31:
147:
435:
118:
2623:
311:
218:
237:
During the drying process the specimens are retained within their flimsies at all times to minimize damage, and only the thicker, absorbent drying sheets are replaced. For some plants it may prove helpful to allow the fresh specimen to wilt slightly before being arranged for the press. An opportunity
154:
The techniques for making herbaria have changed little over at least six centuries. They have been an important step in the transformation of the study of plants from a branch of medicine to an independent discipline, and to make available plant material from far away places and over a long period of
391:
of an area. A large collection from a single area is used in writing a field guide or manual to aid in the identification of plants that grow there. With more specimens available, the author or the guide will better understand the variability of form in the plants and the natural distribution over
225:
Commensurate with the need to identify the specimen, it is essential to include in a herbarium sheet as much of the plant as possible (e.g., roots, flowers, stems, leaves, seed, and fruit), or at least representative parts of them in the case of large specimens. To preserve their form and colour,
241:
The specimens, which are then mounted on sheets of stiff white paper, are labelled with all essential data, such as date and place found, description of the plant, altitude, and special habitat conditions. The sheet is then placed in a protective case. As a precaution against insect attack, the
178:(dry garden). He and his students placed freshly gathered plants between two sheets of paper and applied pressure to flatten them and absorb moisture. The dried specimen was then glued onto a page in a book and annotated. This practice was supplemented by the parallel development of the
422:
Many kinds of scientists and naturalists use herbaria to preserve voucher specimens; representative samples of plants used in a particular study to demonstrate precisely the source of their data, or to enable confirmation of identification at a future date.
403:
in one area or may become extinct altogether. In such cases, specimens preserved in a herbarium can represent the only record of the plant's original distribution. Environmental scientists make use of such data to track changes in
272:
No matter the method of preservation, detailed information on where and when the plant and fungus was collected, habitat, color (since it may fade over time), and the name of the collector is usually included.
245:
Certain groups of plants and fungi are soft, bulky, or otherwise not amenable to drying and mounting on sheets. For these plants, other methods of preparation and storage may be used. For example,
66:) but, depending upon the material, may also be stored in boxes or kept in alcohol or other preservative. The specimens in a herbarium are often used as reference material in describing plant
238:
to check, rearrange and further lay out the specimen to best reveal the required features of the plant occurs when the damp absorbent sheets are changed during the drying/pressing process.
345:
used by the herbarium. It also requires familiarity with possible name changes that have occurred since the specimen was collected, since the specimen may be filed under an older name.
783:
286:, which is especially rich in the earlier collections made in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, contains the types of many species founded by the earlier workers in
2453:
384:
in
England. Modern scientists continue to develop novel, non-traditional uses for herbarium specimens that extend beyond what the original collectors could have anticipated.
671:
2458:
496:
1232:
610:
563:
2591:
672:"Herbarius continens species plantarum tum patriarum tum exoticarum ad vivum prout nascuntur in horto infirmariae celeberrimae Abbatiae Diligemensis"
368:
Herbarium collections can have great significance and value to science, and have many uses. Herbaria have long been essential for the study of
2509:
696:
318:
Most herbaria utilize a standard system of organizing their specimens into herbarium cases. Specimen sheets are stacked in groups by the
791:
1190:
Forin, Niccolò; Nigris, Sebastiano; Voyron, Samuele; Girlanda, Mariangela; Vizzini, Alfredo; Casadoro, Giorgio; Baldan, Barbara (2018).
1383:
170:, which lacked sufficient accuracy for identification. At first, he needed to make available plant material, even in winter, hence his
466:
2325:
1300:
626:
901:"The hortus siccus (1566) of Petrus Cadé: a description of the oldest known collection of dried plants made in the Low Countries"
132:
1288:
1372:
56:
The specimens may be whole plants or plant parts; these will usually be in dried form mounted on a sheet of paper (called
1378:
517:
30:
326:
that is labelled on the bottom edge. Groups of species folders are then placed together into larger, heavier folders by
551:
295:
334:
according to the standard system selected for use by the herbarium and placed into pigeonholes in herbarium cabinets.
146:
2515:
523:
439:
1410:
542:
529:
1849:
452:
Many universities, museums, and botanical gardens maintain herbaria. Each is assigned an alphabetic code in the
2330:
1322:
590:
584:
505:
209:
came up with the idea of maintaining them on free sheets that allowed their easy re-ordering within cabinets.
1780:
564:
Botanischer Garten und
Botanisches Museum Berlin-Dahlem, Zentraleinrichtung der Freien Universität Berlin (B)
1088:
348:
Modern herbaria often maintain electronic databases of their collections. Many herbaria have initiatives to
2499:
2086:
1601:
938:
MĂĽller-Wille, Staffan (2006-06-01). "Linnaeus' herbarium cabinet: a piece of furniture and its function".
2581:
2335:
511:
478:
282:, that is, the original specimens on which the study of a species was founded. Thus the herbarium at the
1192:"Next Generation Sequencing of Ancient Fungal Specimens: The Case of the Saccardo Mycological Herbarium"
257:
to preserve their three-dimensional structure. Small specimens, such as saprophytic and plant parasitic
2315:
166:(1490–1556) reintroduced the study of actual plants as opposed to relying on classical texts, such as
2465:
490:
484:
472:
381:
342:
205:(1566) of Petrus Cadé. While most of the early herbaria were prepared with sheets bound into books,
17:
1117:
581:
Chinese
National Herbarium, (Chinese Academy of Sciences) (PE) (Beijing, People's Republic of China)
502:
Naturalis
Biodiversity Center (Nationaal Herbarium Nederland) (AMD, L, U, WAG) (Leiden, Netherlands)
2603:
2448:
1498:
575:
226:
plants collected in the field are carefully arranged and spread flat between thin sheets, known as
2647:
728:
533:
757:
2433:
2357:
704:
557:
338:
2162:
2598:
416:
2320:
2217:
2172:
1844:
1403:
596:
253:
fronds may be stored in labelled boxes. Representative flowers or fruits may be pickled in
167:
1820:
298:, and contains in addition many valuable modern collections. The large herbaria have many
8:
2490:
2035:
434:
102:
50:
2428:
2293:
2071:
1763:
1549:
1445:
1313:
377:
191:
372:, the study of geographic distributions, and the stabilizing of nomenclature. Most of
105:) has occasionally been applied to a herbarium specialising in preserving material of
2652:
2586:
1435:
1430:
1284:
1172:
1164:
1057:
1032:
955:
920:
651:
454:
353:
158:
The oldest traditions of making herbarium collections have been traced to Italy. The
1367:
951:
197:
Although Ghini's herbarium has not survived, the oldest extant herbarium is that of
2372:
2278:
2273:
2227:
2120:
2105:
2066:
1991:
1832:
1756:
1653:
1595:
1355:
1309:
1244:
1213:
1203:
1154:
947:
912:
641:
636:
600:
447:
331:
187:
2167:
2626:
2608:
2470:
2299:
2249:
2237:
2199:
2135:
1962:
1930:
1891:
1864:
1693:
1688:
1579:
1515:
1396:
1274:
462:
The largest herbaria in the world, in approximate order of decreasing size, are:
419:. Even ancient fungaria represent a source for DNA-barcoding of ancient samples.
117:
2520:
2485:
2438:
2420:
2384:
2140:
1967:
1945:
1911:
1886:
1869:
1859:
1854:
1736:
1554:
1539:
1493:
1488:
369:
283:
813:
2641:
2556:
2304:
2222:
2194:
2157:
2125:
2061:
2030:
1981:
1881:
1683:
1666:
1589:
1569:
1510:
1505:
1453:
1298:
Sprague, T. A.; Nelmes, E. (1 October 1931). "The Herbal of
Leonhart Fuchs".
1168:
924:
916:
373:
206:
198:
71:
34:
Herbarium book which dates from 1633. Made by the
Flemish Bernardus Wynhouts.
1208:
1191:
1019:
2551:
2541:
2443:
2152:
1661:
1628:
1280:
1176:
959:
900:
569:
291:
254:
246:
106:
2367:
2352:
2347:
2283:
2145:
1925:
1896:
1795:
1790:
1638:
1478:
1473:
1458:
323:
231:
1218:
1159:
1142:
290:. It is also rich in types of Australian plants from the collections of
2396:
2389:
2379:
2362:
2045:
2040:
1976:
1768:
1615:
1574:
1468:
1362:
400:
396:
349:
258:
163:
58:
387:
Specimens housed in herbaria may be used to catalogue or identify the
2401:
2130:
1935:
1916:
1827:
1751:
1671:
1623:
1564:
1544:
1483:
604:
299:
250:
127:
75:
977:
150:
Herbarium book with
Japanese plants, Siebold collection Leiden, 1825
2546:
2536:
2480:
2475:
2242:
2115:
2091:
2008:
1678:
1463:
646:
357:
314:
A large herbarium may have hundreds of cases filled with specimens.
277:
94:
82:
1143:"Herbarium specimens as exaptations: New uses for old collections"
1731:
1726:
1643:
1633:
405:
319:
1276:
Herbarium: The Quest to
Preserve and Classify the World's Plants
426:
They may also be a repository of viable seeds for rare species.
356:. These records and images are made publicly accessible via the
337:
Locating a specimen filed in the herbarium requires knowing the
2184:
2076:
1996:
1950:
1940:
1901:
1839:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1419:
631:
287:
276:
The value of a herbarium is much enhanced by the possession of
266:
242:
pressed plant is frozen or poisoned, and the case disinfected.
140:
1008:
2408:
2342:
2264:
2232:
2189:
2081:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2001:
1986:
1955:
1876:
1534:
1525:
820:. Cornell University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
388:
327:
310:
269:, are often air-dried and packaged in small paper envelopes.
230:(equivalent to sheets of newsprint), and dried, usually in a
217:
136:
86:
67:
47:
880:
2259:
2254:
1906:
1746:
1721:
1716:
1700:
1559:
262:
97:
is a herbarium specialising in specimens of wood. The term
1354:
For links to a specific herbarium or institution, see the
548:
2179:
1741:
1388:
1189:
412:
411:
Herbaria have also proven very useful as source of plant
380:, which contains over 4,000 types and now belongs to the
322:
to which they belong and placed into a large lightweight
497:
Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève
395:
Herbaria also preserve a historical record of change in
1245:"Learn more - The William & Lynda Steere Herbarium"
844:
697:"Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh - What is a herbarium"
74:, some may be specimens distributed in series called
868:
856:
832:
611:
Acharya
Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden
539:Université Montpellier (MPU) (Montpellier, France)
201:from around 1532. and in the Lower Countries the
190:) to supply material, which he established at the
85:to describe an equivalent collection of preserved
613:(Central National Herbarium (CAL), Howrah, India)
330:. The genus folders are then sorted by taxonomic
2639:
1005:"Herbarium", Parkstone Press International 2014
53:and associated data used for scientific study.
1141:Heberling, J. Mason; Isaac, Bonnie L. (2017).
1140:
1089:"100 Uses for an Herbarium (Well at Least 72)"
616:Herbarium Hamburgense (HBG) (Hamburg, Germany)
1404:
1297:
886:
2510:International Association for Plant Taxonomy
1249:Index Herbariorum, New York Botanical Garden
937:
898:
790:. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Archived from
729:"Preparing and Storing Herbarium Specimens"
1411:
1397:
1375:(online database with 20,000 sheets in HD)
987:. Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland
899:Christenhusz, Maarten J. M. (April 2004).
1217:
1207:
1158:
1020:http://indexs.botanischestaatssammlung.de
971:
969:
429:
399:over time. In some cases, plants become
305:
2454:International Code of Nomenclature (ICN)
1301:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
1049:
627:Conservation and restoration of herbaria
467:Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (P)
433:
309:
216:
212:
145:
116:
29:
1014:Triebel, D. & Scholz, P. 2001–2024
552:National Botanic Garden of Belgium (BR)
518:Museum of Natural History of Vienna (W)
234:, between blotters or absorbent paper.
14:
2640:
1321:Davis, Charles C. (20 December 2022).
1272:
966:
874:
862:
850:
838:
738:. National Park Service. November 2009
302:series included in their collections.
1392:
1320:
1018:. Botanische Staatssammlung MĂĽnchen:
694:
524:Swedish Museum of Natural History (S)
440:Swedish Museum of Natural History (S)
27:Scientific collection of dried plants
1080:
1055:
723:
721:
587:(UC/JEPS) (Berkeley, California, US)
459:between one and eight letters long.
133:Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle
978:"Collecting and Pressing Specimens"
591:Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh (E)
24:
1314:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1931.tb00596.x
1196:Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution
975:
25:
2664:
2459:ICN for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)
1347:
718:
695:Edinburgh, Royal Botanic Garden.
376:'s collections are housed at the
2622:
2621:
1086:
530:United States National Herbarium
479:Komarov Botanical Institute (LE)
1327:Trends in Ecology and Evolution
1265:
1237:
1226:
1183:
1134:
1110:
1098:. The Yale University Herbarium
1033:"HerbWeb - What is a Herbarium"
1025:
999:
952:10.1016/j.endeavour.2006.03.001
931:
892:
814:"Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium"
506:The Natural History Museum (BM)
81:The same term is often used in
46:) is a collection of preserved
806:
776:
750:
688:
664:
585:University and Jepson Herbaria
514:(Cambridge, Massachusetts, US)
491:Missouri Botanical Garden (MO)
473:New York Botanical Garden (NY)
221:Preparing a plant for mounting
13:
1:
1323:"The herbarium of the future"
657:
103:Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium
2500:History of plant systematics
2087:Thorns, spines, and prickles
1058:"The Importance of Herbaria"
1056:Funk, Vicki (January 2003).
1016:IndExs – Index of Exsiccatae
784:"Wood collection (xylarium)"
764:. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
576:University of Copenhagen (C)
7:
1273:Thiers, Barbara M. (2020).
905:Archives of Natural History
620:
545:(LY) (Villeurbanne, France)
536:) (US) (Washington, DC, US)
10:
2669:
2316:Alternation of generations
1418:
1147:American Journal of Botany
558:University of Helsinki (H)
445:
112:
2617:
2565:
2529:
2466:Cultivated plant taxonomy
2429:Biological classification
2419:
2292:
2208:
2104:
2054:
1779:
1709:
1652:
1614:
1588:
1524:
1444:
1426:
887:Sprague & Nelmes 1931
818:plantbio.cals.cornell.edu
593:(Edinburgh, Scotland, UK)
543:Université Claude Bernard
499:(G) (Geneva, Switzerland)
493:(St. Louis, Missouri, US)
485:Royal Botanic Gardens (K)
2326:Evolutionary development
917:10.3366/anh.2004.31.1.30
512:Harvard University (HUH)
481:(St. Petersburg, Russia)
415:for use in taxonomy and
162:physician and botanist,
70:; some specimens may be
1977:Hypanthium (Floral cup)
1379:French Herbaria Network
1209:10.3389/fevo.2018.00129
572:(Chicago, Illinois, US)
534:Smithsonian Institution
392:which the plants grow.
363:
352:specimens to produce a
89:, otherwise known as a
2592:by author abbreviation
2516:Plant taxonomy systems
2434:Botanical nomenclature
1118:"Linnaean Collections"
1062:Plant Science Bulletin
443:
430:Institutional herbaria
315:
306:Collections management
222:
151:
143:
121:Herbarium specimens ("
35:
2599:Botanical expeditions
1384:Montpellier Herbarium
1022:. – München, Germany.
578:(Copenhagen, Denmark)
508:(London, England, UK)
475:(Bronx, New York, US)
437:
417:molecular systematics
313:
220:
213:Specimen preservation
149:
120:
33:
2331:Evolutionary history
2321:Double fertilization
2173:Cellular respiration
1233:Wiley online library
597:Herbarium Bogoriense
570:The Field Museum (F)
1550:Non-vascular plants
1373:Lamarck's Herbarium
1160:10.3732/ajb.1700125
1122:The Linnean Society
560:(Helsinki, Finland)
526:(Stockholm, Sweden)
442:, Stockholm, Sweden
174:(winter garden) or
2055:Surface structures
1850:Flower development
976:Chater, Arthur O.
487:(Kew, England, UK)
444:
408:and human impact.
378:Linnaean Herbarium
316:
223:
192:University of Pisa
152:
144:
36:
2635:
2634:
2274:Herbaceous plants
2100:
2099:
1368:Linnean Herbarium
1363:Index Herbariorum
1290:978-1-64326-052-5
853:, pp. 15–16.
652:Virtual herbarium
566:(Berlin, Germany)
520:(Vienna, Austria)
455:Index Herbariorum
354:virtual herbarium
180:Hortus simplicium
16:(Redirected from
2660:
2625:
2624:
2604:Individual trees
2279:Secondary growth
2250:Succulent plants
2238:Prostrate shrubs
2121:Apical dominance
2106:Plant physiology
2067:Epicuticular wax
1612:
1611:
1605:
1596:Plant morphology
1413:
1406:
1399:
1390:
1389:
1356:List of herbaria
1342:
1340:
1338:
1317:
1308:(325): 545–642.
1294:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1255:
1241:
1235:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1211:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1162:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1128:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1096:peabody.yale.edu
1093:
1084:
1078:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1044:
1043:
1029:
1023:
1012:
1006:
1003:
997:
996:
994:
992:
982:
973:
964:
963:
935:
929:
928:
896:
890:
884:
878:
872:
866:
860:
854:
848:
842:
836:
830:
829:
827:
825:
810:
804:
803:
801:
799:
780:
774:
773:
771:
769:
754:
748:
747:
745:
743:
733:
725:
716:
715:
713:
712:
703:. Archived from
692:
686:
685:
683:
682:
668:
642:Plant collecting
637:List of herbaria
601:Bogor, West Java
554:(Meise, Belgium)
448:List of herbaria
292:Sir Joseph Banks
188:botanical garden
21:
2668:
2667:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2613:
2582:Botanical terms
2575:
2561:
2525:
2471:Citrus taxonomy
2449:Author citation
2415:
2309:
2288:
2210:
2204:
2200:Turgor pressure
2108:
2096:
2050:
1865:Floral symmetry
1783:
1775:
1705:
1694:Vascular bundle
1689:Vascular tissue
1648:
1608:
1599:
1598:
1584:
1555:Vascular plants
1520:
1516:Plant pathology
1440:
1422:
1417:
1350:
1345:
1336:
1334:
1291:
1268:
1263:
1262:
1253:
1251:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1231:
1227:
1188:
1184:
1139:
1135:
1126:
1124:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1101:
1099:
1091:
1085:
1081:
1071:
1069:
1054:
1050:
1041:
1039:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1013:
1009:
1004:
1000:
990:
988:
985:www.bsbi.org.uk
980:
974:
967:
936:
932:
897:
893:
885:
881:
873:
869:
861:
857:
849:
845:
837:
833:
823:
821:
812:
811:
807:
797:
795:
794:on 17 July 2016
782:
781:
777:
767:
765:
756:
755:
751:
741:
739:
736:Conserve O Gram
731:
727:
726:
719:
710:
708:
701:www.rbge.org.uk
693:
689:
680:
678:
670:
669:
665:
660:
623:
469:(Paris, France)
450:
432:
382:Linnean Society
366:
360:when possible.
308:
215:
172:Hortus hiemalis
115:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2666:
2656:
2655:
2650:
2648:Plant taxonomy
2633:
2632:
2630:
2629:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2584:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2573:
2572:Related topics
2570:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2521:Taxonomic rank
2518:
2513:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2494:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2473:
2463:
2462:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2439:Botanical name
2431:
2425:
2423:
2421:Plant taxonomy
2417:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2406:
2405:
2404:
2397:Megasporangium
2394:
2393:
2392:
2385:Microsporangia
2377:
2376:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2312:
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2223:Cushion plants
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2158:Plant hormones
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2141:Photosynthesis
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1860:Floral formula
1857:
1855:Floral diagram
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1835:
1830:
1825:
1824:
1823:
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1784:(incl. Flower)
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1570:Spermatophytes
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1540:Archaeplastida
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1494:Phytogeography
1491:
1489:Phytochemistry
1486:
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1471:
1466:
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1448:
1446:Subdisciplines
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1348:External links
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1153:(7): 963–965.
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284:British Museum
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125:") of various
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1982:Inflorescence
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1590:Plant anatomy
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1511:Plant ecology
1509:
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1506:Plant anatomy
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1454:Archaeobotany
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1087:Funk, Vicki.
1083:
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1028:
1021:
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986:
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906:
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895:
888:
883:
877:, p. 20.
876:
871:
865:, p. 16.
864:
859:
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841:, p. 13.
840:
835:
819:
815:
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793:
789:
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763:
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724:
722:
707:on 2016-03-06
706:
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374:Carl Linnaeus
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247:conifer cones
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210:
208:
207:Carl Linnaeus
204:
203:hortus siccus
200:
199:Gherardo Cibo
195:
193:
189:
185:
184:Orto botanico
181:
177:
176:Hortus siccus
173:
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138:
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130:
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107:horticultural
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73:
69:
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61:
60:
54:
52:
49:
45:
41:
32:
19:
2552:Horticulture
2542:Floriculture
2504:
2444:Correct name
2294:Reproduction
2284:Woody plants
2209:Plant growth
2168:Gas Exchange
2153:Phytomelanin
2031:Plant embryo
1781:Reproductive
1629:Phragmoplast
1353:
1335:. Retrieved
1333:(5): 412–423
1330:
1326:
1305:
1299:
1281:Timber Press
1275:
1266:Bibliography
1252:. Retrieved
1248:
1239:
1228:
1219:2318/1792554
1199:
1195:
1185:
1150:
1146:
1136:
1125:. Retrieved
1121:
1112:
1100:. Retrieved
1095:
1082:
1070:. Retrieved
1065:
1061:
1051:
1040:. Retrieved
1037:apps.kew.org
1036:
1027:
1015:
1010:
1001:
989:. Retrieved
984:
946:(2): 60–64.
943:
939:
933:
911:(1): 30–43.
908:
904:
894:
882:
870:
858:
846:
834:
822:. Retrieved
817:
808:
796:. Retrieved
792:the original
787:
778:
766:. Retrieved
761:
752:
740:. Retrieved
735:
709:. Retrieved
705:the original
700:
690:
679:. Retrieved
676:lib.ugent.be
675:
666:
461:
453:
451:
425:
421:
410:
394:
386:
367:
347:
339:nomenclature
336:
317:
296:Robert Brown
278:
275:
271:
255:formaldehyde
244:
240:
236:
227:
224:
202:
196:
183:
179:
175:
171:
159:
157:
153:
126:
122:
98:
90:
80:
63:
57:
55:
43:
39:
37:
2368:Pollen tube
2363:Pollinators
2353:Pollination
2348:Germination
2163:Respiration
2146:Chlorophyll
1992:Pedicellate
1926:Gametophyte
1845:Aestivation
1796:Antheridium
1791:Archegonium
1639:Plasmodesma
1616:Plant cells
1479:Paleobotany
1474:Ethnobotany
1459:Astrobotany
875:Thiers 2020
863:Thiers 2020
851:Thiers 2020
839:Thiers 2020
788:www.kew.org
762:www.kew.org
758:"Fungarium"
232:plant press
194:in 1544.
168:Dioscorides
101:(as in the
2642:Categories
2390:Microspore
2380:Sporangium
2358:Artificial
2046:Sporophyte
2041:Sporophyll
2036:Receptacle
1931:Gynandrium
1801:Androecium
1710:Vegetative
1580:Angiosperm
1575:Gymnosperm
1469:Dendrology
1254:2023-05-16
1127:2019-10-23
1102:2 February
1072:2 February
1042:2016-03-25
991:2 February
824:2 February
798:2 February
768:2 February
711:2016-03-25
681:2020-08-27
658:References
397:vegetation
259:microfungi
164:Luca Ghini
76:exsiccatae
59:exsiccatum
2587:Botanists
2505:Herbarium
2402:Megaspore
2300:Evolution
2243:Subshrubs
2211:and habit
2136:Nutrition
2131:Cellulose
2126:Bulk flow
2109:Materials
2072:Epidermis
1936:Gynoecium
1917:Endosperm
1912:Dispersal
1828:Staminode
1764:Sessility
1752:Cataphyll
1672:Mesophyll
1624:Cell wall
1565:Lycophyte
1545:Bryophyte
1499:Geobotany
1484:Phycology
1169:1537-2197
940:Endeavour
925:0260-9541
605:Indonesia
300:exsiccata
128:Nepenthes
123:exsiccata
99:hortorium
91:fungarium
64:exsiccata
51:specimens
42:(plural:
40:herbarium
18:Hortorium
2653:Herbaria
2627:Category
2547:Forestry
2537:Agronomy
2530:Practice
2481:Cultivar
2476:Cultigen
2336:timeline
2228:Rosettes
2116:Aleurone
2092:Trichome
2009:Perianth
1821:Filament
1679:Meristem
1602:glossary
1464:Bryology
1337:11 March
1177:28701296
960:16600379
742:24 March
647:Oshibana
621:See also
358:Internet
350:digitize
228:flimsies
109:origin.
95:xylarium
83:mycology
62:, plur.
44:herbaria
2305:Ecology
2062:Cuticle
1892:Capsule
1882:Anatomy
1833:Tapetum
1757:Petiole
1732:Rhizome
1727:Rhizoid
1654:Tissues
1644:Vacuole
1634:Plastid
1436:Outline
1431:History
1068:(3): 94
406:climate
401:extinct
320:species
267:lichens
160:Bologna
131:at the
113:History
2609:Plants
2512:(IAPT)
2265:Lianas
2233:Shrubs
2185:Starch
2077:Nectar
1997:Raceme
1963:Stigma
1951:Locule
1941:Carpel
1902:Pyrena
1840:Flower
1816:Anther
1811:Stamen
1806:Pollen
1528:groups
1420:Botany
1287:
1175:
1167:
958:
923:
632:Herbal
599:(BO) (
332:family
324:folder
288:botany
263:mosses
155:time.
141:France
2569:Lists
2486:Group
2409:Spore
2343:Flora
2260:Vines
2255:Trees
2218:Habit
2190:Sugar
2082:Stoma
2024:Sepal
2019:Petal
2014:Tepal
2002:Umbel
1987:Bract
1968:Style
1956:Ovule
1946:Ovary
1887:Berry
1877:Fruit
1870:Whorl
1737:Shoot
1535:Algae
1526:Plant
1092:(PDF)
981:(PDF)
732:(PDF)
389:flora
328:genus
279:types
137:Paris
87:fungi
72:types
48:plant
2491:Grex
2373:Self
1907:Seed
1769:Stem
1747:Leaf
1722:Root
1717:Bulb
1701:Wood
1662:Cork
1560:Fern
1339:2024
1285:ISBN
1173:PMID
1165:ISSN
1104:2016
1074:2016
993:2016
956:PMID
921:ISSN
826:2016
800:2016
770:2016
744:2016
438:The
364:Uses
341:and
294:and
265:and
251:palm
249:and
93:. A
68:taxa
2180:Sap
1897:Nut
1742:Bud
1310:doi
1214:hdl
1204:doi
1155:doi
1151:104
948:doi
913:doi
413:DNA
182:or
135:in
2644::
1331:38
1329:.
1325:.
1306:48
1304:.
1283:.
1279:.
1247:.
1212:.
1202:.
1198:.
1194:.
1171:.
1163:.
1149:.
1145:.
1120:.
1094:.
1066:49
1064:.
1060:.
1035:.
983:.
968:^
954:.
944:30
942:.
919:.
909:31
907:.
903:.
816:.
786:.
760:.
734:.
720:^
699:.
674:.
603:,
261:,
139:,
78:.
38:A
1604:)
1600:(
1412:e
1405:t
1398:v
1358:.
1341:.
1316:.
1312::
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