Human ecology - Knowledge

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environment and reminded us that "what is important is the work to be done rather than the label." "When we as a profession learn to diagnose the total landscape, not only as the basis of our culture, but as an expression of it, and to share our special knowledge as widely as we can, we need not fear that our work will be ignored or that our efforts will be unappreciated." Recently, the Ecological Society of America has added a Section on Human Ecology, indicating the increasing openness of biological ecologists to engage with human dominated systems and the acknowledgement that most contemporary ecosystems have been influenced by human action.

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are the more sensitive indicator of natural capital than are species extinction in the accounting of ecosystem services. The prospect for recovery in the economic crisis of nature is grim. Populations, such as local ponds and patches of forest are being cleared away and lost at rates that exceed species extinctions. The mainstream growth-based economic system adopted by governments worldwide does not include a price or markets for natural capital. This type of economic system places further

5314: 6426: 6390: 5708: 498:, among others. However, as early as the 1960s, a number of universities began to rename home economics departments, schools, and colleges as human ecology programs. In part, this name change was a response to perceived difficulties with the term home economics in a modernizing society, and reflects a recognition of human ecology as one of the initial choices for the discipline which was to become home economics. Current human ecology programs include the 5698: 6415: 1009: 6402: 5183: 32: 486:. An "ecosystem health" perspective has emerged as a thematic movement, integrating research and practice from such fields as environmental management, public health, biodiversity, and economic development. Drawing in turn from the application of concepts such as the social-ecological model of health, human ecology has converged with the mainstream of global public health literature. 838:

between human societies and the environment. In the early years, human ecology was still deeply enmeshed in its respective disciplines: geography, sociology, anthropology, psychology, and economics. Scholars through the 1970s until present have called for a greater integration between all of the scattered disciplines that has each established formal ecological research.

323:, where it was defined as "the study of the surroundings of human beings in the effects they produce on the lives of men". Richard's use of the term recognized humans as part of rather than separate from nature. The term made its first formal appearance in the field of sociology in the 1921 book "Introduction to the Science of Sociology", published by 792:

is called a biodiversity crisis, because 50% of the worlds species are predicted to go extinct within the next 50 years. Conventional monetary analyses are unable to detect or deal with these sorts of ecological problems. Multiple global ecological economic initiatives are being promoted to solve this problem. For example, governments of the

465:: that human ecology is healthiest when "running out in all directions". But human ecology is neither anti-discipline nor anti-theory, rather it is the ongoing attempt to formulate, synthesize, and apply theory to bridge the widening schism between man and nature. This new human ecology emphasizes complexity over 209:. Polis stems from its Greek roots for a political community (originally based on the city-states), sharing its roots with the word police in reference to the promotion of growth and maintenance of good social order in a community. Linnaeus was also the first to write about the close affinity between humans and 924:, have embraced the term human ecology as a way to describe the problem of—and prescribe the solutions for—the landscapes and lifestyles of an automobile oriented society. Duany has called the human ecology movement to be "the agenda for the years ahead." While McHargian planning is still widely respected, the 816:

is notable for building on the integration between ecology and its economic origins. Boulding drew parallels between ecology and economics, most generally in that they are both studies of individuals as members of a system, and indicated that the "household of man" and the "household of nature" could

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is diminished through an accounting system that has incorrectly assumed "... that nature is a fixed, indestructible capital asset." The current wave of threats, including massive extinction rates and concurrent loss of natural capital to the detriment of human society, is happening rapidly. This

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The application of ecological concepts to epidemiology has similar roots to those of other disciplinary applications, with Carl Linnaeus having played a seminal role. However, the term appears to have come into common use in the medical and public health literature in the mid-twentieth century. This

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Human ecology is the discipline that inquires into the patterns and process of interaction of humans with their environments. Human values, wealth, life-styles, resource use, and waste, etc. must affect and be affected by the physical and biotic environments along urban-rural gradients. The nature of

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is not an external disturbance, it is a keystone species within the system. In the long term, it may not be the magnitude of extracted goods and services that will determine sustainability. It may well be our disruption of ecological recovery and stability mechanisms that determines system collapse.

182:. Ecology also has notably developed in other cultures. Traditional knowledge, as it is called, includes the human propensity for intuitive knowledge, intelligent relations, understanding, and for passing on information about the natural world and the human experience. The term ecology was coined by 837:

In the last century, the world has faced several challenges, including environmental degradation, public health issues, and climate change. Addressing these issues requires interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary interventions, allowing for a comprehensive understanding of the intricate connections

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Human ecology expands functionalism from ecology to the human mind. People's perception of a complex world is a function of their ability to be able to comprehend beyond the immediate, both in time and in space. This concept manifested in the popular slogan promoting sustainability: "think global,

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Many human-nature interactions occur indirectly due to the production and use of human-made (manufactured and synthesized) products, such as electronic appliances, furniture, plastics, airplanes, and automobiles. These products insulate humans from the natural environment, leading them to perceive

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that extends its methods of valuation onto nature in an effort to address the inequity between market growth and biodiversity loss. Natural capital is the stock of materials or information stored in biodiversity that generates services that can enhance the welfare of communities. Population losses

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was an early proponent of applying human ecology, addressing topics aimed at the population explosion of humanity, global resource limits, pollution, and published a comprehensive account on human ecology as a discipline in 1954. He saw the vast "explosion" of problems humans were creating for the

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in Bar Harbor, Maine, was founded as a school of human ecology. Since its first enrolled class of 32 students, the college has grown into a small liberal arts institution with about 350 students and 35 full-time faculty. Every graduate receives a degree in human ecology, an interdisciplinary major

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Human ecology may be defined: (1) from a bio-ecological standpoint as the study of man as the ecological dominant in plant and animal communities and systems; (2) from a bio-ecological standpoint as simply another animal affecting and being affected by his physical environment; and (3) as a human

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While we are used to thinking of cities as geographically discrete places, most of the land "occupied" by their residents lies far beyond their borders. The total area of land required to sustain an urban region (its "ecological footprint") is typically at least an order of magnitude greater than

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in 2002 which focuses on the relationships among landscape, culture, and planning. The work highlights the beauty of scientific inquiry by revealing those purely human dimensions which underlie our concepts of ecology. While Steiner discusses specific ecological settings, such as cityscapes and

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However, persistent, systematic, large and non-random disturbance caused by the niche-constructing behavior of human beings, including habitat conversion and land development, has pushed many of the Earth's ecosystems to the extent of their resilience thresholds. Three planetary thresholds have

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view of the world is an important expose of recent trends in human ecology. Part literature review, the book is divided into four sections: "human ecology", "the implicit and the explicit", "structuration", and "the regional dimension". Much of the work stresses the need for transciplinarity,

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types having 30 sub-categories stemming from natural capital. The ecological commons includes provisioning (e.g., food, raw materials, medicine, water supplies), regulating (e.g., climate, water, soil retention, flood retention), cultural (e.g., science and education, artistic, spiritual), and

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within communities provides sustainable health services that reduce mortality and regulate the spread of vector-borne disease. Research shows that people who are more engaged with and who have regular access to natural areas benefit from lower rates of diabetes, heart disease and psychological

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Human ecology has a fragmented academic history with developments spread throughout a range of disciplines, including: home economics, geography, anthropology, sociology, zoology, and psychology. Some authors have argued that geography is human ecology. Much historical debate has hinged on the

850:(1986) calls human ecology the "possibility of an aesthetic science", renewing dialogue about how art fits into a human ecological perspective. According to Carpenter, human ecology as an aesthetic science counters the disciplinary fragmentation of knowledge by examining human consciousness. 703:

While the Anthropocene is yet to be classified as an official epoch, current evidence suggest that "an epoch-scale boundary has been crossed within the last two centuries." The ecology of the planet is further threatened by global warming, but investments in nature conservation can provide a

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Today there is greater emphasis on the problems facing individuals and how actors deal with them with the consequence that there is much more attention to decision-making at the individual level as people strategize and optimize risk, costs and benefits within specific contexts. Rather than

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epoch and the ecological state of the Earth is deteriorating rapidly, to the detriment of humanity. The world's fisheries and oceans, for example, are facing dire challenges as the threat of global collapse appears imminent, with serious ramifications for the well-being of humanity.

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The history of human ecology has strong roots in geography and sociology departments of the late 19th century. In this context a major historical development or landmark that stimulated research into the ecological relations between humans and their urban environments was founded in

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2008 living planet report and other researchers report that human civilization has exceeded the bio-regenerative capacity of the planet. This means that the footprint of human consumption is extracting more natural resources than can be replenished by ecosystems around the world.

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suggests that recent discourse has shifted toward applying principles of human ecology. Some of these applications focus instead on addressing problems that cross disciplinary boundaries or transcend those boundaries altogether. Scholarship has increasingly tended away from

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has become a popular way of accounting for the level of impact that human society is imparting on the Earth's ecosystems. All indications are that the human enterprise is unsustainable as the footprint of society is placing too much stress on the ecology of the planet. The

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called for a future when all planning would be "human ecological planning" by default, always bound up in humans' relationships with their environments. He emphasized local, place-based planning that takes into consideration all the "layers" of information from

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While the reputation of human ecology in institutions of higher learning is growing, there is no human ecology at the primary or secondary education levels, with one notable exception, Syosset High School, in Long Island, New York. Educational theorist Sir

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act local." Moreover, people's conception of community stems from not only their physical location but their mental and emotional connections and varies from "community as place, community as way of life, or community of collective action."

248:", he was an early founder of sociology where he developed the idea of society as an organism, and he created an early precedent for the socio-ecological approach that was the subsequent aim and link between sociology and human ecology. 828:

being, somehow different from animal life in general, interacting with physical and modified environments in a distinctive and creative way. A truly interdisciplinary human ecology will most likely address itself to all three.

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that "builds on but moves beyond previous work (e.g., human ecology, ecological anthropology, environmental geography)." Other fields or branches related to the historical development of human ecology as a discipline include

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Liu, J.; Dietz, T.; Carpenter, S. R.; Alberti, M.; Folke, C.; Moran, E.; Pell, A. N.; Deadman, P.; Kratz, T.; Lubchenco, J.; Ostrom, E.; Ouyang, Z.; Provencher, W.; Redman, C. L.; Schneider, S. H.; Taylor, W. W. (2007).

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placement of humanity as part or as separate from nature. In light of the branching debate of what constitutes human ecology, recent interdisciplinary researchers have sought a unifying scientific field they have titled

615:(including the environmental, physiological, cognitive, cultural, and spiritual dimensions of life). Ultimately, every manufactured product in human environments comes from natural systems. Ecosystems are considered 601:

Policy and human institutions should rarely assume that human enterprise is benign. A safer assumption holds that human enterprise almost always exacts an ecological toll - a debit taken from the ecological commons.

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attempting to formulate a cultural ecology or even a specifically "human ecology" model, researchers more often draw on demographic, economic and evolutionary theory as well as upon models derived from field ecology.

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Human ecology has been defined as a type of analysis applied to the relations in human beings that was traditionally applied to plants and animals in ecology. Toward this aim, human ecologists (which can include

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is an important conceptual framework in conservation management and it is defined as the preservation of biological relations in ecosystems that persevere and regenerate in response to disturbance over time.

364:, and anthropological ecology. Even though the term ‘human ecology' was popularized in the 1920s and 1930s, studies in this field had been conducted since the early nineteenth century in England and France. 570:. The way that the human species engineers or constructs technodiversity into the environment threads back into the processes of cultural and biological evolution, including the human economy. 546:

of human society, as it was known historically, has created entirely new arrangements of ecosystems as we convert matter into technology. Human ecology has created anthropogenic biomes (called

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has called for diversification of education to promote creativity in academic and non-academic (i.e., educate their "whole being") activities to implement a "new conception of human ecology".

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waterscapes, and the relationships between socio-cultural and environmental regions, he also takes a diverse approach to ecology—considering even the unique synthesis between ecology and

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Corwin EHL. Ecology of health. New York: Commonwealth Fund, 1949. Cited in le Riche WH, Milner J. Epidemiology as Medical Ecology. Churchill Livingstone. Edinburgh and London. 1971.

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While some of the early writers considered how art fit into a human ecology, it was Sears who posed the idea that in the long run human ecology will in fact look more like art.

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and published a "'laboratory guide' to studying people in their 'every-day occupations.'" This was a guidebook that trained students of sociology how they could study

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in modern terms): "In exchange for performing its function satisfactorily, nature provided a species with the necessaries of life" The work of Linnaeus influenced

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disorders. These ecological health services are regularly depleted through urban development projects that do not factor in the common-pool value of ecosystems.

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gave an introductory statement on the scope of topics in human ecology. Their statement provides a broad overview on the interdisciplinary nature of the topic:

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Wackernagel, M.; Rees, W. E. (1997). "Perceptual and structural barriers to investing in natural capital: Economics from an ecological footprint perspective".

461:'s idea of a "unified theory" of human ecological knowledge—that human ecology may emerge as its own discipline—and more toward the pluralism best espoused by 452: 53: 3293:

Zabel, B.; Hawes, P.; Stuart, H.; Marino, D. V. (1999). "Construction and engineering of a created environment: Overview of the Biosphere 2 closed system".

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MacDonald, Dennis W. (2011). "Beyond the Group: The Implications of Roderick D. McKenzie's Human Ecology for Reconceptualizing Society and the Social".

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McDonnell, M. J.; Pickett, S. T. A. (1990). "Ecosystem structure and function along urban-rural gradients: An unexploited opportunity for ecology".

1384: 6740: 942: 399:) integrate diverse perspectives from a broad spectrum of disciplines covering "wider points of view". In its 1972 premier edition, the editors of 1302: 499: 695:. These biophysical systems are ecologically interrelated and are naturally resilient, but human civilization has transitioned the planet to an 494:

In addition to its links to other disciplines, human ecology has a strong historical linkage to the field of home economics through the work of

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involves ecologists that are researching, confronting, and searching for solutions to sustain the planet's ecosystems for future generations.

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Ecology is not just biological, but a human science as well. An early and influential social scientist in the history of human ecology was

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Reid, G. M. (2009). "Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778): his life, philosophy and science and its relationship to modern biology and medicine".

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Mooney, H.; et al. (2009). "Biodiversity, climate change, and ecosystem services Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability".

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Foster, J. (2003). "Between economics and ecology: Some historical and philosophical considerations for modelers of natural capital".

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Agaton, Casper Boongaling; del Rosario, Eunice A.; Nguyen-Orca, Marie Faye; Salvacion, Arnold R.; Sandalo, Ricardo M. (2024-01-30).

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In a global study we will initiate the process of analyzing the global economic benefit of biological diversity, the costs of the

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The first English-language use of the term "ecology" is credited to American chemist and founder of the field of home economics,

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Human Ecology — A New Discipline?: A Short Tentative Description of the Institutional and Intellectual History of Human Ecology.

1465: 244:. Spencer was influenced by and reciprocated his influence onto the works of Charles Darwin. Herbert Spencer coined the phrase " 6464: 2131: 5711: 5201: 2932: 1532: 1448: 270:, which was published in 1864. Marsh was interested in the active agency of human-nature interactions (an early precursor to 4101:

Rockström, W.; Noone, K.; Persson, A.; Chapin, S.; Lambin, E. F.; Lenton, T. M.; Scheffer, M; Folke, C; et al. (2009).

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Charron SF. Ecohealth research in practice: Innovative Applications of an Ecosystem Approach to Health. Springer, IDRC 2012.

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The ecological commons delivers a diverse supply of community services that sustains the well-being of human society. The

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less dependence on natural systems than is the case, but all manufactured products ultimately come from natural systems.

658:. Species loss is accelerating at 100–1000 times faster than average background rates in the fossil record. The field of 305:

would study birds. Their publication "explicitly included the relation of the social world to the material environment."

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Jelinski, D. E. (2005). "There is not mother nature: There is no balance of nature: Culture, ecology and conservation".

1350: 6698: 5616: 2114: 4579: 4044:"Where does biodiversity go from here? A grim business-as-usual forecast and a hopeful portfolio of partial solutions" 469:, focuses on changes over stable states, and expands ecological concepts beyond plants and animals to include people. 6724: 3700: 2898: 2869: 2515: 1285: 6599: 6406: 348: 2678:"A brief history of SHE: Reflections on the founding and first twenty five years of the Society for Human Ecology" 666:"Human activities are associated directly or indirectly with nearly every aspect of the current extinction spasm." 6999: 6342: 5480: 1146: 628: 6430: 3004: 1369: 1321: 7126: 6299: 5953: 5794: 5601: 5187: 5072:

Maintenance of the Biosphere. (Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Environmental Future — ICEF).

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McMichael, A. J.; Bolin, B.; Costanza, R.; Daily, G. C.; Folke, C.; Lindahl-Kiessling, K.; et al. (1999).

4880:. In Nature Environments of North America, F.F. Darling and J.P. Milton, eds, Doubleday New York. pp.225-231. 4006: 5906: 5762: 5721: 5626: 2336: 1561: 860: 430:

The relation of food quality and quantity to physical and intellectual performance and to demographic change;

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Rees, W. (2002). "An Ecological Economics Perspective on Sustainability and Prospects for Ending Poverty".

4343:"Human appropriation of natural capital: A comparison of ecological footprint and water footprint analysis" 3140: 2021: 375:

Biological ecologists have traditionally been reluctant to study human ecology, gravitating instead to the

4936: 550:). The habitats within these anthromes reach out through our road networks to create what has been called 6680: 6635: 5799: 5631: 5263: 4432: 3794:"A typology for the classification, description and valuation of ecosystem functions, goods and services" 2043: 1415: 1116: 1072: 654:

Global assessments of biodiversity indicate that the current epoch, the Holocene (or Anthropocene) is a

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The role of social, cultural, and psychological factors in the maintenance or disruption of ecosystems;

339:. These authors emphasized the difference between human ecology and ecology in general by highlighting 336: 286: 91: 5022: 3189:

Stairs, D. (1997). "Biophilia and technophilia: Examining the nature/culture split in design theory".

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movement seeks a new understanding between human and environment relations. Among these theorists is

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In the late 1960s, ecological concepts started to become integrated into the applied fields, namely

7131: 6394: 6242: 6232: 6029: 5755: 5556: 5278: 2857: 1385:"Who knows? On the importance of identifying "experts" when researching local ecological knowledge" 1221: 1211: 1131: 1096: 631:, an international UN initiative involving more than 1,360 experts worldwide, identifies four main 619:

because ecosystems do not exclude beneficiaries and they can be depleted or degraded. For example,

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Changes to the Earth by human activities have been so great that a new geological epoch named the

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The ecosystems of planet Earth are coupled to human environments. Ecosystems regulate the global

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Chapin, F. S.; Eviner, Valerie T.; et al. (2000). "Consequences of changing biodiversity".

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system. Ecosystems regenerate, withstand, and are forever adapting to fluctuating environments.

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these interactions is a legitimate ecological research topic and one of increasing importance.

3569:"Linking ecological and built components of urban mosaics: an open cycle of ecological design" 2948: 567: 6693: 6450: 6237: 6227: 6189: 6162: 6124: 6097: 6007: 5916: 5835: 5825: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5368: 5268: 4713:

Koh, LP; Sodhi, NS; et al. (2004). "Species Coextinctions and the Biodiversity Crisis".

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Genetic, physiological, and social adaptation to the environment and to environmental change;

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Humans as Components of Ecosystems: The Ecology of Subtle Human Effects and Populated Areas.

2985: 2887: 2499: 1903: 7037: 6964: 6761: 6184: 6024: 5997: 5992: 5889: 5681: 5621: 5591: 5460: 5421: 5396: 5361: 5338: 5243: 4773: 4722: 4605: 4547: 4490: 4416: 4357: 4313: 4302:"Ecological footprints and appropriated carrying capacity: what urban economics leaves out" 4171: 4114: 4055: 3891: 3847: 3808: 3715: 3302: 3155: 3097: 3037: 2587: 2058: 1997: 1830: 1082: 1057: 805: 788: 764: 753: 731: 713: 671: 659: 620: 379:. Human ecology has a history of focusing attention on humans' impact on the biotic world. 376: 332: 261: 234: 4633:"Sustainability and resilience in boreal regions: sources and consequences of variability" 3510: 424:

The development of unifying principles in the study of biological and cultural adaptation;

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Study of the relationship between humans and their natural, social, and built environments

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Young, G.L. (1974). "Human Ecology as an Interdisciplinary Concept: A Critical Inquiry".

1181: 960: 938: 813: 740: 649: 213:. Linnaeus presented early ideas found in modern aspects to human ecology, including the 113: 4777: 4726: 4609: 4551: 4514: 4494: 4420: 4361: 4317: 4175: 4118: 4059: 3895: 3851: 3812: 3767: 3719: 3469: 3428:"Toward a Legal Land Ethic: Punitive Damages, Natural Value, and the Ecological Commons" 3306: 3159: 3101: 3082: 3041: 2591: 2395: 2062: 2001: 1834: 1778:

Claeys, G. (2000). "The "survival of the fittest" and the origins of social Darwinism".

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Kormandy, E. J.; Wooster, Donald (1978). "Review: Ecology/Economy of Nature—Synonyms?".

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The application of computers, remote sensing devices, and other new tools and techniques

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and the failure to take protective measures versus the costs of effective conservation.

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Effects of population density on health, social organization, or environmental quality;

340: 275: 218: 169: 124:. The philosophy and study of human ecology has a diffuse history with advancements in 117: 5162:"Human Ecology. An Outline of the Concept and the Relationship between Man and Nature" 4617: 3820: 3620: 3537: 3451:"Human Ecology and Resource Sustainability: The Importance of Institutional Diversity" 3450: 3314: 3279: 1277: 7047: 6989: 6984: 6852: 6828: 6823: 6630: 6279: 6274: 6262: 6257: 6129: 6119: 6039: 5982: 5926: 5697: 5656: 5651: 5583: 5401: 5356: 5343: 5298: 5111: 4961: 4828: 4738: 4563: 4283: 4271: 4199: 4144: 4132: 4083: 3968: 3919: 3741: 3674: 3585: 3568: 3541: 3408: 3359: 3113: 3055: 2928: 2894: 2865: 2839: 2734: 2662: 2611: 2511: 2500: 2441: 2356: 2340: 2304: 2199: 2137: 2110: 2076: 1967: 1899: 1807: 1764: 1619: 1528: 1504: 1488: 1444: 1411: 1281: 1156: 684: 632: 608: 584: 328: 294: 214: 121: 105: 101: 79: 4750: 4666: 4575: 4014: 3988:"Amphibian Decline or Extinction? Current Declines Dwarf Background Extinction Rate" 3753: 3553: 3524:

Hartig, T. (2008). "Green space, psychological restoration, and health inequality".

3245: 3175: 3125: 2561: 2418: 2368: 2017: 1686: 1631: 1500: 6944: 6916: 6660: 6650: 6594: 6569: 6559: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6294: 6139: 6114: 5921: 5911: 5901: 5661: 5636: 5525: 5376: 5303: 5154: 5101: 5090:"The Human Ecology of Overshoot: Why a Major 'Population Correction' Is Inevitable" 4957: 4903: 4816: 4781: 4730: 4693: 4652: 4644: 4613: 4555: 4498: 4428: 4424: 4369: 4365: 4321: 4261: 4253: 4226: 4189: 4179: 4122: 4073: 4063: 4002: 3958: 3950: 3909: 3899: 3855: 3816: 3733: 3664: 3654: 3616: 3580: 3533: 3496: 3465: 3398: 3390: 3349: 3341: 3310: 3275: 3233: 3198: 3163: 3105: 3067: 3045: 3000: 2986:"Is it time to bury the ecosystem concept? (With full military honors, of course!)" 2795: 2764: 2714: 2642: 2595: 2549: 2472: 2433: 2419:"Ecological influences on human behavioural diversity: a review of recent findings" 2391: 2332: 2284: 2249: 2222: 2179: 2088: 2066: 2005: 1947: 1887: 1838: 1787: 1744: 1709: 1674: 1611: 1584: 1557: 1480: 1399: 1365: 1317: 1273: 1206: 909: 637: 551: 353: 6620: 4510: 1983:"The biogeography of geographers: A content visualization of journal publications" 1646: 331:(also from the sociology department at the University of Chicago). Their student, 7095: 7078: 7052: 7009: 7004: 6979: 6949: 6518: 6304: 6071: 6066: 5879: 5520: 5507: 5485: 5470: 5381: 5293: 5085: 4230: 3737: 3659: 2599: 1438: 1191: 1161: 1136: 773: 759: 735: 612: 559: 521: 458: 302: 290: 241: 222: 179: 2461:"Human geography and the 'new ecology': The prospect and promise of integration" 6906: 6901: 6894: 6862: 6756: 6604: 6419: 6267: 6179: 6174: 5931: 5852: 5847: 5778: 5666: 5193: 4326: 4301: 2437: 2009: 1871: 1216: 1196: 1186: 1126: 1091: 1014: 872: 692: 688: 562:

exists within these technoecosystems. In direct parallel to the concept of the

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where human ecological connections were more evident. In his 1749 publication,

157: 5161: 4820: 4160:"Colloquium paper: ecological extinction and evolution in the brave new ocean" 3237: 2769: 2752: 2553: 2253: 1951: 1891: 1615: 1484: 1403: 73: 7115: 6959: 6954: 6931: 6921: 6889: 6881: 6857: 6776: 6655: 6574: 6492: 6370: 6326: 6289: 6219: 6104: 6002: 5948: 5943: 5676: 5606: 5563: 5530: 5515: 5333: 5115: 4891: 3330:"Foraging and farming as niche construction: stable and unstable adaptations" 2344: 1548:

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McKenzie 262:George Perkins Marsh 7084:Restoration ecology 7074:Glossary of ecology 7020:Interdisciplinarity 6767:Theoretical ecology 6741:Branches of ecology 6646:Robin Wall Kimmerer 6365:Geisteswissenschaft 6359:Behavioral sciences 6285:Political sociology 6200:Information science 6145:Development studies 5732:Research institutes 5254:Environmental crime 5049:Marten, G.G. 2001. 5030:The Ecology of Eden 4778:1992Oikos..63...29W 4727:2004Sci...305.1632K 4610:1997EcoEc..20....3W 4552:2002Sci...296..904C 4495:1997Natur.387..253C 4421:2008EcoEc..64..470M 4362:2009EcoEc..68.1963H 4318:1992EnUrb...4..121R 4176:2008PNAS..10511458J 4158:Jackson JB (2008). 4119:2009Natur.461..472R 4060:2008PNAS..10511579E 3937:May, R. M. (2010). 3896:2008PNAS..10511466W 3852:2008GSAT...18b...4Z 3813:2002EcoEc..41..393D 3720:1999Sci...284..278. 3307:1999EcEng..13...43Z 3226:Topics in Catalysis 3160:2007JSoSe...7...96R 3102:2011RSPTA.369.1010E 3096:(1938): 1010–1035. 3042:2011RSPTA.369..835Z 2592:1954Sci...120..959S 2417:Nettle, D. (2009). 2063:2007Sci...317.1513L 2057:(5844): 1513–1516. 2002:2007PhGeo..28..261S 1835:1990Ecol...71.1232M 1464:Pearce, T. (2010). 1182:Urie Bronfenbrenner 961:Ecology and Society 939:political geography 814:Kenneth E. Boulding 800:(TEEB) initiative: 650:Holocene extinction 83: – 7069:History of ecology 6975:Functional ecology 6940:Behavioral ecology 6819:Population ecology 6585:Historical ecology 6420:Society portal 5907:auxiliary sciences 5702:Environment portal 5456:Industrial ecology 5077:Quinn, J.A. 1950. 5032:. New York: Knopf. 4950:Landscape Planning 4699:10.1038/twas08.44a 3573:Journal of Ecology 2719:10.1007/BF01791277 2289:10.1007/bf01558116 2215:Nature and Culture 1990:Physical Geography 1589:10.1002/tax.581005 1142:Industrial ecology 1001:Environment portal 926:landscape urbanism 789:ecological commons 609:geophysical cycles 597: 580:Ecosystem services 574:Ecosystem services 341:cultural evolution 219:ecosystem services 170:History of ecology 122:built environments 95: 7109: 7108: 7048:Political ecology 6990:Molecular ecology 6985:Landscape ecology 6853:Microbial ecology 6829:Ecosystem ecology 6824:Community ecology 6707: 6706: 6631:Harold C. Conklin 6553:Correlated fields 6440: 6439: 6280:Political economy 6275:Political ecology 6130:Community studies 6120:Cognitive science 6083:Interdisciplinary 5983:Political science 5745: 5744: 5584:Green criminology 5344:Community studies 5299:Political ecology 5186:Media related to 4909:10.56237/jhes24ED 4489:(6630): 253–260. 4252:(6783): 234–242. 4113:(7263): 472–475. 3714:(5412): 278–282. 3340:(1556): 849–862. 3036:(1938): 835–841. 2999:(12): 3275–3284. 2934:978-0-19-975190-7 2586:(3128): 959–963. 1534:978-0-691-13898-5 1450:978-0-534-42066-6 1157:Political ecology 930:Frederich Steiner 685:biodiversity loss 633:ecosystem service 329:Ernest W. Burgess 303:natural historian 295:George E. Vincent 280:economy of nature 215:balance of nature 106:transdisciplinary 102:interdisciplinary 80:built environment 71: 70: 7139: 6945:Chemical ecology 6917:Tropical ecology 6734: 6727: 6720: 6711: 6710: 6661:Darrell A. Posey 6651:Gary Paul Nabhan 6595:Paleoethnobotany 6570:Ethnoarchaeology 6560:Cultural ecology 6544:Ethnoprimatology 6539:Ethnoornithology 6534:Ethnolichenology 6529:Ethnoichthyology 6524:Ethnoherpetology 6467: 6460: 6453: 6444: 6443: 6428: 6418: 6417: 6404: 6403: 6392: 6391: 6295:Regional science 6140:Cultural studies 6115:Business studies 5772: 5765: 5758: 5749: 5748: 5710: 5709: 5700: 5632:natural resource 5316: 5304:Regional science 5218: 5211: 5204: 5195: 5194: 5185: 5155:Internet Archive 5119: 5109: 5086:Rees, William E. 5007:Cohen, J. 1995. 4996: 4985: 4979: 4972: 4966: 4965: 4945: 4939: 4933: 4927: 4920: 4914: 4913: 4911: 4887: 4881: 4874: 4868: 4861: 4855: 4854: 4852: 4850: 4845:. European Union 4839: 4833: 4832: 4804: 4798: 4797: 4761: 4755: 4754: 4721:(5690): 1632–4. 4710: 4704: 4703: 4701: 4677: 4671: 4670: 4660: 4628: 4622: 4621: 4593: 4587: 4586: 4584: 4578:. Archived from 4537: 4528: 4522: 4521: 4519: 4513:. Archived from 4503:10.1038/387253a0 4480: 4471: 4465: 4464: 4462: 4460: 4454: 4446: 4440: 4439: 4437: 4431:. Archived from 4406: 4397: 4388: 4387: 4385: 4384: 4378: 4372:. Archived from 4356:(7): 1963–1974. 4347: 4338: 4332: 4331: 4329: 4297: 4288: 4287: 4269: 4258:10.1038/35012241 4241: 4235: 4234: 4214: 4208: 4207: 4197: 4187: 4155: 4149: 4148: 4130: 4098: 4092: 4091: 4081: 4071: 4054:(S1): 11579–86. 4039: 4033: 4032: 4030: 4029: 4023: 4017:. Archived from 3992: 3983: 3977: 3976: 3966: 3934: 3928: 3927: 3917: 3907: 3875: 3866: 3865: 3863: 3831: 3825: 3824: 3798: 3789: 3780: 3779: 3777: 3775: 3764: 3758: 3757: 3731: 3705: 3696: 3690: 3689: 3688: 3682: 3672: 3662: 3638: 3632: 3631: 3629: 3623:. Archived from 3615:(3–4): 374–384. 3606: 3597: 3591: 3590: 3588: 3564: 3558: 3557: 3532:(9650): 1614–5. 3521: 3515: 3514: 3504: 3480: 3474: 3473: 3455: 3446: 3440: 3439: 3423: 3417: 3416: 3406: 3374: 3368: 3367: 3357: 3325: 3319: 3318: 3290: 3284: 3283: 3265: 3256: 3250: 3249: 3221: 3215: 3214: 3186: 3180: 3179: 3145: 3136: 3130: 3129: 3087: 3078: 3072: 3071: 3053: 3027: 3018: 3009: 3008: 2990: 2981: 2975: 2974: 2967: 2961: 2960: 2958: 2956: 2945: 2939: 2938: 2920: 2914: 2911: 2905: 2904: 2892: 2882: 2876: 2875: 2854: 2848: 2847: 2827: 2821: 2818: 2812: 2811: 2781: 2775: 2774: 2772: 2748: 2739: 2738: 2702: 2693: 2692: 2682: 2673: 2667: 2666: 2626: 2620: 2619: 2575: 2566: 2565: 2537: 2531: 2528: 2522: 2521: 2505: 2495: 2489: 2488: 2456: 2450: 2449: 2423: 2414: 2408: 2407: 2379: 2373: 2372: 2320: 2309: 2308: 2272: 2266: 2265: 2237: 2231: 2230: 2210: 2204: 2203: 2167: 2161: 2160: 2152: 2146: 2145: 2127: 2121: 2120: 2102: 2093: 2092: 2074: 2048: 2038: 2029: 2028: 2026: 2020:. Archived from 1987: 1978: 1972: 1971: 1935: 1929: 1928: 1922: 1914: 1912: 1911: 1902:. Archived from 1868: 1855: 1854: 1829:(4): 1232–1237. 1818: 1812: 1811: 1775: 1769: 1768: 1732: 1726: 1725: 1697: 1691: 1690: 1662: 1656: 1655: 1642: 1636: 1635: 1599: 1593: 1592: 1572: 1566: 1565: 1545: 1539: 1538: 1518: 1512: 1511: 1509: 1503:. Archived from 1470: 1461: 1455: 1454: 1434: 1423: 1422: 1420: 1414:. Archived from 1389: 1380: 1374: 1373: 1364:(5): 1275–1287. 1355: 1346: 1340: 1339: 1337: 1336: 1330: 1324:. Archived from 1316:(5): 1270–1274. 1307: 1298: 1292: 1291: 1265: 1207:Rights of nature 1031: 1026: 1025: 1024: 1017: 1012: 1011: 1010: 1003: 998: 997: 932:, who published 910:cultural history 861:Kenneth Robinson 769:economic science 638:nutrient cycling 552:technoecosystems 354:cultural ecology 301:in a way that a 160:, among others. 66: 63: 57: 34: 26: 7147: 7146: 7142: 7141: 7140: 7138: 7137: 7136: 7132:Human geography 7112: 7111: 7110: 7105: 7096:Natural history 7079:Applied ecology 7057: 7053:Systems ecology 7014: 7010:Thermal ecology 7005:Spatial ecology 6980:Genetic ecology 6950:Disease ecology 6926: 6882:biogeographical 6872: 6835: 6794: 6771: 6743: 6738: 6708: 6703: 6685: 6609: 6548: 6519:Ethnoentomology 6507: 6476: 6471: 6441: 6436: 6412: 6380: 6347: 6331: 6305:Science studies 6089:Administration 6078: 5804: 5781: 5779:Social sciences 5776: 5746: 5741: 5688: 5537: 5508:Systems ecology 5492:Sustainability 5486:science studies 5471:Rural sociology 5317: 5308: 5294:Human geography 5227: 5222: 5178: 5004: 5002:Further reading 4999: 4986: 4982: 4973: 4969: 4946: 4942: 4934: 4930: 4921: 4917: 4888: 4884: 4875: 4871: 4862: 4858: 4848: 4846: 4841: 4840: 4836: 4805: 4801: 4786:10.2307/3545513 4762: 4758: 4711: 4707: 4678: 4674: 4629: 4625: 4594: 4590: 4582: 4546:(5569): 904–7. 4535: 4529: 4525: 4517: 4478: 4472: 4468: 4458: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4447: 4443: 4435: 4404: 4398: 4391: 4382: 4380: 4376: 4345: 4339: 4335: 4298: 4291: 4242: 4238: 4215: 4211: 4156: 4152: 4128:10.1038/461472a 4099: 4095: 4040: 4036: 4027: 4025: 4021: 3990: 3984: 3980: 3935: 3931: 3876: 3869: 3832: 3828: 3796: 3790: 3783: 3773: 3771: 3766: 3765: 3761: 3729:10.1.1.510.4369 3703: 3697: 3693: 3683: 3639: 3635: 3627: 3604: 3598: 3594: 3565: 3561: 3522: 3518: 3502:10.2307/1313510 3481: 3477: 3453: 3447: 3443: 3424: 3420: 3375: 3371: 3326: 3322: 3291: 3287: 3263: 3257: 3253: 3222: 3218: 3203:10.2307/1511939 3187: 3183: 3143: 3137: 3133: 3085: 3079: 3075: 3025: 3019: 3012: 2988: 2982: 2978: 2969: 2968: 2964: 2954: 2952: 2947: 2946: 2942: 2935: 2921: 2917: 2912: 2908: 2901: 2883: 2879: 2872: 2855: 2851: 2828: 2824: 2819: 2815: 2800:10.2307/1293928 2794:(12): 891–894. 2782: 2778: 2749: 2742: 2704: 2703: 2696: 2680: 2674: 2670: 2631:"Human ecology" 2627: 2623: 2576: 2569: 2538: 2534: 2529: 2525: 2518: 2496: 2492: 2457: 2453: 2432:(11): 618–624. 2421: 2415: 2411: 2380: 2376: 2321: 2312: 2273: 2269: 2238: 2234: 2211: 2207: 2168: 2164: 2153: 2149: 2128: 2124: 2117: 2103: 2096: 2046: 2039: 2032: 2024: 1985: 1979: 1975: 1936: 1932: 1916: 1915: 1909: 1907: 1869: 1858: 1843:10.2307/1938259 1819: 1815: 1776: 1772: 1749:10.2307/1389410 1733: 1729: 1714:10.2307/1938247 1698: 1694: 1663: 1659: 1643: 1639: 1600: 1596: 1573: 1569: 1546: 1542: 1535: 1519: 1515: 1507: 1468: 1462: 1458: 1451: 1435: 1426: 1418: 1387: 1381: 1377: 1353: 1347: 1343: 1334: 1332: 1328: 1305: 1299: 1295: 1288: 1266: 1245: 1241: 1236: 1192:John Paul Goode 1162:Rural sociology 1137:Human ecosystem 1027: 1022: 1020: 1013: 1008: 1006: 999: 992: 989: 956: 916:movement, like 881: 875: 869: 856: 844: 831: 823: 785: 774:ecological debt 762: 760:Natural capital 756: 750: 736:water footprint 724: 716: 710: 693:nitrogen cycles 652: 646: 613:natural capital 605: 582: 576: 560:Technodiversity 536: 524: 522:Novel ecosystem 518: 512: 492: 475: 459:Gerald L. Young 439:Daniel G. Bates 392: 291:Albion W. Small 257: 242:Herbert Spencer 223:natural capital 172: 166: 67: 61: 58: 51: 39:This article's 35: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7145: 7135: 7134: 7129: 7124: 7107: 7106: 7104: 7103: 7098: 7093: 7088: 7087: 7086: 7076: 7071: 7065: 7063: 7059: 7058: 7056: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7024: 7022: 7016: 7015: 7013: 7012: 7007: 7002: 7000:Social ecology 6997: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6962: 6957: 6952: 6947: 6942: 6936: 6934: 6928: 6927: 6925: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6907:Forest ecology 6904: 6902:Desert ecology 6899: 6898: 6897: 6895:Arctic ecology 6886: 6884: 6874: 6873: 6871: 6870: 6865: 6863:Insect ecology 6860: 6855: 6849: 6847: 6837: 6836: 6834: 6833: 6832: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6811: 6805: 6803: 6796: 6795: 6793: 6792: 6787: 6781: 6779: 6773: 6772: 6770: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6753: 6751: 6745: 6744: 6737: 6736: 6729: 6722: 6714: 6705: 6704: 6702: 6701: 6696: 6690: 6687: 6686: 6684: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6668: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6617: 6615: 6611: 6610: 6608: 6607: 6605:Zooarchaeology 6602: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6556: 6554: 6550: 6549: 6547: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6515: 6513: 6509: 6508: 6506: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6484: 6482: 6478: 6477: 6470: 6469: 6462: 6455: 6447: 6438: 6437: 6435: 6434: 6422: 6410: 6398: 6385: 6382: 6381: 6379: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6361: 6355: 6353: 6349: 6348: 6346: 6345: 6339: 6337: 6333: 6332: 6330: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6318: 6317: 6312: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6271: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6252: 6251: 6250: 6248:social science 6245: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6180:Global studies 6177: 6175:Gender studies 6172: 6167: 6166: 6165: 6160: 6158:social science 6154:Environmental 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6101: 6100: 6095: 6086: 6084: 6080: 6079: 6077: 6076: 6075: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6044: 6043: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6012: 6011: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5980: 5979: 5978: 5968: 5967: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5936: 5935: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5894: 5893: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5867: 5866: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5853:macroeconomics 5850: 5848:microeconomics 5840: 5839: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5812: 5810: 5806: 5805: 5803: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5786: 5783: 5782: 5775: 5774: 5767: 5760: 5752: 5743: 5742: 5740: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5704: 5693: 5690: 5689: 5687: 5686: 5685: 5684: 5679: 5671: 5670: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5641: 5640: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5611: 5610: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5586: 5581: 5580: 5579: 5574: 5566: 5561: 5560: 5559: 5554: 5545: 5543: 5539: 5538: 5536: 5535: 5534: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5510: 5505: 5504: 5503: 5498: 5490: 5489: 5488: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5447: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5426: 5425: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5388:Environmental 5386: 5385: 5384: 5379: 5371: 5366: 5365: 5364: 5359: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5325: 5323: 5319: 5318: 5311: 5309: 5307: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5235: 5233: 5229: 5228: 5221: 5220: 5213: 5206: 5198: 5192: 5191: 5177: 5176:External links 5174: 5173: 5172: 5165: 5158: 5141: 5134: 5127: 5124:Human Ecology. 5120: 5100:(3): 509–527. 5088:(2023-08-11). 5082: 5079:Human Ecology. 5075: 5068: 5061: 5054: 5047: 5040: 5033: 5026: 5019: 5012: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4997: 4980: 4967: 4956:(2): 109–120. 4940: 4928: 4915: 4882: 4869: 4856: 4834: 4799: 4756: 4705: 4672: 4623: 4588: 4585:on 2011-07-20. 4523: 4520:on 2009-12-26. 4466: 4441: 4438:on 2011-07-15. 4415:(3): 470–474. 4389: 4333: 4312:(2): 121–130. 4289: 4236: 4209: 4150: 4093: 4034: 4001:(3): 483–491. 3978: 3949:(1537): 41–7. 3929: 3867: 3826: 3807:(3): 393–408. 3781: 3759: 3691: 3633: 3630:on 2011-07-24. 3592: 3559: 3516: 3495:(3): 205–210. 3475: 3441: 3418: 3369: 3320: 3301:(1–4): 43–63. 3285: 3274:(3): 249–262. 3251: 3232:(8): 924–934. 3216: 3181: 3131: 3073: 3010: 2976: 2962: 2940: 2933: 2915: 2906: 2899: 2877: 2870: 2849: 2838:(2): 102–110. 2822: 2813: 2776: 2740: 2713:(1): 1. 1972. 2694: 2668: 2647:10.1086/217327 2621: 2567: 2532: 2523: 2516: 2490: 2471:(1): 108–125. 2451: 2409: 2374: 2331:(8): 639–649. 2310: 2283:(2): 105–125. 2267: 2232: 2221:(3): 263–284. 2205: 2184:10.1086/222357 2178:(6): 620–634. 2162: 2147: 2122: 2116:978-0231140355 2115: 2094: 2030: 2027:on 2010-06-11. 1996:(3): 261–275. 1973: 1946:(2): 271–288. 1930: 1886:(4): 575–605. 1856: 1813: 1786:(2): 223–240. 1770: 1727: 1692: 1679:10.1086/401754 1673:(2): 138–144. 1657: 1637: 1610:(1–2): 63–74. 1594: 1567: 1540: 1533: 1513: 1510:on 2012-03-31. 1479:(3): 493–528. 1456: 1449: 1424: 1421:on 2012-03-15. 1398:(3): 463–489. 1375: 1341: 1293: 1286: 1242: 1240: 1237: 1235: 1234: 1229: 1224: 1219: 1217:Anthroposphere 1214: 1209: 1204: 1199: 1197:Robert E. Park 1194: 1189: 1187:Ernest Burgess 1184: 1179: 1174: 1169: 1164: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1144: 1139: 1134: 1129: 1127:Home economics 1124: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1085: 1080: 1075: 1070: 1065: 1060: 1055: 1050: 1045: 1040: 1034: 1033: 1032: 1018: 1015:Ecology portal 1004: 988: 985: 984: 983: 978: 971: 964: 955: 952: 943:Deiter Steiner 908:to zoology to 873:Bioregionalism 871:Main article: 868: 865: 855: 852: 848:Bill Carpenter 843: 840: 824: 822: 819: 778: 752:Main article: 749: 746: 730:developed the 717: 712:Main article: 709: 706: 689:climate change 648:Main article: 645: 642: 598: 578:Main article: 575: 572: 525: 514:Main article: 511: 508: 491: 488: 474: 471: 435: 434: 431: 428: 425: 422: 419: 416: 413: 410: 391: 388: 337:Chicago school 325:Robert E. Park 250: 227:Charles Darwin 165: 162: 158:home economics 69: 68: 48:the key points 38: 36: 29: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7144: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7122:Human ecology 7120: 7119: 7117: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7085: 7082: 7081: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7067: 7066: 7064: 7060: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7025: 7023: 7021: 7017: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6960:Ecotoxicology 6958: 6956: 6955:Ecophysiology 6953: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6937: 6935: 6933: 6929: 6923: 6922:Urban ecology 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6896: 6893: 6892: 6891: 6890:Polar ecology 6888: 6887: 6885: 6883: 6879: 6875: 6869: 6868:Human ecology 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6858:Plant ecology 6856: 6854: 6851: 6850: 6848: 6846: 6842: 6838: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6816: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6797: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6782: 6780: 6778: 6777:Spatial scale 6774: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6757:Field ecology 6755: 6754: 6752: 6750: 6746: 6742: 6735: 6730: 6728: 6723: 6721: 6716: 6715: 6712: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6691: 6688: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6656:Andrew Pawley 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6621:William Balée 6619: 6618: 6616: 6612: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6590:Human ecology 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6575:Ethnomedicine 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6557: 6555: 6551: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6516: 6514: 6510: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6493:Ethnomycology 6491: 6489: 6486: 6485: 6483: 6479: 6475: 6468: 6463: 6461: 6456: 6454: 6449: 6448: 6445: 6433: 6432: 6427: 6423: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6409: 6408: 6399: 6397: 6396: 6387: 6386: 6383: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6371:Human science 6369: 6367: 6366: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6356: 6354: 6350: 6344: 6341: 6340: 6338: 6334: 6328: 6327:Vegan studies 6325: 6323: 6320: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6307: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6290:Public health 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6255: 6253: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6225: 6224:Philosophies 6223: 6221: 6220:Media studies 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6195:Human ecology 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6155: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6105:Anthrozoology 6103: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6090: 6088: 6087: 6085: 6081: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6049: 6048: 6045: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6030:developmental 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6017: 6016: 6013: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6003:public policy 6001: 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5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5592:environmental 5590: 5589: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5578: 5577:environmental 5575: 5573: 5570: 5569: 5567: 5565: 5564:Ecopsychology 5562: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5549: 5548:Architecture 5547: 5546: 5544: 5540: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5513: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5493: 5491: 5487: 5484: 5483: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5431: 5430: 5427: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5389: 5387: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5374: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5363: 5362:environmental 5360: 5358: 5355: 5354: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5334:Anthrozoology 5332: 5330: 5327: 5326: 5324: 5320: 5315: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5289:Human ecology 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5236: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5219: 5214: 5212: 5207: 5205: 5200: 5199: 5196: 5189: 5188:Human ecology 5184: 5180: 5179: 5170: 5166: 5163: 5159: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5147: 5142: 5139: 5135: 5132: 5128: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5080: 5076: 5073: 5069: 5066: 5062: 5059: 5055: 5052: 5048: 5045: 5041: 5038: 5034: 5031: 5027: 5024: 5020: 5017: 5013: 5010: 5006: 5005: 4994: 4990: 4984: 4977: 4971: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4944: 4938: 4932: 4925: 4919: 4910: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4886: 4879: 4873: 4866: 4860: 4844: 4838: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4803: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4760: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4709: 4700: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4676: 4668: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4627: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4592: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4534: 4527: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4477: 4470: 4451: 4445: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4403: 4396: 4394: 4379:on 2013-04-06 4375: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4344: 4337: 4328: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4296: 4294: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4240: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4213: 4205: 4201: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4154: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4097: 4089: 4085: 4080: 4075: 4070: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4038: 4024:on 2021-10-01 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3989: 3982: 3974: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3933: 3925: 3921: 3916: 3911: 3906: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3874: 3872: 3862: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3830: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3795: 3788: 3786: 3769: 3763: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3730: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3702: 3695: 3687: 3680: 3676: 3671: 3666: 3661: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3637: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3603: 3596: 3587: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3563: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3520: 3512: 3508: 3503: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3479: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3452: 3445: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3422: 3414: 3410: 3405: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3389:(1556): 784. 3388: 3384: 3380: 3373: 3365: 3361: 3356: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3324: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3289: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3262: 3255: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3220: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3191:Design Issues 3185: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3154:(2): 96–100. 3153: 3149: 3142: 3135: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3084: 3077: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3052: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3024: 3017: 3015: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2987: 2980: 2972: 2966: 2950: 2944: 2936: 2930: 2926: 2919: 2910: 2902: 2900:9780838580806 2896: 2891: 2890: 2881: 2873: 2871:9780700014811 2867: 2863: 2859: 2853: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2826: 2817: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2788: 2780: 2771: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2747: 2745: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2707:Human Ecology 2701: 2699: 2690: 2686: 2679: 2672: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2625: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2574: 2572: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2542:Urban Ecology 2536: 2527: 2519: 2517:9780415252256 2513: 2509: 2504: 2503: 2494: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2455: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2420: 2413: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2378: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2319: 2317: 2315: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2277:Human Ecology 2271: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2236: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2209: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2166: 2158: 2151: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2134: 2126: 2118: 2112: 2108: 2101: 2099: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2073: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2045: 2037: 2035: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1984: 1977: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1940:Human Ecology 1934: 1926: 1920: 1906:on 2011-07-26 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1867: 1865: 1863: 1861: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1817: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1774: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1731: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1708:(6): 1292–4. 1707: 1703: 1696: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1661: 1654: 1650: 1649: 1641: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1598: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1571: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1544: 1536: 1530: 1526: 1525: 1517: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1467: 1460: 1452: 1446: 1442: 1441: 1433: 1431: 1429: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1392:Human Ecology 1386: 1379: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1352: 1345: 1331:on 2012-01-21 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1304: 1297: 1289: 1287:9780120139088 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1264: 1262: 1260: 1258: 1256: 1254: 1252: 1250: 1248: 1243: 1233: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1213: 1210: 1208: 1205: 1203: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1193: 1190: 1188: 1185: 1183: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1173: 1170: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1143: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1128: 1125: 1123: 1122:Green economy 1120: 1118: 1115: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1098: 1095: 1093: 1089: 1086: 1084: 1081: 1079: 1076: 1074: 1071: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1059: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1035: 1030: 1019: 1016: 1005: 1002: 996: 991: 982: 979: 977: 976: 972: 970: 969: 965: 963: 962: 958: 957: 951: 948: 944: 940: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 898: 894: 890: 886: 880: 879:Urban ecology 874: 864: 862: 851: 849: 839: 835: 829: 818: 815: 809: 807: 801: 799: 795: 790: 783: 777: 775: 770: 766: 761: 755: 745: 742: 737: 733: 729: 722: 715: 705: 701: 698: 694: 690: 686: 680: 677: 673: 667: 663: 661: 657: 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Retrieved 1326:the original 1313: 1309: 1296: 1269: 1167:Sociobiology 1112:Ecosemiotics 1053:Contact zone 973: 966: 959: 954:Key journals 946: 933: 922:Andres Duany 914:new urbanism 885:architecture 882: 857: 854:In education 845: 836: 832: 826: 812:The work of 811: 803: 786: 780: 763: 728:William Rees 725: 719: 702: 697:Anthropocene 681: 670:Nature is a 669: 665: 653: 626: 606: 600: 568:technosphere 543: 540:Anthropocene 537: 530:Homo sapiens 529: 527: 516:Anthropocene 493: 483: 479: 476: 467:reductionism 463:Paul Shepard 451: 449: 444: 436: 400: 397:sociologists 393: 374: 366: 345: 320: 318: 307: 284: 279: 265: 258: 252: 239: 230: 206: 202: 192: 187: 173: 150:epidemiology 142:anthropology 97: 96: 78: 77:Part of the 59: 43: 41:lead section 7028:Agroecology 6749:Methodology 6488:Ethnobotany 6431:Wikiversity 6322:Social work 6210:Linguistics 6135:Criminology 6052:criminology 6035:personality 5993:comparative 5971:Linguistics 5964:private law 5821:archaeology 5613:Management 5557:sustainable 5329:Agroecology 4604:(1): 3–24. 4267:11336/37401 3653:(8): e277. 3464:: 113–133. 2955:20 November 2641:(1): 1–15. 2390:: 235–273. 2248:(1): 1–14. 1202:Louis Wirth 1038:Agroecology 621:green space 593:pollinating 554:containing 195:terminology 7116:Categories 6814:Synecology 6809:Autecology 6636:Wade Davis 6376:Humanities 6310:historical 6243:psychology 6215:Management 6057:demography 6015:Psychology 5998:philosophy 5959:public law 5890:integrated 5572:ecological 5526:metabolism 5476:Sexecology 5373:Economics 5357:ecological 5349:Demography 4849:4 February 4658:10535/2686 4459:4 February 4383:2011-06-20 4028:2011-06-20 3846:(2): 4–8. 3774:4 February 3526:The Lancet 3489:BioScience 2787:BioScience 2763:(1): 1–4. 2142:B008KX8KGA 1910:2011-06-21 1335:2011-06-27 1239:References 897:Ian McHarg 877:See also: 758:See also: 556:technosols 520:See also: 381:Paul Sears 138:psychology 112:and their 6641:Roy Ellen 6254:Planning 6233:economics 6150:Education 6047:Sociology 6025:cognitive 5976:semiotics 5927:political 5885:technical 5870:Geography 5843:Economics 5643:Planning 5622:fisheries 5552:landscape 5521:geography 5392:education 5116:2673-4060 4829:150950663 4643:(2): 16. 4284:205006508 4145:205049746 3840:GSA Today 3724:CiteSeerX 3647:PLOS Biol 2757:Hum. 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