561:). There are three manuscripts of it in the Zahiriyya Library, one of which is complete and two of which contain text. Al-Jaldaki mentioned in the introduction to the book the reasons that prompted him to classify it. He mentioned that he was able to solve the problems of the science of the ancients, and what was transmitted from the virtuous masters of wisdom... after taking the path of request and diligence, and spending a fortune of life and money, and migrating to the sheikhs and notables, within the borders of Iraq and the outskirts of the Romans, to the borders of Morocco, the lands of Egypt, and the outskirts of Yemen, the Hejaz, and the Levant, for a period of more than seventeen years, he studied the Jabriya methods in business, and looked into the secrets of nature and impossibilities.
50:
364:
that was lost from them. He was also fond of the natural sciences and plants, and was keen to delve into their topics and read the most important books on these sciences. He did not leave a book on chemistry without reading and commenting on it. He was known for his generosity, piety, spreading knowledge, and caring for seekers of knowledge. He would open his home to students of knowledge, and would open his heart to anyone who asked him for questions or clarification on issues of chemistry or other branches of knowledge. Al-Jaldaki was distinguished by his writing in a style that was difficult to understand. Some people sometimes accuse him of being a style that is closer to
550:
on the origins of the four elements and what relates to the scales of each one of them, and the third on humans, animals, plants, and minerals and their features. The fourth examines the seven bodies, Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, the sun, Venus, Mercury, and the moon and their features. The fifth deals with salts. The sixth deals with adornments. The seventh deals with certainty about the balances of the mineral bodies and the wisdom of their manufacture and in explaining metals. The eighth deals with the implications of the science of balance and work to arrive at the preparation of the elixir and its benefits, followed by the conclusion.
445:"...However, Al-Jaldaki is considered one of the greatest scholars knowledgeable about the history of chemistry and what was written about it before him. He was fond of collecting chemical works and interpreting them, and it was his habit to quote entire paragraphs from famous people who preceded him, such as Jabir bin Hayyan and Abu Bakr Al-Razi. Thus, he performed a great service for the history of chemistry in Islam, as he recorded in his relatively recent books what had disappeared and been lost from the books of his predecessors. His works were the best source for knowledge of chemistry and chemists in Islam.
469:"Al-Jaldaki is truly considered one of the scientists who have a great role in the science of chemistry. Al-Jaldaki was very interested in reading what was written about the science of chemistry, so he took from his readings and analysis a way to build a scientific path in the science of chemistry. This is what is called the literature of Egyptian and Islamic chemistry. Al-Jaldaki carried out experiments in the field of chemistry, and although most of his work is analytical, he is one of the scientists to whom modern scientists owe a great deal."
852:"If al-Jildaki had been a native of a town outside of Mashad, born shortly after the turn of the 14th century, we would expect him to be a Persian speaker, born and raised in a village inside Ilkhanid controlled territory. Nowhere in his many works is there so much as a hint that al-Jildaki read or understood Persian (or Turkish, for that matter); his works are all in Arabic, and the works on which he commented were all in Arabic. His first name, Aydemir, is also a problem. Aydemir is an archly Turkic name."
2392:
576:). Al-Jaldaki divided this book into four sections, and each section has ninety keys. This book includes many topics, including: the manufacture of chemistry and metallurgy, medicine and anatomy, animal generation, elixirs, the cultivation of gold and silver, the science of divine craftsmanship, the science of sacred stones, drugs and medicines, human natures, zodiac signs, and talisman.
431:
comments, explanations, and corrections to many chemistry books written by his predecessors, Western scientists. Al-Jaldaki was aware of the electronic structure of the atom, as he compared it to the solar system in his famous poetry and wrote many scientific books that were circulated in many libraries around the world, but most of them are still in manuscript form.
586:(البدر المنير في معرفة الإكسير): two small treatises written by al-Jaldaki, in the first of which he explains three verses from the beginning of the Diwan al-Shadhur by Sheikh Burhan al-Din Ali bin Musa al-Andalusi, known as Ibn Arfa' Ras (515-593 AH/ 1121-1196 AD). As for the Al-Badr Al-Munir, Al-Jaldaki explained the ninth verse of the Diwan Al-Shadhur in it.
749:
549:
It contained many laws from nature regarding the chemistry industry. This book was detailed and classified, indicating Al-Jaldaki's depth in the method of scientific research. The book contains eight articles on divine wisdom and hidden secrets. The first article includes the introduction, the second
473:
Al-Jaldaki has important opinions in chemistry, including: that chemical substances do not interact with each other except in certain proportions, and this was the basis for the law of definite proportions in chemical reactions. He also reached the possibility of separating gold from silver by nitric
449:
Al-Jaldaki was one of the scientists who believed that base metals could be transformed into precious metals, by making elixirs. Therefore, he collected the most famous Arabic works on this science that appeared in the East and West of the
Islamic world, and studied and explained them. Ahmad Shawkat
363:
He is famous for his concern for the authenticity of transmission, so his works are considered of high value to historians of science. In addition, his collection of the works of the predecessors in chemistry, his preservation of them, and his analysis of their content preserved much of the heritage
756:
430:
method, such as filter papers, distillation under a water bath, and double distillation. He was the first to say that the substance gives its own color when burned. He also researched various fields, in addition to chemistry and botany, such as mechanics, acoustics, and air and water waves. He made
359:
Al-Jaldaki grew up loving science, and devoted himself to reading all the chemistry books he could find, and read them critically. He was fascinated by Jabir ibn Hayyan, to the point that he called him "the Imam". He collected 42 works from his books that he studied and discussed. He also read
565:
said about it in his book "Introduction to the
History of Science": "It is considered one of the most important books produced by the Egyptian mind. Because of the accurate information it contains, it is based on the production of giants of Islamic scholars such as: Jabir bin Hayyan and
927:
C. Brockelmann, Geschichte der arabischen
Litteratur, 1st edition, 2 vols. (Leiden: Brill, 1889–1936). Second edition, 2 vols. (Leiden: Brill, 1943–49). Page references will be to those of the first edition, with the 2nd edition page numbers given in parentheses, vol. 2, p. 138-9
645:
474:
acid, which dissolves the silver, leaving pure gold. He was interested in studying the properties of mercury, because he believed that all stones had their origin in mercury. Eric John
Holmyard mentions in his book "Chemistry to the Time of Dalton":
410:, a method still used today. He gave a detailed description of the method of prevention and necessary precautions against the danger of inhaling gases resulting from chemical reactions, and thus he was the first to think of inventing and using
872:"Thus, the nisba al-Jildaki for a Mamluk means that he was purchased and/or manumitted by a master whose name was Jildak. Jildak is an uncommon but attested Turkic name, especially among Mamluk amirs."
293:. Nicholas G. Harris has criticized this theory noting that it was never mentioned in any pre-modern source before. Instead, he notes that all the biographical information known about him –like his
589:"The Luminaries of Luminous Thoughts in Explanation of the Paper Water and the Astral Earth": It is a manuscript in the Explanation of the Five Books of Abu Abdullah Muhammad bin Amil Al-Tamimi.
490:"Five centuries after Al-Jaladaki's death, the scientist Joseph Proust announced the law of definite proportions in the chemical union, and its meaning is the same as Al-Jaldaki's theory."
832:"Otherwise, apart from this one putative instance, "al-Jaldaki as a name element denoting an origin from the village of Jaldak does not exist in any pre-modern source."
1240:
977:
2456:
812:"Lastly, answering the third question requires us to revisit the position of Henry Corbin who pegged al-Jildaki as an Iranian emigre to the Mamluk domains."
1554:
790:
Aydamur al-Jaldaki (the correct vocalization is not
Jildaki) was an Iranian from Jaldak, a town about eighteen kilometres away from Mashhad in Khurāsān.
2426:
994:
541:
Mentioning some theories related to the science of mechanics, the science of sounds and waves that travel in water and air, relying on the works of
2164:
1372:
203:
of Egypt. A scientist and author who specialized in chemistry and lived in the eighth century AH. He copied entire paragraphs from the works of
1941:
2461:
458:"Al-Jaldaki is one of the famous scientists in chemistry, not only among Western and Muslim scientists, but also among chemists in general."
598:
Historical sources differed on the date of his death. Some references stated that he died in 743 AH / 1342 AD, and the German orientalist "
970:
883:
316:
Al-Jildaki was one of the last and one of the greatest of medieval
Islamic alchemists, he was the author of scientific works such as the
351:
has three. His treatises, which reflect interests much broader than simply alchemy, preserve extensive quotations from earlier authors.
912:
348:
1976:
478:"Al-Jaldaki concluded with complete aplomb that substances do not interact with each other except in fixed proportions and weights."
398:, who was born five centuries after Al-Jaldaki, falsely claimed for himself. Al-Jaldaki developed a chemical method for separating
378:
in 1954 that Al-Jaldaki spent seventeen years on his scientific travels. He laid the basic building block for the creation of the "
936:
773:
196:
360:
Al-Razi and other scientists, and made many comments and many explanations of some theories and mysterious issues in chemistry.
963:
718:
2441:
986:
243:
Despite being one of the most important
Islamic scholars of the 14th century, almost nothing is known about his early life.
526:). This manuscript contains eight articles and 224 pages. In this book, Al-Jaldaki sought to achieve the following matters:
1995:
1948:
1249:
49:
2372:
2178:
368:
for the average reader, but this does not fault him because he was writing for specialists in the field of chemistry.
1408:
946:
783:
270:. Historical scholars almost unanimously agree that he belongs to Egypt, so they called him al-Masry (the Egyptian).
649:
2436:
2313:
1962:
1928:
1270:
538:
Explanation of Jabir ibn Hayyan's book on bodies, and most of Jabir's books of scales were also mentioned in it.
1774:
2363:
2358:
2245:
1899:
2446:
2416:
1844:
1324:
619:
Harris, Nicholas G. (13 September 2017). "In Search of ʿIzz al-Dīn
Aydamir al-Ǧildakī, Mamlūk Alchemist".
535:
called "The Secret of
Creation and the Work of Nature in the Seven Bodies," known as the "Book of Causes".
2466:
2217:
2203:
379:
147:
2451:
2096:
2082:
2020:
2075:
2068:
1839:
1733:
1663:
1316:
1102:
111:
2196:
1534:
1440:
310:
298:
297:
name "Aydamir", places of residence and native language – would make sense only when set against a
200:
29:
887:
2141:
1799:
1539:
1450:
1345:
450:
Al-Shatti says about him in his book "مجموعة أبحاث عن تاريخ العلوم الطبيعة في الحضارة الإسلامية
2333:
1653:
1215:
1159:
1097:
227:, as he recorded in his works much of what had disappeared from the books of his predecessors.
2318:
2054:
1955:
1804:
1688:
1401:
1256:
1190:
1092:
2421:
1587:
1485:
1480:
1128:
375:
220:
212:
8:
2328:
2224:
2171:
2133:
2089:
1819:
1470:
1366:
1337:
1066:
532:
1870:
955:
2231:
2157:
1425:
1284:
916:
699:
691:
462:
452:
A Collection of
Research on the History of the Natural Sciences in Islamic Civilization
371:
302:
274:
2368:
2293:
2238:
1982:
1922:
1829:
1779:
1693:
1668:
1455:
942:
779:
703:
683:
508:
434:
228:
2431:
2395:
2047:
2014:
1915:
1885:
1759:
1749:
1728:
1612:
1607:
1562:
1503:
1394:
1297:
1046:
1030:
1009:
675:
628:
599:
306:
294:
286:
208:
204:
72:
2376:
2121:
2102:
1875:
1849:
1754:
1708:
1673:
1648:
1572:
1495:
1465:
1353:
1164:
1014:
653:
559:
The end of the request in explaining the book acquired in the cultivation of gold
387:
383:
185:
181:
37:
2308:
2298:
2150:
2001:
1764:
1277:
1220:
1123:
542:
414:
in chemistry laboratories. His contributions extended to the in-depth study of
232:
132:
1794:
632:
2410:
2338:
2252:
2115:
1865:
1814:
1678:
1597:
1331:
1154:
1056:
919:
687:
562:
395:
250:. In his writings he reveals that he spent seventeen years traveling through
2033:
1834:
1789:
1784:
1769:
1713:
1698:
1658:
1107:
932:
769:
427:
391:
301:
background. Harris further notes that the name "Jildak" and its derivative
278:
263:
2288:
2210:
2061:
2040:
1723:
1718:
1683:
1513:
407:
2303:
1969:
1880:
1824:
1632:
1627:
1518:
1185:
1071:
695:
411:
189:
101:
97:
2323:
1703:
1602:
1592:
1577:
1567:
1460:
1290:
1149:
1133:
1051:
216:
193:
1386:
863:
843:
823:
803:
679:
2353:
1809:
1622:
1582:
1544:
1087:
1061:
512:
426:
making that was known at the time. He explained the currently used
365:
255:
2278:
2273:
1508:
1475:
1417:
1230:
1225:
881:
128:
16:
Medieval Egyptian alchemist, chemist, doctor and writer (d. 1342)
515:
contains several rare manuscripts containing some of his works:
2348:
1445:
1210:
864:"In Search of 'Izz al-Dīn Aydemir al-Ǧildakī, Mamlūk Alchemist"
844:"In Search of 'Izz al-Dīn Aydemir al-Ǧildakī, Mamlūk Alchemist"
824:"In Search of 'Izz al-Dīn Aydemir al-Ǧildakī, Mamlūk Alchemist"
804:"In Search of 'Izz al-Dīn Aydemir al-Ǧildakī, Mamlūk Alchemist"
422:, which enabled him to make some improvements to the method of
415:
403:
282:
188:: Ⲉⲍ ⲉⲗⲇⲓⲛ ⲉⲗϫⲗⲇⲕⲓ), also written al-Jaldakī (d. 1342 CE / 743
136:
555:
Nihayat al-Talb fi Sharh Kitab al-Muqtasab fi Ziraeat al-Dhahb
347:
He was a prolific author of alchemical writings, of which the
2343:
2283:
290:
267:
259:
247:
224:
116:
107:
77:
68:
482:
Abdul Razzaq Nofal adds in his book "المسلمون والعلم الحديث
507:), which he wrote in Cairo in the year 742 AH/1341 AD. The
505:
The Results of Thought in Revealing the Conditions of Stone
423:
419:
399:
251:
985:
524:
The Proof Regarding Secrets of the Science of the Balance
342:
The Proof Regarding Secrets of the Science of the Balance
146:
laying the basic building block for the creation of the "
382:" in chemical union, and explained it in detail, which
394:
later relied on in their studies. It is the law that
717:
Forster, Regula; Müller, Juliane (1 December 2019).
437:
says in his book "العلوم البحتة في العصور الإسلامية
666:Holmyard, Eric John (1937). "Aidamir al-Jildakī".
557:(نهاية الطلب في شرح كتاب المكتسب في زراعة الذهب,
277:as "al-Jaldaki ", some 20th century writers like
2408:
2165:Suspicions about the Hidden Realities of the Air
150:" in chemical union, and explaining it in detail
465:says about him in his book Makers of Chemistry:
1942:Book of the Silvery Water and the Starry Earth
2457:14th-century people from the Mamluk Sultanate
1402:
971:
716:
1573:pseudo-Apollonius of Tyana (Balīnūs/Balīnās)
335:
321:
750:الدين الجلدكي.. رائد علم الكيمياء والنبات."
602:" stated that he died in 762 AH / 1361 AD.
273:Based on a speculative vocalization of his
1689:John of Rupescissa (Jean de Roquetaillade)
1409:
1395:
978:
964:
913:United States National Library of Medicine
580:Matalie Al-Badur fi Sharh Diwan al-Shadhur
374:mentioned in his doctoral thesis from the
349:United States National Library of Medicine
48:
1977:Chymical Wedding of Christian Rosenkreutz
882:Salim T S Al-Hassani; Mohammed Abattouy.
2427:Alchemists of the medieval Islamic world
1292:al-ʿIlm al-muktasab fī zirāʿat al-dhahab
911:This article incorporates text from the
665:
235:", stated that al-Jildakī has 26 books.
582:(مطالع البدور في شرح ديوان الشذور) and
56:Demonstration of secrets of the balance
2409:
1765:George Starkey (Eirenaeus Philalethes)
931:
768:
748:Al-Itihad newspaper (7 Oct 2017). "عز
618:
503:(نتائج الفكر في الكشف عن أحوال الحجر,
332:Kitab al-Burhan fi asrar 'ilm al-mizan
281:suggested that he was originally from
1845:Thomas Vaughan (Eugenius Philalethes)
1416:
1390:
987:Alchemy in the medieval Islamic world
959:
584:Al-Badr al-Munir fi Marefat al-Elixir
2462:14th-century Arabic-language writers
884:"The Advent of Scientific Chemistry"
744:
742:
740:
738:
736:
734:
732:
522:(کتاب البرهان فی اسرار علم المیزان,
33:
1996:De consideratione quintae essentiae
1271:Masāʾil Khālid li-Maryānus al-rāhib
1160:Abū l-ʿAbbās al-Nabātī (pharmacist)
759:on 2020-12-21. Retrieved 2024-02-17
336:
322:
13:
1374:Nihāyat al-rutba fī ṭalab al-ḥisba
861:
841:
821:
801:
501:natayij al-fikr fi 'ahwal al-hajar
14:
2478:
729:
337:کتاب البرهان فی اسرار علم المیزان
2391:
2390:
1963:Buch der heiligen Dreifaltigkeit
1264:al-Burhān fī asrār ʿilm al-mīzān
520:al-Burhan fi asrar 'ilm al-mizan
246:Al-Jildaki was probably born in
165:al-Burhan fi asrar 'ilm al-mizan
1930:Liber de compositione alchemiae
1654:(pseudo-)Arnaldus de Villa Nova
1613:pseudo-Khālid ibn Yazīd (Calid)
1461:Hermes Trismegistus (legendary)
1010:pseudo-Khālid ibn Yazīd (Calid)
941:. Routledge. pp. 331–332.
875:
855:
219:, and others, thus serving the
2179:Twelve Keys of Basil Valentine
835:
815:
795:
762:
710:
659:
639:
612:
1:
2246:Theatrum chemicum Britannicum
938:History of Islamic Philosophy
775:History of Islamic Philosophy
723:Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
605:
574:Key of the Sciences of Lights
439:Pure Sciences in Islamic Ages
328:Key of the Sciences of Lights
2442:14th-century Egyptian people
1325:One Hundred and Twelve Books
7:
2218:Deutsches Theatrum Chemicum
2204:Bibliotheca chemica curiosa
1311:al-Miṣbāḥ fī ʿilm al-miftāḥ
531:Explanation of the book of
380:Law of definite Proportions
148:Law of definite proportions
10:
2483:
2097:Rosary of the Philosophers
2083:Papyrus Graecus Holmiensis
2022:Liber Hermetis de alchemia
1165:Ḥasan al-Rammāḥ (engineer)
1155:Ibn al-Bayṭār (pharmacist)
1015:pseudo-Apollonius of Tyana
905:
778:. Routledge. p. 331.
570:al-Misbah fi Ilm al-Miftah
545:, al-Tusi, and al-Shirazi.
484:Muslims and Modern Science
330:) and alchemical treatise
318:al-Misbah fi Ilm al-Miftah
305:"Al-Jildaki" are attested
162:al-Misbah fi Ilm al-Miftah
41:
2386:
2266:
2188:
1907:
1898:
1858:
1760:pseudo-Bernard of Treviso
1742:
1641:
1593:Ibn Umayl (Senior Zadith)
1563:Abū Bakr al-Rāzī (Rhazes)
1553:
1527:
1494:
1433:
1424:
1239:
1203:
1173:
1142:
1116:
1108:Ibn al-Wāfid (pharmacist)
1080:
1052:Ibn Umayl (Senior Zadith)
1047:Abū Bakr al-Rāzī (Rhazes)
1039:
1023:
1002:
993:
633:10.1163/15700585-12341460
572:(المصباح فی علم المفتاح,
154:
142:
124:
112:Egyptian Mamluk Sultanate
85:
73:Egyptian Mamluk Sultanate
62:
47:
28:
21:
1608:Jābir ibn Ḥayyān (Geber)
1441:Agathodaemon (legendary)
1031:Jābir ibn Ḥayyān (Geber)
593:
494:
354:
309:names, especially among
174:Ali bin Mahammad Aydamir
2437:14th-century alchemists
1800:Jan Baptist van Helmont
1540:Stephanus of Alexandria
499:He has a book entitled
238:
1633:al-Zahrāwī (Abulcasis)
1191:Abū l-Ashbā ibn Tammām
1103:Aḥmad ibn ʿImād al-Dīn
1093:al-Khawārizmī al-Kāthī
1072:al-Zahrāwī (Abulcasis)
1067:Abū Manṣūr al-Muwaffaq
492:
480:
471:
460:
447:
323:المصباح فی علم المفتاح
199:from the 14th century
178:ʿIzz al-Dīn al-Jildakī
23:ʿIzz al-Dīn al-Jildakī
2069:Nabataean Agriculture
1956:Books of the Balances
1805:Johann Rudolf Glauber
1775:Giovanni da Correggio
1318:Nabataean Agriculture
1257:Books of the Balances
488:
476:
467:
456:
443:
289:before emigrating to
217:Abu al-Qasim al-Iraqi
2314:In art/entertainment
1724:(pseudo-)Roger Bacon
1486:Zosimos of Panopolis
1481:Paphnutia the Virgin
753:Al-Itihad newspaper.
652:17 February 2024 on
376:University of London
221:history of chemistry
184:: عز الدين الجلدكي;
2447:14th-century slaves
2417:Egyptian alchemists
2334:Philosophers' stone
2329:Pill of Immortality
2225:Fasciculus chemicus
2172:Turba philosophorum
2090:Physika kai mystika
1820:Michael Sendivogius
1699:pseudo-Michael Scot
1535:pseudo-Olympiodorus
1476:Ostanes (legendary)
1367:Turba Philosophorum
1216:Philosopher's stone
1098:al-Muʿizz ibn Bādīs
918:), which is in the
533:Apollonius of Tyana
2467:Writers from Cairo
2232:Musaeum Hermeticum
2158:Summa perfectionis
2137:(pseudo-Aristotle)
2127:Secret of Creation
2076:Ordinal of Alchemy
1719:pseudo-Ramon Llull
1623:Maslama al-Qurṭubī
1359:Secret of Creation
1341:(pseudo-Aristotle)
1285:Five Hundred Books
1062:Maslama al-Qurṭubī
862:Harris, Nicholas.
842:Harris, Nicholas.
822:Harris, Nicholas.
802:Harris, Nicholas.
463:Eric John Holmyard
372:Manouchehr Taslimi
2452:Egyptian chemists
2404:
2403:
2262:
2261:
2239:Theatrum chemicum
2055:Mirror of Alchimy
2007:Tabula Smaragdina
1984:Clavis sapientiae
1923:Aurora consurgens
1894:
1893:
1830:Pierre-Jean Fabre
1780:Heinrich Khunrath
1694:Magister Salernus
1669:Guido di Montanor
1456:pseudo-Democritus
1418:Alchemy (general)
1384:
1383:
1303:Clavis sapientiae
1199:
1198:
509:Zahiriyya Library
435:Omar Rida Kahhala
231:, the author of "
171:
170:
2474:
2394:
2393:
2108:Step of the Sage
2048:Mappae clavicula
2015:Leyden papyrus X
1916:Atalanta fugiens
1905:
1904:
1886:Mary Anne Atwood
1871:Eugène Canseliet
1750:Andreas Libavius
1729:Taddeo Alderotti
1504:Fang (alchemist)
1451:pseudo-Cleopatra
1431:
1430:
1411:
1404:
1397:
1388:
1387:
1299:Mifthāḥ al-ḥikma
1000:
999:
980:
973:
966:
957:
956:
952:
899:
898:
896:
895:
886:. Archived from
879:
873:
871:
859:
853:
851:
839:
833:
831:
819:
813:
811:
799:
793:
792:
766:
760:
746:
727:
726:
714:
708:
707:
663:
657:
643:
637:
636:
627:(3–4): 531–556.
616:
600:Karl Brockelmann
339:
338:
325:
324:
209:Abu Bakr al-Razi
205:Jabir bin Hayyan
201:Mamluk Sultanate
157:
96:
94:
52:
43:
42:Ⲉⲍ ⲉⲗⲇⲓⲛ ⲉⲗϫⲗⲇⲕⲓ
35:
34:عز الدين الجلدكي
19:
18:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2471:
2407:
2406:
2405:
2400:
2382:
2377:Suns in alchemy
2258:
2184:
2123:Sirr al-khalīqa
2104:Rutbat al-ḥakīm
1988:Miftāḥ al-ḥikma
1890:
1876:Frater Albertus
1854:
1850:Wilhelm Homberg
1755:Basil Valentine
1738:
1709:Paul of Taranto
1674:Hugh of Evesham
1649:pseudo-Albertus
1637:
1583:pseudo-Avicenna
1549:
1523:
1496:Ancient Chinese
1490:
1466:Mary the Jewess
1420:
1415:
1385:
1380:
1355:Sirr al-khalīqa
1235:
1195:
1169:
1138:
1112:
1088:pseudo-Avicenna
1076:
1035:
1019:
989:
984:
949:
908:
903:
902:
893:
891:
880:
876:
860:
856:
840:
836:
820:
816:
800:
796:
786:
767:
763:
747:
730:
715:
711:
680:10.2307/4241604
664:
660:
654:Wayback Machine
644:
640:
617:
613:
608:
596:
497:
357:
241:
182:Egyptian Arabic
155:
120:
114:
105:
92:
90:
81:
75:
58:
36:
30:Egyptian Arabic
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2480:
2470:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2380:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2309:Iatrochemistry
2306:
2301:
2299:Elixir of life
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2270:
2268:
2264:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2256:
2249:
2242:
2235:
2228:
2221:
2214:
2207:
2200:
2192:
2190:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2175:
2168:
2161:
2154:
2151:Splendor solis
2147:
2139:
2131:
2119:
2112:
2100:
2093:
2086:
2079:
2072:
2065:
2058:
2051:
2044:
2037:
2030:
2018:
2011:
2003:Emerald Tablet
1999:
1992:
1980:
1973:
1966:
1959:
1952:
1945:
1938:
1926:
1919:
1911:
1909:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1746:
1744:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1588:Ibn Arfaʿ Raʾs
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1559:
1557:
1555:Arabic-Islamic
1551:
1550:
1548:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1500:
1498:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1437:
1435:
1434:Greco-Egyptian
1428:
1422:
1421:
1414:
1413:
1406:
1399:
1391:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1378:
1370:
1363:
1351:
1343:
1335:
1328:
1321:
1314:
1307:
1295:
1288:
1281:
1278:Emerald Tablet
1274:
1267:
1260:
1253:
1245:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1136:
1131:
1129:Ibn Arfaʿ Raʾs
1126:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1077:
1075:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1033:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1017:
1012:
1006:
1004:
997:
991:
990:
983:
982:
975:
968:
960:
954:
953:
947:
929:
907:
904:
901:
900:
874:
854:
834:
814:
794:
784:
761:
755:Archived from
728:
709:
658:
638:
610:
609:
607:
604:
595:
592:
591:
590:
587:
577:
567:
547:
546:
543:Ibn al-Haytham
539:
536:
528:
527:
496:
493:
356:
353:
240:
237:
233:Kashf al-Zunun
169:
168:
167:
166:
163:
158:
152:
151:
144:
143:Known for
140:
139:
126:
122:
121:
106:
87:
83:
82:
66:
64:
60:
59:
53:
45:
44:
26:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2479:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2397:
2389:
2388:
2385:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2339:Prima materia
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2265:
2255:
2254:
2253:Tripus aureus
2250:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2222:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2197:Aureum vellus
2194:
2193:
2191:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2176:
2174:
2173:
2169:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2143:Sirr al-asrār
2140:
2138:
2136:
2135:Sirr al-asrār
2132:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2118:
2117:
2116:Seventy Books
2113:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2064:
2063:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2026:Liber dabessi
2023:
2019:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1974:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1949:Book of Mercy
1946:
1944:
1943:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1918:
1917:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1840:Samuel Norton
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1815:Michael Maier
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1735:
1734:Thomas Norton
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1679:Johann of Laz
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1664:George Ripley
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1642:Late medieval
1640:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1598:Ibn Waḥshiyya
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1412:
1407:
1405:
1400:
1398:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1377:
1376:(al-Nabarawi)
1375:
1371:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1347:Sirr al-asrār
1344:
1342:
1340:
1339:Sirr al-asrār
1336:
1334:
1333:
1332:Seventy Books
1329:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1252:
1251:
1250:Book of Mercy
1247:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1186:Ibn al-Rassām
1184:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1057:Ibn Waḥshiyya
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1001:
998:
996:
992:
988:
981:
976:
974:
969:
967:
962:
961:
958:
950:
948:9781135198893
944:
940:
939:
934:
933:Corbin, Henry
930:
926:
925:
924:
923:
921:
920:public domain
917:
914:
890:on 2010-11-27
889:
885:
878:
869:
865:
858:
849:
845:
838:
829:
825:
818:
809:
805:
798:
791:
787:
785:9781135198893
781:
777:
776:
771:
770:Corbin, Henry
765:
758:
754:
751:
745:
743:
741:
739:
737:
735:
733:
724:
720:
713:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
662:
655:
651:
650:Archived copy
647:
642:
634:
630:
626:
622:
615:
611:
603:
601:
588:
585:
581:
578:
575:
571:
568:
564:
563:George Sarton
560:
556:
553:
552:
551:
544:
540:
537:
534:
530:
529:
525:
521:
518:
517:
516:
514:
510:
506:
502:
491:
487:
485:
479:
475:
470:
466:
464:
459:
455:
453:
446:
442:
440:
436:
432:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
396:Joseph Proust
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
367:
361:
352:
350:
345:
343:
333:
329:
319:
314:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
271:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
244:
236:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
213:Ibn Arfa` Ras
210:
206:
202:
198:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
164:
161:
160:
159:
153:
149:
145:
141:
138:
134:
130:
127:
125:Occupation(s)
123:
118:
115:(present-day
113:
109:
103:
99:
88:
84:
79:
76:(present-day
74:
70:
65:
61:
57:
51:
46:
39:
31:
27:
20:
2396:All articles
2251:
2244:
2237:
2230:
2223:
2216:
2209:
2202:
2195:
2189:Compilations
2177:
2170:
2163:
2156:
2149:
2142:
2134:
2126:
2122:
2114:
2107:
2103:
2095:
2088:
2081:
2074:
2067:
2060:
2053:
2046:
2039:
2034:Liber ignium
2032:
2025:
2021:
2013:
2006:
2002:
1994:
1987:
1983:
1975:
1968:
1961:
1954:
1947:
1940:
1933:
1929:
1921:
1914:
1835:Robert Boyle
1790:Isaac Newton
1785:Hennig Brand
1770:Gerhard Dorn
1743:Early modern
1714:Petrus Bonus
1659:pseudo-Geber
1617:
1471:pseudo-Moses
1373:
1365:
1358:
1354:
1346:
1338:
1330:
1323:
1317:
1310:
1309:
1302:
1298:
1291:
1283:
1276:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1255:
1248:
1180:
1174:14th century
1143:13th century
1117:12th century
1081:11th century
1040:10th century
937:
910:
909:
892:. Retrieved
888:the original
877:
867:
857:
847:
837:
827:
817:
807:
797:
789:
774:
764:
757:the original
752:
722:
719:"al-Jildakī"
712:
674:(1): 47–53.
671:
667:
661:
641:
624:
620:
614:
597:
583:
579:
573:
569:
558:
554:
548:
523:
519:
504:
500:
498:
489:
483:
481:
477:
472:
468:
461:
457:
451:
448:
444:
438:
433:
428:distillation
370:
362:
358:
346:
341:
331:
327:
317:
315:
285:, a town in
279:Henry Corbin
272:
264:North Africa
245:
242:
229:Haji Khalifa
177:
173:
172:
156:Notable work
55:
54:al-Jildaki,
2422:1342 deaths
2319:Magnum opus
2289:Chrysopoeia
2211:De alchemia
2062:Mutus liber
2041:Liber lucis
1908:Major Works
1795:Jakob Böhme
1684:John Dastin
1628:al-Ṭughrāʾī
1514:Master Geng
1124:al-Ṭughrāʾī
1024:9th century
1003:8th century
412:respirators
408:nitric acid
2411:Categories
2364:Substances
2304:Homunculus
1970:Cantong Qi
1881:Fulcanelli
1825:Paracelsus
1618:al-Jildakī
1519:Wei Boyang
1426:Alchemists
1181:al-Jildakī
995:Alchemists
894:2010-05-15
606:References
2359:Processes
2324:Ouroboros
2145:(al-Rāzī)
1866:Carl Jung
1704:Ortolanus
1603:al-ʿIrāqī
1578:Artephius
1568:Alphidius
1528:Byzantine
1349:(al-Rāzī)
1150:al-Simāwī
1134:Artephius
704:163725755
688:0021-0889
566:Al-Razi."
197:alchemist
192:) was an
2354:Yliaster
1934:Morienus
1900:Writings
1810:John Dee
1545:Synesius
1221:al-iksīr
1204:Concepts
935:(2014).
772:(2014).
513:Damascus
366:talisman
287:Khorasan
256:Anatolia
194:Egyptian
2432:Mamluks
2373:Unicode
2369:Symbols
2294:Element
2279:Athanor
2274:Alembic
2267:Various
1509:Ge Hong
1231:Athanor
1226:Alembic
928:(173-5)
915: (
906:Sources
868:Arabica
848:Arabica
828:Arabica
808:Arabica
696:4241604
656:website
621:Arabica
416:alkalis
388:Galileo
313:amirs.
129:Chemist
91: (
67:Likely
2349:Takwin
1859:Modern
1446:Chymes
1211:Takwin
945:
782:
702:
694:
686:
646:Alukah
404:silver
392:Newton
390:, and
384:Kepler
311:Mamluk
307:Turkic
299:Mamluk
295:Turkic
283:Jaldak
266:, and
186:Coptic
137:Writer
133:Doctor
38:Coptic
2344:Rebis
2284:Azoth
1241:Works
700:S2CID
692:JSTOR
594:Death
495:Books
420:acids
402:from
355:Works
303:Nisba
291:Egypt
275:Nisba
268:Syria
260:Yemen
248:Egypt
225:Islam
117:Egypt
108:Cairo
100:(743
78:Egypt
69:Cairo
943:ISBN
780:ISBN
684:ISSN
668:Iraq
424:soap
418:and
400:gold
252:Iraq
239:Life
93:1343
89:1342
86:Died
63:Born
676:doi
629:doi
511:in
406:by
344:).
223:in
176:or
2413::
2375:,
866:.
846:.
826:.
806:.
788:.
731:^
721:.
698:.
690:.
682:.
670:.
648:.
625:64
623:.
486:":
454:":
441:":
386:,
340:,
326:,
262:,
258:,
254:,
215:,
211:,
207:,
190:AH
135:,
131:,
110:,
102:AH
98:CE
71:,
40::
32::
2379:)
2371:(
2129:)
2125:(
2110:)
2106:(
2028:)
2024:(
2009:)
2005:(
1990:)
1986:(
1936:)
1932:(
1410:e
1403:t
1396:v
1361:)
1357:(
1305:)
1301:(
979:e
972:t
965:v
951:.
922:.
897:.
870:.
850:.
830:.
810:.
725:.
706:.
678::
672:4
635:.
631::
334:(
320:(
180:(
119:)
104:)
95:)
80:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
