1498:
hid their identity due to antisemitism in the partisan movement. Anti-Jewish legislation in the liberated areas was canceled by the Slovak
National Council, but the attitude of the local population varied: some risked their lives to hide Jews, and others turned them in to the police. Unlike in 1942, the death penalty was in effect for rescuers; the majority provided help for a fee, although there were also cases of selfless rescues. Many Jews spent six to eight months in makeshift shelters or bunkers in the mountains, while others hid in the houses of non-Jews. Regardless, Jews required money for six to eight months of living expenses and the help of non-Jews willing to provide assistance. Some of the Jews in shelters had to return home later in the winter, risking capture, because of the hunger and cold. Living openly and continuing to work under false papers was typically only possible in Bratislava.
30:
929:
1368:
1215:
619:
1575:
751:
enterprises, and
Aryanization was applied to larger Jewish-owned companies which were acquired by competitors. In many cases, Aryanizers inexpert in business struck deals with former Jewish owners and employees so the Jews would keep working for the company. The Aryanization of businesses did not bring the anticipated revenue into the Slovak treasury, and only 288 of the liquidated businesses produced income for the state by July 1942. The Aryanization and liquidation of businesses was nearly complete by January 1942, resulting in 64,000 of 89,000 Jews losing their means of support. Manufactured Jewish impoverishment was a pressing social problem for the Slovak government until unemployed Jews were deported in 1942.
1680:
1422:
1523:, Einsatzkommando 13 and collaborators arrested hundreds of Jews over the night of 13/14 September. The victims were deported to Sereď or Ilava and thence to Auschwitz, where most were murdered. Einsatzgruppe H reported that some Jews were able to escape because of insufficient personnel, but that both Germans and Slovaks generally supported the roundups and helped track down evaders. After the defeat of the uprising, the German forces also hunted the Jews hiding in the mountains. Although most victims were arrested during the first two months of occupation, the hunt for the Jews continued until 30 March 1945, when a Jewish prisoner was taken to Sereď just three days before the camp was liberated.
886:, antisemitic laws initially defined Jews by religion rather than ancestry; Jews who were baptized before 1918 were considered Christian. By September 1940, Jews were banned from secondary and higher education and from all non-Jewish schools, and forbidden from owning motor vehicles, sports equipment, or radios. Local authorities had imposed anti-Jewish measures on their own; the head of the Šariš-Zemplín region ordered local Jews to wear a yellow band around their left arm from 5 April 1941, leading to physical attacks against Jews. In mid-1941, as the focus shifted to restricting Jews' civil rights after they had been deprived of their property through Aryanization,
1786:
1084:
541:
412:
1310:; about one third of those who fled to Hungary survived the war. Many owners of Aryanized businesses applied for work exemptions for the Jewish former owners. In some cases this was a fictitious Aryanization; other Aryanizers, motivated by profit, kept the Jewish former owners around for their skills. About 2,000 Jews had false papers identifying themselves as Aryans. Some Christian clergy baptized Jews, even those who were not sincere converts. Although conversion after 1939 did not exempt Jews from deportation, being baptized made it easier to obtain other exemptions and some clergy edited records to predate baptisms.
814:
1740:, the commander of Einsatzgruppe H, committed suicide in 1946 during extradition to Czechoslovakia; Wisliceny was tried, convicted and executed in Bratislava in 1948. Tiso (who had fled to Austria) was extradited to Czechoslovakia, convicted of treason and collaboration, sentenced to death on 15 April 1947, and executed three days later. According to the court, his "most immoral, most unchristian, and most inhuman" action was ordering the deportation of the Slovak Jews. Other perpetrators, including Tuka, were also tried, convicted, and executed. Both Tiso and Tuka were tried under
1556:. Brunner raided the castle on 11 October; all but three of the prisoners were taken to Sereď and deported to Auschwitz on 17 October. In mid-October, an office was established at the former Jewish Center to hunt down Jews in hiding, which tortured captured Jews into revealing the names and addresses of other Jews. The one to two thousand Jews left in Bratislava were ordered to turn themselves in on 20 November or face imprisonment, but few did so. Half of the Jews arrested after 19 November were in Bratislava, most in hiding with false papers. Henri Dunand of the
1142:
sometimes deported exemption-holders. The victims were given only four hours' warning, to prevent them from escaping. Beatings and forcible shaving were commonplace, as was subjecting Jews to invasive searches to uncover hidden valuables. Although some guards and local officials accepted bribes to keep Jews off the transports, the victim would typically be deported on the next train. Others took advantage of their power to rape Jewish women. Jews were only allowed to bring 50 kilograms (110 lb) of personal items with them, but even this was frequently stolen.
1250:
lost 85 to 90 percent of its Jewish population, Žilina reported that almost half of its Jews remained after the deportation. The deportees were held briefly in five camps in
Slovakia before deportation; 26,384 from Žilina, 7,500 from Patrónka, 7,000 from Poprad, 4,463 from Sereď, and 4,000 to 5,000 from Nováky. Nineteen trains went to Auschwitz, and another thirty-eight went to ghettos and concentration and extermination camps in the Lublin District. Only a few hundred survived the war, most at Auschwitz; almost no one survived in Lublin District.
380:
1242:. At this time of the speech, the Slovak government had accurate information on the mass murder of the deportees from Slovakia; an official request to inspect the camps where Slovak Jews were held in Poland was denied by Eichmann. Three more transports occurred in September and October 1942 before ceasing until 1944. By the end of 1942, only 500 or 600 Slovak Jews were still alive at Auschwitz. Thousands of surviving Slovak Jews in the Lublin District were shot on 3–4 November 1943 during
171:
675:
875:
1657:, a small village 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) away from Banská Bystrica. Upon the capture of the rebel stronghold, Jews, partisans, Romanis, and others arrested in the area were held in the prison in the town. Of these, 743 people were brought to Kremnička for execution in a series of massacres between November and March, by Einsatzgruppe H and the POHG. Victims included 280 women and 99 children; half were Jewish. Hundreds of people were murdered at the nearby village of
659:(Ks) in property (38 percent of the national wealth). The process is also described as "Slovakization", as the Slovak government took steps to ensure that ethnic Slovaks, rather than Germans or other minorities, received the stolen Jewish property. Due to the intervention of the German Party and Nazi Germany, ethnic Germans received 8.3 percent of the stolen property, but most German applicants were refused, underscoring the freedom of action of the Slovak government.
1408:, issued documents to 3,000 Jews allowing them to legally cross the border, bringing the total number of Jews in Slovakia to 25,000. Between 14 May and 7 July 437,000 Jews were deported from Hungary, most to Auschwitz; including many Slovak Jews in the country. To counter the perceived security threat of Jews in the Šariš-Zemplín region with the front line moving westward, on 15 May 1944 the Slovak government ordered Jews to move to the western part of the country.
671:
the land officially passed to the state in May 1942. The First
Aryanization Law was passed in April 1940. Through a process known as "voluntary Aryanization", Jewish business owners could suggest a "qualified Christian candidate" who would assume at least a 51-percent stake in the company. After three months, 50 businesses out of more than 12,000 were Aryanized and 179 were liquidated. HSĽS radicals and the Slovak Republic's German backers sought a harsher policy.
11682:
755:
main beneficiaries of
Aryanization were members of Slovak fascist political parties and paramilitary groups, who were eager to acquire Jewish property but had little expertise in running businesses. During the Slovak Republic's existence, the government gained 1,100 million Ks from Aryanization and spent 900–950 million Ks on enforcing anti-Jewish measures. In 1942, it paid the German government another 300 million Ks for the deportation of 58,000 Jews.
1741:
854:
60 for labor. Although the ÚŽ had to supplement the workers' pay to meet the legal minimum, the labor camps greatly increased the living standard of Jews impoverished by
Aryanization. By September, 5,500 Jews were performing manual labor for private companies at about 80 small labor centers, most of which were dissolved in the final months of 1941 as part of the preparation for deportation. Construction began on three larger camps –
630:. Between December 1938 and February 1939, more than 2.25 million Kčs were transferred illegally to the Czech lands, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom; further amounts were transferred legally. Slovak government officials took advantage of the circumstances to purchase the property of wealthy Jewish emigrants at a significant discount, a precursor to the state-sponsored transfer of Jewish property as part of
1587:
the intended capacity. Brunner took over the camp's administration from the Slovak government at the end of
September. About 11,700 people were deported on eleven transports; the first five (from 30 September to 17 October) went to Auschwitz, where most of the victims were gassed. The final transport to Auschwitz, on 2 November, arrived after the gas chambers were shut down. Later transports left for
1025:. No record survives of this meeting, at which the deportation of Jews from Slovakia was probably first discussed, leading to historiographical debate over who proposed the idea. Even if the Germans made the offer, the Slovak decision was not motivated by German pressure. In November 1941, the Slovak government permitted the German government to deport the 659 Slovak Jews living in the Reich and the
1703:. Although a postwar Czechoslovak law negated property transactions arising from Nazi persecution, the autonomous Slovak government refused to apply it. Heirless property was nationalized in 1947 into the Currency Liquidation Fund. Those who had stolen Jewish property were reluctant to return it; former resistance members had also appropriated some stolen property. Conflict over restitution led to
1314:
agricultural experts, whose professions had shortages). One thousand Jews were protected by presidential exemptions, mostly in addition to other exemptions. As well as the exempted Jews, around 2,500 were interned in labor camps, and a thousand were serving in the Sixth Labor
Battalion. When the deportations were halted, the government knew the whereabouts of only 2,500 Jews without exemptions.
646:. By early 1941, further emigration was impossible; even Jews who received valid United States visas were not allowed transit visas through Germany. The total number of Slovak Jewish emigrants has been estimated at 5,000 to 6,000. As 45,000 lived in the areas ceded to Hungary, the 1940 census found that 89,000 Jews lived in the Slovak Republic, 3.4 percent of the population.
901:. The Jewish Code excluded Jews from public life, restricting the hours that they were allowed to travel and shop, and barring them from clubs, organizations, and public events. Jews also had to pay a 20-percent tax on all property. Government propaganda boasted that the Jewish Code was the strictest set of anti-Jewish laws in Europe. The president could issue
521:, leader of the party's radical fascist wing, was appointed prime minister. Both wings of the party struggled for Germany's favor. The radical wing of the party was pro-German, while the conservatives favored autonomy from Germany; the radicals relied on the Hlinka Guard and German support, while Tiso was popular among the clergy and the population.
1167:, visited Bratislava on 10 April, and he and Tuka agreed that further deportations would target whole families and eventually remove all Jews from Slovakia. The family transports began on 11 April, and took their victims to the Lublin District. During the first half of June 1942 ten transports stopped briefly at Majdanek, where able-bodied men were
1622:, departing 26 November, ended up at Ravensbrück. According to a Czechoslovak criminal investigation, another 800 Jews were deported in two transports from eastern Slovakia on 16 October and 16 December. Details on the transports leaving from locations other than Sereď is fragmentary, and the total number of deportees is not known. Slovak historian
788:, who thwarted anti-Jewish orders to the best of his ability: he sabotaged a census of Jews in eastern Slovakia which was intended to justify their removal to the west of the country; Wisliceny had him arrested in April 1941. The Central Economic Office appointed the more cooperative Arpad Sebestyen as Schwartz's replacement. Wisliceny set up a
1040:, which retroactively legalized the deportation of Jews, authorized the removal of their citizenship, and regulated exemptions. Opposition centered on economic, moral, and legal obstacles, but, as Mach later stated, "every who has spoken on this issue has said that we should get rid of Jews". The official Catholic representative and Bishop of
259:, many Slovak Jews moved to cities and joined all the professions; others remained in the countryside, mostly working as artisans, merchants, and shopkeepers. Jews spearheaded the nineteenth-century economic changes that led to greater commerce in rural areas; by the end of the century some 70 percent of the bankers and businessmen in the
1872:
is "a paradox for postcommunist
Slovakia’s identity construction" because it was the first nominally independent Slovak state. Emphasizing its independence carries with it a greater responsibility for the deportation of Jews during the Holocaust, but if not, then it loses its role as legitimation for
1278:
and other antisemitic myths while urging
Catholics to treat Jews humanely. The Catholic Church ultimately chose not to discipline any of the Slovak Catholics who were complicit in the regime's actions. Officials from the ÚŽ and several of the most influential Slovak rabbis sent petitions to Tiso, but
1249:
Between 25 March and 20 October 1942, almost 58,000 Jews (two-thirds of the population) were deported. The exact number is unknown due to discrepancies in the sources. The deportations disproportionately affected poorer Jews from eastern Slovakia. Although the Šariš-Zemplín region in eastern Slovakia
914:
increased assaults on Jews, engaged in antisemitic demonstrations on a daily basis, and harassed non-Jews judged insufficiently antisemitic. The law enabled the Central Economic Office to force Jews to change their residence. This provision was put into effect on 4 October 1941, when 10,000 of 15,000
750:
of Jewish property and the Aryanization or liquidation of Jewish businesses. In a corrupt process overseen by Morávek's office, 10,000 Jewish businesses (mostly shops) were liquidated and the remainder – about 2,300 – were Aryanized. Liquidation benefited small Slovak businesses competing with Jewish
670:
four-percent quota of the numbers of Jews allowed to practice law; Jews were also forbidden to write for non-Jewish publications. The Land Reform Act of February 1940 turned 101,423 hectares (250,620 acres) of land owned by 4,943 Jews, more than 40 percent of it arable, over to the State Land Office;
1852:
was established in 2002 to provide access to the records of both the Slovak Republic and Communist state. The post-Communist government enacted laws for the restitution of Jewish property, but residency and citizenship requirements prevented emigrants from filing claims. In 2002, ten percent of the
1000:
In mid-1941, the Germans demanded (per previous agreements) another 20,000 Slovak laborers to work in Germany. Slovakia refused to send gentile Slovaks and instead offered an equal number of Jewish workers, although it did not want to be burdened with their families. A letter sent on 15 October 1941
853:
The first labor centers were established in early 1941 by the ÚŽ as retraining courses for Jews forced into unemployment; 13,612 Jews had applied for the courses by February, far exceeding the programs' capacity. On 4 July, the Slovak government issued a decree conscripting all Jewish men aged 18 to
1752:
law that mandated the death penalty for the suppression of the Slovak National Uprising; their roles in the Holocaust were a subset of the crimes for which they were convicted. The authors of some of the more egregious antisemitic articles and caricatures were prosecuted after the war. The trials
1698:
of the prewar population, had been murdered. In addition to the 10,000 to 11,000 Jews who survived in Slovakia, 9,000 Jews returned who had been deported to concentration camps or fled abroad, and 10,000 Jews survived in the Hungarian-annexed territories. By the end of 1945, 33,000 Jews were living
1937:
because the Slovak authorities frequently avoided implementing measures pushed by the Germans when such measures did not suit Slovak priorities. According to German historian Barbara Hutzelmann, "Although the country was not independent, in the full sense of the word, it would be too simplistic to
1586:
Sereď concentration camp was the primary facility for interning Jews before their deportation. Although there were no transports until the end of September, the Jews experienced harsh treatment (including rape and murder) and severe overcrowding as the population swelled to 3,000 – more than twice
1497:
After the uprising began, thousands of Jews fled to the mountainous interior and partisan-controlled areas around Banská Bystrica, including many who left the labor camps after the guards fled. Around 1,600 to 2,000 Jews fought as partisans, ten percent of the total insurgent force, although many
1467:
The uprising provided the Germans with an opportunity to implement the Final Solution in Slovakia. Anti-Jewish actions were nominally controlled by the Slovak Ministry of Defense, but in practice the Germans dictated policy. Unlike the deportations of 1942, the roundups of Jews were organized and
754:
Aryanization resulted in an immense financial loss for Slovakia and great destruction of wealth. The state failed to raise substantial funds from the sale of Jewish property and businesses, and most of its gains came from the confiscation of Jewish-owned bank accounts and financial securities. The
654:
Aryanization in Slovakia, the seizure of Jewish-owned property and exclusion of Jews from the economy, was justified by the stereotype (reinforced by HSĽS propaganda) of Jews obtaining their wealth by oppressing Slovaks. Between 1939 and 1942, the HSĽS regime received widespread popular support by
1141:
were in charge of rounding up the Jews, guarding the transit centers, and eventually forcing them into train cars for deportation. A German officer was stationed at each of the concentration centers. Official exemptions were supposed to keep certain Jews from being deported, but local authorities
783:
outside the Reich and German-occupied Poland, the ÚŽ was the only secular Jewish organization allowed to exist in Slovakia; membership was required of all Jews. Leaders of the Jewish community were divided about how to respond to this development. Although some argued that the ÚŽ would be used to
1313:
After the deportations, between 22,000 and 25,000 Jews were still in Slovakia. Some 16,000 Jews had exemptions; there were 4,217 converts to Christianity before 1939, at least 985 Jews in mixed marriages, and 9,687 holders of economic exemptions (particularly doctors, pharmacists, engineers, and
742:
and under Tuka's control, in September 1940. The Central Economic Office was tasked with assuming ownership of Jewish-owned property. Jews were required to register their property; their bank accounts (valued at 245 million Ks in August 1941) were frozen, and withdrawals were limited to 1,000 Ks
1399:
groups. Preparations for the uprising evoked mixed feelings in the remaining Slovak Jews, who feared that an uprising would bring about a crackdown on their community. Underground groups organized at the Sereď and Nováky labor camps. Slovak authorities began to re-register Jews in January 1944,
1358:
that the transports would soon resume. In early 1943, the Hlinka Guard and Department 14 prepared for the resumption of deportations: registering Jews, canceling economic exemptions, and hunting down Jews in hiding. A plan to dispatch four trains between 18 and 22 April was not implemented. In
824:
Jews serving in the army were segregated into a labor unit in April 1939 and were stripped of their rank at the end of the year. From 1940, male Jews and Romani people were obliged to work for the national defense (generally manual labor on construction projects) for two months every year. All
1648:
After the German invasion, about 4,000 people were murdered in Slovakia, mostly by Einsatzgruppe H, but with help from local collaborators. About half (2,000) of the victims were Jews; other victims included partisans, supporters of the uprising, and Romani people. One of the first executions
1776:
and nationalization of many businesses after the war. The number of Jewish communities decreased from the postwar high of 126 to 25, while the population decreased by 80 percent. Only a few thousand Jews were left by the end of 1949. Many of those who chose to stay changed their surnames and
1506:
Jews who were captured were briefly imprisoned at local prisons or the Einsatzgruppe H office in Bratislava, from which they were sent to Sereď for deportation. Local authorities provided lists of Jews, and many local residents also denounced Jews. In the first half of September there were
1801:
in which the Czechoslovak government accused fourteen Communists (eleven of them Jewish) of belonging to a Zionist conspiracy. Political censorship hampered the study of the Holocaust, and memorials to the victims of fascism did not mention Jews. In the 1960s, which were characterized by a
1322:
During 1943, enforcement of anti-Jewish laws lessened, and many Jews stopped wearing the yellow star. Nevertheless, the remaining Jews – even those with exemptions – lived in constant fear of deportation. The ÚŽ worked to improve conditions for laborers in the Slovak camps and to increase
915:
Jews in Bratislava (who were not employed or intermarried) were ordered to move to fourteen towns. The relocation was paid for and carried out by the ÚŽ's Department of Special Tasks. Although the Jews were ordered to leave by 31 December, fewer than 7,000 people had moved by March 1942.
996:
confronted the president with reliable reports of the mass murder of Jewish civilians in the Ukraine. Slovak newspapers wrote many articles attempting to refute rumors that deported Jews were mistreated, pointing to general knowledge by mid-1942 that deported Jews were no longer alive.
7571:
1354:, Slovak politicians realized that a German defeat was likely. Some HSĽS politicians (especially those in the radical faction) blamed economic setbacks on the Jews and agitated for the deportation of the remaining population. On 7 February 1943, Mach announced at a rally in
1363:
in Latin on 8 March condemning antisemitism and totalitarianism and defending the rights of all Jews. Germany put increasing pressure on the Slovak Republic to hand over its remaining Jews in 1943 and 1944, but Slovak politicians did not agree to resume the deportations.
1302:
Many Jews learned about the fate awaiting them during the first half of 1942, from sources such as letters from deported Jews or escapees. Around 5,000 to 6,000 Jews fled to Hungary to avoid the deportations, many by paying bribes or with help from paid smugglers and the
570:"; anti-Jewish legislation was the only concrete measure that he promised. The persecution of Jews was a key element of the state's domestic policy. Discriminatory measures affected all aspects of life, serving to isolate and dispossess Jews before they were deported.
599:, and the German Party participated. The deportees included young children, the elderly, and pregnant women. A few days later, Tiso canceled the operation; most of the Jews were allowed to return home in December. More than 800 were confined to makeshift tent camps at
1463:
for the uprising. Nevertheless, the Slovak government preferred the concentration of Jews in concentration camps in Slovakia to their deportation. Tiso asked for the Germans to spare at least baptized Jews and those in mixed marriages, but his requests were ignored.
1877:
and endorsed by the government sparked international controversy (and was eventually withdrawn from the school curriculum) because it portrayed Jews as living happily in labor camps during the war. Tiso and the Slovak Republic have been the focus of Catholic and
94:. The exclusion of Jews from the economy impoverished the community, which encouraged the government to conscript them for forced labor. On 9 September 1941, the government passed the Jewish Code, which it claimed to be the strictest anti-Jewish law in Europe.
1234:. This occurred for nine transports, the last of which arrived on 21 October 1942. From 1 August to 18 September, no transports departed; most of the Jews not exempt from deportation had already been deported or had fled to Hungary. In mid-August, Tiso gave a
1458:
instructed Burzio to tell Tiso that the Vatican condemned the persecution of individuals for their race or nationality. The United States and Switzerland issued formal protests against the deportation of Jews. Slovak propaganda blamed the Jews and
1183:. Some groups stayed only briefly before they were deported again to the extermination camps, while other groups remained in the ghettos for months or years. Some of the deportees ended up in the forced-labor camps in the Lublin District (such as
1119:. Slovak officials promised that deportees would be allowed to return home after a fixed period, and many Jews initially believed that it was better to report for deportation rather than risk reprisals against their families. On 25 March 1942, the
1847:
in 2004. During the 1990s, many memorials were constructed to commemorate Holocaust victims, and in October 2001 Slovakia designated 9 September (the anniversary of the passage of the Jewish Code) as Holocaust Victims and Racial Hatred Day. The
1404:, including Carpathian Ruthenia and the areas ceded by Czechoslovakia in 1938. The Slovak Jews who had fled to Hungary tried to return, but many were arrested at the border and deported directly to Auschwitz. The Slovak ambassador in Budapest,
849:
the following year. Although the Ministry of Defense was pressured by the Ministry of the Interior to release the Jews for deportation in 1942, it refused. The battalion was disbanded in 1943, and the Jewish laborers were sent to work camps.
1107:. Lists of those to be deported were drawn up by Department 14 based on statistical data provided by the Jewish Center's Department for Special Tasks. Even within Slovakia, Jews were transported in cattle wagons. At the border station in
7766:
Johnson, Owen V. (2005). "Židovská komunita na Slovensku medzi ceskoslovenskou parlamentnou demokraciou a slovenským štátom v stredoeurópskom kontexte, Eduard Nižnanský (Prešov, Slovakia: Universum, 1999), 292 pp., 200 crowns (Slovak)".
1060:
for transport. The 500 Reichsmark fee was equivalent to about USD$ 125 at the time, or $ 2,300 today. The Germans promised in exchange that the Jews would never return, and Slovakia could keep all confiscated property. Except for the
581:, a Nazi official who had been sent to Bratislava, coauthored a plan with Tiso and other HSĽS politicians to deport impoverished and foreign Jews to the territory ceded to Hungary. Meanwhile, Jews with a net worth of over 500,000
718:
for Slovakia, arriving in August. He aimed to impoverish the Jewish community so it would become a burden on non-Jewish Slovaks, who would then agree to deport them. At Wisliceny's instigation, the Slovak government created the
1323:
productivity, to strengthen the incentive to keep their workers in Slovakia. In 1943, the labor camps earned 39 million Ks for the Slovak Republic. The halt in deportations from Slovakia enabled the Working Group to launch the
339:
affected Jewish-owned businesses and also increased economic antisemitism. Economic underdevelopment and perceptions of discrimination in Czechoslovakia led a plurality (about one-third) of Slovaks to support the conservative,
299:
at the expense of Slovak ambitions. During the Holocaust, leading members of the Slovak government cited their belief that Jews were Hungarians or served Hungarian interests as a reason for their persecution and deportation.
940:
The highest levels of the Slovak government were aware by late 1941 of mass murders of Jews in German-occupied territories. In July 1941, Wisliceny organized a visit by Slovak government officials to several camps run by
1552:, aided by 600 HS and POHG collaborators and a Luftwaffe unit that guarded the streets: around 1,600 Jews were arrested and taken to Sereď. Some 300 Jews with foreign citizenship were temporarily housed in a castle in
549:
1127:
for Auschwitz with 1,000 unmarried Jewish women between the ages of 16 and 45. During the first wave of deportations (which ended on 2 April), 6,000 young, single Jews were deported to Auschwitz and Majdanek.
7153:
655:
promising Slovak citizens that they would be enriched by property confiscated from Jews and other minorities. They stood to gain a significant amount of money; in 1940, Jews registered more than 4.322 billion
1266:, Vatican Undersecretary of State, wrote in a private memo: "Everyone understands that the Holy See cannot stop Hitler. But who can understand that it does not know how to rein in a priest?" According to a
1772:, losing any right to restitution, and were threatened with deportation. Most Jews in Slovakia emigrated to Israel or other countries in the years after the war. Emigration accelerated in 1948 after the
784:
implement anti-Jewish measures, more saw participation in the ÚŽ as a way to help their fellow Jews by delaying the implementation of such measures and alleviating poverty. The first leader of the ÚŽ was
1873:
the current Slovak republic. Holocaust relativism in Slovakia tends to manifest as attempts to absolve the Tiso government of blame by deflecting responsibility onto Germans and Jews. A 1997 textbook by
1331:
to spare the surviving Jews under German occupation. It also smuggled aid to Jews in Poland, and helped Polish Jews escape to Hungary via Slovakia. In late April 1944 two Auschwitz escapees,
7277:
11508:
11172:
9393:
6943:
634:. The Slovak government's attempts to prevent capital flight and foreign countries' unwillingness to admit Jewish refugees hindered would-be emigrants. In 1940, Bratislava became a hub for
11513:
1036:, the Slovaks responded "with enthusiasm". Tuka presented the proposal to the government on 3 March, and they were debated in parliament three days later. On 15 May, parliament approved
626:
Initially, many Jews believed that the measures taken against them would be temporary. Nevertheless, some attempted to emigrate and take their property with them, particularly after the
509:, Slovakia renounced much of its foreign policy and military autonomy to Germany in exchange for border guarantees and economic assistance. It was neither fully independent nor a German
10661:
7499:
Hradská, Katarína (2016). "Dislokácie Židov z Bratislavy na jeseň 1941" [The Displacement of Jews from Bratislava in Autumn 1941]. In Roguľová, Jaroslava; Hertel, Maroš (eds.).
1630:
consider that 14,150 deportees can be verified and the true figure may be higher. The Slovak regime also transferred several hundred political prisoners to German custody. Deported to
1610:
for Auschwitz on 1 and 5 September; Fatran estimates that the total number of deportees was about 400. In September and October, at least 131 people were deported from Slovakia via
1472:, who had participated in the organization of transports of Jews from France and Greece, arrived in Slovakia to arrange the deportation of the country's remaining Jews. The SS unit
11830:
743:(later 150 Ks) per week. The 22,000 Jews who worked in salaried employment were targeted: non-Jews had to obtain Central Economic Office permission to employ Jews and pay a fee.
11184:
10688:
1649:
occurred in the Topoľčany district, where Einsatzkommando 14 began its mass roundups of Jews. Many of the arrested Jews were taken to Sereď for deportation, but 53 were shot in
90:
declared independence from Czechoslovakia. The Slovak government blamed the Jews for the territorial losses. Jews were targeted for discrimination and harassment, including the
1476:, including Einsatzkommandos 13, 14, and 29, was formed to suppress the uprising immediately after it began and round up Jews and Romani people. Local collaborators, including
1120:
463:. Hungary was awarded much of southern Slovakia on 2 November, including 40 percent of Slovakia's arable land and 270,000 people who had declared Czechoslovak ethnicity.
10323:
1824:
on free expression, while anti-Zionist propaganda, much of it imported from the Soviet Union, intensified and veered into antisemitism after Israeli victory in the 1967
11196:
1175:, where the remaining victims were murdered. Most of the trains brought their victims (30,000 in total) to ghettos whose inhabitants had been recently deported to the
10977:
8865:
720:
10853:
11840:
8080:
7655:
Paulovičová, Nina (2013). "The "Unmasterable Past"? The Reception of the Holocaust in Postcommunist Slovakia". In Himka, John-Paul; Michlic, Joanna Beata (eds.).
200:
have been documented in the territory of modern-day Slovakia, but significant Jewish presence was ended with the expulsions following the Hungarian defeat at the
11516:
8935:
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Fatran, Gila (2002) . "The Struggle for Jewish Survival during the Holocaust". In Długoborski, Wacław; Tóth, Dezider; Teresa, Świebocka; Mensfelt, Jarek (eds.).
826:
724:
312:
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8506:. Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos. Vol. 3. Translated by Kramarikova, Marianna. Bloomington: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. pp. 881–883.
8468:. Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos. Vol. 3. Translated by Kramarikova, Marianna. Bloomington: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. pp. 874–877.
1155:
908:
The racial definition of Jews was criticized by the Catholic Church, and converts were eventually exempted from some of the requirements. The Hlinka Guard and
8752:
859:
10713:
10358:
332:
11860:
7798:
1151:
7227:
7562:
Hutzelmann, Barbara (2018). "Einführung: Slowakei" [Introduction: Slovakia]. In Hutzelmann, Barbara; Hausleitner, Mariana; Hazan, Souzana (eds.).
7453:(2011). "Jews and non-Jews in the Aryanization Process: Comparison of France and the Slovak State, 1939–45". In Kosmala, Beate; Verbeeck, Georgi (eds.).
785:
615:, attracted international criticism, reduced British investment, increased dependence on German capital, and were a rehearsal for the 1942 deportations.
1534:... so was the kick, administered by an S.S.-man to a tardy Jew received by the large crowd ... with hand claps and cries of support and encouragement.
577:, antisemitic rioting broke out in Bratislava; newspapers justified the riots with Jews' alleged support for Hungary during the partition negotiations.
11718:
957:. The visitors understood that Jews in the camps lived under conditions which would eventually cause their deaths. Slovak soldiers participated in the
470:, banning opposition parties, shutting down independent newspapers, distributing antisemitic and anti-Czech propaganda, and founding the paramilitary
11240:
10489:
9365:
7514:
7416:
1078:
11391:
9471:
8391:
1037:
1032:
Early in 1942, Tuka and Wisliceny discussed the deportation of Jews from Slovakia. As indicated by a cable from the German ambassador to Slovakia,
1548:
Some Jews had been arrested in Bratislava by 20 September. The largest roundup was carried out in the city during the night of 28/29 September by
1494:(POHG), were essential to Einsatzgruppe H's work. Collaborators denounced those in hiding, impersonated partisans, and aided with interrogations.
1196:
10074:
8970:
8870:
8137:
Legge, Jerome S. (2018). "Collaboration, Intelligence, and the Holocaust: Ferdinand Ďurčanský, Slovak Nationalism, and the Gehlen Organization".
1853:
value of the nationalized heirless property was released into a fund that paid for Jewish education and Holocaust memorials. As of January 2019,
1722:
887:
460:
1843:. After Mečiar's fall in 1998, the Slovak government promoted Holocaust remembrance to demonstrate the country's European identity before it
905:
protecting individual Jews from the law. Employed Jews were initially exempt from some of the code's requirements, such as wearing the star.
11763:
10693:
8920:
8658:
1569:
1279:
he did not reply. Ludin reported that the deportations were "very unpopular", but few Slovaks took action against them. By March 1942, the
1195:). Unusually, the deportees in the Lublin District were quickly able to establish contact with the Jews remaining in Slovakia, which led to
315:
broke out in the aftermath of the declaration of independence (1918–1920), although the violence was not nearly as serious as in Ukraine or
11107:
10951:
10846:
9476:
9388:
8703:
1886:
878:
Headline of 21 September 1941 propaganda-ministry publication: "We've dealt with the Jews! The strictest laws against Jews are Slovakia's."
11201:
8566:
1230:
Transports went to Auschwitz after mid-June, where a minority of the victims were selected for labor and the remainder were killed in the
965:; they brought word of the mass shootings of Jews, and participated in at least one of the massacres. Some Slovaks were aware of the 1941
451:, was key to the regime with many of its leaders being bishops, priests, or laymen. Under Tiso's leadership, the Slovak government opened
10392:
10216:
8907:
1910:
1065:(which paid 30 Reichsmarks per person), Slovakia was the only country which paid to deport its Jewish population. According to historian
560:. Jewish businesses were robbed, and physical attacks on Jews occurred both spontaneously and at the instigation of the Hlinka Guard and
197:
1560:
provided funding for a clandestine group led by Arnold Lazar, which provided money, food, and clothing to Jews in hiding in Bratislava.
11248:
10353:
9280:
8822:
7631:
102:
7543:
Hutzelmann, Barbara (2016). "Slovak Society and the Jews: Attitudes and Patterns of Behaviour". In Bajohr, Frank; Löw, Andrea (eds.).
1626:
estimated that 13,500 Jews were deported in 1944 and 1945, of whom 10,000 died, but Israeli historian Gila Fatran and Czech historian
9140:
1777:
abandoned religious practice to fit in with the Slovak middle class. In 2019, the Jewish population was estimated at 2,000 to 3,000.
1460:
11235:
9576:
8550:
1615:
29:
10427:
9876:
9097:
8464:
Nižňanský, Eduard; Rajcan, Vanda; Hlavinka, Ján (2018a). "Nováky". In Megargee, Geoffrey P.; White, Joseph R.; Hecker, Mel (eds.).
2010:
Gain equivalent to USD$ 27.5 million at the time, or $ 513,000,000 today. Loss equivalent to $ 22.5 million or $ 420,000,000 today.
1704:
1674:
1658:
1557:
8502:
Nižňanský, Eduard; Rajcan, Vanda; Hlavinka, Ján (2018b). "Sereď". In Megargee, Geoffrey P.; White, Joseph R.; Hecker, Mel (eds.).
1299:, head of Department 14, and Wisliceny. It is unknown if the group's efforts had any connection with the halting of deportations.
11948:
11685:
11638:
11564:
11255:
11189:
10839:
10775:
10296:
10024:
9419:
9370:
9188:
9034:
9012:
8666:
8408:
8016:
1454:
Burzio met with Tiso on 22 and 29 September, reportedly calling Tiso a liar when the president denied knowledge of deportations.
1280:
928:
7500:
11711:
11298:
9600:
9084:
8817:
8083:[The phenomenon of corruption in the so-called solutions to the "Jewish questions" in Slovakia between 1938 and 1945].
7481:
1844:
1817:
566:. In his first radio address following the establishment of the Slovak State in 1939, Tiso emphasized his desire to "solve the
535:
8622:
1283:(an underground organization which operated under the auspices of the ÚŽ) had formed to oppose the deportations. Its leaders,
11938:
11604:
9145:
9051:
8530:
8511:
8492:
8473:
8454:
8435:
8416:
7692:
7666:
7645:
7620:
7583:
7552:
7533:
7489:
7462:
7436:
7402:
7371:
7346:
7324:
7291:
7266:
7241:
7216:
7193:
7167:
7142:
7115:
7090:
7071:
7049:
6999:
6972:
6953:
6932:
6913:
6883:
902:
506:
396:
17:
11543:
11460:
11426:
9980:
9398:
9238:
9155:
8832:
7807:
7637:
7316:
7039:
7009:
6616:
1980:
1849:
1654:
1643:
8525:. Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos. Vol. 3. Bloomington: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. pp. 889–890.
8487:. Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos. Vol. 3. Bloomington: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. pp. 878–880.
8430:. Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos. Vol. 3. Bloomington: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. pp. 854–855.
11569:
11536:
11531:
11526:
11521:
10942:
10785:
10618:
10263:
9726:
9466:
1026:
946:
897:, the code defined Jews in terms of ancestry, banned intermarriage, and required that all Jews over six years old wear a
893:
The Slovak parliament passed the Jewish Code on 9 September 1941, which contained 270 anti-Jewish articles. Based on the
11306:
8287:
1773:
1367:
1214:
1069:, "the fact that the Tiso regime let Germany do the dirty work should not conceal its desire to “cleanse” the economy".
11918:
11122:
9814:
8827:
8582:
7718:
7258:
1388:
487:
486:
militia. HSĽS imprisoned thousands of its political opponents, but never carried out a sentence of capital punishment.
1235:
618:
295:), and national antisemitism: Jews were strongly associated with the Hungarian state and accused of sympathizing with
11933:
11928:
11704:
11548:
9595:
9340:
8449:. Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos. Vol. 3. Bloomington: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. p. 871.
8166:
Lônčíková, Michala (2017). "Was the antisemitic propaganda a catalyst for tensions in the Slovak-Jewish relations?".
1574:
1436:, which broke out on 29 August 1944. The insurgent forces seized central Slovakia but were defeated on 27 October at
1188:
1009:
to make room for deported Jews from Slovakia and Germany. In late October, Tiso, Tuka, Mach, and Čatloš visited the
149:
9610:
9546:
8197:"The discussions of Nazi Germany on the deportation of Jews in 1942 – the examples of Slovakia, Rumania and Hungary"
548:
Immediately after it came to power in 1938, the autonomous government began firing Jewish government employees. The
363:
as the solution to Slovakia's problems. The party began to emphasize antisemitism during the late 1930s following a
117:; only a few hundred survived until the end of the war. The Slovak government organized the transports and paid 500
11943:
11609:
11597:
11455:
10881:
10381:
9838:
9615:
9556:
9531:
9320:
9248:
8890:
8696:
8602:
7357:
1758:
1588:
1491:
134:
7737:
Cichopek-Gajraj, Anna (2018). "Nepokradeš! Nálady a postoje slovenské společnosti k židovské otázce, 1938–1945 ".
6991:
2735:
2151:
11614:
11208:
11054:
9459:
9454:
9135:
8897:
7656:
7477:
7019:
1979:
Equivalent to USD$ 108 million at the time, or $ 2,010,000,000 today. All currency conversions are made from the
1869:
1754:
1048:, requested separate settlements in Poland for converts to Christianity. The Slovak government agreed to pay 500
962:
703:
416:
165:
156:
in 1989. The Slovak government's complicity in the Holocaust continues to be disputed by far-right nationalists.
45:
7395:
Searching for Justice after the Holocaust: Fulfilling the Terezin Declaration and Immovable Property Restitution
1103:
as forced laborers. Department 14 organized the deportations, while the Slovak Transport Ministry provided the
552:
was founded on 23 January 1939 to discuss anti-Jewish legislation. The state-sponsored media demonized Jews as "
11923:
11418:
11383:
10276:
10089:
9551:
8784:
7875:
7205:
The Making of the Slovak People's Party: Religion, Nationalism and the Culture War in Early 20th-Century Europe
1821:
1176:
808:
769:
When Wisliceny arrived, all Jewish community organizations were dissolved and the Jews were forced to form the
452:
256:
10251:
8426:
Rajcan, Vanda (2018a). "Bratislava/Patrónka". In Megargee, Geoffrey P.; White, Joseph R.; Hecker, Mel (eds.).
8223:
Nižňanský, Eduard (2014). "On Relations between the Slovak Majority and Jewish Minority During World War II".
5292:
789:
674:
435:, to Germany. HSĽS took advantage of the ensuing political chaos to declare Slovakia's autonomy on 6 October.
11330:
10748:
10588:
9751:
9605:
9586:
9566:
9536:
9429:
7820:
1992:
The Land Reform Act did not explicitly target Jews, but it was rarely enforced against non-Jewish landowners.
1836:
1631:
656:
122:
11643:
9658:
8043:
1893:
and is especially popular with younger voters, promotes a positive view of the Slovak Republic. Its leader,
1679:
834:
611:
on the new Slovak–Hungarian border during the winter. The Slovak deportations occurred just after Germany's
10613:
10176:
9804:
9673:
9648:
9526:
9119:
8246:
Paulovičová, Nina (2018). "Holocaust Memory and Antisemitism in Slovakia: The Postwar Era to the Present".
1764:
The Czechoslovak government supported Zionism, insisting that Jews assimilate into Czechoslovak culture or
1351:
1184:
1114:
1096:
1062:
969:, in which 23,600 Jews, many of them deported from Hungary, were shot in western Ukraine. Defense minister
966:
106:
10246:
7572:
Die Verfolgung und Ermordung der europäischen Juden durch das nationalsozialistische Deutschland 1933–1945
1192:
144:, survivors faced renewed antisemitism and difficulty regaining stolen property; most emigrated after the
11362:
10795:
10780:
10681:
10527:
10451:
9663:
9620:
9581:
9481:
9315:
9181:
8689:
7963:
7107:
1858:
1627:
1219:
1100:
448:
308:
237:
11771:
11475:
9773:
8747:
7904:
Büchler, Yehoshua (1996). "First in the Vale of Affliction: Slovakian Jewish Women in Auschwitz, 1942".
1684:
855:
818:
695:
694:, Germany demanded the replacement of several members of the cabinet with reliably pro-German radicals.
11503:
11228:
10653:
10532:
10502:
10421:
10338:
10171:
9809:
9707:
9668:
9625:
9561:
9434:
9310:
7525:
7474:
The Tragedy of the Jews of Slovakia 1938–1945: Slovakia and the "Final Solution of the Jewish Question"
6875:
6867:
1243:
1223:
1172:
1164:
1262:
opposed deportation, fearing that such actions from a Catholic government would discredit the church.
1052:
per deportee (ostensibly to cover shelter, food, retraining and housing) and an additional fee to the
497:
proclaimed its independence with German support and protection. Germany annexed and invaded the Czech
284:
11586:
10291:
10106:
9653:
9630:
9541:
9403:
9255:
9230:
9092:
8880:
1095:
The original deportation plan, approved in February 1942, entailed the deportation of 7,000 women to
958:
481:
229:
1874:
1665:'s Jewish cemetery was used as an execution site; 218 bodies were exhumed after the end of the war.
1421:
175:
121:
per Jew for the supposed cost of resettlement. The persecution of Jews resumed in August 1944, when
11727:
11470:
11322:
11314:
11138:
10770:
10725:
10271:
10051:
9590:
9571:
9518:
9502:
9449:
9444:
9355:
9345:
9335:
9287:
9270:
9260:
9225:
9220:
9215:
9150:
9004:
8948:
8944:
8940:
7363:
5144:
1948:
emphasizes German influence on Slovak internal and external politics and describes it as a "German
1479:
1433:
1426:
1088:
1029:
to German-occupied Poland, with the proviso that their confiscated property be passed to Slovakia.
883:
737:
733:
729:
344:
311:. Jews lived in 227 communities (in 1918) and their population was estimated at 135,918 (in 1921).
272:
126:
87:
11667:
10196:
8757:
8445:
Hlavinka, Ján (2018). "Marianka". In Megargee, Geoffrey P.; White, Joseph R.; Hecker, Mel (eds.).
7450:
11406:
11282:
11130:
10763:
10753:
10479:
10033:
9761:
9439:
9424:
9350:
9330:
9325:
9305:
9275:
9265:
9107:
8521:
Rajcan, Vanda (2018c). "Žilina". In Megargee, Geoffrey P.; White, Joseph R.; Hecker, Mel (eds.).
8483:
Rajcan, Vanda (2018b). "Poprad". In Megargee, Geoffrey P.; White, Joseph R.; Hecker, Mel (eds.).
7705:(2007). "The Robbery of Jewish Property in Eastern European States Allied with Nazi Germany". In
7185:
4910:
1812:
1712:
1384:
1045:
475:
319:. Slovak nationalists associated Jews with the Czechoslovak state and accused them of supporting
9830:
9069:
988:
192:
Before 1939, Slovakia had never been an independent country; its territory had been part of the
97:
In 1941, the Slovak government negotiated with Nazi Germany for the mass deportation of Jews to
11154:
10959:
10474:
10241:
9720:
9298:
9292:
9174:
9027:
8316:
Ward, James Mace (2002). ""People Who Deserve It": Jozef Tiso and the Presidential Exemption".
7252:
1304:
1292:
316:
288:
98:
9985:
6626:
6316:
2161:
1785:
1238:
in which he described Jews as the "eternal enemy" and justified the deportations according to
764:
11480:
11086:
10708:
10333:
10286:
9950:
9701:
9102:
8081:"Fenomén korupcie v procese tzv. riešenia "židovskej otázky" na Slovensku v rokoch 1938–1945"
7826:
7208:
7101:
6905:
5302:
1897:, once described Jews as "devils in human skin". Members of the party have been charged with
1719:
estimates that at least 36 Jews were murdered and more than 100 injured in postwar violence.
1708:
1600:
1199:. The fate of the Jews deported from Slovakia was ultimately "sealed within the framework of
1168:
970:
775:(Jewish Center, ÚŽ, subordinate to the Central Economic Office) in September 1940. The first
540:
444:
411:
364:
296:
292:
9064:
8106:"Jews and Gentiles in Central and Eastern Europe during the Holocaust in history and memory"
7630:
Kubátová, Hana (2014). "Jewish Resistance in Slovakia, 1938–1945". In Henry, Patrick (ed.).
1432:
Concerned about the increase in resistance, Germany invaded Slovakia; this precipitated the
474:. Parties for the German and Hungarian minorities were allowed under HSĽS hegemony, and the
11024:
10671:
10608:
10191:
9975:
9866:
9844:
9739:
9734:
9715:
8400:
8248:
8196:
7302:
7159:
1840:
1716:
1401:
1347:
942:
553:
129:. Another 13,500 Jews were deported and hundreds to thousands were murdered in Slovakia by
11354:
10925:
10537:
7800:
Synagogue Architecture in Slovakia Towards Creating a Memorial Landscape of Lost Community
7702:
7131:
The Jew in Czech and Slovak Imagination, 1938–89: Antisemitism, the Holocaust, and Zionism
1930:
662:
The first anti-Jewish law, passed on 18 April 1939 and not systematically enforced, was a
513:, but occupied an intermediate status. In October 1939, Tiso, leader of the conservative-
8:
11890:
10758:
10666:
10512:
10099:
8762:
8278:
7602:
1890:
1794:
1579:
1519:(7 September), during which 616 Jews were arrested and imprisoned in Ilava and Sereď. In
1392:
1372:
1340:
1180:
1124:
1055:
691:
683:
643:
582:
557:
502:
280:
245:
145:
114:
11696:
9894:
9884:
7870:
7843:
7598:
7126:
1208:
201:
10985:
10138:
10133:
9640:
8789:
8341:
8281:[Einsatzgruppe H in Uprising-era Slovakia (1944–1945) and Postwar Prosecution]
8265:
8225:
8183:
8125:
7853:
7754:
7658:
Bringing the Dark Past to Light. The Reception of the Holocaust in Postcommunist Europe
7594:
7519:
1798:
1549:
1200:
1083:
1006:
950:
813:
627:
574:
456:
368:
264:
249:
193:
80:
11396:
8642:
8353:
Ward, James Mace (2015). "The 1938 First Vienna Award and the Holocaust in Slovakia".
7873:(1991). "The deportation of Slovakian Jews to the Lublin District of Poland in 1942".
7850:
Slovak Jews in Theresienstadt, Sachsenhausen, Ravensbrück and Bergen-Belsen, 1944/1945
3084:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3072:
1699:
in Slovakia. Many survivors had lost their entire families, and a third suffered from
1437:
11346:
10963:
10743:
10603:
10434:
10348:
10315:
10229:
10046:
10012:
8526:
8507:
8488:
8469:
8450:
8431:
8412:
8370:
8345:
8333:
8304:
8269:
8234:
8211:
8187:
8154:
8129:
8105:
8092:
8067:
8000:
7975:
7950:
7921:
7892:
7758:
7714:
7688:
7676:
7662:
7641:
7616:
7579:
7548:
7529:
7485:
7458:
7446:
7432:
7415:(2017). "The Murder of European Jewry: Nazi Genocide in Continental Perspective". In
7398:
7367:
7342:
7320:
7287:
7262:
7237:
7212:
7189:
7163:
7138:
7134:
7111:
7086:
7067:
7045:
7023:
6995:
6968:
6949:
6928:
6909:
6898:
6879:
1832:
1540:
1441:
1267:
1160:
360:
204:
in 1526. Many Jews immigrated in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Jews from
153:
11290:
7334:
7015:
Foreign Claims Settlement Commission of the United States: Decisions and Annotations
1865:
600:
11650:
11338:
11223:
11177:
11020:
10720:
10698:
10517:
10507:
10236:
10224:
10206:
10143:
9017:
8990:
8983:
8979:
8975:
8860:
8767:
8362:
8329:
8325:
8296:
8279:"Einsatzgruppe H na povstaleckém Slovensku (1944–1945) a poválečné trestní stíhání"
8257:
8175:
8146:
8117:
8059:
8028:
7942:
7913:
7884:
7845:
Slovenští Židé v Terezíně, Sachsenhausenu, Ravensbrücku a Bergen-Belsenu, 1944/1945
7830:
7776:
7746:
7608:
3069:
1898:
1879:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1405:
1328:
1307:
1288:
1263:
1239:
1104:
863:
793:
711:
424:
341:
336:
233:
221:
84:
72:
11213:
9889:
9851:
8179:
8121:
7750:
7103:
The Pope's Dilemma: Pius XII Faces Atrocities and Genocide in the Second World War
2767:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2753:
1769:
706:
with that of Germany. Another result of the Salzburg talks was the appointment of
11660:
11411:
11146:
11040:
11028:
10901:
10831:
10790:
10630:
10623:
10440:
10343:
10201:
10181:
10094:
9930:
9059:
8875:
8033:
7816:
7424:
7390:
7177:
7013:
1949:
1473:
1396:
1360:
1002:
993:
665:
567:
440:
348:
320:
213:
209:
130:
110:
10889:
5456:
2733:
1768:. Jews who had declared German or Hungarian nationality on a prewar census were
982:
83:, signed in November. The following year, with German encouragement, the ruling
11776:
10862:
10703:
10598:
10497:
10468:
10160:
10124:
10079:
9789:
9696:
9039:
8930:
8019:[No Man’s Land in 1938. Deportation beyond the Bounds of Citizenship].
7706:
7680:
7412:
7359:
Priest, Politician, Collaborator: Jozef Tiso and the Making of Fascist Slovakia
7283:
2750:
1894:
1857:(the official Israeli memorial to the Holocaust) has recognized 602 Slovaks as
1508:
1380:
1336:
1275:
1066:
1010:
954:
894:
874:
842:
796:
699:
589:. Between 4 and 7 November, 4,000 or 7,600 Jews were deported, in a chaotic,
586:
578:
279:". In the western Slovak lands, anti-Jewish riots broke out in the wake of the
241:
76:
10084:
9904:
8965:
7027:
1596:
1445:
1296:
792:
in the ÚŽ to ensure the prompt implementation of Nazi decrees, appointing the
11912:
11742:
11447:
10971:
10593:
10522:
10413:
10281:
10111:
10068:
9914:
9899:
9197:
9074:
9022:
8925:
8915:
8728:
8374:
8337:
8308:
8238:
8215:
8158:
8096:
8071:
8012:
8004:
7979:
7954:
7925:
7896:
7612:
7393:; Boyd, Kathryn Lee; Nelson, Kristen L.; Shah, Rajika L. (2019). "Slovakia".
1807:
1803:
1747:
1592:
1469:
1391:
and democratic opponents of the regime. Other anti-fascists retreated to the
974:
747:
356:
276:
217:
65:
11008:
8681:
8261:
1355:
890:
of the Ministry of the Interior was formed to enforce anti-Jewish measures.
291:
was joined by the stereotypical view of Jews as exploiters of poor Slovaks (
33:
A Slovak propaganda poster exhorts readers not to "be a servant to the Jew".
11880:
11810:
11786:
11592:
11218:
11074:
10967:
10866:
10805:
9955:
9940:
9935:
9909:
9862:
9794:
9756:
9506:
8960:
8885:
7917:
7420:
7155:
Czechs, Slovaks and the Jews, 1938–48: Beyond Idealisation and Condemnation
7059:
7035:
6893:
5395:
5393:
5391:
1945:
1934:
1700:
1623:
1512:
1231:
1022:
1018:
898:
715:
679:
631:
608:
518:
510:
494:
471:
467:
355:: HSĽS). HSĽS viewed minority groups such as Czechs, Hungarians, Jews, and
268:
260:
57:
53:
49:
8300:
7946:
7888:
7545:
The Holocaust and European Societies: Social Processes and Social Dynamics
3907:
3629:
11895:
11781:
11655:
10913:
10811:
10328:
9945:
9799:
8366:
8150:
7780:
5501:
5499:
5497:
5495:
4849:
4847:
4845:
4843:
3905:
3903:
3901:
3899:
3897:
3895:
3893:
3891:
3889:
3887:
3403:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3395:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3387:
3213:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2944:
2357:
1825:
1528:
Half of Bratislava was on its feet this morning to watch the show of the
1332:
1324:
1204:
1156:
List of Holocaust transports from Slovakia § Transports to Auschwitz
1138:
1033:
612:
514:
432:
428:
379:
324:
304:
152:
censored discussion of the Holocaust; free speech was restored after the
118:
61:
11434:
8399:
Rajcan, Vanda; Vadkerty, Madeline; Hlavinka, Ján (2018). "Slovakia". In
6493:
5420:
5388:
4712:
4700:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2233:
1001:
indicates that plans were being made for the mass murder of Jews in the
443:
and HSĽS leader, became prime minister of the Slovak autonomous region.
170:
11750:
11062:
10800:
10635:
10408:
10186:
8955:
8063:
7575:
7507:
Candidates for Power and Success. Formation of Elites in Modern History
7455:
Facing the Catastrophe: Jews and non-Jews in Europe during World War II
7233:
1854:
1049:
1014:
637:
604:
498:
436:
11244:
7279:
Vanished History: The Holocaust in Czech and Slovak Historical Culture
5492:
4840:
3884:
3384:
1816:, focused on Slovak culpability for the Holocaust. Following the 1968
1650:
1152:
List of Holocaust transports from Slovakia § Transports to Lublin
328:
11802:
10640:
10446:
8779:
7254:
Finale der Vernichtung: die Einsatzgruppe H in der Slowakei 1944/1945
3374:
3372:
2921:
2578:
2434:
2230:
2001:
Equivalent to USD$ 6.125 million at the time, or $ 114,200,000 today.
1694:
captured Slovakia by the end of April 1945. Around 69,000 Jews,
1271:
11850:
10301:
7988:
7968:
Bohemia: Zeitschrift für Geschichte und Kultur der Böhmischen Länder
7711:
Robbery and Restitution: The Conflict over Jewish Property in Europe
7008:
3088:
1619:
1520:
179:
10166:
9966:
8794:
8657:
8565:
7834:
6505:
5702:
5462:
2771:
1883:
1691:
1611:
1553:
1455:
1343:
to Hungary and Switzerland; it reached the Western Allies in July.
1259:
978:
778:
225:
141:
8523:
Camps and Ghettos under European Regimes Aligned with Nazi Germany
8504:
Camps and Ghettos under European Regimes Aligned with Nazi Germany
8485:
Camps and Ghettos under European Regimes Aligned with Nazi Germany
8466:
Camps and Ghettos under European Regimes Aligned with Nazi Germany
8447:
Camps and Ghettos under European Regimes Aligned with Nazi Germany
8428:
Camps and Ghettos under European Regimes Aligned with Nazi Germany
8405:
Camps and Ghettos under European Regimes Aligned with Nazi Germany
6692:
6632:
6095:
3430:
3428:
3369:
1607:
455:
with Hungary regarding their border. The dispute was submitted to
8799:
6945:
Beyond Violence: Jewish Survivors in Poland and Slovakia, 1944–48
6294:
6292:
6290:
5598:
5596:
4310:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3053:
1284:
1108:
830:
707:
205:
41:
9166:
7066:. Translated by Styan, Martin. Bratislava: Hajko & Hajková.
6203:
6155:
5120:
4962:
4430:
4428:
4426:
3972:
1087:
Restored train car used to transport Slovak Jews. SŽ stands for
1041:
746:
A second Aryanization law was passed in November, mandating the
10676:
9114:
8837:
8407:. Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos. Vol. 3. Bloomington:
7476:. Translated by Mensfeld, Jarek. Oświęcim and Banská Bystrica:
6740:
6680:
6340:
6328:
5987:
5837:
5835:
5833:
5831:
5764:
5762:
5760:
4950:
4628:
3936:
3704:
3425:
3413:
1970:
Around USD$ 64,000 or equivalent to USD$ 1,387,000 in 2023.
1889:
party, which is represented in the national parliament and the
1765:
1757:
officials as traitors, thereby exonerating Slovak society from
1662:
1359:
response to the threatened resumption, Slovak bishops issued a
1079:
List of Holocaust transports from Slovakia § Initial phase
933:
590:
359:
as a destructive influence on the Slovak nation, and presented
7044:. Vol. 2 (3 ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press.
6812:
6704:
6570:
6568:
6304:
6287:
6275:
6251:
6239:
6059:
5975:
5965:
5963:
5948:
5926:
5924:
5673:
5671:
5669:
5667:
5654:
5652:
5593:
3960:
3473:
3138:
3050:
3026:
2734:
Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (June 1938).
2639:
2019:
Equivalent to USD$ 975,000 at the time, or $ 18,200,000 today.
1661:, where the victims' bodies were burned after they were shot.
838:
10041:
7966:[The deportation of the Jews from Slovakia 1944–45].
6788:
6541:
6357:
6355:
5535:
4871:
4423:
4387:
4351:
4184:
4001:
3999:
3847:
3845:
3641:
3342:
3340:
3286:
3038:
3002:
2345:
2141:
2139:
2126:
2124:
2090:
1961:
Around USD$ 14,000 or equivalent to USD$ 308,000 in 2023.
1516:
1444:
into 1945. A new government was sworn in, with Tiso's cousin
846:
544:
Government propaganda ordering Jews to "Get out of Slovakia!"
220:
settled east of the mountains, forming a separate community (
40:
was the systematic dispossession, deportation, and murder of
8553:[Detached Battalion] (in Slovak). Terezín Initiative
7502:
Adepti Moci a úspechu. Etablovanie Elít V Moderných Dejinách
7339:
Yellow Star, Red Star: Holocaust Remembrance After Communism
6367:
6215:
6191:
6179:
6119:
5858:
5856:
5854:
5852:
5850:
5828:
5757:
5733:
5627:
5625:
5623:
5556:
5554:
5552:
5550:
5511:
5410:
5408:
5357:
5355:
5353:
5351:
5349:
5347:
5096:
4981:
4979:
4977:
4938:
4816:
4498:
4496:
4494:
4464:
4440:
4114:
4112:
4110:
4085:
4083:
4081:
4079:
4077:
3862:
3860:
3830:
3808:
3806:
3755:
3680:
3658:
3656:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3315:
3313:
3191:
3189:
3099:
3097:
2656:
2654:
622:
Temporary passport issued in 1940 to a Jew who fled to Italy
367:
in 1938 and anti-Jewish laws passed by Hungary, Poland, and
7661:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. pp. 549–590.
7607:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 175–192.
6668:
6644:
6565:
6107:
6011:
5960:
5936:
5921:
5868:
5779:
5777:
5723:
5721:
5719:
5717:
5664:
5649:
5608:
5268:
5244:
5196:
5108:
5038:
5036:
4926:
4900:
4898:
4859:
4411:
4339:
4329:
4327:
4325:
4160:
4124:
3767:
3728:
3551:
3234:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3128:
3126:
3124:
2977:
2975:
2869:
2867:
2729:
2727:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2542:
2489:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2381:
2335:
2333:
2306:
2296:
2294:
2269:
2267:
2208:
2206:
1111:, the Hlinka Guard handed the transports off to the German
825:
recruits considered Jewish or Romani were allocated to the
8659:"The Holocaust in Subcarpathian Rus and Southern Slovakia"
6553:
6517:
6352:
5880:
5789:
5132:
4794:
4792:
4765:
4755:
4753:
4751:
4616:
4517:
4515:
4513:
4511:
4481:
4479:
4264:
4262:
4201:
4199:
3996:
3842:
3818:
3745:
3743:
3619:
3617:
3539:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3337:
3325:
2992:
2990:
2816:
2794:
2792:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2179:
2136:
2121:
2044:
2042:
2040:
1440:. Partisans withdrew to the mountains and continued their
585:(Kčs) were arrested in an unsuccessful attempt to prevent
11726:
6829:
6827:
6776:
6656:
6604:
6433:
6071:
5847:
5818:
5816:
5692:
5690:
5688:
5686:
5620:
5547:
5468:
5405:
5344:
5308:
5232:
5060:
4974:
4534:
4532:
4530:
4491:
4399:
4375:
4286:
4235:
4148:
4107:
4074:
4047:
4023:
3948:
3872:
3857:
3803:
3653:
3602:
3529:
3527:
3490:
3488:
3452:
3310:
3186:
3094:
2896:
2894:
2879:
2651:
2477:
2410:
2318:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2105:
1411:
8501:
8463:
7593:
Kamenec, Ivan (2011). "The Slovak state, 1939–1945". In
6469:
6263:
6047:
5801:
5774:
5714:
5637:
5523:
5426:
5399:
5378:
5376:
5374:
5372:
5370:
5332:
5048:
5033:
5021:
4895:
4828:
4718:
4706:
4604:
4556:
4363:
4322:
4247:
3440:
3225:
3121:
2972:
2864:
2724:
2707:
2678:
2554:
2393:
2369:
2330:
2291:
2264:
2218:
2203:
7397:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 401–413.
6764:
6728:
6716:
6457:
6445:
6421:
6411:
6409:
6396:
6394:
6131:
5999:
5911:
5909:
5907:
5583:
5581:
5320:
5280:
5160:
5084:
5011:
5009:
4996:
4994:
4883:
4789:
4777:
4748:
4724:
4688:
4676:
4664:
4568:
4508:
4476:
4452:
4274:
4259:
4223:
4196:
4136:
4064:
4062:
4011:
3984:
3926:
3924:
3922:
3920:
3791:
3779:
3740:
3692:
3668:
3614:
3590:
3568:
3566:
3352:
3201:
3109:
3014:
2987:
2911:
2909:
2789:
2615:
2501:
2037:
1448:
as prime minister; Jozef remained president. The papal
449:
the religion of 80 percent of the country's inhabitants
232:, communities split in the mid-nineteenth century into
10559:
8398:
7964:"Die Deportation der Juden aus der Slowakei 1944–1945"
7687:. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 595–600.
7182:
Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews
6839:
6824:
6800:
6580:
6529:
6481:
6227:
6083:
6035:
5892:
5813:
5683:
5505:
5480:
5432:
5184:
5172:
4853:
4804:
4527:
4172:
3911:
3635:
3524:
3512:
3485:
3407:
3298:
3276:
3274:
3261:
3259:
3219:
2954:
2891:
2852:
2597:
2447:
2363:
2243:
2102:
2078:
1570:
List of Holocaust transports from Slovakia § 1944
5444:
5367:
5220:
5208:
4652:
3500:
3174:
2960:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2666:
2603:
2453:
2254:
2252:
2167:
1253:
75:, Slovakia unilaterally declared its autonomy within
8623:"Under 30s would vote far-right Kotleba the next PM"
8383:
7229:
Gates of Tears: the Holocaust in the Lublin District
6752:
6592:
6406:
6391:
6379:
6167:
6143:
6023:
5904:
5745:
5578:
5566:
5256:
5072:
5006:
4991:
4736:
4640:
4580:
4544:
4298:
4211:
4095:
4059:
4035:
3917:
3716:
3578:
3563:
3244:
2906:
2828:
2777:
2627:
1400:
prompting some to flee to Hungary. On 19 March 1944
6900:
Jews for Sale?: Nazi-Jewish Negotiations, 1933–1945
3271:
3256:
3162:
2566:
2530:
2518:
2465:
2066:
524:
79:, but lost significant territory to Hungary in the
10861:
8017:"Země nikoho 1938. Deportace za hranice občanství"
7064:On the Trail of Tragedy: The Holocaust in Slovakia
6897:
4592:
3150:
2840:
2804:
2690:
2279:
2249:
2191:
1789:Holocaust Memorial at Rybné námestie in Bratislava
1350:and other reversals in the increasingly unpopular
2422:
2054:
1387:to plan an insurrection; the council united both
829:, which worked at military construction sites at
550:Committee for the Solution of the Jewish Question
11910:
7941:(2). Translated by Greenwood, Naftali: 164–201.
7445:
7429:Beyond the Racial State: Rethinking Nazi Germany
3434:
3419:
3378:
3063:
1901:, which has been a criminal offense since 2001.
383:Slovak territorial losses to Hungary in 1938 (2
10334:Civilians targeted during anti-partisan warfare
8103:
7736:
7124:
6965:Last Folio: Textures of Jewish Life in Slovakia
6941:
6794:
6622:
6511:
6499:
6346:
6322:
6310:
6281:
6257:
6245:
4316:
3942:
3044:
3032:
3008:
593:-like operation in which the Hlinka Guard, the
7822:Rescue of Jews in the Slovak State (1939–1945)
7709:; Goschler, Constantin; Ther, Philipp (eds.).
7389:
6710:
6698:
6325:, pp. 104–105, 111–112, 118–119, 127–129.
6298:
1653:on 11 September. The largest execution was in
64:in 1940, an estimated 69,000 were murdered in
11712:
10847:
10694:Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law
9182:
8711:
8697:
8583:"Mazurek not prosecuted for Holocaust denial"
8046:[Aryanization in Slovakia 1939–1945]
7991:[The trial of Vojtech Tuka in 1946].
7083:Mapping Jewish Loyalties in Interwar Slovakia
7080:
2145:
1806:, discussion of the Holocaust opened up. The
1618:and the third at Auschwitz. A transport from
642:operatives organizing illegal immigration to
307:, Slovakia became part of the new country of
92:confiscation of their property and businesses
8392:Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945
8276:
7933:Fatran, Gila (1994). "The "Working Group"".
7713:. New York: Berghahn Books. pp. 81–96.
7250:
6962:
6373:
6221:
6209:
6197:
6185:
6161:
6125:
6101:
6065:
6017:
5993:
5981:
5969:
5954:
5942:
5930:
5841:
5768:
5739:
5677:
5658:
5614:
5602:
5517:
2157:
1939:
1529:
1485:
1477:
1449:
1270:(SD) report, Burzio threatened Tiso with an
1132:
1112:
1053:
986:
909:
776:
770:
702:, who aligned the anti-Jewish policy of the
635:
594:
561:
479:
255:Although they were not as integrated as the
10393:List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust
8245:
7814:
7675:
7654:
7225:
6818:
6746:
6686:
6674:
6650:
6574:
6547:
6523:
6361:
6334:
5202:
5114:
4968:
4932:
4916:
4877:
4634:
4345:
4166:
4005:
3978:
3710:
3557:
3144:
2684:
2660:
2645:
2416:
2273:
1911:Historiography of the Holocaust in Slovakia
1745:
1339:, reached Slovakia. The Working Group sent
1327:, an unsuccessful effort to bribe SS chief
1274:. Slovak bishops were equivocal, endorsing
663:
263:were Jewish. Although a few Jews supported
11719:
11705:
10854:
10840:
9189:
9175:
8704:
8690:
8641:
7561:
7542:
6722:
5862:
5631:
5560:
5414:
5361:
5138:
4985:
4956:
4118:
4089:
3866:
3851:
3836:
3824:
3812:
3662:
3647:
3608:
3479:
3467:
3319:
3292:
3238:
3195:
3132:
3103:
2981:
2873:
2718:
2483:
2404:
2387:
2375:
2339:
2212:
2130:
2048:
1983:'s determination of wartime exchange rate.
573:In the days after the announcement of the
466:HSĽS consolidated its power by passing an
407:) annexed by Czechoslovakia after the war.
248:, complete by 1896, many Jews adopted the
9141:Persecution of Czechs in the Slovak State
8621:
8603:"Extremist charged with Holocaust denial"
8601:
8581:
8222:
8194:
8165:
8032:
7701:
7300:
7176:
7085:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
6948:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
6845:
6833:
6806:
6475:
5874:
5783:
5727:
5708:
5474:
5238:
4944:
4834:
4502:
4434:
4405:
4393:
4381:
4357:
4333:
4253:
4190:
4154:
4053:
4029:
3966:
3878:
3446:
3363:
3089:Foreign Claims Settlement Commission 1968
3020:
2996:
2185:
1933:disagrees that the Tiso government was a
1795:government's attitude to Jews and Zionism
1468:carried out by German forces. SS officer
8444:
8403:; White, Joseph R.; Hecker, Mel (eds.).
8078:
7986:
7629:
7592:
7099:
6463:
6451:
6427:
6269:
6053:
5807:
5643:
5529:
5338:
5298:
5042:
4904:
4822:
4798:
4783:
4771:
4759:
4610:
4369:
3686:
3207:
3115:
2798:
2772:Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis 2019
2621:
2548:
2512:
2495:
2324:
2312:
1797:shifted after 1948, leading to the 1952
1784:
1678:
1675:Postwar anti-Jewish violence in Slovakia
1573:
1420:
1379:In late 1943, leading army officers and
1366:
1213:
1082:
927:
873:
812:
673:
617:
539:
490:resulted in a 95-percent vote for HSĽS.
410:
378:
169:
28:
11639:Carpathian Ruthenia during World War II
8667:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
8548:
8520:
8482:
8425:
8409:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
7903:
7869:
7852:] (PhD thesis) (in Czech). Prague:
7765:
7498:
7411:
7333:
7275:
7151:
7058:
7034:
6866:
6770:
6734:
6662:
6638:
6610:
6586:
6559:
6535:
6487:
6137:
6005:
5463:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
5326:
5286:
5274:
5250:
5166:
5126:
5102:
5090:
4730:
4694:
4682:
4670:
4521:
4485:
4470:
4458:
4446:
4417:
4280:
4268:
4229:
4205:
4178:
4142:
4130:
4017:
3990:
3797:
3785:
3773:
3761:
3749:
3734:
3698:
3674:
3623:
3596:
3584:
3346:
3331:
3304:
2858:
2300:
2224:
2173:
1425:Situation during the first days of the
932:Jews forced to dig their own graves in
613:deportation of thousands of Polish Jews
14:
11911:
8041:
8011:
7989:"Proces s Vojtechom Tukom v roku 1946"
7961:
7932:
7796:
7547:. London: Springer. pp. 167–185.
7482:Museum of the Slovak National Uprising
7471:
7202:
6981:
6233:
6089:
6041:
5898:
5886:
5822:
5795:
5696:
5486:
5438:
5427:Nižňanský, Rajcan & Hlavinka 2018a
5400:Nižňanský, Rajcan & Hlavinka 2018b
5382:
5190:
5178:
4865:
4810:
4719:Nižňanský, Rajcan & Hlavinka 2018a
4707:Nižňanský, Rajcan & Hlavinka 2018b
4622:
4538:
3545:
3533:
3518:
3494:
3180:
2966:
2885:
2834:
2822:
2783:
2672:
2609:
2459:
2115:
2096:
2084:
2072:
1861:for risking their lives to save Jews.
1831:A nationalist resurgence followed the
1818:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
1412:Resumption of deportations (1944–1945)
981:to Tiso by February 1942. Both bishop
953:to employ them in forced labor on the
918:
809:Ústredňa Židov § Retraining camps
536:1938 deportation of Jews from Slovakia
501:the following day, and Hungary seized
374:
11700:
10835:
10558:
10379:
10010:
9501:
9500:
9170:
8685:
8569:. Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis
8256:(1). Indiana University Press: 4–34.
8136:
8104:Kubátová, Hana; Láníček, Jan (2017).
7841:
6922:
6892:
6385:
6113:
6077:
6029:
5915:
5751:
5450:
5262:
5226:
5214:
5150:
5015:
4889:
4742:
4658:
4562:
4550:
4292:
3954:
3572:
3506:
3265:
3250:
2915:
2633:
1683:Names of murdered Jews at the former
698:was replaced as interior minister by
9981:Reich Association of Jews in Germany
8549:Bachnár, Alexander (7 August 2011).
8352:
8315:
7808:Center for Jewish Studies Heidelberg
7638:Catholic University of America Press
7355:
7041:The Destruction of the European Jews
7010:Foreign Claims Settlement Commission
6963:Dojc, Yuri; Krausová, Katya (2011).
6927:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
6782:
6758:
6598:
6439:
6415:
6400:
6173:
6149:
5587:
5572:
5541:
5506:Rajcan, Vadkerty & Hlavinka 2018
5314:
5078:
5066:
5054:
5027:
5000:
4854:Rajcan, Vadkerty & Hlavinka 2018
4646:
4598:
4586:
4574:
4304:
4241:
4217:
4101:
4068:
4041:
3930:
3912:Rajcan, Vadkerty & Hlavinka 2018
3722:
3636:Rajcan, Vadkerty & Hlavinka 2018
3408:Rajcan, Vadkerty & Hlavinka 2018
3280:
3220:Rajcan, Vadkerty & Hlavinka 2018
3168:
3156:
2955:Rajcan, Vadkerty & Hlavinka 2018
2900:
2846:
2810:
2701:
2598:Rajcan, Vadkerty & Hlavinka 2018
2572:
2560:
2536:
2524:
2471:
2448:Rajcan, Vadkerty & Hlavinka 2018
2428:
2364:Rajcan, Vadkerty & Hlavinka 2018
2351:
2285:
2258:
2244:Rajcan, Vadkerty & Hlavinka 2018
2197:
2060:
1981:Foreign Claims Settlement Commission
1145:
431:, the German-speaking region of the
365:wave of Jewish refugees from Austria
11570:1st Czechoslovak Mixed Air Division
10786:Armenian genocide and the Holocaust
7862:
7633:Jewish Resistance Against the Nazis
7574:(in German). Vol. 13. Munich:
1171:for labor; the trains continued to
1027:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
252:and customs to advance in society.
24:
10380:
7259:Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft
5153:, pp. 88–89, 99, Chapter 5–7
2746:. Government Printing Office: 550.
1715:in August 1946. Polish historian
1416:
1254:Opposition, exemption, and evasion
799:(a Viennese Jew) as its director.
529:
517:branch of HSĽS, became president;
488:Un-free elections in December 1938
101:. Between March and October 1942,
25:
11960:
9196:
8385:Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos
8044:"Arizácia na Slovensku 1939–1945"
1938:see this German-protected state (
1614:; two of the transports ended at
1131:Members of the Hlinka Guard, the
283:; more riots occurred due to the
91:
11681:
11680:
10349:Polish leaders and intellectuals
9839:Concentration Camps Inspectorate
7564:Slowakei, Rumänien und Bulgarien
7382:
6872:Hitler, the Allies, and the Jews
2013:
2004:
1944:) simply as a 'puppet regime'."
1759:responsibility for the Holocaust
1705:intimidation and violent attacks
1582:walking towards the gas chambers
1492:Hlinka Guard Emergency Divisions
1317:
758:
525:Anti-Jewish measures (1938–1941)
353:Hlinkova slovenská ľudová strana
335:in the 1920s. In the 1930s, the
275:, Jews being branded "agents of
267:, by the mid-nineteenth century
196:for a thousand years. Seventeen
135:Hlinka Guard Emergency Divisions
9136:History of the Jews in Slovakia
8643:"Names of Righteous by Country"
7729:
7683:; Baumel, Judith Tydor (eds.).
7568:Slovakia, Romania, and Bulgaria
7478:Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum
7081:Klein-Pejšová, Rebekah (2015).
7020:U.S. Government Printing Office
6990:] (in Slovak). Bratislava:
1995:
1986:
1973:
1964:
1955:
1923:
1707:, including the September 1945
1644:Kremnička and Nemecká massacres
1578:Jewish women and children from
802:
649:
505:with German acquiescence. In a
391:). Germany annexed location (4
166:History of the Jews in Slovakia
10277:Attack on the twentieth convoy
10090:1941 pogroms in eastern Poland
8355:Holocaust and Genocide Studies
8330:10.1080/00905992.2002.10540508
8139:Holocaust and Genocide Studies
7935:Holocaust and Genocide Studies
7906:Holocaust and Genocide Studies
7876:Holocaust and Genocide Studies
7769:Holocaust and Genocide Studies
7431:. Cambridge University Press.
6942:Cichopek-Gajraj, Anna (2014).
1563:
1072:
869:
790:Department for Special Affairs
723:(ÚHÚ), led by Slovak official
415:Administrative regions of the
13:
1:
9035:Department of Special Affairs
8567:"Consumer Price Index, 1800–"
8180:10.1080/17504902.2016.1209839
8122:10.1080/17504902.2016.1209838
7751:10.1080/13501674.2018.1505360
2026:
1837:dissolution of Czechoslovakia
1770:stripped of their citizenship
1632:Mauthausen concentration camp
1375:arrive at Auschwitz, May 1944
866:– in September of that year.
183:
159:
11939:Slovakia during World War II
10614:Jewish war conspiracy theory
9805:Extermination through labour
8034:10.31577/forhist.2019.13.1.7
7739:East European Jewish Affairs
7341:. Cornell University Press.
6967:. Indiana University Press.
3435:Dreyfus & Nižňanský 2011
3420:Dreyfus & Nižňanský 2011
3379:Dreyfus & Nižňanský 2011
3064:Dreyfus & Nižňanský 2011
2031:
1839:in 1993 and the nationalist
1833:fall of the Communist regime
1802:liberalization known as the
1668:
1637:
1222:where Jews were shot during
1063:Independent State of Croatia
967:Kamianets-Podilskyi massacre
154:fall of the Communist regime
107:Auschwitz concentration camp
7:
11565:1st Czechoslovak Army Corps
10796:Righteous Among the Nations
10011:
9482:Righteous Among the Nations
8277:Šindelářová, Lenka (2013).
7601:; Brown, Martin D. (eds.).
7251:Šindelářová, Lenka (2013).
7226:Silberklang, David (2013).
7108:University of Toronto Press
6795:Kubátová & Láníček 2017
6623:Kubátová & Láníček 2018
3943:Kubátová & Láníček 2018
3045:Kubátová & Láníček 2018
3009:Kubátová & Láníček 2018
1904:
1859:Righteous Among the Nations
1501:
923:
257:Jews of Bohemia and Moravia
198:medieval Jewish communities
10:
11965:
11949:Germany–Slovakia relations
11229:Slovak Insurgent Air Force
11209:Jan Žižka partisan brigade
10533:Ukrainian Auxiliary Police
10503:Lithuanian Security Police
10422:Reich Security Main Office
9389:Evidence and documentation
8389:
8195:Nižňanský, Eduard (2011).
7815:Paulovičová, Nina (2012).
7526:Slovak Academy of Sciences
7100:Kornberg, Jacques (2015).
6876:Cambridge University Press
6854:
6641:, pp. 73, 84–85, 166.
2736:"Federal Reserve Bulletin"
1672:
1641:
1606:Two small transports left
1567:
1244:Operation Harvest Festival
1224:Operation Harvest Festival
1173:Sobibor extermination camp
1165:Reich Security Main Office
1149:
1076:
806:
762:
533:
287:in 1882–1883. Traditional
271:had become a theme in the
182:shortly after completion,
163:
11919:The Holocaust in Slovakia
11886:The Holocaust in Slovakia
11873:
11822:
11795:
11762:
11735:
11676:
11631:
11587:Freiwillige Schutzstaffel
11578:
11557:
11509:1st Czechoslovak Division
11496:
11489:
11446:
11374:
11331:Bratislava–Brno Offensive
11275:
11268:
11165:
11115:
11106:
11053:
11001:
10950:
10941:
10880:
10873:
10749:Books and other resources
10736:
10652:
10581:
10577:
10554:
10488:
10460:
10401:
10388:
10375:
10314:
10262:
10215:
10152:
10122:
10060:
10032:
10023:
10019:
10006:
9964:
9923:
9875:
9861:
9823:
9782:
9682:
9639:
9517:
9513:
9496:
9412:
9381:
9281:Bulgarian-occupied Greece
9208:
9204:
9128:
9120:Nation's Memory Institute
9083:
9050:
9003:
8906:
8881:Freiwillige Schutzstaffel
8853:
8846:
8810:
8737:
8719:
8713:The Holocaust in Slovakia
8052:Acta Oeconomica Pragensia
7789:
7513:(in Slovak). Bratislava:
7356:Ward, James Mace (2013).
7317:National Memory Institute
7315:(in Slovak). Bratislava:
7301:Sokolovič, Peter (2009).
6988:The Struggle for Survival
5711:, pp. 391, 395, 403.
4919:, p. 62, Chapter IV
2354:, pp. 161, 163, 166.
1850:National Memory Institute
1845:joined the European Union
1780:
1487:Freiwillige Schutzstaffel
1203:" along with that of the
1134:Freiwillige Schutzstaffel
911:Freiwillige Schutzstaffel
884:Catholic teaching on race
716:adviser on Jewish affairs
596:Freiwillige Schutzstaffel
563:Freiwillige Schutzstaffel
507:treaty signed on 23 March
482:Freiwillige Schutzstaffel
230:schism in Hungarian Jewry
103:58,000 Jews were deported
71:After the September 1938
38:The Holocaust in Slovakia
11934:Antisemitism in Slovakia
11929:The Holocaust by country
11476:Sereď concentration camp
11197:Jan Hus partisan brigade
11139:Slovak National Uprising
10339:People with disabilities
10272:Aid and Rescue Committee
9151:Slovak National Uprising
8042:Hallon, Ľudovít (2007).
7987:Fedorčák, Peter (2015).
7825:(PhD thesis). Edmonton:
7613:10.1017/CBO9780511780141
7364:Cornell University Press
7304:Hlinkova Garda 1938–1945
7257:(in German). Darmstadt:
6992:Múzeum Židovskej Kultúry
6925:Rethinking the Holocaust
6859:
6502:, pp. 165–166, 169.
5544:, pp. 249–250, 252.
5129:, pp. 315–316, 319.
2740:Federal Reserve Bulletin
2158:Dojc & Krausová 2011
2099:, pp. 17–18, 20–21.
1916:
1868:states that the wartime
1835:in 1989, leading to the
1685:Sereď concentration camp
1434:Slovak National Uprising
1427:Slovak National Uprising
819:Sereď concentration camp
327:accusations occurred in
273:Slovak national movement
150:postwar Communist regime
140:After liberation by the
127:Slovak National Uprising
123:Germany invaded Slovakia
11944:Mass murder in Slovakia
11831:Slovenské ľudové noviny
11544:11th Infantry Battalion
10480:Order Police battalions
9146:Presidential exemptions
9108:Partisan Congress riots
8866:Central Economic Office
8262:10.2979/antistud.2.1.02
8210:(Supplement): 111–136.
7679:(2001). "Slovakia". In
7276:Sniegon, Tomas (2014).
7203:Lorman, Thomas (2019).
7186:Oxford University Press
1813:The Shop on Main Street
1713:Partisan Congress riots
1402:Germany invaded Hungary
1385:Slovak National Council
721:Central Economic Office
453:negotiations in Komárno
285:Tiszaeszlár blood libel
240:, and more assimilated
11185:Czech National Council
10960:Konstantin von Neurath
10329:Soviet urban residents
9420:International response
9394:Contemporary knowledge
9028:Michael Dov Weissmandl
8811:Massacres and roundups
8663:Holocaust Encyclopedia
8551:"Odtabuizovaný prápor"
8541:
8079:Kamenec, Ivan (2011).
7842:Putík, Daniel (2015).
7797:Borský, Maroš (2005).
7685:Holocaust Encyclopedia
7309:Hlinka Guard 1938–1945
6923:Bauer, Yehuda (2002).
1940:
1875:Milan Stanislav Ďurica
1790:
1746:
1687:
1583:
1536:
1530:
1486:
1478:
1450:
1429:
1376:
1305:Zionist youth movement
1293:Michael Dov Weissmandl
1227:
1133:
1113:
1092:
1054:
987:
977:reported massacres in
937:
936:, Ukraine, 4 July 1941
910:
879:
821:
777:
771:
687:
664:
636:
623:
595:
562:
545:
493:On 14 March 1939, the
480:
420:
408:
395:) and established the
352:
289:religious antisemitism
189:
99:German-occupied Poland
34:
11924:Jewish Slovak history
11728:Slovak People's Party
11481:Theresienstadt Ghetto
11427:Kremnička and Nemecká
10931:Chief of Intelligence
10776:Memorials and museums
10714:Reparations Agreement
10709:Holocaust restitution
10287:Le Chambon-sur-Lignon
9810:Human experimentation
9649:Auschwitz II-Birkenau
8833:Kremnička and Nemecká
8401:Megargee, Geoffrey P.
8301:10.51134/sod.2013.039
7962:Fatran, Gila (1996).
7827:University of Alberta
7528:). pp. 315–324.
7209:Bloomsbury Publishing
7152:Láníček, Jan (2013).
6982:Fatran, Gila (2007).
6906:Yale University Press
6116:, pp. 54, 68–69.
6104:, pp. 96–97, 99.
1788:
1766:emigrate to Palestine
1682:
1642:Further information:
1577:
1568:Further information:
1526:
1507:large-scale raids in
1424:
1395:mountains and formed
1370:
1217:
1197:extensive aid efforts
1150:Further information:
1086:
1077:Further information:
931:
877:
835:Liptovský Svätý Peter
827:Sixth Labor Battalion
817:Restored barracks at
816:
807:Further information:
677:
621:
543:
457:arbitration in Vienna
414:
382:
345:Slovak People's Party
293:economic antisemitism
173:
164:Further information:
88:Slovak People's Party
32:
18:Holocaust in Slovakia
11549:1st Armoured Brigade
9976:Jewish Ghetto Police
9845:Politische Abteilung
9740:Risiera di San Sabba
9601:Natzweiler-Struthof
9070:Karel František Koch
8627:The Slovak Spectator
8607:The Slovak Spectator
8587:The Slovak Spectator
8411:. pp. 842–852.
8318:Nationalities Papers
8249:Antisemitism Studies
7918:10.1093/hgs/10.3.299
7640:. pp. 504–518.
7636:. Washington, D.C.:
7484:. pp. 141–162.
7018:. Washington, D.C.:
6785:, pp. 276, 278.
6512:Cichopek-Gajraj 2014
6500:Cichopek-Gajraj 2014
6442:, pp. 258, 263.
6347:Cichopek-Gajraj 2014
6323:Cichopek-Gajraj 2014
6311:Cichopek-Gajraj 2014
6282:Cichopek-Gajraj 2014
6258:Cichopek-Gajraj 2014
6246:Cichopek-Gajraj 2014
5317:, pp. 236, 238.
5105:, pp. 283, 303.
5069:, pp. 583, 587.
4971:, pp. 279, 297.
4959:, pp. 176, 178.
4473:, pp. 159, 161.
4449:, pp. 313, 320.
4317:Cichopek-Gajraj 2014
4244:, pp. 216, 230.
3981:, pp. 570, 572.
3969:, pp. 295, 428.
3764:, pp. 315, 321.
3033:Cichopek-Gajraj 2018
2825:, pp. 103, 112.
2563:, pp. 172, 216.
1882:commemorations. The
1864:Political scientist
1810:-winning 1965 film,
1717:Anna Cichopek-Gajraj
1348:Battle of Stalingrad
943:Organization Schmelt
558:of the Slovak nation
554:enemies of the state
459:by Nazi Germany and
244:factions. Following
208:settled west of the
11891:Salzburg Conference
11772:Ferdinand Ďurčanský
11598:Emergency Divisions
11504:Czechoslovak Legion
11471:Carpathian Ruthenia
11131:Vrba–Wetzler report
11092:Minister of Defence
10882:Government-in-exile
10754:Days of remembrance
10667:Holocaust survivors
10662:Depopulated shtetls
10513:Rollkommando Hamann
10359:Jehovah's Witnesses
10177:Kamianets-Podilskyi
9239:Bohemia and Moravia
9156:Tiso's Holíč speech
8891:Emergency Divisions
7993:Človek a Spoločnosť
7947:10.1093/hgs/8.2.164
7889:10.1093/hgs/6.2.151
7604:Slovakia in History
7425:Wetzell, Richard F.
7391:Bazyler, Michael J.
6749:, pp. 566–567.
6711:Bazyler et al. 2019
6701:, pp. 401–402.
6699:Bazyler et al. 2019
6689:, pp. 564–565.
6514:, pp. 228–230.
6337:, pp. 556–557.
6299:Bazyler et al. 2019
6212:, pp. 107–108.
6164:, pp. 105–106.
6080:, pp. 52, 211.
5889:, pp. 104–105.
5798:, pp. 100–101.
5277:, pp. 284–285.
5253:, pp. 280–281.
5057:, pp. 232–233.
5030:, pp. 587–588.
4825:, pp. 514–515.
4637:, pp. 296–297.
4625:, pp. 180–181.
4437:, pp. 325–326.
4420:, pp. 222–223.
4396:, pp. 143–144.
4360:, pp. 346–347.
4295:, pp. 177–178.
4193:, pp. 324–325.
4133:, pp. 776–777.
3957:, pp. 176–177.
3776:, pp. 191–192.
3737:, pp. 186–187.
3713:, pp. 260–262.
3689:, pp. 188–189.
3638:, pp. 846–847.
3548:, pp. 144–145.
3482:, pp. 173–174.
3349:, pp. 770–771.
3334:, pp. 769–770.
3295:, pp. 169–170.
3222:, pp. 843–844.
3147:, pp. 596–597.
2888:, pp. 149–150.
2648:, pp. 551–552.
2551:, pp. 184–185.
2498:, pp. 180–182.
2366:, pp. 842–843.
2315:, pp. 179–180.
1891:European Parliament
1634:, many died there.
1580:Carpathian Ruthenia
1373:Carpathian Ruthenia
1291:and Orthodox rabbi
1226:on 3 November 1943.
1181:extermination camps
1125:Poprad transit camp
1089:Slovenské Železnice
1056:Deutsche Reichsbahn
959:invasions of Poland
919:Deportations (1942)
882:In accordance with
696:Ferdinand Ďurčanský
692:Salzburg Conference
684:Salzburg Conference
644:Mandatory Palestine
583:Czechoslovak koruna
503:Carpathian Ruthenia
423:The September 1938
375:Slovak independence
281:Revolutions of 1848
246:Jewish emancipation
146:1948 Communist coup
115:General Governorate
62:Jews in the country
11307:Čajánek's barracks
10986:Karl Hermann Frank
10737:History and memory
10641:Forced euthanasia
10589:Nazi racial policy
10292:Danish underground
10139:Operation Reinhard
10134:Wannsee Conference
9065:Pavel Peter Gojdič
8847:Major perpetrators
8823:List of transports
8629:. 28 November 2019
8589:. 7 September 2016
8367:10.1093/hgs/dcv004
8226:Yad Vashem Studies
8204:Historický časopis
8151:10.1093/hgs/dcy029
8064:10.18267/j.aop.187
7854:Charles University
7781:10.1093/hgs/dci033
7703:Tönsmeyer, Tatjana
7677:Rothkirchen, Livia
7578:. pp. 18–45.
7447:Dreyfus, Jean-Marc
7133:. Leiden, Boston:
6821:, pp. 17, 20.
6562:, pp. 58, 62.
5996:, pp. 99–100.
4947:, pp. 62, 70.
4577:, pp. 8, 234.
4565:, pp. 75, 97.
3650:, pp. 24, 29.
2903:, pp. 94, 96.
2146:Klein-Pejšová 2015
1791:
1688:
1584:
1550:Einsatzkommando 29
1442:guerrilla campaign
1430:
1377:
1228:
1207:, in the words of
1201:Operation Reinhard
1163:, the head of the
1099:and 13,000 men to
1093:
1091:(Slovak Railways).
1007:General Government
951:East Upper Silesia
938:
880:
822:
688:
628:invasion of Poland
624:
575:First Vienna Award
546:
421:
409:
265:Slovak nationalism
250:Hungarian language
194:Kingdom of Hungary
190:
125:and triggered the
81:First Vienna Award
35:
11904:
11903:
11866:
11856:
11846:
11836:
11815:
11807:
11796:Paramilitary wing
11755:
11747:
11694:
11693:
11627:
11626:
11623:
11622:
11439:
11431:
11423:
11403:
11388:
11367:
11359:
11351:
11343:
11335:
11327:
11319:
11311:
11303:
11295:
11287:
11264:
11263:
11193:
11181:
11151:
11143:
11135:
11127:
11102:
11101:
11049:
11048:
10964:Reinhard Heydrich
10926:František Moravec
10829:
10828:
10825:
10824:
10821:
10820:
10672:Sh'erit ha-Pletah
10619:Jewish emigration
10609:Hitler's prophecy
10604:Haavara Agreement
10550:
10549:
10546:
10545:
10538:Ypatingasis būrys
10435:Sicherheitsdienst
10371:
10370:
10367:
10366:
10310:
10309:
10230:Bielski partisans
10002:
10001:
9998:
9997:
9994:
9993:
9833:Totenkopfverbände
9492:
9491:
9164:
9163:
8999:
8998:
8738:Camps and prisons
8532:978-0-253-02373-5
8513:978-0-253-02373-5
8494:978-0-253-02373-5
8475:978-0-253-02373-5
8456:978-0-253-02373-5
8437:978-0-253-02373-5
8418:978-0-253-02373-5
8168:Holocaust Studies
8110:Holocaust Studies
7871:Büchler, Yehoshua
7694:978-0-300-08432-0
7668:978-0-8032-2544-2
7647:978-0-8132-2589-0
7622:978-1-139-49494-6
7585:978-3-11-049520-1
7554:978-1-137-56984-4
7535:978-80-224-1503-3
7491:978-83-88526-15-2
7464:978-1-84520-471-6
7451:Nižňanský, Eduard
7438:978-1-316-73286-1
7404:978-0-19-092306-8
7373:978-0-8014-6812-4
7348:978-1-5017-4240-8
7326:978-80-89335-10-7
7293:978-1-78238-294-2
7268:978-3-534-73733-8
7243:978-965-308-464-3
7218:978-1-350-10938-4
7195:978-0-19-280436-5
7169:978-1-137-31747-6
7144:978-90-04-36244-4
7117:978-1-4426-2828-1
7092:978-0-253-01562-4
7073:978-80-88700-68-5
7051:978-0-300-09592-0
7001:978-80-8060-206-2
6974:978-0-253-22377-7
6955:978-1-107-03666-6
6934:978-0-300-09300-1
6915:978-0-300-05913-7
6885:978-0-511-51183-7
6665:, pp. 89–90.
6613:, pp. 69–70.
6550:, pp. 15–16.
6374:Šindelářová 2013b
6222:Šindelářová 2013a
6210:Šindelářová 2013a
6198:Šindelářová 2013a
6186:Šindelářová 2013a
6162:Šindelářová 2013a
6126:Šindelářová 2013a
6102:Šindelářová 2013a
6068:, pp. 91–92.
6066:Šindelářová 2013a
6018:Šindelářová 2013a
5994:Šindelářová 2013a
5984:, pp. 92–93.
5982:Šindelářová 2013a
5970:Šindelářová 2013a
5957:, pp. 88–89.
5955:Šindelářová 2013a
5943:Šindelářová 2013a
5931:Šindelářová 2013a
5877:, pp. 76–77.
5842:Šindelářová 2013b
5769:Šindelářová 2013b
5740:Šindelářová 2013b
5678:Šindelářová 2013a
5659:Šindelářová 2013a
5615:Šindelářová 2013a
5605:, pp. 85–86.
5603:Šindelářová 2013a
5518:Šindelářová 2013b
4892:, pp. 71–72.
4880:, pp. 77–78.
4774:, pp. 83–84.
4319:, pp. 15–16.
3839:, pp. 30–31.
3381:, pp. 24–25.
2390:, pp. 20–21.
2327:, pp. 81–82.
2303:, pp. 16–17.
2227:, pp. 6, 10.
2188:, pp. 49–50.
2133:, pp. 18–19.
2118:, pp. 47–48.
2087:, pp. 16–17.
1931:Tatjana Tönsmeyer
1929:German historian
1841:Mečiar government
1628:Lenka Šindelářová
1451:chargé d'affaires
1161:Reinhard Heydrich
1146:Family transports
989:chargé d'affaires
786:Heinrich Schwartz
690:At the July 1940
313:Anti-Jewish riots
218:Jews from Galicia
16:(Redirected from
11956:
11874:Related articles
11864:
11861:Slovenská pravda
11854:
11844:
11834:
11813:
11805:
11753:
11745:
11721:
11714:
11707:
11698:
11697:
11684:
11683:
11668:Western betrayal
11651:Munich Agreement
11610:Slovak Air Force
11494:
11493:
11437:
11429:
11421:
11401:
11400:
11386:
11365:
11357:
11349:
11341:
11339:Prague Offensive
11333:
11325:
11317:
11315:Slovak–Hungarian
11309:
11301:
11299:Carpatho-Ukraine
11293:
11285:
11273:
11272:
11252:
11224:Slovak partisans
11205:
11187:
11175:
11173:Council of Three
11149:
11141:
11133:
11125:
11113:
11112:
11087:Ferdinand Čatloš
10948:
10947:
10919:foreign minister
10878:
10877:
10856:
10849:
10842:
10833:
10832:
10721:Holocaust denial
10699:Nuremberg trials
10689:Postwar violence
10644:
10579:
10578:
10556:
10555:
10518:Special Brigades
10508:Nederlandsche SS
10475:Police Regiments
10399:
10398:
10377:
10376:
10237:Ghetto uprisings
10225:Jewish partisans
10172:Harvest Festival
10144:Holocaust trains
10030:
10029:
10021:
10020:
10008:
10007:
9873:
9872:
9769:
9747:
9729:
9710:
9692:
9515:
9514:
9498:
9497:
9206:
9205:
9191:
9184:
9177:
9168:
9167:
9129:Related articles
9103:Topoľčany pogrom
9018:Gisi Fleischmann
8991:Dieter Wisliceny
8987:
8952:
8936:Augustín Morávek
8861:Abwehrgruppe 218
8851:
8850:
8818:1938 deportation
8725:
8706:
8699:
8692:
8683:
8682:
8677:
8675:
8673:
8654:
8652:
8650:
8638:
8636:
8634:
8618:
8616:
8614:
8598:
8596:
8594:
8578:
8576:
8574:
8562:
8560:
8558:
8536:
8517:
8498:
8479:
8460:
8441:
8422:
8378:
8349:
8312:
8284:
8273:
8242:
8219:
8201:
8191:
8162:
8133:
8100:
8075:
8049:
8038:
8036:
8008:
7983:
7958:
7929:
7900:
7863:Journal articles
7857:
7838:
7817:Himka, John-Paul
7811:
7805:
7784:
7762:
7724:
7698:
7672:
7651:
7626:
7589:
7558:
7539:
7523:
7512:
7495:
7468:
7457:. Oxford: Berg.
7442:
7417:Pendas, Devin O.
7408:
7377:
7352:
7330:
7314:
7297:
7272:
7247:
7222:
7199:
7178:Longerich, Peter
7173:
7148:
7125:Kubátová, Hana;
7121:
7096:
7077:
7055:
7031:
7005:
6978:
6959:
6938:
6919:
6903:
6889:
6849:
6843:
6837:
6831:
6822:
6819:Paulovičová 2018
6816:
6810:
6804:
6798:
6792:
6786:
6780:
6774:
6768:
6762:
6756:
6750:
6747:Paulovičová 2013
6744:
6738:
6732:
6726:
6720:
6714:
6708:
6702:
6696:
6690:
6687:Paulovičová 2013
6684:
6678:
6675:Paulovičová 2013
6672:
6666:
6660:
6654:
6651:Paulovičová 2013
6648:
6642:
6636:
6630:
6620:
6614:
6608:
6602:
6596:
6590:
6584:
6578:
6575:Paulovičová 2013
6572:
6563:
6557:
6551:
6548:Paulovičová 2018
6545:
6539:
6533:
6527:
6524:Paulovičová 2018
6521:
6515:
6509:
6503:
6497:
6491:
6485:
6479:
6473:
6467:
6461:
6455:
6449:
6443:
6437:
6431:
6425:
6419:
6413:
6404:
6398:
6389:
6383:
6377:
6371:
6365:
6362:Paulovičová 2018
6359:
6350:
6344:
6338:
6335:Paulovičová 2013
6332:
6326:
6320:
6314:
6308:
6302:
6296:
6285:
6279:
6273:
6267:
6261:
6255:
6249:
6243:
6237:
6231:
6225:
6219:
6213:
6207:
6201:
6195:
6189:
6183:
6177:
6171:
6165:
6159:
6153:
6147:
6141:
6135:
6129:
6123:
6117:
6111:
6105:
6099:
6093:
6087:
6081:
6075:
6069:
6063:
6057:
6051:
6045:
6039:
6033:
6027:
6021:
6015:
6009:
6003:
5997:
5991:
5985:
5979:
5973:
5967:
5958:
5952:
5946:
5940:
5934:
5928:
5919:
5913:
5902:
5896:
5890:
5884:
5878:
5872:
5866:
5860:
5845:
5839:
5826:
5820:
5811:
5805:
5799:
5793:
5787:
5781:
5772:
5766:
5755:
5749:
5743:
5737:
5731:
5725:
5712:
5706:
5700:
5694:
5681:
5675:
5662:
5656:
5647:
5641:
5635:
5629:
5618:
5612:
5606:
5600:
5591:
5585:
5576:
5570:
5564:
5558:
5545:
5539:
5533:
5527:
5521:
5515:
5509:
5503:
5490:
5484:
5478:
5472:
5466:
5460:
5454:
5448:
5442:
5436:
5430:
5424:
5418:
5412:
5403:
5397:
5386:
5380:
5365:
5359:
5342:
5336:
5330:
5324:
5318:
5312:
5306:
5296:
5290:
5284:
5278:
5272:
5266:
5260:
5254:
5248:
5242:
5236:
5230:
5224:
5218:
5212:
5206:
5203:Paulovičová 2012
5200:
5194:
5188:
5182:
5176:
5170:
5164:
5158:
5148:
5142:
5136:
5130:
5124:
5118:
5115:Rothkirchen 2001
5112:
5106:
5100:
5094:
5088:
5082:
5076:
5070:
5064:
5058:
5052:
5046:
5040:
5031:
5025:
5019:
5013:
5004:
4998:
4989:
4983:
4972:
4969:Paulovičová 2012
4966:
4960:
4954:
4948:
4942:
4936:
4933:Paulovičová 2012
4930:
4924:
4917:Paulovičová 2012
4914:
4908:
4902:
4893:
4887:
4881:
4878:Paulovičová 2012
4875:
4869:
4863:
4857:
4851:
4838:
4832:
4826:
4820:
4814:
4808:
4802:
4796:
4787:
4781:
4775:
4769:
4763:
4757:
4746:
4740:
4734:
4728:
4722:
4716:
4710:
4704:
4698:
4692:
4686:
4680:
4674:
4668:
4662:
4656:
4650:
4644:
4638:
4635:Silberklang 2013
4632:
4626:
4620:
4614:
4608:
4602:
4596:
4590:
4584:
4578:
4572:
4566:
4560:
4554:
4548:
4542:
4536:
4525:
4519:
4506:
4500:
4489:
4483:
4474:
4468:
4462:
4456:
4450:
4444:
4438:
4432:
4421:
4415:
4409:
4403:
4397:
4391:
4385:
4379:
4373:
4367:
4361:
4355:
4349:
4346:Paulovičová 2012
4343:
4337:
4331:
4320:
4314:
4308:
4302:
4296:
4290:
4284:
4278:
4272:
4266:
4257:
4251:
4245:
4239:
4233:
4227:
4221:
4215:
4209:
4203:
4194:
4188:
4182:
4176:
4170:
4167:Paulovičová 2013
4164:
4158:
4152:
4146:
4140:
4134:
4128:
4122:
4116:
4105:
4099:
4093:
4087:
4072:
4066:
4057:
4051:
4045:
4039:
4033:
4027:
4021:
4015:
4009:
4006:Paulovičová 2018
4003:
3994:
3988:
3982:
3979:Paulovičová 2013
3976:
3970:
3964:
3958:
3952:
3946:
3940:
3934:
3928:
3915:
3909:
3882:
3876:
3870:
3864:
3855:
3849:
3840:
3834:
3828:
3822:
3816:
3810:
3801:
3795:
3789:
3783:
3777:
3771:
3765:
3759:
3753:
3747:
3738:
3732:
3726:
3720:
3714:
3711:Paulovičová 2012
3708:
3702:
3696:
3690:
3684:
3678:
3672:
3666:
3660:
3651:
3645:
3639:
3633:
3627:
3621:
3612:
3606:
3600:
3594:
3588:
3582:
3576:
3570:
3561:
3558:Rothkirchen 2001
3555:
3549:
3543:
3537:
3531:
3522:
3516:
3510:
3504:
3498:
3492:
3483:
3477:
3471:
3465:
3450:
3444:
3438:
3432:
3423:
3417:
3411:
3405:
3382:
3376:
3367:
3361:
3350:
3344:
3335:
3329:
3323:
3317:
3308:
3302:
3296:
3290:
3284:
3278:
3269:
3263:
3254:
3248:
3242:
3236:
3223:
3217:
3211:
3205:
3199:
3193:
3184:
3178:
3172:
3166:
3160:
3154:
3148:
3145:Rothkirchen 2001
3142:
3136:
3130:
3119:
3113:
3107:
3101:
3092:
3086:
3067:
3061:
3048:
3042:
3036:
3030:
3024:
3018:
3012:
3006:
3000:
2994:
2985:
2979:
2970:
2964:
2958:
2952:
2919:
2913:
2904:
2898:
2889:
2883:
2877:
2871:
2862:
2856:
2850:
2844:
2838:
2832:
2826:
2820:
2814:
2808:
2802:
2796:
2787:
2781:
2775:
2769:
2748:
2747:
2731:
2722:
2716:
2705:
2699:
2688:
2685:Paulovičová 2018
2682:
2676:
2670:
2664:
2661:Paulovičová 2018
2658:
2649:
2646:Paulovičová 2013
2643:
2637:
2631:
2625:
2619:
2613:
2607:
2601:
2595:
2576:
2570:
2564:
2558:
2552:
2546:
2540:
2534:
2528:
2522:
2516:
2510:
2499:
2493:
2487:
2481:
2475:
2469:
2463:
2457:
2451:
2445:
2432:
2426:
2420:
2417:Paulovičová 2012
2414:
2408:
2402:
2391:
2385:
2379:
2373:
2367:
2361:
2355:
2349:
2343:
2337:
2328:
2322:
2316:
2310:
2304:
2298:
2289:
2283:
2277:
2274:Paulovičová 2018
2271:
2262:
2256:
2247:
2241:
2228:
2222:
2216:
2210:
2201:
2195:
2189:
2183:
2177:
2171:
2165:
2155:
2149:
2143:
2134:
2128:
2119:
2113:
2100:
2094:
2088:
2082:
2076:
2070:
2064:
2058:
2052:
2046:
2020:
2017:
2011:
2008:
2002:
1999:
1993:
1990:
1984:
1977:
1971:
1968:
1962:
1959:
1953:
1943:
1927:
1899:Holocaust denial
1880:ultranationalist
1751:
1739:
1709:Topoľčany pogrom
1697:
1544:
1533:
1531:Judenevakuierung
1489:
1483:
1453:
1329:Heinrich Himmler
1308:Hashomer Hatzair
1289:Gisi Fleischmann
1268:Security Service
1264:Domenico Tardini
1240:Christian ethics
1209:Yehoshua Büchler
1136:
1118:
1059:
992:
971:Ferdinand Čatloš
963:the Soviet Union
913:
794:collaborationist
782:
774:
741:
725:Augustín Morávek
712:Dieter Wisliceny
669:
641:
598:
565:
485:
425:Munich Agreement
406:
402:
394:
390:
386:
342:ethnonationalist
337:Great Depression
236:(the majority),
224:) influenced by
222:Unterlander Jews
202:Battle of Mohács
188:
185:
85:ethnonationalist
73:Munich Agreement
60:. Out of 89,000
21:
11964:
11963:
11959:
11958:
11957:
11955:
11954:
11953:
11909:
11908:
11905:
11900:
11869:
11818:
11791:
11758:
11731:
11725:
11695:
11690:
11672:
11661:Sudeten Germans
11619:
11605:Government Army
11574:
11553:
11485:
11442:
11394:
11370:
11260:
11238:
11199:
11161:
11147:Prague uprising
11098:
11055:Slovak Republic
11045:
11041:Emanuel Moravec
11029:Richard Bienert
11025:Jaroslav Krejčí
10997:
10991:Chief of Police
10978:Reichsprotektor
10937:
10869:
10860:
10830:
10817:
10732:
10648:
10642:
10631:Madagascar Plan
10624:Kindertransport
10573:
10572:
10542:
10484:
10456:
10441:Ordnungspolizei
10397:
10384:
10363:
10306:
10258:
10211:
10182:Maly Trostenets
10153:Mass executions
10148:
10118:
10056:
10015:
9990:
9960:
9919:
9857:
9819:
9778:
9767:
9745:
9727:
9708:
9690:
9678:
9635:
9509:
9488:
9408:
9399:Hidden children
9377:
9235:Czechoslovakia
9200:
9195:
9165:
9160:
9124:
9079:
9060:Giuseppe Burzio
9046:
8995:
8973:
8938:
8902:
8898:Slovak Republic
8876:Einsatzgruppe H
8842:
8806:
8733:
8723:
8715:
8710:
8680:
8671:
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8648:
8646:
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8609:. 2 August 2017
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8085:Forum Historiae
8047:
8021:Forum Historiae
7865:
7860:
7803:
7792:
7787:
7732:
7727:
7721:
7695:
7681:Laqueur, Walter
7669:
7648:
7623:
7586:
7555:
7536:
7517:
7515:Forum Historiae
7510:
7492:
7465:
7439:
7413:Bloxham, Donald
7405:
7385:
7380:
7374:
7349:
7335:Subotić, Jelena
7327:
7312:
7294:
7269:
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7145:
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6886:
6868:Aronson, Shlomo
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6723:Yad Vashem 2019
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5863:Hutzelmann 2018
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5632:Hutzelmann 2018
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5415:Hutzelmann 2018
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5362:Hutzelmann 2018
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5139:Hutzelmann 2016
5137:
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4986:Hutzelmann 2018
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4957:Hutzelmann 2016
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4125:
4119:Hutzelmann 2018
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4090:Hutzelmann 2018
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3867:Hutzelmann 2018
3865:
3858:
3852:Hutzelmann 2016
3850:
3843:
3837:Hutzelmann 2018
3835:
3831:
3825:Hutzelmann 2016
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3813:Hutzelmann 2018
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3663:Hutzelmann 2018
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3609:Hutzelmann 2018
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3480:Hutzelmann 2016
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3468:Hutzelmann 2018
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3320:Hutzelmann 2016
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3293:Hutzelmann 2016
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3239:Hutzelmann 2018
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3196:Hutzelmann 2016
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3133:Hutzelmann 2018
3131:
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3110:
3104:Hutzelmann 2016
3102:
3095:
3087:
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3051:
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3019:
3015:
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2982:Hutzelmann 2018
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2874:Hutzelmann 2018
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2719:Hutzelmann 2018
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2484:Hutzelmann 2016
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2405:Hutzelmann 2018
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2388:Hutzelmann 2018
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2376:Hutzelmann 2018
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2340:Hutzelmann 2018
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2265:
2257:
2250:
2242:
2231:
2223:
2219:
2213:Hutzelmann 2018
2211:
2204:
2196:
2192:
2184:
2180:
2172:
2168:
2156:
2152:
2144:
2137:
2131:Hutzelmann 2018
2129:
2122:
2114:
2103:
2095:
2091:
2083:
2079:
2071:
2067:
2059:
2055:
2049:Hutzelmann 2018
2047:
2038:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2014:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1987:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1956:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1907:
1870:Slovak Republic
1783:
1755:Slovak Republic
1725:
1695:
1677:
1671:
1646:
1640:
1572:
1566:
1546:
1538:
1511:(3 September),
1504:
1480:SS-Heimatschutz
1474:Einsatzgruppe H
1438:Banská Bystrica
1419:
1417:German invasion
1414:
1361:pastoral letter
1352:war in the east
1320:
1256:
1236:speech in Holič
1158:
1148:
1121:first transport
1081:
1075:
1021:) and met with
1003:Lublin District
994:Giuseppe Burzio
947:imprisoned Jews
926:
921:
872:
811:
805:
767:
761:
727:
704:Slovak Republic
666:numerus clausus
652:
568:Jewish Question
538:
532:
530:Initial actions
527:
441:Catholic priest
417:Slovak Republic
404:
400:
397:Protection Zone
392:
388:
384:
377:
361:Slovak autonomy
321:Czechoslovakism
214:Oberlander Jews
210:Tatra Mountains
186:
168:
162:
131:Einsatzgruppe H
111:Lublin District
46:Slovak Republic
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
11962:
11952:
11951:
11946:
11941:
11936:
11931:
11926:
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11901:
11899:
11898:
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11847:
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11819:
11817:
11816:
11808:
11799:
11797:
11793:
11792:
11790:
11789:
11784:
11779:
11777:Alexander Mach
11774:
11768:
11766:
11760:
11759:
11757:
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11748:
11739:
11737:
11733:
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11724:
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11607:
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11575:
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11572:
11567:
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11546:
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11524:
11511:
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11484:
11483:
11478:
11473:
11468:
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11441:
11440:
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11416:
11415:
11414:
11409:
11389:
11380:
11378:
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11371:
11369:
11368:
11360:
11352:
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11304:
11296:
11288:
11279:
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11261:
11259:
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11216:
11211:
11206:
11194:
11182:
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11167:
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11162:
11160:
11159:
11158:
11157:
11144:
11136:
11128:
11119:
11117:
11110:
11104:
11103:
11100:
11099:
11097:
11096:
11095:
11094:
11084:
11083:
11082:
11080:Prime Minister
11072:
11071:
11070:
11059:
11057:
11051:
11050:
11047:
11046:
11044:
11043:
11038:
11037:
11036:
11034:Prime minister
11018:
11017:
11016:
11005:
11003:
10999:
10998:
10996:
10995:
10994:
10993:
10983:
10982:
10981:
10956:
10954:
10945:
10939:
10938:
10936:
10935:
10934:
10933:
10923:
10922:
10921:
10911:
10910:
10909:
10907:Prime Minister
10899:
10898:
10897:
10886:
10884:
10875:
10871:
10870:
10863:Czechoslovakia
10859:
10858:
10851:
10844:
10836:
10827:
10826:
10823:
10822:
10819:
10818:
10816:
10815:
10808:
10803:
10798:
10793:
10788:
10783:
10778:
10773:
10768:
10767:
10766:
10756:
10751:
10746:
10740:
10738:
10734:
10733:
10731:
10730:
10729:
10728:
10726:trivialization
10718:
10717:
10716:
10706:
10704:Eichmann trial
10701:
10696:
10691:
10686:
10685:
10684:
10679:
10674:
10664:
10658:
10656:
10650:
10649:
10647:
10646:
10638:
10633:
10628:
10627:
10626:
10616:
10611:
10606:
10601:
10599:Nuremberg Laws
10596:
10591:
10585:
10583:
10582:Early elements
10575:
10574:
10571:
10570:
10567:
10564:
10563:Early elements
10560:
10552:
10551:
10548:
10547:
10544:
10543:
10541:
10540:
10535:
10530:
10525:
10520:
10515:
10510:
10505:
10500:
10498:Arajs Kommando
10494:
10492:
10486:
10485:
10483:
10482:
10477:
10472:
10469:Einsatzgruppen
10464:
10462:
10458:
10457:
10455:
10454:
10449:
10444:
10438:
10432:
10431:
10430:
10419:
10411:
10405:
10403:
10396:
10395:
10389:
10386:
10385:
10382:Responsibility
10373:
10372:
10369:
10368:
10365:
10364:
10362:
10361:
10356:
10351:
10346:
10341:
10336:
10331:
10326:
10320:
10318:
10312:
10311:
10308:
10307:
10305:
10304:
10299:
10294:
10289:
10284:
10279:
10274:
10268:
10266:
10260:
10259:
10257:
10256:
10255:
10254:
10249:
10244:
10234:
10233:
10232:
10221:
10219:
10213:
10212:
10210:
10209:
10204:
10199:
10194:
10189:
10184:
10179:
10174:
10169:
10164:
10161:Einsatzgruppen
10156:
10154:
10150:
10149:
10147:
10146:
10141:
10136:
10130:
10128:
10125:Final Solution
10120:
10119:
10117:
10116:
10115:
10114:
10104:
10103:
10102:
10097:
10087:
10082:
10077:
10072:
10064:
10062:
10058:
10057:
10055:
10054:
10049:
10044:
10038:
10036:
10027:
10017:
10016:
10004:
10003:
10000:
9999:
9996:
9995:
9992:
9991:
9989:
9988:
9986:Ústredňa Židov
9983:
9978:
9972:
9970:
9962:
9961:
9959:
9958:
9953:
9951:Theresienstadt
9948:
9943:
9938:
9933:
9927:
9925:
9921:
9920:
9918:
9917:
9912:
9907:
9902:
9897:
9892:
9887:
9881:
9879:
9870:
9859:
9858:
9856:
9855:
9848:
9841:
9836:
9827:
9825:
9821:
9820:
9818:
9817:
9812:
9807:
9802:
9797:
9792:
9790:Einsatzgruppen
9786:
9784:
9780:
9779:
9777:
9776:
9771:
9764:
9759:
9754:
9749:
9742:
9737:
9732:
9723:
9718:
9713:
9704:
9699:
9694:
9686:
9684:
9680:
9679:
9677:
9676:
9671:
9666:
9661:
9656:
9651:
9645:
9643:
9637:
9636:
9634:
9633:
9628:
9623:
9618:
9613:
9608:
9603:
9598:
9596:Mittelbau-Dora
9593:
9584:
9579:
9577:Kraków-Płaszów
9574:
9569:
9564:
9559:
9554:
9549:
9544:
9539:
9534:
9529:
9523:
9521:
9511:
9510:
9494:
9493:
9490:
9489:
9487:
9486:
9485:
9484:
9479:
9474:
9467:Rescue of Jews
9464:
9463:
9462:
9457:
9452:
9447:
9442:
9437:
9432:
9427:
9416:
9414:
9410:
9409:
9407:
9406:
9401:
9396:
9391:
9385:
9383:
9379:
9378:
9376:
9375:
9374:
9373:
9368:
9360:
9359:
9358:
9353:
9348:
9338:
9333:
9328:
9323:
9318:
9313:
9308:
9303:
9302:
9301:
9290:
9285:
9284:
9283:
9273:
9268:
9263:
9258:
9253:
9252:
9251:
9246:
9241:
9233:
9228:
9223:
9218:
9212:
9210:
9202:
9201:
9194:
9193:
9186:
9179:
9171:
9162:
9161:
9159:
9158:
9153:
9148:
9143:
9138:
9132:
9130:
9126:
9125:
9123:
9122:
9117:
9112:
9111:
9110:
9105:
9095:
9089:
9087:
9081:
9080:
9078:
9077:
9072:
9067:
9062:
9056:
9054:
9048:
9047:
9045:
9044:
9043:
9042:
9040:Karol Hochberg
9032:
9031:
9030:
9025:
9020:
9009:
9007:
9001:
9000:
8997:
8996:
8994:
8993:
8988:
8968:
8963:
8958:
8953:
8933:
8931:Alexander Mach
8928:
8923:
8918:
8912:
8910:
8904:
8903:
8901:
8900:
8895:
8894:
8893:
8883:
8878:
8873:
8868:
8863:
8857:
8855:
8848:
8844:
8843:
8841:
8840:
8835:
8830:
8825:
8820:
8814:
8812:
8808:
8807:
8805:
8804:
8803:
8802:
8797:
8792:
8787:
8782:
8773:
8772:
8771:
8770:
8765:
8760:
8755:
8750:
8741:
8739:
8735:
8734:
8732:
8731:
8726:
8720:
8717:
8716:
8709:
8708:
8701:
8694:
8686:
8679:
8678:
8655:
8639:
8619:
8599:
8579:
8563:
8545:
8543:
8540:
8538:
8537:
8531:
8518:
8512:
8499:
8493:
8480:
8474:
8461:
8455:
8442:
8436:
8423:
8417:
8395:
8390:Main article:
8387:
8382:
8380:
8379:
8350:
8324:(4): 571–601.
8313:
8295:(4): 582–603.
8288:Soudobé dějiny
8274:
8243:
8220:
8192:
8174:(1–2): 76–98.
8163:
8145:(2): 224–248.
8134:
8101:
8076:
8058:(7): 148–160.
8039:
8013:Frankl, Michal
8009:
7984:
7974:(37): 98–119.
7959:
7930:
7912:(3): 299–325.
7901:
7883:(2): 151–166.
7866:
7864:
7861:
7859:
7858:
7839:
7835:10.7939/R33H33
7812:
7806:(PhD thesis).
7793:
7791:
7788:
7786:
7785:
7775:(2): 314–317.
7763:
7745:(2): 253–255.
7733:
7731:
7728:
7726:
7725:
7720:978-0857455642
7719:
7699:
7693:
7673:
7667:
7652:
7646:
7627:
7621:
7595:Teich, Mikuláš
7590:
7584:
7559:
7553:
7540:
7534:
7496:
7490:
7469:
7463:
7443:
7437:
7409:
7403:
7386:
7384:
7381:
7379:
7378:
7372:
7353:
7347:
7331:
7325:
7298:
7292:
7284:Berghahn Books
7273:
7267:
7248:
7242:
7223:
7217:
7200:
7194:
7174:
7168:
7149:
7143:
7122:
7116:
7097:
7091:
7078:
7072:
7056:
7050:
7032:
7006:
7000:
6984:Boj o prežitie
6979:
6973:
6960:
6954:
6939:
6933:
6920:
6914:
6890:
6884:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6850:
6846:Spectator 2017
6838:
6834:Spectator 2016
6823:
6811:
6807:Spectator 2019
6799:
6787:
6775:
6773:, p. 209.
6763:
6761:, p. 277.
6751:
6739:
6737:, p. 211.
6727:
6715:
6713:, p. 411.
6703:
6691:
6679:
6677:, p. 575.
6667:
6655:
6653:, p. 574.
6643:
6631:
6615:
6603:
6601:, p. 269.
6591:
6579:
6577:, p. 558.
6564:
6552:
6540:
6528:
6516:
6504:
6492:
6480:
6476:Lônčíková 2017
6468:
6456:
6444:
6432:
6420:
6418:, p. 262.
6405:
6403:, p. 265.
6390:
6378:
6376:, p. 597.
6366:
6351:
6349:, p. 117.
6339:
6327:
6315:
6303:
6301:, p. 402.
6286:
6274:
6272:, p. 518.
6262:
6250:
6238:
6236:, p. 115.
6226:
6224:, p. 115.
6214:
6202:
6200:, p. 105.
6190:
6188:, p. 106.
6178:
6176:, p. 253.
6166:
6154:
6152:, p. 256.
6142:
6140:, p. 337.
6130:
6128:, p. 104.
6118:
6106:
6094:
6092:, p. 102.
6082:
6070:
6058:
6056:, p. 871.
6046:
6044:, p. 112.
6034:
6022:
6010:
6008:, p. 177.
5998:
5986:
5974:
5959:
5947:
5935:
5920:
5903:
5901:, p. 105.
5891:
5879:
5875:Nižňanský 2014
5867:
5846:
5844:, p. 590.
5827:
5825:, p. 119.
5812:
5810:, p. 516.
5800:
5788:
5784:Nižňanský 2014
5773:
5771:, p. 592.
5756:
5744:
5742:, p. 587.
5732:
5728:Nižňanský 2014
5713:
5709:Longerich 2010
5701:
5699:, p. 101.
5682:
5663:
5648:
5646:, p. 517.
5636:
5619:
5607:
5592:
5590:, p. 251.
5577:
5575:, p. 249.
5565:
5546:
5534:
5532:, p. 515.
5522:
5520:, p. 585.
5510:
5508:, p. 849.
5491:
5489:, p. 113.
5479:
5477:, p. 408.
5475:Longerich 2010
5467:
5455:
5453:, p. 226.
5443:
5441:, p. 188.
5431:
5429:, p. 876.
5419:
5404:
5402:, p. 882.
5387:
5366:
5343:
5341:, p. 192.
5331:
5329:, p. 203.
5319:
5307:
5291:
5289:, p. 286.
5279:
5267:
5255:
5243:
5241:, p. 405.
5239:Longerich 2010
5231:
5229:, p. 237.
5219:
5217:, p. 229.
5207:
5205:, p. 229.
5195:
5193:, p. 181.
5183:
5181:, p. 178.
5171:
5169:, p. 162.
5159:
5143:
5141:, p. 171.
5131:
5119:
5117:, p. 599.
5107:
5095:
5093:, p. 303.
5083:
5081:, p. 235.
5071:
5059:
5047:
5045:, p. 190.
5032:
5020:
5005:
5003:, p. 589.
4990:
4973:
4961:
4949:
4945:Nižňanský 2014
4937:
4935:, p. 187.
4925:
4909:
4907:, p. 110.
4894:
4882:
4870:
4858:
4856:, p. 848.
4839:
4835:Lônčíková 2017
4827:
4815:
4813:, p. 167.
4803:
4788:
4776:
4764:
4747:
4735:
4733:, p. 151.
4723:
4721:, p. 874.
4711:
4709:, p. 881.
4699:
4697:, p. 879.
4687:
4685:, p. 855.
4675:
4673:, p. 889.
4663:
4661:, p. 187.
4651:
4649:, p. 584.
4639:
4627:
4615:
4613:, p. 189.
4603:
4591:
4589:, p. 234.
4579:
4567:
4555:
4543:
4541:, p. 181.
4526:
4524:, p. 320.
4507:
4505:, p. 326.
4503:Longerich 2010
4490:
4488:, p. 160.
4475:
4463:
4461:, p. 785.
4451:
4439:
4435:Longerich 2010
4422:
4410:
4408:, p. 325.
4406:Longerich 2010
4398:
4394:Longerich 2010
4386:
4384:, p. 347.
4382:Sokolovič 2009
4374:
4372:, p. 107.
4362:
4358:Sokolovič 2009
4350:
4348:, p. 264.
4338:
4334:Nižňanský 2014
4321:
4309:
4307:, p. 579.
4297:
4285:
4283:, p. 302.
4273:
4271:, p. 153.
4258:
4254:Nižňanský 2014
4246:
4234:
4232:, p. 777.
4222:
4220:, p. 576.
4210:
4208:, p. 301.
4195:
4191:Longerich 2010
4183:
4171:
4169:, p. 555.
4159:
4157:, p. 121.
4155:Nižňanský 2011
4147:
4145:, p. 778.
4135:
4123:
4106:
4104:, p. 230.
4094:
4073:
4071:, p. 233.
4058:
4056:, p. 116.
4054:Nižňanský 2011
4046:
4044:, p. 229.
4034:
4032:, p. 285.
4030:Longerich 2010
4022:
4020:, p. 463.
4010:
3995:
3993:, p. 110.
3983:
3971:
3967:Longerich 2010
3959:
3947:
3945:, p. 107.
3935:
3933:, p. 232.
3916:
3914:, p. 847.
3883:
3881:, p. 224.
3879:Longerich 2010
3871:
3856:
3854:, p. 176.
3841:
3829:
3827:, p. 175.
3817:
3802:
3800:, p. 321.
3790:
3788:, p. 192.
3778:
3766:
3754:
3752:, p. 775.
3739:
3727:
3725:, p. 226.
3715:
3703:
3701:, p. 774.
3691:
3679:
3677:, p. 181.
3667:
3652:
3640:
3628:
3626:, p. 180.
3613:
3601:
3599:, p. 177.
3589:
3577:
3562:
3560:, p. 597.
3550:
3538:
3536:, p. 166.
3523:
3521:, p. 143.
3511:
3509:, p. 176.
3499:
3497:, p. 165.
3484:
3472:
3451:
3447:Nižňanský 2014
3439:
3424:
3412:
3410:, p. 846.
3383:
3368:
3364:Nižňanský 2014
3351:
3336:
3324:
3322:, p. 170.
3309:
3307:, p. 769.
3297:
3285:
3283:, p. 215.
3270:
3255:
3253:, p. 228.
3243:
3224:
3212:
3210:, p. 177.
3200:
3198:, p. 169.
3185:
3183:, p. 151.
3173:
3171:, p. 221.
3161:
3149:
3137:
3120:
3118:, p. 510.
3108:
3106:, p. 174.
3093:
3091:, p. 655.
3068:
3049:
3037:
3035:, p. 254.
3025:
3021:Tönsmeyer 2007
3013:
3001:
2997:Lônčíková 2017
2986:
2971:
2969:, p. 148.
2959:
2957:, p. 845.
2920:
2918:, p. 227.
2905:
2890:
2878:
2863:
2861:, p. 316.
2851:
2839:
2827:
2815:
2803:
2801:, p. 506.
2788:
2776:
2749:
2723:
2706:
2689:
2677:
2675:, p. 226.
2665:
2650:
2638:
2636:, p. 226.
2626:
2624:, p. 188.
2614:
2612:, p. 149.
2602:
2600:, p. 844.
2577:
2575:, p. 165.
2565:
2553:
2541:
2539:, p. 216.
2529:
2527:, p. 203.
2517:
2515:, p. 184.
2500:
2488:
2486:, p. 168.
2476:
2474:, p. 184.
2464:
2462:, p. 216.
2452:
2450:, p. 843.
2433:
2421:
2409:
2392:
2380:
2368:
2356:
2344:
2329:
2317:
2305:
2290:
2278:
2263:
2248:
2246:, p. 842.
2229:
2217:
2202:
2190:
2186:Nižňanský 2014
2178:
2166:
2150:
2135:
2120:
2101:
2089:
2077:
2065:
2053:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2012:
2003:
1994:
1985:
1972:
1963:
1954:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1913:
1906:
1903:
1895:Marian Kotleba
1866:Jelena Subotić
1820:, authorities
1782:
1779:
1774:Communist coup
1742:Decree 33/1945
1670:
1667:
1639:
1636:
1616:Kraków-Płaszów
1601:Theresienstadt
1565:
1562:
1525:
1503:
1500:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1381:intelligentsia
1337:Alfred Wetzler
1319:
1316:
1276:Jewish deicide
1255:
1252:
1147:
1144:
1123:departed from
1074:
1071:
1067:Donald Bloxham
1038:Decree 68/1942
955:Reichsautobahn
925:
922:
920:
917:
895:Nuremberg Laws
871:
868:
804:
801:
797:Karol Hochberg
772:Ústredňa Židov
765:Ústredňa Židov
763:Main article:
760:
757:
700:Alexander Mach
651:
648:
587:capital flight
579:Adolf Eichmann
531:
528:
526:
523:
387:) and 1939 (3
376:
373:
333:Šalavský Gemer
309:Czechoslovakia
261:Slovak uplands
212:, forming the
161:
158:
77:Czechoslovakia
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11961:
11950:
11947:
11945:
11942:
11940:
11937:
11935:
11932:
11930:
11927:
11925:
11922:
11920:
11917:
11916:
11914:
11907:
11897:
11894:
11892:
11889:
11887:
11884:
11882:
11879:
11878:
11876:
11872:
11863:
11862:
11858:
11853:
11852:
11848:
11843:
11842:
11838:
11833:
11832:
11828:
11827:
11825:
11821:
11812:
11809:
11804:
11801:
11800:
11798:
11794:
11788:
11785:
11783:
11780:
11778:
11775:
11773:
11770:
11769:
11767:
11765:
11761:
11752:
11749:
11744:
11743:Andrej Hlinka
11741:
11740:
11738:
11734:
11729:
11722:
11717:
11715:
11710:
11708:
11703:
11702:
11699:
11687:
11679:
11678:
11675:
11669:
11666:
11662:
11659:
11658:
11657:
11654:
11652:
11649:
11647:
11646:
11642:
11640:
11637:
11636:
11634:
11630:
11616:
11613:
11611:
11608:
11606:
11603:
11599:
11596:
11595:
11594:
11591:
11589:
11588:
11584:
11583:
11581:
11577:
11571:
11568:
11566:
11563:
11562:
11560:
11556:
11550:
11547:
11545:
11542:
11538:
11535:
11533:
11530:
11528:
11525:
11523:
11520:
11519:
11518:
11515:
11512:
11510:
11507:
11505:
11502:
11501:
11499:
11495:
11492:
11488:
11482:
11479:
11477:
11474:
11472:
11469:
11467:
11464:
11462:
11459:
11457:
11454:
11453:
11451:
11449:
11445:
11436:
11433:
11428:
11425:
11420:
11417:
11413:
11410:
11408:
11405:
11404:
11398:
11393:
11390:
11385:
11382:
11381:
11379:
11377:
11373:
11364:
11361:
11356:
11353:
11348:
11345:
11340:
11337:
11332:
11329:
11324:
11321:
11316:
11313:
11308:
11305:
11300:
11297:
11292:
11289:
11284:
11281:
11280:
11278:
11274:
11271:
11267:
11257:
11256:Working Group
11254:
11250:
11246:
11242:
11237:
11234:
11230:
11227:
11226:
11225:
11222:
11220:
11217:
11215:
11214:Obrana národa
11212:
11210:
11207:
11203:
11198:
11195:
11191:
11186:
11183:
11179:
11174:
11171:
11170:
11168:
11164:
11156:
11153:
11152:
11148:
11145:
11140:
11137:
11132:
11129:
11124:
11121:
11120:
11118:
11114:
11111:
11109:
11105:
11093:
11090:
11089:
11088:
11085:
11081:
11078:
11077:
11076:
11073:
11069:
11066:
11065:
11064:
11061:
11060:
11058:
11056:
11052:
11042:
11039:
11035:
11032:
11031:
11030:
11026:
11022:
11019:
11015:
11012:
11011:
11010:
11007:
11006:
11004:
11000:
10992:
10989:
10988:
10987:
10984:
10980:
10979:
10975:
10974:
10973:
10972:Wilhelm Frick
10969:
10965:
10961:
10958:
10957:
10955:
10953:
10949:
10946:
10944:
10940:
10932:
10929:
10928:
10927:
10924:
10920:
10917:
10916:
10915:
10912:
10908:
10905:
10904:
10903:
10900:
10896:
10893:
10892:
10891:
10888:
10887:
10885:
10883:
10879:
10876:
10872:
10868:
10864:
10857:
10852:
10850:
10845:
10843:
10838:
10837:
10834:
10813:
10809:
10807:
10804:
10802:
10799:
10797:
10794:
10792:
10789:
10787:
10784:
10782:
10779:
10777:
10774:
10772:
10769:
10765:
10762:
10761:
10760:
10757:
10755:
10752:
10750:
10747:
10745:
10742:
10741:
10739:
10735:
10727:
10724:
10723:
10722:
10719:
10715:
10712:
10711:
10710:
10707:
10705:
10702:
10700:
10697:
10695:
10692:
10690:
10687:
10683:
10680:
10678:
10675:
10673:
10670:
10669:
10668:
10665:
10663:
10660:
10659:
10657:
10655:
10651:
10645:
10639:
10637:
10634:
10632:
10629:
10625:
10622:
10621:
10620:
10617:
10615:
10612:
10610:
10607:
10605:
10602:
10600:
10597:
10595:
10594:Nazi eugenics
10592:
10590:
10587:
10586:
10584:
10580:
10576:
10568:
10565:
10562:
10561:
10557:
10553:
10539:
10536:
10534:
10531:
10529:
10526:
10524:
10523:Topf and Sons
10521:
10519:
10516:
10514:
10511:
10509:
10506:
10504:
10501:
10499:
10496:
10495:
10493:
10491:
10490:Collaborators
10487:
10481:
10478:
10476:
10473:
10471:
10470:
10466:
10465:
10463:
10459:
10453:
10450:
10448:
10445:
10442:
10439:
10436:
10433:
10429:
10428:Referat IV B4
10426:
10425:
10424: (RSHA)
10423:
10420:
10418:
10416:
10415:Schutzstaffel
10412:
10410:
10407:
10406:
10404:
10402:Organizations
10400:
10394:
10391:
10390:
10387:
10383:
10378:
10374:
10360:
10357:
10355:
10352:
10350:
10347:
10345:
10344:Romani people
10342:
10340:
10337:
10335:
10332:
10330:
10327:
10325:
10322:
10321:
10319:
10317:
10313:
10303:
10300:
10298:
10297:Working Group
10295:
10293:
10290:
10288:
10285:
10283:
10282:Kastner train
10280:
10278:
10275:
10273:
10270:
10269:
10267:
10265:
10261:
10253:
10250:
10248:
10245:
10243:
10240:
10239:
10238:
10235:
10231:
10228:
10227:
10226:
10223:
10222:
10220:
10218:
10214:
10208:
10205:
10203:
10200:
10198:
10195:
10193:
10190:
10188:
10185:
10183:
10180:
10178:
10175:
10173:
10170:
10168:
10165:
10163:
10162:
10158:
10157:
10155:
10151:
10145:
10142:
10140:
10137:
10135:
10132:
10131:
10129:
10126:
10121:
10113:
10110:
10109:
10108:
10105:
10101:
10098:
10096:
10093:
10092:
10091:
10088:
10086:
10083:
10081:
10078:
10076:
10073:
10071:
10070:
10069:Kristallnacht
10066:
10065:
10063:
10059:
10053:
10050:
10048:
10045:
10043:
10040:
10039:
10037:
10035:
10031:
10028:
10026:
10022:
10018:
10014:
10009:
10005:
9987:
9984:
9982:
9979:
9977:
9974:
9973:
9971:
9969:
9968:
9963:
9957:
9954:
9952:
9949:
9947:
9944:
9942:
9939:
9937:
9934:
9932:
9929:
9928:
9926:
9922:
9916:
9913:
9911:
9908:
9906:
9903:
9901:
9898:
9896:
9893:
9891:
9888:
9886:
9883:
9882:
9880:
9878:
9874:
9871:
9868:
9864:
9860:
9854:
9853:
9852:Sanitätswesen
9849:
9847:
9846:
9842:
9840:
9837:
9835:
9834:
9829:
9828:
9826:
9822:
9816:
9815:Death marches
9813:
9811:
9808:
9806:
9803:
9801:
9798:
9796:
9793:
9791:
9788:
9787:
9785:
9781:
9775:
9772:
9770:
9765:
9763:
9760:
9758:
9755:
9753:
9750:
9748:
9743:
9741:
9738:
9736:
9733:
9731:
9730:
9724:
9722:
9719:
9717:
9714:
9712:
9711:
9705:
9703:
9700:
9698:
9695:
9693:
9688:
9687:
9685:
9681:
9675:
9672:
9670:
9667:
9665:
9662:
9660:
9657:
9655:
9652:
9650:
9647:
9646:
9644:
9642:
9641:Extermination
9638:
9632:
9629:
9627:
9624:
9622:
9619:
9617:
9616:Sachsenhausen
9614:
9612:
9609:
9607:
9604:
9602:
9599:
9597:
9594:
9592:
9588:
9585:
9583:
9580:
9578:
9575:
9573:
9570:
9568:
9565:
9563:
9560:
9558:
9557:Herzogenbusch
9555:
9553:
9550:
9548:
9545:
9543:
9540:
9538:
9535:
9533:
9532:Bergen-Belsen
9530:
9528:
9525:
9524:
9522:
9520:
9519:Concentration
9516:
9512:
9508:
9504:
9499:
9495:
9483:
9480:
9478:
9475:
9473:
9470:
9469:
9468:
9465:
9461:
9458:
9456:
9455:United States
9453:
9451:
9448:
9446:
9443:
9441:
9438:
9436:
9433:
9431:
9428:
9426:
9423:
9422:
9421:
9418:
9417:
9415:
9411:
9405:
9402:
9400:
9397:
9395:
9392:
9390:
9387:
9386:
9384:
9380:
9372:
9369:
9367:
9364:
9363:
9361:
9357:
9354:
9352:
9349:
9347:
9344:
9343:
9342:
9339:
9337:
9334:
9332:
9329:
9327:
9324:
9322:
9319:
9317:
9314:
9312:
9309:
9307:
9304:
9300:
9297:
9296:
9295:and colonies
9294:
9291:
9289:
9286:
9282:
9279:
9278:
9277:
9274:
9272:
9269:
9267:
9264:
9262:
9259:
9257:
9254:
9250:
9247:
9245:
9242:
9240:
9237:
9236:
9234:
9232:
9229:
9227:
9224:
9222:
9219:
9217:
9214:
9213:
9211:
9207:
9203:
9199:
9198:The Holocaust
9192:
9187:
9185:
9180:
9178:
9173:
9172:
9169:
9157:
9154:
9152:
9149:
9147:
9144:
9142:
9139:
9137:
9134:
9133:
9131:
9127:
9121:
9118:
9116:
9113:
9109:
9106:
9104:
9101:
9100:
9099:
9096:
9094:
9091:
9090:
9088:
9086:
9082:
9076:
9073:
9071:
9068:
9066:
9063:
9061:
9058:
9057:
9055:
9053:
9049:
9041:
9038:
9037:
9036:
9033:
9029:
9026:
9024:
9023:Oskar Neumann
9021:
9019:
9016:
9015:
9014:
9013:Working Group
9011:
9010:
9008:
9006:
9005:Jewish Center
9002:
8992:
8989:
8985:
8981:
8977:
8972:
8971:Josef Witiska
8969:
8967:
8964:
8962:
8959:
8957:
8954:
8950:
8946:
8942:
8937:
8934:
8932:
8929:
8927:
8926:Otomar Kubala
8924:
8922:
8919:
8917:
8916:Alois Brunner
8914:
8913:
8911:
8909:
8905:
8899:
8896:
8892:
8889:
8888:
8887:
8884:
8882:
8879:
8877:
8874:
8872:
8871:Department 14
8869:
8867:
8864:
8862:
8859:
8858:
8856:
8852:
8849:
8845:
8839:
8836:
8834:
8831:
8829:
8826:
8824:
8821:
8819:
8816:
8815:
8813:
8809:
8801:
8798:
8796:
8793:
8791:
8788:
8786:
8783:
8781:
8778:
8777:
8775:
8774:
8769:
8766:
8764:
8761:
8759:
8756:
8754:
8751:
8749:
8746:
8745:
8743:
8742:
8740:
8736:
8730:
8729:The Holocaust
8727:
8722:
8721:
8718:
8714:
8707:
8702:
8700:
8695:
8693:
8688:
8687:
8684:
8668:
8664:
8660:
8656:
8644:
8640:
8628:
8624:
8620:
8608:
8604:
8600:
8588:
8584:
8580:
8568:
8564:
8552:
8547:
8546:
8534:
8528:
8524:
8519:
8515:
8509:
8505:
8500:
8496:
8490:
8486:
8481:
8477:
8471:
8467:
8462:
8458:
8452:
8448:
8443:
8439:
8433:
8429:
8424:
8420:
8414:
8410:
8406:
8402:
8397:
8396:
8393:
8386:
8376:
8372:
8368:
8364:
8361:(1): 76–108.
8360:
8356:
8351:
8347:
8343:
8339:
8335:
8331:
8327:
8323:
8319:
8314:
8310:
8306:
8302:
8298:
8294:
8290:
8289:
8280:
8275:
8271:
8267:
8263:
8259:
8255:
8251:
8250:
8244:
8240:
8236:
8232:
8228:
8227:
8221:
8217:
8213:
8209:
8205:
8198:
8193:
8189:
8185:
8181:
8177:
8173:
8169:
8164:
8160:
8156:
8152:
8148:
8144:
8140:
8135:
8131:
8127:
8123:
8119:
8116:(1–2): 1–16.
8115:
8111:
8107:
8102:
8098:
8094:
8091:(2): 96–112.
8090:
8087:(in Slovak).
8086:
8082:
8077:
8073:
8069:
8065:
8061:
8057:
8053:
8045:
8040:
8035:
8030:
8027:(1): 92–115.
8026:
8023:(in Slovak).
8022:
8018:
8014:
8010:
8006:
8002:
7998:
7995:(in Slovak).
7994:
7990:
7985:
7981:
7977:
7973:
7970:(in German).
7969:
7965:
7960:
7956:
7952:
7948:
7944:
7940:
7936:
7931:
7927:
7923:
7919:
7915:
7911:
7907:
7902:
7898:
7894:
7890:
7886:
7882:
7878:
7877:
7872:
7868:
7867:
7855:
7851:
7847:
7846:
7840:
7836:
7832:
7828:
7824:
7823:
7818:
7813:
7809:
7802:
7801:
7795:
7794:
7782:
7778:
7774:
7770:
7764:
7760:
7756:
7752:
7748:
7744:
7740:
7735:
7734:
7722:
7716:
7712:
7708:
7704:
7700:
7696:
7690:
7686:
7682:
7678:
7674:
7670:
7664:
7660:
7659:
7653:
7649:
7643:
7639:
7635:
7634:
7628:
7624:
7618:
7614:
7610:
7606:
7605:
7600:
7596:
7591:
7587:
7581:
7577:
7573:
7569:
7565:
7560:
7556:
7550:
7546:
7541:
7537:
7531:
7527:
7521:
7516:
7508:
7504:
7503:
7497:
7493:
7487:
7483:
7479:
7475:
7470:
7466:
7460:
7456:
7452:
7448:
7444:
7440:
7434:
7430:
7426:
7422:
7421:Roseman, Mark
7418:
7414:
7410:
7406:
7400:
7396:
7392:
7388:
7387:
7383:Book chapters
7375:
7369:
7365:
7361:
7360:
7354:
7350:
7344:
7340:
7336:
7332:
7328:
7322:
7318:
7310:
7306:
7305:
7299:
7295:
7289:
7285:
7281:
7280:
7274:
7270:
7264:
7260:
7256:
7255:
7249:
7245:
7239:
7235:
7232:. Jerusalem:
7231:
7230:
7224:
7220:
7214:
7210:
7206:
7201:
7197:
7191:
7187:
7183:
7179:
7175:
7171:
7165:
7161:
7157:
7156:
7150:
7146:
7140:
7136:
7132:
7128:
7123:
7119:
7113:
7109:
7105:
7104:
7098:
7094:
7088:
7084:
7079:
7075:
7069:
7065:
7061:
7060:Kamenec, Ivan
7057:
7053:
7047:
7043:
7042:
7037:
7036:Hilberg, Raul
7033:
7029:
7025:
7021:
7017:
7016:
7011:
7007:
7003:
6997:
6993:
6989:
6985:
6980:
6976:
6970:
6966:
6961:
6957:
6951:
6947:
6946:
6940:
6936:
6930:
6926:
6921:
6917:
6911:
6907:
6904:. New Haven:
6902:
6901:
6895:
6894:Bauer, Yehuda
6891:
6887:
6881:
6877:
6874:. Cambridge:
6873:
6869:
6865:
6864:
6847:
6842:
6835:
6830:
6828:
6820:
6815:
6808:
6803:
6796:
6791:
6784:
6779:
6772:
6767:
6760:
6755:
6748:
6743:
6736:
6731:
6724:
6719:
6712:
6707:
6700:
6695:
6688:
6683:
6676:
6671:
6664:
6659:
6652:
6647:
6640:
6635:
6628:
6624:
6619:
6612:
6607:
6600:
6595:
6589:, p. 67.
6588:
6583:
6576:
6571:
6569:
6561:
6556:
6549:
6544:
6538:, p. 61.
6537:
6532:
6526:, p. 17.
6525:
6520:
6513:
6508:
6501:
6496:
6490:, p. 51.
6489:
6484:
6478:, p. 86.
6477:
6472:
6466:, p. 44.
6465:
6464:Fedorčák 2015
6460:
6454:, p. 41.
6453:
6452:Fedorčák 2015
6448:
6441:
6436:
6430:, p. 42.
6429:
6428:Fedorčák 2015
6424:
6417:
6412:
6410:
6402:
6397:
6395:
6388:, p. 91.
6387:
6382:
6375:
6370:
6364:, p. 15.
6363:
6358:
6356:
6348:
6343:
6336:
6331:
6324:
6319:
6313:, p. 94.
6312:
6307:
6300:
6295:
6293:
6291:
6284:, p. 61.
6283:
6278:
6271:
6270:Kubátová 2014
6266:
6260:, p. 19.
6259:
6254:
6248:, p. 31.
6247:
6242:
6235:
6230:
6223:
6218:
6211:
6206:
6199:
6194:
6187:
6182:
6175:
6170:
6163:
6158:
6151:
6146:
6139:
6134:
6127:
6122:
6115:
6110:
6103:
6098:
6091:
6086:
6079:
6074:
6067:
6062:
6055:
6054:Hlavinka 2018
6050:
6043:
6038:
6032:, p. 53.
6031:
6026:
6020:, p. 89.
6019:
6014:
6007:
6002:
5995:
5990:
5983:
5978:
5972:, p. 90.
5971:
5966:
5964:
5956:
5951:
5945:, p. 88.
5944:
5939:
5933:, p. 93.
5932:
5927:
5925:
5918:, p. 52.
5917:
5912:
5910:
5908:
5900:
5895:
5888:
5883:
5876:
5871:
5865:, p. 44.
5864:
5859:
5857:
5855:
5853:
5851:
5843:
5838:
5836:
5834:
5832:
5824:
5819:
5817:
5809:
5808:Kubátová 2014
5804:
5797:
5792:
5786:, p. 73.
5785:
5780:
5778:
5770:
5765:
5763:
5761:
5754:, p. 42.
5753:
5748:
5741:
5736:
5730:, p. 74.
5729:
5724:
5722:
5720:
5718:
5710:
5705:
5698:
5693:
5691:
5689:
5687:
5680:, p. 82.
5679:
5674:
5672:
5670:
5668:
5661:, p. 84.
5660:
5655:
5653:
5645:
5644:Kubátová 2014
5640:
5634:, p. 45.
5633:
5628:
5626:
5624:
5617:, p. 86.
5616:
5611:
5604:
5599:
5597:
5589:
5584:
5582:
5574:
5569:
5563:, p. 43.
5562:
5557:
5555:
5553:
5551:
5543:
5538:
5531:
5530:Kubátová 2014
5526:
5519:
5514:
5507:
5502:
5500:
5498:
5496:
5488:
5483:
5476:
5471:
5464:
5459:
5452:
5447:
5440:
5435:
5428:
5423:
5417:, p. 41.
5416:
5411:
5409:
5401:
5396:
5394:
5392:
5385:, p. 99.
5384:
5379:
5377:
5375:
5373:
5371:
5364:, p. 42.
5363:
5358:
5356:
5354:
5352:
5350:
5348:
5340:
5339:Kamenec 2011a
5335:
5328:
5323:
5316:
5311:
5304:
5300:
5299:Kornberg 2015
5295:
5288:
5283:
5276:
5271:
5265:, p. 86.
5264:
5259:
5252:
5247:
5240:
5235:
5228:
5223:
5216:
5211:
5204:
5199:
5192:
5187:
5180:
5175:
5168:
5163:
5156:
5152:
5147:
5140:
5135:
5128:
5123:
5116:
5111:
5104:
5099:
5092:
5087:
5080:
5075:
5068:
5063:
5056:
5051:
5044:
5043:Kamenec 2011a
5039:
5037:
5029:
5024:
5018:, p. 97.
5017:
5012:
5010:
5002:
4997:
4995:
4988:, p. 40.
4987:
4982:
4980:
4978:
4970:
4965:
4958:
4953:
4946:
4941:
4934:
4929:
4922:
4918:
4913:
4906:
4905:Kamenec 2011b
4901:
4899:
4891:
4886:
4879:
4874:
4867:
4862:
4855:
4850:
4848:
4846:
4844:
4837:, p. 91.
4836:
4831:
4824:
4823:Kubátová 2014
4819:
4812:
4807:
4801:, p. 84.
4800:
4799:Kornberg 2015
4795:
4793:
4786:, p. 82.
4785:
4784:Kornberg 2015
4780:
4773:
4772:Kornberg 2015
4768:
4762:, p. 83.
4761:
4760:Kornberg 2015
4756:
4754:
4752:
4745:, p. 47.
4744:
4739:
4732:
4727:
4720:
4715:
4708:
4703:
4696:
4691:
4684:
4679:
4672:
4667:
4660:
4655:
4648:
4643:
4636:
4631:
4624:
4619:
4612:
4611:Kamenec 2011a
4607:
4600:
4595:
4588:
4583:
4576:
4571:
4564:
4559:
4553:, p. 96.
4552:
4547:
4540:
4535:
4533:
4531:
4523:
4518:
4516:
4514:
4512:
4504:
4499:
4497:
4495:
4487:
4482:
4480:
4472:
4467:
4460:
4455:
4448:
4443:
4436:
4431:
4429:
4427:
4419:
4414:
4407:
4402:
4395:
4390:
4383:
4378:
4371:
4370:Kamenec 2011b
4366:
4359:
4354:
4347:
4342:
4336:, p. 66.
4335:
4330:
4328:
4326:
4318:
4313:
4306:
4301:
4294:
4289:
4282:
4277:
4270:
4265:
4263:
4256:, p. 87.
4255:
4250:
4243:
4238:
4231:
4226:
4219:
4214:
4207:
4202:
4200:
4192:
4187:
4181:, p. 70.
4180:
4175:
4168:
4163:
4156:
4151:
4144:
4139:
4132:
4127:
4121:, p. 32.
4120:
4115:
4113:
4111:
4103:
4098:
4092:, p. 34.
4091:
4086:
4084:
4082:
4080:
4078:
4070:
4065:
4063:
4055:
4050:
4043:
4038:
4031:
4026:
4019:
4014:
4008:, p. 10.
4007:
4002:
4000:
3992:
3987:
3980:
3975:
3968:
3963:
3956:
3951:
3944:
3939:
3932:
3927:
3925:
3923:
3921:
3913:
3908:
3906:
3904:
3902:
3900:
3898:
3896:
3894:
3892:
3890:
3888:
3880:
3875:
3869:, p. 39.
3868:
3863:
3861:
3853:
3848:
3846:
3838:
3833:
3826:
3821:
3815:, p. 31.
3814:
3809:
3807:
3799:
3794:
3787:
3782:
3775:
3770:
3763:
3758:
3751:
3746:
3744:
3736:
3731:
3724:
3719:
3712:
3707:
3700:
3695:
3688:
3687:Kamenec 2011a
3683:
3676:
3671:
3665:, p. 29.
3664:
3659:
3657:
3649:
3644:
3637:
3632:
3625:
3620:
3618:
3611:, p. 30.
3610:
3605:
3598:
3593:
3586:
3581:
3575:, p. 70.
3574:
3569:
3567:
3559:
3554:
3547:
3542:
3535:
3530:
3528:
3520:
3515:
3508:
3503:
3496:
3491:
3489:
3481:
3476:
3470:, p. 38.
3469:
3464:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3456:
3449:, p. 50.
3448:
3443:
3437:, p. 25.
3436:
3431:
3429:
3422:, p. 26.
3421:
3416:
3409:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3380:
3375:
3373:
3366:, p. 70.
3365:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3348:
3343:
3341:
3333:
3328:
3321:
3316:
3314:
3306:
3301:
3294:
3289:
3282:
3277:
3275:
3268:, p. 65.
3267:
3262:
3260:
3252:
3247:
3241:, p. 27.
3240:
3235:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3221:
3216:
3209:
3208:Kamenec 2011a
3204:
3197:
3192:
3190:
3182:
3177:
3170:
3165:
3159:, p. 97.
3158:
3153:
3146:
3141:
3135:, p. 28.
3134:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3117:
3116:Kubátová 2014
3112:
3105:
3100:
3098:
3090:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3066:, p. 24.
3065:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3047:, p. 95.
3046:
3041:
3034:
3029:
3023:, p. 90.
3022:
3017:
3011:, p. 43.
3010:
3005:
2999:, p. 85.
2998:
2993:
2991:
2984:, p. 25.
2983:
2978:
2976:
2968:
2963:
2956:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2917:
2912:
2910:
2902:
2897:
2895:
2887:
2882:
2876:, p. 26.
2875:
2870:
2868:
2860:
2855:
2849:, p. 96.
2848:
2843:
2837:, p. 95.
2836:
2831:
2824:
2819:
2813:, p. 93.
2812:
2807:
2800:
2799:Kubátová 2014
2795:
2793:
2786:, p. 97.
2785:
2780:
2773:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2730:
2728:
2721:, p. 21.
2720:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2704:, p. 92.
2703:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2686:
2681:
2674:
2669:
2663:, p. 11.
2662:
2657:
2655:
2647:
2642:
2635:
2630:
2623:
2622:Kamenec 2011a
2618:
2611:
2606:
2599:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2574:
2569:
2562:
2557:
2550:
2549:Kamenec 2011a
2545:
2538:
2533:
2526:
2521:
2514:
2513:Kamenec 2011a
2509:
2507:
2505:
2497:
2496:Kamenec 2011a
2492:
2485:
2480:
2473:
2468:
2461:
2456:
2449:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2430:
2425:
2419:, p. 91.
2418:
2413:
2407:, p. 22.
2406:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2389:
2384:
2378:, p. 20.
2377:
2372:
2365:
2360:
2353:
2348:
2342:, p. 23.
2341:
2336:
2334:
2326:
2325:Kornberg 2015
2321:
2314:
2313:Kamenec 2011a
2309:
2302:
2297:
2295:
2288:, p. 87.
2287:
2282:
2275:
2270:
2268:
2261:, p. 79.
2260:
2255:
2253:
2245:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2226:
2221:
2215:, p. 19.
2214:
2209:
2207:
2200:, p. 76.
2199:
2194:
2187:
2182:
2176:, p. 35.
2175:
2170:
2163:
2159:
2154:
2148:, p. 11.
2147:
2142:
2140:
2132:
2127:
2125:
2117:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2098:
2093:
2086:
2081:
2075:, p. 15.
2074:
2069:
2063:, p. 12.
2062:
2057:
2051:, p. 18.
2050:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2036:
2016:
2007:
1998:
1989:
1982:
1976:
1967:
1958:
1951:
1947:
1942:
1936:
1932:
1926:
1922:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1885:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1814:
1809:
1808:Academy Award
1805:
1804:Prague Spring
1800:
1799:Slánský trial
1796:
1787:
1778:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1762:
1760:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1748:ex post facto
1743:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1724:
1723:Josef Witiska
1720:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1693:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1645:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1593:Bergen-Belsen
1590:
1589:Sachsenhausen
1581:
1576:
1571:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1545:
1542:
1539:29 September
1535:
1532:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1499:
1495:
1493:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1475:
1471:
1470:Alois Brunner
1465:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1428:
1423:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1374:
1369:
1365:
1362:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1318:Hiatus (1943)
1315:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1281:Working Group
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1251:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1143:
1140:
1135:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1116:
1115:Schutzpolizei
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1051:
1047:
1046:Ján Vojtaššák
1043:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
998:
995:
991:
990:
984:
980:
976:
975:Jozef Turanec
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
935:
930:
916:
912:
906:
904:
900:
896:
891:
889:
888:Department 14
885:
876:
867:
865:
861:
857:
851:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
820:
815:
810:
800:
798:
795:
791:
787:
781:
780:
773:
766:
759:Jewish Center
756:
752:
749:
748:expropriation
744:
739:
735:
731:
726:
722:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
685:
681:
676:
672:
668:
667:
660:
658:
657:Slovak koruna
647:
645:
640:
639:
633:
629:
620:
616:
614:
610:
606:
602:
597:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
571:
569:
564:
559:
555:
551:
542:
537:
522:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
491:
489:
484:
483:
477:
473:
469:
464:
462:
461:Fascist Italy
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
418:
413:
398:
381:
372:
370:
366:
362:
358:
357:Romani people
354:
350:
346:
343:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
301:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
277:magyarization
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
253:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
228:. Due to the
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
181:
177:
176:New Synagogue
172:
167:
157:
155:
151:
147:
143:
138:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
95:
93:
89:
86:
82:
78:
74:
69:
67:
66:the Holocaust
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
31:
27:
19:
11906:
11885:
11881:Slovak State
11859:
11849:
11839:
11829:
11811:Hlinka Guard
11787:Vojtech Tuka
11644:
11593:Hlinka Guard
11585:
11465:
11461:Protectorate
11392:Heydrichiáda
11219:Out Distance
11091:
11079:
11075:Vojtech Tuka
11067:
11033:
11013:
10990:
10976:
10968:Kurt Daluege
10943:Protectorate
10930:
10918:
10906:
10894:
10890:Edvard Beneš
10867:World War II
10806:Yizkor books
10467:
10414:
10159:
10107:in Lithuania
10067:
9965:
9850:
9843:
9832:
9766:
9744:
9725:
9706:
9689:
9472:by Catholics
9341:Soviet Union
9243:
9209:By territory
8961:Vojtech Tuka
8886:Hlinka Guard
8744:In Slovakia
8712:
8670:. Retrieved
8662:
8647:. Retrieved
8645:. Yad Vashem
8631:. Retrieved
8626:
8611:. Retrieved
8606:
8591:. Retrieved
8586:
8571:. Retrieved
8555:. Retrieved
8522:
8503:
8484:
8465:
8446:
8427:
8404:
8384:
8358:
8354:
8321:
8317:
8292:
8291:(in Czech).
8286:
8253:
8247:
8233:(2): 47–90.
8230:
8224:
8207:
8203:
8171:
8167:
8142:
8138:
8113:
8109:
8088:
8084:
8055:
8054:(in Czech).
8051:
8024:
8020:
7999:(4): 41–52.
7996:
7992:
7971:
7967:
7938:
7934:
7909:
7905:
7880:
7874:
7849:
7844:
7821:
7799:
7772:
7768:
7742:
7738:
7730:Book reviews
7710:
7707:Dean, Martin
7684:
7657:
7632:
7603:
7599:Kováč, Dušan
7567:
7563:
7544:
7506:
7501:
7473:
7454:
7428:
7394:
7358:
7338:
7308:
7303:
7282:. New York:
7278:
7253:
7228:
7204:
7181:
7158:. New York:
7154:
7130:
7127:Láníček, Jan
7102:
7082:
7063:
7040:
7014:
6987:
6983:
6964:
6944:
6924:
6899:
6871:
6841:
6814:
6802:
6797:, p. 3.
6790:
6778:
6771:Sniegon 2014
6766:
6754:
6742:
6735:Subotić 2019
6730:
6718:
6706:
6694:
6682:
6670:
6663:Sniegon 2014
6658:
6646:
6639:Sniegon 2014
6634:
6618:
6611:Sniegon 2014
6606:
6594:
6587:Sniegon 2014
6582:
6560:Sniegon 2014
6555:
6543:
6536:Sniegon 2014
6531:
6519:
6507:
6495:
6488:Láníček 2013
6483:
6471:
6459:
6447:
6435:
6423:
6381:
6369:
6342:
6330:
6318:
6306:
6277:
6265:
6253:
6241:
6229:
6217:
6205:
6193:
6181:
6169:
6157:
6145:
6138:Kamenec 2007
6133:
6121:
6109:
6097:
6085:
6073:
6061:
6049:
6037:
6025:
6013:
6006:Aronson 2004
6001:
5989:
5977:
5950:
5938:
5894:
5882:
5870:
5803:
5791:
5747:
5735:
5704:
5639:
5610:
5568:
5537:
5525:
5513:
5482:
5470:
5458:
5446:
5434:
5422:
5334:
5327:Kamenec 2007
5322:
5310:
5294:
5287:Kamenec 2007
5282:
5275:Kamenec 2007
5270:
5258:
5251:Kamenec 2007
5246:
5234:
5222:
5210:
5198:
5186:
5174:
5167:Büchler 1991
5162:
5154:
5146:
5134:
5127:Kamenec 2007
5122:
5110:
5103:Kamenec 2007
5098:
5091:Kamenec 2007
5086:
5074:
5062:
5050:
5023:
4964:
4952:
4940:
4928:
4920:
4912:
4885:
4873:
4861:
4830:
4818:
4806:
4779:
4767:
4738:
4731:Büchler 1991
4726:
4714:
4702:
4695:Rajcan 2018b
4690:
4683:Rajcan 2018a
4678:
4671:Rajcan 2018c
4666:
4654:
4642:
4630:
4618:
4606:
4601:, p. 8.
4594:
4582:
4570:
4558:
4546:
4522:Büchler 1996
4486:Büchler 1991
4471:Büchler 1991
4466:
4459:Hilberg 2003
4454:
4447:Büchler 1996
4442:
4418:Kamenec 2007
4413:
4401:
4389:
4377:
4365:
4353:
4341:
4312:
4300:
4288:
4281:Büchler 1996
4276:
4269:Büchler 1991
4249:
4237:
4230:Hilberg 2003
4225:
4213:
4206:Büchler 1996
4186:
4179:Bloxham 2017
4174:
4162:
4150:
4143:Hilberg 2003
4138:
4131:Hilberg 2003
4126:
4097:
4049:
4037:
4025:
4018:Hilberg 2003
4013:
3991:Láníček 2013
3986:
3974:
3962:
3950:
3938:
3874:
3832:
3820:
3798:Hradská 2016
3793:
3786:Kamenec 2007
3781:
3774:Kamenec 2007
3769:
3762:Hradská 2016
3757:
3750:Hilberg 2003
3735:Kamenec 2007
3730:
3718:
3706:
3699:Hilberg 2003
3694:
3682:
3675:Kamenec 2007
3670:
3643:
3631:
3624:Kamenec 2007
3604:
3597:Kamenec 2007
3592:
3585:Bachnár 2011
3580:
3553:
3541:
3514:
3502:
3475:
3442:
3415:
3347:Hilberg 2003
3332:Hilberg 2003
3327:
3305:Hilberg 2003
3300:
3288:
3246:
3215:
3203:
3176:
3164:
3152:
3140:
3111:
3040:
3028:
3016:
3004:
2962:
2881:
2859:Johnson 2005
2854:
2842:
2830:
2818:
2806:
2779:
2743:
2739:
2687:, p. 8.
2680:
2668:
2641:
2629:
2617:
2605:
2568:
2556:
2544:
2532:
2520:
2491:
2479:
2467:
2455:
2431:, p. 9.
2424:
2412:
2383:
2371:
2359:
2347:
2320:
2308:
2301:Láníček 2013
2281:
2276:, p. 5.
2225:Láníček 2013
2220:
2193:
2181:
2174:Láníček 2013
2169:
2153:
2092:
2080:
2068:
2056:
2015:
2006:
1997:
1988:
1975:
1966:
1957:
1946:Ivan Kamenec
1935:puppet state
1925:
1863:
1830:
1822:cracked down
1811:
1792:
1763:
1721:
1701:tuberculosis
1689:
1647:
1624:Ivan Kamenec
1605:
1585:
1547:
1537:
1527:
1505:
1496:
1466:
1431:
1378:
1345:
1341:their report
1321:
1312:
1301:
1257:
1248:
1232:gas chambers
1229:
1218:Trenches at
1189:Dęblin–Irena
1159:
1130:
1094:
1031:
1023:Adolf Hitler
1019:East Prussia
999:
983:Karol Kmeťko
973:and General
939:
907:
892:
881:
852:
823:
803:Forced labor
768:
753:
745:
689:
680:Adolf Hitler
661:
653:
650:Aryanization
632:Aryanization
625:
572:
547:
519:Vojtech Tuka
511:puppet state
495:Slovak State
492:
476:German Party
472:Hlinka Guard
468:enabling act
465:
422:
302:
269:antisemitism
254:
191:
139:
96:
70:
58:World War II
54:Nazi Germany
50:client state
37:
36:
26:
11896:Koso affair
11865:(1936–1945)
11855:(1933–1940)
11845:(1919–1945)
11835:(1910–1930)
11823:Periodicals
11814:(1938–1945)
11806:(1923–1927)
11782:Karol Sidor
11764:Politicians
11754:(1939–1945)
11746:(1913–1938)
11656:Sudetenland
11615:Slovak Army
11456:Sudetenland
11395: [
11384:17 November
11363:Operation B
11239: [
11200: [
11155:Czech Radio
11021:Alois Eliáš
10914:Jan Masaryk
10812:Never again
10643:(Action T4)
10569:Remembrance
10354:Homosexuals
10324:Soviet POWs
10252:Częstochowa
9800:Gas chamber
9611:Ravensbrück
9552:Gross-Rosen
9547:Flossenbürg
9430:Philippines
9362:Yugoslavia
9321:Netherlands
9249:Sudetenland
8974: [
8966:Anton Vašek
8939: [
8921:Izidor Koso
8908:Individuals
8649:28 November
8573:29 November
7518: [
7106:. Toronto:
6625:, pp.
6234:Fatran 1996
6090:Fatran 1996
6042:Fatran 1996
5899:Fatran 1996
5887:Fatran 1996
5823:Fatran 1996
5796:Fatran 1996
5697:Fatran 1996
5487:Fatran 1996
5439:Fatran 1994
5383:Fatran 1996
5191:Fatran 1994
5179:Fatran 1994
4868:, abstract.
4866:Fatran 1994
4811:Fatran 1994
4623:Fatran 2007
4539:Fatran 2007
3546:Fatran 2002
3534:Fatran 1994
3519:Fatran 2002
3495:Fatran 1994
3181:Hallon 2007
2967:Hallon 2007
2886:Hallon 2007
2835:Frankl 2019
2823:Frankl 2019
2784:Frankl 2019
2673:Lorman 2019
2610:Hallon 2007
2460:Lorman 2019
2116:Lorman 2019
2097:Borský 2005
2085:Borský 2005
2073:Borský 2005
1941:Schutzstaat
1826:Six-Day War
1726: [
1597:Ravensbrück
1564:Deportation
1406:Ján Spišiak
1383:formed the
1333:Rudolf Vrba
1325:Europa Plan
1297:Anton Vašek
1205:Polish Jews
1179:or Sobibor
1139:gendarmerie
1105:cattle cars
1073:First phase
1050:Reichsmarks
1034:Hanns Ludin
1011:Wolf's Lair
899:yellow star
870:Jewish Code
728: [
478:formed the
445:Catholicism
433:Czech lands
429:Sudetenland
419:(1939–1945)
325:Blood libel
305:World War I
187: 1931
119:Reichsmarks
11913:Categories
11751:Jozef Tiso
11376:War crimes
11323:Dukla Pass
11123:Anthropoid
11108:Resistance
11063:Jozef Tiso
11009:Emil Hácha
10902:Jan Šrámek
10874:Government
10801:Yad Vashem
10781:Uniqueness
10636:Nisko Plan
10409:Nazi Party
10217:Resistance
10187:Ninth Fort
10052:Vel' d'Hiv
9824:Nazi units
9762:Westerbork
9752:Amersfoort
9606:Neuengamme
9587:Mauthausen
9567:Kaiserwald
9537:Buchenwald
9316:Luxembourg
8956:Jozef Tiso
8828:Bratislava
8776:Elsewhere
8672:8 February
8613:16 January
8593:16 January
8557:23 January
7576:De Gruyter
7362:. Ithaca:
7234:Yad Vashem
7207:. London:
7184:. Oxford:
7028:1041397012
6386:Bauer 1994
6114:Putík 2015
6078:Putík 2015
6030:Putík 2015
5916:Putík 2015
5752:Putík 2015
5451:Bauer 2002
5301:, p.
5263:Bauer 1994
5227:Bauer 2002
5215:Bauer 2002
5151:Bauer 1994
5016:Bauer 1994
4890:Bauer 1994
4743:Putík 2015
4659:Putík 2015
4563:Bauer 1994
4551:Bauer 1994
4293:Bauer 2002
3955:Bauer 2002
3573:Bauer 1994
3507:Bauer 2002
3266:Bauer 1994
3251:Legge 2018
2916:Legge 2018
2634:Legge 2018
2160:, p.
2027:References
1855:Yad Vashem
1696:77 percent
1673:See also:
1393:Carpathian
1371:Jews from
1356:Ružomberok
1346:After the
1287:organizer
1137:, and the
1015:Rastenburg
985:and papal
903:exemptions
638:Aliyah Bet
605:Miloslavov
534:See also:
499:rump state
437:Jozef Tiso
427:ceded the
238:Status Quo
160:Background
11803:Rodobrana
11645:Fall Grün
11517:Squadrons
11448:Holocaust
11430:(1944–45)
11068:President
11014:President
10895:President
10759:Education
10654:Aftermath
10566:Aftermath
10528:Trawnikis
10452:Wehrmacht
10447:Waffen-SS
10247:Białystok
10075:Bucharest
10047:Marseille
9924:Elsewhere
9885:Białystok
9697:Breendonk
9674:Treblinka
9527:Auschwitz
9311:Lithuania
9085:Aftermath
8780:Auschwitz
8633:5 January
8375:8756-6583
8346:154244279
8338:1465-3923
8309:1210-7050
8270:165383570
8239:0084-3296
8216:0018-2575
8188:151817674
8159:8756-6583
8130:151788822
8097:1337-6861
8072:1804-2112
8005:1335-3608
7980:0523-8587
7955:8756-6583
7926:8756-6583
7897:8756-6583
7759:165456557
7062:(2007) .
7038:(2003) .
6783:Ward 2013
6759:Ward 2013
6599:Ward 2013
6440:Ward 2013
6416:Ward 2013
6401:Ward 2013
6174:Ward 2013
6150:Ward 2013
5588:Ward 2013
5573:Ward 2013
5542:Ward 2013
5315:Ward 2013
5079:Ward 2013
5067:Ward 2002
5055:Ward 2013
5028:Ward 2002
5001:Ward 2002
4647:Ward 2002
4599:Ward 2013
4587:Ward 2013
4575:Ward 2013
4305:Ward 2002
4242:Ward 2013
4218:Ward 2002
4102:Ward 2013
4069:Ward 2013
4042:Ward 2013
3931:Ward 2013
3723:Ward 2013
3281:Ward 2013
3169:Ward 2013
3157:Ward 2015
2901:Ward 2015
2847:Ward 2015
2811:Ward 2015
2702:Ward 2015
2573:Ward 2013
2561:Ward 2013
2537:Ward 2013
2525:Ward 2013
2472:Ward 2013
2429:Ward 2013
2352:Ward 2013
2286:Ward 2015
2259:Ward 2015
2198:Ward 2015
2061:Ward 2013
2032:Citations
1950:satellite
1669:Aftermath
1655:Kremnička
1638:Massacres
1558:Red Cross
1509:Topoľčany
1389:Communist
1295:, bribed
1272:interdict
1185:Poniatowa
1097:Auschwitz
843:Svätý Jur
678:Tiso and
601:Veľký Kýr
297:Hungarian
56:, during
11686:Category
11466:Slovakia
11435:Ploština
11419:Životice
11407:Kobylisy
11355:Racibórz
11269:Military
10744:Academia
10197:Piaśnica
10167:Babi Yar
10095:Jedwabne
10034:Roundups
9967:Judenrat
9931:Budapest
9702:Mechelen
9664:Majdanek
9621:Stutthof
9582:Majdanek
9477:by Poles
9435:Portugal
9413:Response
9404:Timeline
9382:Overview
9244:Slovakia
9231:Bulgaria
9098:Violence
9075:Oľšavica
9052:Rescuers
8795:Majdanek
8758:Patrónka
8015:(2019).
7427:(eds.).
7337:(2019).
7180:(2010).
7160:Springer
7129:(2018).
7012:(1968).
6896:(1994).
6870:(2004).
1905:See also
1884:neo-Nazi
1753:painted
1711:and the
1692:Red Army
1612:Zakopane
1554:Marianka
1502:Roundups
1490:and the
1456:Pius XII
1397:partisan
1260:Holy See
1220:Majdanek
1169:selected
1101:Majdanek
979:Zhytomyr
945:, which
924:Planning
779:Judenrat
710:officer
515:clerical
234:Orthodox
226:Hasidism
216:, while
142:Red Army
133:and the
109:and the
11736:Leaders
11497:Western
11347:Slivice
11283:Sudeten
11276:Battles
11116:Actions
10771:Lessons
10207:Rumbula
10080:Dorohoi
10061:Pogroms
10013:Victims
9863:Ghettos
9795:Gas van
9783:Methods
9757:Schoorl
9735:Bolzano
9683:Transit
9669:Sobibor
9659:Chełmno
9626:Vaivara
9562:Hinzert
9507:ghettos
9460:Vatican
9366:Croatia
9356:Ukraine
9346:Belarus
9336:Romania
9288:Hungary
9271:Germany
9261:Estonia
9256:Denmark
9226:Belgium
9221:Austria
9216:Albania
8800:Sobibor
8724:Part of
7819:(ed.).
7570:].
6855:Sources
6627:217–218
1887:Kotleba
1659:Nemecká
1651:Nemčice
1513:Trenčín
1285:Zionist
1193:Krychów
1109:Zwardon
1005:of the
831:Sabinov
682:at the
609:Šamorín
369:Romania
331:and in
329:Trenčin
206:Moravia
113:of the
44:in the
11851:Nástup
11841:Slovák
11730:(HSĽS)
11632:Topics
11558:Soviet
11438:(1945)
11422:(1944)
11412:Lidice
11402:(1942)
11387:(1939)
11366:(1945)
11358:(1945)
11350:(1945)
11342:(1945)
11334:(1945)
11326:(1944)
11318:(1939)
11310:(1939)
11302:(1939)
11294:(1938)
11291:Liptaň
11286:(1938)
11166:Groups
11150:(1945)
11142:(1944)
11134:(1944)
11126:(1942)
10677:Bricha
10443:(Orpo)
10316:Others
10302:Żegota
10264:Rescue
10242:Warsaw
10202:Ponary
10112:Kaunas
9915:Warsaw
9900:Lublin
9890:Kraków
9877:Poland
9721:Drancy
9654:Belzec
9631:Warsaw
9542:Dachau
9450:Turkey
9445:Sweden
9371:Serbia
9351:Russia
9331:Poland
9326:Norway
9306:Latvia
9276:Greece
9266:France
9115:Aliyah
8854:Groups
8838:Zvolen
8790:Lublin
8785:Bełżec
8763:Poprad
8753:Nováky
8529:
8510:
8491:
8472:
8453:
8434:
8415:
8373:
8344:
8336:
8307:
8268:
8237:
8214:
8186:
8157:
8128:
8095:
8070:
8003:
7978:
7953:
7924:
7895:
7790:Theses
7757:
7717:
7691:
7665:
7644:
7619:
7582:
7551:
7532:
7509:]
7488:
7461:
7435:
7401:
7370:
7345:
7323:
7311:]
7290:
7265:
7240:
7215:
7192:
7166:
7141:
7114:
7089:
7070:
7048:
7026:
6998:
6971:
6952:
6931:
6912:
6882:
5155:passim
4921:passim
1781:Legacy
1663:Zvolen
1620:Prešov
1599:, and
1543:report
1521:Žilina
1515:, and
1484:(HS),
1461:Czechs
1446:Štefan
1191:, and
1177:Bełżec
1154:, and
1013:(near
934:Zboriv
862:, and
860:Nováky
845:, and
714:as an
686:, 1940
607:, and
591:pogrom
556:" and
403:). (1
399:in (5
349:Slovak
317:Poland
303:After
242:Neolog
180:Žilina
148:. The
11490:Units
11399:]
11251:]
11204:]
11002:Czech
10791:Humor
10764:Films
10461:Units
10192:Odesa
10042:Izieu
9956:Vilna
9941:Minsk
9936:Kovno
9910:Radom
9774:Sereď
9591:Gusen
9572:Kauen
9503:Camps
9440:Spain
9425:Japan
9299:Libya
9293:Italy
8986:]
8951:]
8768:Vyhne
8748:Sereď
8342:S2CID
8283:(PDF)
8266:S2CID
8200:(PDF)
8184:S2CID
8126:S2CID
8048:(PDF)
7848:[
7804:(PDF)
7755:S2CID
7566:[
7522:]
7511:(PDF)
7505:[
7313:(PDF)
7307:[
7135:Brill
6986:[
6860:Books
1917:Notes
1744:, an
1738:]
1608:Čadca
1517:Nitra
864:Vyhne
856:Sereď
847:Zohor
740:]
11579:Axis
11236:ÚVOD
10952:Nazi
10682:List
10437:(SD)
10417:(SS)
10100:Lviv
10085:Iași
10025:Jews
9946:Riga
9905:Lwów
9895:Łódź
9867:list
9716:Gurs
9589:and
9505:and
8674:2020
8651:2019
8635:2020
8615:2019
8595:2019
8575:2019
8559:2019
8527:ISBN
8508:ISBN
8489:ISBN
8470:ISBN
8451:ISBN
8432:ISBN
8413:ISBN
8371:ISSN
8334:ISSN
8305:ISSN
8235:ISSN
8212:ISSN
8155:ISSN
8093:ISSN
8068:ISSN
8001:ISSN
7976:ISSN
7951:ISSN
7922:ISSN
7893:ISSN
7715:ISBN
7689:ISBN
7663:ISBN
7642:ISBN
7617:ISBN
7580:ISBN
7549:ISBN
7530:ISBN
7486:ISBN
7480:and
7459:ISBN
7433:ISBN
7399:ISBN
7368:ISBN
7343:ISBN
7321:ISBN
7288:ISBN
7263:ISBN
7238:ISBN
7213:ISBN
7190:ISBN
7164:ISBN
7139:ISBN
7112:ISBN
7087:ISBN
7068:ISBN
7046:ISBN
7024:OCLC
6996:ISBN
6969:ISBN
6950:ISBN
6929:ISBN
6910:ISBN
6880:ISBN
1793:The
1690:The
1335:and
1258:The
1042:Spiš
961:and
439:, a
174:The
48:, a
42:Jews
11537:313
11532:312
11527:311
11522:310
11514:RAF
10865:in
9831:SS-
9093:SRP
8542:Web
8363:doi
8326:doi
8297:doi
8258:doi
8176:doi
8147:doi
8118:doi
8060:doi
8029:doi
7943:doi
7914:doi
7885:doi
7831:doi
7777:doi
7747:doi
7609:doi
2162:119
949:in
839:Láb
178:in
105:to
52:of
11915::
11397:cs
11249:pl
11247:;
11245:de
11243:;
11241:cs
11202:cs
11190:cs
11178:cs
11027:,
11023:,
10970:,
10966:,
10962:,
9768:sk
9746:nl
9728:it
9709:fr
9691:be
8984:sv
8982:;
8980:fr
8978:;
8976:de
8949:sk
8947:;
8945:de
8943:;
8941:cs
8665:.
8661:.
8625:.
8605:.
8585:.
8369:.
8359:29
8357:.
8340:.
8332:.
8322:30
8320:.
8303:.
8293:XX
8285:.
8264:.
8252:.
8231:42
8229:.
8208:59
8206:.
8202:.
8182:.
8172:23
8170:.
8153:.
8143:32
8141:.
8124:.
8114:23
8112:.
8108:.
8066:.
8056:15
8050:.
8025:13
7997:18
7972:37
7949:.
7937:.
7920:.
7910:10
7908:.
7891:.
7879:.
7829:.
7773:19
7771:.
7753:.
7743:48
7741:.
7615:.
7597:;
7520:sk
7449:;
7423:;
7419:;
7366:.
7319:.
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7211:.
7188:.
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7110:.
7022:.
6994:.
6908:.
6878:.
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6567:^
6408:^
6393:^
6354:^
6289:^
5962:^
5923:^
5906:^
5849:^
5830:^
5815:^
5776:^
5759:^
5716:^
5685:^
5666:^
5651:^
5622:^
5595:^
5580:^
5549:^
5494:^
5407:^
5390:^
5369:^
5346:^
5303:85
5035:^
5008:^
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4976:^
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4842:^
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4529:^
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4061:^
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3371:^
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3339:^
3312:^
3273:^
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3227:^
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3096:^
3071:^
3052:^
2989:^
2974:^
2923:^
2908:^
2893:^
2866:^
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2726:^
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2205:^
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2039:^
1952:".
1828:.
1761:.
1736:sv
1734:;
1732:fr
1730:;
1728:de
1603:.
1595:,
1591:,
1541:SD
1246:.
1211:.
1187:,
1044:,
1017:,
858:,
841:,
837:,
833:,
738:sk
736:;
734:de
732:;
730:cs
708:SS
603:,
447:,
371:.
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323:.
184:c.
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10127:"
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9865:(
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8516:.
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8478:.
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8440:.
8421:.
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8365::
8348:.
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8311:.
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8272:.
8260::
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7625:.
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7588:.
7557:.
7538:.
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7376:.
7351:.
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