Cinema of Hong Kong

320: 2517: 2053: 1173:, the dialect of most Hong Kong natives. The distinction between the two languages is in sound. During the silent film age the written language was Chinese and was known to all, no matter the language spoken. Subtitles allow both markets access to films. Mandarin movies sometimes had much higher budgets and more lavish production. Reasons included their enormous export market and the expertise and capital of the Shanghai filmmakers. For decades to come, Cantonese films, though sometimes more numerous, were relegated to second-tier status. 2174:

into freefall. Revenues were cut in half. By the decade's end, the number of films produced in a typical year dropped from an early 1990s high of well over 200 to somewhere around 100 (a large part of this reduction was in the "Category III" softcore pornography area.) American blockbuster imports began to regularly top the box office for the first time in decades. Ironically, this was the same period during which Hong Kong cinema emerged into mainstream visibility in the U.S. and began exporting popular figures to Hollywood.

8904: 1133: 7105: 1517: 2241: 9303: 2531: 7051: 9313: 1895: 196: 8890: 2545: 134: 35: 1859: 1208: 937: 76: 1750: 908:) was a theatrical colleague of Liang Shaobo's who would become known as the "Father of Hong Kong Cinema". In another borrowing from opera, Lai played the role of wife himself. His brother played the role of husband, and his wife a supporting role as a maid, making her the first Chinese woman to act in a Chinese film, a milestone delayed by longstanding taboos regarding female performers. 1461:

no films in the local dialect were made. The Shaws saw their longtime rival Cathay ceasing film production, leaving themselves the only megastudio. The martial arts subgenre of the kung fu movie exploded into popularity internationally, with the Shaws driving and dominating the wave. But changes were beginning that would greatly alter the industry by the end of the decade.

1391:(1964). This set of movies was partly spoken in Cantonese and partly spoken in Mandarin. The set of movies portrayed differences between Northern and Southern China; in addition to the language differences, the movies also depicted cultural aspects such as weddings and food. The movies' main theme was a kind of cultural integration between North and South. 799:, for example) or international co-productions ("crossovers") aimed at the global market, can go as high as US$ 20 million or more, but these are rare exceptions. Hong Kong productions can nevertheless achieve a level of gloss and lavishness greater than these numbers might suggest, given factors such as lower wages and value of the Hong Kong dollar. 2232:

from industry participants, and less than enthusiastic reception from financial institutions who perceive investment in local films as high risk ventures with little collateral. Film guarantee legal documents commissioned by the Hong Kong Government in late April 2003 are based on Canadian documents, which have limited relevance to the local industry.

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the mainland and Hong Kong industries are ever more blurred, especially now that China is producing increasing numbers of slick, mass-appeal popular films. Predictions are notoriously difficult in this rapidly changing part of the world, but the trend may be towards a more pan-Chinese cinema, as existed in the first half of the twentieth century.

671:, and the second largest exporter. Despite an industry crisis starting in the mid-1990s and Hong Kong's transfer to Chinese sovereignty in July 1997, Hong Kong film has retained much of its distinctive identity and continues to play a prominent part on the world cinema stage. In the West, Hong Kong's vigorous pop cinema (especially 763:. Many, if not most, movie stars have recording sidelines, and vice versa; this has been a key marketing strategy in an entertainment industry where American-style, multimedia advertising campaigns have until recently been little used. In the current commercially troubled climate, the casting of young Cantopop idols (such as 5756:. Quarry Bay, Hong Kong: South China Morning Post Ltd., 1982. "The book is actually an updated, enlarged and revised edition of 'Flashbacks' which was first published in 1979. I have decided to change the book's title because it now has widened its scope in the world of cinema."—From the book's introduction. 2455:

Still, some observers believe that, given the depressed state of the industry and the rapidly strengthening economic and political ties among Hong Kong, mainland China and Taiwan, the distinctive entity of Hong Kong cinema that emerged after World War II may have a limited lifespan. The lines between

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During this period, the Hong Kong industry was one of the few in the world that thrived in the face of the increasing global dominance of Hollywood. Indeed, it came to exert a comparable dominance in its own region of the world. The regional audience had always been vital, but now more than ever Hong

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told the story of a triple murder in Hong Kong, as well as a story about an unfaithful wife humiliating her husband. The Shaw Brothers' films attracted audiences with bizarre true stories featuring erotic and violent scenes. Their films also portrayed the ordinary aspects of Hong Kongers' lives, such

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According to Paul McDonald, a star system emerged in Hollywood as talent scouts, coaches, and publicists were involved with finding performers and making them into stars. In the vertically integrated Hollywood film industry of the 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s, these responsibilities were all undertaken by

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initially made US$ 1.4 million at the Hong Kong box office, becoming the highest-grossing film up to that point. The Hui movies also broke ground by satirising the modern reality of an ascendant middle class, whose long work hours and dreams of material success were transforming the colony into

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Mandarin-dialect film in general and the Shaw Brothers studio in particular began the 1970s in apparent positions of unassailable strength. Cantonese cinema virtually vanished in the face of Mandarin studios and Cantonese television, which became available to the general population in 1967; in 1972

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Postwar Hong Kong cinema, like postwar Hong Kong industries in general, was catalysed by the continuing influx of capital and talents from Mainland China. The Hong Kong population in 1940 was around 1 million and rose to around 3.9 million in 1967; the population increased around 2.9 million during

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Note that "very year, since 1978, the HKIFF has published both a catalog of films released that year and a retrospective book—and sometimes, special interest publication or two in the form of books and pamphlets. In 1996, a 10th Anniversary special was issued, and from 1997 onward, there have been

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During the 1990s, the Hong Kong film industry underwent a drastic decline from which it has not recovered. Domestic ticket sales had already started to drop in the late 1980s, but the regional audience kept the industry booming into the early years of the next decade. But by the mid-1990s, it went

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tyro who symbolised that movement's absorption into the mainstream, becoming the industry's central trendsetter and technical experimenter The even more prolific Wong is, by most accounts, the most commercially successful and critically reviled Hong Kong filmmaker of the last two decades, with his

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became a local staple (the name is a contraction of a Chinese phrase implying seductive decadence). Such material did not suffer as much of a stigma in Hong Kong as in most Western countries; it was more or less part of the mainstream, sometimes featuring contributions from major directors such as

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Meanwhile, the explosions of Cantonese and kung fu and the success of Golden Harvest created more space for independent producers and production companies. The era of the studio juggernauts was past. The Shaws nevertheless continued film production until 1985 before turning entirely to television.

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The Hong Kong Government, in April 2003, introduced a Film Guarantee Fund as an incentive to local banks to become involved in the motion picture industry. The guarantee operates to secure a percentage of monies loaned by banks to film production companies. The Fund has received a mixed reception

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A cinema of greater technical polish and more sophisticated visual style, including the first forays into up-to-date special effects technology, sprang up quickly. To this surface dazzle, the new cinema added an eclectic mixing and matching of genres, and a penchant for pushing the boundaries of

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and the Hui Brothers, and allowed them greater creative latitude than was traditional. California-born, Bruce Lee only found minor roles in U.S. films and television at first, as foreign actors were often criticized and not widely accepted by the audience during the 1970s in North America. Bruce

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language have been made in Hong Kong since the beginning. In the 1950s, it also became a center of Mandarin-language filmmaking after the Communist takeover in mainland China and the entertainment industry shifted from Shanghai to Hong Kong. From the 1960s to mid-1970s, Mandarin film productions

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for mainland China and Taiwan). Many busy stars would not even record their own dialogue, but would be dubbed by a lesser-known performer. Shooting without sound also contributed to an improvisatory filmmaking approach. Movies often went into production without finished scripts, with scenes and

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and generally outré films; however, while considered graphic by Chinese standards, these films would be more on par with movies rated "R" or "NC-17" in the United States, and not "XXX". By the height of the boom in the early 1990s, roughly half of the theatrical features produced were Category

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introduced a new national security policy. This law passed on 27 October 2021. It gives the chief secretary the power to revoke a film's licence if it is found to "endorse, support, glorify, encourage and incite activities that might endanger national security". Under the new law, the maximum

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In June 2023, more films were censored by the OFNAA at a local Hong Kong film festival. In June 2023, the OFNAA said that the Film Censorship Ordinance, which stipulates that films must be pre-approved by the OFNAA before public release, did not apply to films produced by the government.

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afterwards. In the hectic and low-budget industry, this method was faster and more cost-efficient than recording live sound, particularly when using performers from different dialect regions; it also helped facilitate dubbing into other languages for the vital export market (for example,

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put a large crimp in the development of cinema in Hong Kong, as Germany was the source of the colony's film stock. It was not until 1923 that Lai, his brother and their cousin joined with Liang Shaobo to form Hong Kong's first entirely Chinese-owned-and-operated production company, the

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film remained popular despite government hostility, and the British colony of Hong Kong became a place where both of these trends could be freely served. Tianyi soon moved the entire film production operation from Shanghai to Hong Kong and reorganised Tianyi into Nanyang

891:. The director was stage actor and director Liang Shaobo. The producer was an American, Benjamin Brodsky (sometimes transliterated 'Polaski'), one of a number of Westerners who helped jumpstart Chinese film through their efforts to crack China's vast potential market. 1545:

expressed that the true orientals were not shown, especially in Hollywood, and most audiences still viewed Asian people as stereotypes (e.g. with flat eyes and pigtails). Moreover, the directors usually got him to do something just to be exotic. When Golden Harvest's

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Lee's death under mysterious circumstances made him a cult hero. Lee played a key role in opening foreign markets to Hong Kong films. Lee's films, enjoyed throughout the Third World, were often taken as symbolising the rebellious pride of insurgent Asia.

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penalties for showing unapproved films are three years in jail and a fine of HK$ 1 million. Critics like professor Kenny Ng and filmmaker Kiwi Chow voice concerns of its political censorship, spurring fears the new law would dampen the film industry.

2247:, a Hong Kong actor, singer, lyricist, and film producer. He has been one of Hong Kong's most commercially successful film actors since the mid-1980s, performing in more than 160 films while maintaining a successful singing career at the same time. 774:

In the small and tightly knit industry, actors (as well as other personnel, such as directors) are kept very busy. During previous boom periods, the number of movies made by a successful figure in a single year could routinely reach double digits.

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stage often brought their audiences with them to the screen. For the past three or four decades, television has been a major launching pad for movie stardom, through acting courses and widely watched drama, comedy and variety series offered by the

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the studios themselves. The studios made the stars and, due to notoriously restrictive terms imposed by exclusive services contracts, the studios also owned the stars. As is common in commercial cinema, the industry's heart is a highly developed

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The 1980s and early 1990s saw seeds planted in the 1970s come to full flower: the triumph of Cantonese, the birth of a new and modern cinema, superpower status in the East Asian market, and the turning of the West's attention to Hong Kong film.

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By the end of the 1970s, Golden Harvest was the top studio, signing with Jackie Chan, the kung fu comedy actor-filmmaker who would spend the next 20 years as Asia's biggest box office draw. Raymond Chow built upon Lee's success with

1184:(also known as Kenneth Ip), the reason for the inclusion of English subtitles must have been to target overseas audiences, while Chinese subtitles were added to reach those who could read Chinese, but could not understand Cantonese. 1152:

victory. These events definitively shifted the center of Chinese-language cinema to Hong Kong. The colony also did big business exporting films to Southeast Asian countries (especially but not exclusively due to their large Chinese

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of all films in English, supposedly to enable a watch on political content. And that making a virtue of necessity, studios included Chinese subtitles as well, enabling easier access to their movies for speakers of other dialects.

865:, particularly the city of Shanghai, which was then the movie capital of the Chinese-speaking world. Very little of this work is extant: one count finds only four films remaining out of over 500 produced in Hong Kong before 2394:(2004); these used digital special effects to push his distinctive humor into new realms of the surreal and became the territory's two highest-grossing films to date, garnering numerous awards locally and internationally. 694:

Unlike many film industries, Hong Kong has enjoyed little or no direct government support, through either subsidies or import quotas. It is a thoroughly commercial cinema: highly corporate, concentrating on crowd-pleasing

1540:. The upstart's more flexible and less tightfisted approach to the business outmaneuvered the Shaws' old-style studio. Chow and Ho landed contracts with rising young performers who had fresh ideas for the industry, like 5314:

yearly 'Panorama' special interest books in addition to the annual catalogs, retrospective books, and occasional pamphlets. In 2003, the HKIFF started carrying publications of the Hong Kong Film Archive, as well."—

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Hong Kong film derives a number of elements from Hollywood, such as certain genre parameters, a "thrill-a-minute" philosophy and fast pacing and film editing. But the borrowings are filtered through elements from

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virus outbreak kept many theatres virtually empty for a time and shut down film production for four months; only fifty-four movies were made. The unrelated deaths of two of Hong Kong's famous singer–actors,

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Since the mid-1990s, the trend has withered with the shrinking of the general Hong Kong film market and the wider availability of pornography in home video formats. But in 2000s, three Category III movies:

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dialogue concocted on the set; especially low-budget productions on tight schedules might even have actors mouth silently or simply count numbers, with actual dialogue created only in the editing process.

3507: 2137:. Like the New Wavers, they tended to be graduates of overseas film schools and local television apprenticeships, and to be interested in going beyond the usual, commercial subject matters and styles. 3586: 881:, for centuries the dominant form of dramatic entertainment. Opera scenes were the source for what are generally credited as the first movies made in Hong Kong, two 1909 short comedies entitled 9278: 1301:(MP&GI, later renamed Cathay) were the top studios by the 1960s, and bitter rivals. The Shaws gained the upper hand in 1964 after the death in a plane crash of MP&GI founder and head 4415: 1508:

a modern industrial and corporate giant. Cantonese comedy thrived and Cantonese production skyrocketed; Mandarin hung on into the early 1980s, but has been relatively rare onscreen since.

1478:, the only Cantonese film made in 1973, a resounding hit. It was based on a well-known play and produced by the Shaws as a showcase for performers from their pioneering television station 4471: 4387: 1214:, an actress, singer and businesswoman. She starred in various films in throughout the 1950s and 1960s, and is considered to have been one of Hong Kong's biggest stars of the period. 4278: 2908: 4213: 599: 2842: 1110:

in December 1941. But unlike on the Mainland, the occupiers were not able to put together a collaborationist film industry. They managed to complete just one propaganda movie,

1087:. "National defense" films—patriotic war stories about Chinese resisting the Japanese invasion—became one of Hong Kong's major genres; notable titles included Kwan Man Ching's 787:. A major release with a big star, aimed at "hit" status, will typically cost around US$ 5 million. A low-budget feature can go well below US$ 1 million. Occasional 723:. This, combined with a fast and loose approach to the filmmaking process, contributes to the energy and surreal imagination that foreign audiences note in Hong Kong cinema. 4359: 981: 1469:

Paradoxically, television would soon contribute to the revival of Cantonese in a movement towards more down-to-earth movies about modern Hong Kong life and average people.

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In 2017, the box office gross was HK$ 1.85 billion compared with HK$ 1.95 billion in 2016. 331 films were released in 2017, dropped from 348 the year before.

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Cheuk-to, Li (September–October 2004). "The Former Colony's Recent Cinema Continues to Reflect Its Uneasy Relationship with Mainland China and Its Uncertain Future".

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The postwar era also cemented the bifurcation of the industry into two parallel cinemas, one in Mandarin, the dominant dialect of the Mainland emigres, and one in

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was the only film made by Chinese American Film, founded by Lai and Brodsky as the first movie studio in Hong Kong, and was never actually shown in the territory.

3665: 1885:. It specialised in contemporary comedy and action, slickly produced according to explicitly prescribed commercial formulas. The lavish, effects-filled spy spoof 1404:

movies from Japan, as well as by the loss of movie audiences to television. This marked the crucial turn of the industry from a female-centric genre system to an

86: 9017: 4328: 3517: 3596: 9227: 3294: 1120:) before the British returned in 1945. A more important move by the Japanese may have been to melt down many of Hong Kong's pre-war films to extract their 2875: 2728: 6508: 4008: 2780: 2702: 1071:

and constituted the leading genre of the 1930s. Major studios that thrived in this period were Grandview, Universal, and Nanyang (which later became the

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Almost accidentally, Hong Kong also reached further into the West, building upon the attention gained during the 1970s kung fu craze. Availability in

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came close to extinction under the onslaught of Hong Kong imports. They even found a foothold in Japan, with its own highly developed and well-funded

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Director Lung Kong blended these trends into the social-issue dramas which he had already made his speciality with late 1960s Cantonese classics like

9288: 6074:("The Fierce Dragon Swim Across the Waters"). Florence: Tarab Edizioni, 1998. A "little handbook" about (selected) kung-fu movies released in Italy. 1007:

or Nationalist Party wanted to enforce a "Mandarin-only" policy and was hostile to Cantonese filmmaking in China. It also banned the wildly popular

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in 1988 had a certainly unintended effect on subsequent trends. The "Category III" (adults-only) rating became an umbrella for the rapid growth of

1103:(1938). The genre and the film industry were further boosted by emigre film artists and companies when Shanghai was taken by the Japanese in 1937. 2812: 6503: 3651: 3572: 2251:

Efforts by local filmmakers to refinish their product have had mixed results overall. These include technically glossier visuals, including much

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McDonald, Paul (2000). "The Star System: The Production of Hollywood Stardom in the Post-Studio Era". In McDonald, Paul; Wasko, Janet (eds.).

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The rapidly growing permissiveness in film content that was general in much of the world affected Hong Kong film as well. A genre of softcore

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filming grew in the late 1990s and this method is now the norm, partly because of a widespread public association with higher quality cinema.

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The second half of the 1980s also saw the emergence of what is sometimes called a "Second Wave". These younger directors included names like

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Taylor, Jeremy (2008). "From transnationalism to nativism? The rise, decline and reinvention of a regional Hokkien entertainment industry".

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attracted by their "exotic" qualities and excesses. An emergence into the wider popular culture gradually followed over the coming years.

1503:(1974): "Films by devoted young people with you in mind." This move back to the local audience for Hong Kong cinema paid off immediately. 7123: 6488: 2898: 2259:

music stars. Successful genre cycles in the late 1990s and early 2000s have included: American-styled, high-tech action pictures such as

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in the mid-1990s, has had considerable critical and commercial success, especially with offbeat and character-driven crime films like

6331: 2834: 900:(1913), which also took its story from the opera stage, was helmed by a stage director and featured Brodsky's involvement. Director 2382:, was based on this movie). Comedian Stephen Chow, the most consistently popular screen star of the 1990s, directed and starred in 1400:

films with glossier production values, acrobatic moves and stronger violence. The trend was inspired by the popularity of imported

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Lee, Amy (2010). "Narratives as tools for interpretation: Hong Kong life through the Cinema of Hong Kong lens of 1970s' cinema".

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An increasingly cosmopolitan, upwardly mobile Hong Kong middle class that often looks down upon local films as cheap and tawdry.

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and especially comedy. Violence also grew more intense and graphic, particularly at the instigation of martial arts filmmakers.

232: 7800: 7577: 6783: 6621: 6348: 6308: 1964: 1633:, 1972), each of which broke Hong Kong box office records. Bruce Lee appeared with minor Hollywood actors in the larger budget 1177: 6258:, a growing collection of full-text publications (currently 1,850+) published between 1946 and 1997. Developed by HKBU Library 6000: 5941: 5578: 5364: 4876: 4704: 4619: 4595: 3991: 3491: 3327: 3288: 3249: 3112: 3036: 2643: 2631: 7017: 4416:"Short film screening axed after failing to get censors' approval despite adding nat'l security poster to 'seditious' scene" 4236: 2668: 1485:

The return of Cantonese really took off with the comedies of former TVB stars the Hui Brothers (actor-director-screenwriter

8942: 8515: 2491: 1958: 1562:, took in HK$ 838,067, ranking at #33 in the Hong Kong box office for that year. Following its success, Shaw Brothers made 756: 682:

Economically, the film industry together with the value added of cultural and creative industries represents 5 per cent of

239: 213: 48: 7139: 7071: 4279:"Hong Kong passes bill to censor films 'contrary' to China's national security - HK$ 1m fine, 3 years jail for offenders" 4190: 4148: 3761: 1555:, 1971) came into theatres, it jump-started Lee's career into stardom and made martial arts and kung fu a global trend. 9192: 8292: 6872: 6659: 4472:"Film censorship law does not apply to gov't, Hong Kong censor says after police publicity movie shown without vetting" 1684: 1230:(Yam–Pak for short). Yam specialised in male scholar roles to Pak's female leads. They made over fifty films together, 2212:

to China, was not as much of a boom as hoped, and presented its own problems, particularly with regard to censorship.

999:, in Shanghai. This film proved to be very successful, and in 1934, they established a branch of the Tianyi Studio in 7086: 7076: 7032: 6178: 6143: 6125: 6107: 6089: 6061: 6043: 6018: 5992: 5974: 5966: 5923: 5901: 5869: 5851: 5824: 5791: 5776: 5768: 5746: 5731: 5723: 5690: 5675: 5660: 5645: 5630: 5615: 5607: 5592: 5563: 5555: 5540: 5519: 5504: 5496: 5488: 5473: 5458: 5450: 5428: 5413: 5405: 5390: 5382: 5342: 5318: 5299: 5284: 5276: 5261: 5246: 5231: 5216: 5201: 5193: 5163: 5148: 5140: 5125: 5107: 5082: 5046: 5038: 5023: 5008: 5000: 4985: 4966: 4958: 4943: 4921: 4906: 4891: 4861: 4846: 4831: 4801: 4774: 4747: 4723: 4681: 4557: 4538: 4515: 3915: 3745: 3365: 2989: 2293: 297: 279: 246: 177: 115: 62: 4388:"Screening of Taiwanese documentary axed at Hong Kong film festival after censors request removal of protest scenes" 159: 9237: 8693: 7091: 6601: 6365: 921: 17: 3425: 963:, one of the most widely spoken, and political factors on the Mainland provided other opportunities. In 1932, the 7514: 7509: 7504: 7499: 7494: 7489: 7484: 7479: 7474: 7469: 7464: 7459: 7454: 7449: 7444: 7439: 7434: 7429: 7424: 7419: 7414: 7409: 7404: 7399: 7394: 7389: 7384: 7379: 7374: 7369: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7324: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7264: 7259: 7254: 7249: 7244: 7239: 7234: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7081: 6763: 6513: 994: 6215: 228: 7066: 6697: 6631: 6576: 6276: 5356: 2865: 2724: 1741:

that would come from outside the traditional studio hierarchy and point to new possibilities for the industry.

824:. Cantonese films made a comeback in the 1970s, and since the 1980s, films have been made mostly in Cantonese. 617: 217: 144: 5292:"Hollywood of the East" in the Making: The Cathay Organization Vs. the Shaw Organization in Post-War Hong Kong 4884:

The Hong Kong Filmography 1977–1997: A Complete Reference to 1,100 Films Produced by British Hong Kong Studios

2776: 2698: 6758: 6523: 6483: 6478: 6458: 6038:("Hollywood of the East: the Cinema of Hong Kong from the Beginning to John Woo"). Bologna: PuntoZero, 1996. 3387: 1827:

became at least as important a market to Hong Kong film as the local one; in the early 1990s the once-robust

6128:. Notes: At head of title: Comune di Parma, Assessorato Alla Cultura, Ufficio Cinema; Cineclub Black Maria. 5316:

Bibliography of Hong Kong International Film Festival Retrospective Books Related to Hong Kong Action Cinema

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Moguls of the Chinese Cinema: The Story of the Shaw Brothers in Shanghai, Hong Kong and Singapore, 1924–2002

9337: 8477: 8394: 8364: 8318: 7025: 6959: 6922: 6819: 6551: 6353: 6227: 4360:"Screening of Batman film scrapped after Hong Kong censors say it is 'not appropriate' for outdoor showing" 2754: 2603: 2303: 512: 4444:"3 film festival movies feature 'black images and muted sound,' after Hong Kong gov't censors demand cuts" 4099:

Hanke, Robert (1999). "John Woo's Cinema of Hyperkinetic Violence: From "A Better Tomorrow to Face/Off"".

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failed to get approval from the OFNAA, allegedly because the film showed a flag that said "100% freedom."

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In the second half of the 1960s, the Shaws inaugurated a new generation of more intense, less fantastical

9027: 8713: 8437: 7544: 6788: 6730: 6438: 6233: 3360: 3066: 2578: 2418:; this movie received very positive reviews in the United States, with a more than 90% "Fresh" rating on 2043:(1996). Films depicting Triad rituals would also receive a Category III rating, an example of this being 1922: 1901:, a veteran Hong Kong feature film actor and film producer with over 92 films acting credits to his name. 788: 784: 664: 464: 3931:

Kwok Wah Lau, Jenny (1998). "Besides Fists and Blood: Hong Kong Comedy and Its Master of the Eighties".

2255:; greater use of Hollywood-style mass marketing techniques; and heavy reliance on casting teen-friendly 8873: 8482: 8399: 8323: 7570: 6778: 6692: 6493: 6463: 6433: 5985:

Die Knochenbrecher mit der Todeskralle: Bruce Lee und der "Drunken Master" – Legenden des Eastern-Films

5532: 3430: 2803: 2430: 2252: 1870: 1737:. They are also widely considered forerunners of the last major milestone of the decade, the so-called 329: 6194: 1191:(1999) and "Yang, 2003" falsely claim that the British authorities passed a law in 1963 requiring the 9137: 8858: 8637: 8550: 8124: 6942: 6897: 6837: 6814: 6768: 6498: 6468: 6443: 6269: 3831: 3811: 3791: 1537: 1017:

swordplay and fantasy, accusing it of promoting superstition and violent anarchy. Cantonese film and

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Eastern Standard Time: A Guide to Asian Influence on American Culture from Astro Boy to Zen Buddhism

8959: 8935: 7113: 6852: 6725: 6616: 6606: 6473: 6203: 6138:("All the Cinema of Hong Kong: Styles, Characters, Authors"). Milan: Baldini & Castoldi, 1999. 4507: 3907: 3737: 3455: 2598: 2195:

A costly early 1990s boom in building of modern multiplexes and an attendant rise in ticket prices.

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produced a special set of romantic movies which was called Southern and Northern. The first one is

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that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.

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continued to earn acclaim with personal and political films made at the edges of the mainstream.

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Jarvie, Ian C. "The Social and Cultural Significance of the Decline of the Cantonese Movie",

5031:

Sex and Zen & A Bullet in the Head: The Essential Guide to Hong Kong's Mind-bending Films

3317: 3102: 3026: 2626: 2448: 2424: 2209: 2192:

Overproduction, attended by a drop in quality control and an exhaustion of overused formulas.

1990: 1978:

movies of the 1970s. A definitive example of a mainstream Category III hit was Michael Mak's

1878: 1625: 883: 624:) is one of the three major threads in the history of Chinese-language cinema, alongside the 573: 517: 459: 325: 151: 93: 5697:

Silbergeld, Jerome; Wei Yang (10 August 2004). "A Selected Bibliography of Chinese Cinema".

3899: 3729: 1330:(1963) remains the classic of the genre. Historical costume epics often overlapped with the 663:

For decades, Hong Kong was the third largest motion picture industry in the world following

9197: 9172: 9087: 9067: 8987: 8977: 8683: 8632: 8565: 8545: 8205: 8182: 8172: 8167: 8162: 7962: 7932: 7744: 7678: 7539: 6907: 6829: 6773: 6740: 6715: 6684: 6448: 6318: 6303: 6102:("The Cinema of Hong Kong: Swords, Kung Fu, Guns, Ghosts"). Recco (Genova): Le Mani, 1997. 4696: 4476: 4448: 4420: 4392: 4364: 4283: 2993: 2400: 2140:

These artists began to earn Hong Kong unprecedented attention and respect in international

2066: 1294: 1072: 964: 944: 832: 683: 568: 553: 527: 473: 5864:. Les élémentaires – une encyclopédie vivante series. Montréal: L'Ile de la tortue, 1999. 2215:

The industry had one of its darkest years in 2003. In addition to the continuing slump, a

869:. Detailed accounts of this period therefore have inherent limitations and uncertainties. 734:

1.379 billion. There were 56 Hong Kong films and 220 foreign films released in 2011.

8: 9257: 9162: 9157: 9037: 8928: 8815: 8793: 8738: 8462: 8267: 8192: 8129: 8109: 8081: 8037: 7683: 6669: 6566: 6546: 6360: 6245: 5054:

Window on Hong Kong: A Sociological Study of the Hong Kong Film Industry and Its Audience

3900: 3730: 2573: 2442: 2369: 2323: 2271: 2153: 1499: 1497:). The rationale behind the move to Cantonese was clear in the trailer for the brothers' 1376: 1298: 1170: 1107: 968: 434: 429: 9177: 9132: 9112: 9102: 9002: 8783: 8768: 8758: 8572: 8555: 8487: 8406: 8359: 8134: 8119: 8104: 8069: 7924: 7909: 7836: 7795: 7718: 7703: 7668: 7658: 7534: 6979: 6952: 6947: 6927: 6917: 6809: 6626: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6206:—The largest and most comprehensive database of Hong Kong cinema in English and Chinese 5335:

Cinemas, Film Production & Distribution in China & Hong Kong: A Market Analysis

4794:

Once Upon a Time in China: A Guide to Hong Kong, Taiwanese, and Mainland Chinese Cinema

4673: 4656: 4241: 4110: 3950: 3868: 3083: 2807: 2593: 2103: 2021: 1914: 1738: 1418: 1270: 977: 960: 808: 747: 522: 502: 497: 444: 5102:. Hong Kong in Pictorials Series. Hong Kong: Joint Publishing (H.K.) Co., Ltd., 1992. 2052: 9312: 9202: 9117: 9097: 8982: 8972: 8788: 8777: 8763: 8743: 8703: 8620: 8610: 8605: 8587: 8520: 8510: 8452: 8447: 8442: 8432: 8427: 8411: 8384: 8374: 8369: 8354: 8257: 8220: 8210: 8200: 8139: 7869: 7841: 7769: 7764: 7754: 7688: 7663: 7642: 7637: 7622: 6857: 6720: 6571: 6343: 6174: 6139: 6121: 6103: 6085: 6057: 6039: 6014: 5996: 5988: 5970: 5962: 5937: 5919: 5897: 5865: 5847: 5820: 5787: 5772: 5764: 5742: 5727: 5719: 5686: 5671: 5656: 5641: 5626: 5611: 5603: 5588: 5574: 5559: 5551: 5536: 5515: 5500: 5492: 5484: 5469: 5454: 5446: 5424: 5409: 5401: 5386: 5378: 5360: 5338: 5295: 5294:. : Centre for China Urban and Regional Studies, Hong Kong Baptist University, 2004. 5280: 5272: 5257: 5242: 5227: 5212: 5197: 5189: 5159: 5144: 5136: 5121: 5103: 5078: 5042: 5034: 5019: 5004: 4996: 4981: 4962: 4954: 4939: 4917: 4902: 4887: 4872: 4857: 4842: 4827: 4797: 4780: 4770: 4763: 4743: 4719: 4700: 4677: 4615: 4591: 4553: 4534: 4511: 4305: 4214:"The Hong Kong Second Wave and their Fascination with the 1960s [DCCFF 2017]" 4133: 4013: 3987: 3975: 3911: 3872: 3741: 3487: 3323: 3284: 3245: 3108: 3087: 3032: 2985: 2563: 2160:

in the 1990s have made him an internationally acclaimed and award-winning filmmaker.

2012: 1774: 1693: 1238: 1145: 837: 641: 637: 492: 346: 656:, and developed into a filmmaking hub for the Chinese-speaking world (including its 9247: 9182: 9147: 9082: 9062: 9052: 9012: 8992: 8748: 8708: 8676: 8671: 8615: 8560: 8535: 8525: 8472: 8467: 8457: 8389: 8379: 8339: 8313: 8287: 8252: 8247: 8235: 8215: 8027: 8012: 7937: 7914: 7790: 7713: 7708: 7607: 6937: 6902: 6847: 6702: 6596: 6336: 5174: 4611: 4530: 4065: 3979: 3942: 3860: 3075: 2583: 2536: 2360: 2354: 2277: 2098:

In this landscape of pulp, there remained some ground for an alternative cinema or

2033: 1828: 1791: 1635: 905: 719:, particularly a penchant for stylisation and a disregard for Western standards of 657: 645: 629: 487: 3451:"Translators battle bad subtitles that lead to poor perception of Hong Kong films" 1918:

relentless output of aggressively crowd-pleasing and cannily marketed pulp films.

1891:(1982) and its numerous sequels epitomised the much-imitated "Cinema City style". 9207: 9167: 9142: 9122: 9057: 9032: 9022: 9007: 8830: 8753: 8698: 8577: 8530: 8492: 8297: 8282: 8272: 8099: 8064: 8042: 7997: 7982: 7977: 7957: 7947: 7942: 7892: 7887: 7877: 7815: 7759: 7749: 7734: 7698: 7673: 7632: 7627: 7597: 6735: 5436:

The Chinese Silver Screen; Hong Kong & Taiwanese Motion Pictures in the 1960s

5350: 5322: 4929:

The Chinese silver screen: Hong Kong & Taiwanese motion pictures in the 1960s

4185: 3864: 3000: 2981: 2972: 2676: 2568: 2482: 2419: 2130: 1832: 1723: 1430: 1326: 1219: 1060: 861:

During its early history, Hong Kong's cinema played second fiddle to that of the

821: 700: 679:, which is now a part of the cultural mainstream, widely available and imitated. 625: 537: 507: 8903: 1132: 9127: 9092: 9047: 9042: 8951: 8863: 8853: 8820: 8773: 8688: 8582: 8262: 8230: 8225: 8114: 8032: 8022: 8007: 7992: 7860: 7805: 7774: 5711: 4953:. Hong Kong: Film Biweekly Publishing House, 1998; Odyssey Publications, 1999. 4849:. Contains reviews, but is best for its Hong Kong Film Personalities Directory. 4579: 4101: 3933: 2390: 2384: 2335: 2309: 2141: 2039: 1995: 1887: 1718: 1310: 1282: 1211: 1121: 862: 720: 676: 649: 633: 7104: 3625: 3540: 3079: 1192: 319: 9331: 9306: 8240: 8052: 8017: 5169:

Stringer, Julian. "Problems with the Treatment of Hong Kong Cinema as Camp".

4634:

Dianying/Electric Shadows: An Account of Films and the Film Audience in China

4587: 4180: 4153: 4021: 3769: 2373: 2221: 2157: 2149: 2082: 1836: 1676: 1672: 1516: 1341: 1321: 1305:. The renamed Cathay faltered, ceasing film production in 1970 (Yang, 2003). 1277:

of home and family life, including the dramatisation of sibling rivalries in

1250: 1246: 1242: 878: 813: 751: 712: 668: 333: 4784: 1777:

and cops-and-criminals varieties) ruled, occasionally all in the same film.

1364:, which were a particular speciality of MP&GI/Cathay in entries such as 1265:(swordplay) serials with special effects drawn on the film by hand, such as 8908: 8047: 8002: 7987: 7972: 7586: 6255: 4973: 4647: 3006: 2903: 2558: 2522: 2378: 2186: 2145: 2134: 2126: 2118: 2005: 2000: 1985: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1913:

can be singled out as definitive figures of this era. Tsui was a notorious

1729: 1640: 1615: 1605: 1547: 1529: 1361: 1340:(1959). (Both of the above examples were directed by Shaw's star director, 1302: 1227: 1180:

come with subtitles, although there is no law requiring them. According to

1014: 866: 796: 768: 6224:—Reviews the vast majority of the movies currently coming out of Hong Kong 5812:. Miami, Florida: Vital Sounds Inc./Asian Trash Cinema Publications, 1995. 5315: 3355: 1925:" movie trend launched by director John Woo, producer and long-time actor 1148:(which had been on hold during the fight against Japan) and then the 1949 9316: 8894: 8848: 8057: 6994: 5548:

Hong Kong Film, Hollywood and the New Global Cinema: No Film Is an Island

5095: 2550: 2358:(2003). An even more successful example of the genre was the blockbuster 2291:(all three were released in 2001), the "Triad kids" subgenre launched by 2016: 1980: 1968: 1820: 1675:

and often crossbreeding with other popular genres like martial arts, the

1486: 1223: 1096: 916: 901: 877:

As in most of China, the development of early films was tightly bound to

792: 716: 439: 5178: 4660: 4114: 4009:"HK singer-actor Leslie Cheung remembered on his 18th death anniversary" 1846:

theatres and video shops allowed the movies to be discovered by Western

820:

films were produced in Hong Kong, and there were also films made in the

7004: 5805:. Houston: Asian Trash Cinema/European Trash Cinema Publications, 1994. 5571:

Haunted: An Ethnography of the Hollywood and Hong Kong Media Industries

4329:"Hong Kong passes film censorship law to 'safeguard national security'" 3954: 2984:, Cambridge, UK; New York, NY : Cambridge University Press, 2000. 2613: 2406: 2395: 2365: 2343: 2339: 2283: 2265: 2087: 2072: 2056: 1533: 1435: 1424: 1357: 1154: 1136: 1004: 940: 924:. In 1924, they moved their operation to the Mainland after government 845: 828: 764: 696: 6171:

Made in Hong Kong: Las 1000 Películas que Desataron la Fiebre Amarilla

2490:

from being screened due to protest scenes that took place at Taiwan's

2480:

was censored. In October 2022, the OFNAA recommended the screening of

1558:

In 1976, Shaw Brothers made a series of true crime films. The first,

1056:) soon became the standard name for black and white Cantonese movies. 8074: 6932: 6292: 6239: 4637: 4629: 2240: 2225: 2122: 1926: 1910: 1906: 1898: 1894: 1882: 1874: 1862: 1847: 1843: 1816: 1808: 1766: 1753: 1668: 1541: 1521: 1494: 1274: 1158: 5154:

Stokes, Lisa Odham, Jean Lukitsh, Michael Hoover, and Tyler Stokes.

3946: 1714:(1970), which portrayed a plague-decimated, near-future Hong Kong). 195: 162:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 5398:

Speaking in Images: Interviews with Contemporary Chinese Filmmakers

5352:

The Attractive Empire: Transnational Film Culture in Imperial Japan

4584:

Hong Kong Babylon: The Insider's Guide to the Hollywood of the East

2328: 2256: 2244: 2204:

A newly aggressive push by Hollywood studios into the Asian market.

2099: 2027: 1812: 1804: 1787: 1734: 1047: 925: 760: 4901:. Xianggang du ben xi lie. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. 4237:"Do Young Generation Awards Contenders Hail a Hong Kong New Wave?" 2414:

has even been released in the US theatrically under the new title

1721:, the territory's first noted woman director, produced two films, 1511: 8920: 5585:

Great Martial Arts Movies: From Bruce Lee to Jackie Chan and More

5483:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press; London: Batsford, 1996. 4333: 4262: 3637: 3558: 3482:

Odham Stokes, Lisa (2007). "Ye, Feng (Julie Yeh Feng) (1937–).".

3241:

Hong Kong Connections: Transnational Imagination in Action Cinema

2107: 1858: 1692:(1969). In the 1970s, he began directing in Mandarin and brought 1657: 1490: 1413: 1401: 1207: 1181: 1144:

this period. This became a flood with the 1946 resumption of the

1000: 952: 817: 816:

studio in Hong Kong. There was also a short-lived period whereby

6084:("The Fantastic Cinema of the Far East"). Italy: Grenade, 1994. 5763:. London: Titan Books, 1997; New York, NY: Griffin Books, 1998. 4951:

At the Hong Kong Movies: 600 Reviews from 1988 Till the Handover

4608:

Silver Light: A Pictorial History of Hong Kong Cinema, 1920–1970

3238:

Morris, Meaghan; Li, Siu Leung; Ching-kiu Chan, Stephen (2006).

2777:"Table 11: Exhibition – Admissions & Gross Box Office (GBO)" 2208:

The greater access to the Mainland that came with the July 1997

2177:

Numerous, converging factors have been blamed for the downturn:

1994:, the seventeenth century classic of comic-erotic literature by 894:

Credit for the first Hong Kong feature film is usually given to

7555: 6912: 6198: 5817:

From Chuck Norris to the Karate Kid: Martial Arts in the Movies

5443:

Between Shanghai and Hong Kong: The Politics of Chinese Cinemas

4756: 4027: 3319:

Between Shanghai and Hong Kong: The Politics of Chinese Cinemas

3012: 2298: 2111: 1942: 1824: 1288: 1273:

in the lead male role, were also popular, as were contemporary

1037: 936: 704: 653: 6250:

database of films and people blended with an editorial content

5100:

A Selective Collection of Hong Kong Movie Posters: 1950s–1990s

3163: 2090:, still enjoyed surprising box office successes in Hong Kong. 1949:-driven kung fu action epitomised by the work of Jackie Chan. 1803:

Kong product filled theatres and video shelves in places like

1733:(1974), that were trailblazers for a local, socially critical 6249: 6209: 5016:

Hollywood East: Hong Kong Movies and the People Who Make Them

4504:

Planet Hong Kong: Popular Cinema and the Art of Entertainment

3836: 3816: 3796: 2144:

circles and the global film festival circuit. In particular,

2019:

films, often supposedly based on true crime stories, such as

1946: 1234:(1959) being one of the most enduringly popular (Teo, 1997). 1009: 6261: 6221: 3426:"A Brief Historical Tour of the Hong Kong Martial Arts Film" 3393:(Report). Hong Kong Census and Statistics Department. 1969. 1749: 1696:

elements to serious films about subjects like prostitution (

947:, the largest Hong Kong film production company of that era. 6999: 6969: 5528:

Transnational Chinese Cinemas: Identity, Nationhood, Gender

5438:. Asian folklore and social life monographs, v. 23. , 1972. 5066:

Jarvie, Ian C. "Martial Arts Films", in Erik Barnouw, ed.,

5063:(SUNY Buffalo), Vol. III, No. 2, Fall 1979, pp. 40–50. 3879: 2440:(2009) followed the success of earlier 1990s films such as 2216: 2011:

The rating also covered a trend for grisly, taboo-tweaking

1702: 1199:

Subtitling facilitated the movies' popularity in the West.

731: 727: 87:

personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay

6236:—includes an extensive bibliography on martial arts films. 6080:

Esposito, Riccardo, Max Dellamora and Massimo Monteleone.

5761:

Mondo Macabro: Weird and Wonderful Cinema Around the World

1941:

and Stephen Chow; traditional kung fu movies dominated by

1933:; romantic melodramas and martial arts fantasies starring 959:

had to be grappled with. Hong Kong was a major center for

955:

in the early 1930s, the problem of China's various spoken

771:) to attract the all-important youth audience is endemic. 6159:

Escajedo, Javier, Carles Vila, and Julio Ángel Escajedo.

6100:

Il Cinema di Hong Kong: Spade, Kung Fu, Pistole, Fantasmi

1479: 5602:. Secaucus, N.J.: Citadel Press, 1985 (reprinted 1991). 5514:. Sexuality studies series. Vancouver: UBC Press, 2008. 4980:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, July 2000. 1865:, a Hong Kong film producer, director, and comedy actor. 1222:

on film dominated. The top stars were the female duo of

1075:

that would have an enduring influence on Chinese film).

5918:. Paris, France: éditions des Cahiers du Cinéma, 1999. 5716:

Spectacular Bodies: Gender, Genre and the Action Cinema

5512:

Undercurrents: Queer Culture and Postcolonial Hong Kong

5466:

Kung Fu Cult Masters: From Bruce Lee to Crouching Tiger

5327: 5118:

Spooky Encounters: A Gwailo's Guide to Hong Kong Horror

4258:"Hong Kong to censor films under national security law" 3138: 3136: 3024: 2952: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2899:"Hong Kong box office shrinks for second year in a row" 2364:

trilogy (2002–2003) of police thrillers co-directed by

759:. Possibly even more important is the overlap with the 6136:

Tutto il Cinema di Hong Kong: Stili, Caratteri, autori

4080: 3237: 2974:

The Cinema of Hong Kong : history, arts, identity

2464:

In June 2021, the Hong Kong Film Censorship Authority

2189:

as well as regional audiences' leisure spending money.

1921:

Other hallmarks of this era included the gangster or "

1839:

were some of the stars who became very popular there.

1835:

and strong taste for American movies; Jackie Chan and

1744: 6161:

Honor, plomo y sangre: el cine de acción de Hong Kong

5269:

At Full Speed: Hong Kong Cinema in a Borderless World

5254:

Cine East: Hong Kong Cinema Through the Looking Glass

4730:

Hong Kong cinema analysed from a Marxist perspective.

3690: 3463: 2486:

be cancelled. In October 2022, the OFNAA also banned

1408:

orientation. Key trendsetters included Xu Zenghong's

1178:

Office for Film, Newspaper and Article Administration

6082:

Fant'Asia: Il Cinema Fantastico dell'estremo Oriente

5598:

Meyers, Richard, Amy Harlib, Bill and Karen Palmer.

5445:. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press, 2003. 5271:. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2001. 4899:

Between Home and World: A Reader in Hong Kong Cinema

4161: 4061:"The 10 essential films from the Hong Kong New Wave" 3153: 3151: 3133: 2935: 2923: 2512: 1780:

Some of the iconic films during this period include

1106:

This of course came to an end when Hong Kong itself

6046:. Book + computer disk (3½ inch) filmography. 5739:

Videohound's Dragon: Asian Action & Cult Flicks

4852:Baker, Rick, and Toby Russell; Lisa Tilston (ed.). 4837:Baker, Rick, and Toby Russell; Lisa Tilston (ed.). 4834:. Biographies of Hong Kong action cinema actresses. 3190: 3188: 3186: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3178: 2866:"'Transformers' Tops Hong Kong Box Office for 2011" 220:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 6036:La Hollywood di Hong Kong Dalle Origini a John Woo 5794:. Updated and expanded version of both volumes of 5696: 4869:Alexander Fu Sheng: Biography of the Chinatown Kid 4762: 4713: 3486:. Vol. 2. Scarecrow Press. pp. 523–524. 3221: 3219: 3217: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3209: 3207: 3205: 3203: 3169: 2967: 2965: 1455: 783:Films are typically low-budget when compared with 5934:Category III, sexe, sang et politique à Hong Kong 5882:. Montreal: Presses Select, 1976. Translation of 5600:From Bruce Lee to the Ninjas: Martial Arts Movies 4995:. London: Lorimer; New York: Bounty Books, 1974. 4854:The Essential Guide to the Best of Eastern Heroes 4822:Baker, Rick, and Toby Russell; Lisa Baker (ed.). 4149:"As Tears Go By: Wong Kar-wai's First Moody Move" 3148: 2334:In the 2000s, there have been some bright spots. 2163: 1594:; each story was filmed by a different director. 1259:Wong Fei Hung Bravely Crushing the Fire Formation 9329: 6242:—another extensive bibliography on Chinese film. 5421:New Chinese Cinemas: Forms, Identities, Politics 4978:The Cinema of Hong Kong: History, Arts, Identity 4914:Hong Kong Cinema: Coloniser, Motherland and Self 3424:Kei, Sek; Chu, Rolanda; Foerster, Grant (1994). 3175: 3028:The Cinema of Hong Kong: History, Arts, Identity 2446:(a 1995 Hong Kong–Singapore co-production), and 1599:as playing mahjong, a popular form of gambling. 6013:. Lappersdorf, Germany: Kerschensteiner, 1996. 5423:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. 5186:Blazing Passions: Contemporary Hong Kong Cinema 5135:. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2005. 4602:Biographies of film makers, as well as reviews. 4571:, Los Angeles: UCLA Film and Television Archive 3200: 2962: 2102:, due at least in part to the influence of the 1512:Golden Harvest and the rise of the independents 1003:to make Cantonese films. The government of the 750:. In earlier days, beloved performers from the 726:In 2010, the box office gross in Hong Kong was 699:like comedy and action, and relying heavily on 6234:The Wonderful World of Hong Kong Action Cinema 4886:. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co., 2000. 3709:Berton, Pierre; Lee, Bruce (9 December 1971). 3423: 3031:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 71–94. 2835:"Robust film industry is in our best interest" 1972:III-rated softcore erotica descended from the 1651: 1566:that same year, followed by three more films ( 1377:Motion Picture and General Investments Limited 1299:Motion Picture and General Investments Limited 1083:Another important factor in the 1930s was the 812:became dominant, especially those made by the 8936: 7571: 7033: 6277: 5068:International Encyclopaedia of Communications 4938:. North Pomfret, VT: Trafalgar Square, 2000. 4897:Cheung, Esther M. K., and Yaowei Zhu (eds.). 4856:. London: Eastern Heroes Publications, 1995. 4841:. London: Eastern Heroes Publications, 1994. 4826:. London: Eastern Heroes Publications, 1996. 4757:Yang, Jeff; Gan, Dina; Hong, Terry; Staff of 3322:. Stanford University Press. pp. 56–57. 2410:also enjoyed Hong Kong box office successes. 1973: 1769:comedy, sex, the supernatural, and above all 1661: 1395: 1331: 1315: 1065: 1031: 1025: 1018: 593: 6256:Hong Kong's TV and Film Publication Database 6240:Chinese Film, Chinese Media, Print Culture 1 6056:. Rome, Italy: Fanucci Editore, March 1989. 5651:Palmer, Bill, Karen Palmer, and Ric Meyers. 5625:. South Brunswick, N.J.: A.S. Barnes, 1978. 5209:Flashbacks: Hong Kong Cinema After Bruce Lee 4714:Odham Stokes, Lisa; Hoover, Michael (1999). 4495: 3930: 3481: 3276: 3244:. Duke University Press Books. p. 193. 2804:"Transformers, Chickensss rule 2014 HK b.o." 2769: 1289:Mandarin movies and the Shaws/Cathay rivalry 6098:Nazzaro, Giona A., and Andrea Tagliacozzo. 5668:The Film and Television Market in Hong Kong 5573:. New York: Oxford University Press, 2016. 5241:. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Film Archive, 2003. 5226:. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Film Archive, 2005. 5056:, Hong Kong: Centre of Asian Studies, 1977. 4769:. Boston: Mariner Books; Houghton Mifflin. 4569:Heroic Grace: The Chinese Martial Arts Film 4567:Chute, David; Lim, Cheng-Sim, eds. (2003), 3650:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3571:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 2717: 2699:"Table 8: Cinema Infrastructure – Capacity" 1797: 1241:were also popular. A series of roughly 100 63:Learn how and when to remove these messages 8943: 8929: 7578: 7564: 7040: 7026: 6284: 6270: 6218:—Comprehensive collection of movie posters 6173:. Valencia: Midons Editorial, S.L.: 1997. 4578: 4306:"Hong Kong passes new film censorship law" 4086: 4058: 4042:"A History Of Hong Kong's New Wave Cinema" 2896: 2743: 2691: 2201:Rampant video piracy throughout East Asia. 1710:) and the fragility of civilised society ( 1578:) the following year. The first movie in 1576:The Criminals 5 – The Teenager's Nightmare 872: 600: 586: 318: 6118:Hong Kong: Il Futuro del Cinema Abita Qui 6011:Film Ohne Grenzen: Das Neue Hongkong Kino 5702: 5655:. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1995. 5546:Marchetti, Gina, and Tan See Kam (eds.). 5156:Historical Dictionary of Hong Kong Cinema 4824:The Essential Guide to Deadly China Dolls 4547: 3812:"Assault - the Criminals, Part IV (1977)" 3708: 3484:Historical Dictionary of Hong Kong Cinema 3315: 3280:Historical Dictionary of Hong Kong Cinema 2168: 2059:, a Hong Kong film director and producer. 1528:In 1970, former Shaw Brothers executives 1464: 689: 298:Learn how and when to remove this message 280:Learn how and when to remove this message 178:Learn how and when to remove this message 116:Learn how and when to remove this message 5400:. New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 2004. 5377:. London: British Film Institute, 1991. 5264:. Interviews with Hong Kong film makers. 4931:, Taipei: Orient Cultural Service, 1972. 4693:The Contemporary Hollywood Film Industry 4690: 4644: 4605: 4566: 4524: 4501: 4212:Carter, Matthew E. (19 September 2017). 4167: 4146: 4059:Dhruv Bose, Swapnil (28 November 2020). 3897: 3885: 3792:"Arson - the Criminals, Part III (1977)" 3727: 3696: 3617: 3469: 3142: 2956: 2929: 2801: 2239: 2185:, which dried up traditional sources of 2051: 1893: 1857: 1748: 1515: 1472:The first spark was the ensemble comedy 1206: 1131: 1052: 971:, teamed up with Cantonese opera singer 935: 6637:Special administrative regions of China 5936:. Paris: Bazaar & Compagnie, 2009. 5653:The Encyclopedia of Martial Arts Movies 5348: 5224:The Hong Kong-Guangdong Film Connection 5173:vol. 8, no. 2 (Winter 1996–97): 44–65. 5075:Hong Kong Cinema: A Cross-Cultural View 4839:The Essential Guide to Hong Kong Movies 3984:10.5790/hongkong/9789888208852.001.0001 2661: 2317:(2001); and supernatural chillers like 1869:The trailblazer was production company 928:blocked their plans to build a studio. 856: 364:Produced feature films (2005–2009) 14: 9330: 7132: 6034:Bedetti, Simone, and Massimo Mazzoni. 5256:. Guildford, Surrey: FAB Press, 1998. 5077:. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press, 2004. 4736:Hong Kong Cinema: The Extra Dimensions 4548:Cheuk, Pak Tong; Zhuo, Botang (2008). 4211: 3906:. New York, NY: McGraw Hill. pp. 3853:Narratives as Tools for Interpretation 3736:. New York, NY: McGraw Hill. pp. 3538: 3063: 1853: 1360:were popular. So were Hollywood-style 1164: 943:, the eldest Shaw brother who started 931: 730:1.339 billion and in 2011 it was 8924: 7559: 7021: 6265: 5831: 5810:Asian Trash Cinema: The Book (Part 2) 5587:. New York, NY: Citadel Press, 2001. 4871:. Charleston, SC: CreateSpace, 2018. 4667: 4628: 4550:Hong Kong New Wave Cinema (1978–2000) 4357: 4353: 4351: 4127: 4098: 4033: 3419: 3417: 3415: 3356:"Hong Kong Government Reports Online" 3157: 3100: 3025:Poshek Fu, David Desser, ed. (2002). 2971:Fu, Poshek; Desser, David (editors), 2644:Hong Kong International Film Festival 2632:Hong Kong Film Critics Society Awards 2331:then making an international splash. 2093: 1952: 802: 415:Demographics and culture of Hong Kong 6212:—Celebrating Hong Kong action cinema 5961:. Ebersberg/Obb.: Edition 8½, 1983. 5896:. Paris: Edit. Minoutstchine, 1975. 5842:Armanet, François, and Max Armanet. 5718:. London: Routledge, November 2003. 5328:Works which include Hong Kong cinema 5239:The Shaw Screen: A Preliminary Study 5131:Pang, Laikwan, and Day Wong (eds.). 4791: 4552:(1st ed.). Bristol: Intellect. 4469: 4326: 4255: 4234: 3768:(in Chinese (China)). Archived from 3336:from the original on 2 February 2017 3297:from the original on 2 February 2017 3258:from the original on 2 February 2017 3194: 3121:from the original on 2 February 2017 3045:from the original on 2 February 2017 2815:from the original on 11 January 2015 2783:from the original on 3 November 2013 2731:from the original on 23 October 2013 2705:from the original on 5 November 2013 2004:(1992) also became an international 1959:List of Hong Kong Category III films 1582:series included three true stories: 1356:(1964) and adaptations of novels by 1139:, a Hong Kong-born American actress. 986:to make the first Cantonese talkie, 915:The following year, the outbreak of 831:, with dialogue and all other sound 791:projects by the very biggest stars ( 218:adding citations to reliable sources 189: 127: 69: 28: 6072:Il Drago Feroce Attraversa le Acque 5819:. New York: Parachute Press, 1986. 5786:. New York: Boulevard Books, 1997. 5468:. Columbia University Press, 2003. 5337:. Shanghai: Access Asia Ltd, 2004. 5211:. Hong Kong: Gulliver Books, 1979. 5090:Chinese Cinema: Five Bibliographies 5029:Hammond, Stefan, and Mike Wilkins. 4816: 4733: 4527:I Am Jackie Chan: My Life in Action 4441: 4413: 4385: 4039: 4006: 3967: 3850: 3225: 2863: 2779:. UNESCO Institute for Statistics. 2727:. UNESCO Institute for Statistics. 2701:. UNESCO Institute for Statistics. 2106:. Some New Wave filmmakers such as 1745:1980s – early 1990s: the boom years 1524:on the Avenue of Stars of Hong Kong 1202: 889:Right a Wrong with Earthenware Dish 24: 8950: 5916:Nouvelles Chines, nouveaux cinémas 5815:Weyn, Suzanne, and Ellen Steiber. 5640:. Rutland, VT: C.E. Tuttle, 1983. 5133:Masculinities and Hong Kong Cinema 5033:. New York: Fireside Books, 1996. 4811: 4358:Leung, Hillary (21 October 2022). 4348: 4316:from the original on 28 June 2023. 4276: 3549:from the original on 29 April 2020 3448: 3412: 3074:(1). Taylor & Francis: 62–81. 2897:Shackleton, Liz (3 January 2018). 2845:from the original on 19 March 2017 2753:. Screen Australia. Archived from 2725:"Average national film production" 2476:was censored, and in August 2022, 1685:The Story of a Discharged Prisoner 1176:Most of the films reviewed by the 1127: 827:For decades, films were typically 740: 25: 9349: 6188: 5683:Asian Pop Cinema: Bombay to Tokyo 5070:, 1989, vol. 2, pp. 472–475. 4916:. London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2003. 4574:(Film series catalogue; no ISBN.) 4525:Chan, Jackie; Yang, Jeff (1998). 4193:from the original on 17 July 2012 3832:"The Teenager's Nightmare (1977)" 3678:from the original on 6 March 2019 3400:from the original on 27 June 2019 3368:from the original on 3 March 2019 2911:from the original on 24 July 2018 1963:The government's introduction of 1389:The Greatest Love Affair On Earth 1324:; the Shaws' record-breaking hit 1267:The Six-Fingered Lord of the Lute 1063:proved even more successful than 44:This article has multiple issues. 9311: 9302: 9301: 8902: 8888: 7585: 7103: 7049: 6054:Il Cinema del Kung-fu: 1970–1975 4327:Pang, Jessie (27 October 2021). 3283:. Scarecrow Press. p. 427. 2751:"Cinema – Admissions per capita" 2543: 2529: 2515: 2319:Horror Hotline: Big-Head Monster 2301:-centric romantic comedies like 2235: 2228:, 40, rounded out the bad news. 1381:The Greatest Civil Wall On Earth 922:China Sun Motion Picture Company 377:Number of admissions (2010) 194: 132: 74: 33: 6337:Bao'an County and Xin'an County 5120:. Manchester: Headpress, 2003. 4463: 4435: 4407: 4379: 4320: 4298: 4270: 4249: 4235:Chow, Vivienne (6 April 2017). 4228: 4205: 4173: 4140: 4121: 4092: 4052: 4040:Gao, Sally (31 December 2016). 4000: 3961: 3924: 3891: 3844: 3824: 3804: 3784: 3754: 3721: 3702: 3658: 3611: 3579: 3532: 3500: 3475: 3442: 3380: 3348: 3309: 3270: 3231: 3094: 3057: 3018: 2878:from the original on 1 May 2012 1873:, founded in 1980 by comedians 1536:left to form their own studio, 1456:Years of transformation (1970s) 1344:). Romantic melodramas such as 1255:The True Story of Wong Fei Hung 205:needs additional citations for 52:or discuss these issues on the 9269:British Indian Ocean Territory 7124:List of highest-grossing films 6632:Sino-British Joint Declaration 6469:Country parks and conservation 5894:Kung Fu: La Violence au Cinéma 5880:Kung fu: La Violence au Cinéma 5375:Perspectives on Chinese Cinema 4716:City on Fire: Hong Kong Cinema 4470:Chau, Candice (26 June 2023). 4147:Hoberman, J. (29 April 2008). 4007:Lim, Ruey Yan (2 April 2021). 3971:Tsui Hark's Peking Opera Blues 3388:Hong Kong Statistics 1947–1967 3170:Odham Stokes & Hoover 1999 2994:Alternate source in PDF format 2890: 2857: 2827: 2795: 2327:(2002), often modelled on the 2164:Mid-1990s – present: Post-boom 1428:(1967, made in Taiwan; a.k.a. 1261:(1970) (Logan, 1995). Fantasy 1189:City on Fire: Hong Kong Cinema 1078: 1042: 621: 342: 13: 1: 6291: 5754:Memoirs of an Asian Moviegoer 5670:. : Canadian Heritage, 2005. 5481:Action!: The Action Movie A–Z 5419:Browne, Nick, et al. (eds.). 4277:Ho, Kelly (27 October 2021). 4256:Pang, Jessie (11 June 2021). 3902:Film History: An Introduction 3732:Film History: An Introduction 3711:Bruce Lee: The Lost Interview 3104:A Companion to Chinese Cinema 2864:Chu, Karen (2 January 2012). 2649: 2478:Losing Side of a Longed Place 2459: 2049:(1993) starring Jackie Chan. 1937:; the comedies of stars like 1790:, which is archetypal of the 1712:Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow 1639:(1973), a co-production with 1385:The Greatest Wedding On Earth 1118:The Day of England's Collapse 904:(Li Ming Wei or Li Minwei in 5906:Kung Fu: Cinema of Vengeance 5884:Kung Fu: Cinema of Vengeance 5803:Asian Trash Cinema: The Book 5798:; reviews and filmographies. 5796:Asian Trash Cinema: The Book 5525:Lu, Sheldon Hsiao-peng, ed. 5188:. London: Wallflower, 2008. 5092:. Hong Kong: Studio 8, 2003. 5018:. Contemporary Books, 2000. 4993:Kung Fu: Cinema of Vengeance 4936:Hong Kong's Heroic Bloodshed 4386:Mok, Lea (25 October 2022). 3865:10.1080/14649373.2010.484209 3624:(in Chinese). Archived from 3595:(in Chinese). Archived from 3516:(in Chinese). Archived from 3449:Yu, Alan (21 October 2014). 3101:Zhang, Yingjin, ed. (2012). 2992:. Cf. pp, 26,31,37,77 etc. ( 2654: 2604:List of cinemas in Hong Kong 2492:Presidential Office Building 2398:'s two Category III movies: 2304:The Truth About Jane and Sam 2125:and her partner Eddie Fong, 1387:(1962) and the third one is 761:Cantonese pop music industry 398:Gross box office (2014) 7: 7545:My Way Film Company Limited 6120:. Parma: S. Sorbini, 1996. 5741:. Visible Ink Press, 2003. 5550:. London: Routledge, 2007. 5357:University of Hawai'i Press 4442:Lee, James (12 June 2023). 3361:The University of Hong Kong 3277:Odham Stokes, Lisa (2007). 3067:Inter-Asia Cultural Studies 2802:Kevin Ma (6 January 2015). 2579:Emperor Entertainment Group 2508: 1974: 1662: 1652:Other transformative trends 1564:The Criminals 2 – Homicides 1396: 1332: 1066: 1019: 158:the claims made and adding 10: 9354: 6169:(Tortosa,) Domingo López. 5533:University of Hawaii Press 5073:Kar, Law, and Frank Bren. 4414:Mok, Lea (25 April 2023). 3898:Thompson, Kristin (2003). 3728:Thompson, Kristin (2003). 3431:Bright Lights Film Journal 2474:The Dancing Voice of Youth 1956: 1765:sensationalistic content. 1383:(1961), the second one is 1338:The Kingdom and the Beauty 1269:(1965) starring teen idol 851: 778: 9297: 9256: 9216: 8958: 8882: 8839: 8806: 8729: 8662: 8655: 8598: 8503: 8420: 8347: 8338: 8306: 8191: 8148: 8090: 7923: 7868: 7859: 7829: 7783: 7727: 7651: 7615: 7606: 7593: 7527: 7100: 7062: 6828: 6802: 6749: 6683: 6645: 6532: 6419: 6317: 6299: 5685:. Chronicle Books, 1999. 5349:Baskett, Michael (2008). 4496:General and cited sources 3080:10.1080/14649370701789658 2422:. New LGBT films such as 1572:The Criminals 4 – Assault 1520:Statue of the movie star 1316: 1253:were made, starting with 1032: 1026: 713:traditional Chinese drama 402: 397: 389: 381: 376: 368: 363: 355: 341: 317: 312: 9018:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 7801:Central African Republic 6853:Cheung Chau Bun Festival 6617:One country, two systems 6509:Public parks and gardens 6454:Buildings and structures 6429:Administrative divisions 6252:, in English and French. 6230:—Celebrating Asian Films 5846:. France: Ramsay, 1988. 5061:Journal of Asian Affairs 4508:Harvard University Press 4502:Bordwell, David (2000). 3456:South China Morning Post 2839:South China Morning Post 2599:Hong Kong Movie DataBase 2338:, founded by filmmakers 1905:Directors and producers 1798:The international market 1631:The Return of the Dragon 1293:In Mandarin production, 1249:as historical folk hero 1085:second Sino-Japanese War 1053:jyut6 jyu5 coeng4 pin3*2 1030:) Productions. The name 675:) has long had a strong 640:had a greater degree of 9279:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 6216:Hong Kong Movie Posters 5267:Yau, Esther C. M., ed. 4695:. Hoboken, New Jersey: 4670:Hong Kong Action Cinema 4606:Fonoroff, Paul (1997). 3976:Oxford University Press 3762:"1976 香港票房 | 中国电影票房排行榜" 2609:List of Hong Kong films 2589:Hong Kong action cinema 1929:and dominated by actor 1829:Taiwanese film industry 1756:, a Hong Kong director. 1568:The Criminals 3 – Arson 1475:The House of 72 Tenants 1445:The One-Armed Swordsman 1410:Temple of the Red Lotus 1308:A musical genre called 1257:(1949) and ending with 1113:The Attack on Hong Kong 1091:(1935), Chiu Shu Sun's 951:With the popularity of 897:Zhuangzi Tests His Wife 884:Stealing a Roasted Duck 873:Pioneers from the stage 673:Hong Kong action cinema 450:Hong Kong identity card 390: • Per capita 356: • Per capita 8516:Bosnia and Herzegovina 6665:Food and Health Bureau 6489:Islands and peninsulas 6070:Esposito, Riccardo F. 6052:Esposito, Riccardo F. 5638:The Martial Arts Films 5510:Leung, Helen Hok-Sze. 4740:British Film Institute 4582:; Long, Barry (1997). 4087:Dannen & Long 1997 3715:The Pierre Berton Show 3671:Hong Kong Film Archive 3592:Hong Kong Film Archive 3513:Hong Kong Film Archive 2871:The Hollywood Reporter 2248: 2183:Asian financial crisis 2169:The industry in crisis 2060: 1902: 1866: 1757: 1621:The Chinese Connection 1525: 1465:The Cantonese comeback 1354:The Blue and the Black 1215: 1161:in Western countries. 1140: 1101:March of the Partisans 948: 690:The Hong Kong industry 546:Other Hong Kong topics 359:3.1 per 100,000 (2011) 96:by rewriting it in an 7821:São Tomé and Príncipe 6888:Hong Kong nationalism 6873:Heritage conservation 6396:Handover of Hong Kong 5623:The Martial Arts Film 5333:Access Asia Limited. 4894:. Very comprehensive. 4734:Teo, Stephen (1997). 4224:on 23 September 2017. 3968:Tan, See Kam (2016). 2999:30 March 2012 at the 2627:Hong Kong Film Awards 2425:City Without Baseball 2329:Japanese horror films 2243: 2055: 1991:The Carnal Prayer Mat 1965:a film ratings system 1897: 1861: 1752: 1626:The Way of the Dragon 1519: 1346:Red Bloom in the Snow 1210: 1135: 939: 406:HK$ 1.65 billion 326:Hong Kong Film Awards 229:"Cinema of Hong Kong" 9193:United Arab Emirates 8293:United Arab Emirates 7540:Shaw Brothers Studio 6163:. : Camaleón, 1997. 5827:. Juvenile audience. 5373:Berry, Chris (ed.). 5321:12 July 2015 at the 4934:Fitzgerald, Martin. 4699:. pp. 167–181. 4697:Blackwell Publishing 4636:. Cambridge, Mass.: 4506:. Cambridge, Mass.: 4477:Hong Kong Free Press 4449:Hong Kong Free Press 4421:Hong Kong Free Press 4393:Hong Kong Free Press 4365:Hong Kong Free Press 4284:Hong Kong Free Press 3886:Chan & Yang 1998 3697:Chute & Lim 2003 3470:Chute & Lim 2003 1945:; and contemporary, 1717:The brief career of 1706:), the atomic bomb ( 1596:Valley of the Hanged 1592:Valley of the Hanged 1218:During this period, 1157:communities) and to 1108:fell to the Japanese 1073:Shaw Brothers Studio 945:Shaw Brothers Studio 857:1909 to World War II 214:improve this article 9338:Cinema of Hong Kong 9220:limited recognition 8842:& transnational 7056:Cinema of Hong Kong 6602:Legislative Council 6504:Mountains and peaks 6366:Japanese occupation 6361:Battle of Hong Kong 6246:Hong Kong Cinemagic 6195:Cinema of Hong Kong 6134:Pezzotta, Alberto. 5914:Reynaud, Bérénice. 5892:Glaessner, Verina. 5878:Glaessner, Verina. 5862:Cinéma de Hong-Kong 5434:Eberhard, Wolfram. 5179:10.1386/AC.8.2.44_1 4991:Glaessner, Verina. 4927:Eberhard, Wolfram. 4867:Brady, Terrence J. 4796:. New York: Atria. 4792:Yang, Jeff (2003). 4672:. Woodstock, N.Y.: 4668:Logan, Bey (1995). 4312:. 27 October 2021. 4128:Logan, Bey (2003). 3772:on 6 September 2018 3107:. Wiley-Blackwell. 2980:28 May 2013 at the 2574:Cinema of the world 2431:Permanent Residence 2294:Young and Dangerous 2154:Tony Leung Chiu-Wai 1988:comedy inspired by 1854:Leaders of the boom 1505:Games Gamblers Play 1500:Games Gamblers Play 1370:The Wild, Wild Rose 1320:) was derived from 1165:Competing languages 1093:Hand to Hand Combat 969:Tianyi Film Company 932:The advent of sound 684:Hong Kong's economy 614:cinema of Hong Kong 313:Cinema of Hong Kong 8694:Dominican Republic 6116:Parizzi, Roberta. 5983:Morgan, Jasper P. 5860:Fonfrède, Julien. 5832:In other languages 5636:Mintz, Marilyn D. 5621:Mintz, Marilyn D. 5569:Martin, Sylvia J. 5479:Julius, Marshall. 5184:Stringer, Julian. 4674:The Overlook Press 3888:, p. 164–165. 3316:Poshek Fu (2003). 2808:Film Business Asia 2757:on 9 November 2013 2594:Hong Kong in films 2261:Downtown Torpedoes 2249: 2148:'s works starring 2094:Alternative cinema 2086:, all directed by 2061: 2022:Men Behind the Sun 1953:Category III films 1915:Hong Kong New Wave 1903: 1867: 1758: 1739:Hong Kong New Wave 1526: 1419:Come Drink with Me 1271:Connie Chan Po-chu 1239:martial arts films 1232:The Purple Hairpin 1216: 1141: 1124:for military use. 949: 803:Language and sound 757:two major stations 658:worldwide diaspora 445:Hong Kong resident 143:possibly contains 98:encyclopedic style 85:is written like a 9325: 9324: 9262:other territories 8918: 8917: 8802: 8801: 8651: 8650: 8334: 8333: 7855: 7854: 7553: 7552: 7523: 7522: 7015: 7014: 6622:Political parties 6577:Foreign relations 6309:Index of articles 6228:LoveAsianFilm.com 6001:978-3-931608-56-9 5942:978-2-917339-03-9 5904:. Translation of 5808:Weisser, Thomas. 5801:Weisser, Thomas. 5784:Asian Cult Cinema 5782:Weisser, Thomas. 5579:978-0-19-046446-2 5366:978-0-8248-3223-0 5116:O'Brien, Daniel. 5014:Hammond, Stefan. 4877:978-1-7173-6367-1 4761:magazine (1997). 4718:. London: Verso. 4706:978-1-4051-3388-3 4621:978-962-04-1304-9 4597:978-0-7868-6267-2 4134:Hong Kong Legends 4014:The Straits Times 3993:978-988-8208-85-2 3628:on 25 August 2019 3493:978-0-8108-6458-0 3329:978-0-8047-4518-5 3290:978-0-8108-5520-5 3251:978-1-932643-01-5 3114:978-1-4443-3029-8 3038:978-0-521-77602-8 2564:Chinese animation 2289:The Avenging Fist 1553:The Fists of Fury 1146:Chinese Civil War 989:White Gold Dragon 967:, who formed the 838:Standard Mandarin 610: 609: 410: 409: 328:statuette on the 308: 307: 300: 290: 289: 282: 264: 188: 187: 180: 145:original research 126: 125: 118: 67: 16:(Redirected from 9345: 9315: 9305: 9304: 9274:Christmas Island 8960:Sovereign states 8945: 8938: 8931: 8922: 8921: 8909:World portal 8907: 8906: 8893: 8892: 8891: 8840:Intercontinental 8660: 8659: 8483:Northern Ireland 8345: 8344: 7866: 7865: 7613: 7612: 7580: 7573: 7566: 7557: 7556: 7130: 7129: 7107: 7072:Cinematographers 7054: 7053: 7052: 7042: 7035: 7028: 7019: 7018: 6903:Lion Rock Spirit 6878:Hong Kong orchid 6706: 6479:Land reclamation 6464:Cities and towns 6286: 6279: 6272: 6263: 6262: 6210:Hong Kong Cinema 6184: 6166: 6149: 6131: 6113: 6095: 6077: 6067: 6049: 6024: 6006: 5980: 5959:Der Eastern Film 5947: 5932:Seveon, Julien. 5929: 5911: 5889: 5875: 5857: 5708: 5706: 5531:. Honolulu, HI: 5396:Berry, Michael. 5370: 5305:Zhong, Baoxian. 5290:Zhong, Baoxian. 5237:Wong, Ain-ling. 5222:Wong, Ain-ling. 5113: 4972:Fu, Poshek, and 4949:Fonoroff, Paul. 4817:Hong Kong cinema 4807: 4788: 4768: 4753: 4729: 4710: 4687: 4664: 4641: 4625: 4612:Joint Publishing 4601: 4572: 4563: 4544: 4531:Ballantine Books 4521: 4489: 4488: 4486: 4484: 4467: 4461: 4460: 4458: 4456: 4439: 4433: 4432: 4430: 4428: 4411: 4405: 4404: 4402: 4400: 4383: 4377: 4376: 4374: 4372: 4355: 4346: 4345: 4343: 4341: 4324: 4318: 4317: 4302: 4296: 4295: 4293: 4291: 4274: 4268: 4267: 4253: 4247: 4246: 4232: 4226: 4225: 4220:. 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Archived from 2669:"香港電影業資料彙編-2018" 2665: 2584:Heroic bloodshed 2553: 2548: 2547: 2546: 2539: 2537:Hong Kong portal 2534: 2533: 2532: 2525: 2520: 2519: 2518: 2361:Infernal Affairs 2355:Running on Karma 2278:The Legend of Zu 2034:The Untold Story 1977: 1792:heroic bloodshed 1665: 1636:Enter the Dragon 1584:The Human Torsos 1399: 1350:Love Without End 1335: 1319: 1318: 1281:(1957) starring 1203:Cantonese movies 1069: 1061:Cantonese operas 1054: 1044: 1043:Yuèyǔ cháng piàn 1035: 1034: 1029: 1028: 1022: 998: 985: 844:A trend towards 646:economic freedom 630:cinema of Taiwan 623: 602: 595: 588: 412: 411: 344: 322: 310: 309: 303: 296: 285: 278: 274: 271: 265: 263: 222: 198: 190: 183: 176: 172: 169: 163: 160:inline citations 136: 135: 128: 121: 114: 110: 107: 101: 78: 77: 70: 59: 37: 36: 29: 21: 18:Hong Kong Cinema 9353: 9352: 9348: 9347: 9346: 9344: 9343: 9342: 9328: 9327: 9326: 9321: 9293: 9261: 9252: 9233:Northern Cyprus 9219: 9212: 8954: 8952:Cinema of Asia 8949: 8919: 8914: 8901: 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4337: 4325: 4321: 4304: 4303: 4299: 4289: 4287: 4275: 4271: 4254: 4250: 4233: 4229: 4210: 4206: 4196: 4194: 4186:Rotten Tomatoes 4179: 4178: 4174: 4166: 4162: 4145: 4141: 4126: 4122: 4097: 4093: 4085: 4081: 4071: 4069: 4057: 4053: 4038: 4034: 4026: 4022: 4005: 4001: 3994: 3966: 3962: 3947:10.2307/1225640 3929: 3925: 3918: 3896: 3892: 3884: 3880: 3849: 3845: 3830: 3829: 3825: 3810: 3809: 3805: 3790: 3789: 3785: 3775: 3773: 3760: 3759: 3755: 3748: 3726: 3722: 3707: 3703: 3695: 3691: 3681: 3679: 3664: 3663: 3659: 3643: 3642: 3631: 3629: 3616: 3612: 3602: 3600: 3599:on 6 March 2019 3585: 3584: 3580: 3564: 3563: 3552: 3550: 3537: 3533: 3523: 3521: 3520:on 6 March 2019 3506: 3505: 3501: 3494: 3480: 3476: 3468: 3464: 3447: 3443: 3422: 3413: 3403: 3401: 3397: 3390: 3386: 3385: 3381: 3371: 3369: 3354: 3353: 3349: 3339: 3337: 3330: 3314: 3310: 3300: 3298: 3291: 3275: 3271: 3261: 3259: 3252: 3236: 3232: 3224: 3201: 3193: 3176: 3168: 3164: 3156: 3149: 3141: 3134: 3124: 3122: 3115: 3099: 3095: 3062: 3058: 3048: 3046: 3039: 3023: 3019: 3011: 3007: 3001:Wayback Machine 2982:Wayback Machine 2970: 2963: 2955: 2936: 2928: 2924: 2914: 2912: 2895: 2891: 2881: 2879: 2862: 2858: 2848: 2846: 2833: 2832: 2828: 2818: 2816: 2800: 2796: 2786: 2784: 2775: 2774: 2770: 2760: 2758: 2749: 2748: 2744: 2734: 2732: 2723: 2722: 2718: 2708: 2706: 2697: 2696: 2692: 2682: 2680: 2667: 2666: 2662: 2657: 2652: 2569:Cinema of China 2549: 2544: 2542: 2535: 2530: 2528: 2521: 2516: 2514: 2511: 2499:Wake in Silence 2497:In April 2023, 2488:The Lucky Woman 2483:The Dark Knight 2462: 2420:Rotten Tomatoes 2376:-winning movie 2253:digital imagery 2238: 2171: 2166: 2131:Lawrence Ah Mon 2096: 1961: 1955: 1856: 1800: 1747: 1654: 1514: 1489:, actor-singer 1467: 1458: 1431:Dragon Gate Inn 1327:The Love Eterne 1291: 1279:Our Sister Hedy 1220:Cantonese opera 1205: 1167: 1130: 1128:The 1940s–1960s 1081: 992: 975: 934: 875: 859: 854: 822:Teochew dialect 805: 781: 743: 741:The star system 692: 626:cinema of China 606: 513:Public holidays 337: 330:Avenue of Stars 324:Replica of the 304: 293: 292: 291: 286: 275: 269: 266: 223: 221: 211: 199: 184: 173: 167: 164: 149: 137: 133: 122: 111: 105: 102: 94:help improve it 91: 79: 75: 38: 34: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9351: 9341: 9340: 9323: 9322: 9320: 9319: 9309: 9298: 9295: 9294: 9292: 9291: 9286: 9281: 9276: 9271: 9265: 9263: 9254: 9253: 9251: 9250: 9245: 9240: 9235: 9230: 9224: 9222: 9214: 9213: 9211: 9210: 9205: 9200: 9195: 9190: 9185: 9180: 9175: 9170: 9165: 9160: 9155: 9150: 9145: 9140: 9135: 9130: 9125: 9120: 9115: 9110: 9105: 9100: 9095: 9090: 9085: 9080: 9075: 9070: 9065: 9060: 9055: 9050: 9045: 9040: 9035: 9030: 9025: 9020: 9015: 9010: 9005: 9000: 8995: 8990: 8985: 8980: 8975: 8970: 8964: 8962: 8956: 8955: 8948: 8947: 8940: 8933: 8925: 8916: 8915: 8913: 8912: 8898: 8883: 8880: 8879: 8877: 8876: 8871: 8866: 8864:Kurdish cinema 8861: 8856: 8854:Balochi cinema 8851: 8845: 8843: 8837: 8836: 8834: 8833: 8828: 8823: 8818: 8812: 8810: 8804: 8803: 8800: 8799: 8797: 8796: 8791: 8786: 8781: 8771: 8766: 8761: 8756: 8751: 8746: 8741: 8735: 8733: 8727: 8726: 8724: 8723: 8722: 8721: 8711: 8706: 8701: 8696: 8691: 8686: 8681: 8680: 8679: 8668: 8666: 8657: 8653: 8652: 8649: 8648: 8646: 8645: 8640: 8635: 8630: 8629: 8628: 8618: 8613: 8608: 8602: 8600: 8596: 8595: 8593: 8592: 8591: 8590: 8585: 8575: 8570: 8569: 8568: 8558: 8553: 8548: 8543: 8538: 8533: 8528: 8523: 8518: 8513: 8507: 8505: 8501: 8500: 8498: 8497: 8496: 8495: 8490: 8485: 8478:United Kingdom 8475: 8470: 8465: 8460: 8455: 8450: 8445: 8440: 8435: 8430: 8424: 8422: 8418: 8417: 8415: 8414: 8409: 8404: 8403: 8402: 8397: 8395:Russian Empire 8387: 8382: 8377: 8372: 8367: 8365:Czech Republic 8362: 8357: 8351: 8349: 8342: 8336: 8335: 8332: 8331: 8329: 8328: 8327: 8326: 8321: 8319:Russian Empire 8310: 8308: 8304: 8303: 8301: 8300: 8295: 8290: 8285: 8280: 8275: 8270: 8265: 8260: 8255: 8250: 8245: 8244: 8243: 8233: 8228: 8223: 8218: 8213: 8208: 8203: 8197: 8195: 8189: 8188: 8186: 8185: 8180: 8175: 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6733: 6731:Communications 6728: 6726:Stock Exchange 6723: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6700: 6695: 6689: 6687: 6681: 6680: 6678: 6677: 6672: 6667: 6662: 6657: 6651: 6649: 6643: 6642: 6640: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6538: 6536: 6530: 6529: 6527: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6425: 6423: 6417: 6416: 6414: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6357: 6356: 6346: 6344:British colony 6341: 6340: 6339: 6332:Imperial China 6329: 6323: 6321: 6315: 6314: 6312: 6311: 6306: 6300: 6297: 6296: 6289: 6288: 6281: 6274: 6266: 6260: 6259: 6253: 6243: 6237: 6231: 6225: 6222:LoveHKFilm.com 6219: 6213: 6207: 6201: 6190: 6189:External links 6187: 6186: 6185: 6167: 6156: 6155: 6151: 6150: 6132: 6114: 6096: 6078: 6068: 6050: 6031: 6030: 6026: 6025: 6009:Umard, Ralph. 6007: 5981: 5954: 5953: 5949: 5948: 5930: 5912: 5890: 5876: 5858: 5839: 5838: 5833: 5830: 5829: 5828: 5813: 5806: 5799: 5780: 5757: 5750: 5735: 5712:Tasker, Yvonne 5709: 5694: 5679: 5664: 5649: 5634: 5619: 5596: 5581: 5567: 5544: 5523: 5508: 5477: 5462: 5439: 5432: 5417: 5394: 5371: 5365: 5346: 5329: 5326: 5311: 5310: 5303: 5288: 5265: 5250: 5235: 5220: 5205: 5182: 5167: 5152: 5129: 5114: 5093: 5086: 5071: 5064: 5057: 5050: 5027: 5012: 4989: 4970: 4947: 4932: 4925: 4912:Chu, Yingchi. 4910: 4895: 4880: 4865: 4850: 4835: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4809: 4808: 4802: 4789: 4775: 4754: 4748: 4731: 4724: 4711: 4705: 4688: 4682: 4665: 4642: 4626: 4620: 4603: 4596: 4576: 4564: 4558: 4545: 4539: 4522: 4516: 4497: 4494: 4491: 4490: 4462: 4434: 4406: 4378: 4347: 4319: 4297: 4269: 4248: 4227: 4204: 4172: 4160: 4139: 4120: 4102:Film Criticism 4091: 4079: 4051: 4032: 4020: 3999: 3992: 3960: 3934:Cinema Journal 3923: 3916: 3890: 3878: 3843: 3823: 3803: 3783: 3753: 3746: 3720: 3701: 3689: 3674:(in Chinese). 3666:"南北喜相逢 (1964)" 3657: 3618:南北一家親 (1962). 3610: 3587:"南北一家親 (1962)" 3578: 3545:(in Chinese). 3531: 3499: 3492: 3474: 3462: 3441: 3411: 3379: 3347: 3328: 3308: 3289: 3269: 3250: 3230: 3199: 3174: 3162: 3147: 3132: 3113: 3093: 3056: 3037: 3017: 3005: 2961: 2934: 2922: 2889: 2856: 2826: 2794: 2768: 2742: 2716: 2690: 2679:on 22 May 2021 2659: 2658: 2656: 2653: 2651: 2648: 2647: 2646: 2640: 2639: 2635: 2634: 2629: 2623: 2622: 2618: 2617: 2611: 2606: 2601: 2596: 2591: 2586: 2581: 2576: 2571: 2566: 2561: 2555: 2554: 2540: 2526: 2510: 2507: 2472:In June 2022, 2461: 2458: 2449:Hold You Tight 2416:Triad Election 2391:Kung Fu Hustle 2385:Shaolin Soccer 2336:Milkyway Image 2315:Love on a Diet 2310:Needing You... 2237: 2234: 2206: 2205: 2202: 2199: 2196: 2193: 2190: 2170: 2167: 2165: 2162: 2095: 2092: 2078:Triad Election 2070:, its sequel, 2040:Ebola Syndrome 1954: 1951: 1888:Aces Go Places 1855: 1852: 1799: 1796: 1746: 1743: 1719:Tang Shu Shuen 1698:The Call Girls 1653: 1650: 1538:Golden Harvest 1513: 1510: 1466: 1463: 1457: 1454: 1450:Golden Swallow 1375:In 1960s, the 1290: 1287: 1283:Julie Yeh Feng 1243:kung fu movies 1212:Julie Yeh Feng 1204: 1201: 1166: 1163: 1129: 1126: 1122:silver nitrate 1116:(1942; a.k.a. 1080: 1077: 933: 930: 874: 871: 858: 855: 853: 850: 804: 801: 785:American films 780: 777: 742: 739: 703:, sequels and 691: 688: 677:cult following 650:mainland China 634:British colony 632:. As a former 608: 607: 605: 604: 597: 590: 582: 579: 578: 577: 576: 571: 566: 561: 556: 548: 547: 543: 542: 541: 540: 535: 530: 525: 520: 515: 510: 505: 500: 495: 490: 485: 477: 476: 470: 469: 468: 467: 465:Right of abode 462: 457: 452: 447: 442: 437: 432: 424: 423: 417: 416: 408: 407: 404: 400: 399: 395: 394: 391: 387: 386: 383: 379: 378: 374: 373: 370: 366: 365: 361: 360: 357: 353: 352: 349: 339: 338: 323: 315: 314: 306: 305: 288: 287: 202: 200: 193: 186: 185: 140: 138: 131: 124: 123: 82: 80: 73: 68: 42: 41: 39: 32: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9350: 9339: 9336: 9335: 9333: 9318: 9314: 9310: 9308: 9300: 9299: 9296: 9290: 9287: 9285: 9282: 9280: 9277: 9275: 9272: 9270: 9267: 9266: 9264: 9259: 9255: 9249: 9246: 9244: 9243:South Ossetia 9241: 9239: 9236: 9234: 9231: 9229: 9226: 9225: 9223: 9221: 9215: 9209: 9206: 9204: 9201: 9199: 9196: 9194: 9191: 9189: 9186: 9184: 9181: 9179: 9176: 9174: 9171: 9169: 9166: 9164: 9161: 9159: 9156: 9154: 9151: 9149: 9146: 9144: 9141: 9139: 9136: 9134: 9131: 9129: 9126: 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Hong Kong: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4593: 4589: 4588:Miramax Books 4585: 4581: 4577: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4561: 4559:9781841501482 4555: 4551: 4546: 4542: 4540:9780345415035 4536: 4532: 4528: 4523: 4519: 4517:9780674002142 4513: 4509: 4505: 4500: 4499: 4479: 4478: 4473: 4466: 4451: 4450: 4445: 4438: 4423: 4422: 4417: 4410: 4395: 4394: 4389: 4382: 4367: 4366: 4361: 4354: 4352: 4336: 4335: 4330: 4323: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4301: 4286: 4285: 4280: 4273: 4265: 4264: 4259: 4252: 4244: 4243: 4238: 4231: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4208: 4192: 4188: 4187: 4182: 4176: 4169: 4168:Cheuk-to 2004 4164: 4156: 4155: 4154:Village Voice 4150: 4143: 4135: 4131: 4124: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4103: 4095: 4088: 4083: 4068: 4067: 4062: 4055: 4047: 4043: 4036: 4030:, p. 75. 4029: 4024: 4016: 4015: 4010: 4003: 3995: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3972: 3964: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3935: 3927: 3919: 3917:0-07-038429-0 3913: 3909: 3904: 3903: 3894: 3887: 3882: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3847: 3839: 3838: 3833: 3827: 3819: 3818: 3813: 3807: 3799: 3798: 3793: 3787: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3757: 3749: 3747:0-07-038429-0 3743: 3739: 3734: 3733: 3724: 3716: 3712: 3705: 3698: 3693: 3677: 3673: 3672: 3667: 3661: 3653: 3647: 3646:cite AV media 3639: 3627: 3623: 3622: 3614: 3598: 3594: 3593: 3588: 3582: 3574: 3568: 3567:cite AV media 3560: 3548: 3544: 3543: 3535: 3519: 3515: 3514: 3509: 3503: 3495: 3489: 3485: 3478: 3471: 3466: 3458: 3457: 3452: 3445: 3437: 3433: 3432: 3427: 3420: 3418: 3416: 3396: 3389: 3383: 3367: 3363: 3362: 3357: 3351: 3335: 3331: 3325: 3321: 3320: 3312: 3296: 3292: 3286: 3282: 3281: 3273: 3257: 3253: 3247: 3243: 3242: 3234: 3227: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3206: 3204: 3196: 3191: 3189: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3171: 3166: 3159: 3154: 3152: 3144: 3143:Fonoroff 1997 3139: 3137: 3120: 3116: 3110: 3106: 3105: 3097: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3068: 3060: 3044: 3040: 3034: 3030: 3029: 3021: 3014: 3009: 3002: 2998: 2995: 2991: 2990:0-521-77235-4 2987: 2983: 2979: 2976: 2975: 2968: 2966: 2958: 2957:Bordwell 2000 2953: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2931: 2930:McDonald 2000 2926: 2910: 2906: 2905: 2900: 2893: 2877: 2873: 2872: 2867: 2860: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2830: 2814: 2810: 2809: 2805: 2798: 2782: 2778: 2772: 2756: 2752: 2746: 2730: 2726: 2720: 2704: 2700: 2694: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2664: 2660: 2645: 2642: 2641: 2637: 2636: 2633: 2630: 2628: 2625: 2624: 2620: 2619: 2615: 2612: 2610: 2607: 2605: 2602: 2600: 2597: 2595: 2592: 2590: 2587: 2585: 2582: 2580: 2577: 2575: 2572: 2570: 2567: 2565: 2562: 2560: 2557: 2556: 2552: 2541: 2538: 2527: 2524: 2513: 2506: 2502: 2500: 2495: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2484: 2479: 2475: 2470: 2467: 2457: 2453: 2451: 2450: 2445: 2444: 2439: 2438: 2433: 2432: 2427: 2426: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2408: 2403: 2402: 2397: 2393: 2392: 2387: 2386: 2381: 2380: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2362: 2357: 2356: 2351: 2350: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2332: 2330: 2326: 2325: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2311: 2306: 2305: 2300: 2297:(1996–2000); 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