461:
2696:
29:
428:
If the identification of Ibn Arfa' Ra's with Ibn al-Naqirāt is given up, the period in which he lived becomes very uncertain. Since Ibn al-Abbar knew of his works in the middle of the thirteenth century and some of the earliest commentaries on his work date from that period, Ibn Arfa' Ra's must have
403:), suggest that Ibn al-Abbar may have conflated the alchemist Ibn Arfa' Ra's with the religious scholar Ibn al-Naqirāt. In this case, very little remains that can be said about the life of Ibn Arfa' Ra's. Like Ibn al-Naqirāt, he originated in Al-Andalus, perhaps in
643:('Spiritual Medicine through the Merciful Quran') has been attributed to Ibn Arfa' Ra's, but this attribution is clearly spurious since the work heavily borrows from thirteenth–fourteenth century works on magic like those written by pseudo-
407:, and later settled elsewhere. Although the fact that he was sometimes called al-Maghribī indicates that he may also have settled in Morocco, the alchemical manuscripts make no mention of Fez or any other specific place. Alternatively, the
383:
However, the divergence between the names in the biographical dictionaries and those given in the manuscripts of the alchemical works attributed to Ibn Arfa' Ra's, as well as certain details in reports relating to the two figures given by
500:('Shards of Gold'). These poems, which all together comprise about 1400 lines, are arranged by the letter they use to rhyme, thus covering the entire Arabic alphabet. A large number of commentaries on the work were written by other
668:'s (1181–1235) wine poem which may have been authored by Ibn Arfa' Ra's, although this would necessitate placing Ibn Arfa' Ra's's lifetime in the thirteenth century rather than the twelfth, which is not very likely.
1249:
262:. Since both names share the major part Abū al-Ḥasan ʿAlī ibn Mūsa al-Anṣārī, they are close enough to raise the possibility that the two figures were indeed identical. However, neither Ibn al-Naqirāt's longer
299:
661:
attributed to Ibn Arfa' Ra's, is less certain, but the fact that its author holds magic in higher regard than alchemy suggests that it was not written by a devoted alchemist like Ibn Arfa' Ra's.
994:
Kitāb Ḥall mushkilāt al-Shudhūr. In the transmission of Abū al-Qāsim Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh al-Anṣārī. By Abū al-Ḥasan ʿAlī b. Mūsā al-Anṣārī al-Andalusī, known as Ibn Arfaʿ Raʾs
1049:
Braun, Christopher; Forster, Regula (2020). "Alchemist und Magier? Ibn Arfaʿ Raʾs im
Kontext der arabisch-islamischen Gelehrsamkeit". In Eming, Jutta; Wels, Volkhard (eds.).
1544:
1281:
1078:
Braun, Christopher; Forster, Regula (2021). "The
Alchemist's work: Ibn Arfaʿ Raʾs and the reception of his collection of alchemical poems Shudhūr al-dhahab".
238:
genre (strophic verse) and a number of short prose works on alchemy. Two works on magic have also been attributed to him, but these are probably spurious.
1858:
1250:
Zwischen
Religion und Alchemie: Der Gelehrte Ibn Arfaʿ Raʾs (gest. 593/1197) als Modell für eine integrative arabische Literatur- und Kulturgeschichte
2725:
1298:
2468:
287:) ever occur in the alchemical manuscripts. The biographical dictionaries in their entries on Ibn al-Naqirāt never actually mention the nickname (
1676:
2245:
658:
2730:
2740:
509:
1274:
448:(died 957) may provide the earliest date for which there is hard evidence, although the lack of any mention of him by the alchemist poet
2745:
2280:
193:. However, this identification is probably spurious. If so, virtually nothing is known about Ibn Arfa' Ra's's life. Probably born in
1267:
1290:
1068:
1009:
501:
1033:, p. 28 reported that Svetlana Dolgusheva is working on a critical edition, German translation, and commentary of the
699:, p. 28 reported that Svetlana Dolgusheva is working on a critical edition, German translation, and commentary of the
295:) Ibn Arfaʿ Raʾs, nor the honorific Burhān al-Dīn, both of which often feature prominently in the alchemical manuscripts.
2735:
2299:
2252:
1553:
2676:
2482:
1195:
Todd, Richard (2021). "Classical poetic motifs as alchemical metaphors in the Shudhūr al-dhahab and its commentaries".
1712:
2617:
2266:
738:
as "Ibn al-Niqirāt", "Ibn al-Niqarāt", "Ibn al-Nuqirāt", etc. (the "a" and "i" in "Naqirāt" are conjectural); see
2232:
1574:
1218:"Alchemical tafsīr: Qur'anic Hermeneutics in the Works of the Twelfth-Century Moroccan Alchemist Ibn Arfaʿ Raʾs"
611:
A number of short prose works have been attributed to Ibn Arfa' Ra's, but these have not yet been investigated:
421:(the Islamic East). In any case, it is clear that he spent a major part of his life in the West, most likely in
2078:
2667:
2662:
2549:
2203:
2720:
2148:
1628:
1099:
Forster, Regula (2021). "Alchemical stanzaic poetry (muwashshaḥ) by Ibn Arfaʿ Raʾs (fl. twelfth century)".
1149:"Planets in Alchemy: Commentaries and Glosses on the Opening Verses of Ibn Arfaʿ Raʾs's Shudhūr al-dhahab"
270:(the part of his name indicating lineage) "son of Ali son of Musa son of Muhammad son of Khalaf", nor his
256:. The fullest version of Ibn Arfa' Ra's's name, as may be reconstructed from the earliest manuscripts, is
2521:
2507:
2400:
2386:
2324:
1174:
Todd, Richard (2016). "Alchemical Poetry in
Almohad Morocco: The Shudhūr al-dhahab of Ibn Arfaʿ Raʾs".
2379:
2372:
2143:
2037:
1967:
1620:
1406:
356:(Islamic preacher). According to the broader biographical tradition, Ibn al-Naqirāt was an expert in
1253:
2500:
1838:
1744:
253:
Abū al-Ḥasan ʿAlī ibn Mūsa ibn ʿAlī ibn Mūsa ibn Muḥammad ibn Khalaf al-Anṣārī al-Sālimī al-Jayyānī
2445:
2103:
1843:
1754:
1649:
247:
2637:
1957:
1519:
1463:
1401:
250:
identify Ibn Arfa' Ra's with a religious scholar called Ibn al-Naqirāt, whose fuller name was
2622:
2358:
2259:
2108:
1992:
1705:
1560:
1494:
1396:
182:
Traditionally he was identified with a certain Ibn al-Naqirāt, a religious scholar living in
318:
If Ibn Arfa' Ra's is identical with Ibn al-Naqirāt, some basic facts of his life are known.
1789:
1784:
8:
2632:
2528:
2475:
2437:
2393:
2123:
1774:
1670:
1641:
1370:
28:
2174:
1259:
705:. The English translation of the title given here ('Shards of Gold') is the one used by
2535:
2461:
1729:
1588:
439:
271:
2672:
2597:
2542:
2286:
2226:
2133:
2083:
1997:
1972:
1759:
1064:
1005:
735:
202:
49:
298:
2699:
2351:
2318:
2219:
2189:
2063:
2053:
2032:
1916:
1911:
1866:
1807:
1698:
1601:
1350:
1334:
1313:
1229:
1204:
1183:
1160:
1133:
1108:
1087:
1054:
997:
452:(died 1121) makes it most likely that Ibn Arfa' Ra's lived in the twelfth century.
331:
1234:
1217:
2680:
2425:
2406:
2179:
2153:
2058:
2012:
1977:
1952:
1876:
1799:
1769:
1657:
1468:
1318:
139:
2612:
2602:
2454:
2305:
2068:
1581:
1524:
1427:
1138:
1121:
601:
483:
449:
259:
Burhān al-Dīn Abū al-Ḥasan ʿAlī ibn Mūsa ibn Abī al-Qāsim al-Anṣārī al-Andalusī
164:
2098:
1187:
284:
2714:
2642:
2556:
2419:
2169:
2118:
1982:
1901:
1635:
1458:
1360:
648:
585:
445:
389:
373:
72:
576:
There are also some alchemical poems by Ibn Arfa' Ra's which are written in
2337:
2138:
2093:
2088:
2073:
2017:
2002:
1962:
1411:
1208:
1112:
1091:
1059:
665:
345:
319:
183:
1001:
460:
2592:
2514:
2365:
2344:
2027:
2022:
1987:
1817:
385:
2607:
2273:
2184:
2128:
1936:
1931:
1921:
1822:
1613:
1566:
1489:
1484:
1375:
577:
516:
377:
357:
341:
280:
231:
194:
126:
1165:
1148:
2627:
2007:
1906:
1896:
1881:
1871:
1764:
1594:
1453:
1437:
1355:
505:
156:
122:
1690:
2657:
2113:
1926:
1886:
1848:
1391:
1365:
311:ʿAlī ibn Mūsa ibn Arfaʿ Raʾs Abī al-⟨Qāsim?⟩ al-Anṣārī al-Maghribī
2582:
2577:
1812:
1779:
1721:
1534:
1529:
644:
491:
422:
418:
414:
404:
206:
198:
160:
68:
39:
996:. Bibliotheca Islamica. Vol. 62. De Gruyter/Dār al-Fārābī.
444:
is much harder to establish. The fact that Ibn Arfa' Ra's cites
417:(the Islamic West, the region west of Egypt) and settled in the
2652:
1749:
1514:
540:
369:
349:
152:
Abū al-Ḥasan ʿAlī ibn Mūsa al-Anṣārī al-Andalusī ibn Arfaʿ Raʾs
1122:"The Identity, Life and Works of the Alchemist Ibn Arfaʿ Raʾs"
978:
Shudhūr al-dhahab. Dīwān Ibn Arfaʿ Raʾs al-Jayyānī al-Andalusī
539:
ranks among the first works to feature exegesis of the Quran (
2647:
2587:
290:
265:
365:
1289:
588:
that uses strophic verse. These were not included in the
555:
Ibn Arfa' Ra's wrote a commentary on his own alchemical
155:), flourished second half of the twelfth century, was a
1051:
Der
Begriff der Magie in Mittelalter und Früher Neuzeit
504:, among them commentaries by al-Irbilī (died 1257) and
1034:
1017:
983:
700:
652:
638:
629:
622:
615:
602:
595:
589:
578:
568:
562:
556:
541:
534:
495:
484:
474:
465:
408:
358:
350:
323:
309:
303:
288:
272:
263:
257:
251:
232:
225:
219:
213:
173:
165:
150:
121:
Commentaries on his work were written by al-Irbilī,
105:
98:
88:
1053:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 15–33.
364:(variant readings of the Quran) as well as in the
279:(names referring to a place of origin) al-Sālimī (
212:Ibn Arfa' Ra's wrote a commentary on his own work
328:mentions that Ibn al-Naqirāt was born in 1121 or
205:Morocco. At some point he likely traveled to the
201:, it is likely that he spent most of his life in
2712:
2469:Suspicions about the Hidden Realities of the Air
230:'). He also wrote some alchemical poems in the
2246:Book of the Silvery Water and the Starry Earth
1706:
1275:
1119:
1026:
954:
938:
926:
914:
898:
886:
858:
846:
834:
822:
810:
798:
786:
774:
762:
739:
692:
1877:pseudo-Apollonius of Tyana (Balīnūs/Balīnās)
1077:
1048:
942:
163:. He is the author of an Arabic collection (
437:
322:(died 1260) in his biographical dictionary
1993:John of Rupescissa (Jean de Roquetaillade)
1713:
1699:
1282:
1268:
861:, p. 375. On these commentaries, see
413:al-Maghribī may indicate that he left the
2281:Chymical Wedding of Christian Rosenkreutz
1233:
1164:
1137:
1120:Forster, Regula; Müller, Juliane (2020).
1058:
683:
681:
640:al-Ṭibb al-ruḥānī bi-al-Qurʾān al-raḥmānī
482:Ibn Arfa' Ra's's most enduring work is a
302:The author's name in a manuscript of the
2726:Alchemists of the medieval Islamic world
1596:al-ʿIlm al-muktasab fī zirāʿat al-dhahab
975:
688:
617:Fī tarkīb al-iksīr al-ḥayawānī al-insānī
459:
297:
1098:
902:
2713:
2069:George Starkey (Eirenaeus Philalethes)
1197:Asiatische Studien – Études Asiatiques
1146:
1101:Asiatische Studien – Études Asiatiques
1080:Asiatische Studien – Études Asiatiques
1030:
991:
862:
728:
722:
717:
715:
696:
678:
2149:Thomas Vaughan (Eugenius Philalethes)
1720:
1694:
1291:Alchemy in the medieval Islamic world
1263:
1153:Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies
2731:12th-century Arabic-language writers
1222:Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations
1215:
1194:
1173:
1042:
874:
706:
473:
16:12th-century Maghrebi alchemist poet
2741:Scholars from the Almohad Caliphate
2300:De consideratione quintae essentiae
1575:Masāʾil Khālid li-Maryānus al-rāhib
1464:Abū l-ʿAbbās al-Nabātī (pharmacist)
980:. Beirut: Dār al-kutub al-ʿilmiyya.
712:
515:), as well as five commentaries by
246:Most traditional authors of Arabic
143:
13:
1678:Nihāyat al-rutba fī ṭalab al-ḥisba
969:
567:('Solution to the Problems of the
464:First page of a manuscript of the
224:('Solution to the Problems of the
209:, where he may also have settled.
104:('Solution to the Problems of the
14:
2757:
1243:
325:Kitāb al-Takmila li-Kitāb al-Ṣila
171:) of alchemical poems called the
2746:Poets from the Almohad Caliphate
2695:
2694:
2267:Buch der heiligen Dreifaltigkeit
1568:al-Burhān fī asrār ʿilm al-mīzān
976:Ghazzali, Lahouari, ed. (2018).
600:genre are usually excluded from
27:
2234:Liber de compositione alchemiae
1958:(pseudo-)Arnaldus de Villa Nova
1917:pseudo-Khālid ibn Yazīd (Calid)
1765:Hermes Trismegistus (legendary)
1314:pseudo-Khālid ibn Yazīd (Calid)
964:
948:
932:
920:
908:
892:
880:
868:
852:
840:
828:
336:and that he died after 1196 or
2483:Twelve Keys of Basil Valentine
816:
804:
792:
780:
768:
756:
664:There is also a commentary on
654:al-Jihāt fī ʿilm at-tawajjuhāt
550:
258:
252:
1:
2550:Theatrum chemicum Britannicum
1235:10.1080/09596410.2023.2283677
992:Müller, Juliane, ed. (2024).
982:(non-critical edition of the
749:
520:
430:
393:
187:
53:
1629:One Hundred and Twelve Books
941:, p. 380, referring to
734:His name may also have been
547:) in an alchemical context.
376:, preaching in the renowned
348:(Morocco) where he became a
22:ʿAlī ibn Mūsa ibn Arfaʿ Raʾs
7:
2522:Deutsches Theatrum Chemicum
2508:Bibliotheca chemica curiosa
1615:al-Miṣbāḥ fī ʿilm al-miftāḥ
1035:
1018:
984:
701:
653:
639:
630:
623:
616:
603:
596:
590:
579:
569:
563:
557:
542:
535:
496:
485:
475:
466:
409:
359:
351:
324:
310:
304:
289:
273:
264:
241:
233:
226:
220:
214:
174:
166:
151:
106:
99:
89:
10:
2762:
2736:Scientists from al-Andalus
2401:Rosary of the Philosophers
2387:Papyrus Graecus Holmiensis
2326:Liber Hermetis de alchemia
1469:Ḥasan al-Rammāḥ (engineer)
1459:Ibn al-Bayṭār (pharmacist)
1319:pseudo-Apollonius of Tyana
1139:10.3989/alqantara.2020.010
340:, and that he was born in
2690:
2570:
2492:
2211:
2202:
2162:
2064:pseudo-Bernard of Treviso
2046:
1945:
1897:Ibn Umayl (Senior Zadith)
1867:Abū Bakr al-Rāzī (Rhazes)
1857:
1831:
1798:
1737:
1728:
1543:
1507:
1477:
1446:
1420:
1412:Ibn al-Wāfid (pharmacist)
1384:
1356:Ibn Umayl (Senior Zadith)
1351:Abū Bakr al-Rāzī (Rhazes)
1343:
1327:
1306:
1297:
1252:(research project at the
1188:10.1163/18778372-04401006
1027:Forster & Müller 2020
1019:Ḥall mushkilāt al-Shudhūr
1016:(critical edition of the
955:Forster & Müller 2020
939:Forster & Müller 2020
927:Forster & Müller 2020
915:Forster & Müller 2020
899:Forster & Müller 2020
887:Forster & Müller 2020
859:Forster & Müller 2020
847:Forster & Müller 2020
835:Forster & Müller 2020
823:Forster & Müller 2020
811:Forster & Müller 2020
799:Forster & Müller 2020
787:Forster & Müller 2020
775:Forster & Müller 2020
763:Forster & Müller 2020
740:Forster & Müller 2020
693:Forster & Müller 2020
564:Ḥall mushkilāt al-Shudhūr
248:biographical dictionaries
221:Ḥall mushkilāt al-Shudhūr
117:
100:Ḥall mushkilāt al-Shudhūr
78:
62:
45:
35:
26:
21:
1912:Jābir ibn Ḥayyān (Geber)
1745:Agathodaemon (legendary)
1335:Jābir ibn Ḥayyān (Geber)
1147:Müller, Juliane (2022).
943:Braun & Forster 2020
687:Non-critical edition in
671:
502:Islamo-Arabic alchemists
455:
2104:Jan Baptist van Helmont
1844:Stephanus of Alexandria
637:A work on magic called
1937:al-Zahrāwī (Abulcasis)
1495:Abū l-Ashbā ibn Tammām
1407:Aḥmad ibn ʿImād al-Dīn
1397:al-Khawārizmī al-Kāthī
1376:al-Zahrāwī (Abulcasis)
1371:Abū Manṣūr al-Muwaffaq
1254:University of Tübingen
1216:Todd, Richard (2023).
1209:10.1515/asia-2020-0043
1113:10.1515/asia-2020-0009
1092:10.1515/asia-2020-0033
1060:10.13173/9783447115094
470:
438:
315:
2373:Nabataean Agriculture
2260:Books of the Balances
2109:Johann Rudolf Glauber
2079:Giovanni da Correggio
1622:Nabataean Agriculture
1561:Books of the Balances
1002:10.1515/9783110779356
594:because poems of the
463:
301:
2618:In art/entertainment
2028:(pseudo-)Roger Bacon
1790:Zosimos of Panopolis
1785:Paphnutia the Virgin
957:, pp. 381, 396.
801:, pp. 389, 394.
721:Critical edition in
179:('Shards of Gold').
2721:12th-century deaths
2638:Philosophers' stone
2633:Pill of Immortality
2529:Fasciculus chemicus
2476:Turba philosophorum
2394:Physika kai mystika
2124:Michael Sendivogius
2003:pseudo-Michael Scot
1839:pseudo-Olympiodorus
1780:Ostanes (legendary)
1671:Turba Philosophorum
1520:Philosopher's stone
1402:al-Muʿizz ibn Bādīs
889:, pp. 376–379.
849:, pp. 394–396.
837:, pp. 397–400.
789:, pp. 392–393.
777:, pp. 382–387.
765:, pp. 387–388.
624:Risāla fī al-kīmiyā
344:but later moved to
186:(Morocco) who died
2536:Musaeum Hermeticum
2462:Summa perfectionis
2441:(pseudo-Aristotle)
2431:Secret of Creation
2380:Ordinal of Alchemy
2023:pseudo-Ramon Llull
1927:Maslama al-Qurṭubī
1663:Secret of Creation
1645:(pseudo-Aristotle)
1589:Five Hundred Books
1366:Maslama al-Qurṭubī
1256:on Ibn Arfa' Ra's)
1029:, p. 375 and
695:, p. 375 and
657:, another work on
471:
440:terminus post quem
316:
94:('Shards of Gold')
52:, fl. most likely
2708:
2707:
2566:
2565:
2543:Theatrum chemicum
2359:Mirror of Alchimy
2311:Tabula Smaragdina
2288:Clavis sapientiae
2227:Aurora consurgens
2198:
2197:
2134:Pierre-Jean Fabre
2084:Heinrich Khunrath
1998:Magister Salernus
1973:Guido di Montanor
1760:pseudo-Democritus
1722:Alchemy (general)
1688:
1687:
1607:Clavis sapientiae
1503:
1502:
1166:10.5617/jais.9570
1070:978-3-447-11509-4
1043:Secondary sources
1036:Shudhūr al-dhahab
1011:978-614-485-165-4
985:Shudhūr al-dhahab
702:Shudhūr al-dhahab
591:Shudhūr al-dhahab
536:Shudhūr al-dhahab
497:Shudhūr al-dhahab
494:poems called the
476:Shudhūr al-dhahab
467:Shudhūr al-dhahab
305:Shudhūr al-dhahab
283:) or al-Jayyānī (
215:Shudhūr al-dhahab
175:Shudhūr al-dhahab
133:
132:
90:Shudhūr al-dhahab
2753:
2698:
2697:
2412:Step of the Sage
2352:Mappae clavicula
2319:Leyden papyrus X
2220:Atalanta fugiens
2209:
2208:
2190:Mary Anne Atwood
2175:Eugène Canseliet
2054:Andreas Libavius
2033:Taddeo Alderotti
1808:Fang (alchemist)
1755:pseudo-Cleopatra
1735:
1734:
1715:
1708:
1701:
1692:
1691:
1603:Mifthāḥ al-ḥikma
1304:
1303:
1284:
1277:
1270:
1261:
1260:
1239:
1237:
1212:
1191:
1182:(1–2): 116–144.
1170:
1168:
1143:
1141:
1116:
1095:
1074:
1062:
1038:
1021:
1015:
987:
981:
958:
952:
946:
936:
930:
924:
918:
912:
906:
896:
890:
884:
878:
872:
866:
856:
850:
844:
838:
832:
826:
820:
814:
808:
802:
796:
790:
784:
778:
772:
766:
760:
743:
732:
726:
719:
710:
704:
685:
656:
642:
633:
626:
619:
606:
599:
593:
582:
572:
566:
560:
545:
538:
529:
525:
522:
514:
511:
499:
488:
478:
469:
443:
435:
432:
412:
402:
398:
395:
388:(1332–1406) and
362:
354:
339:
338:1197 CE (593 AH)
335:
327:
313:
308:, shown here as
307:
294:
276:
269:
261:
260:
255:
254:
236:
229:
223:
217:
192:
189:
177:
169:
154:
149:
145:
109:
103:
102:
93:
92:
81:
65:
58:
57: 1150–1200
55:
31:
19:
18:
2761:
2760:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2711:
2710:
2709:
2704:
2686:
2681:Suns in alchemy
2562:
2488:
2427:Sirr al-khalīqa
2408:Rutbat al-ḥakīm
2292:Miftāḥ al-ḥikma
2194:
2180:Frater Albertus
2158:
2154:Wilhelm Homberg
2059:Basil Valentine
2042:
2013:Paul of Taranto
1978:Hugh of Evesham
1953:pseudo-Albertus
1941:
1887:pseudo-Avicenna
1853:
1827:
1800:Ancient Chinese
1794:
1770:Mary the Jewess
1724:
1719:
1689:
1684:
1659:Sirr al-khalīqa
1539:
1499:
1473:
1442:
1416:
1392:pseudo-Avicenna
1380:
1339:
1323:
1293:
1288:
1246:
1071:
1045:
1012:
972:
970:Primary sources
967:
962:
961:
953:
949:
937:
933:
925:
921:
913:
909:
901:, p. 379;
897:
893:
885:
881:
873:
869:
857:
853:
845:
841:
833:
829:
821:
817:
809:
805:
797:
793:
785:
781:
773:
769:
761:
757:
752:
747:
746:
733:
729:
720:
713:
686:
679:
674:
631:Tartīb al-iksīr
553:
527:
523:
512:
480:
458:
433:
400:
396:
337:
329:
244:
218:under the name
190:
147:
113:
97:
87:
79:
63:
56:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2759:
2749:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2702:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2613:Iatrochemistry
2610:
2605:
2603:Elixir of life
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2574:
2572:
2568:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2560:
2553:
2546:
2539:
2532:
2525:
2518:
2511:
2504:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2486:
2479:
2472:
2465:
2458:
2455:Splendor solis
2451:
2443:
2435:
2423:
2416:
2404:
2397:
2390:
2383:
2376:
2369:
2362:
2355:
2348:
2341:
2334:
2322:
2315:
2307:Emerald Tablet
2303:
2296:
2284:
2277:
2270:
2263:
2256:
2249:
2242:
2230:
2223:
2215:
2213:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1892:Ibn Arfaʿ Raʾs
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1863:
1861:
1859:Arabic-Islamic
1855:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1804:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1741:
1739:
1738:Greco-Egyptian
1732:
1726:
1725:
1718:
1717:
1710:
1703:
1695:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1682:
1674:
1667:
1655:
1647:
1639:
1632:
1625:
1618:
1611:
1599:
1592:
1585:
1582:Emerald Tablet
1578:
1571:
1564:
1557:
1549:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1440:
1435:
1433:Ibn Arfaʿ Raʾs
1430:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1337:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1321:
1316:
1310:
1308:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1287:
1286:
1279:
1272:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1245:
1244:External links
1242:
1241:
1240:
1228:(3): 285–302.
1213:
1203:(2): 665–683.
1192:
1171:
1144:
1132:(2): 373–408.
1117:
1107:(2): 637–664.
1096:
1086:(2): 611–636.
1075:
1069:
1044:
1041:
1024:
1023:
1010:
989:
971:
968:
966:
963:
960:
959:
947:
931:
929:, p. 380.
919:
917:, p. 380.
907:
891:
879:
867:
851:
839:
827:
825:, p. 403.
815:
813:, p. 374.
803:
791:
779:
767:
754:
753:
751:
748:
745:
744:
742:, p. 382.
727:
711:
676:
675:
673:
670:
651:. The case of
635:
634:
627:
620:
552:
549:
479:
472:
457:
454:
243:
240:
136:Ibn Arfa' Ra's
131:
130:
119:
115:
114:
112:
111:
95:
84:
82:
80:Major writings
76:
75:
66:
60:
59:
47:
43:
42:
37:
33:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2758:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2701:
2693:
2692:
2689:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2643:Prima materia
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2559:
2558:
2557:Tripus aureus
2554:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2533:
2531:
2530:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2512:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2503:
2502:
2501:Aureum vellus
2498:
2497:
2495:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2478:
2477:
2473:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2464:
2463:
2459:
2457:
2456:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2447:Sirr al-asrār
2444:
2442:
2440:
2439:Sirr al-asrār
2436:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2422:
2421:
2420:Seventy Books
2417:
2415:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2403:
2402:
2398:
2396:
2395:
2391:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2382:
2381:
2377:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2363:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2354:
2353:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2342:
2340:
2339:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2330:Liber dabessi
2327:
2323:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2253:Book of Mercy
2250:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2222:
2221:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2144:Samuel Norton
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2119:Michael Maier
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2039:
2038:Thomas Norton
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1983:Johann of Laz
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1968:George Ripley
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1946:Late medieval
1944:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1902:Ibn Waḥshiyya
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1716:
1711:
1709:
1704:
1702:
1697:
1696:
1693:
1681:
1680:(al-Nabarawi)
1679:
1675:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1651:Sirr al-asrār
1648:
1646:
1644:
1643:Sirr al-asrār
1640:
1638:
1637:
1636:Seventy Books
1633:
1631:
1630:
1626:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1565:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1556:
1555:
1554:Book of Mercy
1551:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1490:Ibn al-Rassām
1488:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1383:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1361:Ibn Waḥshiyya
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1285:
1280:
1278:
1273:
1271:
1266:
1265:
1262:
1255:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1236:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1072:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1046:
1040:
1037:
1032:
1028:
1020:
1013:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
990:
986:
979:
974:
973:
956:
951:
944:
940:
935:
928:
923:
916:
911:
904:
900:
895:
888:
883:
876:
871:
864:
860:
855:
848:
843:
836:
831:
824:
819:
812:
807:
800:
795:
788:
783:
776:
771:
764:
759:
755:
741:
737:
731:
724:
718:
716:
708:
703:
698:
694:
690:
689:Ghazzali 2018
684:
682:
677:
669:
667:
662:
660:
655:
650:
646:
641:
632:
628:
625:
621:
618:
614:
613:
612:
609:
608:collections.
607:
605:
598:
592:
587:
586:Arabic poetry
584:, a genre of
583:
581:
574:
571:
565:
561:, called the
559:
548:
546:
544:
537:
531:
518:
507:
503:
498:
493:
489:
487:
477:
468:
462:
453:
451:
447:
442:
441:
429:lived before
426:
424:
420:
416:
411:
406:
391:
390:Leo Africanus
387:
381:
379:
375:
374:Maliki school
371:
367:
366:jurisprudence
363:
361:
355:
353:
347:
343:
333:
330:1122 CE (515
326:
321:
312:
306:
300:
296:
293:
292:
286:
282:
278:
275:
268:
267:
249:
239:
237:
235:
228:
222:
216:
210:
208:
204:
200:
197:, perhaps in
196:
185:
180:
178:
176:
170:
168:
162:
158:
153:
141:
137:
128:
124:
120:
116:
108:
101:
96:
91:
86:
85:
83:
77:
74:
73:Arabic poetry
70:
67:
61:
51:
48:
44:
41:
38:
34:
30:
25:
20:
2700:All articles
2555:
2548:
2541:
2534:
2527:
2520:
2513:
2506:
2499:
2493:Compilations
2481:
2474:
2467:
2460:
2453:
2446:
2438:
2430:
2426:
2418:
2411:
2407:
2399:
2392:
2385:
2378:
2371:
2364:
2357:
2350:
2343:
2338:Liber ignium
2336:
2329:
2325:
2317:
2310:
2306:
2298:
2291:
2287:
2279:
2272:
2265:
2258:
2251:
2244:
2237:
2233:
2225:
2218:
2139:Robert Boyle
2094:Isaac Newton
2089:Hennig Brand
2074:Gerhard Dorn
2047:Early modern
2018:Petrus Bonus
1963:pseudo-Geber
1891:
1775:pseudo-Moses
1677:
1669:
1662:
1658:
1650:
1642:
1634:
1627:
1621:
1614:
1606:
1602:
1595:
1587:
1580:
1573:
1567:
1559:
1552:
1478:14th century
1447:13th century
1432:
1421:12th century
1385:11th century
1344:10th century
1225:
1221:
1200:
1196:
1179:
1175:
1156:
1152:
1129:
1125:
1104:
1100:
1083:
1079:
1050:
1025:
993:
977:
965:Bibliography
950:
934:
922:
910:
903:Forster 2021
894:
882:
870:
854:
842:
830:
818:
806:
794:
782:
770:
758:
730:
666:Ibn al-Fāriḍ
663:
659:letter magic
636:
610:
575:
554:
532:
481:
427:
382:
320:Ibn al-Abbar
317:
245:
211:
207:Islamic East
181:
172:
144:ابن أرفع رأس
135:
134:
2623:Magnum opus
2593:Chrysopoeia
2515:De alchemia
2366:Mutus liber
2345:Liber lucis
2212:Major Works
2099:Jakob Böhme
1988:John Dastin
1932:al-Ṭughrāʾī
1818:Master Geng
1428:al-Ṭughrāʾī
1328:9th century
1307:8th century
1159:(1): 1–30.
1031:Müller 2022
863:Müller 2022
723:Müller 2024
697:Müller 2022
551:Other works
528: 1342
524: 1337
513: 1250
450:al-Tughra'i
434: 1250
401: 1554
397: 1494
386:Ibn Khaldun
191: 1197
2715:Categories
2668:Substances
2608:Homunculus
2274:Cantong Qi
2185:Fulcanelli
2129:Paracelsus
1922:al-Jildakī
1823:Wei Boyang
1730:Alchemists
1485:al-Jildakī
1299:Alchemists
1126:Al-Qanṭara
750:References
649:Ibn Sabʿīn
597:muwashshaḥ
580:muwashshaḥ
526: – c.
517:al-Jildakī
492:alchemical
446:al-Mas'udi
399: – c.
378:Qarawiyyin
342:Al-Andalus
281:Medinaceli
234:muwashshaḥ
195:Al-Andalus
148:full name:
127:al-Jildakī
2663:Processes
2628:Ouroboros
2449:(al-Rāzī)
2170:Carl Jung
2008:Ortolanus
1907:al-ʿIrāqī
1882:Artephius
1872:Alphidius
1832:Byzantine
1653:(al-Rāzī)
1454:al-Simāwī
1438:Artephius
875:Todd 2023
736:vowelized
707:Todd 2023
530:) alone.
519:(written
506:al-Sīmāwī
161:alchemist
159:poet and
123:al-Sīmāwī
118:Influence
64:Known for
2658:Yliaster
2238:Morienus
2204:Writings
2114:John Dee
1849:Synesius
1525:al-iksīr
1508:Concepts
436:, but a
380:mosque.
242:Identity
157:Maghrebi
2677:Unicode
2673:Symbols
2598:Element
2583:Athanor
2578:Alembic
2571:Various
1813:Ge Hong
1535:Athanor
1530:Alembic
645:al-Būnī
570:Shudhūr
423:Morocco
419:Mashreq
415:Maghreb
405:Granada
372:of the
360:qirāʾāt
227:Shudhūr
203:Almohad
199:Granada
107:Shudhūr
69:Alchemy
50:Almohad
40:Maghreb
2653:Takwin
2163:Modern
1750:Chymes
1515:Takwin
1176:Oriens
1067:
1008:
543:tafsīr
370:hadith
352:khaṭīb
140:Arabic
46:Period
36:Region
2648:Rebis
2588:Azoth
1545:Works
672:Notes
604:dīwān
558:dīwān
486:dīwān
456:Works
410:nisba
291:laqab
274:nisba
266:nasab
167:dīwān
1065:ISBN
1006:ISBN
647:and
573:').
533:The
368:and
285:Jaén
1230:doi
1205:doi
1184:doi
1161:doi
1134:doi
1109:doi
1088:doi
1055:doi
998:doi
510:fl.
490:of
346:Fez
184:Fez
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521:c.
431:c.
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394:c.
332:AH
188:c.
146:–
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