commissioned 619: 615: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 567: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 516: 514: 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 457: 455: 451: 447: 445: 441: 435: 431: 427: 423: 415: 414:Apamea, Syria 411: 410:cardo maximus 407: 402: 395: 391: 387: 382: 373: 369: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 321: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 279: 270: 264:Ancient times 261: 255: 252: 249: 246: 243: 240: 237: 234: 231: 228: 227: 226: 224: 223:Gordon Childe 217: 207: 205: 200: 198: 194: 190: 186: 181: 179: 175: 174:Great Britain 171: 168:According to 163: 159: 155: 150: 143: 138: 132: 128: 124: 120: 116: 114: 110: 106: 101: 99: 94: 91: 83: 79: 74: 69: 59: 57: 53: 52:running water 48: 44: 36: 31: 27: 19: 3623: 3583:Urban forest 3467:New Urbanism 3364:Sector model 3349:Urban design 3237:Modern ruins 3179:Capital city 3152:Municipality 3129:College town 3087:Urbanization 2932: 2911: 2892: 2877: 2859: 2856:Jacobs, Jane 2836: 2814: 2805:Bibliography 2794: 2789: 2781: 2776: 2768: 2763: 2755: 2746: 2736: 2718: 2713: 2702:. Retrieved 2698:the original 2688: 2679: 2669: 2652: 2648: 2636: 2628: 2623: 2611: 2606: 2597: 2589: 2571: 2558: 2552: 2525: 2520: 2510: 2485:. Retrieved 2470: 2451: 2440:. Retrieved 2434: 2424: 2385: 2381: 2371:December 13, 2369:. Retrieved 2355: 2345: 2318: 2308: 2299: 2290: 2262: 2258: 2238: 2226: 2221: 2211: 2202: 2193: 2173: 2166: 2137:. New York: 2132: 2123: 2104: 2098: 2079: 2074: 2067: 2049: 2037: 2027: 2018: 2003: 1994: 1982:. Retrieved 1967: 1960: 1927: 1923: 1917: 1904: 1891: 1878: 1871:Bairoch 1988 1855:Pacione 2001 1849: 1840: 1833:Bairoch 1988 1827: 1808: 1802: 1792: 1771: 1759:ancient Rome 1750: 1648:smart cities 1637: 1634:21st century 1628:manufacturer 1620:urbanization 1584:homelessness 1569: 1542: 1538:unemployment 1532: 1518: 1495: 1492:20th century 1483: 1471:gas lighting 1465: 1430: 1397:overcrowding 1394: 1382:world empire 1374:urbanization 1367: 1344: 1313: 1305:Tenochtitlan 1302: 1259: 1221: 1214: 1159: 1132:luxury goods 1113: 1106: 1101:to colonize 1082: 1072: 1045: 1006: 958: 887: 851: 839:civilization 836: 825: 821:Ghana Empire 797:Dhar Tichitt 786: 754: 738:Mohenjo-daro 731: 677:of the city 668: 664: 660: 654: 648: 641:Roman Empire 633:rise of Rome 630: 601:. The Greek 568: 517: 458: 448: 437: 409: 408:" marks the 396:to the right 384:View of the 370: 362:ancient Rome 356:) in China, 348:) in India, 322: 290:Minoan Crete 275: 259: 219: 201: 184: 183:In his book 182: 167: 123:Mohenjo-daro 113:Paul Bairoch 108: 102: 95: 87: 40: 26: 3521:Environment 3409:Walkability 3394:Cyclability 3327:Green space 3279:Habitat III 3247:Shanty town 3227:Urban decay 3202:Global city 3147:City status 3124:Closed city 3077:Megalopolis 3057:Conurbation 3045:City proper 3025:Twin cities 2998:City centre 2536:. See also 2417:René Millon 1930:(1): 3–17. 1884:Jacobs 1969 1764:Rostovtzeff 1718:Masdar City 1694:Sejong City 1588:urban decay 1524:garden city 1500:(including 1498:Third World 1447:(including 1441:horse trams 1262:city-states 1206:City rights 1188:commercial 1176:formed the 1120:city-states 1073:During the 1027:and to the 980:Middle Ages 950:Teotihuacan 902:Mesoamerica 878:Teotihuacan 858:Kumbi Saleh 847:Bozo people 805:West Africa 789:West Africa 783:West Africa 673:marked the 575:citizenship 571:city-states 554:(in modern 546:(in modern 461:Mesopotamia 342:Pataliputra 286:Mesopotamia 178:Jane Jacobs 3646:Categories 3598:Urban park 3533:Eco-cities 3384:Smart city 3334:Urban wild 3242:No-go area 3169:City-state 3102:Ghost town 3067:Metropolis 2993:Urban area 2869:039470584X 2704:2009-02-07 2487:24 January 2442:2007-03-03 2022:Smith 2002 1811:: 103677. 1784:References 1678:, Malaysia 1657:greenfield 1640:technology 1512:), due to 1459:and other 1437:horsebuses 1435:, such as 1316:Common Era 1274:Baltic Sea 1260:While the 1182:challenged 1156:introduced 828:Jenné-Jeno 801:Mauritania 768:microcosms 683:sanitation 626:Alexandria 520:Phoenician 440:Çatalhöyük 430:City-state 326:Alexandria 197:businesses 78:Çatalhöyük 68:Proto-city 66:See also: 41:Towns and 3354:Grid plan 3262:Squatting 3119:Tent city 3114:Lost city 3035:Edge city 3020:Core city 2161:, p.73-76 1676:Putrajaya 1670:Nano City 1602:began to 1592:Rust Belt 1417:Factories 1268:, of the 1243:star fort 1239:Palmanova 1202:Amsterdam 1154:. Venice 854:Awdaghust 772:pole star 697:. In the 579:free city 513:Jerusalem 469:Euphrates 388:with the 162:Nasiriyah 35:Nuremberg 3459:Urbanism 3379:Land use 3252:Skid row 3072:Megacity 3003:Downtown 2931:(1998). 2858:(1969). 2834:(1988). 2813:(1981). 2657:Archived 2629:BBC News 2590:bastides 2541:Archived 2432:(1997). 2390:Archived 2356:Afriques 2216:cities." 2157:11785435 2131:(1985). 1952:39517784 1944:40102108 1776:century. 1725:See also 1553:highways 1475:Fuel gas 1340:Timbuktu 1332:Ile-Ifẹ̀ 1282:Atlantic 1134:such as 1126:and the 1108:bastides 1021:Germania 967:and the 892:, early 868:Americas 776:Chang'an 764:geomancy 750:Mehrgarh 742:Pakistan 693:and the 667:and the 661:decumani 656:cardines 650:coloniae 597:under a 544:Carthage 509:Damascus 481:Sumerian 459:Ancient 444:Anatolia 366:Istanbul 358:Carthage 350:Chang'an 334:Seleucia 154:Sumerian 98:villages 90:evidence 56:sewerage 1984:11 July 1672:, India 1666:, India 1659:sites. 1596:Detroit 1580:poverty 1557:ecology 1484:Modern 1413:cholera 1409:typhoid 1364:in 1871 1359:Glasgow 1328:Oyo-Ile 1062:gained 1041:Córdoba 1033:Baghdad 1007:In the 946:Zapotec 888:In the 862:Maranda 817:Soninke 727:Kaifeng 705:of the 703:bishops 643:. 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