816:
1060:
either practiced dissection or seen a human heart in order to come to his conclusions. According to one view, his knowledge about the human heart could have been derived from surgical operations rather than dissection. Other comments found in Ibn al-Nafis' writings such as dismissing earlier observations with a reference to dissection as proof, however, support the view that he practiced dissection in order to come to his conclusions about the human heart and pulmonary circulation. Ibn al-Nafis' comments to the contrary and the alternate explanations, however, keep his possible practice of dissection in question.
1089:, Ibn al-Nafis gives insight into his view of medicine and human relations. His surgical technique had three stages. Step one which he calls "the stage of presentation for clinical diagnosis" was to give the patient information on how it was to be performed and the knowledge it was based on. Second "the operative stage" was to perform the surgery itself. The final step was to have a post-surgery appointment and a routine of checkups which he calls "the postoperative period". There is also a description of a surgeon's responsibility when working with nurses, patients, or other surgeons.
7545:
559:(The Comprehensive Book on Medicine), which was planned to be an encyclopedia comprising 300 volumes. However, Ibn al-Nafis managed to publish only 80 before his death, and the work was left incomplete. Despite this fact, the work is considered one of the largest medical encyclopedias ever written by one person, and it gave a complete summary of the medical knowledge in the Islamic world at the time. Ibn al-Nafis bequeathed his encyclopedia along with all of his library to the Mansoory hospital where he had worked before his death.
6787:
537:
6776:
1369:
33:
1064:
perform dissection to be able to see pulmonary circulation. Greek physician, Aelius
Galenus' book, âOn the Usefulness of the Partsâ, explicitly tells his readers to rely on dissection for anatomical knowledge and not rely on books. Thus would give an indication that dissection was not some otherworldly idea but had been looked as an opportunity to better one's knowledge of the human body.
1021:
thinned and warmed in the heart, so that what seeps through the pores of the branches of this vessel into the alveoli of the lungs may mix with what there is of air therein and combine with it, the resultant composite becoming fit to be spirit when this mixing takes place in the left cavity of the heart. The mixture is carried to the left cavity by the arteria venosa.
1355:
906:. However, he could not observe these pores and so thought they were too small to see. âIbn al-NafÄ«s's critiques were the result of two processes: an intensive theoretical study of medicine, physics, and theology in order to fully understand the nature of the living body and its soul; and an attempt to verify physiological claims through observation, including
1329:
Ibn al-Nafis importance in the history of medicine was not fully recognized in the western circles until quite recently. The majority of his works remained unknown in the west until their re-discovery at the beginning of the 20th century. Since then, a new evaluation of his work has been carried out,
1239:
requires the existence of a unique source, in this case the heart. Ibn al-Nafis concluded that "the soul is related primarily neither to the spirit nor to any organ, but rather to the entire matter whose temperament is prepared to receive that soul" and he defined the soul as nothing other than "what
993:
For this reason the arterious vein has solid substance with two layers, in order to make more refined that (the blood) which transsudes from it. The venous artery, on the other hand, has thin substance in order to facilitate the reception of the transsuded from the vein in question. And for the same
1475:
In addition to his medical studies, Ibn al-Nafis learnt
Islamic religious law, and became a renowned expert on Shafi'i school of jurisprudence (Fiqh). He lectured at al-Masruriyya School in Cairo. His name was included in a book on "Great Classes of Shafi'i Scholars (Tabaqat al-Shafi'iyyin al-Kubra)
1067:
In the âCommentary of the anatomy of the Canon of
Avicennaâ, human anatomy experts such as Patrice Le Floch-Prigent and Dominique Delaval, concluded that Ibn al-Nafis used clinical, physiological, and dissection results in discovering and describing the pulmonary heart circulation in humans. Through
1059:
There is some debate about whether or not Ibn al-Nafis participated in dissection to come to his conclusions about pulmonary circulation. Although he states in his writings that he was prevented from practicing dissection because of his beliefs, other scholars have noted that Ibn al-Nafis must have
1020:
The lungs are composed of parts, one of which is the bronchi; the second, the branches of the arteria venosa; and the third, the branches of the vena arteriosa, all of them connected by loose porous flesh.....The need of the lungs for the vena arteriosa is to transport to it the blood that has been
988:
Ibn al-Nafis had an insight into what would become a larger theory of the capillary circulation. He stated that "there must be small communications or pores (manafidh in Arabic) between the pulmonary artery and vein," a prediction that preceded the discovery of the capillary system by more than 400
960:
The heart has only two ventricles...and between these two there is absolutely no opening. Also dissection gives this lie to what they said, as the septum between these two cavities is much thicker than elsewhere. The benefit of this blood (that is in the right cavity) is to go up to the lungs, mix
1063:
During Ibn al-Nafisâ studies of the human body, there remains controversy whether he performed dissection, as dissection was mentioned in any texts on jurisprudence or
Islamic tradition, and there was no concrete prohibition. Though many scholars would argue that Ibn al-Nafis would have needed to
1003:
Ibn al-Nafis also disagreed with Galen's theory that the heart's pulse is created by the arteriesâ tunics. He believed that "the pulse was a direct result of the heartbeat, even observing that the arteries contracted and expanded at different times depending upon their distance from the heart. He
943:
Blood from the right chamber of the heart must arrive at the left chamber, but there is no direct pathway between them. The thick septum of the heart is not perforated and does not have visible pores as some people thought or invisible pores as Galen thought. The blood from the right chamber must
914:
The blood, after it has been refined in the right cavity, must be transmitted to the left cavity where the (vital) spirit is generated. But there is no passage between these cavities, for the substance of the heart is solid in this region and has neither a visible passage, as was thought by some
590:
Sharh
Tashrih al-Qanun ("Commentary on Anatomy in Books I and II of Ibn Sina's Kitab al-Qanun"), published when Ibn al-Nafis was only 29 years old, still it is regarded by many as his most famous work. While it did not prove to be as popular as his medical encyclopedia in the Islamic circles, the
674:
is an analysis of
Hippocrates three constitutions. Al-NafĂŻs revisited the cases of illnesses described by Hippocrates in his text, while comparing and contrasting those cases to his own cases and conclusions. In his commentary, al-NafĂŻs emphasized disease outbreaks. In one example, he compared a
653:
included with the text. This document reveals that Ibn al-NafĂŻs had a student named of Shams al-Dawlah AbĂŒ al-Fadi ibn AbĂŻ al-Hasan al-MasĂŻhĂŻ, who successfully read and mastered a reading course associated with the treatise, after which al-MasĂŻhĂŻ received this license from Ibn al-NafĂŻs. Based on
919:
He posited that the "pores" of the heart are closed, that there is no passage between the two chambers, and the substance of the heart is thick. Instead, Ibn al-Nafis hypothesized that blood rose into the lungs via the arterial vein and then circulated into the left cavity of the heart. He also
1076:
In his book "Al-Mugiza", Ibn al-Nafis distinguishes the difference between kidney stone and bladder stones. He does this by their pathogenesis and clinical picture. He also discussed the difference between kidney and bladder infections, different types of inflammatory and noninflammatory renal
520:
and other prominent political leaders, thus showcasing himself as an authority among practitioners of medicine. Later in his life, when he was 74 years old, Ibn al-Nafis was appointed as the chief physician of the newly founded al-Mansori hospital where he worked for the rest of his life.
607:. He then proceeds to discuss the anatomy of the body which he divides into two types; the general anatomy which is the anatomy of the bones, muscles, nerves, veins and arteries; and special anatomy which is concerned with the internal parts of the body like the heart and lungs.
1326:(AD 809â873). Medical authorities at the time seldom challenged the underlying principles of this system. What set Al-Nafis apart as a physician was his boldness in challenging Galen's work. In studying yet criticizing the Galenic system, he formed his own medical hypotheses.
1025:
It is also found that "In the lungs, some blood was filtered through the two tunics (coverings) of the vessel that brought blood to the lungs from the heart. Ibn al-NafÄ«s called this vessel the âartery-like veinâ, but we now call it the
1234:
originating from the heart, Ibn al-Nafis on the other hand rejected this idea and instead argued that the soul "is related to the entirety and not to one or a few organs." He further criticized
Aristotle's idea that every unique
679:, Syria, to an outbreak described by Hippocrates. Like Hippocrates, al-NafĂŻs constructed an outbreak map and both men concluded that Damascus was the origin of the outbreak. This method of locating an outbreak origin was used by
1068:
their study on the âCommentary of the anatomy of the Canon of
Avicennaâ, they both concluded that Nafis did indeed use dissection to acquire his results, even though the practice of dissection was banned in Muslim tradition.
1202:
as a defense of "the system of Islam and the
Muslims' doctrines on the missions of Prophets, the religious laws, the resurrection of the body, and the transitoriness of the world." He presents rational arguments for bodily
1302:
Ibn al-Nafisâ mastery of medical sciences, his prolific writings, and also his image as a devout religious scholar left a positive impression on later Muslim biographers and historians, even among conservative ones like
598:
The book discusses the anatomical concepts of
Avicenna's Canon. It starts with a preface in which Ibn al-Nafis talks about the importance of the anatomical knowledge for the physician, and the vital relationship between
1341:
If the authenticity of Ibn al-Nafis' theory is confirmed his importance will increase enormously; for he must then be considered one of the main forerunners of William Harvey and the greatest physiologist of the Middle
978:
Again his statement that the blood that is in the right side is to nourish the heart is not true at all, for the nourishment to the heart is from the blood that goes through the vessels that permeate the body of the
764:(âReference Book for Physiciansâ); a reference book for physicians containing his general knowledge to aid physicians in the diagnosis of disease, treatment of illness, and execution of surgical procedures.
5846:
610:
What distinguish the book most is the confident language which Ibn al-Nafis shows throughout the text and his boldness to challenge the most established medical authorities of the time like
920:
believed that blood (spirit) and air passes from the lung to the left ventricle and not in the opposite direction. Some points that conflict with Ibn al-Nafis' are that there are only two
1421:
Al-Hassan, Ahmad Y., M. Ahmad, and A. Z. Iskandar. "Factors behind the decline of Islamic science after the sixteenth century." History of science and technology in Islam. Available via:
890:
The newly discovered manuscript of Ibn al-Nafis was translated by Max Meyerhof. It included critiques of Galen's theory, including a discussion on the pores of the heart. Based on animal
2477:
Nahyan A.G. Fancy (2006), "Pulmonary Transit and Bodily Resurrection: The Interaction of Medicine, Philosophy and Religion in the Works of Ibn al-Nafīs (d. 1288)", pp. 42, 60,
4500:
5821:
1531:
961:
with what air is in the lungs, then pass through the arteria venosa to the left cavity of the two cavities of the heart; and of that mixture is created the animal spirit.
654:
evidence from commentaries such as this one, modern scholars know that physicians in this era received a license when they completed a particular part of their training.
5749:
524:
Ibn al-Nafis died in Cairo after some days of sickness. His student Safi Abu al-Fat'h composed a poem about him. Prior to his death, he donated his house and library to
5796:
7700:
501:: ۧÙÙ
ۯ۱۳۩ ۧÙÙ
۳۱Ù۱ÙŰ©). His name is found among those of other scholars, which gives insight into how well he was regarded in the study and practice of religious law.
562:
Along the time, much of the encyclopedia volumes got lost or dispersed all over the world with only 2 volumes still being extant in Egypt. The Egyptian scholar
7734:
5776:
555:
438:
tribe. Early in his life, he studied theology, philosophy and literature. Then, at the age of 16, he started studying medicine for more than ten years at the
5851:
5806:
3887:
7857:
2740:
4054:
566:
started a project of collecting and examining the extant manuscripts of this work that are cataloged in many libraries around the world, including the
638:. It is unique and significant because it is the only recorded copy that contains the commentary from Ibn al-NafĂŻs on the Hippocratic treatise on the
4868:
3001:
7862:
6071:
2686:
843:
while studying the history of Arabic Medicine at the medical faculty of Albert Ludwig's University. This manuscript covers in detail the topics of
4640:
7877:
470:"Lives of the Physicians". The seemingly intentional omission could be due to personal animosity or maybe rivalry between the two physicians.
5888:
1677:
1251:, where he rationalized the Islamic view of eschatology using reason and science to explain the events that would occur according to Islamic
1219:
claim of Avicenna and Ibn Tufail that bodily resurrection cannot be proven through reason, a view that was earlier criticized by al-Ghazali.
2803:
2507:
2488:
4505:
3978:
3194:
1650:
832:
774:â); an original book on ophthalmology. Ibn al-Nafis made this book to polish and build off of concepts in ophthalmology originally made by
4102:
3872:
1623:
1105:
Both the body and its parts are in a continuous state of dissolution and nourishment, so they are inevitably undergoing permanent change.
666:. The commentary is lengthy and contains two extant manuscripts, made up of 200 and 192 folios. Ibn al-NafĂŻsâ commentary on Hippocratesâ
2505:"Pulmonary Transit and Bodily Resurrection: The Interaction of Medicine, Philosophy and Religion in the Works of Ibn al-Nafīs (d. 1288)"
2984:
2293:
635:
2805:
Pulmonary Transit and Bodily Resurrection: The Interaction of Medicine, Philosophy and Religion in the Works of Ibn al-Nafīs (d. 1288)
2713:
7852:
7710:
6176:
4993:
4815:
1952:
6689:
5161:
3877:
6802:
3678:
1287:, there is a Latin translation containing part of Ibn al-Nafis' commentary on pharmacopeia. This was published in Venice during
1337:, in his "Introduction to the History of Science", written about the time Ibn al-Nafis's theory had just been discovered, said:
489:, where he taught and practiced medicine for several years. One of his most notable students was the famous Christian physician
4888:
2052:. Eastern Mediterranean: Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal La Revue de SantĂ© de la MĂ©diterranĂ©e Orientale. pp. 855â856.
591:
book is of great interest today specially for science historians who are mostly concerned with its celebrated discovery of the
2127:
618:. Ibn al-Nafis, thus, was one of the few medieval physiciansâif not the only oneâwho contributed noticeably to the science of
4983:
2886:
2723:
2696:
2669:
2659:
2303:
2276:
2249:
2137:
2032:
1962:
1766:
1739:
1687:
1660:
1633:
2542:
744:(âA Summary of Medicineâ); a short outline of medicine which was very popular among Arab physicians and got translated into
649:
is found in Sharh Tabi'at al-Insan li-Burqrat. It offers an idea of medical education during this period, in the form of an
6751:
3929:
3204:
1382:
3436:
1756:
7847:
6475:
4069:
3780:
2460:
2266:
1183:
195:
2239:
1729:
989:
years. Ibn al-Nafis' theory, however, was confined to blood transit in the lungs and did not extend to the entire body:
7887:
6659:
3800:
3184:
2909:
2826:
7842:
5953:
5881:
1557:
1515:
1387:
1215:
and material from the hadith corpus to prove his case. Later Islamic scholars viewed this work as a response to the
7599:
7099:
6265:
4775:
3542:
2878:
1077:
swellings, the conservative management of renal stones and commonly used and well known lithontriptic medicaments.
7266:
4893:
4780:
4670:
4140:
4095:
3816:
4185:
662:
In the second half of the thirteenth century, Ibn al-NafĂŻs composed the first Arabic commentary on Hippocrates'
331:. The work of Ibn al-Nafis regarding the right sided (pulmonary) circulation pre-dates the later work (1628) of
7458:
6581:
4240:
3501:
3421:
2977:
1004:
also correctly observed that the arteries contract when the heart expands and expand when the heart contracts.
2836:
Said, Hakim Mohammed (1994). "Knowledge of the circulation of the blood from Antiquity down to Ibn al-Nafis".
2341:
Said, Hakim Mohammed (1994). "Knowledge of the circulation of the blood from antiquity down to Ibn al-Nafis".
2322:
Said, Hakim Mohammed (1994). "Knowledge of the circulation of the blood from antiquity down to Ibn al-Nafis".
1333:
For science historians, Ibn al-Nafis is sometimes regarded as "the greatest physiologist of the Middle Ages".
1307:. He had been described as the greatest physician of his time, with some even referring to him as "the second
6967:
6611:
5510:
5141:
4535:
4530:
4437:
3491:
3113:
2924:
815:
1705:"The discovery of the pulmonary circulation by Ibn al Nafis during the 13th century: an anatomical approach"
915:
persons, nor an invisible one which could have permitted the transmission of blood, as was alleged by Galen.
7802:
7422:
6665:
6499:
6452:
6341:
5874:
5018:
4700:
3739:
3431:
3426:
3279:
2766:
Bayon H. P. (1941). "Significance of the demonstration of the Harveyan circulation by experimental tests".
1330:
with a specific appreciation being given to his physiological observations which were ahead of their time.
948:) to the lungs, spread through its substances, be mingled there with air, pass through the arteria venosa (
567:
451:
4475:
3668:
1294:
The debate currently turns on whether these events are causally connected or are historical coincidences.
879:, where it mixed with air to create spirit, and was then distributed to the body. According to Galen, the
7087:
7045:
6435:
6223:
4898:
4830:
3916:
3754:
758:(âThe Choice of Foodstuffsâ); a largely original contribution which was on the effects of diet on health.
3821:
2050:
The Forgotten History of Pre-Modern Epidemiology: Contribution of Ibn al-Nafis In the Islamic Golden Era
7617:
7069:
6271:
5635:
4805:
4750:
4745:
4485:
4432:
4088:
3964:
3749:
3698:
2062:
L. Gari (2002), "Arabic Treatises on Environmental Pollution up to the End of the Thirteenth Century",
1549:
1507:
1422:
1392:
2083:
7809:
7176:
7063:
7003:
6943:
6829:
6708:
5440:
5307:
5033:
4765:
4280:
4210:
3673:
3592:
3274:
2970:
7795:
7788:
7705:
7675:
7332:
7290:
7105:
6744:
6718:
6713:
6703:
6406:
6305:
5397:
5249:
5108:
5013:
4978:
4560:
4215:
4033:
3693:
3557:
3522:
3355:
3315:
3244:
3219:
3031:
2519:
2482:
513:
7320:
7206:
7158:
6907:
6810:
6593:
6329:
6047:
6001:
5764:
5655:
5615:
5257:
5199:
5189:
5073:
5053:
4650:
4605:
4452:
4290:
3950:
3896:
3852:
3734:
3597:
3320:
3249:
2809:
509:
467:
414:. The number of medical textbooks written by Ibn al-Nafis is estimated at more than 110 volumes.
349:
system remained unchallenged until the works of Ibn al-Nafis, for which he has been described as
2504:
2486:
1267:
There is currently debate over whether Ibn al-Nafis influenced later Western anatomists such as
1097:
Ibn al-Nafis is also credited with providing the earliest recorded reference for the concept of
7529:
7380:
7338:
7170:
6997:
6053:
5811:
5754:
5237:
5058:
4705:
4695:
4540:
4220:
4028:
3688:
3602:
3547:
3446:
3340:
3310:
3214:
2165:
1397:
1256:
1121:
1115:
836:
799:
485:. Ibn al-Nafis was appointed as the chief physician at al-Naseri hospital which was founded by
258:
2644:
Said, Hakim. "Knowledge of the circulation of the blood from Antiquity down to Ibn al-Nafis",
2628:
Said, Hakim. "Knowledge of the circulation of the blood from Antiquity down to Ibn al-Nafis",
2588:
Said, Hakim. "Knowledge of the circulation of the blood from Antiquity down to Ibn al-Nafis",
2562:
Said, Hakim. "Knowledge of the circulation of the blood from Antiquity down to Ibn al-Nafis",
2226:
1622:
Feucht, Cynthia; Greydanus, Donald E.; Merrick, Joav; Patel, Dilip R.; Omar, Hatim A. (2012).
1255:. He presented his rational and scientific arguments in the form of Arabic fiction, hence his
7882:
7690:
7544:
7410:
7374:
7356:
7296:
7218:
7188:
7146:
6931:
6877:
6623:
6617:
6370:
6105:
5786:
5744:
5660:
5445:
5277:
4988:
4795:
4590:
4510:
4357:
4347:
4170:
4012:
4002:
3903:
3724:
3330:
3163:
2535:, Second International Conference on Islamic Medicine: Islamic Medical Organization, Kuwait (
2215:
1867:
Numan, Mohammed T. (6 August 2014). "Ibn Al Nafis: His Seminal Contributions to Cardiology".
1493:
1038:
Ibn al-Nafis was also one of the few physicians at the time, who supported the view that the
856:
729:
592:
439:
369:
324:
7872:
6729:
3254:
1704:
1535:
902:
in order for blood to travel within the heart as well as additional help on the part of the
691:
Ibn al-Nafis also wrote a number of books and commentaries on different topics including on
7837:
7832:
7695:
7629:
7404:
7302:
7254:
7200:
6949:
6859:
6853:
6605:
6429:
6335:
6299:
6287:
6259:
6188:
6182:
6065:
5971:
5620:
5580:
5465:
5327:
5312:
5068:
4740:
4690:
4615:
4600:
4595:
4490:
4457:
4442:
4422:
4295:
4200:
4180:
3795:
3719:
3552:
3496:
3138:
3021:
2688:
The House of Wisdom: How Arabic Science Saved Ancient Knowledge and Gave Us the Renaissance
643:
575:
373:
1156:
on a desert island, and the development of his mind after contact with the outside world.
8:
7392:
7314:
7284:
7093:
7051:
7033:
6979:
6913:
6737:
6575:
6540:
6400:
6311:
6164:
5965:
5841:
5831:
5801:
5759:
5739:
5695:
5550:
5515:
5460:
5282:
4958:
4665:
4412:
4382:
4230:
4064:
3985:
3922:
3826:
3617:
3562:
3506:
3405:
3284:
3148:
2905:"Ibn Al-NafÄ«s, 'AlÄ' Al-DÄ«n Abu 'L-កasan 'AlÄ« Ibn Abi 'L-កazm Al-QurashÄ« (or Al-QarashÄ«)"
2610:
Ghalioungui, P. "Was Ibn al-Nafis unknown to the scholars of the European Renaissance?",
2575:
Ghalioungui, P. "Was Ibn al-Nafis unknown to the scholars of the European Renaissance?",
2360:
1477:
1275:. In AD 1344, Kazrouny wrote a verbatim copy of Ibn al-Nafis' commentary on Canon in his
1252:
803:
716:
579:
443:
4973:
2129:
Light from the East: How the Science of Medieval Islam Helped to Shape the Western World
867:
The most commonly accepted theory of cardiac function prior to Ibn al-Nafis was that of
540:
The opening page of one of Ibn al-Nafis' medical works. This is probably a copy made in
7452:
7434:
7248:
7075:
6599:
6552:
6481:
6035:
6029:
5959:
5781:
5505:
5475:
5450:
5425:
5151:
5116:
5043:
4883:
4735:
4680:
4570:
4565:
4480:
4447:
4397:
4377:
4362:
4135:
3910:
3836:
3527:
3229:
3209:
3158:
3077:
3051:
3046:
2946:
2919:
2783:
1892:
1844:
1819:
1599:
1574:
1461:
1436:
1149:
431:
99:
2904:
1998:
7782:
7641:
7611:
7569:
6841:
6635:
6569:
6522:
6469:
5897:
5836:
5826:
5816:
5791:
5728:
5670:
5630:
5530:
5317:
5272:
5098:
4825:
4800:
4785:
4545:
4467:
4417:
4367:
4255:
4111:
3612:
3587:
3441:
3056:
2951:
2882:
2854:
2787:
2719:
2692:
2665:
2427:
2386:
2299:
2272:
2245:
2133:
2028:
1958:
1884:
1849:
1835:
1795:
1762:
1735:
1709:
1683:
1656:
1629:
1604:
1553:
1511:
1466:
971:
933:
925:
921:
360:
during the course of his work, making several important discoveries in the fields of
123:
60:
2937:
1283:
returned to Italy after studying in Damascus. In Alpago's 1547 A.D. publication of
7867:
7685:
7575:
7081:
7027:
7015:
6790:
6516:
6194:
6170:
5771:
5690:
5645:
5575:
5495:
5420:
5405:
5332:
5322:
5302:
4878:
4820:
4520:
4392:
4387:
4329:
4305:
4300:
4275:
4059:
3729:
3663:
3607:
3345:
3269:
3199:
3133:
3128:
3123:
2993:
2941:
2933:
2775:
2417:
2376:
1876:
1839:
1831:
1594:
1586:
1456:
1448:
1360:
1323:
1169:
1027:
945:
929:
789:
745:
734:
571:
377:
232:
78:
3775:
2447:
The Discovery of the Pulmonary Circulation by Ibn al-Nafis during the 13th Century
1896:
7646:
7623:
7057:
7039:
6683:
6493:
6247:
6229:
5570:
5560:
5500:
5430:
5387:
5342:
5337:
5267:
5262:
5214:
4810:
4770:
4660:
4427:
4260:
4225:
3785:
3400:
3189:
3153:
3016:
2546:
2539:
2511:
2492:
2197:"Knowledge of the circulation of the blood from Antiquity down to Ibn al-Nafis".
1137:
1120:
Ibn al-Nafis' philosophical views are mostly known from his philosophical novel,
884:
525:
463:
455:
312:
171:
2870:
380:. He was also appointed as the chief physician at al-Naseri Hospital founded by
341:. Both theories attempt to explain circulation. The 2nd century Greek physician
7744:
7680:
7428:
7398:
7236:
7164:
7111:
6677:
6653:
6217:
6152:
6087:
5995:
5700:
5680:
5605:
5565:
5555:
5545:
5525:
5410:
5287:
5181:
5171:
5088:
4908:
4835:
4655:
4645:
4525:
4372:
3790:
3770:
3481:
3390:
3385:
3365:
3335:
3294:
3168:
2105:
1452:
1272:
1268:
949:
563:
454:, in the 12th century. He was contemporary with the famous Damascene physician
337:
332:
2025:
Endemics in Context: Greek Commentaries on Hippocrates in the Arabic Tradition
1903:
1880:
1702:
1590:
7826:
7739:
7563:
7474:
7446:
7386:
7344:
6919:
6895:
6647:
6587:
6546:
6394:
6353:
6241:
6129:
5989:
5930:
5685:
5675:
5585:
5535:
5485:
5455:
5362:
5357:
5347:
5209:
5121:
5078:
4948:
4918:
4873:
4845:
4710:
4675:
4610:
4195:
4159:
3957:
3653:
3648:
3572:
3537:
3360:
3264:
1782:
Masic, I.; Dilic, M.; Solakovic, E.; Rustempasic, N.; Ridjanovic, Z. (2008).
1334:
1280:
970:
Ibn al-Nafis also postulated that nutrients for heart are extracted from the
952:) to reach the left chamber of the heart, and there form the vital spirit....
880:
771:
494:
395:
316:
176:
7440:
6528:
4968:
3466:
2422:
2405:
2381:
2364:
1783:
910:
of animals.â Ibn al-Nafis rejected Galen's theory in the following passage:
875:
went through invisible pores in the cardiac septum, to the left side of the
7523:
7498:
7492:
7469:
7260:
6973:
6925:
6871:
6835:
6780:
6760:
6671:
6423:
6323:
6200:
6158:
6023:
5665:
5640:
5625:
5595:
5590:
5490:
5480:
5382:
5372:
5352:
5297:
5146:
5008:
4913:
4720:
4620:
4575:
4515:
4245:
4175:
3703:
3395:
3108:
2955:
1888:
1853:
1799:
1608:
1537:ۧÙÙ۱ۧۊۯ ÙÙ ŰÙ ŰŽŰ±Ű Ű§ÙŰčÙۧۊۯ ÙÙÙ ŰۧێÙŰ© Ű§ŰšÙ ŰŁŰšÙ ŰŽŰ±ÙÙ ŰčÙÙ ŰŽŰ±Ű Ű§ÙŰčÙۧۊۯ ÙÙŰȘÙŰȘۧŰČۧÙÙ
1470:
1374:
1288:
1204:
1133:
5866:
4730:
2858:
2431:
2390:
2216:
The Pursuit of Learning in the Islamic World, 610â2003 By Hunt Janin, Pg99
458:
and they both were taught by the founder of a medical school in Damascus,
7635:
7326:
7194:
7126:
7116:
6961:
6641:
6487:
6111:
6007:
5705:
5650:
5610:
5540:
5415:
5367:
5204:
5194:
5166:
5136:
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4715:
4685:
4580:
4352:
4310:
4265:
4235:
4205:
4190:
3936:
3638:
3582:
3234:
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1241:
1216:
1208:
1153:
1145:
720:
490:
346:
224:
4635:
7517:
7362:
7350:
7278:
7242:
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7224:
7212:
7182:
7140:
7134:
6985:
6937:
6889:
6883:
6382:
6376:
6347:
6317:
6293:
6253:
6146:
6123:
6117:
6099:
6093:
5913:
5909:
5600:
5520:
5377:
5292:
5156:
5131:
5093:
5083:
5038:
4963:
4953:
4938:
4933:
4903:
4855:
4790:
4760:
4585:
4495:
4270:
4124:
4007:
3831:
3744:
3643:
3633:
3567:
3532:
3486:
3471:
3370:
3259:
3224:
3103:
2084:"Contributions of Ibn al-Nafis to the Progress of Medicine and Urology"
1924:
1315:
1304:
1178:
1164:
1141:
1129:
1098:
907:
891:
852:
704:
625:
619:
604:
459:
407:
399:
387:. Due to his discoveries, he has been described by some as âthe second
361:
357:
320:
300:
240:
220:
181:
156:
133:
2875:
TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 21 (Ä°bnĂŒ'l-CezzĂąr â Ä°hvĂąn-ı MĂŒsliÌmĂźn)
1495:ێ۱ÙŰ ÙŰÙŰ§ŰŽÙ Ű§ÙŰčÙۧۊۯ ۧÙÙŰłÙÙŰ© ÙŰŁÙÙ Ű§ÙŰłÙŰ© ÙۧÙŰŹÙ
ۧŰčŰ© (ۧÙۣێۧŰč۱۩ ÙۧÙÙ
ۧŰȘ۱ÙŰŻÙŰ©)
1285:
Libellus de removendis nocumentis, quae accident in regimime sanitatis
630:
The particular manuscript of Ibn al-Nafis' commentary on Hippocrates'
32:
7764:
7587:
7464:
7416:
7368:
7308:
7272:
7152:
7021:
7009:
6991:
6955:
6901:
6865:
6847:
6629:
6388:
6235:
6059:
6041:
5977:
5936:
5126:
5028:
5003:
4923:
4755:
4625:
4555:
4407:
4402:
3943:
3683:
3461:
3380:
3375:
3325:
3239:
3143:
3118:
3098:
3072:
3036:
3026:
2920:"Ibn al-Nafis, the pulmonary circulation, and the Islamic Golden Age"
2851:
Was Ibn al-Nafis unknown to the Scholars of the European Renaissance?
2295:
The Oxford Handbook of the History of Psychology: Global Perspectives
2159:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2149:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1227:
1212:
1125:
994:
reason there exists perceptible passages (or pores) between the two .
928:
gets its energy from the blood flowing in the vessels running in the
848:
824:
802:â); a Philosophical treatise that is claimed by some to be the first
779:
775:
680:
411:
4080:
1423:
http://www.history-science-technology.com/articles/articles%208.html
622:
and tried to push it beyond the hatch of the Greco-Roman tradition.
536:
7593:
7484:
5983:
5470:
5063:
5023:
4928:
4630:
4038:
3658:
3476:
3456:
3451:
3350:
3093:
2962:
2779:
2268:
Pulmonary Circulation: Diseases and Their Treatment, Fourth Edition
1308:
1223:
895:
819:
A manuscript page from Ibn al-Nafis' Commentary on Avicenna's Canon
724:
708:
692:
676:
615:
482:
473:
In 1236, Ibn al-Nafis, along with some of his colleagues, moved to
427:
403:
388:
292:
288:
236:
146:
56:
4250:
2146:
1971:
1124:. The novel touches upon a variety of philosophical subjects like
7581:
7509:
6821:
4998:
4860:
4550:
3971:
1784:"Why historians of medicine called Ibn al-Nafis second Avicenna?"
1545:
1503:
1319:
1247:
Ibn al-Nafis dealt with Islamic eschatology in some depth in his
844:
712:
600:
517:
486:
478:
435:
384:
365:
356:
As an early anatomist, Ibn al-Nafis also performed several human
308:
304:
296:
196:
Al-Durra Sharh 'Aqa'id al-Nasafi (Arabic: ۧÙۯ۱۩ ŰŽŰ±Ű ŰčÙۧۊۯ ۧÙÙŰłÙÙ)
166:
161:
151:
2531:
Dr. Abu Shadi Al-Roubi (1982), "Ibn Al-Nafis as a philosopher",
1820:"A Forgotten Chapter in the History of the Circulation of Blood"
7759:
7754:
7651:
5435:
4285:
2661:
Galileo Goes to Jail and Other Myths about Science and Religion
2227:
Saints and saviours of Islam, By Hamid Naseem Rafiabadi, p. 295
1999:"Islamic Medical Manuscripts: Catalogue â Hippocratic Writings"
1541:
1499:
1152:. It deals with these themes and others through the story of a
899:
840:
749:
498:
447:
381:
281:
273:
1781:
7749:
7605:
6759:
6534:
3289:
2525:
1914:. Ù
ÙŰȘŰš ۧÙÙ
Ű·ŰšÙŰčۧŰȘ ۧÙŰ„ŰłÙۧÙ
ÙŰ© â ۧÙŰ·ŰšŰčŰ© ۧÙŰčۧێ۱۩, ŰÙŰš. p. 73.
1703:
Patrice Le Floch-Prigent and Dominique Delaval (April 2014).
1043:
1039:
1013:
903:
876:
872:
871:. Galen taught that the blood reaching the right side of the
868:
700:
611:
541:
505:
474:
342:
328:
228:
113:
109:
89:
74:
2265:
Peacock, Andrew J.; Naeije, Robert; Rubin, Lewis J. (2016).
924:
instead of three (Aristotle's, 4th century BC) and that the
585:
1621:
1530:
1236:
1231:
887:
except when they came in contact through the unseen pores.
683:
600 years later, when he constructed his own outbreak map.
423:
285:
827:, Muhyo Al-Deen Altawi, discovered a manuscript entitled,
276:: ŰčÙۧۥ ۧÙŰŻÙÙ ŰŁŰšÙ Ű§ÙŰŰłÙ ŰčÙÙÙ ŰšÙ ŰŁŰšÙ ŰŰČÙ
ۧÙÙŰ±ŰŽÙ ), known as
6700:
Scholars of other Sunni Islamic schools of jurisprudence
2536:
696:
434:
might be derived. He was said to have descended from the
2461:"Metabolism: The Physiological Power-Generating Process"
1817:
1322:
dominated the Arabic medical tradition from the time of
1046:, was the organ responsible for thinking and sensation.
939:
Based on his anatomical knowledge, Ibn al-Nafis stated:
5727:
1492:
Group of scholars (2013). Ahmad Farid al-Mazidi (ed.).
1437:"Ibn Al-Nafis: Discoverer of the Pulmonary Circulation"
7735:
2016 international conference on Sunni Islam in Grozny
2410:
Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences
2369:
Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences
516:. He even became the personal physician of the sultan
270:ÊżAlÄÊŸ al-DÄ«n AbĆ« al-កasan ÊżAlÄ« ibn AbÄ« កazm al-QarashÄ«
2739:
Pickthall, Marmaduke William; Asad, Muhammad (1971).
2606:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2241:
A History of Medicine: Byzantine and Islamic medicine
1954:
A History of Medicine: Byzantine and Islamic medicine
1259:
may be considered the earliest science fiction work.
657:
548:
1350:
2027:. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter & Co. p. 207.
796:
al-RisÄlah al-KÄmiliyyah fÄ« al-SsÄ«rah al-Nabawiyyah
2640:
2638:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2595:
2264:
422:Ibn al-Nafis was born between 1210 and 1213 to an
323:. He is known for being the first to describe the
2808:(Ph.D.). University of Notre Dame. Archived from
2715:An introduction to the history of general surgery
1676:deVries, Catherine R.; Price, Raymond R. (2012).
1491:
528:or, as it was also known, the House of Recovery.
7824:
2881:, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 173â176.
1679:Global Surgery and Public Health: A New Paradigm
508:, and witnessed several pivotal events like the
2635:
2617:
2406:"Attitudes Toward Dissection in Medieval Islam"
2365:"Attitudes Toward Dissection in Medieval Islam"
1731:Vascular Smooth Muscle Function in Hypertension
1049:
6745:
5882:
4096:
2978:
2853:. Clio Medica. Vol. 18. pp. 37â42.
2738:
2444:
2317:
2315:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2186:
1262:
1167:(Abubacer), who wrote the first Arabic novel
3195:Abu Bakr Rabee Ibn Ahmad Al-Akhawyni Bokhari
2403:
2359:
2103:
1728:Szasz, Theodora; Tostes, Rita C. A. (2016).
1675:
1649:Moore, Lisa Jean; Casper, Monica J. (2014).
1314:Years before Ibn al-Nafis was born, Galenic
1211:of the human soul, using both demonstrative
762:Bughyat al-TÄlibÄ«n wa Hujjat al-MutaáčabbibÄ«n
466:does not mention Ibn al-Nafis at all in his
5896:
2910:Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography
2848:
2765:
1754:
1727:
1648:
1187:. Ibn al-Nafis thus wrote the narrative of
7858:Philosophers of the medieval Islamic world
6752:
6738:
5889:
5875:
4103:
4089:
2985:
2971:
2684:
2312:
2237:
2183:
1950:
626:Commentary on Hippocrates' "Nature of Man"
394:Apart from medicine, Ibn al-Nafis studied
31:
7711:Al-Sayf al-Saqil fi al-Radd ala Ibn Zafil
6177:Shahab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi
3979:Commentary on Anatomy in Avicenna's Canon
2945:
2421:
2380:
1843:
1818:Haddad, Sami; Amin A. Khairallah (1936).
1813:
1811:
1809:
1652:The Body: Social and Cultural Dissections
1625:Pharmacotherapeutics in Medical Disorders
1598:
1460:
1434:
1191:as a rebuttal of Abubacer's arguments in
1054:
833:Commentary on Anatomy in Avicenna's Canon
810:
586:Commentary on Anatomy in Ibn Sina's Canon
201:Commentary on Anatomy in Avicenna's Canon
2902:
2824:
983:
932:, not from blood deposited in the right
862:
814:
535:
7863:Opticians of the medieval Islamic world
3679:Najm al-Din Mahmud ibn Ilyas al-Shirazi
2657:
2081:
2022:
1935:
1909:
1291:. Harvey arrived in Padua in AD 1597.
965:
675:particular outbreak of malnutrition in
504:Ibn al-Nafis lived most of his life in
372:, he also gave an early insight of the
16:Arab polymath and physician (1213â1288)
7825:
2917:
2125:
1806:
1572:
855:. This is the earliest description of
442:in Damascus, which was founded by the
410:school of jurisprudence and an expert
368:. Besides his famous discovery of the
351:"the father of circulatory physiology"
345:'s theory about the physiology of the
7878:Physicians from the Ayyubid Sultanate
6733:
5870:
5726:
5235:
4327:
4157:
4122:
4110:
4084:
2966:
2868:
2801:
2795:
2711:
2291:
2163:
2121:
2119:
2099:
2097:
2077:
2075:
2047:
1866:
1480:indicating his fame in religious law.
3930:Book of the Ten Treatises of the Eye
2992:
2835:
2340:
2321:
2166:"Ibn Al-Nafīs and Pulmonary Transit"
1982:
1925:https://www.arabnews.com/node/230977
1383:List of Arab scientists and scholars
553:The most voluminous of his books is
6606:Kanthapuram A. P. Abu Bakr Musliyar
5729:National literatures of Arab states
3781:Abul Qasim ibn Mohammed al-Ghassani
2516:Electronic Theses and Dissertations
2479:Electronic Theses and Dissertations
1940:. Taylor & Francis. p. 73.
1682:. Jones & Bartlett Publishers.
1184:The Incoherence of the Philosophers
829:Sharh tashrih al-qanun liâ Ibn Sina
13:
6476:Abd Al-Rahman bin Ahmad al-Zayla`i
2828:Dictionary of Scientific Biography
2164:Fancy, DNayhan (16 October 2014).
2116:
2094:
2072:
2041:
1991:
1985:Dictionary of Scientific Biography
1534:(2017). Muhammad al-'Azazi (ed.).
719:. His commentaries include one on
549:The Comprehensive Book on Medicine
426:family probably at a village near
14:
7899:
6690:Muhammad Jifri Muthukkoya Thangal
3205:Abu Sahl 'Isa ibn Yahya al-Masihi
2896:
1177:) which was itself a response to
1163:was intended to be a response to
1012:In describing the anatomy of the
956:Elsewhere in this work, he said:
944:flow through the vena arteriosa (
7853:13th-century Egyptian physicians
7543:
6786:
6785:
6774:
6762:Ash'ari school of Sunni theology
6266:Yusuf ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Mizzi
5933:(founder of the school; 767â820)
3543:Amin al-Din Rashid al-Din Vatvat
2918:B.West, John (1 December 2008).
2712:Meade, Richard Hardaway (1968).
2298:. Oxford University Press, USA.
1836:10.1097/00000658-193607000-00001
1367:
1353:
1198:Ibn al-Nafis described his book
544:during the 17th or 18th century.
430:named Karashia, after which his
4158:
4141:Pre-Islamic Arabic inscriptions
3817:Qiwam al-Din Muhammad al-Hasani
3801:Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf
2938:10.1152/japplphysiol.91171.2008
2831:. Vol. 9. pp. 602â06.
2732:
2705:
2678:
2651:
2582:
2569:
2556:
2497:
2471:
2453:
2445:Floch-Prigent, Patrice (2014).
2438:
2397:
2353:
2334:
2285:
2258:
2231:
2220:
2209:
2056:
2016:
1944:
1929:
1918:
1860:
1775:
1748:
1721:
1435:Amr, S. S.; Tbakhi, A. (2007).
756:KitÄb al-MukhtÄr fÄ« al-Aghážiyah
7423:'Abdallah ibn 'Alawi al-Haddad
6582:Cherussery Zainuddeen Musliyar
4241:Harith ibn Hilliza Al-Yashkuri
3422:Abu Jafar ibn Harun al-Turjali
2759:
1761:. Cambridge University Press.
1696:
1669:
1642:
1615:
1566:
1524:
1485:
1428:
1415:
1388:List of Ash'aris and Maturidis
686:
1:
7100:Muhammad Metwalli al-Sha'rawi
4438:Zufar ibn al-Harith al-Kilabi
4328:
3492:Muhammad ibn Aslam Al-Ghafiqi
3114:Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari
2925:Journal of Applied Physiology
2903:Iskandar, Albert Z. (2008) .
2551:Encyclopedia of Islamic World
2540:Ibn al-Nafis As a Philosopher
2404:Savage-Smith, Emilie (1955).
2104:Shuttleworth, Martyn (2009).
1403:
1240:a human indicates by saying â
1092:
291:whose areas of work included
48:
7267:Izz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam
7088:Muhammad al-Tahir ibn 'Ashur
6920:Ibn 'Ata' Allah al-Iskandari
6666:Muhammad bin Yahya al-Ninowy
6500:Ahmad Khatib al-Minangkabawi
6453:Abdullah ibn Alawi al-Haddad
6342:Ali ibn Abu Bakr al-Haythami
3740:Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Harawi
3528:Abraham ben Moses ben Maimon
3432:Abu al-Majd ibn Abi al-Hakam
3427:Abu al-Bayan ibn al-Mudawwar
3280:Mohammed ibn Abdun al-Jabali
3185:'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi
2825:Iskandar, Albert Z. (1974).
2664:. Harvard University Press.
2082:Abdel-Halim, Rabie El-Said.
1910:ŰŁŰšÙ ŰșŰŻŰ©, Űčۚۯ ۧÙÙŰȘŰ§Ű (1984).
1575:"How Islam changed medicine"
1408:
998:
636:National Library of Medicine
568:Cambridge University Library
417:
7:
7070:Muhammad ibn 'Ali al-Sanusi
6535:Abd al-Malik Karim Amrullah
6224:Izz al-Din ibn Abd al-Salam
4899:Hamda bint Ziyad al-Muaddib
3917:Anatomy Charts of the Arabs
3502:Ya'qub ibn Ishaq al-Israili
2658:Numbers, Ronald L. (2009).
2238:Prioreschi, Plinio (1996).
1951:Prioreschi, Plinio (1996).
1532:Kamal al-Din ibn Abi Sharif
1346:
1109:
1050:Other medical contributions
723:' book, several volumes on
531:
497:at al-Masruriyya Madrassa (
493:. Ibn al-Nafis also taught
452:Nur-al Din Muhmud ibn Zanki
10:
7904:
7848:Medieval Syrian physicians
7779:Ash'ari-related templates
7636:Ibn Abdelkarim al-Khattabi
7618:Emir Abdelkader al-Jazairi
6968:Abd al-Rahman al-Tha'alibi
6272:Yusuf bin Ahmad al-Kawneyn
5236:
4433:Yunus al-Katib al-Mughanni
3965:Kamel al-Sanaat al-Tibbyya
3750:Shaykh Muhammad ibn Thaleb
3699:Yusuf ibn Ismail al-Kutubi
2879:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation
2753:
2503:Nahyan A.G. Fancy (2006),
2449:. Vol. 28. p. 0.
1453:10.5144/0256-4947.2007.385
1393:Medicine in medieval Islam
1263:Possible Western influence
1113:
1080:
1071:
672:Sharh Abidhimya li-Burqrat
406:. He was an expert on the
7888:Muslim critics of atheism
7777:
7730:
7723:
7671:
7664:
7559:
7552:
7541:
7508:
7483:
7125:
7106:Muhammad 'Alawi al-Maliki
7064:Muhammad Arafa al-Desouki
6944:Khalil ibn Ishaq al-Jundi
6830:Ibn Abi Zayd al-Qayrawani
6820:
6801:
6769:
6698:
6660:Ibrahim Khalil al-Bukhari
6562:
6509:
6462:
6445:
6416:
6363:
6280:
6210:
6139:
6080:
6016:
5946:
5923:
5904:
5735:
5722:
5441:Ahmad Abd al-Ghafur Attar
5396:
5248:
5244:
5231:
5180:
5107:
4854:
4466:
4340:
4336:
4323:
4166:
4153:
4131:
4118:
4047:
4021:
3995:
3886:
3865:
3845:
3809:
3763:
3712:
3674:Muhammad ibn Mahmud Amuli
3669:Masâud ibn Muhammad Sijzi
3626:
3593:Joseph ben Judah of Ceuta
3515:
3437:Abu'l-BarakÄt al-BaghdÄdÄ«
3414:
3303:
3275:Isaac Israeli ben Solomon
3177:
3086:
3065:
3009:
3000:
2533:Symposium on Ibn al-Nafis
1936:Jaspert, Nikolas (2006).
1881:10.1007/s00246-014-0990-7
1591:10.1136/bmj.331.7531.1486
1297:
477:under the request of the
249:
211:
206:
190:
139:
129:
119:
105:
95:
85:
67:
44:
39:
30:
23:
7843:13th-century Arab people
7706:Al-Iqtisad fi al-I'tiqad
7676:Tabyin Kadhib al-Muftari
7291:Nizam al-Din al-Nisapuri
6407:Ali ibn Ahmad al-Samhudi
6306:Ahmad ibn Naqib al-Misri
4831:Ibn al-Qatta' al-Siqilli
4034:Ancient Iranian medicine
3822:Abd El Razzaq Al-JazaĂŻri
3694:Sadid al-Din al-Kazaruni
3558:Hussam al-Din al-Jarrahi
3523:Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi
3346:Ammar ibn Ali al-Mawsili
3245:Al-Tamimi, the physician
3032:Ibn Abi Ramtha al-Tamimi
2877:(in Turkish). Istanbul:
2849:Ghalioungui, P. (1983).
2745:. Islamic Culture Board.
2685:Al-Khalili, Jim (2011).
2520:University of Notre Dame
2483:University of Notre Dame
2292:Baker, David B. (2012).
1755:Mantzavinos, C. (2016).
1550:Dar al-Kotob al-'Ilmiyya
1508:Dar al-Kotob al-'Ilmiyya
1441:Annals of Saudi Medicine
1193:Philosophus Autodidactus
1175:Philosophus Autodidactus
1033:
1007:
658:Commentary on "Endemics"
642:. Al-NafĂŻs's commentary
7576:'Abd al-Mu'min ibn 'Ali
7321:Shams al-Din al-Kirmani
7207:Abd al-Qahir al-Jurjani
7159:Abu Ishaq al-Isfarayini
7004:Al-Maqqari al-Tilimsani
6908:Shihab al-Din al-Qarafi
6436:Al-Khaáčib ash-Shirbiniy
6330:Badr Ad-Din az-Zarkashi
6048:Abd al-Jabbar ibn Ahmad
5200:Abdul Qadir al-Baghdadi
4651:Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani
4506:Abu'l-Qasimbal-Maghribi
4291:Uthman ibn al-Huwayrith
4186:Al-FÄriÊżah bint ShaddÄd
4123:
3986:Lives of the Physicians
3951:Zakhireye Khwarazmshahi
3897:Al-Risalah al-Dhahabiah
3853:Al-Khurasani al-Shirazi
3735:Muhammad Ali Astarabadi
3598:Najib ad-Din Samarqandi
3321:Abu al-Hakam al-Kirmani
3250:Eutychius of Alexandria
3225:Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi
2545:6 February 2008 at the
2106:"Islamic ophthalmology"
2064:Environment and History
2023:Pormann, Peter (2012).
468:biographical dictionary
7530:Abu Hayyan al-Andalusi
7441:Bediuzzaman Said Nursi
7381:Jalal al-Din al-Dawani
7339:Nur al-Din al-Haythami
7177:Abu Nu'aym al-Isfahani
7171:Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi
6998:Ahmad Baba al-Timbukti
6932:Ibn al-Hajj al-'Abdari
6054:Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi
4706:Abu Muhammad al-Anbari
4696:Safiyya al-Baghdadiyya
4211:Al-Nu'man ibn Humaydah
4029:Ancient Greek medicine
3689:Rashid-al-Din Hamadani
3603:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
3447:Al-Samawal al-Maghribi
3341:Ali ibn Yusuf al-Ilaqi
3311:Abdollah ibn Bukhtishu
3215:Abu al-Hasan al-Tabari
2802:Fancy, Nahyan (2006).
2170:Qatar National Library
1912:ÙÙÙ
Ű© ۧÙŰČÙ
Ù ŰčÙŰŻ ۧÙŰčÙÙ
ۧۥ
1573:Majeed, Azeem (2005).
1398:Theologus Autodidactus
1344:
1257:Theologus Autodidactus
1249:Theologus Autodidactus
1200:Theologus Autodidactus
1189:Theologus Autodidactus
1161:Theologus Autodidactus
1122:Theologus Autodidactus
1116:Theologus Autodidactus
1107:
1055:Practice of dissection
1023:
996:
981:
963:
954:
917:
883:was separate from the
837:Prussian State Library
820:
811:Anatomical discoveries
800:Theologus Autodidactus
768:al-Muhaážážab fÄ« al-Kuhl
733:, and a commentary on
545:
378:capillary circulations
284:: Ű§ŰšÙ Ű§ÙÙÙÙŰł), was an
259:Abu Hayyan Al Gharnati
7691:Al-Farq bayn al-Firaq
7630:'Izz al-Din al-Qassam
7411:Al-Khatib al-Shirbini
7375:Nur al-Din al-Samhudi
7357:Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani
7333:Zain al-Din al-'Iraqi
7297:Jamal al-Din al-Mizzi
7219:Al-Raghib al-Isfahani
7189:Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi
7147:Al-Hakim al-Nishapuri
6878:Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi
6624:K. Ali Kutty Musliyar
6618:Mohammad Salim Al-Awa
6371:Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani
6106:Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi
5446:Abdur Rahman Kashgari
5278:Jamil Sidqi al-Zahawi
4979:Al-Mu'tamid ibn Abbad
4796:Al-Raghib al-Isfahani
4358:Abd al-Hamid al-Katib
4348:Al-Akhtal al-Taghlibi
4171:Abu Layla al-Muhalhel
4013:Nur al-Din Bimaristan
3904:The Canon of Medicine
3725:Burhan-ud-din Kermani
3331:Ali ibn Isa al-Kahhal
3316:Abu 'Ubayd al-Juzjani
3220:Abu al-Qasim Muqane'i
3164:Yuhanna ibn Bukhtishu
2423:10.1093/jhmas/50.1.67
2382:10.1093/jhmas/50.1.67
2126:Freely, John (2015).
2048:Kayla, Ghazi (2017).
1758:Explanatory Pluralism
1628:. Walter de Gruyter.
1339:
1103:
1018:
1016:, Ibn al-Nafis said:
991:
984:Capillary circulation
976:
958:
941:
912:
894:, Galen hypothesized
863:Pulmonary circulation
857:pulmonary circulation
818:
730:The Canon of Medicine
593:pulmonary circulation
539:
370:pulmonary circulation
325:pulmonary circulation
7696:Al-Milal wa al-Nihal
7612:Al-Nasir ibn Qalawun
7405:Ibn Hajar al-Haytami
7303:Taqi al-Din al-Subki
7255:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi
7201:Abu Ishaq al-Shirazi
6950:Abu Ishaq al-Shatibi
6860:Abu Bakr al-Turtushi
6854:Abu al-Walid al-Baji
6811:Abu Hasan al-Ash'ari
6594:Ahmad Syafi'i Maarif
6430:Ibn Hajar al-Haytami
6336:Zain al-Din al-Iraqi
6300:Taqi al-Din al-Subki
6288:Safi al-Din al-Hindi
6260:Safi-ad-din Ardabili
6189:Sayf al-Din al-Amidi
6183:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi
6066:Abu Ishaq al-Shirazi
6002:Abu Hasan al-Ash'ari
5972:Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj
5621:Ahmed Zaki Abu Shadi
5581:Mohamed Said Raihani
5466:Mustafa Wahbi al-Tal
5313:Suleyman al-Boustani
5142:'A'isha al-Ba'uniyya
4691:Ibn Abi Tahir Tayfur
4616:Marwan ibn Abi Hafsa
4596:Abu Mansur al-Azhari
4491:Abu Firas al-Hamdani
4453:Qatari ibn al-Fuja'a
4443:Dhu Jadan al-Himyari
4423:Qutayla ukht al-Nadr
4296:Zuhayr bin Abi Sulma
4201:Al-Khirniq bint Badr
3796:Sultan Ali Khorasani
3497:Serapion the Younger
3139:Jabril ibn Bukhtishu
3022:Al-Harith ibn Kalada
2869:Kahya, Esin (2000).
2510:4 April 2015 at the
2491:4 April 2015 at the
2361:Savage-Smith, Emilie
1983:Iskandar, Albert Z.
1869:Pediatric Cardiology
1734:. Biota Publishing.
966:Coronary circulation
786:Sharáž„ MasÄâil Hunayn
634:is preserved by the
576:Lane Medical Library
556:Al-Shamil fi al-Tibb
7453:'Abdallah al-Harari
7393:Zakariyya al-Ansari
7315:Taj al-Din al-Subki
7094:Abdel-Halim Mahmoud
7034:Muhammad al-Zurqani
6980:Ahmad al-Wansharisi
6576:Taha Jabir Alalwani
6541:Muhammad Hamidullah
6401:Zakariyya al-Ansari
6312:Taj al-Din al-Subki
6165:Abu Tahir al-Silafi
5696:Jabra Ibrahim Jabra
5551:Ihsan Abdel Quddous
5283:Ahmad Faris Shidyaq
4666:Abu Nasr al-Jawhari
4541:Baha' al-din Zuhair
4413:Layla al-Akhyaliyya
4281:Samaw'al ibn 'Adiya
4231:Antarah ibn Shaddad
4221:'Amir ibn al-Tufayl
4065:Medical Renaissance
3923:The Book of Healing
3827:Qurayshi al-Shirazi
3618:Zakariya al-Qazwini
3507:Zayn al-Din Gorgani
3149:Salmawaih ibn Bunan
2913:. Encyclopedia.com.
1585:(7531): 1486â1487.
1478:Taj al-Din al-Subki
1289:its rule over Padua
770:(âPolished Book on
742:al-Mƫjaz fī al-Tibb
580:Stanford University
7588:Abu Bakr ibn Ayyub
7435:Ahmad Zayni Dahlan
6600:Abdul Azeez Madani
6553:Abdullah al-Harari
6482:Ahmad Zayni Dahlan
6036:Al-Hakim Nishapuri
6030:Abu Talib al-Makki
5960:Harith al-Muhasibi
5506:Abdul Rahman Munif
5476:Fayeq Abdul-Jaleel
5451:Muhammad al-Maghut
5426:Ahlam Mosteghanemi
5152:Hamdallah Mustawfi
5117:Ahmad ibn Arabshah
4736:Abu Ahmad Monajjem
4571:Al-Hariri of Basra
4566:Al-Fath ibn Khaqan
4511:Arib al-Ma'muniyya
4448:Dorayd bin Al Soma
4378:Maysun bint Bahdal
4216:'Alqama ibn 'Abada
4136:Namara inscription
4003:Al-'Adudi Hospital
3911:Tacuinum Sanitatis
3837:Maqsud-Ali Tabrizi
3356:Badi' al-Asturlabi
3255:Ibn Abi al-AshÊżath
3230:Abu ul-Ala Shirazi
3210:Abu Zayd al-Balkhi
3159:Yahya ibn Sarafyun
3052:Rufaida Al-Aslamia
3047:Nafi ibn al-Harith
2796:General references
2244:. Horatius Press.
1987:. pp. 602â06.
1957:. Horatius Press.
1150:natural philosophy
1042:, rather than the
823:In 1924, Egyptian
821:
546:
215:Influenced by
100:Islamic Golden Age
7820:
7819:
7773:
7772:
7719:
7718:
7660:
7659:
7570:Yusuf ibn Tashfin
7539:
7538:
7046:M'Hamed al-Azhari
7010:Ibrahim al-Laqani
6842:Abu Imran al-Fasi
6727:
6726:
6636:Nuh Ha Mim Keller
6570:Wahbah al-Zuhayli
6523:Abdallah al-Qutbi
6470:Ibrahim al-Bajuri
5864:
5863:
5860:
5859:
5718:
5717:
5714:
5713:
5671:Ibrahim Nasrallah
5631:Ibrahim al-Mazini
5531:Saadallah Wannous
5328:Rifa'a al-Tahtawi
5318:Butrus al-Bustani
5273:Ibrahim al-Yaziji
5227:
5226:
5223:
5222:
5099:Ibn Abi al-Khisal
4984:ibn Hani al-Azdi
4826:Usama ibn Munqidh
4801:Sharif al-Murtaza
4786:Al-Sharif al-Radi
4746:Al-SarÄ« al-RaffÄâ
4546:Bashshar ibn Burd
4418:Suraqah al-Bariqi
4368:Hassan ibn Thabit
4319:
4318:
4256:Laila bint Lukaiz
4181:Afira bint 'Abbad
4149:
4148:
4112:Arabic literature
4078:
4077:
4070:Medieval medicine
3861:
3860:
3720:Abu Sa'id al-Afif
3553:Da'ud Abu al-Fadl
3442:Ahmad ibn Farrokh
3057:Zaynab al-Awadiya
2888:978-975-389-448-7
2725:978-0-7216-6235-0
2698:978-1-101-47623-9
2671:978-0-674-05439-4
2305:978-0-19-536655-6
2278:978-1-4987-1994-0
2251:978-1-888456-04-2
2205:(1): 24â26. 1994.
2139:978-1-78453-138-6
2069:(4), pp. 475-488.
2034:978-3-11-025979-7
1964:978-1-888456-04-2
1824:Annals of Surgery
1768:978-1-107-12851-4
1741:978-1-61504-685-0
1710:The FASEB Journal
1689:978-0-7637-8048-7
1662:978-1-136-77172-9
1635:978-3-11-027636-7
1277:Sharh al-Kulliyat
972:coronary arteries
804:theological novel
267:
266:
61:Ayyubid Sultanate
7895:
7812:
7811:Islamic theology
7805:
7798:
7791:
7785:
7728:
7727:
7686:Al-Baz al-Ashhab
7669:
7668:
7557:
7556:
7547:
7285:Ibn Daqiq al-'Id
7082:Ahmad al-Ghumari
7052:Ahmad ibn 'Ajiba
7028:Al-Hasan al-Yusi
7016:Muhammad Mayyara
6914:Ibn Daqiq al-'Id
6818:
6817:
6813:
6805:
6804:Ash'ari scholars
6793:
6789:
6788:
6781:Islam portal
6779:
6778:
6777:
6763:
6754:
6747:
6740:
6731:
6730:
6517:Yusuf al-Nabhani
5891:
5884:
5877:
5868:
5867:
5724:
5723:
5691:Mourid Barghouti
5646:Nazik Al-Malaika
5576:Abdellatif Laabi
5496:Ghassan Kanafani
5421:Sonallah Ibrahim
5406:Nawal El Saadawi
5333:Abdallah Marrash
5323:Ahmad Zaki Pasha
5303:Qustaki al-Himsi
5246:
5245:
5233:
5232:
4974:Lubna of CĂłrdoba
4879:Maria Alphaizuli
4766:LaylÄ bint áčŹarÄ«f
4521:Ahmad al-Tifashi
4393:Jarir ibn Atiyah
4388:Suraqa bin Malik
4383:Jamil ibn Ma'mar
4338:
4337:
4325:
4324:
4306:Aktham ibn Saifi
4301:Zuhayr ibn Janab
4155:
4154:
4120:
4119:
4105:
4098:
4091:
4082:
4081:
4060:Learned medicine
4055:Ibn Sina Academy
3755:Ćerafeddin Kadir
3730:Husayni Isfahani
3664:Mansur ibn Ilyas
3608:Rashidun al-Suri
3487:Moshe ben Maimon
3270:Ibrahim ibn Baks
3200:Abu Bakr al-Razi
3134:Jabir ibn Hayyan
3129:Ishaq ibn Hunayn
3124:Hunayn ibn Ishaq
3007:
3006:
2994:Islamic medicine
2987:
2980:
2973:
2964:
2963:
2959:
2949:
2932:(6): 1877â1880.
2914:
2892:
2862:
2845:
2832:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2791:
2747:
2746:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2655:
2649:
2646:Hamdard medicus,
2642:
2633:
2630:Hamdard medicus,
2626:
2615:
2608:
2593:
2590:Hamdard medicus,
2586:
2580:
2573:
2567:
2564:Hamdard medicus,
2560:
2554:
2529:
2523:
2501:
2495:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2425:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2384:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2319:
2310:
2309:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2235:
2229:
2224:
2218:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2194:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2161:
2144:
2143:
2123:
2114:
2113:
2101:
2092:
2091:
2079:
2070:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2009:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1980:
1969:
1968:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1933:
1927:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1847:
1815:
1804:
1803:
1788:Medicinski Arhiv
1779:
1773:
1772:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1602:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1464:
1432:
1426:
1419:
1377:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1363:
1361:Biography portal
1358:
1357:
1356:
1324:Hunayn ibn Ishaq
1170:Hayy ibn Yaqdhan
1028:pulmonary artery
946:pulmonary artery
930:coronary vessels
790:Hunayn Ibn Ishaq
788:(âCommentary on
735:Hunayn Ibn Ishaq
572:Bodleian Library
526:Qalawun Hospital
512:and the rise of
233:Hunayn Ibn Ishaq
140:Main interest(s)
79:Mamluk Sultanate
71:17 December 1288
53:
52: 1210-1213
50:
35:
21:
20:
7903:
7902:
7898:
7897:
7896:
7894:
7893:
7892:
7823:
7822:
7821:
7816:
7810:
7803:
7796:
7789:
7783:
7769:
7715:
7656:
7647:Ayyubid dynasty
7624:Omar al-Mukhtar
7553:Ash'ari leaders
7548:
7535:
7504:
7479:
7249:Ahmad al-Rifa'i
7121:
7076:Muhammad 'Ilish
7058:Ahmad al-Tijani
7040:Ahmad al-Dardir
6809:
6807:
6803:
6797:
6791:
6775:
6773:
6765:
6761:
6758:
6728:
6723:
6694:
6684:Awn Al-Qaddoumi
6558:
6505:
6494:Uways al-Barawi
6458:
6441:
6412:
6359:
6276:
6248:Ibn Daqiq al-Id
6230:Ahmad al-Badawi
6206:
6171:Ahmed al-Rifa`i
6135:
6076:
6012:
5942:
5919:
5900:
5895:
5865:
5856:
5731:
5710:
5571:Mohammed Bennis
5561:Mohamed Choukri
5501:Ghada al-Samman
5431:Mahmoud Darwish
5392:
5388:Tawfiq al-Hakim
5343:Maryana Marrash
5338:Francis Marrash
5268:Nasif al-Yaziji
5263:Maruf al Rusafi
5240:
5219:
5215:Ahmed Ben Triki
5176:
5103:
4858:
4850:
4811:Yaqut al-Hamawi
4681:Ibn al-Muqaffa'
4661:Yunus ibn Habib
4606:ibn al-Mudabbir
4462:
4428:Waddah al-Yaman
4398:Ka'b bin Zuhayr
4363:Fadl Ashsha'ira
4332:
4315:
4261:Mahd al-Aadiyya
4226:Amr ibn Kulthum
4162:
4145:
4127:
4114:
4109:
4079:
4074:
4043:
4017:
3991:
3882:
3857:
3841:
3805:
3786:Dawud al-Antaki
3759:
3708:
3622:
3563:Ibn Abi Usaibia
3511:
3410:
3401:Jonah ibn Janah
3299:
3190:Aayon Ibn Aayon
3173:
3154:Shapur ibn Sahl
3082:
3061:
3017:Abu Hafsa Yazid
2996:
2991:
2899:
2889:
2865:
2838:Hamdard Medicus
2815:
2813:
2812:on 4 April 2015
2798:
2762:
2756:
2751:
2750:
2742:Islamic Culture
2737:
2733:
2726:
2710:
2706:
2699:
2683:
2679:
2672:
2656:
2652:
2643:
2636:
2627:
2618:
2609:
2596:
2587:
2583:
2574:
2570:
2561:
2557:
2547:Wayback Machine
2530:
2526:
2512:Wayback Machine
2502:
2498:
2493:Wayback Machine
2476:
2472:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2443:
2439:
2402:
2398:
2358:
2354:
2343:Hamdard Medicus
2339:
2335:
2324:Hamdard Medicus
2320:
2313:
2306:
2290:
2286:
2279:
2263:
2259:
2252:
2236:
2232:
2225:
2221:
2214:
2210:
2199:Hamdard Medicus
2196:
2195:
2184:
2174:
2172:
2162:
2147:
2140:
2124:
2117:
2102:
2095:
2088:Muslim Heritage
2080:
2073:
2061:
2057:
2046:
2042:
2035:
2021:
2017:
2007:
2005:
2003:www.nlm.nih.gov
1997:
1996:
1992:
1981:
1972:
1965:
1949:
1945:
1934:
1930:
1923:
1919:
1908:
1904:
1865:
1861:
1816:
1807:
1780:
1776:
1769:
1753:
1749:
1742:
1726:
1722:
1701:
1697:
1690:
1674:
1670:
1663:
1647:
1643:
1636:
1620:
1616:
1571:
1567:
1560:
1529:
1525:
1518:
1490:
1486:
1433:
1429:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1373:
1368:
1366:
1359:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1300:
1279:. In AD 1500,
1265:
1230:'s idea of the
1138:experimentation
1118:
1112:
1095:
1087:Kitab al-Shamil
1083:
1074:
1057:
1052:
1036:
1010:
1001:
986:
968:
885:arterial system
865:
813:
792:'s Questionsâ).
689:
660:
628:
588:
551:
534:
510:fall of Baghdad
464:Ibn Abi Usaibia
456:Ibn Abi Usaibia
420:
313:Islamic studies
263:
255:
254:
245:
217:
216:
191:Notable work(s)
186:
172:Islamic studies
81:
72:
63:
54:
51:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7901:
7891:
7890:
7885:
7880:
7875:
7870:
7865:
7860:
7855:
7850:
7845:
7840:
7835:
7818:
7817:
7815:
7814:
7807:
7800:
7793:
7778:
7775:
7774:
7771:
7770:
7768:
7767:
7762:
7757:
7752:
7747:
7742:
7737:
7731:
7725:
7721:
7720:
7717:
7716:
7714:
7713:
7708:
7703:
7698:
7693:
7688:
7683:
7681:Asas al-Taqdis
7678:
7672:
7666:
7665:Theology books
7662:
7661:
7658:
7657:
7655:
7654:
7649:
7644:
7639:
7633:
7627:
7621:
7615:
7609:
7603:
7600:Al-Ashraf Musa
7597:
7591:
7585:
7579:
7573:
7567:
7560:
7554:
7550:
7549:
7542:
7540:
7537:
7536:
7534:
7533:
7527:
7521:
7514:
7512:
7506:
7505:
7503:
7502:
7496:
7489:
7487:
7481:
7480:
7478:
7477:
7472:
7467:
7462:
7456:
7450:
7444:
7438:
7432:
7429:Hasan al-Attar
7426:
7420:
7414:
7408:
7402:
7396:
7390:
7384:
7378:
7372:
7366:
7360:
7354:
7348:
7342:
7336:
7330:
7324:
7318:
7312:
7306:
7300:
7294:
7288:
7282:
7276:
7270:
7264:
7258:
7252:
7246:
7240:
7237:Al-Shahrastani
7234:
7228:
7222:
7216:
7210:
7204:
7198:
7192:
7186:
7180:
7174:
7168:
7162:
7156:
7150:
7144:
7138:
7131:
7129:
7123:
7122:
7120:
7119:
7114:
7112:Ahmed el-Tayeb
7109:
7103:
7097:
7091:
7085:
7079:
7073:
7067:
7061:
7055:
7049:
7043:
7037:
7031:
7025:
7019:
7013:
7007:
7001:
6995:
6989:
6983:
6977:
6971:
6965:
6959:
6953:
6947:
6941:
6935:
6929:
6923:
6917:
6911:
6905:
6899:
6893:
6887:
6884:Al-Qadi 'Ayyad
6881:
6875:
6869:
6863:
6857:
6851:
6845:
6839:
6833:
6826:
6824:
6815:
6799:
6798:
6796:
6795:
6783:
6770:
6767:
6766:
6757:
6756:
6749:
6742:
6734:
6725:
6724:
6722:
6721:
6716:
6711:
6706:
6699:
6696:
6695:
6693:
6692:
6687:
6681:
6678:Afifi al-Akiti
6675:
6669:
6663:
6657:
6654:Umar bin Hafiz
6651:
6645:
6639:
6633:
6627:
6621:
6615:
6612:Naqib al-Attas
6609:
6603:
6597:
6591:
6585:
6579:
6573:
6566:
6564:
6560:
6559:
6557:
6556:
6550:
6544:
6538:
6532:
6526:
6520:
6513:
6511:
6507:
6506:
6504:
6503:
6497:
6491:
6485:
6479:
6473:
6466:
6464:
6460:
6459:
6457:
6456:
6449:
6447:
6443:
6442:
6440:
6439:
6433:
6427:
6426:(1492/93â1565)
6420:
6418:
6414:
6413:
6411:
6410:
6404:
6398:
6392:
6386:
6380:
6374:
6367:
6365:
6361:
6360:
6358:
6357:
6351:
6345:
6339:
6333:
6327:
6321:
6315:
6309:
6303:
6297:
6291:
6284:
6282:
6278:
6277:
6275:
6274:
6269:
6263:
6262:(1252/53â1334)
6257:
6251:
6245:
6239:
6233:
6227:
6221:
6218:Ibn Abil-Hadid
6214:
6212:
6208:
6207:
6205:
6204:
6198:
6192:
6186:
6180:
6174:
6168:
6162:
6161:(1105âc. 1176)
6156:
6153:Al-Shahrastani
6150:
6143:
6141:
6137:
6136:
6134:
6133:
6127:
6121:
6115:
6109:
6103:
6097:
6091:
6084:
6082:
6078:
6077:
6075:
6074:
6069:
6063:
6057:
6051:
6045:
6039:
6033:
6027:
6020:
6018:
6014:
6013:
6011:
6010:
6005:
5999:
5996:Ibn al-Mundhir
5993:
5987:
5981:
5975:
5969:
5963:
5957:
5950:
5948:
5944:
5943:
5941:
5940:
5934:
5927:
5925:
5921:
5920:
5918:
5917:
5905:
5902:
5901:
5898:Shafi'i school
5894:
5893:
5886:
5879:
5871:
5862:
5861:
5858:
5857:
5855:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5768:
5767:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5736:
5733:
5732:
5720:
5719:
5716:
5715:
5712:
5711:
5709:
5708:
5703:
5701:Samih al-Qasim
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5681:Omar Abu Risha
5678:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5606:Youssef Rzouga
5603:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5566:Leila Abouzeid
5563:
5558:
5556:Alaa Al Aswany
5553:
5548:
5546:Leila Aboulela
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5526:Colette Khoury
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5461:AbbÄs al-AqqÄd
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5411:Naguib Mahfouz
5408:
5402:
5400:
5394:
5393:
5391:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5288:Naoum Mokarzel
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5254:
5252:
5242:
5241:
5229:
5228:
5225:
5224:
5221:
5220:
5218:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5186:
5184:
5178:
5177:
5175:
5174:
5172:Al-Qalqashandi
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5113:
5111:
5105:
5104:
5102:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5089:Ibn al-Kattani
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4909:Ibn Abd Rabbih
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4865:
4863:
4852:
4851:
4849:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4836:Ibn al-Shajari
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4656:Rabia of Basra
4653:
4648:
4646:Aban al-Lahiqi
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4526:Abu al-Atahiya
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4486:Ibn al-Mu'tazz
4483:
4478:
4472:
4470:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4373:Ibn Abi Hasina
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4344:
4342:
4334:
4333:
4321:
4320:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4167:
4164:
4163:
4151:
4150:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4143:
4138:
4132:
4129:
4128:
4116:
4115:
4108:
4107:
4100:
4093:
4085:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4051:
4049:
4045:
4044:
4042:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4025:
4023:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4015:
4010:
4005:
3999:
3997:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3989:
3982:
3975:
3968:
3961:
3954:
3947:
3940:
3933:
3926:
3919:
3914:
3907:
3900:
3892:
3890:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3880:
3875:
3869:
3867:
3863:
3862:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3855:
3849:
3847:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3813:
3811:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3791:Hakim-e-Gilani
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3771:Rostam Gorgani
3767:
3765:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3716:
3714:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3630:
3628:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3620:
3615:
3613:Sa'ad al-Dawla
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3519:
3517:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3482:Ibn al-Tilmīdh
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3418:
3416:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3391:Ibn al-Kattani
3388:
3386:Ibn al-Haytham
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3366:Ibn Al-Thahabi
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3336:Ali ibn Ridwan
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3307:
3305:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3297:
3295:Qusta ibn Luqa
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3181:
3179:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3171:
3169:Yusuf al-Khuri
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3078:Ja'ar al-Sadiq
3075:
3069:
3067:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3013:
3011:
3004:
2998:
2997:
2990:
2989:
2982:
2975:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2915:
2898:
2897:External links
2895:
2894:
2893:
2887:
2871:"Ä°BNĂ'n-NEFĂS"
2864:
2863:
2846:
2833:
2822:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2780:10.1086/358600
2761:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2731:
2724:
2704:
2697:
2677:
2670:
2650:
2634:
2616:
2594:
2581:
2568:
2555:
2524:
2514:, pp. 209â10 (
2496:
2470:
2465:pulse.embs.org
2452:
2437:
2396:
2352:
2333:
2311:
2304:
2284:
2277:
2257:
2250:
2230:
2219:
2208:
2182:
2145:
2138:
2132:. I.B.Tauris.
2115:
2093:
2071:
2055:
2040:
2033:
2015:
1990:
1970:
1963:
1943:
1928:
1917:
1902:
1875:(7): 1088â90.
1859:
1805:
1794:(4): 244â249.
1774:
1767:
1747:
1740:
1720:
1695:
1688:
1668:
1661:
1641:
1634:
1614:
1565:
1558:
1523:
1516:
1510:. p. 16.
1484:
1447:(5): 385â387.
1427:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1364:
1348:
1345:
1299:
1296:
1273:William Harvey
1269:Realdo Columbo
1264:
1261:
1226:who supported
1114:Main article:
1111:
1108:
1094:
1091:
1082:
1079:
1073:
1070:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1035:
1032:
1009:
1006:
1000:
997:
985:
982:
967:
964:
950:pulmonary vein
864:
861:
812:
809:
808:
807:
793:
783:
765:
759:
753:
688:
685:
659:
656:
627:
624:
587:
584:
564:Youssef Ziedan
550:
547:
533:
530:
450:and Damascus,
419:
416:
338:De motu cordis
333:William Harvey
265:
264:
262:
261:
252:
251:
250:
247:
246:
244:
243:
214:
213:
212:
209:
208:
204:
203:
192:
188:
187:
185:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
149:
143:
141:
137:
136:
131:
127:
126:
121:
117:
116:
107:
103:
102:
97:
93:
92:
87:
83:
82:
73:
69:
65:
64:
55:
46:
42:
41:
37:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7900:
7889:
7886:
7884:
7881:
7879:
7876:
7874:
7871:
7869:
7866:
7864:
7861:
7859:
7856:
7854:
7851:
7849:
7846:
7844:
7841:
7839:
7836:
7834:
7831:
7830:
7828:
7813:
7808:
7806:
7801:
7799:
7794:
7792:
7786:
7781:
7780:
7776:
7766:
7763:
7761:
7758:
7756:
7753:
7751:
7748:
7746:
7743:
7741:
7740:Ahl al-Hadith
7738:
7736:
7733:
7732:
7729:
7726:
7722:
7712:
7709:
7707:
7704:
7702:
7699:
7697:
7694:
7692:
7689:
7687:
7684:
7682:
7679:
7677:
7674:
7673:
7670:
7667:
7663:
7653:
7650:
7648:
7645:
7643:
7642:Al-Muwahhidun
7640:
7637:
7634:
7631:
7628:
7625:
7622:
7619:
7616:
7613:
7610:
7607:
7604:
7601:
7598:
7595:
7592:
7589:
7586:
7583:
7580:
7577:
7574:
7571:
7568:
7565:
7564:Nizam al-Mulk
7562:
7561:
7558:
7555:
7551:
7546:
7531:
7528:
7525:
7522:
7519:
7516:
7515:
7513:
7511:
7507:
7500:
7497:
7494:
7491:
7490:
7488:
7486:
7482:
7476:
7475:Gibril Haddad
7473:
7471:
7468:
7466:
7463:
7460:
7457:
7454:
7451:
7448:
7447:Noah al-Qudah
7445:
7442:
7439:
7436:
7433:
7430:
7427:
7424:
7421:
7418:
7415:
7412:
7409:
7406:
7403:
7400:
7397:
7394:
7391:
7388:
7387:Al-Qastallani
7385:
7382:
7379:
7376:
7373:
7370:
7367:
7364:
7361:
7358:
7355:
7352:
7349:
7346:
7345:Ibn al-Jazari
7343:
7340:
7337:
7334:
7331:
7328:
7325:
7322:
7319:
7316:
7313:
7310:
7307:
7304:
7301:
7298:
7295:
7292:
7289:
7286:
7283:
7280:
7277:
7274:
7271:
7268:
7265:
7262:
7259:
7256:
7253:
7250:
7247:
7244:
7241:
7238:
7235:
7232:
7229:
7226:
7223:
7220:
7217:
7214:
7211:
7208:
7205:
7202:
7199:
7196:
7193:
7190:
7187:
7184:
7181:
7178:
7175:
7172:
7169:
7166:
7163:
7160:
7157:
7154:
7151:
7148:
7145:
7142:
7139:
7136:
7133:
7132:
7130:
7128:
7124:
7118:
7115:
7113:
7110:
7107:
7104:
7101:
7098:
7095:
7092:
7089:
7086:
7083:
7080:
7077:
7074:
7071:
7068:
7065:
7062:
7059:
7056:
7053:
7050:
7047:
7044:
7041:
7038:
7035:
7032:
7029:
7026:
7023:
7020:
7017:
7014:
7011:
7008:
7005:
7002:
6999:
6996:
6993:
6990:
6987:
6984:
6981:
6978:
6975:
6972:
6969:
6966:
6963:
6960:
6957:
6954:
6951:
6948:
6945:
6942:
6939:
6936:
6933:
6930:
6927:
6924:
6921:
6918:
6915:
6912:
6909:
6906:
6903:
6900:
6897:
6896:Ibn al-Qattan
6894:
6891:
6888:
6885:
6882:
6879:
6876:
6873:
6870:
6867:
6864:
6861:
6858:
6855:
6852:
6849:
6846:
6843:
6840:
6837:
6834:
6831:
6828:
6827:
6825:
6823:
6819:
6816:
6812:
6806:
6800:
6794:
6784:
6782:
6772:
6771:
6768:
6764:
6755:
6750:
6748:
6743:
6741:
6736:
6735:
6732:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6701:
6697:
6691:
6688:
6685:
6682:
6679:
6676:
6673:
6670:
6667:
6664:
6661:
6658:
6655:
6652:
6649:
6648:Gibril Haddad
6646:
6643:
6640:
6637:
6634:
6631:
6628:
6625:
6622:
6619:
6616:
6613:
6610:
6607:
6604:
6601:
6598:
6595:
6592:
6589:
6588:Hasyim Muzadi
6586:
6583:
6580:
6577:
6574:
6571:
6568:
6567:
6565:
6561:
6554:
6551:
6548:
6547:Ahmed Kuftaro
6545:
6542:
6539:
6536:
6533:
6530:
6527:
6524:
6521:
6518:
6515:
6514:
6512:
6508:
6501:
6498:
6495:
6492:
6489:
6486:
6483:
6480:
6477:
6474:
6471:
6468:
6467:
6465:
6461:
6454:
6451:
6450:
6448:
6444:
6437:
6434:
6431:
6428:
6425:
6422:
6421:
6419:
6415:
6408:
6405:
6402:
6399:
6396:
6395:Al-Qastallani
6393:
6390:
6387:
6384:
6381:
6378:
6375:
6372:
6369:
6368:
6366:
6362:
6355:
6354:Ibn al-Jazari
6352:
6349:
6346:
6343:
6340:
6337:
6334:
6331:
6328:
6325:
6322:
6319:
6316:
6313:
6310:
6307:
6304:
6301:
6298:
6295:
6292:
6289:
6286:
6285:
6283:
6279:
6273:
6270:
6267:
6264:
6261:
6258:
6255:
6252:
6249:
6246:
6243:
6242:Ibn Khallikan
6240:
6237:
6234:
6231:
6228:
6225:
6222:
6219:
6216:
6215:
6213:
6209:
6202:
6199:
6196:
6195:Ibn Abi'l-Dam
6193:
6190:
6187:
6184:
6181:
6178:
6175:
6172:
6169:
6166:
6163:
6160:
6157:
6154:
6151:
6148:
6145:
6144:
6142:
6138:
6131:
6130:Ahmad Ghazali
6128:
6125:
6122:
6119:
6116:
6113:
6110:
6107:
6104:
6101:
6098:
6095:
6092:
6089:
6086:
6085:
6083:
6079:
6073:
6070:
6067:
6064:
6061:
6058:
6055:
6052:
6049:
6046:
6043:
6040:
6037:
6034:
6031:
6028:
6025:
6022:
6021:
6019:
6015:
6009:
6006:
6003:
6000:
5997:
5994:
5991:
5990:Ibn Khuzaymah
5988:
5985:
5982:
5979:
5976:
5973:
5970:
5967:
5964:
5961:
5958:
5955:
5952:
5951:
5949:
5945:
5938:
5935:
5932:
5929:
5928:
5926:
5922:
5915:
5911:
5907:
5906:
5903:
5899:
5892:
5887:
5885:
5880:
5878:
5873:
5872:
5869:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5766:
5763:
5762:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5737:
5734:
5730:
5725:
5721:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5686:Yusuf al-Khal
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5676:Elia Abu Madi
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5586:Waciny Laredj
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5536:Zakaria Tamer
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5486:Ibrahim Tuqan
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5456:Nizar Qabbani
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5403:
5401:
5399:
5395:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5363:Kahlil Gibran
5361:
5359:
5358:Mikhail Naimy
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5348:Hafez Ibrahim
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5255:
5253:
5251:
5247:
5243:
5239:
5234:
5230:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5210:Ibn al-Wannan
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5187:
5185:
5183:
5179:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5122:Ibn Al Ouardy
5120:
5118:
5115:
5114:
5112:
5110:
5106:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5079:Ibn al-Yayyab
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4949:Ibn al-Khatib
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4919:Ibn al-Zaqqaq
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4874:Al-Rumaikiyya
4872:
4870:
4867:
4866:
4864:
4862:
4857:
4853:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4816:Al Suhrawardi
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4711:Ibn al-Anbari
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4476:Bint al-Mahdī
4474:
4473:
4471:
4469:
4465:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4345:
4343:
4341:Early Islamic
4339:
4335:
4331:
4326:
4322:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4276:Imru' al-Qais
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4168:
4165:
4161:
4156:
4152:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4133:
4130:
4126:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4106:
4101:
4099:
4094:
4092:
4087:
4086:
4083:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4052:
4050:
4046:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4026:
4024:
4020:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3994:
3988:
3987:
3983:
3981:
3980:
3976:
3974:
3973:
3969:
3967:
3966:
3962:
3960:
3959:
3958:Adab al-Tabib
3955:
3953:
3952:
3948:
3946:
3945:
3941:
3939:
3938:
3934:
3932:
3931:
3927:
3925:
3924:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3912:
3908:
3906:
3905:
3901:
3899:
3898:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3889:
3885:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3873:Ophthalmology
3871:
3870:
3868:
3864:
3854:
3851:
3850:
3848:
3844:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3808:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3776:ÊœImad Shirazi
3774:
3772:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3762:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3711:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3654:Ibn al-Khatib
3652:
3650:
3649:Ibn al-Akfani
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3625:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3588:Ibn alâRaqqam
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3573:Ibn al-Baitar
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
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3549:
3546:
3544:
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3538:Al-Shahrazuri
3536:
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3361:Ibn Abi Sadiq
3359:
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3347:
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3309:
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3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3265:Ibn al-Jazzar
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
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3238:
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3005:
3003:
2999:
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2834:
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2829:
2823:
2811:
2807:
2806:
2800:
2799:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2774:(4): 443â53.
2773:
2769:
2764:
2763:
2744:
2743:
2735:
2727:
2721:
2717:
2716:
2708:
2700:
2694:
2690:
2689:
2681:
2673:
2667:
2663:
2662:
2654:
2648:, p. 36, 1994
2647:
2641:
2639:
2632:, p. 34, 1994
2631:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2614:, p. 38, 1983
2613:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2591:
2585:
2579:, p. 37, 1983
2578:
2572:
2566:, p. 35, 1994
2565:
2559:
2552:
2548:
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2329:
2325:
2318:
2316:
2307:
2301:
2297:
2296:
2288:
2280:
2274:
2271:. CRC Press.
2270:
2269:
2261:
2253:
2247:
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2242:
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2019:
2004:
2000:
1994:
1986:
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1712:
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1699:
1691:
1685:
1681:
1680:
1672:
1664:
1658:
1655:. Routledge.
1654:
1653:
1645:
1637:
1631:
1627:
1626:
1618:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1569:
1561:
1559:9782745189509
1555:
1552:. p. 4.
1551:
1547:
1543:
1540:(in Arabic).
1539:
1538:
1533:
1527:
1519:
1517:9782745147851
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1498:(in Arabic).
1497:
1496:
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1384:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1365:
1362:
1351:
1343:
1338:
1336:
1335:George Sarton
1331:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1281:Andrea Alpago
1278:
1274:
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995:
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973:
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947:
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935:
931:
927:
923:
916:
911:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
888:
886:
882:
881:venous system
878:
874:
870:
860:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
817:
805:
801:
797:
794:
791:
787:
784:
781:
777:
773:
772:ophthalmology
769:
766:
763:
760:
757:
754:
751:
747:
743:
740:
739:
738:
736:
732:
731:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
684:
682:
678:
673:
669:
665:
655:
652:
648:
647:
646:Nature of Man
641:
640:Nature of Man
637:
633:
632:Nature of Man
623:
621:
617:
613:
608:
606:
602:
596:
594:
583:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
560:
558:
557:
543:
538:
529:
527:
522:
519:
515:
511:
507:
502:
500:
496:
495:jurisprudence
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
471:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
440:Nuri Hospital
437:
433:
429:
425:
415:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
396:jurisprudence
392:
390:
386:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
354:
352:
348:
344:
340:
339:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
317:jurisprudence
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
260:
257:
256:
248:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
219:
218:
210:
207:Muslim leader
205:
202:
198:
197:
193:
189:
183:
180:
178:
177:jurisprudence
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
144:
142:
138:
135:
132:
128:
125:
122:
120:Jurisprudence
118:
115:
111:
108:
104:
101:
98:
94:
91:
88:
84:
80:
76:
70:
66:
62:
58:
47:
43:
38:
34:
29:
22:
19:
7883:Arab Muslims
7638:(d. 1382 AH)
7632:(d. 1354 AH)
7626:(d. 1350 AH)
7620:(d. 1300 AH)
7499:Ibn al-Jawzi
7470:Ali al-Jifri
7461:(d. 1434 AH)
7455:(d. 1432 AH)
7449:(d. 1432 AH)
7443:(d. 1379 AH)
7437:(d. 1304 AH)
7431:(d. 1230 AH)
7425:(d. 1132 AH)
7419:(d. 1031 AH)
7261:Ibn al-Salah
7108:(d. 1425 AH)
7102:(d. 1419 AH)
7096:(d. 1397 AH)
7090:(d. 1393 AH)
7084:(d. 1380 AH)
7078:(d. 1299 AH)
7072:(d. 1276 AH)
7066:(d. 1230 AH)
7060:(d. 1230 AH)
7054:(d. 1224 AH)
7048:(d. 1208 AH)
7042:(d. 1201 AH)
7036:(d. 1122 AH)
7030:(d. 1102 AH)
7024:(d. 1090 AH)
7018:(d. 1072 AH)
7012:(d. 1041 AH)
7006:(d. 1041 AH)
7000:(d. 1036 AH)
6974:Ahmad Zarruq
6926:Ibn Adjurrum
6872:Ibn Barrajan
6836:Al-Baqillani
6672:Ali al-Jifri
6290:(d. 1315/16)
6201:Ibn al-Salah
6132:(d. 1123/26)
6024:Al-Daraqutni
5939:(791/92â878)
5908:by century (
5822:Saudi Arabia
5765:Copto-Arabic
5666:Saadi Yousef
5641:Safa Khulusi
5626:Hasan Tawfiq
5596:Alifa Rifaat
5591:Tahar Djaout
5491:Emile Habibi
5481:Sinan Antoon
5398:Contemporary
5383:Taha Hussein
5373:Jurji Zaydan
5353:Ahmed Shawqi
5298:Ameen Rihani
5147:Ibn al-Wardi
5034:al-Shushtari
5009:Umm Al-Kiram
4914:Ibn al-Abbar
4894:Al-Rukuniyya
4841:Ibn al-Nafis
4840:
4771:Al-Tha'alibi
4721:Ibn Qutaybah
4621:Al-Mutanabbi
4601:ibn al-Mahdi
4576:Ibn al-Farid
4531:ibn al-'Amid
4481:Ibn al-Ahnaf
4246:Hatim al-Tai
4176:Adi ibn Zayd
3984:
3977:
3970:
3963:
3956:
3949:
3942:
3935:
3928:
3921:
3909:
3902:
3895:
3846:18th century
3810:17th century
3764:16th century
3713:15th century
3704:Zayn-e-Attar
3627:14th century
3578:Ibn al-Nafis
3577:
3516:13th century
3415:12th century
3396:Ibn al-Wafid
3304:11th century
3178:10th century
3109:Ali al-Ridha
2929:
2923:
2908:
2874:
2850:
2841:
2837:
2827:
2814:. Retrieved
2810:the original
2804:
2771:
2767:
2741:
2734:
2718:. Saunders.
2714:
2707:
2687:
2680:
2660:
2653:
2645:
2629:
2612:Clio medica,
2611:
2589:
2584:
2577:Clio medica,
2576:
2571:
2563:
2558:
2550:
2532:
2527:
2515:
2499:
2478:
2473:
2464:
2455:
2446:
2440:
2413:
2409:
2399:
2372:
2368:
2355:
2346:
2342:
2336:
2327:
2323:
2294:
2287:
2267:
2260:
2240:
2233:
2222:
2211:
2202:
2198:
2173:. Retrieved
2169:
2128:
2109:
2087:
2066:
2063:
2058:
2049:
2043:
2024:
2018:
2006:. Retrieved
2002:
1993:
1984:
1953:
1946:
1938:The Crusades
1937:
1931:
1920:
1911:
1905:
1872:
1868:
1862:
1827:
1823:
1791:
1787:
1777:
1757:
1750:
1730:
1723:
1714:
1708:
1698:
1678:
1671:
1651:
1644:
1624:
1617:
1582:
1578:
1568:
1536:
1526:
1494:
1487:
1474:
1444:
1440:
1430:
1417:
1375:Islam portal
1340:
1332:
1328:
1313:
1301:
1293:
1284:
1276:
1266:
1248:
1246:
1221:
1217:metaphysical
1205:resurrection
1199:
1197:
1192:
1188:
1182:
1174:
1168:
1160:
1159:The plot of
1158:
1134:epistemology
1119:
1104:
1096:
1086:
1084:
1075:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1037:
1024:
1019:
1011:
1002:
992:
987:
977:
969:
959:
955:
942:
938:
918:
913:
889:
866:
828:
822:
795:
785:
767:
761:
755:
741:
728:
690:
671:
667:
663:
661:
650:
645:
639:
631:
629:
609:
597:
589:
561:
554:
552:
523:
503:
472:
421:
393:
355:
350:
336:
278:Ibn al-Nafīs
277:
269:
268:
200:
194:
25:Ibn al-Nafis
18:
7838:1288 deaths
7833:1213 births
7745:Ahl al-Ra'y
7614:(d. 741 AH)
7608:(d. 658 AH)
7602:(d. 635 AH)
7596:(d. 635 AH)
7590:(d. 615 AH)
7584:(d. 589 AH)
7578:(d. 558 AH)
7572:(d. 500 AH)
7566:(d. 485 AH)
7532:(d. 745 AH)
7526:(d. 592 AH)
7520:(d. 524 AH)
7501:(d. 534 AH)
7495:(d. 508 AH)
7413:(d. 977 AH)
7407:(d. 974 AH)
7401:(d. 973 AH)
7399:Al-Sha'rani
7395:(d. 926 AH)
7389:(d. 923 AH)
7383:(d. 918 AH)
7377:(d. 911 AH)
7371:(d. 911 AH)
7365:(d. 902 AH)
7359:(d. 852 AH)
7353:(d. 845 AH)
7347:(d. 833 AH)
7341:(d. 807 AH)
7335:(d. 806 AH)
7329:(d. 794 AH)
7327:Al-Zarkashi
7323:(d. 786 AH)
7317:(d. 771 AH)
7311:(d. 764 AH)
7305:(d. 756 AH)
7299:(d. 742 AH)
7293:(d. 728 AH)
7287:(d. 702 AH)
7281:(d. 685 AH)
7275:(d. 676 AH)
7269:(d. 660 AH)
7263:(d. 643 AH)
7257:(d. 606 AH)
7251:(d. 578 AH)
7245:(d. 571 AH)
7243:Ibn 'Asakir
7239:(d. 548 AH)
7233:(d. 516 AH)
7227:(d. 505 AH)
7221:(d. 502 AH)
7215:(d. 478 AH)
7209:(d. 471 AH)
7203:(d. 476 AH)
7197:(d. 465 AH)
7195:Al-Qushayri
7191:(d. 463 AH)
7185:(d. 458 AH)
7179:(d. 430 AH)
7173:(d. 429 AH)
7167:(d. 427 AH)
7165:Al-Tha'labi
7161:(d. 418 AH)
7155:(d. 406 AH)
7149:(d. 405 AH)
7143:(d. 371 AH)
7137:(d. 354 AH)
7117:Hamza Yusuf
6994:(d. 954 AH)
6988:(d. 953 AH)
6982:(d. 914 AH)
6976:(d. 899 AH)
6970:(d. 876 AH)
6964:(d. 808 AH)
6962:Ibn Khaldun
6958:(d. 803 AH)
6952:(d. 790 AH)
6946:(d. 776 AH)
6940:(d. 741 AH)
6934:(d. 737 AH)
6928:(d. 723 AH)
6922:(d. 709 AH)
6916:(d. 702 AH)
6910:(d. 684 AH)
6904:(d. 672 AH)
6898:(d. 628 AH)
6892:(d. 581 AH)
6886:(d. 544 AH)
6880:(d. 543 AH)
6874:(d. 536 AH)
6868:(d. 536 AH)
6862:(d. 520 AH)
6856:(d. 474 AH)
6850:(d. 458 AH)
6844:(d. 430 AH)
6838:(d. 403 AH)
6832:(d. 386 AH)
6642:Zaid Shakir
6602:(1950â2022)
6596:(1935â2022)
6590:(1944â2017)
6584:(1937â2016)
6578:(1935â2016)
6572:(1932â2015)
6555:(1906â2008)
6549:(1915â2004)
6543:(1908â2002)
6537:(1908â1981)
6531:(1877â1960)
6525:(1879â1952)
6519:(1849â1932)
6502:(1860â1916)
6496:(1847â1909)
6490:(1828â1904)
6488:Shaykh Sufi
6484:(1816â1886)
6478:(1820â1882)
6472:(1784â1860)
6455:(1634â1720)
6432:(1503â1566)
6424:Al-Sha`rani
6409:(1466â1533)
6403:(1420â1520)
6397:(1448â1517)
6391:(1445â1505)
6385:(1428â1497)
6373:(1372â1449)
6356:(1350â1429)
6344:(1335â1404)
6338:(1325â1403)
6332:(1344â1392)
6326:(1322â1390)
6314:(1327â1370)
6308:(1302â1367)
6302:(1284â1355)
6296:(1274â1348)
6268:(1256â1341)
6250:(1228â1302)
6244:(1211â1282)
6238:(1230â1277)
6232:(1200â1276)
6203:(1181â1245)
6197:(1187â1244)
6191:(1156â1233)
6185:(1150â1209)
6179:(1154â1191)
6173:(1119â1183)
6167:(1079â1180)
6159:Ibn `Asakir
6155:(1086â1153)
6149:(1058â1111)
6120:(1028â1085)
6112:Al-Qushayri
6108:(1002â1071)
6088:Al-Tha'labi
6072:Al-Lalika'i
6068:(1003â1083)
6008:Fakr ad-Din
5706:Fadwa Tuqan
5651:Ahmed Matar
5636:al-Jawahiri
5616:Amal Donqol
5611:Salah Jahin
5541:Tayeb Salih
5416:Yusuf Idris
5368:Farah Antun
5308:al-Kawakibi
5205:Hanna Diyab
5182:Ottoman era
5167:Ibn Khaldun
5137:Ibn Battuta
5049:Ibn al-Arif
4944:Ibn Khafaja
4726:Dik al-Jinn
4716:Al-Qasabani
4686:Al-Mubarrad
4671:Al-Farahidi
4641:Al-Armanazi
4581:Ibn al-Rumi
4561:Al-Isfahani
4536:Al-Hamadani
4501:Al-Mudabbir
4468:Abbasid era
4458:al-Mufaddal
4353:Al-Farazdaq
4311:Al-Munakhal
4206:Al-Shanfara
4191:Al-Hujayjah
4160:Pre-Islamic
3937:De Gradibus
3583:Ibn al-Quff
3087:9th century
3066:8th century
3042:Masarjawaih
3010:7th century
2760:Works cited
2691:. Penguin.
2592:, p32, 1994
1209:immortality
1154:feral child
1146:eschatology
721:Hippocrates
717:environment
687:Other works
491:Ibn al-Quff
358:dissections
347:circulatory
225:Hippocrates
7827:Categories
7518:Ibn Tumart
7363:Al-Sakhawi
7351:Al-Maqrizi
7279:Al-Baydawi
7231:Al-Baghawi
7225:Al-Ghazali
7213:Al-Juwayni
7183:Al-Bayhaqi
7141:Ibn Khafif
7135:Ibn Hibban
7022:Ibn 'Ashir
6986:Al-Akhdari
6956:Ibn 'Arafa
6938:Ibn Juzayy
6890:Al-Suhayli
6529:Said NursĂź
6383:Al-Sakhawi
6377:Al-Mahalli
6348:Ibn Nuhaas
6318:Ibn Kathir
6294:Al-Dhahabi
6254:Al-Baydawi
6147:Al-Ghazali
6124:Al-Baghawi
6118:Al-Juwayni
6114:(986â1072)
6102:(994â1066)
6100:Al-Bayhaqi
6096:(972â1058)
6094:Al-Mawardi
6050:(935â1025)
6038:(933â1014)
5954:Al-Humaydi
5931:Al-Shafi'i
5797:Mauritania
5601:Ali Douagi
5521:Hanna Mina
5511:Al Gosaibi
5378:May Ziadeh
5293:Ahmad Rida
5258:El Baroudy
5190:Al-Nabulsi
5162:al-Nafzawi
5157:Ibn Nubata
5132:Ibn Manzur
5109:Mamluk era
5094:Ibn Tufayl
5084:Ibn Jubayr
5054:Ibn Wahbun
5039:Abu Madyan
4969:Ibn ZaydĂșn
4964:Ibn Zamrak
4954:Ibn Quzman
4939:Ibn Juzayy
4934:Ibn Bassam
4904:Ibn Hamdis
4869:Abu Ja'far
4856:Al-Andalus
4846:Ibn 'Adlan
4791:Ibn Hayyus
4781:al-Tawhīdī
4776:Al-Daylami
4761:Al-Tughrai
4741:Ibn Bakkar
4676:Al-Shafi'i
4611:Al-Ma'arri
4586:Ibn Duraid
4496:Abu Tammam
4271:Al-Nabigha
4048:Influenced
4022:Influences
4008:Bimarestan
3878:Psychology
3832:Tunakabuni
3745:Nurbakhshi
3644:Ibn Shuayb
3634:Al-Nagawri
3568:Ibn Tumlus
3548:As-Suwaydi
3533:Al-Dakhwar
3472:Ibn Tufayl
3467:Ibn Jumayâ
3371:Ibn Butlan
3260:Ibn Juljul
3235:Al-KaĆkarÄ«
3104:Albubather
3002:Physicians
2844:(1): 5â37.
2110:Explorable
1830:(1): 1â8.
1404:References
1316:physiology
1305:al-Dhahabi
1179:al-Ghazali
1165:Ibn Tufail
1142:futurology
1130:empiricism
1099:metabolism
1093:Metabolism
922:ventricles
908:dissection
892:dissection
853:physiology
705:philosophy
620:physiology
605:physiology
574:, and the
460:Al-Dakhwar
400:literature
362:physiology
321:philosophy
301:physiology
253:Influenced
241:al-Zahrawi
221:Al-Ghazali
182:philosophy
157:physiology
7765:Al-Ahbash
7701:Al-Irshad
7524:Ibn Mada'
7493:Ibn 'Aqil
7465:Ali Gomaa
7417:Al-Munawi
7369:Al-Suyuti
7309:Al-Safadi
7273:Al-Nawawi
7153:Ibn Furak
6992:Al-Hattab
6902:Ibn Malik
6866:Al-Maziri
6848:Ibn Sidah
6686:(b. 1982)
6680:(b. 1976)
6674:(b. 1971)
6668:(b. 1970)
6662:(b. 1964)
6656:(b. 1963)
6650:(b. 1960)
6644:(b. 1956)
6638:(b. 1954)
6632:(b. 1952)
6630:Ali Gomaa
6626:(b. 1945)
6620:(b. 1942)
6614:(b. 1931)
6608:(b. 1931)
6563:15th/21st
6510:14th/20th
6463:13th/19th
6446:11th/17th
6438:(d. 1570)
6417:10th/16th
6389:Al-Suyuti
6379:(d. 1460)
6350:(d. 1411)
6324:Taftazani
6320:(d. 1373)
6256:(d. 1319)
6236:Al-Nawawi
6226:(d. 1262)
6220:(d. 1258)
6126:(d. 1122)
6090:(d. 1035)
6062:(d. 1038)
6060:Abu Nuaym
6056:(d. 1037)
6044:(d. 1015)
6042:Ibn Furak
6026:(918â995)
6004:(874â936)
5998:(855â930)
5992:(837â923)
5980:(824â887)
5978:Ibn Majah
5968:(810â870)
5962:(781â857)
5937:Al-Muzani
5812:Palestine
5661:al-Sayyab
5656:Al-Bayati
5127:Al-Busiri
5074:al-Fazazi
5059:Ibn Abdun
5029:Ibn Arabi
5019:Yusuf III
5014:Yusuf III
5004:Al-Tutili
4924:Ibn Amira
4889:Buthaina
4884:Ibn Ammar
4821:Al-Hallaj
4756:Niftawayh
4701:Al-Zahiri
4626:Abu Nuwas
4591:al-Zajjaj
4556:Al-Busiri
4516:Al-Asma'i
4408:Kuthayyir
4403:Al-Khansa
4330:Classical
4196:Al-កurqah
3944:Al-Tasrif
3684:Nakhshabi
3462:Ibn Habal
3381:Ibn Jazla
3376:Ibn Hindu
3326:Al-Biruni
3240:Al-Natili
3144:Masawaiyh
3119:Bukhtishu
3099:Al-Ruhawi
3073:Bukhtishu
3037:Ibn Uthal
3027:Bukhtishu
2816:8 October
2788:145051465
2416:(1): 91.
2375:(1): 74.
1409:Citations
1253:tradition
1228:Aristotle
1213:reasoning
1126:cosmology
999:Pulsation
934:ventricle
926:ventricle
849:pathology
835:" in the
825:physician
780:Ibn Ishaq
776:Masawaiyh
681:John Snow
418:Biography
412:physician
7873:Shafi'is
7784:Maturidi
7724:See also
7594:Al-Kamil
7485:Hanbalis
7459:Al-Bouti
7127:Shafi'is
6792:Category
6364:9th/15th
6281:8th/14th
6211:7th/13th
6140:6th/12th
6081:5th/11th
6032:(d. 996)
6017:4th/10th
5986:(d. 915)
5984:Al-Nasai
5974:(d. 875)
5956:(d. 834)
5755:Djibouti
5471:Said Akl
5064:Avempace
5044:al-Rundi
5024:Ibn Hazm
4959:Ibn Sahl
4929:Ibn Baqi
4806:Al Uyuni
4636:ShÄriyah
4631:Al-Jahiz
4266:Mu'aqqir
4236:Al-A'sha
4039:Ayurveda
3866:Concepts
3659:Jaghmini
3639:Aqsara'i
3477:Ibn Zuhr
3457:Averroes
3452:Avempace
3406:Masawaih
3351:Avicenna
3285:Muvaffak
3094:Al-Kindi
2956:18845773
2543:Archived
2508:Archived
2489:Archived
2363:(1955).
2349:(1): 31.
2330:(1): 29.
2175:22 April
2008:12 April
1889:25096906
1854:17856795
1800:19145813
1609:16373721
1471:17921693
1347:See also
1309:Ibn Sina
1224:Avicenna
1207:and the
1110:Theology
896:porosity
725:Avicenna
709:theology
693:medicine
677:Damascus
668:Endemics
664:Endemics
616:Avicenna
532:Writings
483:al-Kamil
446:emir of
444:Turkoman
428:Damascus
404:theology
389:Avicenna
374:coronary
293:medicine
289:polymath
237:Avicenna
147:medicine
86:Religion
57:Damascus
40:Personal
7868:Asharis
7804:Shafi'i
7582:Saladin
7510:Zahiris
6822:Malikis
6709:Hanbali
5966:Bukhari
5947:3rd/9th
5924:2nd/8th
5842:Tunisia
5827:Somalia
5802:Morocco
5787:Lebanon
5750:Comoros
5745:Bahrain
5740:Algeria
5516:Echebbi
5069:al-Baji
4999:Qasmuna
4861:Maghreb
4751:Al-Suli
4551:Buhturi
3996:Centers
3972:Al-Hawi
2947:2612469
2859:6085974
2754:Sources
2432:7876530
2391:7876530
1845:1390327
1600:1322233
1546:Lebanon
1504:Lebanon
1462:6077055
1425:(2001).
1320:anatomy
1222:Unlike
1085:In his
1081:Surgery
1072:Urology
898:in the
845:anatomy
746:Turkish
713:grammar
644:on the
601:anatomy
518:Baibars
514:Mamluks
487:Saladin
481:sultan
479:Ayyubid
436:Quraysh
408:Shafi'i
385:Saladin
366:anatomy
327:of the
309:biology
305:anatomy
297:surgery
167:biology
162:anatomy
152:surgery
134:Ash'ari
124:Shafi'i
7797:Maliki
7790:Hanafi
7760:Sufism
7755:Tawhid
7652:Mamluk
6719:Zahiri
6714:Maliki
6704:Hanafi
5847:U.A.E.
5782:Kuwait
5777:Jordan
5436:Adunis
5238:Modern
5195:Fuzûlß
4994:Nazhun
4286:Tarafa
2954:
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1500:Beirut
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1298:Legacy
1148:, and
979:heart.
900:septum
851:, and
841:Berlin
831:, or "
750:Hebrew
570:, the
499:Arabic
448:Aleppo
382:Sultan
319:, and
282:Arabic
274:Arabic
106:Region
7750:Kalam
7606:Qutuz
5852:Yemen
5837:Syria
5832:Sudan
5817:Qatar
5792:Libya
5760:Egypt
5250:Nahda
4989:Muhya
4731:âInÄn
4251:Labīd
3888:Works
3290:Qumri
2784:S2CID
1893:S2CID
1342:Ages.
1044:heart
1040:brain
1034:Brain
1014:lungs
1008:Lungs
904:lungs
877:heart
873:heart
869:Galen
701:logic
651:ijaza
612:Galen
542:India
506:Egypt
475:Egypt
432:Nisba
343:Galen
329:blood
229:Galen
130:Creed
114:Egypt
110:Syria
90:Islam
75:Cairo
5807:Oman
5772:Iraq
4859:and
2952:PMID
2883:ISBN
2855:PMID
2818:2012
2768:Isis
2720:ISBN
2693:ISBN
2666:ISBN
2428:PMID
2387:PMID
2300:ISBN
2273:ISBN
2246:ISBN
2177:2015
2134:ISBN
2029:ISBN
2010:2018
1959:ISBN
1885:PMID
1850:PMID
1796:PMID
1763:ISBN
1736:ISBN
1684:ISBN
1657:ISBN
1630:ISBN
1605:PMID
1554:ISBN
1512:ISBN
1467:PMID
1318:and
1271:and
1244:â."
1237:soul
1232:soul
798:; (â
778:and
748:and
715:and
614:and
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424:Arab
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286:Arab
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4125:Old
2942:PMC
2934:doi
2930:105
2776:doi
2537:cf.
2418:doi
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1877:doi
1840:PMC
1832:doi
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1595:PMC
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1579:BMJ
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