248:
Doyle, to Canada to visit the homes and the children to see how they were faring. Doyle's report praised the women and their staff, especially MacPherson, saying that they were inspired by the highest motives, but condemned almost everything else about the enterprise. He said that the attitude of the women in grouping together children from the workhouses, who he said were mostly of good reputation, with street children, whom he considered mostly thieves, was naive and had caused nothing but trouble in Canada. He was also critical of the checks made on the children after they were placed with settlers, which in Rye's case were mostly non-existent, and said that:
336:
416:
169:. MacPherson's other sister Mary, and her husband Joseph Merry, were superintendents of the Home of Industry for several years. They later ran the receiving home in Galt and its successor in Stratford. One of MacPherson's assistants at the Home of Industry went on to take charge of the Belleville home. This was the beginning of a massive operation which sought to find homes and careers for 14,000 of Britain's needy children. In 1887, the Home of Industry moved to purpose-built premises in
22:
421:
417:
418:
77:. In the 18th century, labour shortages in the overseas colonies also encouraged the transportation of children for work in the Americas, and large numbers of children were forced to migrate, most of them from Scotland. This practice continued until it was exposed in 1757, following a civil action against
449:
Home
Children Canada claimed in 2011 that one in ten Canadians is a descendant of a home child. The British government's Family Restoration Fund has arranged or reimbursed travel for more than a thousand child emigrants reuniting with their families. It is administered by the Child Migrants Trust and
139:
as a cholera hospital. It opened in 1868 and could hold up to two hundred children. She later became convinced that the real solution for these children lay in emigration to a country of opportunity and started an emigration fund. MacPherson began relocating children in 1870, departing for Canada on
326:
made an apology on 16 November 2009. The
Australian government had contacted about 400 British child migrants for advice on how the apology should be delivered. Australia's Roman Catholic Church had publicly apologised in 2001 to British and Maltese child migrants who suffered abuse including rape,
214:
Child
Migrant's Trust Report, "it is estimated that some 150,000 children were dispatched over a period of 350 years—the earliest recorded child migrants left Britain for the Virginia Colony in 1618, and the process did not finally end until the late 1960s." It was widely believed by contemporaries
205:
founded the "Society for the
Furtherance of Child Emigration to the Colonies" which was later incorporated as the Child Emigration Society. The purpose of the society, which later became the Fairbridge Foundation, was to educate orphaned and neglected children and train them in farming practices at
440:
was providing funds to allow people sent as children from the UK to
Australia by the Fairbridge Society to make claims for compensation for sexual and physical abuse. While Australia had a national redress scheme for people sexually abused as children in institutions, those sent by the Fairbridge
282:
carried out an investigation leading to the exposure of the child migration scheme and the establishment of the Child
Migrants Trust, with the aim of reuniting parents and children. Full details of the scheme only emerged as late as 1998 during a parliamentary inquiry in Britain, which found that
247:
The emigration schemes were not without their critics, and there were many rumours of ill-treatment of the children by their employers and of profiteering by the organisers of the schemes, particularly Maria Rye. In 1874 The London Board of
Governors decided to send a representative, named Andrew
225:
As they were compulsorily shipped out of
Britain, many of the children were deceived into believing their parents were dead, and that a more abundant life awaited them. Some were exploited as cheap agricultural labour, or denied proper shelter and education. It was common for Home Children to run
386:
The issue has not been on the radar screen here, unlike
Australia, where there's been a long-standing interest. The reality is that, here in Canada, we are taking measures to recognise that sad period, but there is, I think, limited public interest in official government apologies for everything
269:
considered cases of children forcibly sent to
Australia. They found that about 130 young children in the care of voluntary or state institutions were sent to Australia in what was described as the Child Migrant Programme in the period covered by the Inquiry, from 1922 to 1995, but mostly shortly
236:
CHILD EMIGRATION TO CANADA The attention of the Dominion Government has been drawn to the fact that the children sent to Canada from England are street waifs and workhouse paupers, and that the professional philanthropists engaged in the work are largely prompted by mercenary and not charitable
420:
252:
Because of Miss Rye's carelessness and Miss MacPherson's limited resources, thousands of British children, already in painful circumstances, were cast adrift to be overworked or mistreated by the settlers of early Canada who were generally honest but often hard taskmasters.
215:
that all of these children were orphans, but it is now known that most had living parents, some of whom had no idea of the fate of their children after they were left in care homes, and some led to believe that their children had been adopted somewhere in Britain.
708:
327:
whippings, and slave labour in religious institutions. A £1 million travel fund was set up by the British government for former child migrants to visit their families in the UK. The Australian government later supplemented this fund.
261:
subsequently set up a select committee to examine Doyle's findings and there was much controversy generated by his report in Britain, but the schemes continued with some changes and were copied in other countries of the British Empire.
72:
The practice of sending poor or orphaned children to English and later British colonies, to help alleviate the shortage of labour, began in 1618, with the rounding-up and transportation of one hundred English vagrant children to the
44:
in 1869, under which more than 100,000 children were sent from the United Kingdom to Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and South Africa. The programme was largely discontinued in the 1930s but not entirely terminated until the 1970s.
441:
Society were not eligible, as the Society no longer existed. The Prince's Trust had previously been criticised for "covering its backside" by denying it had knowledge of abuse suffered by Fairbridge Society child migrants.
290:. In 2010, this book detailing Humphreys' work, political obstacles, and threats on her life along with the crimes and abuse done to thousands of children by government and religious officials was depicted in the film
419:
308:; a term the Australian Senate has used to describe the estimated 500,000 children who were brought up in orphanages, children's homes, institutions, or foster care in Australia, up until the early 1990s.
148:
once she arrived. In the first year of the fund's operation, 500 children, trained in the London homes, were shipped to Canada. She shipped children from her own organisation and other agencies such as
433:
read, on 23 February 2010, an apology for the "shameful" child resettlement programme. He announced a £6 million fund designed to compensate the families affected by the "misguided" programme.
716:
885:"Cornish children sent abroad after migration stop: Unwanted children were sent to Australia by Cornwall County Council years after the practice had been discredited, BBC Cornwall has learned"
490:
Singer/songwriter Kelly Irene Chase released the song "Suitcase Full of Lies" in 2021 to accompany the History Detective Podcast Season 2 Episode 6: Child Migrants to Australia After WWII.
48:
Later research, beginning in the 1980s, exposed abuse and hardships of the relocated children. Australia apologised in 2009 for its involvement in the scheme. In February 2010,
1602:
97:
in 1830 as "The Society for the Suppression of Juvenile Vagrancy through the reformation and emigration of children." In 1832, the first group of children was sent to the
304:
In Australia, Child Migrant children are the 7,000 children who migrated to Australia under assisted child migration schemes and form part of a larger group known as the
1222:
2352:
940:
348:
407:, makes 28 September each year British Home Child Day to "recognize and honour the contributions of the British Home Children who established roots in Ontario."
266:
2174:
2342:
363:
344:
2322:
615:
1535:
Sherington, Geoffrey. "Contrasting narratives in the history of twentieth-century British child migration to Australia: An interpretive essay."
2287:
2357:
671:
237:
motives. A demand will be made that parliament should investigate the matter before voting any money to promote this kind of immigration.
2262:
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and turned it into the Home of Industry, where poor children could work and be fed and educated. The building was previously used by the
1608:
1431:
396:
2282:
2252:
2114:
2028:
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1934:
1671:
2095:
1949:
311:
At the urging of the Care Leavers Australia Network, the Senate Community Affairs References Committee published in August 2001
2332:
2159:
1954:
2307:
2149:
1526:
1507:
1488:
1465:
1446:
1378:
1356:
472:
283:
many migrant children were subjected to systematic abuse in religious schools in Australia, New Zealand and other countries.
822:
2327:
2302:
2257:
2119:
1664:
Forgotten Australians: Our history – Australian Government website which includes oral histories, resources and photographs
451:
59:
stated in 2009 that Canada would not apologise to child migrants, preferring to "recognize that sad period" in other ways.
49:
1266:
951:
2337:
2272:
1993:
1971:
1647:
1147:
1196:
2297:
2267:
2005:
1565:
1420:
Coldrey, Barry. "'A charity which has outlived its usefulness': the last phase of Catholic child migration, 1947–56."
1828:
1550:
2100:
2040:
1833:
1638:
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Maria Rye also worked amongst the poor in London and had arrived in Ontario with 68 children (50 of whom were from
319:
report. Both concluded with a number of recommendations, one of which was a call for a national apology. Instead,
210:. Fairbridge emigrated to Australia in 1912, where his ideas received support and encouragement. According to the
2347:
2312:
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2104:
1899:
1745:
1633:
1596:
1999:
1987:
1403:
1388:
1176:
1889:
1797:
29:, 1900. In 2010, the photo was reproduced on a Canadian postage stamp commemorating Home Children emigration.
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of the matchbox industry and resolved to devote her life to these children. She bought a large warehouse in
2317:
2144:
2017:
537:
90:
1591:
1944:
1939:
1792:
1612:
1048:
464:
320:
2186:
1223:"Abuse survivors sent from UK to Australia as children given fresh hope of redress from Prince's Trust"
392:
258:
127:. Whilst working with poor children in London in the late 1860s, MacPherson was appalled by the child
2247:
2242:
2023:
1909:
1864:
775:
335:
1432:
https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/31737/1/Doyle-Wood_Stanley_S_201109_PhD_thesis.pdf
1117:
1090:
709:"Annie Macpherson was a philanthropist who is accepted as the pioneer of child emigration to Canada"
499:
features a family of neglected children who are sent to Australia under the Child Migrant Programme.
2109:
2072:
2045:
2034:
1818:
211:
198:
in 1869, and by the turn of the century had settled some 5,000 children, mostly girls, in Ontario.
185:
2217:
1802:
1547:
Child, Nation, Race and Empire: Child Rescue Discourse, England, Canada and Australia, 1850–1915
679:
2207:
1914:
1849:
573:
356:
174:
194:
newspaper. Rye, who had been placing women emigrants in Canada since 1867, opened her home at
55:
made a formal apology to the families of children who suffered. Canadian Immigration Minister
1904:
1823:
1782:
1772:
1698:
Canadian film (based on a true story) regarding 125,000 Welsh Home Children shipped to Canada
1396:
Empire's Children: Child Emigration, Welfare, and the Decline of the British World, 1869–1967
305:
117:
1373:
Oschefski, Lori "Bleating of the Lambs - Canada's British Home Children" 2015 Rose Printing
1143:
1063:
855:
2051:
1966:
1924:
1919:
1414:
1317:
746:
558:
522:
483:
399:
released a commemorative stamp to honour those who were sent to Canada. In the province of
292:
884:
8:
1869:
1859:
1854:
1738:
641:
548:
202:
195:
145:
1668:
359:
erected a provincial historical plaque to the Home Children the year before, in Ottawa.
1777:
1717:
1663:
1641:
1477:
586:
568:
545:, Director of the Federal Catholic Immigration Office in Australia from 1949 until 1995
532:
379:
371:
352:
279:
162:
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2011:
1929:
1787:
1561:
1522:
1503:
1484:
1461:
1442:
1399:
1384:
1374:
1352:
780:
437:
102:
2164:
1884:
495:
219:
136:
120:
41:
1240:
2139:
1894:
1675:
1292:
830:
563:
375:
141:
116:
The main pioneers of child migration in the nineteenth century were the Scottish
74:
37:
1707:
Australian film regarding UK children shipped to Australia following World War 2
21:
2180:
2124:
1731:
542:
395:
proclaimed 2010 the "Year of the British Home Child" and, on 1 September 2010,
207:
1425:
161:
and persuaded her sister, Louisa Birt, to open a third home in the village of
2236:
2129:
1961:
1542:
1348:
981:
170:
154:
150:
110:
910:
577:
479:
Canadian folksinger Tim Harrison released a song called 'Home Boys' in 2003
2169:
1723:
1623:
553:
430:
367:
132:
56:
52:
1411:
They were but children: The immigration of British home children to Canada
1049:
Historical Institutional Abuse Inquiry, Module 2 – Child Migrant Programme
2212:
1879:
1758:
527:
98:
1710:
1701:
1692:
1618:
343:
The federal government designated the "Immigration of Home Children" a
323:
218:
Child emigration was largely suspended for economic reasons during the
1655:
1581:
226:
away, sometimes finding a caring family or better working conditions.
2154:
2077:
1874:
1680:
190:
181:
124:
286:
In 1994 Humphreys published a book concerning her research entitled
1754:
1599:
Site dedicated to the one million British Home Children Descendants
362:
After the apology from the Australian Prime Minister, the Canadian
166:
78:
26:
1458:
Trees and Rocks, Rocks and Trees – the Story of a British Home Boy
1519:
Uprooted : the shipment of poor children to Canada, 1867-191
400:
222:
of the 1930s, but was not completely terminated until the 1970s.
158:
128:
106:
1630:
that tells the story of child migration to Canada from Scotland.
1197:"Brown apologises for Britain's 'shameful' child migrant policy"
184:) some months earlier than MacPherson, with the blessing of the
1586:
616:"Canadians not interested in 'home children' apology: Minister"
581:
105:
in Australia, and in August 1833, 230 children were shipped to
94:
81:
merchants and magistrates for their involvement in the trade.
1627:
517:
387:
that's ever been unfortunate or tragic event in our history.
313:
Lost Innocents: Righting the Record—Report on child migration
425:
Apology from Prime Minister Gordon Brown on 23 February 2010
950:. Canadian Museum of Immigration at Pier 21. Archived from
715:. Canada: British Home Children Descendants. Archived from
747:"Miss Macpherson's Home of Industry, Spitalfields, London"
678:. Liverpool UK: National Museums Liverpool. Archived from
153:. MacPherson opened another receiving home in the town of
25:
Boy ploughing at Dr. Barnardo's Industrial Farm, Russell,
1582:
British Home Children Advocacy & Research Association
1383:
Berry, Liz. "The Home Child." Chatto & Windus (2023)
1158:
1156:
339:
8,100 children passed through 51 Avon Street in Stratford
1628:
Institute for Research and Innovation in Social Services
1415:
http://jis.athabascau.ca/index.php/jis/article/view/139/
502:
Season 12, Episode 11 of the Canadian television series
1318:"'Call the Midwife' season 4 premiere recap: Episode 1"
1267:"Family Restoration Fund gets £2 million extra funding"
1091:"Adoption & Forgotten Australians – Child migrants"
703:
701:
699:
697:
506:, entitled 'Annabella Cinderella' is about a home child
267:
Northern Ireland Historical Institutional Abuse Inquiry
1153:
1657:
Inside: Life Inside Children's Homes and Institutions
1649:
Inside: Life Inside Children's Homes and Institutions
1634:
British Parliament Health Committee Report, July 1998
1345:
The little immigrants: the orphans who came to Canada
1058:
1056:
576:, a similar case involving the French departments of
493:
Season 4, Episode 1 of the British television series
976:
Anon (18 April 1891). "Child emigration to Canada".
694:
2175:
Child abductions in the Russian invasion of Ukraine
1479:
The Street Arab – The Story of a British Home Child
1476:
1053:
1008:
1006:
993:
991:
823:"English Orphan Transports: Fairbridge Foundation"
665:
663:
2353:Adoption, fostering, orphan care and displacement
1669:List of Child Migrant sent to Australia – History
1502:. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Welldone Publishing.
1483:. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Welldone Publishing.
1460:. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Welldone Publishing.
1166:, vol. 19, no. 3 (July to September 2010), p. 18.
850:
848:
804:
802:
364:Minister of Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship
2234:
1064:"Australian church apologises to child migrants"
1003:
988:
660:
845:
799:
370:, said in 2009 that there was no need for the
1739:
1659:exhibition blog, National Museum of Australia
1753:
1521:. Bristol, UK; Portland, OR: Policy Press.
1426:https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0046760960250406
1229:. Australian Associated Press. 17 May 2020.
879:
877:
144:provided rent for a distribution centre in
1746:
1732:
1716:British-Australian co-production based on
934:
932:
903:
315:and followed this in August 2004 with the
140:the twelfth of May with one hundred boys.
2115:Canadian Indian residential school system
1609:Home Children (1869–1930) Search Database
1592:British Child Emigration Scheme to Canada
776:"8,100 Home Children stayed in Stratford"
713:British Home Children Descendants website
609:
607:
273:
229:
2343:Settlement schemes in the British Empire
1639:Child Migration – Legislative Provisions
1430:Doyle-Wood, Stan . A Trace of Genocide:
874:
744:
414:
334:
84:
20:
2323:British emigrants to the British Empire
2096:List of international adoption scandals
1436:
1342:
1194:
1036:
1024:
1012:
997:
929:
808:
123:, her sister Louisa Birt, and Londoner
2235:
2160:Kidnapping of children by Nazi Germany
1626:, an online exhibition created by the
1587:British Home Child Group International
1555:
1516:
1118:"Adoption & Forgotten Australians"
856:"Ordeal of Australia's child migrants"
773:
604:
347:, in 1999. A plaque from the national
2288:Scottish people of the British Empire
2150:Forced adoption in the United Kingdom
1727:
1497:
1474:
1455:
1203:. London: Guardian News and Media Ltd
1188:
1144:Australia says sorry for 'great evil'
67:
1619:Adoption & Forgotten Australians
1241:"Who are the British home children?"
975:
820:
769:
767:
740:
738:
736:
734:
613:
452:Department of Health and Social Care
206:farm schools located throughout the
2358:Child welfare in the United Kingdom
2029:Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act
1994:Adoption Information Disclosure Act
1972:History of children in the military
1517:Parker, R. A. (Roy Alfred) (2010).
1148:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
938:
911:"UK child migrants apology planned"
13:
2263:19th century in the British Empire
2196:Historical criticism of orphanages
2087:Controversial violations of rights
1367:
1195:Bowcott, Owen (24 February 2010).
1177:"British Home Child Day Act, 2011"
774:Belton, Betty Jo (29 June 2010) .
436:In 2020, it was reported that the
351:commemorating the event stands in
349:Historic Sites and Monuments Board
14:
2369:
2120:Tennessee Children's Home Society
1605:plaque and background information
1597:British Home Children Descendants
1575:
1439:Flo, child migrant from Liverpool
1413:. Journal of Integrated Studies.
764:
731:
410:
2253:History of immigration to Canada
2101:American Indian boarding schools
2041:Islamic adoptional jurisprudence
1183:British Home Child Day Act, 2011
1115:
1088:
669:
405:British Home Child Day Act, 2011
2105:American Indian outing programs
1900:Cultural variations in adoption
1310:
1285:
1259:
1245:British Home Children in Canada
1233:
1215:
1169:
1136:
1109:
1082:
1042:
1030:
1018:
969:
173:. The building was designed by
2000:Adoption and Safe Families Act
1988:Access to Adoption Records Act
1651:, National Museum of Australia
1298:. Tim Harrison. 1 January 2003
814:
634:
278:In 1987 British social worker
177:. MacPherson retired in 1902.
1:
2333:International child abduction
2283:Children's rights in Scotland
1890:Political abuse of psychiatry
676:Maritime Archives and Library
622:. Toronto Star Newspapers Ltd
593:
476:: 1992 television mini-series
2308:19th century in South Africa
2278:Children's rights in England
2145:Forced adoption in Australia
2089:in adoption or child custody
2018:Foster Care Independence Act
642:"A child migration timeline"
299:
270:after the Second World War.
201:In 1909, South African-born
7:
2328:British emigrants to Canada
2303:19th century in New Zealand
2258:Immigration to South Africa
1613:Library and Archives Canada
1603:Ontario Heritage Foundation
1124:. State Library of Victoria
1097:. State Library of Victoria
510:
321:Prime Minister of Australia
10:
2374:
2338:1869 in the British Empire
2273:Social history of Scotland
2187:Jewish orphans controversy
2024:Hague Adoption Convention
1556:Graham, Genevieve (2020).
393:Governor General of Canada
259:House of Commons of Canada
175:Sir George Grenfell-Baines
62:
2298:19th century in Australia
2268:Social history of England
2195:
2086:
2068:
2061:
2006:Christian law of adoption
1980:
1910:Genealogical bewilderment
1865:Adoption reunion registry
1842:
1811:
1765:
1343:Bagnell, Kenneth (2001).
821:Anon (22 November 2003).
614:Anon (16 November 2009).
538:Children's Friend Society
330:
91:Children's Friend Society
2110:Indian Placement Program
2073:Adoption in ancient Rome
2046:Putative father registry
2035:Indian Child Welfare Act
1703:The Leaving of Liverpool
1686:
1560:. Simon & Schuster.
1558:The Forgotten Home Child
1545:and Margot Hillel, eds.
827:Historical Boys Clothing
473:The Leaving of Liverpool
457:
444:
212:British House of Commons
186:Archbishop of Canterbury
101:in South Africa and the
781:Stratford Beacon Herald
345:National Historic Event
242:The Star, 18 April 1891
2348:Immigration to Ontario
2313:20th century in Canada
2293:19th century in Canada
2208:Mount Cashel Orphanage
1915:International adoption
1850:Adopted child syndrome
1812:Foster care by country
1498:Joyce, Sandra (2014).
1475:Joyce, Sandra (2011).
1456:Joyce, Sandra (2015).
1424:25.4 (1996): 373–386.
574:The Children of Creuse
468:, 1987 television film
426:
389:
357:Ontario Heritage Trust
340:
274:Exposure and apologies
255:
239:
230:Contemporary enquiries
30:
16:Child migration scheme
1642:British Parliamentary
1437:Hickson, Flo (1998).
745:Higginbotham, Peter.
424:
384:
338:
317:Forgotten Australians
306:Forgotten Australians
250:
234:
118:Evangelical Christian
85:Philanthropic efforts
24:
2218:St. John's Orphanage
2052:Uniform Adoption Act
1967:Sealed birth records
1925:Language of adoption
1920:Interracial adoption
1712:Oranges and Sunshine
1681:Child Migrants Trust
1422:History of Education
559:Oranges and Sunshine
523:Big Brother Movement
484:Oranges and Sunshine
293:Oranges and Sunshine
2318:Institutional abuse
1870:Adoption tax credit
1860:Adoption home study
1855:Adoption disclosure
1766:Adoption by country
1674:17 May 2013 at the
1441:. Plowright Press.
1320:. EW. 30 March 2015
1185:, S.O. 2011, c. 14.
1150:, 16 November 2009.
941:"The Home Children"
549:Institutional abuse
203:Kingsley Fairbridge
196:Niagara-on-the-Lake
165:, 112 km from
1718:Margaret Humphreys
1539:9.2 (2012): 27–47.
1417:. (December 2014).
939:Stewart, Patrick.
917:. 15 November 2009
862:. 15 November 2009
833:on 10 October 2009
682:on 27 January 2007
672:"Child Emigration"
587:Margaret Humphreys
569:Stolen Generations
533:Child sexual abuse
427:
353:Stratford, Ontario
341:
280:Margaret Humphreys
68:As a labour source
40:scheme founded by
31:
2230:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2203:Duplessis Orphans
2012:Dima Yakovlev Law
1930:Same-sex adoption
1624:The Golden Bridge
1537:History Australia
1528:978-1-84742-668-0
1509:978-0-9877640-2-7
1490:978-0-9877640-0-3
1467:978-0-9877640-4-1
1448:978-0-9516960-3-3
1379:978-0-9947828-0-9
1358:978-1-55002-370-1
1164:Details/en détail
891:. 1 February 2010
504:Murdoch Mysteries
487:: 2010 drama film
422:
265:In 2014–2015 the
103:Swan River Colony
50:UK Prime Minister
2365:
2248:Forced migration
2243:Adoption history
2165:Tianjin Massacre
2066:
2065:
1885:Child laundering
1748:
1741:
1734:
1725:
1724:
1571:
1532:
1513:
1494:
1482:
1471:
1452:
1409:Brazeau, Susan.
1394:Boucher, Ellen.
1362:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1297:
1289:
1283:
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957:on 20 April 2017
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829:. Archived from
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751:Children's Homes
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220:Great Depression
137:Sisters of Mercy
121:Annie MacPherson
42:Annie MacPherson
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2140:Michael A. Hess
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1976:
1895:Closed adoption
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1694:Heaven on Earth
1689:
1676:Wayback Machine
1644:Report Appendix
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1122:Research Guides
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1095:Research Guides
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1070:. 22 March 2001
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719:on 25 July 2011
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648:. Goldonian Web
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465:Heaven on Earth
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142:Hastings County
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1293:"'Home Boys'"
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1273:. 7 July 2017
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34:Home Children
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2170:Mortara case
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1336:Bibliography
1335:
1334:
1322:. Retrieved
1312:
1300:. Retrieved
1287:
1275:. Retrieved
1270:
1261:
1249:. Retrieved
1244:
1235:
1227:The Observer
1226:
1217:
1205:. Retrieved
1201:The Guardian
1200:
1190:
1182:
1171:
1163:
1138:
1126:. Retrieved
1121:
1111:
1099:. Retrieved
1094:
1084:
1072:. Retrieved
1067:
1044:
1039:, p. 50
1037:Bagnell 2001
1032:
1027:, p. 44
1025:Bagnell 2001
1020:
1015:, p. 41
1013:Bagnell 2001
1000:, p. 36
998:Bagnell 2001
977:
971:
959:. Retrieved
952:the original
947:
919:. Retrieved
914:
905:
893:. Retrieved
888:
864:. Retrieved
859:
835:. Retrieved
831:the original
826:
816:
811:, p. 33
809:Bagnell 2001
792:
785:. Retrieved
779:
754:. Retrieved
750:
721:. Retrieved
717:the original
712:
684:. Retrieved
680:the original
675:
650:. Retrieved
645:
636:
624:. Retrieved
619:
598:
597:
554:Orphan train
503:
494:
482:
471:
463:
448:
435:
431:Gordon Brown
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404:
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368:Jason Kenney
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133:Spitalfields
115:
88:
71:
57:Jason Kenney
53:Gordon Brown
47:
33:
32:
18:
2213:Mary Norris
1880:Child abuse
1803:South Korea
1793:Philippines
1759:foster care
1277:7 September
1251:7 September
1207:26 February
1074:15 November
921:15 November
866:15 November
787:7 September
756:7 September
620:TheStar.com
528:Child abuse
397:Canada Post
113:in Canada.
99:Cape Colony
2237:Categories
1905:Disruption
1404:1316620301
1389:1784742686
1302:2 November
984:, England.
961:24 January
895:7 February
626:22 October
594:References
578:La Réunion
376:in-Council
324:Kevin Rudd
151:Barnardo's
146:Belleville
2155:Devshirme
2078:Fosterage
1996:(Ontario)
1990:(Ontario)
1935:Australia
1875:Aging out
1819:Australia
1783:Guatemala
1773:Australia
1500:Belonging
1324:3 January
948:pier21.ca
300:Australia
191:The Times
182:Liverpool
125:Maria Rye
2014:(Russia)
1755:Adoption
1720:' story.
1672:Archived
1549:(2010).
1181:E-laws,
1068:BBC News
978:The Star
915:BBC News
889:BBC News
860:BBC News
837:24 April
723:24 April
686:25 April
511:See also
167:Montreal
163:Knowlton
79:Aberdeen
36:was the
27:Manitoba
2062:History
2031:(India)
2008:(India)
1398:(2016)
652:7 April
401:Ontario
159:Ontario
129:slavery
107:Toronto
63:History
1945:Europe
1940:Brazil
1843:Issues
1824:Canada
1778:France
1714:(2010)
1705:(1992)
1696:(1987)
1564:
1551:review
1525:
1506:
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1464:
1445:
1402:
1387:
1377:
1355:
1271:Gov.uk
1247:. 2011
1116:Anon.
1089:Anon.
670:Anon.
582:Creuse
403:, the
355:. The
331:Canada
95:London
1788:Italy
1687:Films
1296:(PDF)
1128:8 May
1101:8 May
955:(PDF)
944:(PDF)
599:Notes
518:Abuse
458:Media
445:Today
2054:(US)
2048:(US)
2037:(US)
2020:(US)
2002:(US)
1981:Laws
1757:and
1562:ISBN
1523:ISBN
1504:ISBN
1485:ISBN
1462:ISBN
1443:ISBN
1400:ISBN
1385:ISBN
1375:ISBN
1353:ISBN
1326:2022
1304:2023
1279:2022
1253:2022
1209:2010
1130:2010
1103:2010
1076:2009
963:2017
923:2009
897:2019
868:2009
839:2010
793:SPON
789:2022
758:2022
725:2010
688:2010
654:2009
628:2013
580:and
391:The
378:or -
257:The
188:and
155:Galt
109:and
89:The
157:in
2239::
1611:,
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760:.
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374:-
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
