Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing

1325:. The committee also called for the establishment of on transshipment, targeted to combat the practice of transferring illegal catch between vessels, making it more difficult to track illegal fishing operations. COFI developed a series of Voluntary Guidelines for Catch Documentation Schemes (VGCDS) in 2017 in order to prevent the sale of products suspected of being attained through IUU fishing. COFI has facilitated two international workshops to assist in the implementation of these guidelines. Annexes 1-3 of the report detail the recommendations that each member state has taken to measure international progress. The 34th UN Committee on Fisheries (COFI) report on Illegal, unreported and unregistered fishing concluded that further study must be conducted on the impact of IUU fishing. The report recommended the creation of a series of volumes including previous estimates of IUU impact and a set of 245: 1527:

the UN General Assembly in 2008 that urged all members to take the close ties between IUU and other criminal activities serious and to deepen the knowledge in this area. In general, it is important to note that IUU is executed by a wide range of people involved. In addition to organized criminal groups, there are also legally operating fishermen who went corrupt for the profits since IUU makes legal and sustainable fishing less beneficial. Tackling IUU violations more harshly will thus also reduce other TOCs since it also acts as a root cause for many of these. Generally, in comparison to other organized crimes, IUU presents unique challenges as it frequently intersects with legal fishing activities, making it more difficult to distinguish between legitimate and illicit practices than in cases such as drug or human trafficking.

1536:

involves the exploitation of vulnerable individuals including migrant workers and those living in poverty due to their lack of legal protections and vulnerability to exploitative labour practice as a result of economic hardships and a lack of identity documents. Forced labour in relation to IUU fishing has significant physical and psychological consequences. Exposure to physical violence, threats of violence as well as lack of adequate living conditions and food and water are among some of the frequent human rights abuses that occur on these vessels. The illicit nature of these activities mean there is a lack of clear information on the numbers of human trafficking incidents on board IUU vessels, making it difficult to understand the true extent of the issue.

258: 1055: 1317:, which entered into force in 2016. The agreement closes ports to vessels suspected of illegal fishing. The treaty requires that fishing vessels request permission to dock and inform the port of the details of its fishing operations. Permission to dock can be denied if unregulated fishing was occurring. The measure is intended to block illegally caught fish from entering the marketplace. Other measures in the treaty include inspections of equipment, paperwork, catches, and ship's records. Though the treaty does not compel countries to apply these measures to ships under their own flags, they may choose to do so under the agreement. 4539: 1063: 1321:

plan include the creation of a Global Record of Fishing beginning in 2017. COFI recommends that each vessel's Unique Vessel Identifier (UVI) number be uploaded to the registry. Of the various member states, the COFI report recognizes that the utilization of the record is not yet prevalent in Asia, while European, North American, and Latin American nations have added the most vessels to the record. Further recommendations by COFI mandate that the FAO continue to provide support to fisheries pursuing subsidies from the

484:) The main island, Mauritius, is situated 800 km east of Madagascar, has a land area of 2040 km2 and an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) of 2.3 million square kilometres which is impossible to patrol and control, given its resources. This leads to massive Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing by foreign fishing fleets including the Taiwanese fleet which has the biggest fleet based in Port Louis and is documented as flouting the law, including human rights, worldwide multiple times on record. 1552:

poverty and unemployment which can push vulnerable people towards exploitative work. Intrastate conflict often leads to a breakdown in the rule of law and creates an environment where traffickers can thrive. A significant portion of human trafficking in the Gulf of Guinea is enabled by the corruption of high-ranking officials, including but not limited to, diplomats and politicians. These factors can explain why countries with developing economies often have higher rates of human trafficking.

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adherence to fisheries rules. Among the measures taken under the GFCM are frequent inspections carried out by the European Fisheries Control Agency (EFCA) with the support of Algeria, Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Libya and Tunisia. Already in 2004 the GFCM worked together with the FAO in a first workshop concerning the issue of IUU fishing in the Mediterranean, proposing a clarification of positive and negative vessels as a first step in the fight against criminals.

272: 5651: 5355: 4793: 348: – from the failure of governments to regulate adequately (e.g. inadequate coverage of international agreements), or to enforce national or international laws (e.g. because of lack of capacity, or poor levels of governance). A particular driver behind IUU fishing is the failure of a number of flag states to exercise effective regulation over ships on their registers – which in turn creates an incentive for ships to register under these 5639: 130: 31: 1398:) project used social media to share photos taken in 11 Mediterranean countries of illegal fishing activities such as illegal landings of giant devil rays in Spain and the sale of mako and white sharks in Italy and France. The aim of the MECO project is to use social media to develop the knowledge regarding the elasmobranch species (of which sharks and rays are part) and thus determine appropriate protection strategies 1342:

the shortest time feasible, at least to levels that can produce maximum sustainable yield as determined by their biological characteristics." This target has one indicator: Indicator 14.4.1 is "the proportion of fish stocks within biologically sustainable levels". This indicator aims to measure the proportion of global fish stocks which are "overexploited", "fully exploited" and "not fully exploited". A report at the

1246: 72: 551:, leading to fish depletion, and damages to the ecosystem. Bycatch and illegal fishing are the main causes of turtle decrease in stock. The most endangered species by IUU fishing are scale fish, rock lobster, sharks and billfish. Bycatch in New Zealand has endangered the survival of the Maui dolphins., and dynamite fishing in the continent is killing corals that takes centuries to rebuild. 1519:(TOC) which are prosecuted more vigorously, and harsher penalties are imposed for violations. Generally, IUU is deeply connected to other forms of TOCs such as human and drug trafficking, corruption and document fraud, to name a few. Nonetheless, it is not treated the same as these other TOCs. Human trafficking and firearms trafficking for example have special provisions given by the 1154:

to the problem of IUU fishing, as well as the United Kingdom adopted such a view. A number of other states took the position that flag state responsibility for IUU fishing should take the form of a general responsibility to perform due diligence with respect to vessels and their activities, rather than an obligation to assist in prosecutions or another more substantive requirement.

826:, and endangers marine environment. In Australia, IUU fishing is making the government spend a fortune to address the threat, thus highly impacting public spending: the country has been investing millions of dollars towards the fight against IUU fishing, which endangers the economies of the regions with limited financial capabilities, who must contribute to the 1158:

activities. This obligation may be satisfied by adhering to generally accepted international norms of fishing vessel regulation and complying with international treaties that indicate best practices. At the same time, the Tribunal found that in coastal waters the coastal state bears primary responsibility for preventing IUU fishing and not the flag state.

454:, the coasts in Tanzania suffer the use of trawlers from foreign vessels, which impact the ecosystem, fish and crustaceans, upon which artisanal fishers rely: this can create food scarcity, and possible job losses for the local fishermen. Moreover, the coasts are subjected to bycatch of turtles and dolphins. The problem of IUU fishing in 1237:

then determine key points of leverage that can brought to bear at national, regional, and global levels to minimise the incentives to carry out IUU fishing on the high seas. The completed action plan, published on 3 March 2006, will be placed by ministerial members of the Task Force directly in the hands of other ministers.

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was launched to include the health and safety and welfare of crew on board. The new scheme has been re-developed in accordance with the requirements of internationally recognised standard ISO17065. Initially focused on vessels supplying the UK market, the scheme will be rolled out internationally over the next two years.

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A study revealed a close connection between IUU and fisheries crime, emphasizing the need for law enforcement to treat IUU as seriously as other transnational organized crimes in order to effectively address the issue globally and bring about meaningful change. This connection was also pointed out by

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The UN Fish Stocks Agreement, which entered into force in 2001, sets out principles for the conservation and management of fish stocks and establishes that such management must be based on the precautionary approach and the best available scientific information. The Agreement provides a framework for

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The goal of the Task Force is to set priorities among a series of practical proposals for confronting the challenge of IUU fishing on the high seas. A series of expert panels have been convened to identify the legal, economic, scientific and enforcement factors that permit IUU activity to thrive, and

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Many fishermen are getting away with IUU ocean fishing due to the difficulty of monitoring every single fishing boat. This will begin to change with new technology that is able to watch and follow each boat from space consistently. This will be done through radio beacons, which all boats in the ocean

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has significant environmental effects: for example, many species, such as shrimps and octopus are highly declining in their stock due to IUU catches, which also puts biodiversity at risk. Bycatch is extremely frequent, endangering species like dogfish and dolphins, while trawling is damaging seagrass

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It is significantly more difficult and costly to police illegal actives at sea than on land and with the added complication of territorial disagreements between countries at sea, it can be easy for IUU vessels to evade law enforcement, making the issue one that is difficult to tackle. Fishing in the

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has a target to reduce illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing as follows: "By 2020, effectively regulate harvesting and end overfishing, illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing and destructive fishing practices and implement science-based management plans, in order to restore fish stocks in

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helped draw up FAO's international plan of action to prevent, deter and eliminate IUU fishing, endorsed by the FAO Council in June 2001. The EU then developed its own plan to implement the commitments agreed at international level, and the European Commission's action plan for the eradication of IUU

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A number of states and international organizations also made submissions adopting a range positions with respect to the four questions above. It was held by some states that the Tribunal lacked the advisory jurisdiction to respond to these questions. Both the government of Spain, a major contributor

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Human trafficking within the IUU fishing sector is emerging as an increasingly serious issue. It involves the use of force, coercion or misinformation in the recruitment of persons, with the aim of labour exploitation in relation to illegal, unregulated and unreported fishing operations. This often

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has imposed to its members to import in the markets only from legal sources. Other Mediterranean countries follow their own regulations. All of them remain under the authority of the GFCM, as the organization that can address IUU fishing in the Mediterranean as a whole. In 2006 the EU established a

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Commitments made by the FAO have seen an increase in international participation in anti IUU fishing practices. The UN Committee On Fisheries produced a report concerning the status of anti IUU fishing strategies implemented by UN member states during the 34th COFI conference. Additions to the COFI

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In 2001, the FAO adopted the International Plan of Action (IPOA) on IUU Fishing. The aim of this voluntary instrument is to prevent, deter and eliminate IUU fishing by providing all states with comprehensive, effective and transparent measures by which to act, including through appropriate regional

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The Responsible Fishing Scheme is the only global standard that audits compliance on board fishing vessels, including ethical and welfare criteria. First launched in 2006 by Seafish to help fishing vessels demonstrate their commitment to a responsibly sourced catch, in January 2016 a revised scheme

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to guarantee the replenishment of the species has been endangering the local fisheries, and the overexploitation has created food insecurity for domestic consumption. In Argentina, IUU fishing has led to unfair competition among legal fisheries, who cannot compete with the foreign fleets that don't

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Economies was between $ 3102 million and $ 7312 million. Illegal fishing impacts many economies in the region, and the degradation of marine environment by illegal fishing affects ecotourism and contributes to loss of employment and nutrition for the populations relying on fish as primary source of

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Despite the efforts of the GFCM and the FAO still remains a general lack of political will in addressing the issue. Fisheries management in the Mediterranean has harmonization problems in a heterogeneous political framework. Croatia, Cyprus, France, Greece, Malta, Italy, Slovenia, and Spain are EU

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IUU fishing (illegal, unreported, unregulated) is a complex threat that causes environmental and economic damage and therefore requires an effort by all states in the region to combat this exploitation. Indeed, these criminal activities endanger the Mediterranean's biodiversity, home to between 4%

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The aggressive efforts of the Indonesian government to curtail illegal fishing has "reduced total fishing effort by at least 25%, ... generate a 14% increase in catch and a 12% increase in profit." Therefore, the authors concluded that "many nations can recover their fisheries while avoiding

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and dangers for the survival of the species. As fish stock diminishes, fishermen struggle to meet the needs of their families and their community, resulting in economic losses and food insecurity for the coastal population, which relies on it as a primary source of protein. Consequently, countries

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The FAO Compliance Agreement, which entered into force in 2003, is designed to close a major loophole in international fisheries management, that of the circumvention of fisheries regulations by ‘re-flagging‘ vessels under the flags of states that are unable or unwilling to enforce such measures.

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Seafish is the UK's authority on seafood. It was founded in 1981 by an Act of Parliament and aims to support all sectors of the seafood industry for a sustainable, profitable and socially responsible future. It is the only pan-industry body offering services to all parts of the industry, from the

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IUU fishing makes the global economy lose between $ 10 billion and $ 23 billion annually, and is valued up to $ 23.5 billion, placing it among the most profitable natural resource crimes. According to some studies, annual global losses due to IUU fishing account between $ 25 and $ 50 billion, tax

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Human trafficking on board IUU vessels is linked with economic underdevelopment and political instability. In the Gulf of Guinea there was a surge in trafficking and smuggling prompted by a decline in economic activity and a succession of intrastate conflicts. These factors can lead to increased

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that handles the certified fish is checked to ensure the MSC label is only applied to fish products that come from a certified fishery. This requires effective record-keeping and storage procedures. This traceability element of the program helps to keep illegally fished seafood out of the supply

692:: IUU vessels evade these fees and taxes, sometimes by transporting fish through various countries to avoid taxation, or by transferring catches to other vessels while on the high sea, thus reducing export earnings for the government, and resulting in losses for the transport industries as well. 1547:

Population increase and food insecurity, particularly in developing countries, has overseen an increased demand for fish, which has increased competition in the fishing industry and led to an increase in illegal fishing as a means to maximise profits. This increased demand has led to a surge in

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and its objective is to effectively train personnel for fisheries control in the Mediterranean and East Atlantic areas, through e-learning material, video tutorials, manuals and national and regional legislative systems. This project is funded by the European Union and supported by the EFCA. It

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The GFCM evaluated that the situation could be recovered after the elimination of IUU activities, even though a complete solution to the problem seems difficult. The GFCM aims to develop an international surveillance system involving the collaboration of actors in the Mediterranean to guarantee

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In its submissions to the Tribunal, the SRFC emphasized the severity of the IUU fishing problem in West Africa and the need for a clear regime of flag state responsibilities with respect to vessels engaged in this trade. The SRFC argued that its member states had been unable to mount successful

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start of the supply chain at catching and aquaculture; through processing, importers, exporters and distributors of seafood right through to restaurants and retailers. Seafish is funded by a levy on the first sale of seafood landed in the UK. Its services are intended to support and improve the

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sometimes derives from artisanal fishermen themselves, who fish during closed seasons in protected areas, and buy illegal catch from other vessels, to process it and sold it in exchange for shrimps, which are overfished. The country also suffers the use of dynamite fishing, which destroys coral

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The activities linked to IUU threaten management of fish stocks, impoverishes those fishermen who work following the law and harms the maintenance of marine resources. The global scale of the problem is exacerbated in the Mediterranean region, where three quarters of fish stocks are exploited,

859:, IUU fishing and its environmental damages to the coral reefs has endangered the tourism in those places, who cannot attract people anymore because the marine environment is damaged by illegal fishing practices; moreover, IUU fishing in Ecuador is now leading to food insecurity in the region. 1157:

In its Advisory Opinion issued on 2 April 2015, the Tribunal adopted the "due diligence" approach. The Tribunal found that flag states are under only a general obligation to take the necessary measures to ensure that their nationals and vessels flying their flag are not engaged in IUU fishing

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and catch documentation are increasingly part of fishery monitoring and enforcement, and to exclude IUU products from consumer markets. Certification is also used for timber and for diamonds, which have analogous enforcement problems. Labels can reward harvesters and supply chains which honor

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European Commission sanctions against states operating open ship registries and flags of convenience for illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing have been effective in pressuring states to reform or limit their open ship registries to fishing vessels, or at least in severely curtailing

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Where a fishing license is issued to a vessel within the framework of an international agreement with the flag State or with an international agency, shall the State or international agency be held liable for the violation of the fisheries legislation of the coastal State by the vessel in

1484:. Proponents of the concept argue for increased international cooperation and the application of criminal justice sanction towards fisheries crime to face the problems that the transnational nature and the increased involvement of organized crime groups in the fishing industry cause. 2604: 1389:

Many living species are damaged by IUU fishing in the Mediterranean. According to data collected in Italy, Morocco and Turkey among the most heavily damaged species are albacore, red mullet, sea bream, little tunny, sparid fish, shrimps, octopus, swordfish, mullet. In July 2020 the

1120:) that fly their flag. While it is uncontroversial that individuals engaged in IUU fishing may be subject to legal sanctions, the extent to which flag states may be held liable under international law for the IUU fishing activities of their vessels is less clearly defined. 1540:

high seas further aids vessels in going under the radar due to the remote environment and lack of centralised enforcement authority. The high seas are also more challenging to regulate and monitor than EEZs, making it much easier for human trafficking vessels to operate.

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The MSC eco-label enables consumers to identify sustainable seafood when shopping or dining out. As of June 2014, there are over 14,000 MSC-labelled seafood products sold in over 90 countries around the world. The MSC website lists outlets selling MSC-certified seafood.

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is a concept related to Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing (IUU) but includes all criminal activity that is common along the entire value chain of the fishing sector. The concept has been adopted in several international organizations, most importantly the

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At the international level, concepts like genuine link would be defined, and a number of rights and obligations of the port state would be established. Moreover, the exchange of information on IUU activities and the international co-operation would be strengthened.

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In the framework of Regional Fisheries Management Organisations, control and inspection plans would be adopted as well as specific conservation and management measures. In addition IUU vessels would be identified and monitored and their catches would be quantified.

1183:. Moreover, market measures concerning fisheries products caught in violation of the international agreements will be adopted. In addition, information actions addressed to the fishing industry, consumers, and the public will be launched to raise their awareness. 1543:

Flags of convenience can further aid human trafficking on board IUU vessels. While not illegal itself, flying another nation's flag can help ships avoid accountability for illegal activities and human rights abuses and evade local labour and human rights laws.

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is a semi-enclosed sea with a coastline long 46000 kilometres and in this basin many different countries meet. As an important strategic socio-economic hub, it is also one of the busiest seas and thus, illegal fishing activities tend to take a back seat.

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by unauthorized vessels can lead to serious economic losses for both the affected coastal State and its industries, and local fishermen lose potential opportunity of catching and selling the fish in the market. Another economic impact concerns the loss of

442:. Bycatch further exacerbates fish depletion and ecosystem damage, because the catch is often left in the ocean, contributing to ocean pollution, harming marine life, and impacting the honest fishermen’ economy, who cannot sell that fish if they catch it. 411:, which blocks or reduces light, endangering the growth and settlement of oysters and scallop. Fishing gears and fishing methods in prohibited areas often damage the habitat, leading to environmental damage and fish detriment. Examples include the use of 879:

40% of tuna, leading to an overexploitation of the resources and loss of catch for the local and legal fisheries. In Europe, countries lost up to €10 billion from IUU fishing, €8 billion for stock value, and more than 27 000 people lost their jobs.

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and subsequent job losses happen when legal and illegal catches are both sold on the same markets: the abundance of illegal catches drives the prices down, forcing legitimate and honest fishermen to sell the product at a lower price and bear the

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areas dedicated to the protection of habitats threatened by bottom fishing, such as seagrass beds and coralligenous habitats. However still today the sites are not fully protected, and the ban is not properly implemented in the Mediterranean.

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The UN Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) carries out much of the technical work on international fisheries management, and provides a forum for the negotiation of agreements and codes of conduct. In 1995 the FAO agreed its

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that many Italian trawlers did not comply with the obligations reserved to the protected areas, totalling 13000 hours of illicit activities. Oceana identified Italy as the biggest offender, turning a blind eye to IUU fishing.

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The economic effects of IUU fishing affect both the parties directly involved, such as the employment sector, the storing and transport sector and the stores, and indirect parties, such as the population and the government.

925: 4072:

Sumaila, U. Rashid; Lam, Vicky W. Y.; Miller, Dana D.; Teh, Louise; Watson, Reg A.; Zeller, Dirk; Cheung, William W. L.; Côté, Isabelle M.; Rogers, Alex D.; Roberts, Callum; Sala, Enric; Pauly, Daniel (2015-02-12).

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generally refers to fishing by vessels without nationality, vessels flying the flag of a country not party to the RFMO governing that fishing area or species on the high seas, or harvesting in unregulated areas.

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for a sustainable fishing and aquaculture, but these measures have failed in their purpose, allowing illegal activities to continue. According to the Head of Ocean Policy at WWF European Policy Office,

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Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated (IUU) Fishing poses a global challenge and has significant economic and environmental repercussions. The impact of IUU fishing includes economic losses, job losses,

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United Nations Economic and Social Council (2021) Progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals Report of the Secretary-General, E/2021/58, High-level political forum on sustainable development.

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is leading to a decrease in lobster stocks, decreasing the fish population, and thus endangering the marine food chain, causing food insecurity for the population in the area. Illegal fishing during

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Okafor-Yarwood, Ifesinachi (2020). "The Cyclical Nature of Maritime Security Threats: Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated Fishing as a Threat to Human and National Security in the Gulf of Guinea".

2706: 940:, Japan's reporting requirements (including area of capture) for all imports or transportation of tunas into Japan by boat, and the EU's labelling of all fish products (including area of capture). 1699: 1765: 438:

species, and marine mammals. In addition, the catch of high market valued species, such as tuna and sharks, contribute to the depletion of fish stocks, causing both environmental effects, and

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What are the rights and obligations of the coastal State in ensuring the sustainable management of shared stocks and stocks of common interest, especially the small pelagic species and tuna?

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What are the obligations of the flag State in cases where illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing activities are conducted within the Exclusive Economic Zone of third party States?

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beds and endangering endemic species like sponges, white sharks, and stingrays. Those activities not only are compromising the species, but are also undermining the fisheries in the region.

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and Antarctic toothfish fisheries (which are the South Georgia, Ross Sea, Heard Island, Macquarie Island, Kerguelen Islands and Falkland Islands fisheries) provide an example of how good

3895:"Occupational, physical, sexual and mental health and violence among migrant and trafficked commercial fishers and seafarers from the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS): systematic review" 1194:

In partnership with developing countries, the necessary means would be provided to enable them to effectively control fishing activities undertaken in waters under their jurisdiction.

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in a request for an advisory opinion submitted by the Sub-Regional Fisheries Commission (SRFC) of West Africa. The SRFC asked the Tribunal to advise on the following four questions:

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Witbooi, Emma; Ali, Kamal-Deen; Santosa, Mas Achmad; Hurley, Gail; Husein, Yunus; Maharaj, Sarika; Okafor-Yarwood, Ifesinachi; Quiroz, Inés Arroyo; Salas, Omar (December 2020).

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Mauritian fishing cooperatives also allegedly engage in Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing and are sometimes apprehended but their movements are impossible to track.

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cooperation on conservation and management, but since only about a third of the parties to the Law of the Sea Convention have ratified it, its impact is inevitably limited.

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by distorting the record of catches in that area, thus leading to wrong calculus on the fish exploitation. By un-reporting, IUU fishing often makes the countries set higher

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represents an attempt to harmonize the control of fishing activities among Mediterranean countries, thus fostering greater collaboration for a sustainable Blue Economy.

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revealed that the illegal fishing of several species of sharks and rays in the Mediterranean has put their survival in serious danger. The citizen scientist initiative

3615: 2749:"Request for an Advisory Opinion Submitted by the Sub-Regional Fisheries Commission (SRFC) (Request for Advisory Opinion Submitted to the Tribunal), Advisory Opinion" 1263:) or have a wider remit related to living marine resources in general within a region (e.g. the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources ( 543:, IUU fishing is affecting biodiversity, and is leading to a decrease of legal fish traps in favor of the illegal ones. Illegal fishing is endangering the species of 2350:

Bergh M O, Sowman M, Rampartab C, Leach K and P Lallemand (2016).Economic, Social and Environmental impact of Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing in Africa.

1597: 380:, together with the depletion of fish populations and damages to the marine habitat. The most affected areas by this phenomenon are Africa, Asia, and Latin America. 4141: 2576: 82: 2890: 1907:

FAO Regional Conferenze for Asia and the Pacific (2020).Report on work in the Fight against Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing in Asia and the Pacific.

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The latest mechanism in the struggle against illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing activities dates to September 2023. It is an e-learning platform called

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all toothfish product that is transported must be accompanied by a CCAMLR Dissostichus Catch Document (DCD), with details of where and when that fish was caught

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Agnew, David J.; Pearce, John; Pramod, Ganapathiraju; Peatman, Tom; Watson, Reg; Beddington, John R.; Pitcher, Tony J. (2009-02-25). Sandin, Stuart A. (ed.).

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region are destroying coral reefs and are depleting endangering the species by non-respecting the safe biological quota for fish replenishment. Moreover, the

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highly suffer from economic consequences of IUU fishing. Illegal fishing presents a serious challenge to Oceanians countries, because it creates a high fish

1214:

comprises a group of fisheries ministers and international NGOs working together to develop an action plan designed to combat IUU fishing on the high seas.

667:, this latter can compromise the overall brand perception, and thus impact honest sellers by devaluating the product. Illegal fishing activities within the 194: 5677: 995:

The second element of the program is a certification for seafood traceability. This is called MSC Chain of Custody. From the fishery, every company in the

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International action and responses by regional fishery bodies or arrangements to prevent, deter and eliminate illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing.

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Illegal and unreported fishing (two of the three components of IUU fishing) essentially arise from a failure to adequately enforce existing national and

407:

Illegal fishing methods usually damage the seabed and the marine flora: fishing gears, chemicals, and explosions, can affect organisms’ growth and cause

1267:)). This wide diversity of mandates and areas of application, and also effective implementation of regulations, opens up opportunities for IUU vessels. 2367:

Committee on Fisheries (2023).Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) Fishing, the Agreement on Port State Measures (PSMA) and Trade Related Issues.

1680: 4203: 1755: 795: 173: 2847: 1722: 1279:

of measures in the form of binding and non-binding instruments with different geographical and legal reaches and different levels of participation.

323:

is fishing that has been unreported or misreported to the relevant national authority or RFMO, in contravention of applicable laws and regulations.

4304: 4158: 3322:"The MECO project (Mediterranean Elasmobranch Citizen Observations): using social media to create a regional database of elasmobranch observations" 1081:, including locating and apprehending the pirate ships, but solutions are available, chiefly through improved monitoring and surveillance systems. 50: 1085:

are required to have. By implementing this new monitoring system, it will be impossible for fishermen to get away with IUU fishing in the future.

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Food insecurity is another effect of IUU fishing. Illegal fishing undermines the economy and human security of coastal communities, impacting the

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Launched in 2003, the Task Force includes fisheries ministers from Australia, Canada, Chile, Namibia, New Zealand and the UK, together with the

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can reverse the trend of illegal fishing. These fisheries took, among others, the following steps to exclude illegal vessels from their waters:

93: 871:, 50% of tuna and swordfish catch come from IUU fishing, while in the North Sea 50% of cod and 60% of all catch comes from IUU fishing. In the 180: 1447:

accepted by all Mediterranean countries for the protection of specific marine species. The majority of the criminal actions took place in the

580:, shark finning has led to the decline in size of shark catch, and overfishing and IUU fishing is leading to a depletion of the resources; in 559:

Overall, bycatching in the European regions is threatening the extinction of many species, such as sharks, rays, and tuna. IUU fishing in the

4812: 2756: 2454: 1128: 2723: 3980: 2384: 3752:"The Nature and Scope of Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated Fishing and Fisheries Crime in Cameroon: Implications for Maritime Security" 2659: 162: 5404: 4915: 4193: 3499:"Tightening the Net: The Legal Link between Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing and Transnational Crime under International Law" 2761: 2684: 1659: 1253: 3295: 244: 4005:

Agnew, David J.; Pearce, John; Pramod, Ganapathiraju; Peatman, Tom; Watson, Reg; Beddington, John R.; Pitcher, Tony J. (2009-02-25).

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issued sanctions on Pingtan Marine Enterprise and related individuals over human rights abuses tied to China-based illegal fishing.

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The drivers behind illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing are similar to those behind many other types of international

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each vessel must have port-to-port monitoring of its movements via two tamper-proof Vessel Monitoring System (VMS) units on board,

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fishing in the high seas, where there are more fish to meed these demands than in coastal waters and exclusive economic zones.

3364:"Illegal Fishing in the Mediterranean: 15 Years of Non-Compliance in the Implementation of the Trawl Ban in Natura 2000 Sites" 3340:"Illegal Fishing in the Mediterranean: 15 Years of Non-Compliance in the Implementation of the Trawl Ban in Natura 2000 Sites" 3162: 846:

impacts the local fish stock, and has caused $ 284 million losses in the past twenty years. The subsequent establishment of a

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Sumaila, U.R, Alder, J., and Keith, H. (2006). Global scope and economics of illegal fishing. Marine Policy, 30(6), 696–703.

4770: 4297: 2940: 2882: 1074:. There are, however, many factors underlying enforcement failure, including, notably, poor levels of national governance. 187: 1138:

To what extent shall the flag State be held liable for IUU fishing activities conducted by vessels sailing under its flag?

711:

The impacts of IUU are interconnected: as stocks decrease, the value of catch rises, thereby increasing the likelihood of

5257: 4945: 4822: 2251: 1249:

Trained Indonesian Observers check a vessel to meet obligations from Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (RFMO's)

2412: 751:, the country lost 2% of its GDP in 2012. IUU fishing in the region results in price distortion and unfair competition. 2704:

https://www.itlos.org/fileadmin/itlos/documents/cases/case_no.21/written_statements_round1/C21_19_CSRP_orig_Eng_rev.pdf

2292:

Frank, M.;Lack, M.(2008).Assessment of Impacts of Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) Fishing in the Asia-Pacific

1382:(Food and Agriculture Organization) has a position of prominence in dealing with IUU fishing in the Mediterranean Sea. 257: 5144: 4877: 4872: 3420: 2158: 2113: 1379: 1054: 317:(FAO), Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, illegal fishing has caused losses estimated at US$ 23 billion per year. 314: 231: 213: 111: 89: 58: 4188: 1374:

the IUU fishing in the Mediterranean is a worrying problem. To raise awareness of the seriousness of the issue, the

632:

The major economic impacts of IUU fishing are unfair competition, job losses, declining revenues for legal fishers,

4353: 3620: 1562: 1275:

The present system of high seas governance has evolved over a period of several hundred years, the result being a

5074: 4930: 4290: 4174: 3893:

Pocock, Nicola S.; Nguyen, Long Hoang; Lucero-Prisno III, Don Eliseo; Zimmerman, Cathy; Oram, Siân (2018-10-01).

1338: 897:

planning, as well-managed fisheries may provide higher quality products and more stable economics for producers.

3240: 3188: 2504: 1150:

prosecutions against IUU fishers following boardings due to a lack of support and cooperation from flag states.

814:

In many Oceanian countries, fish highly contributes to GDP, and impacts the livelihood of domestic populations:

5250: 4408: 2313:

National Intelligence Council(2016).Global Implications of Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated (IUU) Fishing.

798:

in large numbers have led to several confutations including several deaths reported among Indian fishermen and

470:

the overexploitation of some kinds of fish has led to a disproportionate increase in their forage, such as the

151: 3591: 1022:

each vessel must have at least 1 CCAMLR approved Government observer on board its vessel to verify catch data,

5043: 5033: 4940: 4438: 3263: 3109: 1516: 500: 393: 4261: 3953: 1423:

Since January 2010 came into force the EU Regulation to prevent and deter IUU fishing, followed by the 2014

1315:

Agreement on Port State Measures to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing

1179:

At the EU level, more responsibility will be requested with regard to member state nationals acting under a

600:

as a fishing method is reducing fishing species, destroying the food chain and damaging the habitat. IUU in

337:: pirate fishers have a strong economic incentive – many species of fish, particularly those that have been 5114: 5023: 4518: 4473: 2911: 1607: 1043: 980:

effective management (which includes ensuring the fishery operates within national and international laws).

507:

to poison reef fish: as a consequence, 56% of coral reefs in Southeast Asia are at risk, especially in the

4528: 755:

has a loss estimated between $ 30 million to $ 800 million from illegal fisheries. Illegal fishing in the

731:

are 20 times the legal catch, and for the lobster resource, IUU fishing accounts for 25% of the total. In

5409: 5304: 2858: 1371: 1256:(RFMOs) are affiliations of nations that co-ordinate efforts to manage fisheries in a particular region. 2385:

https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/oct/26/illegal-fishing-billions-losses-developing-countries

2186: 2141: 659:

for conservation and management measures, ultimately endangering their profits and generally leading to

423:, which highly damage the reef ecosystems and can kill up to 80% of the coral reef in the target areas. 5069: 4958: 3538:"The development of the fisheries crime concept and processes to address it in the international arena" 2201:"Choppy Waters – Forced Labor and Illegal Fishing in Taiwan's Distant Water Fisheries - Greenpeace USA" 1391: 1230: 1226: 1086: 1046:, efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the industry, as well as promoting responsibly-sourced seafood. 949: 3839: 3616:"Tide of injustice: exploitation and illegal fishing on Chinese vessels in the southwest Indian Ocean" 3537: 3443: 1523:

but the same does not exist for IUU due to the lack of definition as a transnational organized crime.

5632: 5627: 5510: 5223: 5218: 5195: 5104: 4935: 4910: 3751: 3142:"Nature and extent of the illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing in the Mediterranean Sea" 2786: 2685:

https://www.itlos.org/fileadmin/itlos/documents/cases/case_no.21/advisory_opinion/C21_AdvOp_02.04.pdf

2052: 1629: 1440: 1211: 2032:

Economic, Social and Environmental Impact of Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing in Africa.

355:

Chinese commercial fishing fleet is responsible for more IUU fishing than that of any other nation.

5324: 5109: 4842: 4817: 4488: 4463: 3498: 2379:

Collyns, D. (2022). Illegal fishing spurs billions in losses for developing countries, study says.

1639: 1634: 1322: 700: 2468: 1378:(GFCM) proposed June 5 as the international day in the fight against IUU fishing. The GFCM of the 959:

To achieve certification as sustainable a fishery must meet a standard based on three principles:

86:

that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.

5604: 5200: 4862: 4755: 4433: 4388: 4373: 3958: 3792: 3027: 2727: 1728: 1567: 1432:, the misapplication of European policies leads to tragic consequences for the entire ecosystem. 1424: 1097:

these short-term costs by sharply addressing illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing."

1090: 953: 668: 531:, endangering the food security of the population who relies on fish as primary food and income. 477: 140: 3077: 2787:"Flags for sale: An empirical assessment of flag of convenience desirability to foreign vessels" 708:

are compelled to import fish for domestic consumption, resulting in additional economic losses.

5124: 4984: 4657: 1299: 1199: 764: 313:

fisheries regulated by regional fisheries management organisations (RFMO). According to the UN

4538: 3416:"A new platform for assisting in the fight against IUU fishing in the Mediterranean goes live" 966:

Osprey Crew posing with Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) logo in front of recently caught fish

5008: 4882: 4508: 4403: 3388:"Oceana blames Italy for turning a blind eye to illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing" 3213:"Tackling illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing in the Mediterranean and the Black Sea" 1984: 1260: 1062: 889: 842:, together with $ 600 million income losses and $ 500 million tax revenue losses. The IUU in 19: 3028:

Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development

1198:

registrations under that jurisdiction. These sanctions generally limit or ban access to the

5449: 5314: 4867: 4847: 4807: 4777: 4724: 4086: 4018: 3851: 3804: 3698: 3549: 3455: 3444:"Cameroon's choppy waters: The anatomy of fisheries crime in the maritime fisheries sector" 3141: 2798: 2694:"Request for an Advisory Opinion Submitted by the Sub-Regional Fisheries Commission (SRFC)" 2616: 2436:

Lindley, J., Percy, S., & Techera, E. (2019). Illegal fishing and Australian security.

1799: 1760: 1572: 1012: 1008: 1000:

chain by linking seafood sold in shops and restaurants to a certified sustainable fishery.

310: 2395:

Sumaila, U. R., Zeller, D., Hood, L., Palomares, M. L. D., Li, Y., & Pauly, D. (2020).

1756:"Illegal Fishing in Southeast Asia: Scope, Dimensions, Impacts, and Multilateral Response" 1464: 8: 5334: 5028: 5018: 4951: 4920: 4905: 4732: 4728: 4692: 4448: 4418: 1944:

Centre For Latin America and Latino Studies (2022). Adverse Consequences of IUU Fishing.

1456: 1347: 1180: 985: 894: 827: 703:

than the one necessary to guarantee the replenishment of fish population, which leads to

349: 334: 4260:

Agnew DJ, Pearce J, Pramod G, Peatman T, Watson R, Beddington JR and Pitcher TJ (2009) "

4090: 4022: 3855: 3808: 3702: 3553: 3459: 3241:"Technology for transparency: fishing and marine management in the Mediterranean region" 3189:"Technology for Transparency: Fishing and marine management in the Mediterranean region" 2802: 2620: 1803: 1259:

RFMOs may focus on certain species of fish (e.g. the Commission for the Conservation of

415:, which destroys sponges that take decades to regrow, and the use of fishing gears like 263:

Patrol vessels like this Jamaican Coast Guard vessel are used for fisheries' protection.

5643: 5530: 5487: 5472: 5414: 5386: 5213: 4989: 4832: 4612: 4117: 4074: 4049: 4006: 3929: 3894: 3875: 3573: 3479: 2822: 2785:

Petrossian, Gohar A.; Sosnowski, Monique; Miller, Dana; Rouzbahani, Diba (2020-06-01).

2640: 1830: 1787: 1429: 956:

that runs a certification and ecolabelling program for traceable, sustainable seafood.

823: 677: 651: 408: 377: 309:. This can apply to fisheries that are under the jurisdiction of a coastal state or to 463:

reefs, sea-grass beds, mangroves, and salt marshes, thus compromising the habitat. In

5467: 5371: 5319: 5299: 5094: 5079: 4562: 4483: 4413: 4358: 4343: 4327: 4239: 4152: 4122: 4104: 4054: 4036: 3934: 3916: 3879: 3867: 3820: 3773: 3732: 3724: 3667: 3648:"Illegal fishing and fisheries crime as a transnational organized crime in Indonesia" 3577: 3565: 3518: 3483: 3471: 3321: 3212: 2826: 2814: 2632: 2173: 2128: 1887: 1867: 1835: 1817: 1691: 1500: 1359: 1306:

fisheries management organisations established in accordance with international law.

1071: 876: 868: 743:

the IUU catches removed more than $ 450 million in fish value to the country. In the

641: 560: 504: 389: 369: 5242: 3686: 2397:

llicit trade in marine fish catch and its effects on ecosystems and people worldwide

1176:

fishing was published in May 2002. It is intended to be implemented at four levels:

576:, the extermination of fish populations and the devastation of local ecosystems. In 5655: 5515: 5462: 5396: 5175: 4979: 4974: 4682: 4602: 4398: 4383: 4378: 4269: 4232:

Fishing capacity management and illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing in Asia

4112: 4094: 4044: 4026: 3924: 3906: 3859: 3812: 3763: 3714: 3706: 3659: 3557: 3510: 3463: 2806: 2644: 2624: 2090: 2082: 1879: 1825: 1807: 1613: 1496: 1448: 989: 819: 785: 776: 696: 660: 645: 496: 427: 292: 3768: 2159:

https://europeanvalues.cz/en/taiwans-distant-water-fleet-still-on-troubled-waters/

2114:

https://ejfoundation.org/resources/downloads/Taiwan-briefing-IUU-HR-2020-July.pdf/

2086: 5609: 5429: 5180: 5038: 4827: 4617: 4572: 4557: 4458: 4273: 4031: 3863: 3561: 3467: 3026:

United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017,

2895: 2810: 2710: 2691: 2492: 1812: 1667: 1476: 1439:

and its analysis of vessels’ activities, the international advocacy organization

1295: 1276: 1218: 681: 664: 605: 589: 508: 430:, which can damage the ecosystem biodiversity and can create an imbalance in the 412: 3838:

Chantavanich, Supang; Laodumrongchai, Samarn; Stringer, Christina (2016-06-01).

735:, unsustainable fishing causes loss of income and a decrease in fish stocks; in 5614: 5583: 5558: 5548: 5540: 5419: 5381: 5344: 5170: 5099: 5013: 4662: 4642: 4622: 4597: 4547: 4478: 4468: 4428: 4368: 4331: 3816: 3687:"Organized crime in the fisheries sector threatens a sustainable ocean economy" 1723:"China's Fishing Fleet, the World's Largest, Drives Beijing's Global Ambitions" 1407: 1172: 1117: 799: 789: 756: 747:, IUU fish loss per boat per year is estimated to be up to $ 3 million, and in 656: 528: 516: 345: 338: 4719: 3911: 3710: 3663: 3514: 2628: 1883: 5671: 5434: 5190: 5185: 5089: 4852: 4750: 4720: 4607: 4592: 4577: 4453: 4108: 4040: 3920: 3871: 3777: 3728: 3671: 3569: 3522: 3475: 2818: 1891: 1821: 1695: 1686: 1577: 1326: 847: 839: 704: 672: 637: 439: 420: 416: 392:, and damages to the marine flora and ecosystem, and are generally caused by 373: 305:

takes place when vessels or harvesters operate in violation of the laws of a

4250: 4231: 4224: 3647: 962: 344:

Such IUU activity may then show a high chance of success – i.e. a high

5573: 5568: 5553: 5520: 5309: 4672: 4587: 4567: 4513: 4423: 4393: 4126: 4058: 3938: 3824: 3736: 2998: 2969: 2926: 2636: 1839: 996: 724: 544: 299:, and accounts for up to 30% of total catches in some important fisheries. 3296:"Illegal fishing of sharks and rays caught on camera in the Mediterranean" 1868:"The dimensions of a transnational crime problem: the case of iuu fishing" 938:

Certification of Origin of Tuna and Tuna Tracking and Verification Systems

5578: 5505: 5477: 5424: 5339: 5294: 4925: 4837: 4687: 4667: 4652: 4637: 4632: 4582: 4363: 4282: 3415: 2227:"Taiwan responds to NGO reports on forced labor within its fishing fleet" 1619: 1592: 1587: 1416: 972: 781: 744: 732: 712: 633: 573: 520: 451: 435: 397: 4075:"Winners and losers in a world where the high seas is closed to fishing" 3981:"Panama restricts information on sanctioned boats, evading transparency" 2912:

http://www.fao.org/fi/website/FIRetrieveAction.do?dom=topic&fid=2940

2505:"Buy MSC labelled sustainable seafood | Marine Stewardship Council" 1521:

United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNCTOC)

900:

The use of certification or catch document schemes is encouraged in the

5500: 5149: 4857: 4647: 4627: 3719: 2095: 1492: 1124: 1077:

There are obvious problems with enforcing fisheries regulations on the

936:. Similar systems are applied at a national level, including the USA's 872: 593: 474:, which feeds on the reef, thus reducing the coral cover dramatically. 471: 455: 431: 271: 5354: 4792: 4215: 4099: 3892: 2577:"The fight against illicit fishing of the oceans is moving into space" 2332:

Almubarak, S. (2020). Illegal fishing and its impacts on marine life.

5599: 5563: 5495: 5376: 5119: 5084: 4697: 4677: 2660:"U.S. imposes sanctions over rights abuses, targets China and Russia" 1504: 1451:

where all activities in the seabed are forbidden to not endanger the

1282:

Most legal instruments build on the foundation established by the UN

852: 815: 540: 512: 481: 296: 2455:"Presidential Task Force on Combating IUU Fishing and Seafood Fraud" 358: 129: 5525: 4969: 4503: 4493: 4443: 2784: 2724:"International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea: 404 File not found" 1624: 1582: 1412: 1078: 736: 597: 572:

The main environmental effects in America involve the depletion of

524: 459: 365: 3837: 3791:Österblom, Henrik; Constable, Andrew; Fukumi, Sayaka (June 2011). 3078:"Mediterranean and Black Sea countries unite to fight IUU fishing" 3031: 2053:

https://coral.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/exploitivefishing.pdf

1436: 1406:

member states and must adapt to European policies. Since 2010 the

1093:, including, for example, offshore patrols and licensing schemes. 5457: 5439: 5363: 5286: 5277: 5273: 5165: 5134: 5064: 4964: 4498: 4313: 3044: 2664: 2552:"The Grekos: A success story in the crackdown on illegal fishing" 1350:

accounted for approximately 0.1 per cent of global GDP in 2017".

856: 843: 752: 748: 740: 728: 613: 577: 401: 306: 277:

Trawler arrested by the Norwegian Coast Guard for illegal fishing

4204:

The Seafish Guide to Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing

1415:

under the European Regulation on Mediterranean fishing in those

3840:"Under the shadow: Forced labour among sea fishers in Thailand" 1455:

population, already heavily overfished. Oceana reported to the

1395: 1375: 1245: 1202:

for fisheries products produced by vessels of a certain state.

913: 689: 609: 581: 548: 1240: 663:. Furthermore, because illegal fish in the market often lacks 2536: 2486:

Factsheet: Illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing

1488: 929: 909: 760: 685: 585: 464: 2927:"FAO: New treaty will leave fish pirates without safe haven" 2848:"Closing the Net: Stopping illegal fishing on the high seas" 2713:"Written Statement of the Sub-Regional Fisheries Commission" 2413:"Fights over illegal fishing lead to armed conflict, deaths" 2315:

National Intelligence Council and US Intelligence Community.

1681:"China's fishing fleet is causing havoc off Africa's coasts" 4229:

Morgan, Gary; Staples, Derek and Funge-Smith, Simon (2007)

4139: 3954:"The High Seas | The Oxford Handbook of the Law of the Sea" 2294:.Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Fisheries Working Group. 1452: 1286:, which was agreed in 1982 and entered into force in 1992. 1222: 739:, in 2001 $ 20 million was lost due to IUU fishing, and in 601: 383: 341:

and are thus in short supply, are of high financial value.

83:

personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay

4225:

Stopping Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) Fishing

2400: 1985:

https://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/IIIS/Pages/IUU-FISHING.aspx

893:

regulations. Labeling may also provide accountability for

780:

protein. IUU fishing in the Asia-Pacific usually leads to

608:

is destroying the fishing reproduction and restoration in

527:. Dynamite fishing has destroyed 50% of the coral reef in 4254: 4235: 4220: 4211: 901: 426:

The impact on fish stock is an effect of overfishing and

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Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

1909:

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

1785: 1116:, states bear responsibility for the vessels (including 1019:

strict vessel licensing systems are rigorously enforced,

802:

that regularly intercept Indian fishing boats under the

796:

Illegal fishing by Indian fishermen in Sri Lankan waters

612:. In California, bycatch is endangering many species of 3684: 2891:

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

1353: 2605:"Rapid and lasting gains from solving illegal fishing" 2518: 759:

region is creating high risk to food security, and in

619: 5272: 3110:"The Mediterranean: Illegal fishing in our backyard?" 1515:

The above named fisheries crimes are also defined as

1396:

MECO (Mediterranean Elasmobranch Citizen Observations

1344:

High-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development

629:

revenues losses for countries are up to $ 4 billion.

4142:"Fragility, Conflict, and Violence Group World Bank" 4007:"Estimating the Worldwide Extent of Illegal Fishing" 2252:"Illegal Fishing: Mauritius Increasingly Vulnerable" 1788:"Estimating the Worldwide Extent of Illegal Fishing" 1487:

Common crimes along the fishing value chain include

1058:

Design for an environmental protection patrol vessel

875:, 40% of cod comes from illegal fishing, and in the 248:

Types of illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing

4071: 3264:"Mediterranean countries unite against IUU fishing" 3163:"Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing (IUU)" 3157: 3155: 2658:Martina, Michael; Psaledakis, Daphne (2022-12-09). 154:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4262:Estimating the Worldwide Extent of Illegal Fishing 3641: 3639: 3637: 2598: 2596: 1721: 1679: 1443:was able to locate illegal bottom trawlers in the 1376:General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean 926:Trade Information Scheme for Southern Bluefin Tuna 804:"Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Act No 2 of 1996" 4216:Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) fishing 3793:"Illegal fishing and the organized crime analogy" 2657: 1981:Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) Fishing 1127:liability for IUU fishing was brought before the 388:The environmental effects of IUU fishing include 359:Economic and environmental impacts of IUU fishing 5669: 3646:Chapsos, Ioannis; Hamilton, Steve (2019-09-01). 3152: 1482:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) 1386:meaning that 75% of fish stocks are overfished. 1066:Illegal fishing ship in Indonesia forcibly sunk. 5140:International Seafood Sustainability Foundation 4766:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 3645: 3634: 2593: 2463:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 2334:International Journal of Life Sciences Research 2028:Interafrican Bureau For Animal Resources (n.d.) 1507:of drugs weapons and other cargo such as fuel. 1298:for Responsible Fisheries to promote long-term 1114:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 640:for artisanal fishers and fishing communities, 584:, bycatch is endangering turtles’ survival; in 3135: 3133: 3131: 3129: 2941:"91 countries agree to illegal fishing treaty" 2072: 18:"IUU" redirects here. For the university, see 5258: 4298: 2921: 2919: 2757:International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea 2603:Cabral, Reniel B.; et al. (April 2018). 1372:FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries 1129:International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea 1032: 943: 883: 163:"Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing" 4157:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3496: 5678:Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing 5405:List of harvested aquatic animals by weight 5330:Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing 4916:List of commercially important fish species 4761:Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing 4180:Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing 3234: 3232: 3126: 3107: 2438:Australian Journal of International Affairs 1979:International Maritime Organization (2024). 1965:The Effects of Fishing on Marine Ecosystems 1603:IUU fishing in the Chinese fishing industry 1254:Regional Fisheries Management Organisations 1241:Regional Fisheries Management Organizations 984:Fisheries that meet the MSC standard for a 934:Bluefin Tuna Statistical Document Programme 906:International Plan of Action on IUU Fishing 838:IUU fishing led to $ 2.3 billion losses in 592:is destroying the marine ecosystem, and in 285:Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing 59:Learn how and when to remove these messages 5265: 5251: 4312: 4305: 4291: 2916: 1963:Jennings, S., & Kaiser, M. J. (n.d.). 4116: 4098: 4048: 4030: 3951: 3928: 3910: 3767: 3718: 3592:"Organised Crime in the Fisheries Sector" 3045:"Goal 14: Life below Water - SDG Tracker" 2352:Interafrican Bureau for Animal Resources. 2094: 1829: 1811: 1270: 775:In 2003, the value of IUU fishing in the 763:is having severe economic impacts on the 232:Learn how and when to remove this message 214:Learn how and when to remove this message 112:Learn how and when to remove this message 4888:Regional fishery management organisation 3535: 3258: 3256: 3254: 3238: 3229: 1244: 1061: 1053: 961: 918:Catch Documentation Scheme for Toothfish 384:The environmental effects of IUU fishing 243: 1865: 1205: 1107: 1102:United States Secretary of the Treasury 988:can use the blue MSC ecolabel on their 5670: 4257:Fisheries Circular 996. ISSN 0429-9329 3749: 3441: 3139: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2602: 2549: 2432: 2430: 2363: 2361: 2359: 2346: 2344: 2342: 2328: 2326: 2324: 2322: 2309: 2307: 2305: 2303: 2301: 2288: 2286: 2284: 2282: 2280: 2278: 2276: 2274: 2272: 2068: 2066: 2064: 2062: 2060: 2024: 2022: 2020: 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 1511:IUU as a transnational organized crime 1161: 1089:systems are similarly of value within 977:minimal impact on the marine ecosystem 770: 490: 5246: 4718: 4325: 4286: 3410: 3408: 3290: 3288: 3286: 3284: 3251: 3186: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3097: 2043: 2041: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1992: 1975: 1973: 1940: 1938: 1936: 1753: 1367:and 18% of all known marine species. 295:observers believe IUU occurs in most 4771:United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement 4140:Dechery, C. and Ralston, L. (2015). 3187:Watch, Global Fishing (2021-06-04). 2049:Coral Reefs & Exploitive Fishing 1959: 1957: 1934: 1932: 1930: 1928: 1926: 1924: 1922: 1920: 1918: 1916: 1903: 1901: 1861: 1859: 1857: 1855: 1853: 1851: 1849: 1354:IUU fishing in the Mediterranean Sea 636:losses for governments, poverty and 152:adding citations to reliable sources 123: 65: 24: 4946:Future of Marine Animal Populations 4823:Fishery Resources Monitoring System 4813:Monitoring control and surveillance 3239:Farthing, Courtney (June 4, 2021). 3061: 3020: 2991: 2947: 2943:. The Associated Press. 2009-09-01. 2427: 2356: 2339: 2319: 2298: 2269: 2057: 620:The economic effects of IUU fishing 13: 4168: 3952:Guilfoyle, Douglas (2 June 2016). 3405: 3281: 3094: 3037: 2537:"Responsible Fishing Scheme (RFS)" 2038: 1989: 1970: 1747: 1672: 1471: 495:Overfishing and bycatching in the 14: 5689: 5145:Sea Shepherd Conservation Society 4878:National Marine Fisheries Service 4873:European Fisheries Control Agency 3899:Global Health Research and Policy 3797:Trends in Ecology & Evolution 3421:European Fisheries Control Agency 3108:Vulperhorst, Vanya (2018-07-05). 1954: 1913: 1898: 1846: 1660:Fishing problems: Illegal fishing 1445:Fisheries Restricted Areas (FRAs) 1166: 503:in the region involve the use of 315:Food and Agriculture Organization 40:This article has multiple issues. 5650: 5649: 5637: 5353: 4791: 4537: 4354:Population dynamics of fisheries 3621:Environmental Justice Foundation 1563:Environmental effects of fishing 1284:Convention on the Law of the Sea 291:) is an issue around the world. 270: 256: 128: 70: 29: 5638: 5075:Aquaculture Stewardship Council 4931:Environmental impact of fishing 4133: 4065: 3998: 3973: 3945: 3886: 3831: 3784: 3743: 3678: 3608: 3584: 3536:Stølsvik, Gunnar (2019-07-01). 3529: 3497:Palma-Robles, Mary Ann (2015). 3490: 3435: 3380: 3356: 3332: 3314: 3205: 3180: 3070: 2933: 2905: 2875: 2840: 2778: 2741: 2716: 2697: 2678: 2651: 2569: 2543: 2529: 2511: 2497: 2478: 2447: 2405: 2389: 2373: 2244: 2219: 2193: 2148: 2103: 1768:from the original on 2023-07-21 1736:from the original on 2023-11-08 1719: 1702:from the original on 2024-04-12 1339:Sustainable Development Goal 14 1332: 669:exclusive economic zones (EEZs) 139:needs additional citations for 48:or discuss these issues on the 5049:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 4409:Otolith microchemical analysis 3750:Beseng, Maurice (2021-07-03). 3442:Beseng, Maurice (2019-10-01). 2760:. 2 April 2015. Archived from 2609:Nature Ecology & Evolution 2550:Urbina, Ian (March 24, 2017). 1866:Liddick, Don (December 2014). 1779: 1754:Chalk, Peter (July 21, 2023). 1713: 1652: 1517:transnational organized crimes 1435:Thanks to the online platform 1313:In 2009, the FAO brokered the 1049: 851:pay taxes or licenses. In the 1: 5044:European Environmental Agency 5034:Grey nurse shark conservation 4941:Destructive fishing practices 4439:Pop-up satellite archival tag 3769:10.1080/19392206.2021.1982241 2087:10.1080/19392206.2020.1724432 1646: 727:the value of IUU fishing for 501:destructive fishing practices 5024:Marine conservation activism 4474:Climate change and fisheries 4274:10.1371/journal.pone.0004570 4194:Resources in other libraries 4032:10.1371/journal.pone.0004570 3864:10.1016/j.marpol.2015.12.015 3562:10.1016/j.marpol.2018.12.027 3468:10.1016/j.marpol.2019.103669 2811:10.1016/j.marpol.2020.103937 2156:saintbrandonconservation.org 2047:Coral Reef Alliance (2005). 1813:10.1371/journal.pone.0004570 1608:List of environmental issues 1329:for fielding further study. 1044:environmental sustainability 809: 434:, thus affecting predators, 7: 5305:Fish diseases and parasites 3985:Mongabay Environmental News 1555: 1225:-World Conservation Union, 1123:In March 2013 the issue of 862: 718: 10: 5694: 5070:Marine Stewardship Council 4863:EU Common Fisheries Policy 4238:RAP Publication. 2007/17. 4207:Seafish Industry Authority 3817:10.1016/j.tree.2011.03.017 1231:Marine Stewardship Council 1033:Responsible Fishing Scheme 952:(MSC) is an international 950:Marine Stewardship Council 944:Marine Stewardship Council 884:Certification and labeling 833: 534: 17: 5623: 5592: 5539: 5511:Gathering seafood by hand 5486: 5448: 5395: 5362: 5351: 5285: 5224:Glossary of fishery terms 5219:Index of fishing articles 5209: 5158: 5057: 5001: 4936:Fishing down the food web 4911:Maximum sustainable yield 4898: 4800: 4789: 4743: 4739: 4714: 4546: 4535: 4469:Match/mismatch hypothesis 4342: 4338: 4321: 4189:Resources in your library 3912:10.1186/s41256-018-0083-x 3711:10.1038/s41586-020-2913-5 3664:10.1007/s12117-018-9329-8 3652:Trends in Organized Crime 3515:10.1163/22116001-02901008 3146:Mediterranean Environment 2929:. MercoPress. 2009-09-01. 2629:10.1038/s41559-018-0499-1 2336:. www.researchpublish.com 1884:10.1007/s12117-014-9228-6 1872:Trends in Organized Crime 1630:Pacific-class patrol boat 1598:IUU fishing in the Arctic 554: 445: 5325:Individual fishing quota 5110:Save Our Seas Foundation 4843:Individual fishing quota 4818:Vessel monitoring system 4464:Hydrographic containment 1640:Vessel monitoring system 1635:Seafood Choices Alliance 1323:World Trade Organization 1091:exclusive economic zones 912:include them, including 4756:Exclusive economic zone 4434:GIS and aquatic science 4389:Standard weight in fish 3959:Oxford University Press 3140:Öztürk, Bayram (2015). 2401:https://www.science.org 1729:The Wall Street Journal 1568:Cargados Carajos Shoals 1425:Common Fisheries Policy 954:non-profit organization 715:, and illegal fishing. 478:Cargados Carajos Shoals 394:illegal fishing methods 4985:Turtle excluder device 4658:Shoaling and schooling 1658:World Wildlife Fund. " 1346:in 2021 stated that: " 1300:sustainable management 1271:UN high seas processes 1250: 1229:International and the 1200:European Common Market 1100:In December 2022, the 1067: 1059: 1007:The six MSC-certified 967: 249: 92:by rewriting it in an 5009:Marine protected area 4883:Regional fishery body 4509:Census of Marine Life 4404:Catch per unit effort 3503:Ocean Yearbook Online 2231:www.seafoodsource.com 1348:Sustainable fisheries 1261:Southern bluefin tuna 1248: 1065: 1057: 965: 890:product certification 247: 20:IMS Unison University 5315:Fisheries management 4848:Minimum landing size 4808:Fisheries management 4783:Magnuson–Stevens Act 4778:Fisheries Convention 4529:Fisheries scientists 4248:Swan, Judith (2004) 3245:Global Fishing Watch 3193:Global Fishing Watch 1761:Jamestown Foundation 1573:Fisheries management 1503:, labour crime, and 1437:Global Fishing Watch 1212:High Seas Task Force 1206:High Seas Task Force 1108:Flag state liability 1013:fisheries management 1009:Patagonian toothfish 350:flags of convenience 148:improve this article 5473:Fishing tournaments 5335:Sustainable fishery 5125:Defying Ocean's End 5029:Salmon conservation 5019:Marine conservation 4959:The End of the Line 4952:The Sunken Billions 4921:Sustainable seafood 4906:Sustainable fishery 4519:Fisheries databases 4449:Age class structure 4419:Fisheries acoustics 4091:2015NatSR...5E8481S 4023:2009PLoSO...4.4570A 3856:2016MarPo..68....1C 3809:2011TEcoE..26..261O 3703:2020Natur.588...48W 3554:2019MarPo.105..123S 3460:2019MarPo.10803669B 3424:. 27 September 2023 2999:"COFI 34 Documents" 2970:"COFI 34 Documents" 2803:2020MarPo.11603937P 2621:2018NatEE...2..650C 1804:2009PLoSO...4.4570A 1457:European Commission 1181:flag of convenience 1162:Political processes 986:sustainable fishery 895:adaptive management 771:Asia Pacific Region 491:Asia-Pacific Region 335:environmental crime 327:Unregulated fishing 5415:Commercial fishing 5387:History of fishing 5214:Outline of fishing 4833:Fisheries observer 4484:Aquatic ecosystems 4079:Scientific Reports 3008:. February 5, 2020 2979:. February 5, 2021 2709:2020-08-01 at the 2690:2015-09-26 at the 2491:2015-06-10 at the 2205:www.greenpeace.org 1666:2008-04-11 at the 1251: 1072:international laws 1068: 1060: 968: 678:government revenue 652:Unfair competition 590:harvesting seaweed 409:sediment transport 378:unfair competition 321:Unreported fishing 250: 94:encyclopedic style 81:is written like a 5665: 5664: 5468:Catch and release 5372:Artisanal fishing 5320:Fisheries science 5300:Diversity of fish 5240: 5239: 5236: 5235: 5232: 5231: 5196:Threatened sharks 5095:Ocean Conservancy 5080:Friend of the Sea 4710: 4709: 4706: 4705: 4618:Lobster fisheries 4563:Diversity of fish 4359:Shifting baseline 4328:Fisheries science 4244:978-92-5-005669-2 4175:Library resources 4100:10.1038/srep08481 3049:Our World in Data 2556:The Safina Center 2484:Waitt Institute. 2181:Missing or empty 2136:Missing or empty 1690:. 11 April 2024. 1531:Human trafficking 1501:human trafficking 1360:Mediterranean Sea 971:ensuring healthy 869:Mediterranean Sea 561:Mediterranean Sea 390:biodiversity loss 242: 241: 234: 224: 223: 216: 198: 122: 121: 114: 63: 5685: 5653: 5652: 5641: 5640: 5610:Fishing villages 5549:Artificial flies 5516:Handline fishing 5463:Big-game fishing 5357: 5267: 5260: 5253: 5244: 5243: 5176:Marine pollution 4980:Cetacean bycatch 4975:Incidental catch 4795: 4741: 4740: 4716: 4715: 4683:Humboldt current 4541: 4459:Trophic cascades 4399:Data storage tag 4384:Fish measurement 4379:Stock assessment 4340: 4339: 4323: 4322: 4307: 4300: 4293: 4284: 4283: 4163: 4162: 4156: 4148: 4146: 4137: 4131: 4130: 4120: 4102: 4069: 4063: 4062: 4052: 4034: 4002: 3996: 3995: 3993: 3992: 3977: 3971: 3970: 3968: 3966: 3949: 3943: 3942: 3932: 3914: 3890: 3884: 3883: 3835: 3829: 3828: 3788: 3782: 3781: 3771: 3756:African Security 3747: 3741: 3740: 3722: 3682: 3676: 3675: 3643: 3632: 3631: 3629: 3628: 3612: 3606: 3605: 3603: 3602: 3588: 3582: 3581: 3533: 3527: 3526: 3494: 3488: 3487: 3439: 3433: 3432: 3430: 3429: 3412: 3403: 3402: 3400: 3399: 3384: 3378: 3377: 3375: 3374: 3360: 3354: 3353: 3351: 3350: 3336: 3330: 3329: 3318: 3312: 3311: 3309: 3307: 3292: 3279: 3278: 3276: 3275: 3260: 3249: 3248: 3236: 3227: 3226: 3224: 3223: 3209: 3203: 3202: 3200: 3199: 3184: 3178: 3177: 3175: 3174: 3159: 3150: 3149: 3137: 3124: 3123: 3121: 3120: 3105: 3092: 3091: 3089: 3088: 3074: 3068: 3065: 3059: 3058: 3056: 3055: 3041: 3035: 3024: 3018: 3017: 3015: 3013: 3006:COFI34 Documents 3003: 2995: 2989: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2977:COFI34 Documents 2974: 2966: 2945: 2944: 2937: 2931: 2930: 2923: 2914: 2909: 2903: 2902: 2900: 2894:. 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275: 266: 265: 264: 261: 238: 227: 226: 225: 220: 209: 203: 200: 157: 155: 145: 133: 118: 107: 101: 98: 90:help improve it 87: 75: 71: 34: 30: 23: 12: 11: 5: 5691: 5681: 5680: 5663: 5662: 5660: 5659: 5647: 5635: 5630: 5624: 5621: 5620: 5618: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5596: 5594: 5590: 5589: 5587: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5545: 5543: 5537: 5536: 5534: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5492: 5490: 5484: 5483: 5481: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5454: 5452: 5446: 5445: 5443: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5401: 5399: 5393: 5392: 5390: 5389: 5384: 5382:Fishing vessel 5379: 5374: 5368: 5366: 5360: 5359: 5352: 5350: 5348: 5347: 5345:Wild fisheries 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5291: 5289: 5283: 5282: 5270: 5269: 5262: 5255: 5247: 5238: 5237: 5234: 5233: 5230: 5229: 5227: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5210: 5207: 5206: 5204: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5171:Fish slaughter 5168: 5162: 5160: 5159:Related issues 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2388: 2372: 2355: 2338: 2318: 2297: 2268: 2243: 2218: 2192: 2147: 2102: 2081:(2): 116–146. 2056: 2037: 2034:African Union. 1988: 1969: 1953: 1912: 1897: 1878:(4): 290–312. 1845: 1778: 1746: 1712: 1671: 1650: 1648: 1645: 1643: 1642: 1637: 1632: 1627: 1622: 1617: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1595: 1590: 1585: 1580: 1575: 1570: 1565: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1473: 1470: 1449:Sicily Channel 1355: 1352: 1334: 1331: 1327:best practices 1272: 1269: 1242: 1239: 1207: 1204: 1168: 1167:EU action plan 1165: 1163: 1160: 1147: 1146: 1143: 1139: 1136: 1109: 1106: 1051: 1048: 1034: 1031: 1030: 1029: 1026: 1023: 1020: 982: 981: 978: 975: 945: 942: 885: 882: 864: 861: 835: 832: 811: 808: 800:Sri Lanka Navy 790:document fraud 772: 769: 745:Western region 733:Eastern Africa 720: 717: 673:coastal states 621: 618: 556: 553: 536: 533: 529:Southeast Asia 517:Chinese Taipei 492: 489: 452:Eastern Africa 447: 444: 428:overharvesting 385: 382: 360: 357: 346:rate of return 339:over-exploited 276: 269: 268: 267: 262: 255: 254: 253: 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5256: 5254: 5249: 5248: 5245: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5211: 5208: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5191:Shark finning 5189: 5187: 5186:Shark culling 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5163: 5161: 5157: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5115:Sea Around Us 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5090:Seafood Watch 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5062: 5060: 5056: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5006: 5004: 5000: 4994: 4992: 4991:Shrimp-Turtle 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4960: 4956: 4954: 4953: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4903: 4901: 4897: 4889: 4886: 4885: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4853:Pulse fishing 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4805: 4803: 4799: 4794: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4772: 4769: 4768: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4751:Fisheries law 4749: 4748: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4721:Fisheries law 4717: 4713: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4603:Eel fisheries 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4593:Cod fisheries 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4578:Demersal fish 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4555: 4553: 4551: 4545: 4540: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4454:Trophic level 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4351: 4349: 4347: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4324: 4320: 4315: 4308: 4303: 4301: 4296: 4294: 4289: 4288: 4285: 4278: 4275: 4271: 4268:4(2): e4570. 4267: 4263: 4259: 4256: 4253: 4252: 4247: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4234: 4233: 4228: 4226: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4202: 4201: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4186: 4181: 4176: 4160: 4154: 4143: 4136: 4128: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4101: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4068: 4060: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4033: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4001: 3986: 3982: 3976: 3961: 3960: 3955: 3948: 3940: 3936: 3931: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3913: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3889: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3844:Marine Policy 3841: 3834: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3787: 3779: 3775: 3770: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3746: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3721: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3681: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3623: 3622: 3617: 3611: 3597: 3593: 3587: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3542:Marine Policy 3539: 3532: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3493: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3448:Marine Policy 3445: 3438: 3423: 3422: 3417: 3411: 3409: 3393: 3389: 3383: 3369: 3365: 3359: 3345: 3341: 3335: 3327: 3323: 3317: 3301: 3297: 3291: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3269: 3265: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3246: 3242: 3235: 3233: 3218: 3214: 3208: 3194: 3190: 3183: 3168: 3164: 3158: 3156: 3147: 3143: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3115: 3114:Oceana Europe 3111: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3083: 3079: 3073: 3064: 3050: 3046: 3040: 3033: 3029: 3023: 3007: 3000: 2994: 2978: 2971: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2942: 2936: 2928: 2922: 2920: 2913: 2908: 2897: 2893: 2892: 2884: 2878: 2864:on 2007-07-09 2860: 2856: 2855:high-seas.org 2849: 2843: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2791:Marine Policy 2788: 2781: 2767:on 2015-09-26 2763: 2759: 2758: 2750: 2744: 2730:on 2015-08-11 2729: 2725: 2719: 2712: 2708: 2705: 2700: 2693: 2689: 2686: 2681: 2667: 2666: 2661: 2654: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2599: 2597: 2582: 2581:The Economist 2578: 2572: 2557: 2553: 2546: 2538: 2532: 2524: 2520: 2514: 2506: 2500: 2494: 2490: 2487: 2481: 2470: 2466: 2464: 2456: 2450: 2443: 2439: 2433: 2431: 2415:. Independent 2414: 2408: 2402: 2398: 2392: 2386: 2382: 2376: 2370: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2353: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2335: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2316: 2310: 2308: 2306: 2304: 2302: 2295: 2289: 2287: 2285: 2283: 2281: 2279: 2277: 2275: 2273: 2257: 2253: 2247: 2232: 2228: 2222: 2206: 2202: 2196: 2188: 2175: 2160: 2157: 2151: 2143: 2130: 2115: 2112: 2106: 2097: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2069: 2067: 2065: 2063: 2061: 2054: 2050: 2044: 2042: 2035: 2031: 2025: 2023: 2021: 2019: 2017: 2015: 2013: 2011: 2009: 2007: 2005: 2003: 2001: 1999: 1997: 1995: 1993: 1986: 1982: 1976: 1974: 1966: 1960: 1958: 1950: 1947: 1941: 1939: 1937: 1935: 1933: 1931: 1929: 1927: 1925: 1923: 1921: 1919: 1917: 1910: 1904: 1902: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1862: 1860: 1858: 1856: 1854: 1852: 1850: 1841: 1837: 1832: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1814: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1782: 1767: 1763: 1762: 1757: 1750: 1735: 1731: 1730: 1724: 1716: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1688: 1687:The Economist 1682: 1675: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1655: 1651: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1615: 1611: 1609: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1599: 1596: 1594: 1591: 1589: 1586: 1584: 1581: 1579: 1578:Fisheries law 1576: 1574: 1571: 1569: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1560: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1522: 1518: 1513: 1512: 1508: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1495:, tax crime, 1494: 1490: 1485: 1483: 1478: 1469: 1466: 1461: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1433: 1431: 1430:Antonia Leroy 1426: 1421: 1418: 1414: 1409: 1403: 1399: 1397: 1393: 1387: 1383: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1368: 1364: 1361: 1351: 1349: 1345: 1340: 1330: 1328: 1324: 1318: 1316: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1301: 1297: 1291: 1287: 1285: 1280: 1278: 1268: 1266: 1262: 1257: 1255: 1247: 1238: 1234: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1215: 1213: 1203: 1201: 1195: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1182: 1177: 1174: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1144: 1140: 1137: 1134: 1133: 1132: 1130: 1126: 1121: 1119: 1115: 1105: 1103: 1098: 1094: 1092: 1088: 1082: 1080: 1075: 1073: 1064: 1056: 1047: 1045: 1039: 1027: 1024: 1021: 1018: 1017: 1016: 1014: 1010: 1005: 1001: 998: 993: 991: 987: 979: 976: 974: 970: 969: 964: 960: 957: 955: 951: 941: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 898: 896: 891: 881: 878: 877:Iberian coast 874: 870: 860: 858: 854: 849: 848:fishing quota 845: 841: 840:South America 831: 829: 825: 821: 817: 807: 805: 801: 797: 793: 791: 787: 783: 778: 777:Asian Pacific 768: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 716: 714: 709: 706: 705:food scarcity 702: 698: 693: 691: 687: 684:, as well as 683: 679: 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 653: 649: 647: 643: 639: 635: 630: 626: 617: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 596:, the use of 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 570: 569: 565: 562: 552: 550: 546: 542: 532: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 498: 488: 485: 483: 479: 475: 473: 469: 466: 461: 457: 453: 443: 441: 440:food scarcity 437: 433: 429: 424: 422: 418: 414: 410: 405: 403: 399: 395: 391: 381: 379: 375: 371: 367: 356: 353: 351: 347: 342: 340: 336: 331: 328: 324: 322: 318: 316: 312: 308: 304: 300: 298: 294: 290: 286: 273: 259: 246: 236: 233: 218: 215: 207: 204:February 2016 196: 193: 189: 186: 182: 179: 175: 172: 168: 165: – 164: 160: 159:Find sources: 153: 149: 143: 142: 137:This article 135: 131: 126: 125: 116: 113: 105: 95: 91: 85: 84: 79:This article 77: 68: 67: 62: 60: 53: 52: 47: 46: 41: 36: 27: 26: 21: 16: 5654: 5642: 5521:Spearfishing 5329: 5310:Fish farming 5002:Conservation 4990: 4957: 4950: 4760: 4733:conservation 4688:Algal blooms 4673:Water column 4588:Pelagic fish 4568:Coastal fish 4514:OSTM/Jason-2 4489:Bioeconomics 4424:Acoustic tag 4394:Fish counter 4265: 4249: 4230: 4206: 4179: 4135: 4082: 4078: 4067: 4017:(2): e4570. 4014: 4010: 4000: 3989:. Retrieved 3987:. 2022-10-14 3984: 3975: 3963:. Retrieved 3957: 3947: 3902: 3898: 3888: 3847: 3843: 3833: 3800: 3796: 3786: 3759: 3755: 3745: 3694: 3690: 3680: 3655: 3651: 3625:. Retrieved 3619: 3610: 3599:. Retrieved 3595: 3586: 3545: 3541: 3531: 3506: 3502: 3492: 3451: 3447: 3437: 3426:. Retrieved 3419: 3396:. Retrieved 3394:. 2018-07-16 3392:EuroMeatNews 3391: 3382: 3371:. Retrieved 3367: 3358: 3347:. Retrieved 3343: 3334: 3326:ResearchGate 3325: 3316: 3304:. Retrieved 3299: 3272:. Retrieved 3270:. 2021-06-06 3267: 3244: 3220:. Retrieved 3216: 3207: 3196:. Retrieved 3192: 3182: 3171:. Retrieved 3169:. 2005-05-01 3166: 3145: 3117:. Retrieved 3113: 3085:. Retrieved 3081: 3072: 3063: 3052:. Retrieved 3048: 3039: 3032:A/RES/71/313 3022: 3010:. Retrieved 3005: 2993: 2981:. Retrieved 2976: 2935: 2907: 2896:the original 2889: 2877: 2866:. Retrieved 2859:the original 2854: 2842: 2831:. Retrieved 2794: 2790: 2780: 2769:. Retrieved 2762:the original 2755: 2743: 2732:. Retrieved 2728:the original 2718: 2699: 2680: 2669:. Retrieved 2663: 2653: 2612: 2608: 2584:. Retrieved 2580: 2571: 2559:. Retrieved 2555: 2545: 2531: 2522: 2513: 2499: 2480: 2469:the original 2461: 2449: 2441: 2437: 2417:. Retrieved 2407: 2396: 2391: 2381:The Guardian 2380: 2375: 2368: 2351: 2333: 2314: 2293: 2259:. Retrieved 2255: 2246: 2234:. Retrieved 2230: 2221: 2209:. Retrieved 2204: 2195: 2183:|title= 2162:. Retrieved 2155: 2150: 2138:|title= 2117:. Retrieved 2110: 2105: 2078: 2074: 2048: 2033: 2029: 1980: 1964: 1948: 1945: 1908: 1875: 1871: 1798:(2): e4570. 1795: 1791: 1781: 1770:. Retrieved 1759: 1749: 1738:. Retrieved 1727: 1715: 1704:. Retrieved 1685: 1674: 1654: 1612: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1529: 1525: 1514: 1510: 1509: 1486: 1475: 1462: 1434: 1422: 1404: 1400: 1388: 1384: 1369: 1365: 1357: 1336: 1333:Global goals 1319: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1292: 1288: 1281: 1274: 1258: 1252: 1235: 1216: 1209: 1196: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1178: 1170: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1122: 1111: 1099: 1095: 1083: 1076: 1069: 1040: 1036: 1006: 1002: 997:supply chain 994: 983: 958: 947: 899: 887: 866: 837: 813: 803: 794: 782:tax evasions 774: 725:South Africa 722: 710: 694: 690:export taxes 682:license fees 650: 631: 627: 623: 571: 567: 566: 558: 545:sea cucumber 538: 497:Asia-Pacific 494: 486: 476: 467: 449: 425: 417:beach seines 406: 387: 362: 354: 343: 332: 326: 325: 320: 319: 302: 301: 288: 284: 283: 228: 210: 201: 191: 184: 177: 170: 158: 146:Please help 141:verification 138: 108: 99: 80: 56: 49: 43: 42:Please help 39: 15: 5506:Fishing net 5478:Fly fishing 5340:Overfishing 5295:Aquaculture 5280:topic areas 4926:Overfishing 4838:Catch share 4668:Marine snow 4653:Sardine run 4638:Fish screen 4633:Fish ladder 4583:Forage fish 4085:(1): 8481. 3720:10023/23152 3596:Ocean Panel 3548:: 123–128. 3306:31 December 3217:www.fao.org 3082:www.fao.org 2561:December 7, 2444:(1), 82–99. 2096:10023/23848 1620:Overfishing 1593:Geoff Regan 1588:Game warden 1417:Natura 2000 1050:Enforcement 973:fish stocks 713:overfishing 634:tax revenue 521:Philippines 398:overfishing 5600:Fish ponds 5501:Fishfinder 5488:Techniques 5450:Recreation 5430:Processing 5410:By country 5150:Greenpeace 4858:Slot limit 4801:Management 4725:management 4693:Dead zones 4648:Salmon run 4628:Eel ladder 4524:Institutes 4364:Fish stock 3991:2024-01-01 3627:2024-04-11 3601:2023-05-07 3454:: 103669. 3428:2023-12-31 3398:2023-12-31 3373:2023-12-31 3349:2023-12-31 3274:2023-12-31 3222:2023-12-31 3198:2023-12-31 3173:2023-12-31 3119:2023-12-31 3087:2023-12-31 3054:2020-09-05 2868:2007-09-16 2833:2020-06-08 2771:2015-04-28 2734:2015-04-28 2671:2022-12-12 2586:2018-09-11 1949:University 1772:2023-07-21 1740:2024-04-12 1706:2024-04-12 1647:References 1493:corruption 1370:Under the 1125:flag state 1112:Under the 908:. Several 888:Mandatory 873:Baltic Sea 594:Costa Rica 574:fish stock 472:sea urchin 456:Mozambique 432:food chain 174:newspapers 45:improve it 5593:Locations 5496:Fish trap 5420:Marketing 5377:Fisherman 5287:Fisheries 5274:Fisheries 5120:WorldFish 5085:SeaChoice 4698:Fish kill 4678:Upwelling 4643:Migration 4550:fisheries 4344:Fisheries 4109:2045-2322 4041:1932-6203 3965:1 January 3921:2397-0642 3880:155418604 3872:0308-597X 3778:1939-2206 3729:1476-4687 3672:1936-4830 3578:159199159 3570:0308-597X 3523:0191-8575 3484:203180897 3476:0308-597X 3012:March 19, 2983:March 19, 2827:216392375 2819:0308-597X 1892:1084-4791 1822:1932-6203 1696:0013-0613 1505:smuggling 1465:e-FishMed 1142:question? 1079:high seas 853:Caribbean 816:Indonesia 541:Australia 513:Indonesia 482:Mauritius 311:high seas 297:fisheries 51:talk page 5672:Category 5656:Category 5628:Glossary 5531:Trolling 5526:Trawling 5435:Products 5397:Industry 5130:HERMIONE 5058:Advocacy 4970:Discards 4504:FishBase 4494:EconMult 4444:EcoSCOPE 4266:PLoS ONE 4153:cite web 4127:25674681 4059:19240812 4011:PLOS ONE 3939:30288452 3825:21497409 3737:33177707 3368:MedReAct 3344:MedReAct 2829:. 103937 2707:Archived 2688:Archived 2637:29572526 2489:Archived 2174:cite web 2129:cite web 1946:American 1840:19240812 1792:PLOS ONE 1766:Archived 1734:Archived 1700:Archived 1664:Archived 1625:Poaching 1583:Game law 1556:See also 1413:trawling 737:Tanzania 729:tonnages 598:dynamite 525:Malaysia 460:Tanzania 366:scarcity 102:May 2024 5644:Outline 5458:Angling 5440:Seafood 5425:Markets 5364:Fishing 5278:fishing 5166:CalCOFI 5135:PROFISH 5065:FishAct 4965:Bycatch 4499:Ecopath 4414:Biomass 4346:science 4314:Fishery 4118:5389130 4087:Bibcode 4050:2646833 4019:Bibcode 3930:6166293 3852:Bibcode 3850:: 1–7. 3805:Bibcode 3699:Bibcode 3550:Bibcode 3456:Bibcode 2799:Bibcode 2665:Reuters 2645:4157387 2617:Bibcode 2523:msc.org 1831:2646833 1800:Bibcode 1411:ban on 867:In the 857:Ecuador 844:Jamaica 834:America 810:Oceania 753:Nigeria 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