1963:
messenger again to the said leader and sent to him for his land a big horse with a golden saddle adorned with the gold of Arabia and a golden bridle. Seeing it, the leader rejoiced all the more, thinking that they were sending gifts of homage in return for land. When therefore the messenger asked of him land, grass and water, he replied with a smile, "In return for the gift let them have as much as they desire." ...Then sent another messenger to the leader and this was the message which he delivered: "Arpad and his people say to you that you may no longer stay upon the land which they bought of you, for with the horse they bought your earth, with the bridle the grass, and with the saddle the water. And you, in your need and avarice, made to them a grant of land, grass and water." When this message was delivered to the leader, he said with a smile: "Let them kill the horse with a wooden mallet, and throw the bridle on the field, and throw the golden saddle into the water of the Danube." To which the messenger replied: "And what loss will that be to them, lord? If you kill the horse, you will give food for their dogs; if you throw the bridle on the field, their men will find the gold of the bridle when they mow the hay; if you throw the saddle into the Danube, their fishermen will lay out the gold of the saddle upon the bank and carry it home. If they have earth, grass and water, they have all."
971:
2700:
2783:
3481:
Hun/Xiongnu-like, and the Mansi-Sarmatian admixture event is suggested to have taken place in the
Southern Ural region at 643–431 BCE, while Mansi-Hun around 217-315 CE. However, most individuals can be modeled as two-way admixtures of "Conq_Asia_Core" and "Eur_Core". The elite males carried, among others, East Eurasian Y-DNA haplogroups N1a, D1a, C2a, with Q1a and R1a-Z94 being sign of Hun-related ancestry, "generally accompanied by Asian maternal lineages". Notably, almost exclusively in the elite were present I2-Y3120 subclades, "very often accompanied by Asian maternal lineages, indicating that I2a1a2b1a1a could be more typical for the immigrants than to the local population". The study also showed "that a common 'proto-Ugric' gene pool appeared in the Bronze Age from the admixture of
2997:
3334:. The evidence implied that the conquerors did not contribute significantly to the gene pool of modern Hungarians. A 2021 study analyzed maternal lineages from 202 10-11th century commoners from Carpathian Basin and compared them to conqueror elite, finding that "the haplogroup composition of the commoner population markedly differs from that of the elite, and, in contrast to the elite, commoners cluster with European populations. Alongside this, detectable sub-haplogroup sharing indicates admixture between the elite and the commoners. The majority of the 10–11th century commoners most likely represent local populations of the Carpathian Basin, which admixed with the eastern immigrant groups (which included conquering Hungarians)".
66:
2034:
3534:
2602:, and stayed there for two weeks while they conquered all the inhabitants of that land from the Mures to the Timis River and they received their sons as hostages. Then, moving the army on, they came to the Timis River and encamped beside the ford of Foeni and when they sought to cross the Timis's flow, there came to oppose them Glad, (...) the prince of that country, with a great army of horsemen and foot soldiers, supported by Cumans, Bulgarians and Vlachs. (...) God with His grace went before the Hungarians, He gave them a great victory and their enemies fell before them as bundles of hay before reapers. In that battle two dukes of the Cumans and three
3265:
2197:
3359:
recently assembled heterogenous group incorporating both
European, Asian and Eurasian elements. In the same year the journal published an analysis of N3a4-Z1936 which is still found in very rare frequencies in modern Hungarians, and showed that Hungarian "sub-clade splits from its sister-branch N3a4-B535, frequent today among Northeast European Uralic speakers, 4000-5000 ya, which is in the time-frame of the proposed divergence of Ugric languages", while on N-B539/Y13850+ sub-clade level confirmed shared paternal lineages with modern Ugric (Mansis and Khantys via N-B540/L1034) and Turkic speakers (
1881:, Regino of Prüm and Porphyrogenitus on the connection between the Hungarians' conflict with the Bulgar-Pecheneg coalition and their withdrawal from the Pontic steppes. An intermediate theory proposes that the Hungarians had for decades been considering a westward move when the Bulgarian-Pecheneg attack accelerated their decision to leave the Pontic-Caspian steppe. For instance Róna-Tas argues, " fact that, despite a series of unfortunate events, the Magyars managed to keep their heads above water goes to show that they were indeed ready to move on" when the Pechenegs attacked them.
30:
2210:
2052:
1950:
after the passage narrating
Svatopluk I's death, Györffy, Kristó, Róna-Tas and other historians suppose that the Hungarians invaded Pannonia in alliance with the Moravian monarch. They argue that the "Legend of the White Horse" in the Hungarian chronicles preserved the memory of a treaty the Hungarians had made with Svatopluk I according to pagan customs. The legend narrates that the Hungarians purchased their future homeland in the Carpathian Basin from Svatopluk for a white horse harnessed with gilded saddle and reins.
2760:
1158:
3367:
1619:
2492:
963:
2230:
3131:
1688:
2173:, they crossed the mountains and came into a region where they saw innumerable eagles; and because of the eagles they could not stay in that place, for the eagles came down from the trees like flies and devoured both their herds and their horses. For God intended that they should go down more quickly into Hungary. During three months they made their descent from the mountains, and they came to the boundaries of the kingdom of Hungary, that is to
3602:
2724:" spread in all over the Carpathian Basin, with its characteristic jewellery, including S-shaped earrings. The lack of archaeological finds connected to horses in "Bijelo Brdo" graves is another feature of these cemeteries. The earliest "Bijelo Brdo" assemblages are dated via unearthed coins to the rule of Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus in the middle of the 10th century. Early cemeteries of the culture were unearthed, for instance, at
774:
1491:
939:
1844:
1926:
3517:
Hungarians and proto-Ob-Ugric groups in
Western Siberia, despite their close geographical proximity for 1500–2000 years after their split estimated by linguistic models and chronology." and that "In the Carpathian Basin, the new settlers and the local population started admixing only in the second half of the 10th century". The study also concludes that man and women came together in the
1324:, Germans, Moravians and Vlachs", but later he adds that the Székelys also lived in the territory. According to Macartney, those lists were based on multiple sources and do not document the real ethnic conditions of the Carpathian Basin around 900. Ioan-Aurel Pop says that Simon of Kéza listed the peoples who inhabited the lands that the Hungarian conquered and the nearby territories.
3466:. The Árpád members and one individual from Serbia share additional private SNPs making a novel subclade R-SUR51 > R-ARP, and as the mentioned individual has additional private SNPs it branches from the medieval Árpáds forming R-ARP > R-UVD. Based on the data of the distribution, appearance and coalescence estimation of R-Y2633, the dynasty traces ancient origin near northern
3288:
Eurasian origin, however, it is remarkable that two individuals belong to subhaplogroup H6, which may also indicate Asian connection ... The single X2f maternal haplotype of the chief (sample 11) is of particular interest, as this haplotype is most probably of south
Caucasian origin...", while only four had a Y-DNA Hg (typical European 2x I2a and R1b). A genetic study published in
2794:: "In fine weather these shepherds and cowboys wander about from place to place, sleeping in the open air, their bed being the bunda, a long sheepskin coat. Spread all over the Puszta you will find little straw-built huts where they and their flocks and herds take refuge in rainy and stormy weather, and where they all congregate on special fete days. These huts are called 'karám."
2641:. The first places the event in 902, while the others date it to 904. The three chronicles unanimously state that the Bavarians invited the Hungarian leader to a dinner on the pretext of negotiating a peace treaty and treacherously assassinated him. Kristó and other Hungarian historians argue that the dual leadership over the Hungarians ended with Kurszán's death.
1830:
unearthed at Bihar and other places east of the Tisza, but none of them definitively date to the 9th century. In the case of Doboka (Dăbâca), two pairs of bell-shaped pendants with analogues in sites in
Austria, Bulgaria and Poland have been unearthed, but Florin Curta dates them to the 9th century, while Alexandru Madgearu to the period between 975 and 1050.
1917:, "king of the Hungarians" stipulated that his people would only fight the Moravians if they received the lands they were to occupy. Accordingly, Aventinus continues, the Hungarians took possession of "both Dacias on this side and beyond" the Tisza east of the rivers Danube and Garam already in 893. Indeed, the Hungarian chronicles unanimously state that the
2894:. The Hungarians' fear of their eastern neighbors, the Pechenegs, is demonstrated by Porphyrogenitus's report on the failure of a Byzantine envoy to persuade them to attack the Pechenegs. The Hungarians clearly stated that they could not fight against the Pechenegs because "their people are numerous and they are the devil's brats".
1284:
armor themselves, but the horses of their illustrious men are covered in front with iron or quilted material. They devote a great deal of attention and training to archery on horse-back. A huge herd of horses, ponies and mares, follows them, to provide both food and milk and, at the same time, to give the impression of a multitude.
1046:) of the Carpathian basin. According to historian Bálint Csanád "Not one single element (of the original theory) is tenable" and that a "compelling piece of evidence is that a genuine similarity between the Avar- and Conquest-period skeletal material could only be demonstrated in 4.5% of the theoretically potential cases".
3480:
in May 2022 examined "48 from 10th century
Conquering Hungarian elite cemeteries, 65 from commoner cemeteries of the Hungarian conquer-early Árpádian Period (10-11th centuries)". According to autosomal analysis, the Hungarian elite core can be modeled as ~50% Mansi-like, ~35% Sarmatian-like, and ~15%
3287:
was published, a study of 17 samples of first generation
Hungarian conqueror cemeteries, revealing that "the most frequent Hg was B, which together with Hg A indicate that about 30% of the Karos population is genetically connected to Central and East Asia. The majority of Hg-s (H, U, T, J, X) are of
2540:
After the death of (...) remained at peace for a year and then strife and rebellion fell upon them and they made a civil war against one another and the came and utterly ruined them and possessed their country, in which even now live. And those of the folk who were left were scattered and fled for
2119:
The
Hungarians were (…) driven from their home (…) by a neighboring people called the Petchenegs, because they were superior to them in strength and number and because (…) their own country was not sufficient to accommodate their swelling numbers. After they had been forced to flee by the violence of
1860:
in a pre-planned manner, with a long move-in between 862–895. This is confirmed by the archaeological findings, in the 10th century
Hungarian cemeteries, the graves of women, children and elderly people are located next to the warriors, they were buried according to the same traditions, wore the same
1829:
was completed, while the stories about Zobor and Menumorut preserved the memory of the Hungarians' fight against the Moravians. Translating Menumorut's name as "Great Moravian", Grzesik associates him with Svatopluk I and refutes the report of Menumorut's rule in Bihar. Early medieval fortresses were
1458:
According to Béla Miklós Szőke's theory, the detailed description of the Magyars by western contemporary sources and the immediate Hungarian intervention in local wars suggest that the Hungarians had already lived on the eastern territories of the Carpathian Basin since the middle of the 9th century.
9256:
Neparáczki, Endre; Juhász, Zoltán; Pamjav, Horolma; Fehér, Tibor; Csányi, Bernadett; Zink, Albert; Maixner, Frank; Pálfi, György; Molnár, Erika; Pap, Ildikó; Kustár, Ágnes; Révész, László; Raskó, István; Török, Tibor (November 2016). "Genetic structure of the early Hungarian conquerors inferred from
4050:
3358:
were observed, with several individuals having blond hair and blue eyes, and some had East Asian admixture. The study also analyzed three Hunnic samples from the Carpathian Basin in the 5th century, and these displayed genetic similarities to the conquerors. The Hungarian conquerors appeared to be a
2454:
and began to fight against the neighboring and Slavs. For the Slavs had settled there first, but the had seized the territory of the Slavs. The Magyars subsequently expelled the , took their land and settled among the Slavs, whom they reduced to submission. From that time this territory was called
2239:
Regino of Prüm states that the Hungarians "roamed the wildernesses of the Pannonians and the Avars and sought their daily food by hunting and fishing" following their arrival in the Carpathian Basin. Their advance towards the Danube seems to have stimulated Arnulf, who was crowned emperor to entrust
3516:
in the Trans-Urals and the western zone of south-western Siberia from where they crossed the River Volga and moved to the territory lying to the north of the Black Sea, at the beginning of the 9th century. According to the study there was "little or no biological connection between the ancestors of
2929:
The Hungarian leaders decided that their traditional lifestyle, partly based on plundering raids against sedentary peoples, could not be continued. The defeats at the Lechfeld and Arkadiopolis accelerated the Hungarians' adoption of a sedentary way of life. This process culminated in the coronation
2917:
in 912. Although a Byzantine hagiography of Saint George refers to a joint attack of Pechenegs, "Moesians" and Hungarians against the Byzantine Empire in 917, its reliability is not established. The Hungarians seem to have raided the Byzantine Empire for the first time in 943. However, their defeat
2531:
of Saint Naum relates that the Hungarians occupied Moravia, adding that the Moravians who "were not captured by the Hungarians, ran to the Bulgars". Constantine Porphyrogenitus also connects the fall of Moravia to its occupation by the Hungarians. The destruction of the early medieval urban centers
2106:
The Pechenegs destroyed the Hungarians' dwelling places. Those who survived the double attack left the Pontic steppes and crossed the Carpathians in search of a new homeland. The memory of the destruction brought by the Pechenegs seems to have been preserved by the Hungarians. The Hungarian name of
1283:
are armed with swords, body armor, bows and lances. Thus, in battles most of them bear double arms, carrying the lances high on their shoulders and holding the bows in their hands. They make use of both as need requires, but when pursued they use their bows to great advantage. Not only do they wear
2221:
The date of the Hungarian invasion varies according to the source. The earliest date (677) is preserved in the 14th-century versions of the "Hungarian Chronicle", while Anonymus gives the latest date (902). Contemporaneous sources suggest that the invasion followed the 894 Bulgarian-Byzantine war.
1789:
refers to a Bulgarian military leader named Onegavonais drowning in the Tisza around the same time. The emerging power of Moravia brought about a rapprochement between Bulgaria and East Francia in the 860s. King Arnulf of East Francia sent an embassy to the Bulgarians in 892 in order "to renew the
2441:
Over a long period the Slavs settled beside the Danube, where the Hungarian and Bulgarian lands now lie. From among these Slavs, parties scattered throughout the country and were known by appropriate names, according to the places where they settled. (...) he attacked the Danubian Slavs, settled
2098:
Simultaneously with the Hungarian attack from the north, the Byzantines invaded Bulgaria from the south. Tzar Simeon sent envoys to the Byzantine Empire to propose a truce. At the same time, he sent an embassy to the Pechenegs to incite them against the Hungarians. He succeeded, and the Pechenegs
1269:
Regino of Prüm and other contemporary authors portray the 9th-century Hungarians as nomadic warriors. Emperor Leo the Wise underlines the importance of horses to their military tactics. Analysis of horse skulls found in Hungarian warriors graves has not revealed any significant difference between
3470:
about 4,500 years ago, with a separation date of R-ARP from the closest kin Bashkirs from the Volga-Ural region to 2,000 years ago, while the individual from Serbia (R-UVD) descends from the Árpáds about 900 years ago. As the separation of haplogroup N-B539 between the Hungarians and Bashkirs is
3410:
of 36 samples from Cis-Ural region and 9 Hungarian conquerors confirmed connection of paternal Hg N-Z1936 (> N-B545/Y24365) and maternal Hg N1a1 via common ancient population in addition to archaeological, historical and linguistic sources, implying the Hungarian homeland was "probably in the
1949:
narrated in 894 that the Hungarians crossed the Danube into Pannonia where they "killed men and old women outright and carried off the young women alone with them like cattle to satisfy their lusts and reduced the whole" province "to desert". Although the annalist writes of this Hungarian attack
1893:
Meanwhile Arnulf…could not overcome Sviatopolk, duke of the Moravians…and – alas! – having dismantled those very well fortified barriers which…are called "closures" by the populace. Arnulf summoned to his aid the nation of the Hungarians, greedy, rash, ignorant of almighty God but well versed in
1549:
and other places in Transdanubia demonstrate that their main features did not change with the fall of the Avar Khaganate. New settlements appeared in the former borderlands with cemeteries characterised by objects with clear analogues in contemporary Bavaria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Moravia and other
3341:
in November 2019 examined the remains of 29 Hungarian conquerors of the Carpathian Basin. The majority of them carried Y-DNA of West Eurasian origin, but at least 30% of East Eurasian & broadly Eurasian (N1a-M2004, N1a-Z1936, Q1a and R1a-Z2124). They carried a higher amount of West Eurasian
3261:, and certain Central-Asian and Turkish populations" and "additional mtDNA testing identified six major mtDNA haplogroups (H, U, T, N1a, JT, X) among Hungarian conquerors, six among commoners from the time of the conquest (H, HV, M, R, T, U)", including those of Asian origin (like N, M and U4).
3248:
breeds at least at the level of high quality horses, our results show that the ethnic changes induced by the Hungarian Conquest in the late 9th century were accompanied by a similar change in the stables of the Carpathian Basin". A 2011 study on lactase persistence polymorphism of 23 elite and
1088:
For many years have in fact perpetrated the very crime of which they have only once falsely accused us. They themselves have taken in a large number of Hungarians and have shaved their own heads according to their heathen customs and they have sent them against our Christians, overcoming them,
3282:
in September 2016 examined mtDNA of 76 Hungarian-conquest period samples, and "West-Eurasian haplogroups (H, HV, I, J, K, N1a, R, T, U, V, X, W) were present at a frequency of 77%, and Central and East-Eurasian haplogroups (A, B, C, D, F, G, M) at 23%". In conclusion, "both the linguistically
1921:
had already been present in the Carpathian Basin when the Hungarians moved in. Kristó argues that Aventinus and the Hungarian historical tradition together point to an early occupation of the eastern territories of the Carpathian Basin by auxiliary troops of the Hungarian tribal confederation.
1851:
Three main theories attempt to explain the reasons for the "Hungarian land-taking". One argues that it was an intended military operation, prearranged following previous raids, with the express purpose of occupying a new homeland. This view (expounded, for example, by Bakay and Padányi) mainly
2137:
the invitation of Leo, the Christ-loving and glorious emperor crossed over and fought Symeon and totally defeated him, (…) and they went back to their own county. (…) But after Symeon (…) sent to the Pechenegs and made an agreement with them to attack and destroy And when had gone off on a
1962:
and whose name was Zuatapolug, and saluted him in the name of his people . On hearing this, Zuatapolug rejoiced greatly, for he thought that they were peasant people who would come and till his land; and so he dismissed the messenger graciously. Then by a common resolve despatched the same
3110:("Deeds of the Hungarians"), written before 1200, is the earliest extant local chronicle. However, according to Macartney, this "most misleading" example "of all the early Hungarian texts" contains much information that cannot be confirmed based on the contemporaneous sources. Around 1283
2138:
military expedition, the Pechenegs with Symeon came against and completely destroyed their families and miserably expelled thence who were guarding their country. When came back and found their country thus desolate and utterly ruined, they settled in the land where they live today (…).
2571:
and his army, which was composed of Bulgarians, Vlachs and Pechenegs from Banat. Glad ceded few towns from his duchy. Finally, Anonymus writes of a treaty between the Hungarians and Menumorut, stipulating that the local ruler's daughter was to be given in marriage to Árpád's son,
1278:
were unearthed in many warrior tombs from the period. Regino of Prüm noted the Hungarians' preference for deceptions such as apparent retreat in battle. Contemporaneous writers also recounted their viciousness, represented by the slaughter of adult males in settlement raids.
2798:
Hungarian society experienced fundamental changes in many fields (including animal husbandry, agriculture and religion) in the centuries following the "land-taking". These changes are reflected in the significant number of terms borrowed from local Slavs. About 20% of the
3471:
estimated to have occurred 2,000 years ago, it implies that the ancestors of Hungarians having Ugric and Turkic ancestry left the Volga Ural region about 2,000 years ago, and started a migration that eventually culminated in settlement in the Carpathian Basin.
2606:
of the Bulgarians were slain and Glad, their duke escaped in flight but all his army, melting like wax before flame, was destroyed at the point of the sword. (...) Prince Glad, having fled, as we said above, for fear of the Hungarians, entered the castle of
1307:
Based on extant Hungarian chronicles, it is clear that more than one (occasionally extended) list existed of the peoples inhabiting the Carpathian Basin at the time of the Hungarian landtaking. Anonymus, for instance, first writes of the "Slavs, Bulgarians,
2708:
The Hungarians settled in the lowlands of the Carpathian Basin along the rivers Danube, Tisza and their tributaries, where they could continue their semi-nomadic lifestyle. As an immediate consequence, their arrival "drove a non-Slavic wedge between the
1426:
Besides the Slavs, the presence of a German-speaking population can be demonstrated, based on toponyms. For example, the Hungarians adopted the Germanized form of the name of the river Vulka (whose name is of Slavic origin) and the document known as the
2681:, Braslav's fortress on the Zala in Pannonia. The Hungarians' victory hindered any attempts of eastward expansion by East Francia for the following decades and opened the way for the Hungarians to freely plunder vast territories of that kingdom.
3139:
Graves of the first generations of the conquering Hungarians were identified in the Carpathian Basin, but fewer than ten definitively Hungarian cemeteries have been unearthed in the Pontic steppes. Most Hungarian cemeteries include 25 or 30
1154:. In the wider region, at Subotsi on the river Adiamka, three graves (one of them belonging to a male buried with the skull and legs of his horse) are attributed to pre-conquest Hungarians. However, these tombs may date to the 10th century.
2656:, which ensured Berengar's victory. The victorious monarch allowed the Hungarians to pillage all the towns that had earlier accepted his opponent's rule, and agreed to pay a yearly tribute of about 375 kilograms (827 lb) of silver.
3134:
Map showing the basic territory of Bijelo Brdo culture (10th–12th century), according to the book of Russian archaeologist Valentin Vasilyevich Sedov. By this view, the area of the village of Bijelo Brdo itself is excluded from this
1797:, instead of Svatopluk I of Moravia and other rulers known from contemporary sources, writes of personalities and polities that are not mentioned by chroniclers working at the end of the 9th century. For instance, he refers to
3095:. The earliest local chronicle was compiled in the late 11th century. It exists in more than one variant, its original version having been extended and rewritten several times during the Middle Ages. For instance, the 14th-century
1532:
The Avars were initially nomadic horsemen, but both large cemeteries used by three or four generations and a growing number of settlements attest to their adoption of a sedentary (non-nomadic) way of life from the 8th century. The
2383:
relates that the Hungarians defeated the Moravians after their withdrawal from Italy. Thereafter the Hungarians and the Moravians made an alliance and jointly invaded Bavaria, according to Aventinus. However, the contemporary
1790:
former peace and to ask that they should not sell salt to the Moravians". The latter request suggests that the route from the salt mines of the eastern Carpathians to Moravia was controlled around that time by the Bulgarians.
2074:
invaded Byzantine territories and defeated a small imperial troop. The Byzantines approached the Hungarians to hire them to fight the Bulgarians. Nicetas Sclerus, the Byzantine envoy, concluded a treaty with their leaders,
2474:
in 901 to introduce further measures against the Hungarians. Moravian envoys proposed peace between Moravia and East Francia, because the Hungarians had in the meantime plundered their country. A Hungarian army invading
1270:
these horses and Western breeds. Regino of Prüm states that the Hungarians knew "nothing about fighting hand-to-hand in formation or taking besieged cities", but he underlines their archery skills. Remains indicate that
2703:
Settlements bearing the name of a Hungarian tribe in the Carpathian Basin (after Sándor Török). They may point at the places where the Hungarians lived amongst other peoples and help in reconstructing where the tribes
1587:
around 870. According to Pohl, it "simply proved impossible to keep up an Avar identity after Avar institutions and the high claims of their tradition had failed." The growing number of archaeological evidence in
2567:, Slovakia) and defeated and killed Zobor, the local Czech ruler, on Mount Zobor near his seat. Thereafter, as Anonymus continues, the Hungarians first occupied Pannonia from the "Romans" and next battled with
9087:
Makkai, László (1994). "Hungary before the Hungarian conquest; The Hungarians' prehistory, their conquest of Hungary and their raids to the West to 955". In Sugar, Peter F.; Hanák, Péter; Frank, Tibor (eds.).
3122:, earlier conquerors of the Carpathian Basin that emigrated from the Asian steppes. Accordingly, in his narration, the Hungarian invasion is in fact a second conquest of the same territory by the same people.
1459:
Regarding the right location of early Hungarian settlements, the Arabic geographer al-Jayhani (only snippets of his work survived in other Muslim authors' papers) in the 870s placed the Hungarians between the
1738:. For instance, Kristó and Senga propose the existence of two Moravias (one in the north and other one in the south), while Boba, Bowlus and Eggers argue that Moravia's core territory is in the region of the
2850:) in the borderlands of their new homeland uninhabited for defensive purposes. In this easternmost territory of the Carpathian Basin, the earliest graves attributed to Hungarian warriors—for instance, at
1888:
and Liutprand of Cremona condemned the Frankish monarch for destroying the defense lines built along the empire's borders, because this also enabled the Hungarians to attack East Francia within a decade.
1463:
and Danube rivers. Szőke identifies al-Jayhani's Danube with the middle Danube region, as opposed to the previously assumed lower Danube region because, following al-Jayhani's description, the Christian
2306:, the ruler of the central territories, according to this narrative. In contrast with Anonymus, Simon of Kéza writes of the Hungarians' fight with Svatopluk following their arrival. According to the
3249:
commoner samples from the 10-11th century found that their low prevalence of lactase persistence "corresponds well with those of present-day populations of the Uralic linguistic family, such as the
9412:"Az avar továbbélés kérdéséről: a 9. századi avar történelem görög és latin nyelvű forrásai [=On the survival of the Avars: Greek and Latin sources of the 9th-century of the Avar history]"
3294:
in October 2018 examined the mtDNA of individuals from 10th-century graves associated with the Hungarian conquerors of the Basin. The majority of their maternal lineages were traced back to the
3078:
caused by Hungarian invasions, although its earliest extant copy is from the 15th century. Similarly late manuscripts (the oldest of which was written in the 14th century) offer the text of the
3053:, a 16th-century historian, provides information that is not known by the other works which suggests that he used now-lost sources. However, his work is not considered to be a reliable source.
2717:." Fine argues that the Hungarians' departure from the western regions of the Pontic steppes weakened their former allies, the Khazars, which contributed to the collapse of the Khazar Empire.
2667:
on 4 July 907. Other contemporary sources add that Margrave Luitpold of Bavaria and 19 Bavarian counts also died in the battle. Most historians (including Engel, Makkai, and Spinei) identify
2511:
The date when Moravia ceased to exist is uncertain, because there is no clear evidence either of the "existence of Moravia as a state" after 902 (Spinei) or of its fall. A short note in the
9762:
Tóth, Sándor László (1999). "The Territories of the Hungarian Tribal Federation around 950 (Some Observations on ConstantineVII's "Tourkia")". In Prinzing, Günter; Salamon, Maciej (eds.).
1649:
walls at the end of the century. Four churches surrounded by cemeteries were unearthed in and around the settlement. At least one of them continued to be used up to the 11th century.
2407:
on 20 November 900. He had a strong fortress erected against them on the Enns. Nevertheless, the Hungarians became the masters of the Carpathian Basin by the occupation of Pannonia. The
970:
1825:" ruling over Transylvania. According to historian Ryszard Grzesik, the reference to Gelou and his Vlachs evidences that the Vlachs had already settled in Transylvania by the time the
1211:
in 881. Madgearu proposes that Kavar groups were already settled in the Tisza plain within the Carpathian Basin around 881, which may have given rise to the anachronistic reference to
2015:(…). But fifty years ago the so-called Uzes made common cause with the Chazars and joined battle with the Pechenegs and prevailed over them and expelled them from their country (…).
1592:
also presumes Avar population in the Carpathian Basin at the eve of the 10th century. Archaeological findings suggesting that there is a substantial late Avar presence on the
3570:
and his assistants. It was completed in 1894 for the 1,000th anniversary of the event. Since the 1,100th anniversary of the event in 1995, the painting has been displayed in the
3283:
recorded Finno-Ugric roots and historically documented Turkic and Central Asian influxes had possible genetic imprints in the conquerors' genetic composition". In the same year,
3378:
in January 2020 examined the remains of 19 male Hungarian conquerors. These conquerors were found to be carriers of a diverse set of haplogroups, and displayed genetic links to
2099:
broke into Hungarian territories from the east, forcing the Hungarian warriors to withdraw from Bulgaria. The Bulgarians, according to Constantine Porphyrogenitus, attacked and
9216:
Nagy, P.L.; Olasz, J.; Neparáczki, E.; et al. (2020), "Determination of the phylogenetic origins of the Árpád Dynasty based on Y chromosome sequencing of Béla the Third",
9049:
Madgearu, Alexandru (2005a). "Chapter Three: Salt Trade and Warfare: The Rise of Romanian-Slavic Military Organization in Early Medieval Transylvania". In Curta, Florin (ed.).
1884:
In fact, following a break of eleven years, the Hungarians returned to the Carpathian Basin in 892. They came to assist Arnulf of East Francia against Svatopluk I of Moravia.
2329:
list Árpád, Szabolcs, Gyula, Örs, Künd, Lél and Vérbulcsú. Contemporaneous or nearly contemporaneous sources make mention of Álmos (Constantine Porphyrogenitus), of Árpád (
1182:("Seven Hungarians") denomination of the tribal confederation, although he writes of "seven leading persons" jointly bearing this name instead of a political organization.
2115:. Thus the 14th-century Hungarian chronicles' story of eagles compelling the Hungarians' ancestors to cross the Carpathians most probably refers to the Pechenegs' attack.
889:
in a pre-planned manner, with a long move-in between 862–895. Other theories assert that the Hungarians crossed the Carpathian Mountains following a joint attack by the
4031:
3152:
furnished with metal plates, pear-shaped stirrups and other metal works. Many of these objects had close analogues in the contemporaneous archaeological cultures (e.g.
2083:
and Byzantine ships transferred Hungarian warriors across the Lower Danube. The Hungarians invaded Bulgaria, forced Tzar Simeon to flee to the fortress of Dristra (now
17:
2663:
reports that Archbishop Theotmar of Salzburg fell, along with Bishops Uto of Freising and Zachary of Säben, in a "disastrous battle" fought against the Hungarians at
1785:
against the Bulgars in 824. Bulgarian troops also invaded Pannonia, "expelled the Slavic chieftains and appointed Bulgar governors instead" in 827. An inscription at
2368:
The death of Arnulf released the Hungarians from their alliance with East Francia. On their way back from Italy they expanded their rule over Pannonia. According to
2372:, the Hungarians "claimed for themselves the nation of the Moravians, which King Arnulf had subdued with the aid of their might" at the coronation of Arnulf's son,
2352:, the sacred ruler of the Hungarians, at the time of their destruction by the Pechenegs, which caused his sacrifice. If his death was in fact the consequence of a
1645:, a fortress in the marshes. Initially defended by timber walls, this "castle complex" (András Róna-Tas) became an administrative center. It was strengthened by
1235:
2260:(two sons of the late Moravian ruler, Svatopluk I), in which Emperor Arnulf also intervened. There is no mention of the Hungarians' activities in those years.
2222:
The route taken across the Carpathians is also contested. Anonymus and Simon of Kéza have the invading Hungarians crossing the northeastern passes, while the
9697:
Szakács, Béla Zsolt (2006). "Between Chronicle and Legend: Image Cycles of St Ladislaus in Fourteenth-Century Hungarian Manuscripts". In Kooper, Erik (ed.).
3431:
8091:
Szeifert, Bea; Gerber, Daniel; Csáky, Veronika; Langó, Péter; Stashenkov, Dmitrii; Khokhlov, Aleksandr; Sitdikov, Ayrat; Gazimzyanov, Ilgizar (9 May 2022).
1002:, a geographically unified but politically divided land, after acquiring thorough local knowledge of the area from the 860s onwards. After the end of the
3232:
and 14 from Hungarian conquest period, and "Avar sequences were genetically heterogeneous, closely related to Eastern breeds including the north Russian
2576:. Macartney argues that Anonymus's narration of both Menumorut and of Glad is basically a transcription of a much later report of the early 11th-century
5658:
Wang, Chuan-Chao; Posth, Cosimo; Furtwängler, Anja; Sümegi, Katalin; Bánfai, Zsolt; Kásler, Miklós; Krause, Johannes; Melegh, Béla (28 September 2021).
3853:
Wang, Chuan-Chao; Posth, Cosimo; Furtwängler, Anja; Sümegi, Katalin; Bánfai, Zsolt; Kásler, Miklós; Krause, Johannes; Melegh, Béla (28 September 2021).
3144:
graves, but isolated burials were common. Adult males (and sometimes women and children) were buried together with either parts of their horses or with
2897:
Instead of attacking the Pechenegs and the Bulgarians in the east, the Hungarians made several raids into Western Europe. For instance, they plundered
2815:. Similarly, the Hungarian name of vegetables, fruits and other cultivated plants, as well as many Hungarian terms connected to agriculture are Slavic
3521:
with some maternal lineages originating in the east also surviving in the area. The main paternal lineages of the Hungarian conquerors belong to the
9411:
4854:"Avar–magyar találkozó. Helyszín, időpont? (In: ...in nostra lingua Hringe nominant, Tanulmányok Szentpéteri József 60. születésnapja tiszteletére)"
2095:, son of Arpad" at that time, which suggests that he was the commander of the army, but he might have been mentioned in the war context by chance.
1429:
85:
2062:
The relationship between Bulgaria and the Byzantine Empire sharpened in 894, because Emperor Leo the Wise forced the Bulgarian merchants to leave
8140:
295:
1877:
and the Bulgarians forced the Hungarians' hand. Kristó, Tóth and the theory's other adherents refer to the unanimous testimony provided by the
3350:
was observed among several conquerors of particularly high rank. This haplogroup is of European origin and is today particularly common among
2699:
8195:(Greek text edited by Gyula Moravcsik, English translation by Romillyi J. H. Jenkins) (1967). Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies.
802:
550:
390:
315:
9493:"De manibus Valachorum scismaticorum...": Romanians and Power in the Mediaeval Kingdom of Hungary: The Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries
8177:(Edited, Translated and Annotated by Martyn Rady and László Veszprémy) (2010). In: Rady, Martyn; Veszprémy, László; Bak, János M. (2010);
2267:
in 899 and 900. The letter of Archbishop Theotmar of Salzburg and his suffragans suggests that Emperor Arnulf incited them to attack King
1550:
distant territories. A manor defended by timber walls (similar to noble courts of other parts of the Carolingian Empire) was unearthed at
9764:
Byzanz und Ostmitteleuropa, 950–1453: Beiträge zu einer table-ronde des XIX International Congress of Byzantine Studies, Copenhagen 1996
5899:
5609:
3711:
2969:
8359:
3268:"Comparison of the major Hg distributions from ancient Hungarian populations ... Brackets mark east Eurasian Hgs", by Maár et al. 2021
2313:
The Hungarian chronicles preserved two separate lists of the Hungarians' leaders at the time of the conquest. Anonymus mentions Álmos,
2295:, defeated them at Venice on 29 June 900. They returned from Italy when they learned of the death of Emperor Arnulf at the end of 899.
1239:
1057:
on the latter's behalf in the Lower Danube region in 836 or 837. The first known Hungarian raid in Central Europe was recorded in the
1054:
2922:
in 955 "put an end to the raids in the West" (Kontler), while they stopped plundering the Byzantines following their defeat in the
2870:. All the same, warriors were also stationed in outposts east of the Carpathians, as suggested by 10th-century graves unearthed at
2782:
3342:
paternal ancestry than West Eurasian maternal ancestry. Among modern populations, their paternal ancestry was the most similar to
2120:
the Petchenegs, they said goodbye to their homeland and set out to look for lands where they could live and establish settlements.
1742:, in present-day Serbia. The existence of a southern Moravian realm is not supported by artifacts, while strongholds unearthed at
9661:
The Great Migrations in the East and South East of Europe from the Ninth to the Thirteenth Century (Translated by Dana Badulescu)
9512:"Y-chromosomal connection between Hungarians and geographically distant populations of the Ural Mountain region and West Siberia"
8865:. Teleki László Foundation & Hungarian National Organisation of the World Congress of Finno-Ugric Peoples. pp. 235–246.
530:
2310:, the Hungarians "remained quietly in Erdelw and rested their herds" there after their crossing because of an attack by eagles.
9880:
2594:
and other place names recorded in Banat in the 14th century and 16th century attest to the memory of a local ruler named Glad.
1584:
1541:, who occupied Transdanubia and attached it to his empire. Archaeological investigation of early medieval rural settlements at
1178:
that formed a confederation. Constantine Porphyrogenitus mentions this number. Anonymous seems to have preserved the Hungarian
1038:, there is no trace of massacres and mass graves, it is believed to have been a peaceful transition for local residents in the
200:
5815:. Helikon Kiadó, MTA BTK Magyar Őstörténeti Témacsoport (Hungarian Academy of Sciences – Hungarian Prehistory Research Team).
3924:. Helikon Kiadó, MTA BTK Magyar Őstörténeti Témacsoport (Hungarian Academy of Sciences – Hungarian Prehistory Research Team).
9733:
9706:
9687:
9649:
9630:
9500:
9058:
9039:
8688:
8499:
8417:
8338:
The Russian Primary Chronicle, Laurentian Text. Translated and edited by Samuel Hazzard Cross and Olgerd P. Sherbowitz-Wetzor
8300:
8274:
8214:
8186:
5917:
5883:
5820:
5785:
5755:
5627:
3992:
3929:
3816:
3774:
3729:
380:
265:
9623:
Hungarians and Europe in the Early Middle Ages: An Introduction to Early Hungarian History (Translated by Nicholas Bodoczky)
3571:
3041:
around 908, sums up his knowledge on the Hungarians in a sole entry under "the year 889". Another valuable source is Bishop
9717:
2264:
1873:
was not a weakened population without a significant military power. The opposite view maintains that a joint attack by the
8861:
Hajdú, Mihály (2004). "The Hungarian language". In Nanovfszky, György; Rubovszky, Éva; Klima, László; et al. (eds.).
8209:(2007). In: The Complete Works of Liudprand of Cremona (Translated by Paolo Squatriti); The Catholic University of Press;
1722:
and Slovakia. However, Constantine Porphyrogenitus places "great Moravia, the unbaptized" somewhere in the regions beyond
2626:
An important event following the conquest of the Carpathian Basin, the Bavarians' murder of Kurszán, was recorded by the
1603:(another people of Turkic origin) were also present in the territory. The charter refers to the "Marches of the Wangars"
440:
9296:"Mitogenomic data indicate admixture components of Central-Inner Asian and Srubnaya origin in the conquering Hungarians"
8759:"Genetic analysis of male Hungarian Conquerors: European and Asian paternal lineages of the conquering Hungarian tribes"
5840:
3949:
3091:
The Hungarians initially preserved the memory of the major events in "the form of folk songs and ballads", according to
3538:
3115:
3024:
2964:
1988:) in 893. Later he caused a new movement of peoples who one by one invaded the lands of their western neighbors in the
1294:
719:
510:
490:
355:
230:
190:
8511:"Early medieval genetic data from Ural region evaluated in the light of archaeological evidence of ancient Hungarians"
9837:
9818:
9773:
9752:
9668:
9611:
9481:
9462:
9118:
9097:
9077:
8971:
8950:
8931:
8910:
8891:
8870:
8805:
8747:
8728:
8707:
8665:
8480:
8461:
8442:
8328:
8314:
8260:
8246:
8232:
8200:
5853:
3962:
3221:
2523:
8564:"Y-chromosome analysis of ancient Hungarian and two modern Hungarian-speaking populations from the Carpathian Basin"
1757:
was also deeply involved in the Carpathian Basin in the 9th century. A late 10th-century Byzantine lexicon known as
9925:
9900:
9800:
8770:
3160:
culture" of the Pontic steppes. Most cemeteries from the 9th and 10th centuries are concentrated in the Upper
1996:
clearly connects the westward movement of the Pechenegs and the Hungarians to previous fights between the Karluks,
795:
220:
9920:
9915:
9910:
9895:
9890:
2395:
One of the Hungarian contingents crossed the Danube and plundered the territories on the river's north bank, but
2360:
who were executed, according to Ibn Fadlan and al-Masudi, in the case of disasters affecting their whole people.
2348:, Árpád's father "could not enter Pannonia, for he was killed in Erdély". The episode implies that Álmos was the
2241:
1042:. Other scholars dismiss the continuity between late Avar and Hungarian Conquerors and/or the "double-conquest" (
699:
9355:"Y-chromosome haplogroups from Hun, Avar and conquering Hungarian period nomadic people of the Carpathian Basin"
8361:
SLA 218. Ukrainian Literature and Culture. Excerpts from The Rus' Primary Chronicle (Povest vremennykh let, PVL)
8093:"Tracing genetic connections of ancient Hungarians to the 6th-14th century populations of the Volga-Ural region"
5622:(in Hungarian). Oktatási Hivatal (Hungarian Educational Authority). 2020. pp. 15, 112, 116, 137, 138, 141.
3724:(in Hungarian). Oktatási Hivatal (Hungarian Educational Authority). 2020. pp. 15, 112, 116, 137, 138, 141.
2479:
was defeated in April 901, and Aventinus describes a defeat of the Hungarians by Margrave Luitpold at the river
842:'taking/conquest of the homeland'), was a series of historical events ending with the settlement of the
9905:
9885:
3525:, at a total of 36.8%, with variable amounts (from 6.1% to 1%) still found in the modern Hungarian population.
2931:
2599:
2446:
over the hill now called Hungarian and on arriving at the Dnipro, they pitched camp. They were nomads like the
850:
in the late 9th and early 10th century. Before the arrival of the Hungarians, three early medieval powers, the
754:
714:
595:
460:
9716:
Szőke, Béla Miklós (2003). "A Karoling-kor (811–896) ". In Visy, Zsolt; Nagy, Mihály; B. Kiss, Zsuzsa (eds.).
2989:("On Governing the Empire") provides the most detailed account. It was compiled under the auspices of Emperor
2648:, leading from Pannonia to Lombardy, in 904. They arrived as King Berengar I's allies against his rival, King
2004:. Porphyrogenitus writes of a joint attack by the Khazars and Ouzes that compelled the Pechenegs to cross the
4827:
3587:
2690:
2396:
1862:
1750:
and other areas to the north of the middle Danube point at the existence of a power center in those regions.
1703:, developed Moravia's military strength. He promoted the proselytizing activities of the Byzantine brothers,
1089:
leading some away as captives, killing others, while still others, imprisoned, perished of hunger and thirst.
1053:
contains the earliest certain reference to the Hungarians. It states that Hungarian warriors intervened in a
924:
664:
345:
145:
9565:"Mitochondrial sequence variation in ancient horses from the Carpathian Basin and possible modern relatives"
5802:
3911:
1521:. However, the Gepids survived up until the second half of the 9th century, according to a reference in the
931:
between 943 and 971. However, they gradually settled in the basin and established a Christian monarchy, the
8241:(Edited and translated by László Veszprémy and Frank Schaer with a study by Jenő Szűcs) (1999). CEU Press.
3504:. The earliest traces of their ancestors' settlements can be found in the territory bordered by the Rivers
3496:
people from Western Siberia (6th–13th century), the pre-Conquest period and subsisting Hungarians from the
3394:(mainly N3a4-Z1936, N3a4-Z1936 > Y13850, N3a4-Z1936 > Y13850 > L1034; less N3a2-M2118, present in
2923:
2627:
2379:
2045:
1114:
until their invasion across the Carpathians. He adds that it was located in the territory where the rivers
605:
410:
9680:
The Romanians and the Turkic Nomads North of the Danube Delta from the Tenth to the Mid-Thirteenth century
9474:
Romanians and Hungarians from the 9th to the 14th Century: The Genesis of the Transylvanian Medieval State
4853:
3306:
cultures of the Pontic–Caspian steppe, while one-third of their maternal lineages could be traced back to
1030:
population survived the time of the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin. In this power vacuum, The
9426:
5660:"Genome-wide autosomal, mtDNA, and Y chromosome analysis of King Bela III of the Hungarian Arpad dynasty"
3855:"Genome-wide autosomal, mtDNA, and Y chromosome analysis of King Bela III of the Hungarian Arpad dynasty"
2550:
2533:
2143:
2041:
2033:
2020:
788:
724:
709:
65:
45:
8367:. Toronto: Electronic Library of Ukrainian Literature, University of Toronto. p. 16. Archived from
4859:(in Hungarian). MTA Bölcsészettudományi Kutatóközpont, Kecskeméti Katona József Múzeum. pp. 121–140
3415:
was disseminated Lomovatovo and Nevolino cultures are archaeologically related to ancient Hungarians".
9828:
Nägler, Thomas (2005). "Transylvania between 900 and 1300". In Pop, Ioan-Aurel; Nägler, Thomas (eds.).
2677:(Bratislava, Slovakia), but some researchers (for instance Boba and Bowlus) argue that it can refer to
1781:
on the Danube", most probably along the lower courses of the river Tisza, sought the assistance of the
694:
240:
8144:
5735:
3796:
4828:"A Kárpát-medence a Karoling-korban és a magyar honfoglalás (Tudomány és hagyományőrzés konferencia)"
3550:
3533:
3492:
Another study published in 2022, taking into account the genetic data originating from ancient proto-
3080:
2973:
1707:
in an attempt to seek independence from East Francia. Moravia reached its "peak of importance" under
1193:, who (according to Constantine) joined the Hungarians following their unsuccessful riot against the
867:
866:. They occasionally hired Hungarian horsemen as soldiers. Therefore, the Hungarians who dwelt on the
585:
480:
285:
275:
90:
8717:
Engel, Pál (2003). "A honfoglalás és a Fehérló-monda "igaz története" ". In Csukovits, Enikő (ed.).
3625:
3037:
3031:
in 900 also refers to the conquering Hungarians, but it is often regarded as a fake document. Abbot
8568:
5772:
3761:
3615:
3216:
3092:
2985:
2563:
According to Anonymus, who does not write of Moravia, the Hungarians invaded the region of Nyitra (
2555:
2536:(Spišské Tomášovce), Dévény and other places in modern Slovakia is dated to the period around 900.
2421:
who had earlier subjugated the Slavs' homeland in Pannonia, according to scholars who identify the
2148:
2025:
744:
625:
470:
4077:"Gyula László's theory of the "two-time conquest of the Magyars" and the archaeology of the Avars"
2669:
9602:
Austria–Hungary & the Successor States: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present
9183:"Comparison of lactase persistence polymorphism in ancient and present-day Hungarian populations"
8323:
Chronica de Gestis Hungarorum (Edited by Dezső Dercsényi) (1970). Corvina, Taplinger Publishing.
3630:
2694:
2611:. (...) sent to seek peace with and of his own will delivered up the castle with diverse gifts.
1661:
1313:
734:
674:
560:
180:
3500:(6th–14th century) and their neighbours, emphasises the connection of Hungarian Conquerors with
3370:"The frequency of paternal haplogroups in the Hungarian Conqueror samples", by Fóthi et al. 2020
3264:
3118:, wrote the next surviving chronicle. He claims that the Hungarians were closely related to the
3085:
1599:
A charter issued in 860 by King Louis the German for the Mattsee Abbey may well attest that the
1534:
1399:("sooty river"). Place names of Slavic origin abound across the Carpathian Basin. For instance,
9454:
9446:
8368:
3064:
of saints preserved an eyewitness account on the Bulgarian-Byzantine war of 894–896. The first
2979:
2100:
1754:
1708:
1481:
1015:
894:
851:
450:
8227:(Translated by Bernhard Walter Scholz with Barbara Rogers); The University of Michigan Press;
5923:
5633:
3735:
3427:
3347:
3084:, a historical work completed in 1113. It provides information based on earlier Byzantine and
2333:
and Constantine Porphyrogenitus), of Liountikas (Constantine Porphyrogenitus) and of Kurszán (
1526:
1026:
population in their stateless state. According to one theory the archaeological evidence, the
8816:
4709:
3447:
3412:
3153:
2202:
2183:
1969:
1769:
1593:
1384:
1167:
898:
689:
9110:
Transylvania in the Medieval Hungarian Kingdom (896–1526), History of Transylvania, Volume I
3240:... by contrast, the early Hungarian horses showed a relatively close relationship with the
3193:
2091:. An interpolation in Porphyrogenitus's work states that the Hungarians had a prince named "
9523:
9372:
9313:
9143:
8774:
8618:
8522:
5671:
3866:
3579:
3522:
3042:
2955:
2935:
2652:. The Hungarians devastated the territories occupied earlier by King Louis along the river
2451:
2369:
2071:
2056:
1938:
1899:
1700:
1073:
957:
871:
739:
400:
80:
34:
3209:
2996:
2753:
2573:
8:
3482:
3443:
3383:
3331:
3057:
2883:
2721:
2268:
2233:
1933:
1704:
1696:
1665:
1657:
1576:
1498:
1316:" as inhabiting the territory, but later he refers to "a people called Kozar" and to the
917:
837:
759:
540:
210:
125:
9527:
9376:
9317:
9147:
8778:
8740:
The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth century
8622:
8526:
8336:
5675:
3870:
2413:
may also reflect the memory of this event when relating how the Hungarians expelled the
29:
9600:
9546:
9511:
9393:
9359:
9354:
9336:
9295:
9282:
9240:
9169:
9028:
9009:
8982:
8677:
8639:
8605:
8600:
8545:
8510:
8117:
8092:
6927:
5692:
5659:
3887:
3854:
3840:
Continuity and/or encounter? "Avar" and "Hungarian" in the 9th century Carpathian Basin
3563:
3423:
3278:
3220:
in March 2008 analyzed 4 samples from the 10th century, and two carried North Eurasian
3148:
and other objects symbolizing a horse. The graves also yielded decorated silver belts,
3050:
3014:
2919:
2898:
2800:
2767:
2513:
2476:
2404:
2252:) with the defense of all Pannonia in 896. In 897 or 898 a civil war broke out between
1885:
1735:
1336:
1266:
commanded an army of 20,000 horsemen, but the reliability of this number is uncertain.
1199:
1059:
932:
828:
704:
684:
679:
669:
520:
335:
54:
8656:
Curta, Florin (2001). "Transylvania around A.D 1000". In Urbańczyk, Przemyslaw (ed.).
5738:[Outline of the background of the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin]
3799:[Outline of the background of the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin]
3442:. The subclade was also found in nearest contemporary matches of 48 Bashkirs from the
3434:. It was established that the male lineage of the Árpáds belonged to the Y-haplogroup
3318:(Asian Huns). The mtDNA of the conquerors was found to be most closely related to the
2196:
1633:
were initially governed by royal officers and local chieftains. A Slavic prince named
1542:
1411:("citadel") and other early medieval fortresses bore a Slavic name, while the name of
1080:. Archbishop Theotmar of Salzburg clearly states in his letter of around 900 that the
9833:
9814:
9796:
9769:
9748:
9729:
9702:
9683:
9664:
9645:
9626:
9607:
9586:
9551:
9496:
9477:
9458:
9398:
9341:
9274:
9245:
9204:
9173:
9161:
9114:
9093:
9073:
9054:
9035:
9014:
8967:
8946:
8927:
8906:
8887:
8866:
8842:
8801:
8743:
8724:
8703:
8684:
8661:
8644:
8587:
8582:
8563:
8550:
8495:
8476:
8457:
8438:
8413:
8324:
8310:
8296:
8270:
8256:
8242:
8228:
8210:
8196:
8182:
8122:
5913:
5879:
5849:
5816:
5781:
5751:
5697:
5623:
4076:
3988:
3958:
3925:
3892:
3812:
3770:
3725:
3567:
3497:
3391:
3311:
3295:
3225:
3075:
3019:
2843:
2763:
2720:
Some decades after the Hungarian conquest, a new synthesis of earlier cultures, the "
2461:
2409:
2012:
Originally, the Pechenegs had their dwelling on the river and likewise on the river
1731:
1465:
912:
The Hungarians strengthened their control over the Carpathian Basin by defeating the
615:
500:
9832:. Romanian Cultural Institute (Center for Transylvanian Studies). pp. 199–231.
9793:
In Search of a New Homeland: The Prehistory of the Hungarian People and the Conquest
8983:"Maternal Lineages from 10–11th Century Commoner Cemeteries of the Carpathian Basin"
8354:(First edition published in 1930. The first 50 pages are a scholarly introduction.)
5716:
4032:"A Magyarságkutató Intézet azon dolgozik, hogy fényt derítsen valódi származásunkra"
4009:
3032:
2302:
before conquering Gelou's Transylvania. Subsequently, the Hungarians turned against
2125:
1142:
is not unanimously accepted, the last three names without doubt refer to the rivers
1081:
9576:
9541:
9531:
9388:
9380:
9331:
9321:
9286:
9266:
9235:
9225:
9194:
9151:
9004:
8994:
8832:
8782:
8634:
8626:
8577:
8540:
8530:
8269:(Translated and annotated by Janet L. Nelson) (1991). Manchester University Press.
8112:
8104:
5687:
5679:
3882:
3874:
3493:
3303:
3299:
3229:
3106:
3097:
3010:
3002:
2775:
2618:
2322:
2318:
2276:
1981:
1510:
1340:
1328:
1227:
1065:
928:
913:
905:(the region to the west of the river) in 900. They exploited internal conflicts in
878:
659:
325:
8255:(Translated and annotated by Timothy Reuter) (1992). Manchester University Press.
3835:
Folytonosság és/vagy találkozás? "Avar" és "magyar" a 9. századi Kárpát-medencében
3111:
2867:
2862:—are concentrated around the Transylvanian salt mines in the valley of the rivers
1747:
9368:
9326:
9134:
8614:
3518:
3486:
3476:
3273:
2990:
2959:
2939:
2906:
2902:
2649:
2373:
2353:
1989:
1870:
1857:
1673:
1506:
1452:
1332:
1103:
1039:
1035:
1027:
1023:
1003:
999:
983:
886:
874:
were familiar with what would become their homeland when their conquest started.
863:
729:
430:
420:
305:
135:
8412:(Text, translation, and commentary by George T. Dennis) (2010). Dumbarton Oaks.
8307:
The History of al-Tabarī, Volume XXXVIII: The Return of the Caliphate to Baghdad
2745:
2580:, Glad's alleged descendant. In contrast, for instance, Madgearu maintains that
2517:
refers to a "war with the Hungarians in Moravia" in 902, during which the "land
2263:
The next event recorded in connection with the Hungarians is their raid against
1513:
people. Upon their arrival in the region, they imposed their authority over the
1234:(two Muslim scholars from the 10th and 11th centuries, respectively, whose
1064:
which writes of "enemies, called Hungarians, hitherto unknown" who ravaged King
9536:
9384:
8787:
8758:
8535:
6874:
5912:. Oktatási Hivatal (Hungarian Educational Authority). 2020. pp. 120, 170.
5683:
3878:
3607:
3501:
3403:
3379:
3157:
2891:
2879:
2292:
2288:
2272:
2088:
2063:
2051:
1719:
1715:
1494:
979:
847:
778:
9860:
9581:
9564:
9270:
9230:
9156:
9129:
9108:
3197:
2863:
2759:
2209:
1448:
1356:
9874:
8846:
3620:
3513:
3451:
3366:
3145:
2859:
2496:
1977:
1583:
lists the Avars among the peoples under the ecclesiastic jurisdiction of the
1485:
1271:
1258:
1175:
1162:
1151:
1069:
906:
859:
9856:"The Carpathian Basin before the Hungarian Conquest in the 9th Century"
9728:(in Hungarian). Nemzeti Kulturális Örökség Minisztériuma. pp. 312–317.
8391:"Rus' primary chronicle critical edition – Interlinear line-level collation"
8309:(Translated by Franz Rosenthal) (1985). State University of New York Press.
5870:
3979:
2972:, a military conflict directly preceding the Hungarians' departure from the
2803:
vocabulary is of Slavic origin, including the Hungarian words for sheep-pen
9855:
9590:
9555:
9402:
9345:
9278:
9249:
9208:
9165:
9018:
8648:
8591:
8554:
8126:
5701:
3896:
3327:
3254:
3237:
3224:
N1a1-Tat ("previously called Tat or N1c", M46). A 2009 study also examined
3181:
3028:
2914:
2644:
The Hungarians invaded Italy using the so-called "Route of the Hungarians"
2434:
2389:
2257:
2214:
2174:
2067:
2037:
1739:
1672:. Under his rule, Moravian troops interved into the conflict known as the "
1669:
1638:
1589:
1477:
1438:
1380:
1289:
1197:. The Hungarians and the Kabars are mentioned in the longer version of the
1157:
1139:
1095:
1077:
1019:
1011:
1007:
855:
8999:
8837:
8473:
Franks, Moravians and Magyars: The Struggle for the Middle Danube, 788–907
8295:(Translated and annotated by Simon MacLean); Manchester University Press;
8108:
3201:
2791:
1743:
1274:
were the Hungarians' most important weapons. In addition, slightly curved
962:
8344:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Mediaeval Academy of America. p. 325
4763:
3467:
3351:
3258:
3245:
3173:
3066:
2910:
2787:
2714:
2568:
1997:
1929:
1618:
1572:
1564:
1538:
1460:
1404:
1388:
1247:
9642:
Illustrated Slovak History: A Struggle for Sovereignty in Central Europe
5231:
5207:
3330:. The conquerors did not display significant genetic relations to other
3130:
2875:
2737:
2729:
2092:
1918:
1546:
1408:
1400:
1375:
were borrowed from Slavs. The Hungarians also adopted a great number of
1317:
749:
9199:
9182:
6915:
5197:
5195:
3307:
3241:
3149:
3071:
3023:
which ends in 901 is the earliest among them. A letter from Archbishop
2741:
2710:
2653:
2471:
2076:
2013:
1866:
1853:
1641:
around 840. He promoted the colonisation of his lands and also erected
1551:
1031:
995:
882:
843:
8630:
3319:
3074:, written around 924, contains nearly contemporary information on the
2678:
2229:
1955:
1911:
1852:
follows the narration of Anonymus and later Hungarian chronicles. The
1642:
1623:
1443:
1109:
8435:
The Early Slavs: Culture and Society in Early Medieval Eastern Europe
8225:
Carolingian Chronicles: Royal Frankish Annals and Nithard's Histories
7756:
7754:
7752:
7750:
7242:
6511:
3559:
3459:
3455:
3355:
2851:
2674:
2521:
succumbed", but this text is ambiguous. Alternatively, the so-called
2430:
2299:
2253:
2158:
1993:
1874:
1798:
1774:
1646:
1412:
1360:
1106:
mentions that the Hungarians dwelled in a territory that they called
890:
9257:
mtDNA haplotypes and Y-chromosome haplogroups in a small cemetery".
9030:
The Medieval Hungarian Historians: A Critical & Analytical Guide
8601:"Maternal Genetic Ancestry and Legacy of 10th Century AD Hungarians"
8390:
5192:
4943:
4721:
3833:
3205:
2958:
were the first to record these events. The earliest work is Emperor
2500:
2491:
1861:
style of ornaments, and belonged to the same anthropological group.
1687:
877:
The Hungarian conquest started in the context of a "late or 'small'
9300:
3360:
3343:
3290:
2816:
2725:
2504:
2280:
2166:
2084:
1786:
1767:
of Bulgaria attacked the Avars from the southeast around 803. The
1723:
1612:
1376:
1343:
population. For instance, the Hungarian names of the rivers Danube
1143:
975:
938:
902:
9070:
The Romanians in the Anonymous Gesta Hungarorum: Truth and Fiction
7814:
7747:
7026:
2733:
2345:
1433:
from around 870 lists Germanic place names in Pannonia, including
1134:
run. Although the identification of the first two rivers with the
9128:
Maróti, Zoltán; Neparáczki, Endre; Schütz, Oszkár (25 May 2022).
9072:. Romanian Cultural Institute, Center for Transylvanian Studies.
8289:
History and Politics in Late Carolingian and Ottonian Europe: The
4571:
4569:
3575:
3439:
3399:
3323:
3315:
3228:
variation in 31 ancient horses from the Pannonian Basin, 17 from
2887:
2749:
2586:
1985:
1806:
1802:
1727:
1634:
1630:
1607:
situated in the westernmost regions of the Carpathian Basin. The
1600:
1571:
asked Charlemagne to let his people settle in the region between
1392:
1243:
1231:
1194:
1135:
987:
635:
8700:
The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526
6711:
6460:
5953:
5440:
4051:"Reflections on the 'Dual Conquest' Theory of Hungarian Origins"
3165:
2314:
2200:
The Hungarians' arrival in the Carpathian Basin depicted in the
1677:
1094:
Letter of Archbishop Theotmar of Salzburg and his suffragans to
9640:
Spiesz, Anton; Caplovic, Dusan; Bolchazy, Ladislaus J. (2006).
5869:
Négyesi, Lajos; Veszprémy, László (2011). Gubcsi, Lajos (ed.).
3978:
Négyesi, Lajos; Veszprémy, László (2011). Gubcsi, Lajos (ed.).
3509:
3463:
3395:
3250:
3233:
3172:, but early small cemeteries were also unearthed at Kolozsvár (
3141:
2871:
2577:
2542:
2480:
2447:
2429:
as Franks. Other historians associate them either with Vlachs (
2400:
2284:
2162:
2008:
River sometime between 893 and 902 (most probably around 894).
1959:
1822:
1814:
1782:
1559:
1514:
1396:
1321:
1309:
1212:
1204:
115:
9130:"The genetic origin of Huns, Avars, and conquering Hungarians"
8024:
8000:
7988:
5590:
5055:
5053:
4566:
3680:
3406:. A 2020 archaeogenetic and archaeological study published in
3169:
1843:
1611:
denomination seems to reflect the Slavic form of the Onogurs'
1372:
9721:[Hungarian Archaeology at the Turn of the Millennium]
9425:(11). Szeged (HU): Tiszatáj Alapítvány: 50–56. Archived from
9113:. Institute of History of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.
8358:
Cross, Samuel Hazzard; Sherbowitz-Wetzor, Olgerd P. (2013) .
7397:
7062:
4433:
4409:
4295:
4293:
3505:
3438:
subclade R-Z2125 > R-Z2123 > R-Y2632 > R-Y2633 >
3387:
3161:
2855:
2608:
2603:
2564:
2303:
2271:. They routed the Italian troops on 2 September at the river
2245:
2005:
2001:
1818:
1810:
1778:
1653:
1518:
1490:
1455:
and other rivers could be either Turkic or Slavic in origin.
1416:
1368:
1348:
1339:) names of the longest rivers in the Carpathian Basin from a
1275:
1252:
1190:
9476:. Centrul de Studii Transilvane, Fundaţia Culturală Română.
8335:
Cross, Samuel Hazzard; Sherbowitz-Wetzor, Olgerd P. (1953).
7894:
7892:
7877:
7346:
6662:
6660:
4358:
4186:
3430:
and unknown Árpád member named as "II/52" / "HU52" from the
2442:
among them, and did them violence... The Magyars passed by
927:
to Western Europe between 899 and 955 and also targeted the
9309:
8267:
The Annals of St-Bertin (Ninth-Century Histories, Volume I)
7952:
7855:
7853:
7363:
7361:
7336:
7334:
7332:
7074:
6990:
6723:
6635:
6633:
6606:
6594:
6535:
6047:
6045:
5965:
5284:
5050:
4668:
3177:
3119:
2541:
refuge to the adjacent nations, to the Bulgarians and and
2443:
2249:
2170:
1764:
1759:
1364:
1352:
1147:
1076:, at war with Louis the German, hired Hungarians to invade
95:
33:
Hungarian conquest (of the Carpathian Basin) – painting by
9865:: The Time of the Hungarian Conquest (a video on YouTube)"
9051:
East Central & Eastern Europe in the Early Middle Ages
8175:
Anonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians
8072:
7940:
7928:
7916:
7725:
7723:
7674:
7672:
7659:
7657:
7620:
7618:
7581:
7579:
7540:
7426:
7424:
7230:
7103:
7101:
7093:
Anonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians
6980:
6978:
6939:
6818:
6796:
6794:
6792:
6767:
6765:
6694:
Anonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians
6552:
6550:
6347:
6345:
6191:
6189:
6104:
6102:
6062:
6060:
6008:
6006:
6004:
5657:
5515:
5510:
Anonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians
5498:
Anonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians
5098:
5096:
5094:
5092:
4790:
4644:
4627:
Anonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians
4610:
4608:
4588:
Anonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians
4397:
4312:
Anonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians
4290:
3852:
1714:
Moravia's core territory is located in the regions on the
1596:, but it is difficult to determine the proper chronology.
8389:
Ostrowski, Donald; Birnbaum, David J. (7 December 2014).
8048:
7976:
7889:
7477:
7475:
7188:
7186:
7173:
7171:
6905:
6903:
6901:
6852:
6850:
6837:
6835:
6833:
6657:
6077:
6075:
5551:
5539:
5527:
5368:
5243:
5219:
5180:
4718:, pp. 187., 190., 233., 408., 481., 532., 599., 643.
4370:
4346:
4036:
Magyarságkutató Intézet (Institute of Hungarian Research)
3435:
1958:] came to the leader of the region who reigned after
1695:
Moravia emerged in the 820s under its first known ruler,
1656:
inherited his estates. Kocel was succeeded around 876 by
1505:
The Carpathian Basin was controlled from the 560s by the
909:
and annihilated this state sometime between 902 and 906.
8719:
Engel Pál: Honor, vár, ispánság: Válogatott tanulmányok
8253:
The Annals of Fulda (Ninth-Century Histories, Volume II)
8090:
8060:
8036:
8012:
7964:
7850:
7790:
7766:
7708:
7684:
7630:
7506:
7504:
7502:
7448:
7409:
7358:
7329:
7317:
7295:
7293:
7220:
7218:
7216:
7203:
7201:
7122:
7120:
7118:
7116:
7050:
6740:
6738:
6677:
6675:
6630:
6584:
6582:
6450:
6448:
6433:
6397:
6262:
6260:
6258:
6256:
6254:
6252:
6213:
6201:
6126:
6114:
6042:
5989:
5977:
5736:"Vázlat a magyar honfoglalás Kárpát-medencei hátteréről"
5721:
Rubicon (Hungarian Historical Information Dissemination)
5065:
4919:
4780:
4778:
4753:
4751:
4699:
4697:
4695:
4656:
4164:
4162:
4014:
Rubicon (Hungarian Historical Information Dissemination)
3797:"Vázlat a magyar honfoglalás Kárpát-medencei hátteréről"
3670:
3668:
3666:
3664:
3662:
3660:
3474:
An archaeogenetic study published in scientific journal
3156:) from Cis-Ural and Trans-Ural region, and multiethnic "
2527:
mentions the "markets of the Moravians" around 905. The
1652:
Pribina died fighting the Moravians in 861, and his son
1226:
confederation was under a dual leadership, according to
1055:
conflict between the Byzantine Empire and the Bulgarians
7735:
7720:
7696:
7669:
7654:
7642:
7615:
7603:
7576:
7552:
7528:
7516:
7421:
7278:
7144:
7098:
6975:
6963:
6951:
6789:
6762:
6618:
6569:
6567:
6565:
6547:
6523:
6501:
6499:
6472:
6342:
6320:
6318:
6316:
6301:
6289:
6279:
6277:
6275:
6186:
6099:
6057:
6001:
5580:
5578:
5296:
5272:
5120:
5089:
5077:
5040:
5038:
5011:
5001:
4999:
4984:
4974:
4972:
4970:
4883:
4605:
4593:
4527:
4515:
4505:
4503:
4387:
4385:
4334:
4324:
4322:
4320:
4280:
4278:
4253:
4251:
4249:
4198:
4137:
4135:
4133:
3647:
3645:
3398:). This evidence suggested that the conquerors were of
1925:
9639:
9053:. The University of Michigan Press. pp. 103–120.
8357:
8334:
7802:
7472:
7385:
7254:
7248:
7183:
7168:
7156:
7132:
7014:
6921:
6898:
6886:
6880:
6847:
6830:
6806:
6777:
6517:
6484:
6072:
6018:
5481:
5479:
5452:
5262:
5260:
5258:
5237:
5213:
5201:
4949:
4544:
4542:
4457:
4234:
3363:
and Volga Tatars via N-B540/L1034 and N-B545/Y24365).
3017:
narrate events closely connected to the conquest. The
1517:, who had dominated the territories east of the river
1302:
1084:
often allied with the Hungarians against the Germans.
8193:
Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio
7904:
7865:
7826:
7778:
7591:
7564:
7499:
7487:
7460:
7443:
Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio
7373:
7305:
7290:
7266:
7213:
7198:
7113:
7038:
7009:
Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio
6862:
6735:
6672:
6645:
6579:
6445:
6421:
6249:
6232:
Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio
5563:
5416:
5404:
5344:
5320:
5308:
5267:
Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio
5156:
5144:
5108:
4895:
4833:(in Hungarian). MTA Bölcsészettudományi Kutatóközpont
4802:
4775:
4748:
4738:
4736:
4692:
4486:
4484:
4229:
Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio
4217:
Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio
4174:
4159:
4094:
3657:
1189:
confederation was strengthened by the arrival of the
9447:"Conceptions of Ethnicity in Early Medieval Studies"
7838:
6562:
6496:
6409:
6385:
6330:
6313:
6272:
6237:
6174:
6138:
5941:
5575:
5428:
5392:
5132:
5035:
4996:
4967:
4500:
4469:
4421:
4382:
4317:
4275:
4263:
4246:
4130:
4118:
3642:
3597:
2450:. Coming out of the east, they struggled across the
9449:. In Little, Lester K.; Rosenwein, Barbara (eds.).
9353:Neparáczki, Endre; et al. (12 November 2019).
5872:
1000-1100 years ago…Hungary in the Carpathian Basin
5476:
5332:
5255:
4955:
4931:
4539:
4445:
4106:
3981:
1000-1100 years ago…Hungary in the Carpathian Basin
3692:
2976:. Nearly contemporary narration can be read in the
2298:According to Anonymous, the Hungarians fought with
1579:in Pannonia. His petition was accepted in 805. The
1320:. Similarly, Simon of Kéza first lists the "Slavs,
9599:
9294:Neparáczki, Endre; et al. (18 October 2018).
9027:
8903:Millennium in Central Europe: A History of Hungary
8676:
8489:
7760:
5023:
4907:
4871:
4733:
4481:
3548:The most famous perpetuation of the events is the
1203:, which relates that the Hungarians fought around
86:The Carpathian Basin before the Hungarian conquest
9830:The History of Transylvania, Vol. I. (Until 1541)
9352:
9293:
9255:
8388:
8143:. Tourism portal of Hungary. 2010. Archived from
8030:
8006:
7994:
6933:
5804:Magyar őstörténet 4 – Honfoglalás és megtelepedés
4825:
4680:
3913:Magyar őstörténet 4 – Honfoglalás és megtelepedés
1557:Avar groups who remained under the rule of their
9872:
8757:Fóthi, Erzsébet; et al. (14 January 2020).
8723:(in Hungarian). Osiris Kiadó. pp. 649–660.
8679:Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250
8599:Csősz, Aranka; et al. (16 September 2016).
5868:
5809:Hungarian Prehistory 4 - Conquest and Settlement
3977:
3918:Hungarian Prehistory 4 - Conquest and Settlement
3101:contains texts from the 11th-century chronicle.
2335:Continuation of the Chronicle by George the Monk
2331:Continuation of the Chronicle by George the Monk
2111:corresponds to the old Hungarian word for eagle
1680:eastward" between 882 and 884, according to the
1581:Conversion of the Bavarians and the Carantanians
1523:Conversion of the Bavarians and the Carantanians
1430:Conversion of the Bavarians and the Carantanians
1256:, while their military commander bore the title
1238:preserved texts from an earlier work written by
1051:Continuation of the Chronicle by George the Monk
897:in 894 or 895. They first took control over the
4851:
9562:
8509:Csáky, Veronika; et al. (November 2020).
7958:
3422:in July 2020 examined the skeletal remains of
1894:every crime, avid only for murder and plunder.
1711:who expanded its frontiers in all directions.
1034:conqueror elite took the system of the former
1022:and the interior regions housed the surviving
9451:Debating the Middle Ages: Issues and Readings
9127:
8561:
8078:
7946:
5750:] (in Hungarian). Magyar Nemzeti Múzeum.
3811:] (in Hungarian). Magyar Nemzeti Múzeum.
2388:only refers to Hungarians reaching the river
2356:, his fate was similar to that of the Khazar
1753:In addition to East Francia and Moravia, the
1447:("fortress in the marshes"). The name of the
796:
9747:(in Hungarian). Szegedi Középkorász Muhely.
8966:(in Hungarian). Szegedi Középkorász Muhely.
8756:
8598:
8562:Csányi, Bernadett; et al. (July 2008).
8508:
8490:Buranbaeva, Oksana; Mladineo, Vanja (2011).
8054:
7982:
7898:
5748:Peoples and cultures in the Carpathian Basin
5611:Történelem 5. az általános iskolások számára
3809:Peoples and cultures in the Carpathian Basin
3713:Történelem 5. az általános iskolások számára
3458:region, and 1 individual from the region of
2244:(the ruler of the region between the rivers
9563:Priskin, K.; et al. (September 2009).
9509:
9215:
9180:
9092:. Indiana University Press. pp. 1–14.
8980:
8763:Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences
8293:of Regino of Prüm and Adalbert of Magdeburg
8066:
8042:
8018:
7970:
5774:The Carolingian Age in the Carpathian Basin
4845:
3763:The Carolingian Age in the Carpathian Basin
3489:, supporting genetic and linguistic data".
3376:Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences
2191:
1468:were the western neighbors of the Magyars.
966:Map of the presumptive Hungarian prehistory
862:, had fought each other for control of the
8239:Simon of Kéza: The Deeds of the Hungarians
8133:
6706:Simon of Kéza: The Deeds of the Hungarians
5800:
4639:Simon of Kéza: The Deeds of the Hungarians
4048:
3909:
3582:also depicted the event under the name of
3528:
3164:region and in the plains along the rivers
2968:, finished around 904, which recounts the
2486:
951:
942:Hungarian Conquest of the Carpathian Basin
817:Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin
803:
789:
18:Hungarian Conquest of the Carpathian Basin
9580:
9545:
9535:
9392:
9335:
9325:
9239:
9229:
9198:
9187:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
9155:
9067:
9048:
9025:
9008:
8998:
8836:
8795:
8786:
8638:
8581:
8544:
8534:
8116:
7796:
7772:
7714:
7702:
7690:
7636:
7403:
7080:
7068:
7056:
7032:
6639:
6612:
6051:
5691:
5557:
4674:
4662:
4650:
4614:
4599:
4575:
4364:
3886:
3390:. More than 37% of them carried types of
2363:
2226:writes of their arrival in Transylvania.
9620:
8962:Magyar honfoglalás, honfoglaló magyarok
8454:Slovak History: Chronology & Lexicon
7883:
7859:
7820:
7729:
7678:
7663:
7609:
7585:
7558:
7546:
7534:
7522:
7415:
7352:
7340:
6120:
5995:
5733:
5714:
5126:
5102:
5059:
5017:
4889:
4821:
4819:
4817:
4533:
4521:
4439:
4415:
4376:
4340:
4007:
3831:
3794:
3532:
3365:
3263:
3129:
2995:
2781:
2758:
2698:
2490:
2399:gathered troops and routed them between
2325:and Tétény, while Simon of Kéza and the
2228:
2208:
2195:
2050:
2032:
1924:
1842:
1686:
1617:
1489:
1471:
1156:
969:
961:
937:
28:
9696:
8981:Maár, Kitti; et al. (March 2021).
8959:
8940:
8900:
8814:
8432:
7808:
7741:
7648:
7624:
7481:
7430:
7391:
7284:
7260:
7150:
7107:
6996:
6984:
6969:
6957:
6856:
6800:
6771:
6729:
6556:
6541:
6529:
6478:
6351:
6307:
6295:
6195:
6108:
6066:
6012:
5971:
5848:. Budapest: Hungarian National Museum.
5834:
5832:
5780:. Budapest: Hungarian National Museum.
5719:[From Álmos to Saint Stephen].
5533:
5521:
5302:
5290:
5278:
5225:
5114:
5071:
4925:
4796:
4784:
4757:
4703:
4403:
4299:
4240:
4192:
4100:
4012:[From Álmos to Saint Stephen].
3957:. Budapest: Hungarian National Museum.
3943:
3941:
3769:. Budapest: Hungarian National Museum.
3674:
3651:
2470:King Louis the Child held a meeting at
1637:received large estates along the river
1219:at the time of the Hungarian conquest.
14:
9873:
9827:
9806:
9677:
9658:
9409:
9106:
9086:
8943:Hungarian History in the Ninth Century
8919:
8470:
7934:
7922:
7910:
7871:
7832:
7493:
7466:
7454:
7323:
7299:
7236:
7224:
7207:
7192:
7177:
7162:
7138:
7126:
7044:
7020:
6945:
6909:
6892:
6868:
6841:
6824:
6812:
6783:
6744:
6681:
6651:
6600:
6588:
6490:
6466:
6439:
6427:
6081:
6024:
5838:
5616:History 5. for primary school students
5458:
5446:
5186:
5162:
5150:
5083:
5044:
5005:
4990:
4961:
4901:
4742:
4509:
4475:
4427:
4391:
4352:
4328:
4284:
4257:
4204:
4180:
4168:
4141:
4074:
3947:
3718:History 5. for primary school students
3411:southern Trans-Ural region, where the
1984:, raided "the land of the Turks" (the
1865:of the following years prove that the
1736:further theories on Moravia's location
1718:, in the territory of the present-day
1585:Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Salzburg
9768:. Otto Harrassowitz. pp. 23–34.
9715:
9597:
9510:Post, Helen; et al. (May 2019).
8860:
8817:"Blasi and Pastores Romanorum in the
8716:
8697:
8674:
8655:
8451:
7844:
7784:
7597:
7570:
7510:
7379:
7367:
7311:
7272:
6573:
6505:
6454:
6336:
6266:
5770:
5744:Népek és kultúrák a Kárpát-medencében
5569:
5545:
5422:
5410:
5374:
5350:
5338:
5326:
5314:
5249:
5138:
4978:
4937:
4913:
4877:
4814:
4772:, pp. 166–167., 331., 465., 697.
4548:
4463:
4451:
4269:
4124:
4112:
4029:
4025:
4023:
3805:Népek és kultúrák a Kárpát-medencében
3790:
3788:
3786:
3759:
3698:
9761:
9742:
9444:
9181:Nagy, D.; et al. (March 2011).
8926:(in Hungarian). Magvető Könyvkiadó.
8882:Földrajzi nevek etimológiai szótára
8879:
8742:. The University of Michigan Press.
8737:
8475:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
8425:
8321:The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle:
7249:Spiesz, Caplovic & Bolchazy 2006
6717:
6518:Spiesz, Caplovic & Bolchazy 2006
6415:
6403:
6391:
6324:
6283:
6243:
6219:
6207:
6180:
6144:
6132:
5983:
5959:
5947:
5862:
5829:
5801:Sudár, Balázs; Petek, Zsolt (2016).
5794:
5651:
5602:
5596:
5584:
5485:
5434:
5398:
5238:Spiesz, Caplovic & Bolchazy 2006
5214:Spiesz, Caplovic & Bolchazy 2006
5202:Spiesz, Caplovic & Bolchazy 2006
5029:
4950:Spiesz, Caplovic & Bolchazy 2006
4808:
4769:
4727:
4715:
3971:
3938:
3910:Sudár, Balázs; Petek, Zsolt (2016).
3903:
3686:
3310:, probably being derived from Asian
1838:
1327:The Hungarians adopted the ancient (
1207:, while the Kabars fought nearby at
9490:
9471:
6667:The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle
6624:
6380:The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle
6157:The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle
5764:
5727:
5708:
4826:Béla Miklós Szőke (17 April 2013).
4686:
4001:
3846:
3704:
3187:
2213:Hungarian Conquest memorial at the
2157:Passing through the kingdom of the
1910:A late source, Aventinus adds that
1622:Ruins of the 9th-century church at
1303:Inhabitants of the Carpathian Basin
1174:The Hungarians were organized into
24:
9784:
9218:European Journal of Human Genetics
8167:
6922:Cross & Sherbowitz-Wetzor 2013
6881:Cross & Sherbowitz-Wetzor 1953
5878:. Budapest: MoD Zrínyi Média Ltd.
4030:Endre, Neparáczki (28 July 2022).
4020:
3987:. Budapest: MoD Zrínyi Média Ltd.
3825:
3783:
3753:
3572:Ópusztaszer National Heritage Park
3539:seven chieftains of the Hungarians
3420:European Journal of Human Genetics
3009:Works written by clergymen in the
2970:Bulgarian-Byzantine war of 894–896
2950:
1018:to a small extent in the Southern
25:
9937:
9848:
9719:Magyar régészet az ezredfordulón
9453:. Blackwell Publishers. pp.
8886:(in Hungarian). Akadémiai Kiadó.
8207:Liudprand of Cremona: Retribution
6757:Liudprand of Cremona: Retribution
6037:Liudprand of Cremona: Retribution
5842:The Era of the Hungarian Conquest
3951:The Era of the Hungarian Conquest
3418:A genetic study published in the
3374:A genetic study published in the
3214:A genetic study published in the
3049:("Retribution") from around 960.
2524:Raffelstetten Customs Regulations
899:lowlands east of the river Danube
441:Lands of the Crown of St. Stephen
9809:Siebenbürgen im Frühmittelalter
9644:. Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers.
8583:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2008.00440.x
8456:. Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers.
8084:
7436:
7086:
7002:
6750:
6699:
6687:
6373:
6357:
6225:
6162:
6150:
6087:
6030:
5892:
5503:
5491:
5464:
5380:
5356:
4730:, pp. 80., 108., 661., 712.
3600:
3432:Royal Basilica of Székesfehérvár
3194:Srubnaya culture § Genetics
1813:by the grace of the Duke of the
1734:, Serbia). His report supported
1629:The territories attached to the
1262:. The same authors add that the
1072:and other historians argue that
772:
64:
9663:. Romanian Cultural Institute.
9259:Molecular Genetics and Genomics
8800:. Ohio State University Press.
5168:
4632:
4620:
4581:
4554:
4305:
4222:
4210:
4147:
4068:
4042:
3285:Molecular Genetics and Genomics
3210:Pannonian Avars § Genetics
2993:Porphyrogenitus in 951 or 952.
2786:A 19th century illustration of
2684:
2545:and to the rest of the nations.
1869:population that settled in the
923:on 4 July 907. They launched a
9745:Levédiától a Kárpát-medencéig
9034:. Cambridge University Press.
8945:. Szegedi Középkorász Muhely.
8905:. Atlantisz Publishing House.
8683:. Cambridge University Press.
8492:Culture and Customs of Hungary
7761:Buranbaeva & Mladineo 2011
3125:
1246:). The Hungarians' nominal or
13:
1:
9881:Hungarian invasions of Europe
9068:Madgearu, Alexandru (2005b).
8162:
6934:Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014
5715:Szabados, György (May 2022).
4008:Szabados, György (May 2022).
3588:Hungarian Parliament Building
3450:districts of the Republic of
3337:A genetic study published in
2691:Hungarian invasions of Europe
2397:Luitpold, Margrave of Bavaria
1863:The Hungarian military events
946:
381:Rákóczi's War of Independence
346:Principality of Upper Hungary
146:Hungarian invasions of Europe
9743:Tóth, Sándor László (1998).
9701:. Rodopi. pp. 149–176.
9327:10.1371/journal.pone.0205920
8922:Tanulmányok az Árpád-korról
8660:. Wydawn. pp. 141–165.
8437:. Cornell University Press.
6936:, 5.23–25; 6.6–8; 25.10–21..
4075:Csanád, Bálint (June 2023).
3636:
2980:Chronicle by George the Monk
2279:and plundered the region of
1793:The anonymous author of the
1563:were frequently attacked by
1525:to their groups dwelling in
1379:of Slavic origin, including
1010:asserted their influence in
391:Principality of Transylvania
316:Principality of Transylvania
7:
8658:Europe around the Year 1000
8471:Bowlus, Charles R. (1994).
8141:"The Puszta and Lake Tisza"
5962:, pp. 170., 226., 234.
5771:Szőke, Béla Miklós (2014).
4049:Dreisziger, Nándor (2016).
3760:Szőke, Béla Miklós (2014).
3593:
2909:in 909 and 910 and Swabia,
2551:Constantine Porphyrogenitus
2144:Constantine Porphyrogenitus
2042:Constantine Porphyrogenitus
2021:Constantine Porphyrogenitus
1833:
1676:" and "laid waste from the
596:Hungarian People's Republic
531:Governorate of Subcarpathia
471:Hungarian People's Republic
201:Personal union with Croatia
10:
9942:
9699:The Medieval Chronicle, IV
9537:10.1038/s41598-019-44272-6
9385:10.1038/s41598-019-53105-5
8788:10.1007/s12520-019-00996-0
8702:. I.B. Tauris Publishers.
8536:10.1038/s41598-020-75910-z
6720:, p. 116., 121., 125.
6708:(ch. 2.27-33.), pp. 81-85.
5684:10.1038/s41598-021-98796-x
3879:10.1038/s41598-021-98796-x
3191:
2945:
2688:
2659:The longer version of the
2087:, Bulgaria) and plundered
1801:residing in the castle of
1535:Avars' power was destroyed
1475:
1423:), with Slavic mediation.
955:
901:and attacked and occupied
221:Mongol invasion of Hungary
9621:Róna-Tas, András (1999).
9582:10.1007/s10709-009-9411-x
9271:10.1007/s00438-016-1267-z
9231:10.1038/s41431-020-0683-z
9157:10.1016/j.cub.2022.04.093
9026:Macartney, C. A. (1953).
8815:Grzesik, Ryszard (2016).
8179:Anonymus and Master Roger
7823:, pp. 117–118., 134.
6469:, pp. 214., 241–242.
5734:Szabados, György (2016).
5717:"Álmostól Szent Istvánig"
5599:, pp. 169., 230–231.
5449:, pp. 224–225., 229.
4010:"Álmostól Szent Istvánig"
3832:Szabados, György (2018).
3795:Szabados, György (2016).
3551:Arrival of the Hungarians
3198:Scythians § Genetics
3081:Russian Primary Chronicle
3076:fall of the Great Moravia
2842:The Hungarians left wide
2465:5.23–25; 6.6–8; 25.10–21.
1847:The Hungarian land-taking
1705:Constantine and Methodius
1567:warriors. Therefore, the
586:Second Hungarian Republic
481:Hungarian Soviet Republic
431:Austro-Hungarian Monarchy
286:Eastern Hungarian Kingdom
9682:. Koninklijke Brill NV.
9491:Pop, Ioan-Aurel (2013).
9472:Pop, Ioan Aurel (1996).
8901:Kontler, László (1999).
8798:The Romanians: A History
8796:Georgescu, Vlad (1991).
8738:Fine, John V. A (1991).
8569:Annals of Human Genetics
8097:Human Molecular Genetics
7035:, pp. 22., 33., 39.
6370:(year 889), pp. 204–205.
6169:The History of al-Tabari
4852:György Szabados (2015).
4563:(18.47–50), pp. 455–457.
3616:List of Hungarian rulers
3217:Annals of Human Genetics
2986:De Administrando Imperio
2556:De Administrando Imperio
2192:First phase (c. 895–899)
2149:De Administrando Imperio
2046:Byzantine golden solidus
2026:De Administrando Imperio
626:Third Hungarian Republic
9926:10th century in Hungary
9901:10th century in Romania
9678:Spinei, Victor (2009).
9659:Spinei, Victor (2003).
9107:Makkai, László (2001).
8960:Kristó, Gyula (1996b).
8941:Kristó, Gyula (1996a).
8821:by an Anonymous Notary"
8433:Barford, P. M. (2001).
6883:, p. 235, note 29.
5839:Révész, László (2014).
4154:The Annals of St-Bertin
3948:Révész, László (2014).
3631:Principality of Hungary
3566:) by Hungarian painter
3529:Artistic representation
3502:Iron Age Sargat culture
3202:Xiongnu § Genetics
2788:seminomadic pastoralism
2695:Principality of Hungary
2487:Consolidation (902–907)
2287:in the winter, but the
1932:disguised as a monk in
1856:took possession of the
1537:between 791 and 795 by
1314:shepherds of the Romans
1240:Abu Abdallah al-Jayhani
952:Pre-conquest Hungarians
885:took possession of the
675:History of Transylvania
181:Principality of Hungary
9921:9th century in Hungary
9916:Wars involving Francia
9911:10th-century conflicts
9896:9th century in Romania
9891:10th century in Serbia
9791:Fodor, István (1982).
9410:Olajos, Teréz (2001).
8920:Kristó, Gyula (1983).
8675:Curta, Florin (2006).
8452:Bartl, Július (2002).
8031:Neparáczki et al. 2019
8007:Neparáczki et al. 2018
7995:Neparáczki et al. 2016
4641:(ch. 2.23), pp. 73-75.
3626:Origin of the Székelys
3545:
3371:
3269:
3136:
3104:An anonymous author's
3006:
3000:The first page of the
2932:head of the Hungarians
2924:Battle of Arkadiopolis
2795:
2779:
2705:
2628:longer version of the
2624:
2598:reached the region of
2561:
2508:
2468:
2364:Second phase (900–902)
2236:
2218:
2206:
2189:
2154:
2134:
2059:
2048:
2031:
1975:
1942:
1934:Arnulf of East Francia
1930:Svatopluk I of Moravia
1908:
1848:
1755:First Bulgarian Empire
1692:
1626:
1605:(marcha uuangariourum)
1502:
1482:First Bulgarian Empire
1300:
1171:
1163:seven Hungarian tribes
1101:
991:
967:
943:
852:First Bulgarian Empire
832:
37:
9906:9th-century conflicts
9886:9th century in Serbia
9813:(in German). Habelt.
9807:Horedt, Kurt (1986).
9445:Pohl, Walter (1998).
9000:10.3390/genes12030460
8863:The Finno-Ugric World
8838:10.17951/rh.2016.0.25
8410:The Taktika of Leo VI
8221:Royal Frankish Annals
5901:Történelem tankönyv 9
5387:Royal Frankish Annals
5363:Royal Frankish Annals
4578:, pp. 64–65, 70.
4561:The Taktika of Leo VI
4442:, pp. 343., 353.
4418:, pp. 343., 347.
4195:, pp. 148., 156.
3842:] (in Hungarian).
3536:
3413:Kushnarenkovo culture
3369:
3267:
3154:Kushnarenkovo culture
3133:
3116:Hungarian royal court
3098:Illuminated Chronicle
2999:
2785:
2762:
2702:
2596:
2538:
2494:
2439:
2342:Illuminated Chronicle
2327:Illuminated Chronicle
2308:Illuminated Chronicle
2232:
2224:Illuminated Chronicle
2212:
2203:Illuminated Chronicle
2199:
2184:Illuminated Chronicle
2155:
2135:
2117:
2101:routed the Hungarians
2070:. Subsequently, Tzar
2054:
2036:
2010:
1970:Illuminated Chronicle
1952:
1928:
1891:
1846:
1809:), to Zobor "duke of
1770:Royal Frankish Annals
1740:southern Morava river
1716:northern Morava river
1690:
1621:
1594:Great Hungarian Plain
1493:
1472:Borderland of empires
1281:
1168:Illuminated Chronicle
1160:
1086:
973:
965:
941:
868:Pontic-Caspian Steppe
825:Hungarian land-taking
700:Transylvanian Princes
551:Revisions of Délvidék
336:Wesselényi conspiracy
116:Kingdom of the Gepids
32:
9598:Roman, Eric (2003).
9142:(13): 2858–2870.e7.
9090:A History of Hungary
8880:Kiss, Lajos (1983).
6603:, pp. 244, 246.
3426:descendant and King
3402:descent and spoke a
3354:. A wide variety of
3206:Huns § Genetics
3043:Liutprand of Cremona
3025:Theotmar of Salzburg
2978:Continuation of the
2905:in 908, Bavaria and
2661:Annals of Saint Gall
2639:Annals of Einsiedeln
2630:Annals of Saint Gall
2370:Liutprand of Cremona
2072:Simeon I of Bulgaria
2057:Simeon I of Bulgaria
1939:Chronicle of Dalimil
1900:Liutprand of Cremona
1403:("black fortress"),
1074:Rastislav of Moravia
1060:Annals of St. Bertin
958:Hungarian prehistory
879:migration of peoples
872:Carpathian Mountains
819:, also known as the
401:Hungarian Reform Era
81:Hungarian prehistory
9528:2019NatSR...9.7786P
9377:2019NatSR...916569N
9318:2018PLoSO..1305920N
9148:2022CBio...32E2858M
8779:2020ArAnS..12...31F
8698:Engel, Pál (2001).
8623:2016NatSR...633446C
8527:2020NatSR..1019137C
8147:on 3 September 2009
8109:10.1093/hmg/ddac106
7959:Priskin et al. 2009
7937:, pp. 108–109.
7925:, pp. 55., 58.
7886:, pp. 133–134.
7406:, pp. 110–111.
7355:, pp. 110–111.
7239:, pp. 259–265.
7071:, pp. 71., 79.
6999:, pp. 109–111.
6948:, pp. 248–250.
6827:, pp. 247–248.
6732:, pp. 191–192.
6627:, pp. 131–136.
6544:, pp. 197–198.
6406:, pp. 189–190.
6222:, pp. 179–180.
6210:, pp. 178–179.
6135:, pp. 149–150.
6096:(year 894), p. 129.
6094:The Annals of Fulda
5986:, pp. 169–170.
5974:, pp. 181–182.
5906:History School Book
5676:2021NatSR..1119210W
5639:on 21 December 2023
5548:, pp. 148–149.
5473:(year 892), p. 124.
5471:The Annals of Fulda
5389:(year 827), p. 122.
5377:, pp. 157–159.
5365:(year 824), p. 116.
5293:, pp. 180–181.
5252:, pp. 126–127.
5189:, pp. 208–213.
5177:(year 884), p. 110.
5175:The Annals of Fulda
4497:(year 889), p. 205.
4406:, pp. 101–104.
4367:, pp. 34., 37.
4355:, pp. 237–238.
4302:, pp. 116–117.
4055:library.ualberta.ca
3871:2021NatSR..1119210W
3741:on 21 December 2023
3428:Béla III of Hungary
3392:haplogroup N3a-L708
3384:Finno-Ugric peoples
3332:Finno-Ugric peoples
3276:study published in
3058:Old Church Slavonic
2722:Bijelo Brdo culture
2269:Berengar I of Italy
2234:Berengar I of Italy
2169:and the city named
1499:Southeastern Europe
1419:word for fortress (
925:series of campaigns
541:Second Vienna Award
126:Ostrogothic Kingdom
9516:Scientific Reports
9432:on 5 February 2012
9360:Scientific Reports
9200:10.1002/ajpa.21490
8606:Scientific Reports
8515:Scientific Reports
8397:(in Church Slavic)
8079:Maróti et al. 2022
7947:Csányi et al. 2008
7370:, pp. 44, 57.
5664:Scientific Reports
5524:, pp. 29, 32.
5062:, p. 285-286.
4799:, p. 96., 98.
4677:, pp. 70, 80.
4156:(year 862), p. 102
3859:Scientific Reports
3689:, note 2 on p. 23.
3564:panoramic painting
3546:
3541:, a detail of the
3408:Scientific Reports
3372:
3348:Haplogroup I2a1a2b
3339:Scientific Reports
3279:Scientific Reports
3270:
3137:
3114:, a priest at the
3015:Carolingian Empire
3007:
2942:in 1000 and 1001.
2920:Battle of Lechfeld
2796:
2780:
2748:in Romania and at
2706:
2646:(Strada Ungarorum)
2635:Annales Alamannici
2532:and fortresses at
2514:Annales Alamannici
2509:
2483:in the same year.
2405:Krems an der Donau
2237:
2219:
2207:
2060:
2049:
1943:
1886:Widukind of Corvey
1849:
1773:narrates that the
1693:
1627:
1503:
1407:("new fortress"),
1236:geographical books
1200:Annals of Salzburg
1172:
1165:, depicted in the
1044:kettős honfoglalás
992:
968:
944:
933:Kingdom of Hungary
821:Hungarian conquest
779:Hungary portal
680:Hungarian language
670:History of Hungary
606:Revolution of 1956
521:First Vienna Award
511:Kingdom of Hungary
491:Hungarian Republic
411:Revolution of 1848
356:Kingdom of Hungary
231:Kingdom of Hungary
191:Kingdom of Hungary
156:Hungarian conquest
38:
9795:. Corvina Kiadó.
9735:978-963-86291-7-3
9708:978-90-420-2088-7
9689:978-90-04-17536-5
9651:978-0-86516-426-0
9632:978-963-9116-48-1
9606:. Facts on File.
9502:978-3-631-64866-7
9060:978-0-472-11498-6
9041:978-0-521-08051-4
8690:978-0-521-89452-4
8631:10.1038/srep33446
8501:978-0-313-38369-4
8426:Secondary sources
8418:978-0-88402-359-3
8395:pvl.obdurodon.org
8301:978-0-7190-7135-5
8285:of Regino of Prüm
8275:978-0-7190-3426-8
8215:978-0-8132-1506-8
8187:978-963-9776-95-1
8103:(19): 3266–3280.
8055:Fóthi et al. 2020
7983:Csősz et al. 2016
7899:Csáky et al. 2020
7549:, pp. 51–52.
7457:, pp. 76–77.
7326:, pp. 57–59.
7095:(ch. 44.), p. 97.
7083:, pp. 35–36.
7011:(ch. 41), p. 181.
6615:, pp. 22–23.
6442:, pp. 71–72.
6368:of Regino of Prüm
6234:(ch. 37), p. 167.
6171:(38:2138), p. 11.
5919:978-615-6178-22-0
5885:978-963-327-515-3
5822:978-963-227-755-4
5787:978-615-5209-17-8
5757:978-615-5209-56-7
5629:978-615-6178-37-4
5536:, pp. 28–29.
5512:(ch. 24.), p. 59.
5500:(ch. 35.), p. 77.
5269:(ch. 40), p. 177.
5240:, pp. 24–25.
5228:, pp. 31–33.
5216:, pp. 21–22.
5086:, pp. 72–73.
4993:, pp. 57–58.
4928:, pp. 31–32.
4811:, pp. 91–92.
4653:, pp. 46–47.
4629:(ch. 11.), p. 33.
4495:of Regino of Prüm
4466:, pp. 15–16.
4379:, pp. 69–72.
4231:(ch. 40), p. 175.
4219:(ch. 38), p. 173.
4207:, pp. 42–43.
3994:978-963-327-515-3
3931:978-963-227-755-4
3818:978-615-5209-56-7
3776:978-615-5209-17-8
3731:978-615-6178-37-4
3558:which is a large
3498:Volga-Ural region
3326:ancestors of the
3035:who compiled his
2956:Byzantine authors
2764:Common Corncockle
2754:Kloštar Podravski
2650:Louis of Provance
2462:Primary Chronicle
2410:Primary Chronicle
2340:According to the
1839:Prelude (862–895)
1732:Sremska Mitrovica
1699:. His successor,
1691:Europe around 900
1387:("swift river"),
1068:'s realm in 862.
918:battle fought at
841:
813:
812:
644:
643:
616:Goulash Communism
569:
568:
501:Treaty of Trianon
364:
363:
249:
248:
164:
163:
16:(Redirected from
9933:
9843:
9824:
9779:
9758:
9739:
9727:
9712:
9693:
9674:
9655:
9636:
9617:
9605:
9594:
9584:
9559:
9549:
9539:
9506:
9487:
9468:
9441:
9439:
9437:
9431:
9421:(in Hungarian).
9416:
9406:
9396:
9349:
9339:
9329:
9290:
9252:
9243:
9233:
9212:
9202:
9177:
9159:
9124:
9103:
9083:
9064:
9045:
9033:
9022:
9012:
9002:
8977:
8956:
8937:
8916:
8897:
8876:
8857:
8855:
8853:
8840:
8819:Gesta Hungarorum
8811:
8792:
8790:
8753:
8734:
8713:
8694:
8682:
8671:
8652:
8642:
8595:
8585:
8558:
8548:
8538:
8505:
8486:
8467:
8448:
8406:
8404:
8402:
8383:
8381:
8379:
8373:
8366:
8353:
8351:
8349:
8343:
8157:
8156:
8154:
8152:
8137:
8131:
8130:
8120:
8088:
8082:
8076:
8070:
8067:Nagy et al. 2020
8064:
8058:
8052:
8046:
8043:Post et al. 2019
8040:
8034:
8028:
8022:
8019:Maár et al. 2021
8016:
8010:
8004:
7998:
7992:
7986:
7980:
7974:
7971:Nagy et al. 2011
7968:
7962:
7956:
7950:
7944:
7938:
7932:
7926:
7920:
7914:
7908:
7902:
7896:
7887:
7881:
7875:
7869:
7863:
7857:
7848:
7842:
7836:
7830:
7824:
7818:
7812:
7806:
7800:
7794:
7788:
7782:
7776:
7770:
7764:
7758:
7745:
7739:
7733:
7727:
7718:
7712:
7706:
7700:
7694:
7688:
7682:
7676:
7667:
7661:
7652:
7646:
7640:
7634:
7628:
7622:
7613:
7607:
7601:
7595:
7589:
7583:
7574:
7568:
7562:
7556:
7550:
7544:
7538:
7532:
7526:
7520:
7514:
7508:
7497:
7491:
7485:
7479:
7470:
7464:
7458:
7452:
7446:
7440:
7434:
7428:
7419:
7413:
7407:
7401:
7395:
7389:
7383:
7377:
7371:
7365:
7356:
7350:
7344:
7338:
7327:
7321:
7315:
7309:
7303:
7297:
7288:
7282:
7276:
7270:
7264:
7258:
7252:
7246:
7240:
7234:
7228:
7222:
7211:
7205:
7196:
7190:
7181:
7175:
7166:
7160:
7154:
7148:
7142:
7136:
7130:
7124:
7111:
7105:
7096:
7090:
7084:
7078:
7072:
7066:
7060:
7054:
7048:
7042:
7036:
7030:
7024:
7018:
7012:
7006:
7000:
6994:
6988:
6982:
6973:
6967:
6961:
6955:
6949:
6943:
6937:
6931:
6925:
6924:, pp. 2, 8.
6919:
6913:
6907:
6896:
6890:
6884:
6878:
6872:
6866:
6860:
6854:
6845:
6839:
6828:
6822:
6816:
6810:
6804:
6798:
6787:
6781:
6775:
6769:
6760:
6754:
6748:
6742:
6733:
6727:
6721:
6715:
6709:
6703:
6697:
6696:(ch. 6.), p. 19.
6691:
6685:
6679:
6670:
6669:(ch. 28), p. 98.
6664:
6655:
6649:
6643:
6637:
6628:
6622:
6616:
6610:
6604:
6598:
6592:
6586:
6577:
6571:
6560:
6554:
6545:
6539:
6533:
6527:
6521:
6515:
6509:
6503:
6494:
6488:
6482:
6476:
6470:
6464:
6458:
6452:
6443:
6437:
6431:
6425:
6419:
6413:
6407:
6401:
6395:
6389:
6383:
6382:(ch. 26), p. 98.
6377:
6371:
6361:
6355:
6349:
6340:
6334:
6328:
6322:
6311:
6305:
6299:
6293:
6287:
6281:
6270:
6264:
6247:
6241:
6235:
6229:
6223:
6217:
6211:
6205:
6199:
6193:
6184:
6178:
6172:
6166:
6160:
6159:(ch. 28), p. 99.
6154:
6148:
6142:
6136:
6130:
6124:
6118:
6112:
6106:
6097:
6091:
6085:
6079:
6070:
6064:
6055:
6049:
6040:
6034:
6028:
6022:
6016:
6010:
5999:
5993:
5987:
5981:
5975:
5969:
5963:
5957:
5951:
5945:
5939:
5938:
5936:
5934:
5928:
5922:. Archived from
5911:
5896:
5890:
5889:
5877:
5866:
5860:
5859:
5847:
5836:
5827:
5826:
5814:
5798:
5792:
5791:
5779:
5768:
5762:
5761:
5741:
5731:
5725:
5724:
5712:
5706:
5705:
5695:
5655:
5649:
5648:
5646:
5644:
5638:
5632:. Archived from
5621:
5606:
5600:
5594:
5588:
5582:
5573:
5567:
5561:
5555:
5549:
5543:
5537:
5531:
5525:
5519:
5513:
5507:
5501:
5495:
5489:
5483:
5474:
5468:
5462:
5456:
5450:
5444:
5438:
5432:
5426:
5420:
5414:
5408:
5402:
5396:
5390:
5384:
5378:
5372:
5366:
5360:
5354:
5348:
5342:
5336:
5330:
5324:
5318:
5312:
5306:
5300:
5294:
5288:
5282:
5276:
5270:
5264:
5253:
5247:
5241:
5235:
5229:
5223:
5217:
5211:
5205:
5199:
5190:
5184:
5178:
5172:
5166:
5160:
5154:
5148:
5142:
5136:
5130:
5124:
5118:
5112:
5106:
5100:
5087:
5081:
5075:
5074:, p. 97-98.
5069:
5063:
5057:
5048:
5042:
5033:
5027:
5021:
5015:
5009:
5003:
4994:
4988:
4982:
4976:
4965:
4959:
4953:
4947:
4941:
4935:
4929:
4923:
4917:
4911:
4905:
4899:
4893:
4887:
4881:
4875:
4869:
4868:
4866:
4864:
4858:
4849:
4843:
4842:
4840:
4838:
4832:
4823:
4812:
4806:
4800:
4794:
4788:
4782:
4773:
4767:
4761:
4755:
4746:
4740:
4731:
4725:
4719:
4713:
4707:
4701:
4690:
4684:
4678:
4672:
4666:
4660:
4654:
4648:
4642:
4636:
4630:
4624:
4618:
4612:
4603:
4597:
4591:
4590:(ch. 9.), p. 27.
4585:
4579:
4573:
4564:
4558:
4552:
4546:
4537:
4531:
4525:
4519:
4513:
4507:
4498:
4488:
4479:
4473:
4467:
4461:
4455:
4449:
4443:
4437:
4431:
4425:
4419:
4413:
4407:
4401:
4395:
4389:
4380:
4374:
4368:
4362:
4356:
4350:
4344:
4338:
4332:
4326:
4315:
4314:(ch. 1.), p. 11.
4309:
4303:
4297:
4288:
4282:
4273:
4267:
4261:
4255:
4244:
4238:
4232:
4226:
4220:
4214:
4208:
4202:
4196:
4190:
4184:
4178:
4172:
4166:
4157:
4151:
4145:
4139:
4128:
4122:
4116:
4110:
4104:
4098:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4087:
4072:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4061:
4046:
4040:
4039:
4027:
4018:
4017:
4005:
3999:
3998:
3986:
3975:
3969:
3968:
3956:
3945:
3936:
3935:
3923:
3907:
3901:
3900:
3890:
3850:
3844:
3843:
3829:
3823:
3822:
3802:
3792:
3781:
3780:
3768:
3757:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3746:
3740:
3734:. Archived from
3723:
3708:
3702:
3696:
3690:
3684:
3678:
3672:
3655:
3649:
3610:
3605:
3604:
3603:
3519:Carpathian Basin
3272:A comprehensive
3246:Norwegian Ffjord
3238:Vyatskaya groups
3222:Y-DNA haplogroup
3188:Genetic evidence
3176:), Marosgombás (
3107:Gesta Hungarorum
3011:successor states
3003:Chronicon Pictum
2740:in Slovakia, at
2622:
2619:Gesta Hungarorum
2559:
2534:Szepestamásfalva
2466:
2187:
2152:
2132:
2029:
1978:Ismail Ibn Ahmed
1973:
1936:'s court in the
1906:
1871:Carpathian Basin
1858:Carpathian Basin
1795:Gesta Hungarorum
1298:
1217:Gesta Hungarorum
1195:Khazar Khaganate
1099:
1066:Louis the German
1040:Carpathian Basin
1000:Carpathian Basin
978:at Dzvenyhorod (
929:Byzantine Empire
887:Carpathian Basin
864:Carpathian Basin
836:
805:
798:
791:
777:
776:
775:
582:
581:
377:
376:
326:Bocskai uprising
262:
261:
177:
176:
112:
111:
68:
58:
40:
39:
21:
9941:
9940:
9936:
9935:
9934:
9932:
9931:
9930:
9871:
9870:
9869:
9851:
9846:
9840:
9821:
9787:
9785:Further reading
9782:
9776:
9755:
9736:
9725:
9709:
9690:
9671:
9652:
9633:
9614:
9503:
9484:
9465:
9435:
9433:
9429:
9414:
9369:Nature Research
9135:Current Biology
9121:
9100:
9080:
9061:
9042:
8974:
8953:
8934:
8913:
8894:
8873:
8851:
8849:
8808:
8750:
8731:
8710:
8691:
8668:
8615:Nature Research
8502:
8483:
8464:
8445:
8428:
8423:
8400:
8398:
8377:
8375:
8371:
8364:
8347:
8345:
8341:
8170:
8168:Primary sources
8165:
8160:
8150:
8148:
8139:
8138:
8134:
8089:
8085:
8077:
8073:
8065:
8061:
8053:
8049:
8041:
8037:
8029:
8025:
8017:
8013:
8005:
8001:
7993:
7989:
7981:
7977:
7969:
7965:
7957:
7953:
7945:
7941:
7933:
7929:
7921:
7917:
7909:
7905:
7897:
7890:
7882:
7878:
7870:
7866:
7858:
7851:
7843:
7839:
7831:
7827:
7819:
7815:
7807:
7803:
7795:
7791:
7783:
7779:
7771:
7767:
7759:
7748:
7740:
7736:
7728:
7721:
7713:
7709:
7701:
7697:
7689:
7685:
7677:
7670:
7662:
7655:
7647:
7643:
7635:
7631:
7623:
7616:
7608:
7604:
7596:
7592:
7584:
7577:
7569:
7565:
7557:
7553:
7545:
7541:
7533:
7529:
7521:
7517:
7509:
7500:
7492:
7488:
7480:
7473:
7465:
7461:
7453:
7449:
7441:
7437:
7429:
7422:
7414:
7410:
7402:
7398:
7390:
7386:
7378:
7374:
7366:
7359:
7351:
7347:
7339:
7330:
7322:
7318:
7310:
7306:
7298:
7291:
7283:
7279:
7271:
7267:
7259:
7255:
7247:
7243:
7235:
7231:
7223:
7214:
7206:
7199:
7191:
7184:
7176:
7169:
7161:
7157:
7149:
7145:
7137:
7133:
7125:
7114:
7106:
7099:
7091:
7087:
7079:
7075:
7067:
7063:
7055:
7051:
7043:
7039:
7031:
7027:
7019:
7015:
7007:
7003:
6995:
6991:
6983:
6976:
6968:
6964:
6956:
6952:
6944:
6940:
6932:
6928:
6920:
6916:
6908:
6899:
6891:
6887:
6879:
6875:
6867:
6863:
6855:
6848:
6840:
6831:
6823:
6819:
6811:
6807:
6799:
6790:
6782:
6778:
6770:
6763:
6755:
6751:
6743:
6736:
6728:
6724:
6716:
6712:
6704:
6700:
6692:
6688:
6680:
6673:
6665:
6658:
6650:
6646:
6638:
6631:
6623:
6619:
6611:
6607:
6599:
6595:
6587:
6580:
6572:
6563:
6555:
6548:
6540:
6536:
6528:
6524:
6516:
6512:
6504:
6497:
6489:
6485:
6477:
6473:
6465:
6461:
6453:
6446:
6438:
6434:
6426:
6422:
6414:
6410:
6402:
6398:
6390:
6386:
6378:
6374:
6362:
6358:
6350:
6343:
6335:
6331:
6323:
6314:
6306:
6302:
6294:
6290:
6282:
6273:
6265:
6250:
6242:
6238:
6230:
6226:
6218:
6214:
6206:
6202:
6194:
6187:
6179:
6175:
6167:
6163:
6155:
6151:
6143:
6139:
6131:
6127:
6119:
6115:
6107:
6100:
6092:
6088:
6080:
6073:
6065:
6058:
6050:
6043:
6035:
6031:
6023:
6019:
6011:
6002:
5994:
5990:
5982:
5978:
5970:
5966:
5958:
5954:
5946:
5942:
5932:
5930:
5926:
5920:
5909:
5898:
5897:
5893:
5886:
5875:
5867:
5863:
5856:
5845:
5837:
5830:
5823:
5812:
5799:
5795:
5788:
5777:
5769:
5765:
5758:
5739:
5732:
5728:
5723:(in Hungarian).
5713:
5709:
5656:
5652:
5642:
5640:
5636:
5630:
5619:
5608:
5607:
5603:
5595:
5591:
5583:
5576:
5572:, pp. 148.
5568:
5564:
5556:
5552:
5544:
5540:
5532:
5528:
5520:
5516:
5508:
5504:
5496:
5492:
5484:
5477:
5469:
5465:
5457:
5453:
5445:
5441:
5433:
5429:
5421:
5417:
5409:
5405:
5397:
5393:
5385:
5381:
5373:
5369:
5361:
5357:
5349:
5345:
5337:
5333:
5325:
5321:
5313:
5309:
5301:
5297:
5289:
5285:
5277:
5273:
5265:
5256:
5248:
5244:
5236:
5232:
5224:
5220:
5212:
5208:
5200:
5193:
5185:
5181:
5173:
5169:
5161:
5157:
5149:
5145:
5137:
5133:
5125:
5121:
5113:
5109:
5101:
5090:
5082:
5078:
5070:
5066:
5058:
5051:
5043:
5036:
5028:
5024:
5016:
5012:
5004:
4997:
4989:
4985:
4977:
4968:
4960:
4956:
4948:
4944:
4936:
4932:
4924:
4920:
4912:
4908:
4904:, pp. 6–7.
4900:
4896:
4888:
4884:
4876:
4872:
4862:
4860:
4856:
4850:
4846:
4836:
4834:
4830:
4824:
4815:
4807:
4803:
4795:
4791:
4783:
4776:
4768:
4764:
4756:
4749:
4741:
4734:
4726:
4722:
4714:
4710:
4702:
4693:
4685:
4681:
4673:
4669:
4661:
4657:
4649:
4645:
4637:
4633:
4625:
4621:
4613:
4606:
4598:
4594:
4586:
4582:
4574:
4567:
4559:
4555:
4547:
4540:
4532:
4528:
4520:
4516:
4508:
4501:
4489:
4482:
4474:
4470:
4462:
4458:
4450:
4446:
4438:
4434:
4426:
4422:
4414:
4410:
4402:
4398:
4390:
4383:
4375:
4371:
4363:
4359:
4351:
4347:
4339:
4335:
4327:
4318:
4310:
4306:
4298:
4291:
4283:
4276:
4268:
4264:
4256:
4247:
4239:
4235:
4227:
4223:
4215:
4211:
4203:
4199:
4191:
4187:
4179:
4175:
4167:
4160:
4152:
4148:
4140:
4131:
4123:
4119:
4111:
4107:
4099:
4095:
4085:
4083:
4073:
4069:
4059:
4057:
4047:
4043:
4038:(in Hungarian).
4028:
4021:
4016:(in Hungarian).
4006:
4002:
3995:
3984:
3976:
3972:
3965:
3954:
3946:
3939:
3932:
3921:
3908:
3904:
3851:
3847:
3830:
3826:
3819:
3800:
3793:
3784:
3777:
3766:
3758:
3754:
3744:
3742:
3738:
3732:
3721:
3710:
3709:
3705:
3697:
3693:
3685:
3681:
3673:
3658:
3650:
3643:
3639:
3606:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3580:Mihály Munkácsy
3556:Feszty Panorama
3543:Feszty Panorama
3531:
3487:Nganasan people
3477:Current Biology
3212:
3190:
3128:
3060:compilation of
3038:World Chronicle
3020:Annals of Fulda
2991:Constantine VII
2953:
2951:Written sources
2948:
2940:king of Hungary
2846:(the so-called
2732:in Hungary, at
2697:
2687:
2623:
2615:
2560:
2549:
2489:
2467:
2459:
2452:great mountains
2386:Annals of Fulda
2374:Louis the Child
2366:
2194:
2188:
2181:
2153:
2142:
2133:
2124:
2030:
2019:
1990:Eurasian Steppe
1974:
1967:
1947:Annals of Fulda
1907:
1898:
1879:Annals of Fulda
1841:
1836:
1682:Annals of Fulda
1674:Wilhelminer War
1631:Frankish Empire
1543:Balatonmagyaród
1511:Turkic-speaking
1488:
1474:
1395:' stream") and
1341:Slavic-speaking
1305:
1299:
1288:
1104:Porphyrogenitus
1100:
1098:from around 900
1093:
998:arrived in the
984:Ternopil Oblast
960:
954:
949:
935:, around 1000.
809:
773:
771:
766:
765:
764:
695:Hungarian Kings
654:
646:
645:
630:1989–2012
620:1956–1989
600:1949–1989
590:1946–1949
579:
571:
570:
565:1941–1945
535:1939–1945
515:1920–1946
495:1919–1920
475:1918–1919
465:1918–1941
461:Interwar period
455:1914–1918
445:1867–1918
435:1867–1918
421:Hungarian State
415:1848–1849
405:1825–1848
395:1711–1867
385:1703–1711
374:
366:
365:
360:1699–1867
350:1682–1685
340:1664–1671
330:1604–1606
320:1570–1711
310:1541–1699
306:Ottoman Hungary
300:1526–1699
290:1526–1570
280:1526–1699
259:
251:
250:
245:1366–1526
235:1301–1526
225:1241–1242
205:1102–1918
195:1000–1301
174:
166:
165:
109:
101:
100:
76:
56:
49:
35:Mihály Munkácsy
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9939:
9929:
9928:
9923:
9918:
9913:
9908:
9903:
9898:
9893:
9888:
9883:
9868:
9867:
9858:
9852:
9850:
9849:External links
9847:
9845:
9844:
9838:
9825:
9819:
9804:
9788:
9786:
9783:
9781:
9780:
9774:
9759:
9753:
9740:
9734:
9713:
9707:
9694:
9688:
9675:
9669:
9656:
9650:
9637:
9631:
9618:
9612:
9595:
9575:(2): 211–218.
9560:
9507:
9501:
9495:. Peter Lang.
9488:
9482:
9469:
9463:
9442:
9407:
9350:
9291:
9265:(1): 201–214.
9253:
9224:(1): 164–172,
9213:
9193:(2): 262–269.
9178:
9125:
9119:
9104:
9098:
9084:
9078:
9065:
9059:
9046:
9040:
9023:
8978:
8972:
8957:
8951:
8938:
8932:
8917:
8911:
8898:
8892:
8877:
8871:
8858:
8812:
8806:
8793:
8754:
8748:
8735:
8729:
8714:
8708:
8695:
8689:
8672:
8666:
8653:
8596:
8576:(4): 519–534.
8559:
8506:
8500:
8487:
8481:
8468:
8462:
8449:
8443:
8429:
8427:
8424:
8422:
8421:
8407:
8386:
8385:
8384:
8374:on 30 May 2014
8332:
8318:
8304:
8278:
8264:
8250:
8236:
8218:
8204:
8190:
8171:
8169:
8166:
8164:
8161:
8159:
8158:
8132:
8083:
8071:
8059:
8047:
8035:
8023:
8011:
7999:
7987:
7975:
7963:
7951:
7939:
7927:
7915:
7903:
7888:
7876:
7864:
7862:, p. 139.
7849:
7837:
7825:
7813:
7801:
7797:Macartney 1953
7789:
7787:, p. 350.
7777:
7773:Madgearu 2005b
7765:
7763:, p. 113.
7746:
7744:, p. 150.
7734:
7719:
7715:Madgearu 2005b
7707:
7703:Macartney 1953
7695:
7691:Madgearu 2005b
7683:
7668:
7653:
7651:, p. 185.
7641:
7637:Macartney 1953
7629:
7627:, p. 176.
7614:
7602:
7600:, p. 653.
7590:
7575:
7573:, p. 652.
7563:
7551:
7539:
7527:
7515:
7513:, p. 650.
7498:
7486:
7471:
7459:
7447:
7445:(ch. 8), p. 57
7435:
7433:, p. 145.
7420:
7418:, p. 118.
7408:
7404:Madgearu 2005a
7396:
7384:
7382:, p. 243.
7372:
7357:
7345:
7343:, p. 111.
7328:
7316:
7314:, p. 151.
7304:
7289:
7287:, p. 231.
7277:
7275:, p. 193.
7265:
7253:
7241:
7229:
7212:
7197:
7195:, p. 258.
7182:
7180:, p. 254.
7167:
7165:, p. 251.
7155:
7153:, p. 203.
7143:
7141:, p. 250.
7131:
7112:
7110:, p. 201.
7097:
7085:
7081:Madgearu 2005b
7073:
7069:Macartney 1953
7061:
7057:Madgearu 2005b
7049:
7037:
7033:Madgearu 2005b
7025:
7023:, p. 257.
7013:
7001:
6989:
6987:, p. 193.
6974:
6972:, p. 141.
6962:
6960:, p. 142.
6950:
6938:
6926:
6914:
6912:, p. 147.
6897:
6895:, p. 146.
6885:
6873:
6861:
6846:
6844:, p. 248.
6829:
6817:
6815:, p. 247.
6805:
6803:, p. 199.
6788:
6786:, p. 246.
6776:
6774:, p. 200.
6761:
6749:
6734:
6722:
6710:
6698:
6686:
6671:
6656:
6644:
6640:Madgearu 2005b
6629:
6617:
6613:Madgearu 2005b
6605:
6593:
6578:
6561:
6559:, p. 198.
6546:
6534:
6532:, p. 197.
6522:
6510:
6495:
6493:, p. 243.
6483:
6481:, p. 195.
6471:
6459:
6457:, p. 654.
6444:
6432:
6420:
6418:, p. 191.
6408:
6396:
6394:, p. 189.
6384:
6372:
6356:
6354:, p. 188.
6341:
6329:
6327:, p. 139.
6312:
6310:, p. 186.
6300:
6298:, p. 183.
6288:
6286:, p. 138.
6271:
6269:, p. 178.
6248:
6246:, p. 137.
6236:
6224:
6212:
6200:
6198:, p. 182.
6185:
6183:, p. 178.
6173:
6161:
6149:
6147:, p. 150.
6137:
6125:
6123:, p. 332.
6113:
6111:, p. 177.
6098:
6086:
6084:, p. 240.
6071:
6069:, p. 107.
6056:
6052:Madgearu 2005b
6041:
6039:(1.13), p. 56.
6029:
6027:, p. 241.
6017:
6015:, p. 175.
6000:
5998:, p. 336.
5988:
5976:
5964:
5952:
5950:, p. 170.
5940:
5929:on 12 May 2023
5918:
5891:
5884:
5861:
5854:
5828:
5821:
5793:
5786:
5763:
5756:
5726:
5707:
5650:
5628:
5601:
5589:
5587:, p. 169.
5574:
5562:
5560:, p. 115.
5558:Madgearu 2005b
5550:
5538:
5526:
5514:
5502:
5490:
5475:
5463:
5461:, p. 229.
5451:
5439:
5437:, p. 118.
5427:
5425:, p. 159.
5415:
5413:, p. 158.
5403:
5401:, p. 107.
5391:
5379:
5367:
5355:
5353:, p. 149.
5343:
5331:
5329:, p. 130.
5319:
5317:, p. 127.
5307:
5305:, p. 181.
5295:
5283:
5281:, p. 180.
5271:
5254:
5242:
5230:
5218:
5206:
5191:
5179:
5167:
5165:, p. 202.
5155:
5153:, p. 125.
5143:
5141:, p. 315.
5131:
5129:, p. 133.
5119:
5107:
5105:, p. 243.
5088:
5076:
5064:
5049:
5034:
5022:
5020:, p. 264.
5010:
4995:
4983:
4981:, p. 314.
4966:
4954:
4942:
4930:
4918:
4906:
4894:
4892:, p. 262.
4882:
4870:
4844:
4813:
4801:
4789:
4774:
4762:
4747:
4732:
4720:
4708:
4691:
4679:
4675:Macartney 1953
4667:
4665:, p. 103.
4663:Macartney 1953
4655:
4651:Madgearu 2005b
4643:
4631:
4619:
4615:Georgescu 1991
4604:
4600:Madgearu 2005b
4592:
4580:
4576:Macartney 1953
4565:
4553:
4538:
4536:, p. 136.
4526:
4524:, p. 358.
4514:
4499:
4480:
4468:
4456:
4444:
4432:
4420:
4408:
4396:
4381:
4369:
4365:Madgearu 2005b
4357:
4345:
4343:, p. 329.
4333:
4316:
4304:
4289:
4274:
4272:, p. 124.
4262:
4245:
4243:, p. 156.
4233:
4221:
4209:
4197:
4185:
4183:, p. 338.
4173:
4171:, p. 237.
4158:
4146:
4129:
4127:, p. 123.
4117:
4115:, pp. 10.
4105:
4093:
4067:
4041:
4019:
4000:
3993:
3970:
3963:
3937:
3930:
3902:
3845:
3824:
3817:
3782:
3775:
3752:
3730:
3703:
3701:, p. 145.
3691:
3679:
3677:, p. 191.
3656:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3634:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3612:
3611:
3608:Hungary portal
3595:
3592:
3530:
3527:
3404:Ugric language
3380:Turkic peoples
3274:archaeogenetic
3189:
3186:
3158:Saltovo-Mayaki
3127:
3124:
3093:C.A. Macartney
3033:Regino of Prüm
2974:Pontic steppes
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2880:Sudova Vyshnia
2811:and horseshoe
2686:
2683:
2613:
2547:
2488:
2485:
2457:
2435:ancient Romans
2365:
2362:
2293:Pietro Tribuno
2289:doge of Venice
2193:
2190:
2179:
2140:
2126:Regino of Prüm
2122:
2107:the Pechenegs
2066:and settle in
2064:Constantinople
2017:
1980:, the emir of
1965:
1896:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1720:Czech Republic
1527:Lower Pannonia
1473:
1470:
1437:("bend of the
1415:preserved the
1304:
1301:
1286:
1272:composite bows
1091:
1008:Eastern Franks
1006:(c. 822), the
980:Chortkiv Raion
956:Main article:
953:
950:
948:
945:
848:Central Europe
811:
810:
808:
807:
800:
793:
785:
782:
781:
768:
767:
763:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
656:
655:
652:
651:
648:
647:
642:
641:
638:
632:
631:
628:
622:
621:
618:
612:
611:
608:
602:
601:
598:
592:
591:
588:
580:
577:
576:
573:
572:
567:
566:
563:
557:
556:
553:
547:
546:
543:
537:
536:
533:
527:
526:
523:
517:
516:
513:
507:
506:
503:
497:
496:
493:
487:
486:
483:
477:
476:
473:
467:
466:
463:
457:
456:
453:
447:
446:
443:
437:
436:
433:
427:
426:
423:
417:
416:
413:
407:
406:
403:
397:
396:
393:
387:
386:
383:
375:
372:
371:
368:
367:
362:
361:
358:
352:
351:
348:
342:
341:
338:
332:
331:
328:
322:
321:
318:
312:
311:
308:
302:
301:
298:
292:
291:
288:
282:
281:
278:
272:
271:
268:
260:
257:
256:
253:
252:
247:
246:
243:
237:
236:
233:
227:
226:
223:
217:
216:
213:
207:
206:
203:
197:
196:
193:
187:
186:
185:895–1000
183:
175:
172:
171:
168:
167:
162:
161:
158:
152:
151:
150:~800–970
148:
142:
141:
138:
136:Avar Khaganate
132:
131:
128:
122:
121:
118:
110:
108:Early medieval
107:
106:
103:
102:
99:
98:
93:
91:Roman Pannonia
88:
83:
77:
74:
73:
70:
69:
61:
60:
51:
50:
43:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9938:
9927:
9924:
9922:
9919:
9917:
9914:
9912:
9909:
9907:
9904:
9902:
9899:
9897:
9894:
9892:
9889:
9887:
9884:
9882:
9879:
9878:
9876:
9866:
9864:
9859:
9857:
9854:
9853:
9841:
9839:973-7784-00-6
9835:
9831:
9826:
9822:
9820:3-7749-2195-4
9816:
9812:
9810:
9805:
9802:
9798:
9794:
9790:
9789:
9777:
9775:3-447-04146-3
9771:
9767:
9765:
9760:
9756:
9754:963-482-175-8
9750:
9746:
9741:
9737:
9731:
9724:
9723:
9720:
9714:
9710:
9704:
9700:
9695:
9691:
9685:
9681:
9676:
9672:
9670:973-85894-5-2
9666:
9662:
9657:
9653:
9647:
9643:
9638:
9634:
9628:
9625:. CEU Press.
9624:
9619:
9615:
9613:0-8160-4537-2
9609:
9604:
9603:
9596:
9592:
9588:
9583:
9578:
9574:
9570:
9566:
9561:
9557:
9553:
9548:
9543:
9538:
9533:
9529:
9525:
9521:
9517:
9513:
9508:
9504:
9498:
9494:
9489:
9485:
9483:973-577-037-7
9479:
9475:
9470:
9466:
9464:1-57718-008-9
9460:
9456:
9452:
9448:
9443:
9428:
9424:
9420:
9413:
9408:
9404:
9400:
9395:
9390:
9386:
9382:
9378:
9374:
9370:
9366:
9362:
9361:
9356:
9351:
9347:
9343:
9338:
9333:
9328:
9323:
9319:
9315:
9311:
9307:
9303:
9302:
9297:
9292:
9288:
9284:
9280:
9276:
9272:
9268:
9264:
9260:
9254:
9251:
9247:
9242:
9237:
9232:
9227:
9223:
9219:
9214:
9210:
9206:
9201:
9196:
9192:
9188:
9184:
9179:
9175:
9171:
9167:
9163:
9158:
9153:
9149:
9145:
9141:
9137:
9136:
9131:
9126:
9122:
9120:0-88033-479-7
9116:
9112:
9111:
9105:
9101:
9099:963-7081-01-1
9095:
9091:
9085:
9081:
9079:973-7784-01-4
9075:
9071:
9066:
9062:
9056:
9052:
9047:
9043:
9037:
9032:
9031:
9024:
9020:
9016:
9011:
9006:
9001:
8996:
8992:
8988:
8984:
8979:
8975:
8973:963-09-3836-7
8969:
8965:
8963:
8958:
8954:
8952:963-482-113-8
8948:
8944:
8939:
8935:
8933:963-271-890-9
8929:
8925:
8923:
8918:
8914:
8912:963-9165-37-9
8908:
8904:
8899:
8895:
8893:963-05-3346-4
8889:
8885:
8883:
8878:
8874:
8872:963-7081-01-1
8868:
8864:
8859:
8848:
8844:
8839:
8834:
8830:
8826:
8825:Res Historica
8822:
8820:
8813:
8809:
8807:0-8142-0511-9
8803:
8799:
8794:
8789:
8784:
8780:
8776:
8772:
8768:
8764:
8760:
8755:
8751:
8749:0-472-08149-7
8745:
8741:
8736:
8732:
8730:963-389-392-5
8726:
8722:
8720:
8715:
8711:
8709:1-86064-061-3
8705:
8701:
8696:
8692:
8686:
8681:
8680:
8673:
8669:
8667:83-7181-211-6
8663:
8659:
8654:
8650:
8646:
8641:
8636:
8632:
8628:
8624:
8620:
8616:
8612:
8608:
8607:
8602:
8597:
8593:
8589:
8584:
8579:
8575:
8571:
8570:
8565:
8560:
8556:
8552:
8547:
8542:
8537:
8532:
8528:
8524:
8520:
8516:
8512:
8507:
8503:
8497:
8493:
8488:
8484:
8482:0-8122-3276-3
8478:
8474:
8469:
8465:
8463:0-86516-444-4
8459:
8455:
8450:
8446:
8444:0-8014-3977-9
8440:
8436:
8431:
8430:
8419:
8415:
8411:
8408:
8396:
8392:
8387:
8370:
8363:
8362:
8356:
8355:
8340:
8339:
8333:
8330:
8329:0-8008-4015-1
8326:
8322:
8319:
8316:
8315:0-87395-876-4
8312:
8308:
8305:
8302:
8298:
8294:
8290:
8286:
8282:
8279:
8276:
8272:
8268:
8265:
8262:
8261:0-7190-3458-2
8258:
8254:
8251:
8248:
8247:963-9116-31-9
8244:
8240:
8237:
8234:
8233:0-472-06186-0
8230:
8226:
8222:
8219:
8216:
8212:
8208:
8205:
8202:
8201:0-88402-021-5
8198:
8194:
8191:
8188:
8184:
8181:; CEU Press;
8180:
8176:
8173:
8172:
8146:
8142:
8136:
8128:
8124:
8119:
8114:
8110:
8106:
8102:
8098:
8094:
8087:
8080:
8075:
8068:
8063:
8056:
8051:
8044:
8039:
8032:
8027:
8020:
8015:
8008:
8003:
7996:
7991:
7984:
7979:
7972:
7967:
7960:
7955:
7948:
7943:
7936:
7931:
7924:
7919:
7913:, p. 24.
7912:
7907:
7900:
7895:
7893:
7885:
7884:Róna-Tas 1999
7880:
7874:, p. 39.
7873:
7868:
7861:
7860:Róna-Tas 1999
7856:
7854:
7847:, p. 17.
7846:
7841:
7835:, p. 37.
7834:
7829:
7822:
7821:Róna-Tas 1999
7817:
7811:, p. 71.
7810:
7805:
7799:, p. 59.
7798:
7793:
7786:
7781:
7775:, p. 20.
7774:
7769:
7762:
7757:
7755:
7753:
7751:
7743:
7738:
7732:, p. 58.
7731:
7730:Róna-Tas 1999
7726:
7724:
7717:, p. 24.
7716:
7711:
7704:
7699:
7693:, p. 52.
7692:
7687:
7681:, p. 62.
7680:
7679:Róna-Tas 1999
7675:
7673:
7666:, p. 61.
7665:
7664:Róna-Tas 1999
7660:
7658:
7650:
7645:
7639:, p. 16.
7638:
7633:
7626:
7621:
7619:
7612:, p. 57.
7611:
7610:Róna-Tas 1999
7606:
7599:
7594:
7588:, p. 56.
7587:
7586:Róna-Tas 1999
7582:
7580:
7572:
7567:
7561:, p. 54.
7560:
7559:Róna-Tas 1999
7555:
7548:
7547:Róna-Tas 1999
7543:
7537:, p. 55.
7536:
7535:Róna-Tas 1999
7531:
7525:, p. 53.
7524:
7523:Róna-Tas 1999
7519:
7512:
7507:
7505:
7503:
7496:, p. 84.
7495:
7490:
7484:, p. 47.
7483:
7478:
7476:
7469:, p. 77.
7468:
7463:
7456:
7451:
7444:
7439:
7432:
7427:
7425:
7417:
7416:Róna-Tas 1999
7412:
7405:
7400:
7394:, p. 44.
7393:
7388:
7381:
7376:
7369:
7364:
7362:
7354:
7353:Róna-Tas 1999
7349:
7342:
7341:Róna-Tas 1999
7337:
7335:
7333:
7325:
7320:
7313:
7308:
7302:, p. 57.
7301:
7296:
7294:
7286:
7281:
7274:
7269:
7263:, p. 45.
7262:
7257:
7251:, p. 27.
7250:
7245:
7238:
7233:
7227:, p. 72.
7226:
7221:
7219:
7217:
7210:, p. 12.
7209:
7204:
7202:
7194:
7189:
7187:
7179:
7174:
7172:
7164:
7159:
7152:
7147:
7140:
7135:
7129:, p. 70.
7128:
7123:
7121:
7119:
7117:
7109:
7104:
7102:
7094:
7089:
7082:
7077:
7070:
7065:
7059:, p. 25.
7058:
7053:
7047:, p. 62.
7046:
7041:
7034:
7029:
7022:
7017:
7010:
7005:
6998:
6993:
6986:
6981:
6979:
6971:
6966:
6959:
6954:
6947:
6942:
6935:
6930:
6923:
6918:
6911:
6906:
6904:
6902:
6894:
6889:
6882:
6877:
6871:, p. 73.
6870:
6865:
6859:, p. 31.
6858:
6853:
6851:
6843:
6838:
6836:
6834:
6826:
6821:
6814:
6809:
6802:
6797:
6795:
6793:
6785:
6780:
6773:
6768:
6766:
6759:(2.2), p. 75.
6758:
6753:
6747:, p. 69.
6746:
6741:
6739:
6731:
6726:
6719:
6714:
6707:
6702:
6695:
6690:
6684:, p. 31.
6683:
6678:
6676:
6668:
6663:
6661:
6654:, p. 59.
6653:
6648:
6642:, p. 22.
6641:
6636:
6634:
6626:
6621:
6614:
6609:
6602:
6597:
6591:, p. 68.
6590:
6585:
6583:
6576:, p. 13.
6575:
6570:
6568:
6566:
6558:
6553:
6551:
6543:
6538:
6531:
6526:
6520:, p. 25.
6519:
6514:
6508:, p. 23.
6507:
6502:
6500:
6492:
6487:
6480:
6475:
6468:
6463:
6456:
6451:
6449:
6441:
6436:
6430:, p. 55.
6429:
6424:
6417:
6412:
6405:
6400:
6393:
6388:
6381:
6376:
6369:
6365:
6360:
6353:
6348:
6346:
6339:, p. 12.
6338:
6333:
6326:
6321:
6319:
6317:
6309:
6304:
6297:
6292:
6285:
6280:
6278:
6276:
6268:
6263:
6261:
6259:
6257:
6255:
6253:
6245:
6240:
6233:
6228:
6221:
6216:
6209:
6204:
6197:
6192:
6190:
6182:
6177:
6170:
6165:
6158:
6153:
6146:
6141:
6134:
6129:
6122:
6121:Róna-Tas 1999
6117:
6110:
6105:
6103:
6095:
6090:
6083:
6078:
6076:
6068:
6063:
6061:
6054:, p. 91.
6053:
6048:
6046:
6038:
6033:
6026:
6021:
6014:
6009:
6007:
6005:
5997:
5996:Róna-Tas 1999
5992:
5985:
5980:
5973:
5968:
5961:
5956:
5949:
5944:
5925:
5921:
5915:
5907:
5903:
5902:
5895:
5887:
5881:
5874:
5873:
5865:
5857:
5855:9786155209185
5851:
5844:
5843:
5835:
5833:
5824:
5818:
5810:
5806:
5805:
5797:
5789:
5783:
5776:
5775:
5767:
5759:
5753:
5749:
5745:
5737:
5730:
5722:
5718:
5711:
5703:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5685:
5681:
5677:
5673:
5669:
5665:
5661:
5654:
5635:
5631:
5625:
5617:
5613:
5612:
5605:
5598:
5593:
5586:
5581:
5579:
5571:
5566:
5559:
5554:
5547:
5542:
5535:
5530:
5523:
5518:
5511:
5506:
5499:
5494:
5488:, p. 11.
5487:
5482:
5480:
5472:
5467:
5460:
5455:
5448:
5443:
5436:
5431:
5424:
5419:
5412:
5407:
5400:
5395:
5388:
5383:
5376:
5371:
5364:
5359:
5352:
5347:
5340:
5335:
5328:
5323:
5316:
5311:
5304:
5299:
5292:
5287:
5280:
5275:
5268:
5263:
5261:
5259:
5251:
5246:
5239:
5234:
5227:
5222:
5215:
5210:
5204:, p. 20.
5203:
5198:
5196:
5188:
5183:
5176:
5171:
5164:
5159:
5152:
5147:
5140:
5135:
5128:
5127:Róna-Tas 1999
5123:
5117:, p. 95.
5116:
5111:
5104:
5103:Róna-Tas 1999
5099:
5097:
5095:
5093:
5085:
5080:
5073:
5068:
5061:
5060:Róna-Tas 1999
5056:
5054:
5047:, p. 55.
5046:
5041:
5039:
5032:, p. 19.
5031:
5026:
5019:
5018:Róna-Tas 1999
5014:
5008:, p. 57.
5007:
5002:
5000:
4992:
4987:
4980:
4975:
4973:
4971:
4963:
4958:
4952:, p. 19.
4951:
4946:
4940:, p. 92.
4939:
4934:
4927:
4922:
4915:
4910:
4903:
4898:
4891:
4890:Róna-Tas 1999
4886:
4879:
4874:
4855:
4848:
4829:
4822:
4820:
4818:
4810:
4805:
4798:
4793:
4787:, p. 98.
4786:
4781:
4779:
4771:
4766:
4760:, p. 96.
4759:
4754:
4752:
4744:
4739:
4737:
4729:
4724:
4717:
4712:
4706:, p. 95.
4705:
4700:
4698:
4696:
4689:, p. 63.
4688:
4683:
4676:
4671:
4664:
4659:
4652:
4647:
4640:
4635:
4628:
4623:
4617:, p. 15.
4616:
4611:
4609:
4602:, p. 45.
4601:
4596:
4589:
4584:
4577:
4572:
4570:
4562:
4557:
4551:, p. 16.
4550:
4545:
4543:
4535:
4534:Róna-Tas 1999
4530:
4523:
4522:Róna-Tas 1999
4518:
4512:, p. 19.
4511:
4506:
4504:
4496:
4492:
4487:
4485:
4478:, p. 20.
4477:
4472:
4465:
4460:
4454:, p. 15.
4453:
4448:
4441:
4440:Róna-Tas 1999
4436:
4430:, p. 42.
4429:
4424:
4417:
4416:Róna-Tas 1999
4412:
4405:
4400:
4394:, p. 33.
4393:
4388:
4386:
4378:
4377:Róna-Tas 1999
4373:
4366:
4361:
4354:
4349:
4342:
4341:Róna-Tas 1999
4337:
4331:, p. 51.
4330:
4325:
4323:
4321:
4313:
4308:
4301:
4296:
4294:
4287:, p. 10.
4286:
4281:
4279:
4271:
4266:
4260:, p. 44.
4259:
4254:
4252:
4250:
4242:
4237:
4230:
4225:
4218:
4213:
4206:
4201:
4194:
4189:
4182:
4177:
4170:
4165:
4163:
4155:
4150:
4144:, p. 50.
4143:
4138:
4136:
4134:
4126:
4121:
4114:
4109:
4103:, p. 39.
4102:
4097:
4082:
4078:
4071:
4056:
4052:
4045:
4037:
4033:
4026:
4024:
4015:
4011:
4004:
3996:
3990:
3983:
3982:
3974:
3966:
3964:9786155209185
3960:
3953:
3952:
3944:
3942:
3933:
3927:
3919:
3915:
3914:
3906:
3898:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3849:
3841:
3837:
3836:
3828:
3820:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3798:
3791:
3789:
3787:
3778:
3772:
3765:
3764:
3756:
3737:
3733:
3727:
3719:
3715:
3714:
3707:
3700:
3695:
3688:
3683:
3676:
3671:
3669:
3667:
3665:
3663:
3661:
3654:, p. 42.
3653:
3648:
3646:
3641:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3621:Magyar tribes
3619:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3609:
3598:
3591:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3552:
3544:
3540:
3535:
3526:
3524:
3520:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3490:
3488:
3484:
3479:
3478:
3472:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3452:Bashkortostan
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3424:Árpád dynasty
3421:
3416:
3414:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3368:
3364:
3362:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3292:
3286:
3281:
3280:
3275:
3266:
3262:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3218:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3185:
3183:
3182:Transylvanian
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3132:
3123:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3112:Simon of Kéza
3109:
3108:
3102:
3100:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3082:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3059:
3054:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3039:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3012:
3005:
3004:
2998:
2994:
2992:
2988:
2987:
2982:
2981:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2966:
2961:
2957:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2927:
2925:
2921:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2895:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2860:Ocna Sibiului
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2840:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2823:("cabbage"),
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2793:
2790:preserved in
2789:
2784:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2701:
2696:
2692:
2682:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2671:
2670:Brezalauspurc
2666:
2665:Brezalauspurc
2662:
2657:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2631:
2621:
2620:
2612:
2610:
2605:
2601:
2595:
2593:
2589:
2588:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2570:
2566:
2558:
2557:
2552:
2546:
2544:
2537:
2535:
2530:
2526:
2525:
2520:
2516:
2515:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2495:Ruins of the
2493:
2484:
2482:
2478:
2473:
2464:
2463:
2456:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2438:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2411:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2393:
2391:
2387:
2382:
2381:
2375:
2371:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2354:ritual murder
2351:
2347:
2343:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2225:
2216:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2198:
2186:
2185:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2139:
2131:
2127:
2121:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2104:
2102:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2058:
2053:
2047:
2043:
2040:and his son,
2039:
2035:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2016:
2014:
2009:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1972:
1971:
1964:
1961:
1957:
1951:
1948:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1920:
1916:
1913:
1905:
1901:
1895:
1890:
1887:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1859:
1855:
1845:
1831:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1791:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1771:
1766:
1762:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1689:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1625:
1620:
1616:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1561:
1555:
1553:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1487:
1486:Great Moravia
1483:
1479:
1469:
1467:
1462:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1445:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1431:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1297:
1296:
1291:
1285:
1280:
1277:
1273:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1260:
1255:
1254:
1249:
1248:sacred leader
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1170:
1169:
1164:
1161:Heads of the
1159:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1111:
1105:
1097:
1090:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1070:Victor Spinei
1067:
1063:
1061:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1036:Avar Kaganate
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1004:Avar Kaganate
1001:
997:
989:
985:
981:
977:
972:
964:
959:
940:
936:
934:
930:
926:
922:
921:
920:Brezalauspurc
915:
910:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
875:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
839:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
806:
801:
799:
794:
792:
787:
786:
784:
783:
780:
770:
769:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
685:Árpád dynasty
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
657:
650:
649:
639:
637:
634:
633:
629:
627:
624:
623:
619:
617:
614:
613:
609:
607:
604:
603:
599:
597:
594:
593:
589:
587:
584:
583:
575:
574:
564:
562:
559:
558:
554:
552:
549:
548:
544:
542:
539:
538:
534:
532:
529:
528:
524:
522:
519:
518:
514:
512:
509:
508:
504:
502:
499:
498:
494:
492:
489:
488:
484:
482:
479:
478:
474:
472:
469:
468:
464:
462:
459:
458:
454:
452:
449:
448:
444:
442:
439:
438:
434:
432:
429:
428:
424:
422:
419:
418:
414:
412:
409:
408:
404:
402:
399:
398:
394:
392:
389:
388:
384:
382:
379:
378:
370:
369:
359:
357:
354:
353:
349:
347:
344:
343:
339:
337:
334:
333:
329:
327:
324:
323:
319:
317:
314:
313:
309:
307:
304:
303:
299:
297:
296:Royal Hungary
294:
293:
289:
287:
284:
283:
279:
277:
274:
273:
269:
267:
264:
263:
255:
254:
244:
242:
239:
238:
234:
232:
229:
228:
224:
222:
219:
218:
214:
212:
209:
208:
204:
202:
199:
198:
194:
192:
189:
188:
184:
182:
179:
178:
170:
169:
160:862–895
159:
157:
154:
153:
149:
147:
144:
143:
140:567–822
139:
137:
134:
133:
130:469–553
129:
127:
124:
123:
120:454–567
119:
117:
114:
113:
105:
104:
97:
96:Hunnic Empire
94:
92:
89:
87:
84:
82:
79:
78:
75:Early history
72:
71:
67:
63:
62:
59:
53:
52:
47:
42:
41:
36:
31:
27:
19:
9862:
9829:
9811:
9808:
9801:963-1311-260
9792:
9766:
9763:
9744:
9722:
9718:
9698:
9679:
9660:
9641:
9622:
9601:
9572:
9568:
9519:
9515:
9492:
9473:
9450:
9436:29 September
9434:. Retrieved
9427:the original
9422:
9418:
9364:
9358:
9312:: e0205920.
9305:
9299:
9262:
9258:
9221:
9217:
9190:
9186:
9139:
9133:
9109:
9089:
9069:
9050:
9029:
8990:
8986:
8964:
8961:
8942:
8924:
8921:
8902:
8884:
8881:
8862:
8850:. Retrieved
8828:
8824:
8818:
8797:
8766:
8762:
8739:
8721:
8718:
8699:
8678:
8657:
8610:
8604:
8573:
8567:
8521:(1): 19137.
8518:
8514:
8494:. ABC-CLIO.
8491:
8472:
8453:
8434:
8409:
8399:. Retrieved
8394:
8376:. Retrieved
8369:the original
8360:
8346:. Retrieved
8337:
8320:
8306:
8292:
8288:
8287:(2009). In:
8284:
8280:
8266:
8252:
8238:
8224:
8223:(1972). In:
8220:
8206:
8192:
8178:
8174:
8149:. Retrieved
8145:the original
8135:
8100:
8096:
8086:
8074:
8062:
8050:
8038:
8026:
8014:
8002:
7990:
7978:
7966:
7954:
7942:
7930:
7918:
7906:
7879:
7867:
7840:
7828:
7816:
7809:Kristó 1996a
7804:
7792:
7780:
7768:
7742:Szakács 2006
7737:
7710:
7705:, p. 1.
7698:
7686:
7649:Kristó 1996a
7644:
7632:
7625:Kristó 1996a
7605:
7593:
7566:
7554:
7542:
7530:
7518:
7489:
7482:Kontler 1999
7462:
7450:
7442:
7438:
7431:Kristó 1996b
7411:
7399:
7392:Kontler 1999
7387:
7375:
7348:
7319:
7307:
7285:Barford 2001
7280:
7268:
7261:Kontler 1999
7256:
7244:
7232:
7158:
7151:Kristó 1996a
7146:
7134:
7108:Kristó 1996a
7092:
7088:
7076:
7064:
7052:
7040:
7028:
7016:
7008:
7004:
6997:Barford 2001
6992:
6985:Kristó 1996a
6970:Kristó 1996b
6965:
6958:Kristó 1996b
6953:
6941:
6929:
6917:
6888:
6876:
6864:
6857:Grzesik 2016
6820:
6808:
6801:Kristó 1996a
6779:
6772:Kristó 1996a
6756:
6752:
6730:Kristó 1996a
6725:
6713:
6705:
6701:
6693:
6689:
6666:
6647:
6620:
6608:
6596:
6557:Kristó 1996a
6542:Kristó 1996a
6537:
6530:Kristó 1996a
6525:
6513:
6486:
6479:Kristó 1996a
6474:
6462:
6435:
6423:
6411:
6399:
6387:
6379:
6375:
6367:
6363:
6359:
6352:Kristó 1996a
6332:
6308:Kristó 1996a
6303:
6296:Kristó 1996a
6291:
6239:
6231:
6227:
6215:
6203:
6196:Kristó 1996a
6176:
6168:
6164:
6156:
6152:
6140:
6128:
6116:
6109:Kristó 1996a
6093:
6089:
6067:Kristó 1996b
6036:
6032:
6020:
6013:Kristó 1996a
5991:
5979:
5972:Kristó 1996a
5967:
5955:
5943:
5931:. Retrieved
5924:the original
5905:
5900:
5894:
5871:
5864:
5841:
5808:
5803:
5796:
5773:
5766:
5747:
5743:
5729:
5720:
5710:
5670:(1): 19210.
5667:
5663:
5653:
5641:. Retrieved
5634:the original
5615:
5610:
5604:
5592:
5565:
5553:
5541:
5534:Grzesik 2016
5529:
5522:Grzesik 2016
5517:
5509:
5505:
5497:
5493:
5470:
5466:
5454:
5442:
5430:
5418:
5406:
5394:
5386:
5382:
5370:
5362:
5358:
5346:
5341:, p. 4.
5334:
5322:
5310:
5303:Kristó 1996a
5298:
5291:Kristó 1996a
5286:
5279:Kristó 1996a
5274:
5266:
5245:
5233:
5226:Kontler 1999
5221:
5209:
5182:
5174:
5170:
5158:
5146:
5134:
5122:
5115:Barford 2001
5110:
5079:
5072:Kristó 1996b
5067:
5025:
5013:
4986:
4964:, p. 7.
4957:
4945:
4933:
4926:Kontler 1999
4921:
4916:, p. 2.
4909:
4897:
4885:
4880:, p. 8.
4873:
4861:. Retrieved
4847:
4835:. Retrieved
4804:
4797:Kristó 1996b
4792:
4785:Kristó 1996b
4765:
4758:Kristó 1996b
4723:
4711:
4704:Kristó 1996b
4682:
4670:
4658:
4646:
4638:
4634:
4626:
4622:
4595:
4587:
4583:
4560:
4556:
4529:
4517:
4494:
4490:
4471:
4459:
4447:
4435:
4423:
4411:
4404:Kristó 1996a
4399:
4372:
4360:
4348:
4336:
4311:
4307:
4300:Kristó 1996a
4265:
4241:Kristó 1996a
4236:
4228:
4224:
4216:
4212:
4200:
4193:Kristó 1996a
4188:
4176:
4153:
4149:
4120:
4108:
4101:Kontler 1999
4096:
4084:. Retrieved
4081:ResearchGate
4080:
4070:
4058:. Retrieved
4054:
4044:
4035:
4013:
4003:
3980:
3973:
3950:
3917:
3912:
3905:
3865:(1): 19210.
3862:
3858:
3848:
3839:
3834:
3827:
3808:
3804:
3762:
3755:
3743:. Retrieved
3736:the original
3717:
3712:
3706:
3694:
3682:
3675:Kristó 1996a
3652:Kontler 1999
3583:
3568:Árpád Feszty
3562:(a circular
3555:
3549:
3547:
3542:
3523:haplogroup N
3491:
3475:
3473:
3448:Abzelilovsky
3419:
3417:
3407:
3375:
3373:
3338:
3336:
3328:Volga Tatars
3289:
3284:
3277:
3271:
3215:
3213:
3180:) and other
3138:
3105:
3103:
3096:
3090:
3079:
3065:
3061:
3055:
3046:
3036:
3029:Pope John IX
3018:
3008:
3001:
2984:
2977:
2963:
2960:Leo the Wise
2954:
2928:
2915:West Francia
2896:
2847:
2841:
2839:("scythe").
2836:
2835:("hay") and
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2819:, including
2812:
2808:
2804:
2797:
2771:
2756:in Croatia.
2746:Moldoveneşti
2719:
2707:
2685:Consequences
2668:
2664:
2660:
2658:
2645:
2643:
2638:
2634:
2629:
2625:
2617:
2597:
2591:
2585:
2581:
2562:
2554:
2539:
2528:
2522:
2518:
2512:
2510:
2499:fortress at
2469:
2460:
2440:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2408:
2394:
2385:
2377:
2376:in 900. The
2367:
2357:
2349:
2341:
2339:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2321:, Ónd, Tas,
2312:
2307:
2297:
2277:great battle
2262:
2258:Svatopluk II
2238:
2223:
2220:
2215:Verecke Pass
2201:
2182:
2156:
2147:
2136:
2129:
2118:
2112:
2108:
2105:
2097:
2080:
2079:and Kurszán
2068:Thessaloniki
2061:
2038:Leo the Wise
2024:
2011:
1976:
1968:
1953:
1946:
1944:
1937:
1914:
1909:
1903:
1892:
1883:
1878:
1850:
1826:
1794:
1792:
1777:inhabiting "
1768:
1758:
1752:
1713:
1694:
1681:
1670:East Francia
1651:
1628:
1608:
1604:
1598:
1590:Transdanubia
1580:
1568:
1558:
1556:
1531:
1529:around 870.
1522:
1504:
1478:East Francia
1457:
1442:
1434:
1428:
1425:
1420:
1344:
1326:
1306:
1293:
1290:Leo the Wise
1282:
1268:
1263:
1257:
1251:
1223:
1221:
1216:
1208:
1198:
1186:
1184:
1179:
1176:seven tribes
1173:
1166:
1140:Southern Bug
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1107:
1102:
1096:Pope John IX
1087:
1078:East Francia
1058:
1050:
1048:
1043:
1020:Transylvania
1012:Transdanubia
993:
919:
911:
876:
870:east of the
856:East Francia
824:
820:
816:
814:
735:Coat of arms
720:Christianity
715:List of Wars
578:Contemporary
561:World War II
276:Ottoman Wars
258:Early modern
241:Ottoman Wars
155:
26:
9863:Honfoglalás
9522:(1): 7786.
7935:Spinei 2003
7923:Spinei 2003
7911:Spinei 2003
7872:Spinei 2003
7833:Spinei 2003
7494:Spinei 2003
7467:Spinei 2003
7455:Spinei 2003
7324:Spinei 2003
7300:Spinei 2003
7237:Bowlus 1994
7225:Spinei 2003
7208:Makkai 1994
7193:Bowlus 1994
7178:Bowlus 1994
7163:Bowlus 1994
7139:Bowlus 1994
7127:Spinei 2003
7045:Spinei 2003
7021:Bowlus 1994
6946:Bowlus 1994
6910:Kristó 1983
6893:Kristó 1983
6869:Spinei 2009
6842:Bowlus 1994
6825:Bowlus 1994
6813:Bowlus 1994
6784:Bowlus 1994
6745:Spinei 2003
6682:Spinei 2003
6652:Spinei 2003
6601:Bowlus 1994
6589:Spinei 2003
6491:Bowlus 1994
6467:Bowlus 1994
6440:Spinei 2009
6428:Spinei 2003
6082:Bowlus 1994
6025:Bowlus 1994
5459:Bowlus 1994
5447:Bowlus 1994
5187:Bowlus 1994
5163:Bowlus 1994
5151:Bowlus 1994
5084:Bowlus 1994
5045:Olajos 2001
5006:Bowlus 1994
4991:Bowlus 1994
4962:Makkai 1994
4902:Makkai 1994
4743:Makkai 1994
4510:Spinei 2003
4476:Spinei 2003
4428:Spinei 2003
4392:Spinei 2003
4353:Bowlus 1994
4329:Spinei 2003
4285:Makkai 1994
4258:Spinei 2003
4205:Spinei 2003
4181:Bowlus 1994
4169:Bowlus 1994
4142:Spinei 2003
3483:Mezhovskaya
3468:Afghanistan
3352:South Slavs
3174:Cluj-Napoca
3150:sabretaches
3126:Archaeology
3047:Antapodosis
2983:. However,
2864:Someșul Mic
2715:South Slavs
2616:Anonymous:
2433:), or with
2163:Cumani Albi
1904:Retribution
1821:"a certain
1709:Svatopluk I
1662:natural son
1573:Szombathely
1539:Charlemagne
1383:("swamp"),
1250:was styled
1180:"Hetumoger"
833:honfoglalás
451:World War I
373:Late modern
266:Reformation
211:Golden Bull
55:History of
9875:Categories
8993:(3): 460.
8378:26 January
8348:26 January
8291:Chronicle
8283:Chronicle
8163:References
7845:Engel 2001
7785:Curta 2006
7598:Engel 2003
7571:Engel 2003
7511:Engel 2003
7380:Hajdú 2004
7368:Engel 2001
7312:Curta 2001
7273:Curta 2006
6574:Engel 2003
6506:Bartl 2002
6455:Engel 2003
6366:Chronicle
6337:Engel 2001
6267:Curta 2006
5570:Curta 2001
5546:Curta 2001
5423:Curta 2006
5411:Curta 2006
5375:Curta 2006
5351:Curta 2006
5339:Engel 2001
5327:Curta 2006
5315:Curta 2006
5250:Curta 2006
5139:Szőke 2003
4979:Szőke 2003
4938:Curta 2006
4914:Engel 2001
4878:Engel 2001
4837:7 December
4549:Engel 2001
4493:Chronicle
4464:Engel 2001
4452:Engel 2001
4270:Curta 2006
4125:Curta 2006
4113:Engel 2001
3699:Roman 2003
3456:Volga-Ural
3444:Burzyansky
3356:phenotypes
3308:Inner Asia
3242:Akhal-Teke
3192:See also:
3142:inhumation
3135:territory.
3072:Saint Naum
2938:the first
2831:("oats"),
2827:("plum"),
2711:West Slavs
2689:See also:
2472:Regensburg
2455:Hungarian.
2448:Polovcians
2378:Annals of
2093:Liountikas
1954:Then [
1854:Hungarians
1817:", and to
1805:(Biharia,
1763:adds that
1668:, king of
1552:Zalaszabar
1501:around 850
1476:See also:
1435:Salapiugin
1110:Atelkouzou
1016:Bulgarians
996:Hungarians
947:Background
916:army in a
895:Bulgarians
883:Hungarians
844:Hungarians
740:Literature
690:Holy Crown
660:Hungarians
640:since 2012
9371:: 16569.
9367:(16569).
9174:249050620
8847:2082-6060
8831:: 28–29.
8617:: 33446.
8613:(33446).
8151:6 January
6718:Tóth 1998
6416:Tóth 1998
6404:Tóth 1998
6392:Tóth 1998
6325:Fine 1991
6284:Fine 1991
6244:Fine 1991
6220:Tóth 1998
6208:Tóth 1998
6181:Tóth 1998
6145:Tóth 1998
6133:Tóth 1998
5984:Tóth 1998
5960:Tóth 1998
5948:Tóth 1998
5597:Tóth 1998
5585:Tóth 1998
5486:Fine 1991
5435:Fine 1991
5399:Fine 1991
5030:Pohl 1998
4809:Kiss 1983
4770:Kiss 1983
4728:Kiss 1983
4716:Kiss 1983
4086:12 August
4060:12 August
3687:Tóth 1999
3637:Footnotes
3590:in 1893.
3560:cyclorama
3460:Vojvodina
3312:Scythians
3296:Potapovka
3088:sources.
3051:Aventinus
2899:Thuringia
2817:loanwords
2801:Hungarian
2792:Hortobágy
2772:(konkoly)
2768:Hungarian
2675:Pressburg
2477:Carinthia
2431:Romanians
2415:"Volokhi"
2300:Menumorut
2254:Mojmir II
2217:(Ukraine)
2130:Chronicle
2109:(besenyő)
1994:Al-Masudi
1875:Pechenegs
1867:Hungarian
1799:Menumorut
1775:Abodrites
1744:Mikulcice
1701:Rastislav
1577:Petronell
1466:Moravians
1421:castellum
1413:Keszthely
1385:Beszterce
1377:hydronyms
1228:Ibn Rusta
1224:Hetumoger
1187:Hetumoger
1082:Moravians
1032:Hungarian
891:Pechenegs
829:Hungarian
9591:19789983
9569:Genetica
9556:31127140
9419:Tiszatáj
9403:31719606
9346:30335830
9301:PLOS One
9279:27803981
9250:32636469
9209:21365615
9166:35617951
9019:33807111
8771:Springer
8649:27633963
8592:18373723
8555:33154399
8127:35531973
6625:Pop 1996
5702:34584164
4687:Pop 2013
3897:34584164
3594:See also
3586:for the
3584:Conquest
3494:Ob-Ugric
3400:Ob-Ugric
3361:Bashkirs
3344:Bashkirs
3314:and the
3304:Poltavka
3300:Srubnaya
3291:PLOS One
3086:Moravian
2926:in 970.
2911:Lorraine
2884:Grozeşti
2876:Przemyśl
2821:káposzta
2738:Bešenovo
2730:Csongrád
2726:Beremend
2704:settled.
2679:Mosaburg
2637:and the
2614:—
2548:—
2519:(patria)
2505:Slovakia
2497:Moravian
2458:—
2419:"Volkhi"
2281:Vercelli
2180:—
2167:Susdalia
2161:and the
2141:—
2123:—
2085:Silistra
2081:(Kusan),
2055:Seal of
2018:—
1982:Khorasan
1966:—
1919:Székelys
1915:(Cusala)
1897:—
1834:Conquest
1787:Provadia
1748:Pohansko
1724:Belgrade
1697:Mojmir I
1666:Carloman
1647:drystone
1643:Mosaburg
1613:ethnonym
1547:Nemeskér
1444:Mosaburc
1409:Visegrád
1401:Csongrád
1337:Germanic
1318:Székelys
1312:and the
1287:—
1144:Dniester
1138:and the
1124:Troullos
1092:—
976:Dniester
914:Bavarian
903:Pannonia
760:Budapest
750:Székelys
710:Military
705:Nobility
665:Timeline
173:Medieval
46:a series
44:Part of
9547:6534673
9524:Bibcode
9394:6851379
9373:Bibcode
9337:6851379
9314:Bibcode
9287:4099313
9241:7809292
9144:Bibcode
9010:8005002
8775:Bibcode
8640:5025779
8619:Bibcode
8546:7645724
8523:Bibcode
8118:9523560
5693:8478946
5672:Bibcode
3888:8478946
3867:Bibcode
3576:Hungary
3454:in the
3440:R-SUR51
3316:Xiongnu
3251:Khantys
3184:sites.
3146:harness
3013:of the
2965:Tactics
2946:Sources
2936:Stephen
2930:of the
2918:in the
2888:Probota
2844:marches
2813:(patkó)
2807:, yoke
2750:Vukovar
2587:Kladova
2423:Volokhi
2358:khagans
2242:Braslav
2089:Preslav
1986:Karluks
1912:Kurszán
1807:Romania
1728:Sirmium
1635:Pribina
1624:Zalavár
1601:Onogurs
1495:Central
1441:") and
1393:aurochs
1381:Balaton
1295:Tactics
1244:Bukhara
1232:Gardizi
1215:in the
1209:Culmite
1136:Dnieper
1132:Seretos
1128:Broutos
1116:Barouch
988:Ukraine
907:Moravia
881:". The
860:Moravia
840:
823:or the
725:Economy
636:Hungary
57:Hungary
9836:
9817:
9799:
9772:
9751:
9732:
9705:
9686:
9667:
9648:
9629:
9610:
9589:
9554:
9544:
9499:
9480:
9461:
9401:
9391:
9344:
9334:
9308:(10).
9285:
9277:
9248:
9238:
9207:
9172:
9164:
9117:
9096:
9076:
9057:
9038:
9017:
9007:
8970:
8949:
8930:
8909:
8890:
8869:
8852:18 May
8845:
8804:
8769:(31).
8746:
8727:
8706:
8687:
8664:
8647:
8637:
8590:
8553:
8543:
8498:
8479:
8460:
8441:
8416:
8401:18 May
8327:
8313:
8299:
8273:
8259:
8245:
8231:
8213:
8199:
8185:
8125:
8115:
5933:2 July
5916:
5908:]
5882:
5852:
5819:
5811:]
5784:
5754:
5700:
5690:
5643:2 July
5626:
5618:]
4863:8 July
3991:
3961:
3928:
3920:]
3895:
3885:
3815:
3773:
3745:2 July
3728:
3720:]
3510:Irtysh
3464:Serbia
3396:Yakuts
3324:Bulgar
3320:Onoğur
3255:Mansis
3208:, and
2907:Swabia
2903:Saxony
2872:Krylos
2825:szilva
2805:(akol)
2778:origin
2776:Slavic
2774:is of
2766:: its
2633:, the
2604:kneses
2592:Gladeš
2578:Achtum
2543:Croats
2501:Ducové
2481:Fischa
2427:Volkhi
2401:Passau
2285:Modena
2273:Brenta
2175:Erdelw
2113:(bese)
2002:Kimeks
1960:Attila
1815:Czechs
1783:Franks
1658:Arnulf
1609:Wangar
1569:khagan
1560:khagan
1515:Gepids
1484:, and
1405:Nógrád
1397:Zagyva
1345:(Duna)
1333:Dacian
1329:Celtic
1322:Greeks
1310:Vlachs
1276:sabres
1213:Cumans
1205:Vienna
1191:Kabars
1120:Koubou
1014:, the
974:River
858:, and
653:Topics
48:on the
9726:(PDF)
9455:15–24
9430:(PDF)
9415:(PDF)
9283:S2CID
9170:S2CID
8987:Genes
8372:(PDF)
8365:(PDF)
8342:(PDF)
5927:(PDF)
5910:(PDF)
5904:[
5876:(PDF)
5846:(PDF)
5813:(PDF)
5807:[
5778:(PDF)
5746:[
5740:(PDF)
5637:(PDF)
5620:(PDF)
5614:[
4857:(PDF)
4831:(PDF)
3985:(PDF)
3955:(PDF)
3922:(PDF)
3916:[
3838:[
3807:[
3801:(PDF)
3767:(PDF)
3739:(PDF)
3722:(PDF)
3716:[
3514:Ishim
3506:Tobol
3388:Slavs
3259:Maris
3226:mtDNA
3162:Tisza
3062:Lives
2868:Mureş
2856:Turda
2848:gyepű
2837:kasza
2833:széna
2809:(iga)
2770:name
2734:Devín
2673:with
2609:Kovin
2582:Galad
2574:Zolta
2565:Nitra
2380:Grado
2350:kende
2346:Álmos
2304:Salan
2275:in a
2265:Italy
2246:Drava
2159:Bessi
2077:Árpád
2044:on a
2006:Volga
1998:Ouzes
1956:Kusid
1827:Gesta
1823:Vlach
1819:Gelou
1811:Nitra
1803:Bihar
1779:Dacia
1654:Kocel
1519:Tisza
1507:Avars
1453:Barót
1449:Barca
1417:Latin
1369:Tisza
1365:Száva
1357:Maros
1353:Garam
1349:Dráva
1264:gyula
1259:gyula
1253:kende
1242:from
1152:Siret
745:Music
9834:ISBN
9815:ISBN
9797:ISBN
9770:ISBN
9749:ISBN
9730:ISBN
9703:ISBN
9684:ISBN
9665:ISBN
9646:ISBN
9627:ISBN
9608:ISBN
9587:PMID
9552:PMID
9497:ISBN
9478:ISBN
9459:ISBN
9438:2013
9399:PMID
9342:PMID
9310:PLOS
9275:PMID
9246:PMID
9205:PMID
9162:PMID
9115:ISBN
9094:ISBN
9074:ISBN
9055:ISBN
9036:ISBN
9015:PMID
8968:ISBN
8947:ISBN
8928:ISBN
8907:ISBN
8888:ISBN
8867:ISBN
8854:2017
8843:ISSN
8802:ISBN
8744:ISBN
8725:ISBN
8704:ISBN
8685:ISBN
8662:ISBN
8645:PMID
8588:PMID
8551:PMID
8496:ISBN
8477:ISBN
8458:ISBN
8439:ISBN
8414:ISBN
8403:2024
8380:2023
8350:2023
8325:ISBN
8311:ISBN
8297:ISBN
8271:ISBN
8257:ISBN
8243:ISBN
8229:ISBN
8211:ISBN
8197:ISBN
8183:ISBN
8153:2010
8123:PMID
5935:2023
5914:ISBN
5880:ISBN
5850:ISBN
5817:ISBN
5782:ISBN
5752:ISBN
5698:PMID
5645:2023
5624:ISBN
4865:2017
4839:2013
4088:2023
4062:2023
3989:ISBN
3959:ISBN
3926:ISBN
3893:PMID
3813:ISBN
3771:ISBN
3747:2023
3726:ISBN
3537:The
3512:and
3485:and
3446:and
3386:and
3302:and
3257:and
3244:and
3236:and
3234:Tuva
3230:Avar
3178:Aiud
3168:and
3166:Rába
3120:Huns
3067:Life
2913:and
2901:and
2890:and
2866:and
2858:and
2752:and
2744:and
2742:Pilu
2736:and
2728:and
2713:and
2693:and
2600:Bega
2569:Glad
2529:Life
2444:Kyiv
2425:and
2403:and
2390:Enns
2323:Huba
2319:Künd
2315:Előd
2283:and
2256:and
2250:Sava
2248:and
2165:and
2000:and
1945:The
1765:Krum
1760:Suda
1726:and
1678:Raab
1660:, a
1639:Zala
1575:and
1565:Slav
1509:, a
1497:and
1439:Zala
1371:and
1230:and
1222:The
1185:The
1150:and
1148:Prut
1130:and
1049:The
1028:Avar
1024:Avar
994:The
893:and
838:lit.
815:The
755:Jews
730:Flag
610:1956
555:1941
545:1940
525:1938
505:1920
485:1919
425:1849
270:1520
215:1222
9577:doi
9573:138
9542:PMC
9532:doi
9389:PMC
9381:doi
9332:PMC
9322:doi
9267:doi
9263:292
9236:PMC
9226:doi
9195:doi
9191:145
9152:doi
9005:PMC
8995:doi
8833:doi
8783:doi
8635:PMC
8627:doi
8578:doi
8541:PMC
8531:doi
8281:The
8113:PMC
8105:doi
6364:The
5688:PMC
5680:doi
4491:The
3883:PMC
3875:doi
3554:or
3436:R1a
3170:Vág
3070:of
3056:An
3045:'s
3027:to
2962:'s
2892:Tei
2852:Sic
2829:zab
2417:or
2337:).
2171:Kyo
1664:of
1461:Don
1389:Túr
1373:Vág
1361:Olt
1335:or
846:in
9877::
9585:.
9571:.
9567:.
9550:.
9540:.
9530:.
9518:.
9514:.
9457:.
9423:55
9417:.
9397:.
9387:.
9379:.
9363:.
9357:.
9340:.
9330:.
9320:.
9306:13
9304:.
9298:.
9281:.
9273:.
9261:.
9244:,
9234:,
9222:29
9220:,
9203:.
9189:.
9185:.
9168:.
9160:.
9150:.
9140:32
9138:.
9132:.
9013:.
9003:.
8991:12
8989:.
8985:.
8841:.
8829:41
8827:.
8823:.
8781:.
8773:.
8767:12
8765:.
8761:.
8643:.
8633:.
8625:.
8609:.
8603:.
8586:.
8574:72
8572:.
8566:.
8549:.
8539:.
8529:.
8519:10
8517:.
8513:.
8393:.
8121:.
8111:.
8101:31
8099:.
8095:.
7891:^
7852:^
7749:^
7722:^
7671:^
7656:^
7617:^
7578:^
7501:^
7474:^
7423:^
7360:^
7331:^
7292:^
7215:^
7200:^
7185:^
7170:^
7115:^
7100:^
6977:^
6900:^
6849:^
6832:^
6791:^
6764:^
6737:^
6674:^
6659:^
6632:^
6581:^
6564:^
6549:^
6498:^
6447:^
6344:^
6315:^
6274:^
6251:^
6188:^
6101:^
6074:^
6059:^
6044:^
6003:^
5831:^
5742:.
5696:.
5686:.
5678:.
5668:11
5666:.
5662:.
5577:^
5478:^
5257:^
5194:^
5091:^
5052:^
5037:^
4998:^
4969:^
4816:^
4777:^
4750:^
4735:^
4694:^
4607:^
4568:^
4541:^
4502:^
4483:^
4384:^
4319:^
4292:^
4277:^
4248:^
4161:^
4132:^
4079:.
4053:.
4034:.
4022:^
3940:^
3891:.
3881:.
3873:.
3863:11
3861:.
3857:.
3803:.
3785:^
3659:^
3644:^
3578:.
3574:,
3508:,
3462:,
3382:,
3346:.
3298:,
3253:,
3204:,
3200:,
3196:,
2934:,
2886:,
2882:,
2878:,
2874:,
2854:,
2654:Po
2590:,
2584:,
2553::
2437:.
2392:.
2344:,
2317:,
2291:,
2146::
2128::
2103:.
2023::
1992:.
1902::
1746:,
1684:.
1615:.
1554:.
1545:,
1480:,
1451:,
1391:("
1367:,
1363:,
1359:,
1355:,
1351:,
1347:,
1331:,
1292::
1146:,
1126:,
1122:,
1118:,
986:,
982:,
854:,
835:,
831::
9861:"
9842:.
9823:.
9803:.
9778:.
9757:.
9738:.
9711:.
9692:.
9673:.
9654:.
9635:.
9616:.
9593:.
9579::
9558:.
9534::
9526::
9520:9
9505:.
9486:.
9467:.
9440:.
9405:.
9383::
9375::
9365:9
9348:.
9324::
9316::
9289:.
9269::
9228::
9211:.
9197::
9176:.
9154::
9146::
9123:.
9102:.
9082:.
9063:.
9044:.
9021:.
8997::
8976:.
8955:.
8936:.
8915:.
8896:.
8875:.
8856:.
8835::
8810:.
8791:.
8785::
8777::
8752:.
8733:.
8712:.
8693:.
8670:.
8651:.
8629::
8621::
8611:6
8594:.
8580::
8557:.
8533::
8525::
8504:.
8485:.
8466:.
8447:.
8420:.
8405:.
8382:.
8352:.
8331:.
8317:.
8303:.
8277:.
8263:.
8249:.
8235:.
8217:.
8203:.
8189:.
8155:.
8129:.
8107::
8081:.
8069:.
8057:.
8045:.
8033:.
8021:.
8009:.
7997:.
7985:.
7973:.
7961:.
7949:.
7901:.
5937:.
5888:.
5858:.
5825:.
5790:.
5760:.
5704:.
5682::
5674::
5647:.
4867:.
4841:.
4745:.
4090:.
4064:.
3997:.
3967:.
3934:.
3899:.
3877::
3869::
3821:.
3779:.
3749:.
3322:-
2507:)
2503:(
2177:.
1730:(
1112:"
1108:"
1062:,
990:)
827:(
804:e
797:t
790:v
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.