Immigration Act of 1924

1884: 841: 2479: 1153: 639:. However, this did little to diversify the nations from which immigrants came because the 1920 census did not include Blacks, Mulattos, and Asians as part of the American population used for the quotas. The lowest quota per country was 100 individuals, but even then only those eligible for citizenship could immigrate to the U.S. (i.e. only whites in China could immigrate). Establishing national origin quotas for the country proved to be a difficult task, and was not accepted and completed until 1929. The act gave 85% of the immigration quota to Northern and Western Europe and those who had an education or had a trade. The other 15% went disproportionately to Eastern and Southern Europe. 2532: 1236: 1190: 34: 2491: 1966: 1165: 891: 3093: 2007: 916: 2727: 1340: 1458: 2359: 1081: 2123: 964: 556: 2768: 2609: 1270: 1850: 1696: 1575: 1537: 723: 701: 1656: 747: 1925: 1497: 866: 452: 2687: 1316: 2280: 1034: 1366: 1247: 2780: 6130: 2241: 2202: 1011: 1615: 2399: 1402:, by country, as applied in given fiscal years ending June 30, calculated according to successive immigration laws and revisions from the Emergency Quota Act of 1921 to the final quota year of 1965. The 1922 and 1925 systems based on dated census records of the foreign-born population were intended as temporary measures; the 1924 Act's National Origins Formula based on the 1920 census of the total U.S. population took effect on July 1, 1929. 1105: 1811: 817: 2085: 2047: 940: 2438: 1772: 1733: 1128: 794: 771: 2648: 2163: 1293: 988: 2319: 1057: 2570: 1212: 3131:

after the passage of the act was over 55,000 since German-born residents in 1890 numbered 2,784,894. Germany, Britain, and Ireland had the highest representation in 1890. The provisions of the act were so restrictive that in 1924 more Italians, Czechs, Yugoslavs, Greeks, Lithuanians, Hungarians, Poles, Portuguese, Romanians, Spaniards, Chinese, and Japanese left the U.S. than arrived as immigrants.

479:, where a majority of Japanese, Korean, and other East Asian immigrants had settled, were especially concerned with excluding Asian immigrants. The 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act had already slowed Chinese immigration, but as Japanese and – to a lesser degree – Korean and Filipino laborers began arriving and putting down roots in 3175:

innovation, according to a paper by Kirk Doran and Chungeun Yoon, who found "using variation induced by 1920s quotas, which ended history's largest international migration" that "inventors in cities and industries exposed to fewer low-skilled immigrants applied for fewer patents." Nor did US-born workers benefit, according to a 2023 study in the

5332: 3130:

fell 19%, while emigration from Italy fell more than 90%. From 1901 to 1914, 2.9 million Italians immigrated, an average of 210,000 per year. Under the 1924 quota, only 4,000 per year were allowed since the 1890 quota counted only 182,580 Italians in the U.S. By contrast, the annual quota for Germany

3114:

Passage of the Immigration Act has been credited with ending a growing democratic movement in Japan during this time period, and opening the door to Japanese militarist government control. According to David C. Atkinson, on the Japanese government's perception of the act, "this indignity is seen as a

642:

The act established preferences under the quota system for certain relatives of U.S. residents, including their unmarried children under 21, their parents, and spouses at least 21 and over. It also preferred immigrants at least 21 who were skilled in agriculture and their wives and dependent children

523:

the manifest object of the is to single out Japanese as a nation, stigmatizing them as unworthy and undesirable in the eyes of the American people. And yet the actual result of that particular provision, if the proposed bill becomes law as intended, would be only to exclude 146 Japanese per year....

510:

said, "The legislation would seem to be quite unnecessary, even for the purpose for which it is devised." The act faced strong opposition from the Japanese government with which the U.S. government had maintained a cordial economic and political relationship. In Japan, the bill was called by some the

3067:

Consular officers were now allowed to issue visas to eligible applicants, but the number of visas to be issued by each consulate annually was limited, and no more than 10% of the quota could be given out in any one month. Aliens were not able to leave their home countries before having a valid visa,

423:

Proponents of the act sought to establish a distinct American identity by preserving its ethnic homogeneity. Reed told the Senate that earlier legislation "disregards entirely those of us who are interested in keeping American stock up to the highest standard—that is, the people who were born here."

3134:

The law sharply curtailed emigration from countries that were previously host to the vast majority of the Jews in the U.S., almost 75% of whom emigrated from Russia alone. Because Eastern European immigration did not become substantial until the late 19th century, the law's use of the population of

253:

Enacted amid increasing public and political anxiety about the country's rapid social and demographic changes, the 1924 act supplanted earlier legislation by vastly reducing immigration from countries outside the Western Hemisphere: Immigrants from Asia were banned, and the total annual immigration

674:

in numbers, then calculated the percentage share each nationality made up. The National Origins Formula derived quotas by calculating the equivalent proportion of each nationality out of a total pool of 150,000 annual quota immigrants, with a minimum quota of 100. This formula was used until the

3174:

and Shmuel San demonstrated that the drastic reduction in immigration from Eastern and Southern European scientists led to fewer new patents, not only from immigrants but also from native-born scientists working in their fields. Even the mass migration of unskilled workers had been a spur to

583:

The act provided that no alien ineligible to become a citizen could be admitted to the U.S. as an immigrant. That was aimed primarily at Japanese aliens, although they were not explicitly named in the act. It imposed fines on transportation companies who landed aliens in violation of

335:

immigration was first proposed in 1896 in the form of the literacy test bill. Henry Cabot Lodge was confident the bill would provide an indirect measure of reducing emigration from these countries, but after passing both houses of Congress, it was vetoed by President

532:, who did not vote on the bill, in a statement to the Jewish Telegraphic Agency, said that the bill would have to be revisioned "to make its operation simple, humane, and free from the misery and disappointment to which would-be immigrants are now subjected." 3110:

with a note that read: "Appealing to the American people". American businesses situated in Japan suffered the economic brunt of the legislation's repercussions, as the Japanese government subsequently increased tariffs on American trading by '100 per cent'.

348:

restricted immigration further in a variety of ways. It increased restrictions on Asian immigration, raised the general immigrant head tax, excluded those deemed to be diseased or mentally unwell, and in light of intense lobbying by the

524:

I realize, as I believe you do, the grave consequences which the enactment of the measure retaining that particular provision would inevitably bring upon the otherwise happy and mutually advantageous relations between our two countries.

273:

According to the Department of State, the purpose of the act was "to preserve the ideal of U.S. homogeneity." The 1924 act would define U.S. immigration policy for nearly three decades, until being substantially revised by the

3068:

as opposed to the old system of deporting them at ports of debarkation. That gave a double layer of protection to the border since if they were found to be inadmissible, immigrants could still be deported on arrival.

4527: 3139:

lived at the time, impossible. In 1929, the quotas were adjusted to one-sixth of 1% of the 1920 census figures, and the overall immigration limit reduced to 150,000. The law was not modified to aid the flight of

8015: 675:

Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 adopted a simplified formula limiting each country to a flat quota of one-sixth of one percent of that nationality's 1920 population count, with a minimum quota of 100.

291: 7985: 3179:

Farming, a sector of the economy highly reliant on migrant labor, shifted towards more capital-intensive forms of agriculture, whereas the mining industry, another immigrant-reliant industry, contracted.

2987:

Quota per nationality limited to a percentage share of 150,000 in a ratio proportional to the number of U.S. inhabitants of that national origin as a share of all U.S. inhabitants in the 1920 census (FY

559:

New York Times headline announcing "America of the melting pot comes to end," with before and after map of immigration quotas from Europe, showing preference for immigration from Germany and the United

3191:

as a theoretical foundation for immigration policy. Due to the reliance upon eugenics in forming the policy, and growing public reception towards scientific racism as justification for restriction and

3155:

During World War II, the U.S. modified the act to set immigration quotas for their allies in China. The immigration quotas were eased in the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 and replaced in the

8000: 7789: 643:

under 16. Non-quota status was accorded to wives and unmarried children under 18 of U.S. citizens; natives of Western Hemisphere countries, with their families; non-immigrants; and certain others.

3215:

praised the act for banishing "strangers of the blood". U.S. immigration law was cited favorably by the framers of Nazi legislation due to its excluding "wholly foreign racial population masses".

588:. It defined the term "immigrant" and designated all other alien entries into the U.S. as "non-immigrant," or temporary visitors. It also established classes of admission for such non-immigrants. 535:

Members of the Senate interpreted Hanihara's phrase "grave consequences" as a threat, which was used by hardliners of the bill to fuel both houses of Congress to vote for it. Because 1924 was an

8434: 632:, the act "relied on false nostalgia for a census that only seemed to depict a homogenous, Northern European–descended nation: in reality, 15 percent of the nation were immigrants in 1890." 388:

were the two main architects of the act. They conceived the act as a bulwark against "a stream of alien blood"; it likewise found support among xenophobic and nativist groups such as the

254:

quota for the rest of the world was capped at 165,000—an 80% reduction of the yearly average before 1914. The act temporarily reduced the annual quota of any nationality from 3% of their

7485: 5863: 7157: 6248: 3122:

The act's revised formula reduced total emigration from 357,803 between 1923 and 1924 to 164,667 between 1924 and 1925. The law's impact varied widely by country. Emigration from

432:. Eugenics was used as justification for the act's restriction of certain races or ethnicities of people to prevent the spread of perceived feeblemindedness in American society. 4057: 3203:

At one level, the new immigration law differentiated Europeans according to nationality and ranked them in a hierarchy of desirability. At another level, the law constructed a

3170:

The act had negative economic effects. Economists have argued that both innovation and employment were negatively affected by the restrictions. In a 2020 paper, the economists

7725: 5980: 396:(AFL), welcomed the act for reducing cheap immigrant labor that would compete with local workers. Both public and Congressional opposition was minimal. In the wake of intense 3187:, the eugenicist who served as expert advisor to the House Committee on Immigration during the legislative process, praised it as a political breakthrough in the adoption of 7480: 635:

The 1890-based quotas were set to last until 1927, when they would be replaced by of a total annual quota of 150,000, proportional to the national origins figures from the

440:(AFL), supported the act because he opposed the cheap labor that immigration represented even though the act would sharply reduce Jewish immigration. Both the AFL and the 8275: 7856: 7190: 3667:

Statistical Abstract of the United States ...: Finance, Coinage, Commerce, Immigration, Shipping, the Postal Service, Population, Railroads, Agriculture, Coal and Iron

424:

He believed that immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe, most of whom were Catholics or Jews, arrived sick and starving, were less capable of contributing to the

7903: 7012: 7551: 5500: 4918: 8374: 4614: 4581: 4548: 3659: 3621: 7495: 7287: 4448: 8384: 7490: 5211: 8364: 8220: 6255: 626:, Congress used the 1890 one to increase immigrants from Northern and Western Europe and to decrease those from Eastern and Southern Europe. According to 300:

declared that only people of European or white descent were eligible for naturalization, but eligibility was extended to people of African descent in the

8389: 5887: 8359: 7695: 5510: 3629:(53rd ed.), Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, August 1931, pp. 103–107, archived from 3084:. A $ 10 tax was imposed on Mexican immigrants, who were allowed to continue immigrating based on their perceived willingness to provide cheap labor. 7928: 7638: 7060: 4589:(45th ed.), Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, July 1923, pp. 100–101, archived from 4556:(52nd ed.), Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, July 1930, pp. 102–105, archived from 7964: 7511: 247: 8404: 5649: 5580: 4947: 4895: 503:." He cites their supposed inability to assimilate to American culture and the economic threat that they posed to white businessmen and farmers. 373:. The number of immigrants entering the United States decreased for about a year from July 1919 to June 1920 but doubled in the year after that. 5147: 4973: 3876: 3096:

Relative proportions of immigrants from Northwestern Europe (red) and Southern and Eastern Europe (blue) in the decades before and after the act

2978:

Quota per country limited to 2% of the number of foreign-born persons of that nationality residing in the U.S. in the 1890 census (FY 1925-1929)

2969:

Quota per country limited to 3% of the number of foreign-born persons of that nationality residing in the U.S. in the 1910 census (FY 1922-1924)

8225: 7841: 7453: 7448: 7183: 5628: 5504: 4622:(47th ed.), Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, July 1925, p. 83, archived from 547:

power to block the act, although both houses passed it by a veto-overriding two-thirds majority. The act was signed into law on May 24, 1924.

7670: 7650: 7434: 6862: 6822: 6472: 6393: 6311: 6279: 5492: 5202:

Allerfeldt, Kristofer. "'And We Got Here First': Albert Johnson, National Origins and Self-Interest in the Immigration Debate of the 1920s."

3503: 2997:

Quota per nationality limited to one-sixth of 1% of the number of U.S. inhabitants of that national origin in the 1920 census (FY 1953-1965)

8005: 7995: 5569: 3234: 2484: 1158: 496: 5487: 8439: 8200: 7861: 7055: 6376: 6274: 3244: 3135:

the U.S. in 1890 as the basis for calculating quotas effectively made mass migration from Eastern Europe, where the vast majority of the

3010: 499:

movement, argued, "They come here specifically and professedly for the purpose of colonizing and establishing here permanently the proud

4867: 8464: 8235: 7990: 7893: 7633: 7465: 6685: 6626: 6348: 6318: 6167: 5970: 5664: 5175: 4796: 4777: 4061: 7176: 7075: 6343: 6325: 5915: 5910: 5892: 5877: 5537: 3141: 4727: 4188:

La Follette Makes Statement on Ku Klux Klan, Immigration, Minority Rights and Zionism; Jewish Telegraphic Agency, September 15, 1924

607:

and could thus travel freely to the U.S. The act did not include China since it was already barred under the Chinese Exclusion Act.

8344: 8215: 7933: 7675: 7227: 6816: 6286: 5935: 5925: 3403: 536: 5368: 7705: 7443: 7439: 7027: 6856: 6428: 6361: 6353: 6297: 5558: 3156: 1422: 651: 577: 279: 275: 5431: 3048:

The act also established the "consular control system" of immigration, which divided responsibility for immigration between the

8429: 8409: 7908: 7876: 7700: 7536: 6928: 5975: 5678: 3428: 3260: 3053: 405: 365:

of 1919–1921 had fueled fears of foreign radicals migrating to undermine American values and provoke an uprising like the 1917

223: 8083: 7035: 7002: 5855: 5673: 5456: 5416: 5397: 5347: 5130: 4761: 4511: 4269: 4151: 4040: 3860: 5436:

Yuill, Kevin. " 'America must remain American': The Liberal Contribution to Race Restrictions in the 1924 Immigration Act."

8354: 8078: 7913: 6786: 6604: 6590: 5952: 5826: 3195:

by 1924, the act has been seen as a piece of legislation that formalized the views of contemporary U.S. society. Historian

667: 3725: 7749: 7576: 7516: 7413: 5930: 5920: 5736: 5572: 3285: 1620: 4444: 7690: 7040: 6848: 6338: 5746: 4467: 3969: 2012: 921: 4623: 4590: 4557: 3694: 3630: 8424: 7851: 7090: 5859: 5373:

Ngai, Mae M. "The architecture of race in American immigration law: A reexamination of the Immigration Act of 1924."

5103: 4209: 3799: 3774: 3100:

The act was seen in a negative light in Japan, causing resignations of ambassadors and protests. A citizen committed

1462: 358: 8369: 8048: 7938: 7571: 7348: 7199: 7085: 6838: 6699: 6515: 5501:

Chapter 190, An Act To limit the immigration of aliens into the United States, and for other purposes, May 26, 1924

5472: 3239: 600: 595:, an 80% reduction from average before World War I, and barred immigrants from Asia, including Japan. However, the 565: 420:. Decades later, he pointed out the act's "startling discrimination against central, eastern and southern Europe." 321: 243: 5688: 5477: 8379: 8058: 7959: 7954: 7757: 7601: 7277: 6736: 6547: 6332: 5837: 5791: 5786: 5776: 3207:

race, in which persons of European descent shared a common Whiteness distinct from those deemed to be not White.

3081: 476: 353:, introduced the literacy test for all new immigrants to prove their ability to read English. In the wake of the 207: 108: 100: 7819: 8399: 8394: 8210: 7773: 7715: 7080: 6843: 6160: 5601: 5561: 5286: 4699: 4362: 3473: 3049: 354: 350: 5742: 3402:

On May 18, 1937, the Omnibus Immigration Bill entered Congress, which was intended to naturalize Jews who had

618:

of 1921) to 2% of the number of foreign-born persons of any nationality residing in the U.S. according to the

8349: 8260: 8144: 8010: 7866: 7733: 7065: 7007: 6723: 6508: 6291: 5999: 5757: 5659: 5644: 5639: 5530: 3751: 381: 266:; a new quota was implemented in 1927, based on each nationality's share of the total U.S. population in the 7710: 7643: 7521: 6986: 6759: 6235: 5832: 5623: 3167:

The act has been characterized as the culmination of decades of intentional exclusion of Asian immigrants.

647: 437: 425: 393: 377: 7591: 6880: 6304: 6041: 3902: 3280: 3077: 1661: 752: 448:

concludes: "Klan backing made no material difference. Congress was expressing the will of the nation.".

239: 61: 8459: 8280: 8270: 8255: 8149: 8134: 8030: 7586: 7343: 7292: 7272: 7256: 7252: 7248: 6997: 6779: 6563: 6459: 3931: 301: 297: 194: 84: 7168: 5306:"Race, the Immigration Laws, and Domestic Race Relations: A "Magic Mirror" into the Heart of Darkness" 5093: 5044:"The Effect of Immigration Restrictions on Local Labor Markets: Lessons from the 1920s Border Closure" 3092: 44:

An Act to limit the number of immigrants allowed entry into the United States, and for other purposes.

8454: 8020: 7613: 7388: 7152: 7121: 6811: 6449: 6153: 5780: 5731: 5706: 5583: 1502: 611: 267: 263: 255: 219: 5683: 4231: 242:, and established a "consular control system" that allowed entry only to those who first obtained a 8449: 8444: 8419: 8322: 8250: 8073: 7623: 7596: 7531: 7383: 7282: 7050: 6920: 6828: 6801: 6612: 6454: 6243: 6133: 6029: 5808: 5523: 5089: 3275: 1409: 622:. A more recent census existed, but at the behest of a eugenics subcommittee chaired by eugenicist 569: 460: 4919:"Jews fleeing the Holocaust weren't welcome in the U.S. Then FDR finally offered a refuge to some" 8068: 7475: 7470: 7393: 7363: 7358: 7353: 7338: 7317: 7302: 7045: 6991: 6893: 6764: 6526: 6035: 5871: 5867: 5611: 5365:

Risking Immeasurable Harm: Immigration Restriction and US-Mexican Diplomatic Relations, 1924–1932

4320: 3993: 3550: 3514: 3249: 3224: 3061: 1541: 705: 573: 445: 345: 6568: 5847: 5378: 4352: 3852: 3821: 8316: 7741: 7136: 6949: 6886: 6774: 6747: 6730: 6706: 6679: 6532: 6073: 5797: 5772: 5715: 4872: 4837:"A Century of Immigration, 1820-1924 - From Haven to Home: 350 Years of Jewish Life in America" 4732: 3290: 3254: 3116: 2364: 1086: 488: 5711: 5212:"The 1924 Law That Slammed the Door on Immigrants and the Politicians Who Pushed it Back Open" 5009: 4999: 4836: 4753: 4747: 4259: 4199: 4167: 4141: 4092: 3115:

turning point in the growing estrangement of the U.S. and Japan, which culminated in the 1941

7803: 7546: 7541: 7307: 6796: 6661: 6501: 6477: 6403: 6195: 5990: 5752: 5726: 5618: 5120: 4691: 4348: 4030: 3424: 3107: 3056:. The act also mandated no alien to be allowed to enter the U.S. without a valid immigration 2732: 1889: 1345: 1240: 846: 627: 529: 492: 480: 317: 20: 5441: 340:. Another proposal for immigration restriction was introduced again in 1909 by U.S. Senator 33: 8195: 8165: 8139: 8129: 8124: 8114: 7871: 7846: 7126: 7100: 7017: 6936: 6806: 6752: 6742: 6668: 6573: 6488: 5842: 5767: 5633: 5305: 3265: 663: 585: 507: 401: 366: 5043: 555: 8: 8104: 7811: 7581: 7418: 7368: 7232: 7070: 6970: 6962: 6649: 6618: 6483: 6225: 6220: 6049: 5882: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5358:

Unwanted: Italian and Jewish mobilization against restrictive immigration laws, 1882–1965

4841: 4143:

The Turning Point in US-Japan Relations: Hanihara's Cherry Blossom Diplomacy in 1920–1930

3450:

movement includes an attempt to return to the exclusion of pre-1965 U.S. immigration law.

3319: 3033: 2536: 1855: 1701: 1414: 1194: 615: 259: 5409:

One Mighty and Irresistible Tide: The Epic Struggle Over American Immigration, 1924–1965

3406:. It was supported by a majority, including most Republicans, future Democrat President 8414: 8109: 7898: 7680: 6874: 6833: 6791: 6769: 6718: 6655: 6644: 6598: 6494: 6115: 6059: 6055: 5606: 5386: 5271: 5255: 5247: 5071: 5042:

Abramitzky, Ran; Ager, Philipp; Boustan, Leah; Cohen, Elior; Hansen, Casper W. (2023).

4664: 4398: 4302: 3845: 3745: 3591: 3192: 2443: 2051: 1399: 1133: 592: 400:, it passed with strong congressional support. There were nine dissenting votes in the 7918: 512: 8265: 8240: 8119: 8099: 7923: 7766: 7628: 6867: 6673: 6639: 6632: 6584: 6190: 6176: 6100: 6085: 5803: 5762: 5452: 5422: 5412: 5393: 5343: 5292: 5282: 5259: 5126: 5099: 5075: 5063: 5005: 4757: 4695: 4656: 4507: 4417: 4358: 4294: 4265: 4261:

Asian Americans: An Encyclopedia of Social, Cultural, Economic, and Political History

4205: 4147: 4036: 3965: 3856: 3795: 3770: 3686: 3678: 3670: 3407: 3188: 2403: 1971: 1109: 896: 341: 5281:(Rev. and updated, 10th anniversary ed.). New York: New York University Press. 8230: 8205: 7881: 7312: 7297: 6578: 6520: 6433: 6205: 6120: 5481: 5239: 5055: 4499: 4390: 3018: 3014: 2128: 2090: 969: 945: 516: 468: 429: 337: 203: 155: 93: 4811:

An Emotional Gauntlet: From Life in Peacetime America to the War in European Skies

3080:, which was established two days after the act was passed, primarily to guard the 147: 137: 8245: 8170: 7398: 6398: 6215: 6210: 6067: 6063: 5985: 5813: 5546: 5496: 4452: 4236: 3229: 3136: 3057: 1930: 1251: 871: 540: 464: 456: 417: 362: 332: 309: 231: 165: 8016:

Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013

5327:

Lee, Erika. "America first, immigrants last: American xenophobia then and now."

4896:"Operation Texas: Lyndon B. Johnson, The Jewish Question and the Nazi Holocaust" 3669:(87th ed.). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Bureau of the Census: 89–93. July 1966. 8295: 8285: 8053: 7781: 7408: 7131: 7095: 6957: 6465: 6200: 6107: 6017: 5243: 5152: 5024: 3442: 3204: 3184: 2692: 1321: 604: 433: 413: 328: 235: 227: 5426: 4647:

Beaman, Middleton (1924). "CURRENT LEGISLATION: The Immigration Act of 1924".

4285:

Beaman, Middleton (1924). "CURRENT LEGISLATION: The Immigration Act of 1924".

292:

History of laws concerning immigration and naturalization in the United States

8338: 8175: 7796: 6079: 6045: 6023: 5296: 5095:

Making Americans: Immigration, Race, and the Origins of the Diverse Democracy

5067: 4728:"The xenophobic career of Miller Freeman, founding father of modern Bellevue" 4660: 4298: 3957: 3690: 3674: 3367: 3359: 3343: 3123: 1371: 623: 500: 451: 385: 4824:

Exiles on Main Street: Jewish American Writers and American Literary Culture

357:, many Americans believed that bringing in more immigrants would worsen the 8300: 8063: 7486:

Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA) (1996)

7403: 6423: 5820: 4493: 4354:

Whiteness of a Different Color: European Immigrants and the Alchemy of Race

3391: 3212: 3149: 3145: 2496: 1170: 591:

The act set a total immigration quota of 165,000 for countries outside the

484: 441: 389: 6145: 5340:

U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Laws and Issues: A Documentary History

4503: 610:

The 1924 act reduced the annual quota of any nationality from 3% of their

7526: 7460: 7116: 5851: 5059: 4232:"What History Can Tell Us About the Fallout From Restricting Immigration" 4119: 4032:

Defectives in the Land: Disability and Immigration in the Age of Eugenics

3347: 3323: 3171: 2785: 2614: 2285: 1275: 1039: 636: 619: 596: 313: 305: 4668: 4306: 3595: 3579: 8290: 7198: 6712: 5493:

Text of 1924 Immigration Act and enabling proclamation by the President

5251: 4402: 3985: 3339: 2246: 211: 112: 5125:. Woodstock, Oxfordshire: Princeton University Press. pp. 24–25. 234:

Europe. It also authorized the creation of the country's first formal

8276:

National Korean American Service & Education Consortium (NAKASEC)

8025: 7980: 7496:

American Competitiveness and Workforce Improvement Act (ACWIA) (1998)

7491:

Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act (NACARA) (1997)

7373: 7322: 6941: 6418: 6408: 4749:

The 103rd Ballot: Democrats and the Disaster in Madison Square Garden

4713:

Impossible Subjects: illegal aliens and the makings of modern America

3411: 3270: 2773: 2207: 1016: 672:

National Origins of the White Population of the United States in 1920

662:

In 1927, the 1924 act was modified to use census data from 1920. The

5388:

Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of Modern America

5122:

Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of Modern America

4948:"Trump's Move to End DACA and Echoes of the Immigration Act of 1924" 4495:

Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of Modern America

4394: 3257: – 1924 US federal law granting citizenship to Native Americans 7886: 7618: 7608: 5449:

A Nation by Design: Immigration Policy in the Fashioning of America

3964:(2nd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 237. 3936: 3447: 3383: 3196: 572:, which had been established in that year. In conjunction with the 409: 397: 7481:

Immigration and Nationality Technical Corrections Act (INTCA) 1994

5515: 5473:

Statistics of who was allowed in after the Immigration Act of 1924

7158:

List of U.S. cities with significant Chinese-American populations

6693: 3682: 3387: 3371: 3331: 3327: 3315: 3127: 3102: 1816: 1777: 1738: 1580: 822: 799: 776: 728: 436:, himself a Jewish immigrant from Britain and the founder of the 5001:

Immigration, Science, and Invention. Lessons from the Quota Acts

4204:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. pp. 306–7. 4093:

American Immigration Policy: Confronting the Nation's Challenges

4035:. Chicago; London: The University of Chicago Press. p. 45. 7684: 7552:

Ending Discriminatory Bans on Entry to The United States (2021)

5478:"'Shut the Door': A Senator Speaks for Immigration Restriction" 5268:

Strangers in the land: Patterns of American nativism, 1860-1925

5230:

Eckerson, Helen F. (1966). "Immigration and National Origins".

4258:

Sohi, Seema (2013). Zhao, Xiaojian; Park, Edward J. W. (eds.).

4107:

Strangers in the land: Patterns of American nativism, 1860-1925

3335: 3148:. The quotas were adjusted to allow more Jewish refugees after 2882: 2818: 2653: 2575: 2324: 2168: 1298: 1217: 1062: 993: 646:

Subsequent amendments eliminated certain elements of the law's

370: 7512:

American Competitiveness in the 21st Century Act (AC21) (2000)

5232:

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

3792:

Dividing Lines: the politics of immigration control in America

3767:

Dividing lines: the politics of immigration control in America

19:"Asian Exclusion Act" redirects here. Not to be confused with 8435:

United States federal immigration and nationality legislation

6249:

U.S. immigration policy toward the People's Republic of China

3379: 3375: 3363: 5338:

Lemay, Michael Robert; Barkan, Elliott Robert, eds. (1999).

564:

The immigration act made permanent the basic limitations on

5320:

Keely, Charles B. "Immigration in the Interwar Period." in

4357:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. pp. 82–83, 85. 3427:

invited 982 refugees, most of whom were Jewish, to stay at

3029: 2850: 544: 5041: 4800:, Series B 304–330 (p. 32). US Bureau of the Census, 1949. 4781:, Series B 304–330 (p. 33). US Bureau of the Census, 1949. 1398:

Listed below are historical quotas on emigration from the

1393: 5499: (archived September 24, 2016). Additional archives: 5148:"Purim: A Celebration of Difference and a Call to Action" 3076:

The National Origins Act authorized the formation of the

270:, which would govern U.S. immigration policy until 1965. 215: 5505:

Statutes at Large: Congress 68 - Law Library of Congress

5176:"When America's Racist Immigration Law Inspired Hitler" 5026:

Immigration and Invention: Evidence from the Quota Acts

4381:"Outstanding Features of the Immigration Act of 1924". 4868:"United States Immigration and Refugee Law, 1921–1980" 4201:

The Japanese Conspiracy: The Oahu Sugar Strike of 1920

3794:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 138. 1379: 1351: 1326: 1303: 1280: 1257: 1222: 1199: 1177: 1139: 1114: 1092: 1067: 1044: 1021: 998: 975: 950: 927: 902: 877: 852: 827: 804: 781: 758: 733: 710: 483:, an exclusionary movement formed in reaction to the " 7517:

Legal Immigration Family Equity Act (LIFE Act) (2000)

5480:– transcript of speech given before Congress by Sen. 5270:(2nd ed. Rutgers University Press, 1963) pp 301–330. 4797:

Historical Statistics of the United States: 1789–1945

4778:

Historical Statistics of the United States: 1789–1945

3769:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 84. 8221:

Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights of Los Angeles

6256:

One Hundred Years: History of the Chinese in America

5098:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p. 195. 4715:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 49. 3551:"The Immigration Act of 1924 (The Johnson-Reed Act)" 576:, it governed American immigration policy until the 539:, and he was unable to form a compromise, President 511:"Japanese Exclusion" act. Japanese Foreign Minister 4543: 4541: 3877:"Immigration Bill Passes Senate by Vote of 62 to 6" 5864:United States occupation of the Dominican Republic 5385: 4813:(University of Wisconsin Press, 2004), p. 163 3986:"Who Was Shut Out?: Immigration Quotas, 1925–1927" 3844: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3580:"CURRENT LEGISLATION: The Immigration Act of 1924" 195: 85: 7061:Chinese Historical Society of Southern California 5629:Lieutenant Governor and Governor of Massachusetts 4321:"Milestones: 1921–1936 - Office of the Historian" 3660:"Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1966" 3071: 130:in the House of Representatives as H.R. 7995 8336: 7965:United States Border Patrol interior checkpoints 5758:Federal Corrupt Practices Act Amendments of 1925 4616:Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1924. 4607: 4583:Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1922. 4574: 4550:Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1930. 4538: 4124:The Story of Civilization: Our Oriental Heritage 3623:Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1931. 1652: 743: 515:instructed the Japanese ambassador to the U.S., 226:and set quotas on the number of immigrants from 4140:Chow, Misuzu Hanihara; Chuma, Kiyofuku (2016). 3647: 3609: 3555:U.S Department of State Office of the Historian 8375:Anti-immigration politics in the United States 8226:Coalition for Comprehensive Immigration Reform 7904:List of people deported from the United States 3152:, but without increasing immigration overall. 7651:Trump administration family separation policy 7184: 6473:Attack on Squak Valley Chinese laborers, 1885 6161: 5531: 5392:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 5329:Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 4974:"The inadequacy of the term "Asian American"" 4682: 4680: 4678: 4018:. New York: Russel & Russel. p. 190. 3847:American Passage: The History of Ellis Island 3199:writes of the national origins quota system: 3183:Looking back on the significance of the act, 3013:encompassed all of Ireland; after 1925, only 650:, but this was not more fully achieved until 8385:Anti-Japanese sentiment in the United States 7701:Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) 5279:White by law: the legal construction of race 5048:American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 5023:Duran, Kirk; Yoon, Chungeun (January 2021), 4998:Moser, Petra; San, Shmuel (March 21, 2020), 4016:A History of American Immigration. 1820–1924 3732:. Archived from the original on May 27, 2011 3235:History of antisemitism in the United States 2723: 1336: 657: 8365:Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States 8201:California Coalition for Immigration Reform 7056:Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association 6175: 5337: 3952: 3950: 3245:History of immigration to the United States 3043: 3011:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 580:, which revised it completely, was passed. 8390:Anti-Korean sentiment in the United States 8236:Federation for American Immigration Reform 7191: 7177: 6264: 6168: 6154: 5538: 5524: 4688:Contemporary Ethnic Geographies in America 4675: 4013: 3358:Defined in the act as immigrants from the 3144:in the 1930s or 1940s despite the rise of 1611: 506:Opposing the act, U.S. Secretary of State 8360:Anti-Asian sentiment in the United States 8011:Uniting American Families Act (2000–2013) 8006:Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act 2007 7996:Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act 2006 7939:Unaccompanied minors from Central America 7696:U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services 7466:Immigration Reform and Control Act (1986) 5916:1919 Massachusetts gubernatorial election 5911:1918 Massachusetts gubernatorial election 5878:Presidential transition of Herbert Hoover 5511:Quotas defined in Immigration Law of 1924 5022: 4893: 4498:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 4139: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3573: 3571: 2434: 2003: 1921: 1493: 1124: 912: 862: 408:, the most vigorous of whom was freshman 8216:Center for Migration Studies of New York 7359:Immigration Act 1917 (Asian Barred Zone) 7228:Nationality law in the American Colonies 5936:1924 United States presidential election 5926:1920 United States presidential election 5893:Harlan F. Stone Supreme Court nomination 5607:Boyhood home and first inauguration site 5229: 5145: 4997: 4862: 4860: 4791: 4789: 4787: 4468:"Coolidge signs Immigration Act of 1924" 4347: 4229: 4109:(Rutgers University Press, 1955) p. 321. 4086: 4084: 4082: 3947: 3789: 3764: 3590:(7). American Bar Association: 490–492. 3091: 3017:, with a separate quota created for the 2355: 1962: 1880: 1077: 887: 837: 554: 450: 392:. However, some proponents, such as the 8150:"Faithful Patriot" (2018–present) 7706:Executive Office for Immigration Review 6429:Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 5446: 5411:. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. 5303: 5209: 4916: 4826:(Indiana University Press, 2008), p. 54 4725: 4719: 4230:Atkinson, David C. (February 3, 2017). 4028: 3842: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3724:Guisepi, Robert A. (January 29, 2007). 3723: 3157:Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 2119: 1394:Quotas by country under successive laws 960: 578:Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 463:along with appropriation bills for the 280:Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 276:Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 16:1924 United States anti-immigration law 8405:European diaspora in the United States 8337: 8166:California DREAM Act (2006–2010) 7076:Chinese Staff and Workers' Association 4803: 4752:. New York: Harper & Row. p. 4745: 4646: 4284: 4118: 3712: 3577: 3568: 3429:Fort Ontario Emergency Refugee Shelter 3314:Defined in the act as immigrants from 3261:List of United States Immigration Acts 3054:Immigration and Naturalization Service 7414:Alien Fiancées and Fiancés Act (1946) 7172: 7036:List of Chinese American associations 7003:Chinese Historical Society of America 6149: 5856:United States occupation of Nicaragua 5519: 5488:Eugenics Laws Restricting Immigration 5173: 5146:Podolsky, Robin (February 23, 2021). 4941: 4939: 4857: 4784: 4462: 4460: 4445:Immigration Act of 1924 (43 Stat.153) 4440: 4438: 4376: 4374: 4343: 4341: 4225: 4223: 4221: 4135: 4133: 4079: 3956: 3926: 3924: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3535: 3501: 3005: 3003: 568:established in 1921 and modified the 8135:"Return to Sender" (2006–2007) 7440:Immigration and Nationality Act 1952 5953:The Autobiography of Calvin Coolidge 5827:Brave Little State of Vermont speech 5406: 5383: 5118: 5088: 4971: 4945: 4710: 4491: 4416:Gee, Melody S. (September 7, 2020). 4257: 4197: 4191: 4178:. American Peace Society: 311. 1924. 3808: 3497: 3495: 3468: 3466: 3032:excluding regions falling under the 7821:Department of State v. Muñoz (2024) 7791:DHS v. Regents of the Univ. of Cal. 7676:Immigration and Customs Enforcement 7278:Act to Encourage Immigration (1864) 5931:1924 Republican National Convention 5921:1920 Republican National Convention 5737:World War Adjusted Compensation Act 5573:Vice President of the United States 5545: 5276: 4415: 4055: 3286:Statue of Liberty National Monument 13: 8440:Repealed United States legislation 7909:Mexico–United States border crisis 7691:U.S. Customs and Border Protection 7041:Chinese American Citizens Alliance 5787:State of the Union Addresses (1926 5196: 5174:Young, Patrick (August 30, 2018). 4946:Cobb, Jelani (September 5, 2017). 4936: 4457: 4435: 4371: 4338: 4218: 4130: 4022: 3921: 3532: 3000: 404:and a handful of opponents in the 262:of 1921, to 2% as recorded in the 200:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 90:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 14: 8476: 8465:Antisemitism in the United States 8130:"Streamline" (2005–present) 7852:Central American migrant caravans 7399:Bracero Program (1942–1964) 7091:Organization of Chinese Americans 5860:United States occupation of Haiti 5466: 5324:(Routledge, 2019) pp. 43–56. 5322:Immigration and US Foreign Policy 4492:Ngai, Mae M. (January 31, 2014). 4126:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 3932:"Immigration and Nationality Act" 3903:"Senate Vote #126 (May 15, 1924)" 3492: 3463: 459:signs the Immigration Act on the 7914:Mexico–United States border wall 7389:Filipino Repatriation Act (1935) 7200:Immigration to the United States 6516:Pacific Coast race riots of 1907 6129: 6128: 4726:Neiwert, Daniel (May 10, 2022), 4649:American Bar Association Journal 4287:American Bar Association Journal 3819: 3584:American Bar Association Journal 3504:"The Restriction of Immigration" 3474:"Race, Nationality, and Reality" 2778: 2766: 2725: 2685: 2646: 2607: 2568: 2530: 2489: 2477: 2436: 2397: 2357: 2317: 2278: 2239: 2200: 2161: 2121: 2083: 2045: 2005: 1964: 1923: 1882: 1848: 1809: 1770: 1731: 1694: 1654: 1613: 1573: 1535: 1495: 1456: 1364: 1338: 1314: 1291: 1268: 1245: 1234: 1210: 1188: 1163: 1151: 1126: 1103: 1079: 1055: 1032: 1009: 986: 962: 938: 914: 889: 864: 839: 815: 792: 769: 745: 721: 699: 566:immigration to the United States 32: 8345:1924 in international relations 7671:Department of Homeland Security 5838:Migratory Bird Conservation Act 5777:Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 5650:Presidential Library and Museum 5204:Journal of Contemporary History 5167: 5139: 5112: 5082: 5035: 5016: 4991: 4965: 4910: 4894:Smallwood, James (March 2009). 4887: 4829: 4816: 4770: 4739: 4704: 4640: 4520: 4485: 4409: 4313: 4278: 4251: 4182: 4160: 4112: 4099: 4090:Steven G. Koven, Frank Götzke, 4049: 4007: 3978: 3895: 3869: 3836: 3578:Beaman, Middleton (July 1924). 3434: 3417: 3396: 3352: 3308: 3023: 2991: 2981: 2972: 2963: 278:and ultimately replaced by the 8211:Center for Immigration Studies 8140:"Jump Start" (2006–2008) 8125:"Front Line" (2004–2005) 7775:Chamber of Commerce v. Whiting 7716:Office of Refugee Resettlement 7471:American Homecoming Act (1989) 7081:Chinese for Affirmative Action 7008:Kam Wah Chung & Co. Museum 5747:McNary–Haugen Farm Relief Bill 5716:Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 5562:President of the United States 5210:Diamond, Anna (May 19, 2020). 4917:Bernard, Diane (May 1, 2019). 4014:Stephenson, George M. (1964). 3783: 3758: 3072:Establishment of Border Patrol 428:, and were unable to adapt to 351:Immigration Restriction League 1: 8430:Presidency of Calvin Coolidge 8410:Eugenics in the United States 8261:Minuteman Civil Defense Corps 8105:"Peter Pan" (1960–1962) 7867:Eugenics in the United States 7066:Chinese Society Halls on Maui 6509:United States v. Wong Kim Ark 6000:Backstairs at the White House 5602:Early life and family history 5367:(U of Nebraska Press, 2020). 4900:East Texas Historical Journal 4198:Duus, Masayo Umezawa (1999). 3851:. New York: Harper. pp. 3404:entered the country illegally 3296: 3240:Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907 3009:From 1921 to 1924, quota for 550: 444:supported the act. Historian 322:Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907 7929:Illegal immigrant population 7711:Board of Immigration Appeals 7547:Executive Order 13780 (2017) 7542:Executive Order 13769 (2017) 7435:UN Refugee Convention (1951) 7349:Gentlemen's Agreement (1907) 6987:Museum of Chinese in America 5976:Sesquicentennial half dollar 5833:McSweeney-McNary Act of 1928 5743:Opposition to farm subsidies 5451:. Harvard University Press. 4029:Baynton, Douglas C. (2016). 3843:Cannato, Vincent J. (2009). 648:discrimination against women 438:American Federation of Labor 394:American Federation of Labor 7: 8355:68th United States Congress 8145:"Phalanx" (2010–2016) 8120:"Endgame" (2003–2012) 7991:McCain–Kennedy (2005) 7981:DREAM Act (2001–2010) 7960:Canada–United States border 7955:Mexico–United States border 7522:H-1B Visa Reform Act (2004) 7384:Tydings–McDuffie Act (1934) 5971:Things named after Coolidge 5375:Journal of American History 3790:Tichenor, Daniel J (2002). 3765:Tichenor, Daniel J (2002). 3730:World History International 3281:Racism in the United States 3218: 3082:Mexico–United States border 3078:United States Border Patrol 1384: 1377: 1355: 1350: 1330: 1325: 1307: 1302: 1284: 1279: 1261: 1256: 1226: 1221: 1203: 1198: 1181: 1176: 1143: 1138: 1118: 1113: 1096: 1091: 1071: 1066: 1048: 1043: 1025: 1020: 1002: 997: 979: 974: 954: 949: 931: 926: 906: 901: 881: 876: 856: 851: 831: 826: 808: 803: 785: 780: 762: 757: 737: 732: 714: 709: 62:68th United States Congress 10: 8481: 8281:Negative Population Growth 8271:National Immigration Forum 8256:Migration Policy Institute 8031:US Citizenship Act of 2021 7587:Temporary protected status 7369:Emergency Quota Act (1921) 6998:Chinese American Museum DC 6460:San Francisco riot of 1877 5447:Zolberg, Aristide (2006). 5304:Johnson, Kevin R. (1998). 5244:10.1177/000271626636700102 4746:Murray, Robert K. (1976). 4686:Airriess, Christopher A.; 4389:(1): 90–95. January 1925. 3177:American Economic Journal. 3087: 2912: 2880: 2848: 2816: 2763: 2722: 2683: 2644: 2605: 2566: 2528: 2474: 2433: 2395: 2354: 2315: 2276: 2237: 2198: 2159: 2118: 2081: 2043: 2002: 1961: 1920: 1879: 1846: 1807: 1768: 1729: 1692: 1651: 1610: 1571: 1533: 1492: 1454: 355:post–World War I recession 302:Naturalization Act of 1870 298:Naturalization Act of 1790 289: 285: 18: 8309: 8184: 8158: 8092: 8039: 7973: 7947: 7830: 7724: 7659: 7614:Security Advisory Opinion 7564: 7504: 7427: 7331: 7265: 7241: 7220: 7207: 7153:List of Chinese Americans 7145: 7122:United International Bank 7109: 7026: 6979: 6910: 6559: 6555: 6546: 6450:1867 Chinese Labor Strike 6442: 6386: 6375: 6234: 6183: 6095: 6010: 5963: 5944: 5903: 5781:Flood Control Act of 1928 5732:Oil Pollution Act of 1924 5707:Allegheny National Forest 5658: 5624:Early career and marriage 5594: 5584:Governor of Massachusetts 5553: 5277:Ian, Haney-López (2006). 4532:www.digitalhistory.uh.edu 4264:. ABC-CLIO. p. 535. 4168:"International Documents" 4146:. Springer. p. 125. 3822:"Immigration Act of 1924" 3750:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3162: 1421: 1418: 1413: 1407: 658:Quota calculation formula 603:and so its citizens were 123: 118: 99: 80: 75: 67: 56: 48: 40: 31: 8425:Italian-American history 8323:Missing in Brooks County 8251:Mexicans Without Borders 7751:US v. Bhagat Singh Thind 7624:National Origins Formula 7308:Chinese Exclusion (1882) 7283:Civil Rights Act of 1866 7051:Chinese Community Centre 6921:American Chinese cuisine 6797:Providence, Rhode Island 6455:Chinese massacre of 1871 6394:Anti-Chinese legislation 6244:Chinese American history 6030:John Calvin Coolidge Sr. 5809:Federal Radio Commission 5360:(UNC Press Books, 2019). 4972:Zhou, Li (May 5, 2021). 4096:(Springer, 2010), p. 133 3276:Racial Equality Proposal 3044:Visas and border control 2914:Total from all Countries 570:National Origins Formula 406:House of Representatives 316:to the U.S. in the 1882 136:on April 12, 1924 ( 8370:Anti-Filipino sentiment 7602:Central American Minors 7532:Secure Fence Act (2006) 7394:Nationality Act of 1940 7344:Naturalization Act 1906 7318:Immigration Act of 1891 7303:Immigration Act of 1882 7293:Naturalization Act 1870 7273:Naturalization Law 1802 7249:Naturalization Act 1790 7046:Chinese American church 6992:Chinese American Museum 6829:San Francisco Chinatown 6527:Killing of Vincent Chin 6414:Immigration Act of 1924 6177:Chinese American topics 6036:Calvin Galusha Coolidge 5868:Washington Naval Treaty 5722:Immigration Act of 1924 5407:Yang, Jia Lynn (2020). 5234:. The New Immigration. 4451:March 23, 2021, at the 4075:(subscription required) 4058:"Immigration and labor" 3994:George Mason University 3943:(subscription required) 3511:University of Wisconsin 3431:until the war was over. 3410:, as well as Southern ' 3250:Immigration Act of 1917 3225:Anarchist Exclusion Act 574:Immigration Act of 1917 346:Immigration Act of 1917 179:Immigration Act of 1924 27:Immigration Act of 1924 8380:Anti-Italian sentiment 8317:Borderland (TV series) 8171:Arizona SB 1070 (2010) 7644:Unaccompanied children 7419:Luce–Celler Act (1946) 7209:Relevant colonial era, 6929:American Chinese films 6707:Montville, Connecticut 6533:Killing of Akai Gurley 5798:I do not choose to run 4873:Holocaust Encyclopedia 4733:International Examiner 4349:Jacobson, Matthew Frye 3291:White Australia policy 3255:Indian Citizenship Act 3209: 3117:attack on Pearl Harbor 3097: 3060:issued by an American 668:Department of Commerce 561: 526: 519:, to write to Hughes: 489:Valentine S. McClatchy 472: 461:White House South Lawn 384:advocate, and Senator 154:on May 15, 1924 ( 146:on May 15, 1924 ( 144:Agreed to by the House 8400:Asian-American issues 8395:Anti-Slavic sentiment 7894:Immigration reduction 7805:Niz-Chavez v. Garland 7409:War Brides Act (1945) 7288:14th Amendment (1868) 6502:Hells Canyon Massacre 6478:Rock Springs massacre 6404:Chinese Exclusion Act 6196:American-born Chinese 5888:Judicial appointments 5753:Judiciary Act of 1925 5619:Calvin Coolidge House 5384:Ngai, Mae M. (2004). 5363:Montoya, Benjamin C. 5356:Marinari, Maddalena. 5119:Ngai, Mae M. (2004). 4504:10.1515/9781400850235 3824:. Densho Encyclopedia 3502:Lodge, Henry (1909). 3425:Franklin D. Roosevelt 3211:In 1928, Nazi leader 3201: 3108:U.S. Embassy in Tokyo 3095: 3050:U.S. State Department 558: 530:Robert M. La Follette 521: 493:The McClatchy Company 481:Western United States 454: 320:and the (unenforced) 318:Chinese Exclusion Act 224:immigration from Asia 21:Chinese Exclusion Act 8350:1924 in American law 8196:Arizona Border Recon 8176:Alabama HB 56 (2011) 8040:Immigration stations 7974:Proposed legislation 7872:Guest worker program 7847:Brooks County, Texas 7759:US v. Brignoni-Ponce 7476:Immigration Act 1990 7379:Immigration Act 1924 7364:Immigration Act 1918 7354:Immigration Act 1907 7339:Immigration Act 1903 7127:Global Commerce Bank 7101:Hip Sing Association 6489:Seattle riot of 1886 6116:← Thomas R. Marshall 5768:Passport Act of 1926 5645:Retirement and death 5634:Boston police strike 5377:86.1 (1999): 67–92. 5216:Smithsonian Magazine 5060:10.1257/app.20200807 4418:"Making an American" 3962:American Immigration 3958:Jones, Maldwyn Allen 3909:. Civic Impulse, LLC 3266:Mexican Repatriation 664:Bureau of the Census 586:U.S. immigration law 543:declined to use his 508:Charles Evans Hughes 495:and a leader of the 376:U.S. Representative 367:Bolshevik Revolution 191:National Origins Act 8115:"Gatekeeper" (1994) 8042:and points of entry 7934:Reverse immigration 7813:Sanchez v. Mayorkas 7726:Supreme Court cases 7582:Visa Waiver Program 7577:Permanent residence 7404:Magnuson Act (1943) 7233:Plantation Act 1740 7071:Ying On Association 6971:Chinatown bus lines 6963:Confucius Institute 6887:Rockville, Maryland 6875:Spokane, Washington 6484:Tacoma riot of 1885 6226:Hyphenated American 6221:Hong Kong Americans 6101:← Warren G. Harding 6070:(distant relations) 6050:Charles A. Coolidge 5981:U.S. postage stamps 5872:Kellogg–Briand Pact 5701:Revenue Act of 1928 5697:Revenue Act of 1926 5693:Revenue Act of 1924 5679:Second inauguration 5342:. Greenwood Press. 5331:19.1 (2020): 3–18. 5310:Indiana Law Journal 4923:The Washington Post 4845:. September 9, 2004 4842:Library of Congress 4383:Columbia Law Review 4064:on February 5, 2009 3320:Free City of Danzig 3034:Asiatic Barred Zone 616:Emergency Quota Act 614:(as defined by the 475:Lobbyists from the 260:Emergency Quota Act 187:Asian Exclusion Act 119:Legislative history 28: 7899:Immigration reform 7735:US v. Wong Kim Ark 7681:U.S. Border Patrol 7597:Green Card Lottery 7565:Visas and policies 7527:Real ID Act (2005) 7461:Refugee Act (1980) 7213:international laws 7202:and related topics 6894:Winnemucca, Nevada 6686:San Gabriel Valley 6605:West Argyle Street 6495:Yick Wo v. Hopkins 6360:Washington State ( 6121:Charles G. Dawes → 6060:Arthur W. Coolidge 6056:Marcus A. Coolidge 5993:President Coolidge 5684:Industry and trade 5674:First inauguration 5206:45.1 (2010): 7-26. 4809:Stuart J. Wright, 4711:Ngai, Mae (2004). 3193:racial stereotypes 3098: 1400:Eastern Hemisphere 593:Western Hemisphere 562: 528:Wisconsin Senator 473: 240:U.S. Border Patrol 26: 8460:Scientific racism 8332: 8331: 8266:Minuteman Project 8241:Improve The Dream 8159:State legislation 8110:"Babylift" (1975) 8084:Washington Avenue 8079:Sullivan's Island 8001:STRIVE Act (2007) 7924:March for America 7877:Human trafficking 7767:Zadvydas v. Davis 7629:Expedited removal 7560: 7559: 7211:United States and 7166: 7165: 6937:Chinaman's chance 6906: 6905: 6902: 6901: 6839:Richmond District 6823:San Francisco Bay 6700:North Miami Beach 6674:Locke, California 6627:Dallas-Fort Worth 6542: 6541: 6371: 6370: 6349:Dallas-Fort Worth 6319:Mississippi Delta 6191:Chinese Americans 6143: 6142: 6003:(1979 miniseries) 5804:Radio Act of 1927 5763:Railway Labor Act 5727:Clarke–McNary Act 5458:978-0-674-02218-8 5418:978-0-393-63584-3 5399:978-0-691-16082-5 5349:978-0-313-30156-8 5132:978-0-691-16082-5 4822:Julian Levinson, 4763:978-0-06-013124-1 4629:on March 28, 2021 4596:on March 29, 2021 4563:on March 26, 2021 4528:"Digital History" 4513:978-1-4008-5023-5 4325:history.state.gov 4271:978-1-59884-240-1 4172:Advocate of Peace 4153:978-1-349-58154-2 4056:Gompers, Samuel. 4042:978-0-226-36433-9 3862:978-0-06-194039-2 3726:"Asian Americans" 3700:on March 28, 2021 3636:on March 29, 2021 3480:. August 15, 2016 3478:National Archives 3408:Lyndon B. Johnson 3344:the British Isles 3189:scientific racism 2959: 2958: 1391: 1390: 682:Country of origin 491:, the founder of 359:unemployment rate 342:Henry Cabot Lodge 333:Southern European 312:were barred from 175: 174: 102:Statutes at Large 8472: 8455:Immigration bans 8231:Community Change 8206:CASA of Maryland 8186:Non-governmental 8100:"Wetback" (1954) 8026:RAISE Act (2017) 7986:H.R. 4437 (2005) 7374:Cable Act (1922) 7323:Geary Act (1892) 7313:Scott Act (1888) 7218: 7217: 7193: 7186: 7179: 7170: 7169: 7086:Committee of 100 7013:Wing Luke Museum 6881:Washington, D.C. 6792:Portland, Oregon 6557: 6556: 6553: 6552: 6521:Bellingham riots 6434:China Initiative 6384: 6383: 6262: 6261: 6206:Fuzhou Americans 6170: 6163: 6156: 6147: 6146: 6132: 6131: 6108:Herbert Hoover → 5843:Reed–Jenkins Act 5587: 5576: 5565: 5540: 5533: 5526: 5517: 5516: 5482:Ellison D. Smith 5462: 5430: 5403: 5391: 5353: 5317: 5300: 5263: 5226: 5224: 5222: 5191: 5190: 5188: 5186: 5180:Long Island Wins 5171: 5165: 5164: 5162: 5160: 5143: 5137: 5136: 5116: 5110: 5109: 5086: 5080: 5079: 5039: 5033: 5032: 5031: 5020: 5014: 5013: 5012:– via SSRN 4995: 4989: 4988: 4986: 4984: 4969: 4963: 4962: 4960: 4958: 4943: 4934: 4933: 4931: 4929: 4914: 4908: 4907: 4891: 4885: 4884: 4882: 4880: 4864: 4855: 4854: 4852: 4850: 4833: 4827: 4820: 4814: 4807: 4801: 4793: 4782: 4774: 4768: 4767: 4743: 4737: 4736: 4723: 4717: 4716: 4708: 4702: 4684: 4673: 4672: 4644: 4638: 4637: 4636: 4634: 4628: 4621: 4611: 4605: 4604: 4603: 4601: 4595: 4588: 4578: 4572: 4571: 4570: 4568: 4562: 4555: 4545: 4536: 4535: 4524: 4518: 4517: 4489: 4483: 4482: 4480: 4478: 4464: 4455: 4442: 4433: 4432: 4430: 4428: 4413: 4407: 4406: 4378: 4369: 4368: 4345: 4336: 4335: 4333: 4331: 4317: 4311: 4310: 4282: 4276: 4275: 4255: 4249: 4248: 4246: 4244: 4227: 4216: 4215: 4195: 4189: 4186: 4180: 4179: 4164: 4158: 4157: 4137: 4128: 4127: 4116: 4110: 4103: 4097: 4088: 4077: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4069: 4060:. Archived from 4053: 4047: 4046: 4026: 4020: 4019: 4011: 4005: 4004: 4002: 4000: 3982: 3976: 3975: 3954: 3945: 3944: 3941: 3928: 3919: 3918: 3916: 3914: 3899: 3893: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3883:. April 19, 1924 3873: 3867: 3866: 3850: 3840: 3834: 3833: 3831: 3829: 3817: 3806: 3805: 3787: 3781: 3780: 3762: 3756: 3755: 3749: 3741: 3739: 3737: 3721: 3710: 3709: 3707: 3705: 3699: 3693:. Archived from 3664: 3656: 3645: 3644: 3643: 3641: 3635: 3628: 3618: 3607: 3606: 3604: 3602: 3575: 3566: 3565: 3563: 3561: 3547: 3530: 3529: 3527: 3525: 3520:on March 6, 2012 3519: 3513:. Archived from 3508: 3499: 3490: 3489: 3487: 3485: 3470: 3451: 3440:Sources such as 3438: 3432: 3421: 3415: 3400: 3394: 3356: 3350: 3312: 3062:consular officer 3037: 3027: 3021: 3019:Irish Free State 3015:Northern Ireland 3007: 2998: 2995: 2989: 2985: 2979: 2976: 2970: 2967: 2788: 2784: 2782: 2781: 2772: 2770: 2769: 2735: 2731: 2729: 2728: 2691: 2689: 2688: 2652: 2650: 2649: 2613: 2611: 2610: 2574: 2572: 2571: 2535: 2534: 2533: 2500: 2495: 2493: 2492: 2483: 2481: 2480: 2446: 2442: 2440: 2439: 2402: 2401: 2400: 2367: 2363: 2361: 2360: 2323: 2321: 2320: 2284: 2282: 2281: 2245: 2243: 2242: 2206: 2204: 2203: 2167: 2165: 2164: 2131: 2127: 2125: 2124: 2089: 2087: 2086: 2050: 2049: 2048: 2015: 2011: 2009: 2008: 1974: 1970: 1968: 1967: 1933: 1929: 1927: 1926: 1892: 1888: 1886: 1885: 1854: 1852: 1851: 1815: 1813: 1812: 1776: 1774: 1773: 1737: 1735: 1734: 1700: 1698: 1697: 1664: 1660: 1658: 1657: 1623: 1619: 1617: 1616: 1579: 1577: 1576: 1540: 1539: 1538: 1505: 1501: 1499: 1498: 1461: 1460: 1459: 1405: 1404: 1381: 1370: 1368: 1367: 1353: 1348: 1344: 1342: 1341: 1328: 1320: 1318: 1317: 1305: 1297: 1295: 1294: 1282: 1274: 1272: 1271: 1259: 1254: 1250: 1249: 1248: 1239: 1238: 1237: 1224: 1216: 1214: 1213: 1201: 1193: 1192: 1191: 1179: 1174: 1169: 1167: 1166: 1157: 1155: 1154: 1141: 1136: 1132: 1130: 1129: 1116: 1108: 1107: 1106: 1094: 1089: 1085: 1083: 1082: 1069: 1061: 1059: 1058: 1046: 1038: 1036: 1035: 1023: 1015: 1013: 1012: 1000: 992: 990: 989: 977: 972: 968: 966: 965: 952: 944: 942: 941: 929: 924: 920: 918: 917: 904: 899: 895: 893: 892: 879: 874: 870: 868: 867: 854: 849: 845: 843: 842: 829: 821: 819: 818: 806: 798: 796: 795: 783: 775: 773: 772: 760: 755: 751: 749: 748: 735: 727: 725: 724: 712: 704: 703: 702: 692:Percentage share 687:Population count 678: 677: 517:Masanao Hanihara 469:John J. Pershing 430:American culture 426:American economy 338:Grover Cleveland 327:A limitation on 324:, respectively. 217: 201: 197: 185:, including the 183:Johnson–Reed Act 134:Passed the House 103: 91: 87: 52:Johnson-Reed Act 36: 29: 25: 8480: 8479: 8475: 8474: 8473: 8471: 8470: 8469: 8450:May 1924 events 8445:1924 in Judaism 8420:White supremacy 8335: 8334: 8333: 8328: 8305: 8246:Mexica Movement 8189: 8187: 8180: 8154: 8088: 8041: 8035: 8021:SAFE Act (2015) 7969: 7943: 7882:Human smuggling 7857:Economic impact 7835: 7833: 7826: 7720: 7664: 7662: 7655: 7556: 7500: 7428:1950–1999 7423: 7332:1900–1949 7327: 7298:Page Act (1875) 7261: 7237: 7214: 7212: 7210: 7203: 7197: 7167: 7162: 7141: 7105: 7022: 6975: 6898: 6844:Sunset District 6787:Portland, Maine 6538: 6438: 6399:Anti-Coolie Act 6378: 6367: 6303:Massachusetts ( 6260: 6230: 6216:Hoklo Americans 6211:Hakka Americans 6179: 6174: 6144: 6139: 6091: 6068:Carlos Coolidge 6064:Martha Coolidge 6006: 5986:Coolidge effect 5959: 5940: 5899: 5814:Equal-time rule 5662: 5654: 5640:Vice Presidency 5590: 5579: 5568: 5557: 5549: 5547:Calvin Coolidge 5544: 5497:Wayback Machine 5484:, April 9, 1924 5469: 5459: 5438:Federal History 5419: 5400: 5350: 5289: 5220: 5218: 5199: 5197:Further reading 5194: 5184: 5182: 5172: 5168: 5158: 5156: 5144: 5140: 5133: 5117: 5113: 5106: 5087: 5083: 5040: 5036: 5029: 5021: 5017: 4996: 4992: 4982: 4980: 4970: 4966: 4956: 4954: 4944: 4937: 4927: 4925: 4915: 4911: 4892: 4888: 4878: 4876: 4866: 4865: 4858: 4848: 4846: 4835: 4834: 4830: 4821: 4817: 4808: 4804: 4794: 4785: 4775: 4771: 4764: 4744: 4740: 4724: 4720: 4709: 4705: 4685: 4676: 4645: 4641: 4632: 4630: 4626: 4619: 4613: 4612: 4608: 4599: 4597: 4593: 4586: 4580: 4579: 4575: 4566: 4564: 4560: 4553: 4547: 4546: 4539: 4526: 4525: 4521: 4514: 4490: 4486: 4476: 4474: 4466: 4465: 4458: 4453:Wayback Machine 4443: 4436: 4426: 4424: 4414: 4410: 4395:10.2307/1113499 4380: 4379: 4372: 4365: 4346: 4339: 4329: 4327: 4319: 4318: 4314: 4283: 4279: 4272: 4256: 4252: 4242: 4240: 4228: 4219: 4212: 4196: 4192: 4187: 4183: 4166: 4165: 4161: 4154: 4138: 4131: 4117: 4113: 4104: 4100: 4089: 4080: 4074: 4067: 4065: 4054: 4050: 4043: 4027: 4023: 4012: 4008: 3998: 3996: 3990:History Matters 3984: 3983: 3979: 3972: 3955: 3948: 3942: 3930: 3929: 3922: 3912: 3910: 3901: 3900: 3896: 3886: 3884: 3875: 3874: 3870: 3863: 3841: 3837: 3827: 3825: 3818: 3809: 3802: 3788: 3784: 3777: 3763: 3759: 3743: 3742: 3735: 3733: 3722: 3713: 3703: 3701: 3697: 3662: 3658: 3657: 3648: 3639: 3637: 3633: 3626: 3620: 3619: 3610: 3600: 3598: 3576: 3569: 3559: 3557: 3549: 3548: 3533: 3523: 3521: 3517: 3506: 3500: 3493: 3483: 3481: 3472: 3471: 3464: 3455: 3454: 3446:argue that the 3439: 3435: 3422: 3418: 3401: 3397: 3357: 3353: 3313: 3309: 3299: 3230:Anti-Italianism 3221: 3165: 3142:Jewish refugees 3137:Jewish diaspora 3090: 3074: 3046: 3041: 3040: 3036:while in effect 3028: 3024: 3008: 3001: 2996: 2992: 2986: 2982: 2977: 2973: 2968: 2964: 2779: 2777: 2767: 2765: 2764: 2726: 2724: 2686: 2684: 2647: 2645: 2608: 2606: 2569: 2567: 2531: 2529: 2490: 2488: 2478: 2476: 2475: 2437: 2435: 2398: 2396: 2358: 2356: 2318: 2316: 2279: 2277: 2240: 2238: 2201: 2199: 2162: 2160: 2122: 2120: 2084: 2082: 2046: 2044: 2006: 2004: 1965: 1963: 1924: 1922: 1883: 1881: 1849: 1847: 1810: 1808: 1771: 1769: 1732: 1730: 1695: 1693: 1655: 1653: 1614: 1612: 1574: 1572: 1536: 1534: 1496: 1494: 1457: 1455: 1396: 1365: 1363: 1339: 1337: 1315: 1313: 1292: 1290: 1269: 1267: 1246: 1244: 1235: 1233: 1232: 1211: 1209: 1189: 1187: 1164: 1162: 1152: 1150: 1149: 1127: 1125: 1104: 1102: 1080: 1078: 1056: 1054: 1033: 1031: 1010: 1008: 987: 985: 963: 961: 939: 937: 915: 913: 890: 888: 865: 863: 840: 838: 816: 814: 793: 791: 770: 768: 746: 744: 722: 720: 700: 698: 660: 612:1910 population 553: 541:Calvin Coolidge 513:Matsui Keishirō 471:is on the left. 465:Veterans Bureau 457:Calvin Coolidge 418:Jewish American 412:Representative 363:First Red Scare 310:Japanese people 294: 288: 256:1910 population 222:that prevented 199: 171: 168:on May 24, 1924 166:Calvin Coolidge 162:Signed into law 101: 89: 57:Enacted by 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8478: 8468: 8467: 8462: 8457: 8452: 8447: 8442: 8437: 8432: 8427: 8422: 8417: 8412: 8407: 8402: 8397: 8392: 8387: 8382: 8377: 8372: 8367: 8362: 8357: 8352: 8347: 8330: 8329: 8327: 8326: 8319: 8313: 8311: 8307: 8306: 8304: 8303: 8298: 8296:Save Our State 8293: 8288: 8286:No More Deaths 8283: 8278: 8273: 8268: 8263: 8258: 8253: 8248: 8243: 8238: 8233: 8228: 8223: 8218: 8213: 8208: 8203: 8198: 8192: 8190: 8185: 8182: 8181: 8179: 8178: 8173: 8168: 8162: 8160: 8156: 8155: 8153: 8152: 8147: 8142: 8137: 8132: 8127: 8122: 8117: 8112: 8107: 8102: 8096: 8094: 8090: 8089: 8087: 8086: 8081: 8076: 8071: 8066: 8061: 8056: 8051: 8045: 8043: 8037: 8036: 8034: 8033: 8028: 8023: 8018: 8013: 8008: 8003: 7998: 7993: 7988: 7983: 7977: 7975: 7971: 7970: 7968: 7967: 7962: 7957: 7951: 7949: 7945: 7944: 7942: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7919:Labor shortage 7916: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7891: 7890: 7889: 7879: 7874: 7869: 7864: 7859: 7854: 7849: 7844: 7838: 7836: 7832:Related issues 7831: 7828: 7827: 7825: 7824: 7817: 7809: 7801: 7787: 7783:Barton v. Barr 7779: 7771: 7763: 7755: 7747: 7739: 7730: 7728: 7722: 7721: 7719: 7718: 7713: 7708: 7703: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7678: 7673: 7667: 7665: 7660: 7657: 7656: 7654: 7653: 7648: 7647: 7646: 7641: 7631: 7626: 7621: 7616: 7611: 7606: 7605: 7604: 7599: 7594: 7589: 7584: 7579: 7568: 7566: 7562: 7561: 7558: 7557: 7555: 7554: 7549: 7544: 7539: 7534: 7529: 7524: 7519: 7514: 7508: 7506: 7502: 7501: 7499: 7498: 7493: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7463: 7458: 7457: 7456: 7454:Section 287(g) 7451: 7449:Section 212(f) 7437: 7431: 7429: 7425: 7424: 7422: 7421: 7416: 7411: 7406: 7401: 7396: 7391: 7386: 7381: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7346: 7341: 7335: 7333: 7329: 7328: 7326: 7325: 7320: 7315: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7290: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7269: 7267: 7263: 7262: 7260: 7259: 7245: 7243: 7239: 7238: 7236: 7235: 7230: 7224: 7222: 7215: 7208: 7205: 7204: 7196: 7195: 7188: 7181: 7173: 7164: 7163: 7161: 7160: 7155: 7149: 7147: 7143: 7142: 7140: 7139: 7134: 7132:East West Bank 7129: 7124: 7119: 7113: 7111: 7107: 7106: 7104: 7103: 7098: 7096:Bing Kong Tong 7093: 7088: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7032: 7030: 7024: 7023: 7021: 7020: 7018:Wo Hing Museum 7015: 7010: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6989: 6983: 6981: 6977: 6976: 6974: 6973: 6968: 6967:Transportation 6965: 6960: 6958:Chinese school 6955: 6952: 6947: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6931: 6926: 6923: 6918: 6914: 6912: 6908: 6907: 6904: 6903: 6900: 6899: 6897: 6896: 6891: 6890: 6889: 6877: 6872: 6871: 6870: 6865: 6857:Seattle-Tacoma 6853: 6852: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6831: 6819: 6814: 6812:Salt Lake City 6809: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6783: 6782: 6772: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6756: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6733: 6728: 6727: 6726: 6721: 6709: 6704: 6703: 6702: 6690: 6689: 6688: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6665: 6664: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6636: 6635: 6623: 6622: 6621: 6609: 6608: 6607: 6595: 6594: 6593: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6560: 6550: 6544: 6543: 6540: 6539: 6537: 6536: 6530: 6524: 6518: 6513: 6505: 6499: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6475: 6470: 6466:Tape v. Hurley 6462: 6457: 6452: 6446: 6444: 6440: 6439: 6437: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6390: 6388: 6381: 6379:discrimination 6373: 6372: 6369: 6368: 6366: 6365: 6358: 6357: 6356: 6351: 6341: 6336: 6329: 6322: 6315: 6308: 6301: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6283: 6282: 6277: 6268: 6266: 6259: 6258: 6253: 6252: 6251: 6240: 6238: 6232: 6231: 6229: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6201:Asian American 6198: 6193: 6187: 6185: 6184:Related groups 6181: 6180: 6173: 6172: 6165: 6158: 6150: 6141: 6140: 6138: 6137: 6124: 6123: 6118: 6112: 6111: 6104: 6096: 6093: 6092: 6090: 6089: 6083: 6077: 6071: 6053: 6039: 6033: 6027: 6021: 6018:Grace Coolidge 6014: 6012: 6008: 6007: 6005: 6004: 5996: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5967: 5965: 5961: 5960: 5958: 5957: 5948: 5946: 5942: 5941: 5939: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5907: 5905: 5901: 5900: 5898: 5897: 5896: 5895: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5848:Foreign policy 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5824: 5818: 5817: 5816: 5811: 5801: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5740: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5709: 5704: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5670: 5668: 5656: 5655: 5653: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5615: 5614: 5604: 5598: 5596: 5592: 5591: 5589: 5588: 5577: 5566: 5554: 5551: 5550: 5543: 5542: 5535: 5528: 5520: 5514: 5513: 5508: 5490: 5485: 5475: 5468: 5467:External links 5465: 5464: 5463: 5457: 5444: 5434: 5417: 5404: 5398: 5381: 5371: 5361: 5354: 5348: 5335: 5325: 5318: 5301: 5287: 5274: 5266:Higham, John. 5264: 5227: 5207: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5192: 5166: 5153:Jewish Journal 5138: 5131: 5111: 5104: 5081: 5054:(1): 164–191. 5034: 5015: 4990: 4964: 4952:The New Yorker 4935: 4909: 4886: 4856: 4828: 4815: 4802: 4783: 4769: 4762: 4738: 4718: 4703: 4674: 4655:(7): 490–492. 4639: 4606: 4573: 4537: 4519: 4512: 4484: 4456: 4434: 4408: 4370: 4363: 4337: 4312: 4293:(7): 490–492. 4277: 4270: 4250: 4217: 4210: 4190: 4181: 4159: 4152: 4129: 4111: 4098: 4078: 4048: 4041: 4021: 4006: 3977: 3971:978-0226406336 3970: 3946: 3920: 3894: 3881:New York Times 3868: 3861: 3835: 3807: 3800: 3782: 3775: 3757: 3711: 3646: 3608: 3567: 3531: 3491: 3461: 3453: 3452: 3443:The New Yorker 3433: 3416: 3395: 3364:Slavic nations 3351: 3306: 3305: 3298: 3295: 3294: 3293: 3288: 3283: 3278: 3273: 3268: 3263: 3258: 3252: 3247: 3242: 3237: 3232: 3227: 3220: 3217: 3205:White American 3185:Harry Laughlin 3164: 3161: 3089: 3086: 3073: 3070: 3045: 3042: 3039: 3038: 3022: 2999: 2990: 2980: 2971: 2961: 2960: 2957: 2956: 2951: 2946: 2941: 2936: 2931: 2926: 2921: 2916: 2910: 2909: 2906: 2903: 2900: 2897: 2894: 2891: 2888: 2885: 2878: 2877: 2874: 2871: 2868: 2865: 2862: 2859: 2856: 2853: 2846: 2845: 2842: 2839: 2836: 2833: 2830: 2827: 2824: 2821: 2814: 2813: 2810: 2807: 2804: 2801: 2798: 2795: 2792: 2789: 2761: 2760: 2757: 2754: 2751: 2748: 2745: 2742: 2739: 2736: 2720: 2719: 2716: 2713: 2710: 2707: 2704: 2701: 2698: 2695: 2693:United Kingdom 2681: 2680: 2677: 2674: 2671: 2668: 2665: 2662: 2659: 2656: 2642: 2641: 2638: 2635: 2632: 2629: 2626: 2623: 2620: 2617: 2603: 2602: 2599: 2596: 2593: 2590: 2587: 2584: 2581: 2578: 2564: 2563: 2560: 2557: 2554: 2551: 2548: 2545: 2542: 2539: 2526: 2525: 2522: 2519: 2516: 2513: 2510: 2507: 2504: 2501: 2472: 2471: 2468: 2465: 2462: 2459: 2456: 2453: 2450: 2447: 2431: 2430: 2427: 2424: 2421: 2418: 2415: 2412: 2409: 2406: 2393: 2392: 2389: 2386: 2383: 2380: 2377: 2374: 2371: 2368: 2352: 2351: 2348: 2345: 2342: 2339: 2336: 2333: 2330: 2327: 2313: 2312: 2309: 2306: 2303: 2300: 2297: 2294: 2291: 2288: 2274: 2273: 2270: 2267: 2264: 2261: 2258: 2255: 2252: 2249: 2235: 2234: 2231: 2228: 2225: 2222: 2219: 2216: 2213: 2210: 2196: 2195: 2192: 2189: 2186: 2183: 2180: 2177: 2174: 2171: 2157: 2156: 2153: 2150: 2147: 2144: 2141: 2138: 2135: 2132: 2116: 2115: 2112: 2109: 2106: 2103: 2100: 2097: 2095: 2093: 2079: 2078: 2075: 2072: 2069: 2066: 2063: 2060: 2057: 2054: 2041: 2040: 2037: 2034: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2022: 2019: 2016: 2000: 1999: 1996: 1993: 1990: 1987: 1984: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1959: 1958: 1955: 1952: 1949: 1946: 1943: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1918: 1917: 1914: 1911: 1908: 1905: 1902: 1899: 1896: 1893: 1877: 1876: 1874: 1872: 1870: 1868: 1866: 1864: 1861: 1858: 1844: 1843: 1840: 1837: 1834: 1831: 1828: 1825: 1822: 1819: 1805: 1804: 1801: 1798: 1795: 1792: 1789: 1786: 1783: 1780: 1766: 1765: 1762: 1759: 1756: 1753: 1750: 1747: 1744: 1741: 1727: 1726: 1724: 1722: 1719: 1716: 1713: 1710: 1707: 1704: 1690: 1689: 1686: 1683: 1680: 1677: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1665: 1662:Czechoslovakia 1649: 1648: 1645: 1642: 1639: 1636: 1633: 1630: 1627: 1624: 1608: 1607: 1604: 1601: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1589: 1586: 1583: 1569: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1559: 1556: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1531: 1530: 1527: 1524: 1521: 1518: 1515: 1512: 1509: 1506: 1490: 1489: 1486: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1471: 1468: 1465: 1452: 1451: 1448: 1445: 1442: 1439: 1436: 1433: 1430: 1426: 1425: 1420: 1417: 1412: 1410:National Quota 1395: 1392: 1389: 1388: 1383: 1376: 1358: 1357: 1354: 1349: 1333: 1332: 1329: 1324: 1322:United Kingdom 1310: 1309: 1306: 1301: 1287: 1286: 1283: 1278: 1264: 1263: 1260: 1255: 1229: 1228: 1225: 1220: 1206: 1205: 1202: 1197: 1184: 1183: 1180: 1175: 1146: 1145: 1142: 1137: 1121: 1120: 1117: 1112: 1099: 1098: 1095: 1090: 1074: 1073: 1070: 1065: 1051: 1050: 1047: 1042: 1028: 1027: 1024: 1019: 1005: 1004: 1001: 996: 982: 981: 978: 973: 957: 956: 953: 948: 934: 933: 930: 925: 909: 908: 905: 900: 884: 883: 880: 875: 859: 858: 855: 850: 834: 833: 830: 825: 811: 810: 807: 802: 788: 787: 784: 779: 765: 764: 761: 756: 753:Czechoslovakia 740: 739: 736: 731: 717: 716: 713: 708: 695: 694: 689: 684: 670:estimated the 659: 656: 605:U.S. nationals 552: 549: 434:Samuel Gompers 414:Emanuel Celler 378:Albert Johnson 287: 284: 248:U.S. consulate 236:border control 173: 172: 170: 169: 159: 141: 131: 124: 121: 120: 116: 115: 105: 97: 96: 82: 78: 77: 73: 72: 69: 65: 64: 58: 54: 53: 50: 46: 45: 42: 38: 37: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8477: 8466: 8463: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8453: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8441: 8438: 8436: 8433: 8431: 8428: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8418: 8416: 8413: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8343: 8342: 8340: 8325: 8324: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8314: 8312: 8310:Documentaries 8308: 8302: 8299: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8289: 8287: 8284: 8282: 8279: 8277: 8274: 8272: 8269: 8267: 8264: 8262: 8259: 8257: 8254: 8252: 8249: 8247: 8244: 8242: 8239: 8237: 8234: 8232: 8229: 8227: 8224: 8222: 8219: 8217: 8214: 8212: 8209: 8207: 8204: 8202: 8199: 8197: 8194: 8193: 8191: 8188:organizations 8183: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8163: 8161: 8157: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8097: 8095: 8091: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8054:Castle Garden 8052: 8050: 8047: 8046: 8044: 8038: 8032: 8029: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8019: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7992: 7989: 7987: 7984: 7982: 7979: 7978: 7976: 7972: 7966: 7963: 7961: 7958: 7956: 7953: 7952: 7950: 7946: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7888: 7885: 7884: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7850: 7848: 7845: 7843: 7842:2006 protests 7840: 7839: 7837: 7829: 7823: 7822: 7818: 7816: 7814: 7810: 7808: 7806: 7802: 7799: 7798: 7797:Wolf v. Vidal 7793: 7792: 7788: 7786: 7784: 7780: 7778: 7776: 7772: 7769: 7768: 7764: 7762: 7760: 7756: 7754: 7752: 7748: 7746: 7744: 7740: 7738: 7736: 7732: 7731: 7729: 7727: 7723: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7686: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7668: 7666: 7663:organizations 7658: 7652: 7649: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7636: 7635: 7632: 7630: 7627: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7603: 7600: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7574: 7573: 7570: 7569: 7567: 7563: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7509: 7507: 7503: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7446: 7445: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7432: 7430: 7426: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7336: 7334: 7330: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7270: 7268: 7264: 7258: 7254: 7250: 7247: 7246: 7244: 7240: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7225: 7223: 7219: 7216: 7206: 7201: 7194: 7189: 7187: 7182: 7180: 7175: 7174: 7171: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7150: 7148: 7144: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7114: 7112: 7108: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7033: 7031: 7029: 7028:Organizations 7025: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994:(Los Angeles) 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6984: 6982: 6978: 6972: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6916: 6915: 6913: 6909: 6895: 6892: 6888: 6885: 6884: 6883: 6882: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6860: 6859: 6858: 6854: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6826: 6825: 6824: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6802:Salem, Oregon 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6781: 6780:Squirrel Hill 6778: 6777: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6760:Oklahoma City 6758: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6740: 6739: 6738: 6737:New York City 6734: 6732: 6729: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6716: 6715: 6714: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6701: 6698: 6697: 6696: 6695: 6691: 6687: 6684: 6683: 6682: 6681: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6663: 6662:East Downtown 6660: 6659: 6658: 6657: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6634: 6631: 6630: 6629: 6628: 6624: 6620: 6617: 6616: 6615: 6614: 6610: 6606: 6603: 6602: 6601: 6600: 6596: 6592: 6589: 6588: 6587: 6586: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6561: 6558: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6545: 6534: 6531: 6528: 6525: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6511: 6510: 6506: 6503: 6500: 6497: 6496: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6468: 6467: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6447: 6445: 6441: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6391: 6389: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6374: 6363: 6359: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6346: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6334: 6333:New York City 6330: 6327: 6323: 6320: 6317:Mississippi ( 6316: 6313: 6309: 6306: 6302: 6299: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6281: 6280:San Francisco 6278: 6276: 6273: 6272: 6270: 6269: 6267: 6263: 6257: 6254: 6250: 6247: 6246: 6245: 6242: 6241: 6239: 6237: 6233: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6188: 6186: 6182: 6178: 6171: 6166: 6164: 6159: 6157: 6152: 6151: 6148: 6136: 6135: 6126: 6125: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6113: 6110: 6109: 6105: 6103: 6102: 6098: 6097: 6094: 6088:(pet raccoon) 6087: 6084: 6081: 6078: 6075: 6072: 6069: 6065: 6061: 6057: 6054: 6051: 6047: 6046:Olympia Brown 6043: 6040: 6038:(grandfather) 6037: 6034: 6031: 6028: 6025: 6024:John Coolidge 6022: 6019: 6016: 6015: 6013: 6009: 6002: 6001: 5997: 5995: 5994: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5968: 5966: 5962: 5955: 5954: 5950: 5949: 5947: 5943: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5908: 5906: 5902: 5894: 5891: 5890: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5873: 5869: 5866:(1916–1924), 5865: 5862:(1915–1934), 5861: 5858:(1912–1933), 5857: 5853: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5828: 5825: 5822: 5819: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5806: 5805: 5802: 5799: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5782: 5778: 5774: 5773:Flood control 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5748: 5744: 5741: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5717: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5661: 5657: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5613: 5610: 5609: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5599: 5597: 5593: 5585: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5560: 5556: 5555: 5552: 5548: 5541: 5536: 5534: 5529: 5527: 5522: 5521: 5518: 5512: 5509: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5483: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5470: 5460: 5454: 5450: 5445: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5433: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5414: 5410: 5405: 5401: 5395: 5390: 5389: 5382: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5345: 5341: 5336: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5284: 5280: 5275: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5228: 5217: 5213: 5208: 5205: 5201: 5200: 5181: 5177: 5170: 5155: 5154: 5149: 5142: 5134: 5128: 5124: 5123: 5115: 5107: 5105:0-674-00088-9 5101: 5097: 5096: 5091: 5090:King, Desmond 5085: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5038: 5028: 5027: 5019: 5011: 5007: 5003: 5002: 4994: 4979: 4975: 4968: 4953: 4949: 4942: 4940: 4924: 4920: 4913: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4890: 4875: 4874: 4869: 4863: 4861: 4844: 4843: 4838: 4832: 4825: 4819: 4812: 4806: 4799: 4798: 4792: 4790: 4788: 4780: 4779: 4773: 4765: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4750: 4742: 4735: 4734: 4729: 4722: 4714: 4707: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4683: 4681: 4679: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4643: 4625: 4618: 4617: 4610: 4592: 4585: 4584: 4577: 4559: 4552: 4551: 4544: 4542: 4533: 4529: 4523: 4515: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4496: 4488: 4473: 4469: 4463: 4461: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4441: 4439: 4423: 4419: 4412: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4377: 4375: 4366: 4360: 4356: 4355: 4350: 4344: 4342: 4326: 4322: 4316: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4281: 4273: 4267: 4263: 4262: 4254: 4239: 4238: 4233: 4226: 4224: 4222: 4213: 4211:9780520204850 4207: 4203: 4202: 4194: 4185: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4163: 4155: 4149: 4145: 4144: 4136: 4134: 4125: 4121: 4115: 4108: 4105:John Higham, 4102: 4095: 4094: 4087: 4085: 4083: 4063: 4059: 4052: 4044: 4038: 4034: 4033: 4025: 4017: 4010: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3981: 3973: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3953: 3951: 3939: 3938: 3933: 3927: 3925: 3908: 3904: 3898: 3882: 3878: 3872: 3864: 3858: 3854: 3849: 3848: 3839: 3823: 3820:Imai, Shiho. 3816: 3814: 3812: 3803: 3801:9781400824984 3797: 3793: 3786: 3778: 3776:9781400824984 3772: 3768: 3761: 3753: 3747: 3731: 3727: 3720: 3718: 3716: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3661: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3632: 3625: 3624: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3574: 3572: 3556: 3552: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3516: 3512: 3505: 3498: 3496: 3479: 3475: 3469: 3467: 3462: 3460: 3459: 3449: 3445: 3444: 3437: 3430: 3426: 3420: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3399: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3360:Baltic States 3355: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3311: 3307: 3304: 3303: 3292: 3289: 3287: 3284: 3282: 3279: 3277: 3274: 3272: 3269: 3267: 3264: 3262: 3259: 3256: 3253: 3251: 3248: 3246: 3243: 3241: 3238: 3236: 3233: 3231: 3228: 3226: 3223: 3222: 3216: 3214: 3208: 3206: 3200: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3181: 3178: 3173: 3168: 3160: 3158: 3153: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3138: 3132: 3129: 3125: 3124:Great Britain 3120: 3118: 3112: 3109: 3105: 3104: 3094: 3085: 3083: 3079: 3069: 3065: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3035: 3031: 3026: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3006: 3004: 2994: 2984: 2975: 2966: 2962: 2955: 2952: 2950: 2947: 2945: 2942: 2940: 2937: 2935: 2932: 2930: 2927: 2925: 2922: 2920: 2917: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2904: 2901: 2898: 2895: 2892: 2889: 2886: 2884: 2879: 2875: 2872: 2869: 2866: 2863: 2860: 2857: 2854: 2852: 2847: 2843: 2840: 2837: 2834: 2831: 2828: 2825: 2822: 2820: 2815: 2811: 2808: 2805: 2802: 2799: 2796: 2793: 2790: 2787: 2775: 2762: 2758: 2755: 2752: 2749: 2746: 2743: 2740: 2737: 2734: 2721: 2717: 2714: 2711: 2708: 2705: 2702: 2699: 2696: 2694: 2682: 2678: 2675: 2672: 2669: 2666: 2663: 2660: 2657: 2655: 2643: 2639: 2636: 2633: 2630: 2627: 2624: 2621: 2618: 2616: 2604: 2600: 2597: 2594: 2591: 2588: 2585: 2582: 2579: 2577: 2565: 2561: 2558: 2555: 2552: 2549: 2546: 2543: 2540: 2538: 2527: 2523: 2520: 2517: 2514: 2511: 2508: 2505: 2502: 2498: 2486: 2473: 2469: 2466: 2463: 2460: 2457: 2454: 2451: 2448: 2445: 2432: 2428: 2425: 2422: 2419: 2416: 2413: 2410: 2407: 2405: 2394: 2390: 2387: 2384: 2381: 2378: 2375: 2372: 2369: 2366: 2353: 2349: 2346: 2343: 2340: 2337: 2334: 2331: 2328: 2326: 2314: 2310: 2307: 2304: 2301: 2298: 2295: 2292: 2289: 2287: 2275: 2271: 2268: 2265: 2262: 2259: 2256: 2253: 2250: 2248: 2236: 2232: 2229: 2226: 2223: 2220: 2217: 2214: 2211: 2209: 2197: 2193: 2190: 2187: 2184: 2181: 2178: 2175: 2172: 2170: 2158: 2154: 2151: 2148: 2145: 2142: 2139: 2136: 2133: 2130: 2117: 2113: 2110: 2107: 2104: 2101: 2098: 2096: 2094: 2092: 2080: 2076: 2073: 2070: 2067: 2064: 2061: 2058: 2055: 2053: 2042: 2038: 2035: 2032: 2029: 2026: 2023: 2020: 2017: 2014: 2001: 1997: 1994: 1991: 1988: 1985: 1982: 1979: 1976: 1973: 1960: 1956: 1953: 1950: 1947: 1944: 1941: 1938: 1935: 1932: 1919: 1915: 1912: 1909: 1906: 1903: 1900: 1897: 1894: 1891: 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