938:
had already had to retreat under Red Army pressure and was on the defensive. Hoepner was ordered to pause his attack, with the goal of resuming it on 6 December. In a letter home, Hoepner blamed Kluge for the inability to seize Moscow, "I alone came to within thirty kilometres to Moscow ... It's very bitter ... in the deciding moment to be left in the lurch and forced to resignation". Such "blinkered thinking" on
Hoepner's part was common among the German commanders in charge of the operation, which in Stahel's opinion "even before it began, made little practical sense". On 5 December 1941, with orders to attack the next day, Hoepner called a conference of chiefs-of-staff of his five corps. The reports were grim: only four divisions were deemed capable of attack, three of these with limited objectives. The attack was called off; the Red Army launched its winter counter-offensive on the same day.
841:
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934:, 125 km (78 mi) south of Moscow, achieved only fleeting and precarious success, while Guderian vacillated between despair and optimism, depending on the situation at the front. Facing pressure from the German High Command, Kluge finally committed his weaker south flank to the attack on 1 December. In the aftermath of the battle, Hoepner and Guderian blamed slow commitment of the south flank of the 4th Army to the attack for the German failure to reach Moscow. Stahel wrote that this assessment grossly overestimated the capabilities of Kluge's remaining forces. It also failed to appreciate the reality that Moscow was a metropolis that German forces lacked the numbers to encircle. With the outer defensive belt completed by 25 November, Moscow was a fortified position which the Wehrmacht lacked the strength to take in a frontal assault.
1024:
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768:, Hoepner demanded "ruthless and complete destruction of the enemy." On 6 July 1941, Hoepner issued an order to his troops instructing them to treat the "loyal population" fairly, adding that "individual acts of sabotage should simply be charged to communists and Jews". As with all German armies on the Eastern Front, Hoepner's Panzer Group implemented the Commissar Order that directed Wehrmacht troops to execute Red Army political officers immediately upon capture, contravening the accepted laws of war. Between 2 July and 8 July, the 4th Panzer Group shot 101 Red Army political commissars, with the bulk of the executions coming from the XLI Panzer Corps. By 19 July, 172 executions of commissars had been reported.
44:
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risk the matter any longer, Hoepner ordered his troops to withdraw on 8 January 1942. Afraid of what Hitler might think, Kluge immediately reported
Hoepner, causing Hitler's fury. Hoepner was dismissed from the Wehrmacht on the same day. Hitler directed that Hoepner be deprived of his pension and denied the right to wear his uniform and medals, contravening the law and Wehrmacht regulations. Hoepner filed a lawsuit against the Reich to reclaim his pension. Judges at the time could not be dismissed, even by Hitler, and Hoepner won his case.
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878:. Kluge instructed Hoepner to pause the advance, much to the latter's displeasure, as his units were needed to prevent break-outs of Soviet forces. Hoepner was confident that the clearing of the pocket and the advance on Moscow could be undertaken at the same time and viewed Kluge's actions as interference, leading to friction and "clashes" with his superior, as he wrote in a letter home on 6 October. Hoepner did not seem to appreciate that his units were very short on fuel; the
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652:) against the Soviet Union. He stated that "wanted to see the impending war against the Soviet Union conducted not according to the military principles, but as a war of extermination" against an ideological enemy, whether military or civilian. Many Wehrmacht leaders, including Hoepner, echoed the sentiment. As a commander of the 4th Panzer Group, he issued a directive to his troops:
2921:
816:, while the Panzer Group would advance from its current position. Hoepner's forces began their advance on August 8, but the attack ran into determined Soviet defences. Elsewhere, Soviet counter-attacks threatened Leeb's southern flank. By mid to late August, the German forces were making gains again, with the 4th Panzer Group taking Narva on 17 August.
812:, where they could begin an advance on Leningrad in terrain conditions relatively suitable for armoured warfare. By that time, however, the army group lacked the strength to take Leningrad, which continued to be a high priority for the German high command. A compromise solution was worked out whereas the infantry would attack north from both sides of
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the destruction of present-day Russia and it must therefore be conducted with unprecedented severity. Every military action must be guided in planning and execution by an iron will to exterminate the enemy mercilessly and totally. In particular, no adherents of the present
Russian-Bolshevik system are to be spared.
937:
As late as 2 December, Hoepner urged his troops forward stating that "the goal can still be achieved". The next day, he warned Kluge that failure to break off the attack would "bleed white" his formations and make them incapable of defence. Kluge was sympathetic since the south flank of the 4th Army
656:
The war against Russia is an important chapter in the struggle for existence of the German nation. It is the old battle of
Germanic against Slav peoples, of the defence of European culture against Muscovite-Asiatic inundation, and the repulse of Jewish-Bolshevism. The objective of this battle must be
946:
In
January 1942, Hoepner requested permission from Kluge, the new commander of Army Group Centre, to withdraw his over-extended forces. Kluge advised him that he would discuss the matter with Hitler and ordered Hoepner to get ready. Assuming that Hitler's permission was on the way and not wanting to
600:
against his forces. He and the
Totenkopf unit suffered no consequences and the matter was officially forgotten. However, Hoepner continued to hold a personal and professional dislike of Eicke, calling him a "butcher" for his disregard of casualties. He also maintained his existing low opinion of the
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of the 4th Army, as part of the continuation of
Operation Typhoon by Army Group Centre. The Panzer Group and the army corps represented Kluge's best forces, most ready for a continued offensive. In two weeks' fighting, Hoepner's forces advanced 60 km (37 mi) (4 km (2.5 mi) per
689:
wrote that
Hoepner's directive represented an "independent transformation of Hitler's ideological intentions into an order" and illustrated a "degree of conformity or affinity" between Hitler and military leadership, which provided a sufficient basis for collaboration in the aims of conquest and
1051:
In 1956, a school in Berlin was named after
Hoepner because he had joined the 20 July plot and was executed by the Nazi regime. The school voted to drop the name in 2008. In 2009, the school director attested to the fact that "the name had been controversial from the start and was repeatedly
899:, commander of Army Group Center, was impatient to resume the offensive. In a letter home, Hoepner stated that just two weeks of the frozen ground would allow his troops to surround Moscow, not taking into account the stiffening Soviet resistance and the condition of his units.
895:(roadlessness) caused frequent damage to tracked vehicles and motor transport further hampering the advance. By early November, Hoepner's forces were depleted from earlier fighting and the weather but he, along with other Panzer Group commanders and
828:, the German assault on Moscow. Leeb objected and was given a reprieve in the transfer of his mobile forces, with the view of making one last push towards Leningrad. The 4th Panzer Group was to be the main attacking force, which reached south of the
911:
day). Lacking strength and mobility to conduct battles of encirclement, the Group undertook frontal assaults which proved increasingly costly. A lack of tanks, insufficient motor transport and a precarious supply situation, along with tenacious
520:, should Hitler move to invade Czechoslovakia. Hoepner's role in the plan was to lead the 1st Light Division toward Berlin and seize key objectives against the SS forces in the city. The conspiracy collapsed with the appeasement by
1731:
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On 29 August, Leeb issued orders for the blockade of
Leningrad in anticipation that the city would soon be abandoned by the Soviets. On September 5, Hitler ordered Hoepner's 4th Panzer Group and an air corps transferred to
985:
berated Hoepner, but, in an extremely unusual move given his very aggressive personality, he objected to him being made to dress in such a way. Hoepner was hanged by wire mounted from meat hooks on 8 August, at
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in 1941. During the invasion of Poland, he resisted mistreatment and murder of prisoners of war, but in Russia, Hoepner called for a war of extermination. Units under his authority closely cooperated with the
805:. Stahlecker described army co-operation as "generally very good" and "in certain cases, as for example, with Panzer Group 4 under the command of General Hoepner, extremely close, one might say even warm."
1795:
581:, rumours began to spread of SS troops mistreating prisoners and on 24 May Hoepner issued a special order to his units that any soldiers caught mistreating prisoners would face immediate
3029:
1723:
3049:
793:, one of the mobile killing squads following the Wehrmacht into the occupied Soviet Union, were brought up to the Luga district with assistance from the army. "The movement of
832:, where it was faced with strong Soviet counter-attacks. By 24 September, Army Group North halted its advance and transferred the 4th Panzer Group to Army Group Centre.
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be dismissed if evidence could be found that British prisoners had been mistreated or killed by SS forces. Eicke made an excuse to Himmler that the British had used
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639:. On 30 March 1941, Hitler delivered a speech to about two hundred senior Wehrmacht officers where he laid out his plans for an ideological war of annihilation (
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where he covered the 230 km (140 mi) to Warsaw in only a week as part of the 10th Army. Hoepner and his corps were transferred to the 6th Army for the
414:
Dismissed from the Wehrmacht after the failure of the 1941 campaign, Hoepner restored his pension rights through a lawsuit. He was implicated in the failed
745:. Again having penetrated deep into the Soviet lines with unprotected flanks, Manstein's corps was the target of a Soviet counteroffensive from 15 July at
439:
753:. Manstein's forces were badly mauled and the Red Army halted the German advance at Luga. Ultimately, the army group defeated the defending Soviet
1869:
The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches
1865:
Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile
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to Leningrad. Barbarossa commenced on 22 June 1941 with a massive German attack along the whole front line. The 4th Panzer Group headed for the
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981:, Hoepner was humiliated during the trial by being made to wear ill-fitting clothes, and not being allowed to have his false teeth. Judge
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592:. When word of the massacre reached Hoepner he ordered an investigation into the allegations, demanding that the SS division commander,
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was assigned to XVI Corps, starting what was to be a long period of friction and mutual dislike between Hoepner and the SS. During the
999:(collective punishment) Hoepner's wife, daughter, son (a major in the army), brother and sister were arrested. The women were sent to
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in July 1940. The German High Command had commenced planning for Operation Barbarossa, and Hoepner was appointed to command the
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797:—which the army intended to use in Leningrad—was effected in agreement with Panzer Group 4 and at their express wish", noted
757:, inflicting over 90,000 casualties and destroying more than 1,000 tanks and 1,000 aircraft, then advanced northeast of the
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Once the Vyazma pocket was eliminated, other units were able to advance on 14 October. Heavy rains and onset of the
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for four weeks' additional punishment. Hoepner's son was first held at a specially created camp at Küstrin (now
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wrote that Hoepner displayed "steadfast determination, and often excessive confidence" during that period.
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971:. He refused an opportunity to commit suicide and demanded a trial. A summary trial was conducted by the
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Three days later troops from the SS Division Totenkopf killed almost a hundred British prisoners in the
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further north saw slightly better progress, averaging 6 km (3.7 mi) a day. The attack by the
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After Reinhardt's corps closed in, the two corps were ordered to encircle the Soviet formations around
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673:(Wehrmacht High Command) directives that laid the groundwork for the war of extermination, such as the
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454:, serving as a company commander and staff officer for several corps and armies. He fought with the
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Crimes of State Past and Present: Government-Sponsored Atrocities and International Legal Responses
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734:. The Red Army mounted a number of counterattacks against the XLI Panzer Corps, leading to the
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Panzer Legions: A Guide to the German Army Tank Divisions of World War II and Their Commanders
1003:. His sister was soon released but Frau Hoepner and her daughter were placed in the notorious
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and Hoepner was verbally attacked and sentenced to death. Like other defendants, including
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as a cavalry lieutenant in 1906, joining the Schleswig-Holstein Dragoons Regiment No. 13
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bridgehead and had plans to advance on Leningrad. The staff and detachments 2 and 3 of
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The order was transmitted to the troops on Hoepner's initiative, ahead of the official
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against Hitler in 1944 and after the coup failed he was arrested and tortured by the
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By late July, Army Group North positioned 4th Panzer Group's units south and east of
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resistance and the air superiority achieved by Soviet fighters hampered the attack.
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After the conclusion of the fighting in France, Hoepner was promoted to the rank of
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573:, where he spearheaded attacks on Liège and then Dunkirk and Dijon. On 22 May, the
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434:, the son of Prussian medical officer Kurt Hoepner. He was commissioned into the
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2177:] (in German). Vol. 2. Norderstedt, Germany: Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall.
1328:"Dubious Role Models: Study Reveals Many German Schools Still Named After Nazis"
906:
On 17 November the 4th Panzer Group attacked again towards Moscow alongside the
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1954:
An Honourable Defeat, The Fight Against National Socialism in Germany 1933–1945
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486:), an early armoured unit that was part of the nucleus of the expanding German
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If This Is A Woman. Inside Ravensbrück: Hitler's Concentration Camp for Women
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discussing operations of the 4th Panzer Group; via the official channel of
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1911:(1998). "Operation Barbarossa as a War of Conquest and Annihilation". In
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of 13 May 1941 and other orders. Hoepner's directive predates the first
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in 1936 and in 1938 was given command of the 1st Light Division (later
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commander at the beginning of the war, leading his troops during the
347:. An early proponent of mechanisation and armoured warfare, he was a
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Ravensbruck: Life and Death in Hitler's Concentration Camp for Women
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War of Annihilation: Combat and Genocide on the Eastern Front, 1941
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World War II: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection
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was advancing towards Moscow amid deteriorating road conditions.
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immediately upon capture. Hoepner's Panzer group, along with the
2261:
Soldiers of Destruction: The SS Death's Head Division, 1933–1945
343:(14 September 1886 – 8 August 1944) was a German general during
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annihilation against a perceived threat from the Soviet Union.
404:
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Family Punishment in Nazi Germany: Sippenhaft, Terror and Myth
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in early 1938, the result of which was the subjugation of the
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Das Deutsche Kreuz 1941–1945 Geschichte und Inhaber Band II
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Surrender Invites Death: Fighting the Waffen SS in Normandy
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516:. The group planned to kill Hitler and overthrow the Nazi
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Operation Typhoon: Hitler's March on Moscow, October 1941
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450:. When the First World War began he was assigned to the
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Plotting Hitler's Death: The Story of German Resistance
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874:. In early October, the 4th Panzer Group completed the
517:
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Field Marshal von Manstein: The Janushead – A Portrait
1977:
Operation Barbarossa: Hitler's invasion of Russia 1941
1934:. Vol. IV. Oxford and New York: Clarendon Press.
1871:] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas.
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People from Brandenburg executed at Plötzensee Prison
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that directed Wehrmacht troops to summarily execute
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Progress of Army Group North, June to December 1941
3050:Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
1841:
1307:
411:, the failed attempt to seize the Soviet capital.
2175:The German Cross 1941–1945 History and Recipients
1122:
548:in March 1939 and was promoted the next month to
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2168:
1822:. Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books.
496:served on Hoepner's divisional staff. After the
3035:People executed by hanging at Plötzensee Prison
2985:Colonel generals of the German Army (Wehrmacht)
866:, the 4th Panzer Group was subordinated to the
608:
540:, Hoepner replaced him as the commander of the
2067:Erich Von Manstein: Hitler's Master Strategist
425:
2445:
2303:Germany at War: 400 Years of Military History
2263:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
941:
783:By mid-July, the 4th Panzer Group seized the
722:). The Army Group was to advance through the
446:and was assigned to the General Staff of the
565:Hoepner commanded the XVI Army Corps in the
2169:Patzwall, Klaus D.; Scherzer, Veit (2001).
882:, reported having no fuel at all. Only the
824:effective 15 September, in preparation for
2452:
2438:
2349:at the German Historical Museum of Berlin
1893:. Basingstoke, United Kingdom: Macmillan.
1862:
1744:
42:
2225:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2002:. London, United Kingdom: Little, Brown.
1768:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1721:
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1419:
1224:
1034:
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462:of 1918, ending the war in the cavalry.
2305:. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO.
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730:to secure the bridges near the town of
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561:Invasion of Poland and Battle of France
478:period. He was promoted to the rank of
14:
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2217:
2191:
2154:. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books.
2127:
1970:
1915:; Förster, Jürgen; Hoffmann, Joachim;
1734:from the original on 23 December 2017.
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1338:from the original on 20 September 2011
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1140:
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706:The 4th Panzer Group consisted of the
2433:
2391:24 February 1938 to 17 February 1941
2239:
2135:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
2063:
2016:
1836:
1790:
1724:"Nazi era lives on in German schools"
1722:Crossland, David (16 February 2009).
1623:
1611:
1395:
1383:
1359:
1212:
1188:
3045:Protestants in the German Resistance
3010:German Army personnel of World War I
3005:German Army generals of World War II
2995:Executed members of the 20 July plot
2938:
1994:
1948:
1885:
1697:
1647:
1128:
3025:Military personnel from Brandenburg
2133:Manstein: Hitler's Greatest General
2091:. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
2049:. London, United Kingdom: Penguin.
1239:www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de
835:
24:
2415:17 February 1941 – 8 January 1942
1863:Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer (2000) .
1326:Friedmann, Jan (4 February 2009).
844:Hoepner (right) with commander of
465:
25:
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2321:
1844:The Third Reich at War: 1939–1945
1068:and commander of XVI. Armee-Korps
963:Hoepner was a participant in the
681:(Army High Command) draft of the
3020:Major generals of the Reichswehr
3015:Holocaust perpetrators in Russia
2947:
2919:
2705:
2700:
2695:
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1930:Germany and the Second World War
1062:Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
1039:Memorial plaque for Hoepner and
1018:
536:'s assumption of command of the
333:Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
200:
159:
145:
131:
2283:. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.
1715:
1677:
1319:
1230:
555:
2990:Executed German mass murderers
2070:. Philadelphia, PA: Casemate.
1001:Ravensbrück concentration camp
270:Battle of Piotrków Trybunalski
13:
1:
1753:
1013:Buchenwald concentration camp
512:unfolded, Hoepner joined the
403:, spearheaded the advance on
275:Battle of Tomaszów Mazowiecki
3040:People from Frankfurt (Oder)
2113:. Rowman & Littlefield.
1932:: Attack on the Soviet Union
1072:
609:War against the Soviet Union
546:occupation of Czechoslovakia
7:
2562:Kurt von Hammerstein-Equord
2336:, lecture by the historian
2150:Mitcham, Samuel W. (2006).
993:Under the Nazi practice of
426:Early years and World War I
10:
3066:
2201:Cambridge University Press
942:Dismissal and 20 July plot
855:
764:During his command on the
612:
544:. He led the corps in the
442:. In 1911 he attended the
341:Erich Kurt Richard Hoepner
287:German invasion of Belgium
3000:Executed military leaders
2877:
2834:Hans-Georg von Friedeburg
2798:
2714:
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2657:Eugen Ritter von Schobert
2476:
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2020:Leningrad: State of Siege
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627:that was to drive toward
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2672:Heinrich von Vietinghoff
2527:Nikolaus von Falkenhorst
2259:Sydnor, Charles (1977).
2244:. Helion & Company.
2085:Loeffel, Robert (2012).
1774:10.1017/CBO9780511806162
1766:Ethics and Extermination
1566:, pp. 235–237, 250.
1027:Erich-Hoepner-Straße in
470:Hoepner remained in the
2017:Jones, Michael (2008).
1542:, p. 186−189, 228.
799:Franz Walter Stahlecker
777:Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb
528:and the signing of the
498:Blomberg–Fritsch affair
460:German spring offensive
456:105th Infantry Division
388:and he implemented the
2622:Eberhard von Mackensen
2342:USS Silversides Museum
2240:Stein, Marcel (2007).
2064:Lemay, Benoit (2010).
1066:General of the Cavalry
1064:on 27 October 1939 as
1048:
1032:
960:
876:encirclement at Vyazma
853:
780:
703:
665:
550:General of the Cavalry
494:Claus von Stauffenberg
444:Prussian Staff College
422:and executed in 1944.
377:, the invasion of the
365:Hoepner commanded the
2502:Hans-Jürgen von Arnim
2197:The Battle for Moscow
2107:Megargee, Geoffrey P.
1980:. The History Press.
1848:. New York: Penguin.
1800:. London: Routledge.
1446:, pp. 74–75, 95.
1038:
1026:
953:
870:under the command of
843:
774:
701:
654:
575:SS Division Totenkopf
265:Battle of Borowa Góra
260:Battle of Częstochowa
189:Years of service
2880:Oberst-Gruppenführer
2632:Georg-Hans Reinhardt
1956:. London: Mandarin.
1638:, pp. 837, 899.
1041:Henning von Tresckow
884:20th Panzer Division
880:11th Panzer Division
720:Georg-Hans Reinhardt
694:Advance on Leningrad
615:Operation Barbarossa
430:Hoepner was born in
397:political commissars
375:Operation Barbarossa
319:Advance on Leningrad
309:Operation Barbarossa
110:Execution by hanging
2780:Hans-Jürgen Stumpff
2512:Johannes Blaskowitz
2411:Fourth Panzer Group
2396:Fourth Panzer Group
2356:Umstrittener Patron
1925:Ueberschär, Gerd R.
1921:Müller, Rolf-Dieter
1712:, pp. 162–164.
1700:, pp. 396–397.
1602:, pp. 306–307.
1590:, pp. 304–305.
1578:, pp. 295–296.
1554:, pp. 229–230.
1530:, pp. 240–244.
1470:, pp. 173–174.
1434:, pp. 115–116.
1422:, pp. 104–106.
1304:, pp. 217–218.
1292:, pp. 209–210.
1268:, pp. 198–199.
1256:, pp. 519–521.
1203:, pp. 496–497.
1167:, pp. 108–109.
1143:, pp. 793–794.
1011:) and then sent to
979:Erwin von Witzleben
846:SS Polizei Division
801:, the commander of
736:Battle of Raseiniai
590:Le Paradis massacre
522:Neville Chamberlain
484:6th Panzer Division
280:Battle of the Bzura
106:Cause of death
2849:Alfred Saalwächter
2602:Hans-Valentin Hube
2592:Karl-Adolf Hollidt
2537:Werner von Fritsch
2522:Friedrich Dollmann
2277:Tucker, Spencer C.
1049:
1033:
961:
854:
781:
755:Northwestern Front
712:Erich von Manstein
704:
567:Invasion of Poland
510:Sudetenland Crisis
356:invasion of Poland
297:Battle of Gembloux
255:Invasion of Poland
221:1st Light Division
2907:
2906:
2844:Wilhelm Marschall
2572:Gotthard Heinrici
2532:Johannes Frießner
2428:
2427:
2418:Succeeded by
2394:Succeeded by
2373:Military offices
2329:Operation Typhoon
2312:978-1-59884-981-3
2299:Zabecki, David T.
2290:978-1-85109-969-6
2251:978-1-906033-02-6
2232:978-1-107-03512-6
2210:978-1-107-08760-6
2184:978-3-931533-45-8
2161:978-1-4617-5143-4
2142:978-0-297-84561-4
2120:978-0-7425-4482-6
2098:978-0-230-34305-4
2077:978-1-935149-55-2
2056:978-0-14-103588-8
2034:978-0-465-01153-7
2009:978-1-4087-0538-4
1987:978-0-7524-6070-3
1963:978-0-7493-1457-6
1941:978-0-19-822886-8
1900:978-0-8050-5648-8
1878:978-3-7909-0284-6
1855:978-0-14-311671-4
1838:Evans, Richard J.
1829:978-0-8117-4437-9
1807:978-1-317-98681-2
1762:Burleigh, Michael
1482:, pp. 78–80.
1179:, pp. 11–12.
1009:Kostrzyn nad Odrą
988:Plötzensee Prison
872:Günther von Kluge
864:Operation Typhoon
852:, in October 1941
826:Operation Typhoon
822:Army Group Centre
675:Barbarossa Decree
642:Vernichtungskrieg
579:Battle of Dunkirk
532:. Upon his rival
409:Operation Typhoon
338:
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92:Plötzensee Prison
61:14 September 1886
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920:3rd Panzer Group
858:Battle of Moscow
836:Battle of Moscow
751:Soviet 11th Army
716:XLI Panzer Corps
708:LVI Panzer Corps
663:
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637:Wilhelm von Leeb
633:Army Group North
625:4th Panzer Group
571:Battle of France
530:Munich Agreement
526:Édouard Daladier
514:Oster conspiracy
432:Frankfurt (Oder)
401:3rd Panzer Group
367:4th Panzer Group
360:Battle of France
314:Baltic Operation
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292:Battle of Hannut
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1793:
1789:
1785:
1783:9780521582117
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1758:
1746:
1741:
1733:
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1725:
1718:
1711:
1706:
1699:
1694:
1688:by Sarah Helm
1687:
1686:
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1673:
1668:
1661:
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1649:
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1637:
1632:
1625:
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1548:
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1529:
1524:
1517:
1512:
1505:
1500:
1494:, p. 77.
1493:
1488:
1481:
1476:
1469:
1464:
1458:, p. 95.
1457:
1452:
1445:
1440:
1433:
1432:Megargee 2006
1428:
1421:
1420:Megargee 2006
1416:
1410:, p. 37.
1409:
1404:
1398:, p. 35.
1397:
1392:
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1380:
1374:, p. 28.
1373:
1368:
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1333:
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1255:
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1241:
1240:
1233:
1227:, p. 76.
1226:
1225:Burleigh 1997
1221:
1215:, p. 90.
1214:
1209:
1202:
1197:
1190:
1185:
1178:
1173:
1166:
1161:
1155:, p. 14.
1154:
1149:
1142:
1137:
1131:, p. 68.
1130:
1125:
1119:, p. 76.
1118:
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1019:Commemoration
1016:
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984:
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976:
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966:
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948:
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877:
873:
869:
865:
859:
851:
850:Walter Krüger
847:
842:
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831:
827:
823:
817:
815:
811:
806:
804:
800:
796:
792:
791:
786:
778:
775:Hoepner with
773:
769:
767:
766:Eastern Front
762:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
739:
737:
733:
729:
725:
724:Baltic States
721:
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684:
680:
676:
672:
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658:
653:
651:
648:
643:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
621:Generaloberst
616:
606:
604:
599:
595:
594:Theodor Eicke
591:
586:
584:
583:court-martial
580:
576:
572:
568:
553:
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547:
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531:
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511:
508:, and as the
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
490:
485:
481:
477:
473:
463:
461:
457:
453:
452:Western Front
449:
445:
441:
437:
436:Prussian Army
433:
423:
421:
417:
412:
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406:
402:
398:
395:
391:
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372:
371:Eastern Front
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207:Generaloberst
203:
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168:
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139:German Empire
129:
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104:
101:
97:
93:
85:8 August 1944
84:
80:
77:
76:German Empire
73:
69:
65:
53:
49:
45:
40:
36:Erich Hoepner
33:
30:
19:
2959:from Commons
2954:
2933:
2899:Paul Hausser
2878:
2869:Karl Witzell
2811:Kriegsmarine
2804:
2790:Hubert Weise
2775:Kurt Student
2735:Otto Deßloch
2720:
2597:Hermann Hoth
2586:
2582:Carl Hilpert
2577:Walter Heitz
2557:Franz Halder
2517:Eduard Dietl
2497:Wilhelm Adam
2482:
2470:Nazi Germany
2408:
2384:
2359:
2338:David Stahel
2302:
2280:
2260:
2241:
2222:
2196:
2174:
2170:
2151:
2132:
2110:
2087:
2066:
2046:
2043:Kershaw, Ian
2019:
1999:
1976:
1953:
1928:
1917:Klink, Ernst
1890:
1868:
1864:
1843:
1819:
1796:
1765:
1740:
1727:
1717:
1710:Loeffel 2012
1705:
1693:
1684:
1679:
1672:Loeffel 2012
1667:
1655:
1643:
1636:Kershaw 2009
1631:
1619:
1607:
1595:
1583:
1571:
1559:
1547:
1535:
1523:
1511:
1499:
1487:
1475:
1463:
1451:
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1427:
1415:
1403:
1391:
1379:
1367:
1340:. Retrieved
1331:
1321:
1309:
1297:
1285:
1273:
1261:
1254:Förster 1998
1238:
1232:
1220:
1208:
1201:Förster 1998
1196:
1184:
1177:English 2011
1172:
1160:
1153:English 2011
1148:
1136:
1124:
1117:Mitcham 2006
1112:
1105:Zabecki 2014
1050:
1004:
994:
992:
972:
965:20 July plot
962:
955:
945:
936:
917:
908:V Army Corps
905:
901:David Stahel
890:
888:
861:
818:
807:
802:
794:
789:
782:
763:
740:
705:
668:
666:
655:
640:
618:
587:
564:
556:World War II
506:Adolf Hitler
504:to dictator
487:
480:Generalmajor
469:
429:
420:Adolf Hitler
416:20 July plot
413:
383:
379:Soviet Union
364:
345:World War II
340:
339:
249:World War II
247:
240:Battles/wars
205:
167:Nazi Germany
100:Nazi Germany
87:(1944-08-08)
29:
2980:1944 deaths
2975:1886 births
2677:Walter Weiß
2627:Erhard Raus
2612:Alfred Jodl
2567:Josef Harpe
2507:Ludwig Beck
2365:(in German)
2351:(in German)
2025:Basic Books
1996:Helm, Sarah
1950:Gill, Anton
1913:Boog, Horst
1660:Tucker 2016
1600:Stahel 2015
1588:Stahel 2015
1576:Stahel 2015
1564:Stahel 2015
1552:Stahel 2015
1540:Stahel 2015
1528:Stahel 2015
1516:Stahel 2015
1504:Stahel 2015
1492:Stahel 2015
1480:Stahel 2015
1468:Stahel 2013
1456:Stahel 2013
1444:Stahel 2013
1408:Stahel 2015
1372:Stahel 2015
1314:Glantz 2012
1302:Melvin 2010
1290:Melvin 2010
1278:Melvin 2010
1266:Melvin 2010
1165:Sydnor 1977
1141:Tucker 2016
1090:Tucker 2016
990:in Berlin.
862:As part of
759:Stalin line
728:Dvina River
645: [
631:as part of
489:Panzerwaffe
474:during the
244:World War I
169:(1933-1942)
155:(1918-1933)
141:(1905-1918)
68:Brandenburg
2969:Categories
2829:Rolf Carls
2785:Ernst Udet
2552:Curt Haase
2269:B001Y18PZ6
1754:References
1624:Lemay 2010
1612:Evans 2008
1396:Jones 2008
1384:Lemay 2010
1360:Stein 2007
1342:7 November
1332:Spiegel.de
1236:see also
1213:Crowe 2013
1189:Evans 2008
1052:debated".
1045:Bundeshaus
1029:Düsseldorf
1005:Strafblock
996:Sippenhaft
892:rasputitsa
830:Neva River
814:Lake Ilmen
732:Daugavpils
714:) and the
662:2 May 1941
472:Reichswehr
352:army corps
124:Allegiance
57:1886-09-14
2926:Biography
2886:Waffen-SS
2727:Luftwaffe
2347:Biography
1698:Helm 2015
1648:Gill 1994
1129:Fest 1997
1073:Citations
1047:, Berlin.
629:Leningrad
603:Waffen-SS
502:Wehrmacht
448:XVI Corps
349:Wehrmacht
2301:(2014).
2279:(2016).
2221:(2013).
2195:(2015).
2131:(2010).
2109:(2006).
2045:(2009).
1998:(2015).
1974:(2012).
1952:(1994).
1927:(eds.).
1889:(1997).
1840:(2008).
1818:(2011).
1794:(2013).
1764:(1997).
1732:Archived
1336:Archived
913:Red Army
868:4th Army
660:—
418:against
394:Red Army
358:and the
214:Commands
177:Service/
2884:of the
2809:of the
2725:of the
2487:of the
2460:German
2334:YouTube
1043:in the
969:Gestapo
932:Kashira
779:in 1941
749:by the
458:in the
373:during
369:on the
192:1905–42
72:Prussia
18:Hoepner
2912:Portal
2309:
2287:
2267:
2248:
2229:
2207:
2181:
2158:
2139:
2117:
2095:
2074:
2053:
2047:Hitler
2031:
2006:
1984:
1960:
1938:
1897:
1875:
1852:
1826:
1804:
1780:
1056:Awards
747:Soltsy
635:under
405:Moscow
329:Awards
179:branch
164:
150:
136:
96:Berlin
2956:Media
2173:[
1867:[
649:]
2489:Army
2464:and
2380:none
2307:ISBN
2285:ISBN
2265:ASIN
2246:ISBN
2227:ISBN
2205:ISBN
2179:ISBN
2156:ISBN
2137:ISBN
2115:ISBN
2093:ISBN
2072:ISBN
2051:ISBN
2029:ISBN
2004:ISBN
1982:ISBN
1958:ISBN
1936:ISBN
1895:ISBN
1873:ISBN
1850:ISBN
1824:ISBN
1802:ISBN
1778:ISBN
1344:2016
930:and
928:Tula
918:The
785:Luga
743:Luga
524:and
440:(de)
197:Rank
183:Army
82:Died
51:Born
2468:of
2332:on
1770:doi
926:on
679:OKH
671:OKW
407:in
2971::
2203:.
2027:.
2023:.
1923:;
1919:;
1776:.
1730:.
1726:.
1352:^
1334:.
1330:.
1246:^
1097:^
1080:^
1015:.
848:,
761:.
738:.
685:.
647:de
605:.
585:.
552:.
518:SS
492:.
362:.
98:,
94:,
74:,
70:,
66:,
2942::
2914::
2807:)
2803:(
2723:)
2719:(
2485:)
2481:(
2453:e
2446:t
2439:v
2315:.
2293:.
2271:.
2254:.
2235:.
2213:.
2187:.
2164:.
2145:.
2123:.
2101:.
2080:.
2059:.
2037:.
2012:.
1990:.
1966:.
1944:.
1903:.
1881:.
1858:.
1832:.
1810:.
1786:.
1772::
1346:.
1316:.
718:(
710:(
59:)
55:(
20:)
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