854:. To put it simply, in order to produce energy one must also invest some energy, and the EROI is the return on investment in energy terms. With regards to conventional and unconventional oil, it is recognized that conventional oil offers a much higher EROI than unconventional sources of oil. In reality, the EROI is felt through the cost of production. A higher EROI generally translates to a lower cost of production and higher (monetary) profits for the oil company, and a lower EROI generally translates to a higher cost of production and lower (monetary) profits for the oil company. A higher energy investment means physically using more materials (which require energy to produce) in order to produce energy. Oil sources with a lower EROI are theoretically more environmentally damaging than those with higher EROIs, due to the larger amount of resources required to extract the oil. For instance, building a gigantic oil rig produces a lot of greenhouse gas emissions, but is a requirement to access "difficult" deep water offshore oil reserves.
1525:, projected that if US ultimate recoverable oil reserves were 100 billion barrels, then production in the US would peak no later than 1960. If ultimate recoverable were to be as high as 200 billion barrels, which he warned was wishful thinking, US peak production would come no later than 1970. Likewise for the world, he projected a peak somewhere between 1985 (one trillion barrels ultimate recoverable) and 2000 (two trillion barrels recoverable). Ayers made his projections without a mathematical model. He wrote: "But if the curve is made to look reasonable, it is quite possible to adapt mathematical expressions to it and to determine, in this way, the peak dates corresponding to various ultimate recoverable reserve numbers"
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rate, and then it's finished – does not react to anything ... Therefore there will never be a moment when the world runs out of oil because there will always be a price at which the last drop of oil can clear the market. And you can turn anything into oil if you are willing to pay the financial and environmental price ... (Global
Warming) is likely to be more of a natural limit than all these peak oil theories combined. ... Peak oil has been predicted for 150 years. It has never happened, and it will stay this way.
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1447:. Such a system could include a tax shifting from income to depleting natural resources (and pollution), as well as the limitation of advertising that stimulates demand and population growth. It could also include the institution of policies that move away from globalization and toward localization to conserve energy resources, provide local jobs, and maintain local decision-making authority. Zoning policies could be adjusted to promote resource conservation and eliminate sprawl.
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40:
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1177:, allowing humans to participate in takedown, or the consumption of energy at a greater rate than it is being replaced. Some theorize that when oil production significantly decreases, human culture and modern technological society will be forced to change drastically. A rise in oil prices as a result of peak oil could severely impact the cost of transport, food, heating, and electricity globally. A recent example of this has been seen since
624:(OPEC). Besides the possibility that these nations have overstated their reserves for political reasons (during periods of no substantial discoveries), over 70 nations also follow a practice of not reducing their reserves to account for yearly production. Analysts have suggested that OPEC member nations have economic incentives to exaggerate their reserves, as the OPEC quota system allows greater output for countries with greater reserves.
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783:, are approximately equal to the Identified Reserves of conventional crude oil accredited to the Middle East." Authorities familiar with the resources believe that the world's ultimate reserves of unconventional oil are several times as large as those of conventional oil and will be highly profitable for companies as a result of higher prices in the 21st century. In October 2009, the
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be discovered or developed by new technology years or decades after the original discovery. But because of the practice of "backdating", any new reserves within a field, even those to be discovered decades after the field discovery, are attributed to the year of initial field discovery, creating an illusion that discovery is not keeping pace with production.
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GDP, and having a higher energy consumption. To some degree, this is an intuitive observation as those in very undeveloped countries use a small amount of energy (no electricity), meanwhile those in developed countries use a high amount of energy (electricity consumption, gasoline consumption), and this use of energy translates into economic activity.
1537:). He assumed the production rate of a limited resource would follow a roughly symmetrical distribution. Depending on the limits of exploitability and market pressures, the rise or decline of resource production over time might be sharper or more stable, appear more linear or curved. That model and its variants are now called
897:, which is the largest oil field in the world, was revealed to be producing much lower than what conventional wisdom at the time had assumed its production was. Although while no official data exists, certain analysts believe that the Ghawar field has entered into decline, corroborated by the aforementioned news from 2019.
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By observing past discoveries and production levels, and predicting future discovery trends, the geoscientist M. King
Hubbert used statistical modelling in 1956 to predict that United States oil production would peak between 1965 and 1971. While this prediction held for many decades, more recently as
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Some analysts argue that the cost of oil has a profound effect on economic growth due to its pivotal role in the extraction of resources and the processing, manufacturing, and transportation of goods. Comparing GDP and energy consumption, there is a clearly defined correlation between having a higher
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In recent history, production of tight oil led to a resurgence of US production in the 2010s. US tight oil production initially peaked in March 2015 and fell by 12 per cent over the next 18 months; but then production rose again, and by
September 2017 production had exceeded the old peak. As of 2024,
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Globally, oil production is very concentrated. Not just geographically depending on the country, but depending on the oilfields themselves. As of 2014, it was recognized that 25 oilfields account for 25% of global oil production, and a few hundred 'giant' oilfields (reserves greater than 500 million
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A report by the UK Energy
Research Centre noted that "discovery" is often used ambiguously, and explained the seeming contradiction between falling discovery rates since the 1960s and increasing reserves by the phenomenon of reserve growth. The report noted that increased reserves within a field may
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of Canada, where Shell was active. The
Canadian oil sands—a natural combination of sand, water, and oil found largely in Alberta and Saskatchewan—are believed to contain one trillion barrels of oil. Another trillion barrels are also said to be trapped in rocks in Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming, in the
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There is a concern by more pessimistic analysts that assuming there was a dramatic spike in the price of oil, the world economy may be unable to pay for it, leading to a disconnect between the price of oil that oil producers need to maintain supply, and the price of oil consumers need to be able to
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10 m) per year. More recently, 2021 was the worst year for oil and gas discoveries dating back to 1946. This is to be expected of a finite resource. But despite the fall-off in new field discoveries, the reported proved reserves of crude oil remaining in the ground in 2014, which totaled 1,490
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It is worth mentioning that production of tight oil is mainly concentrated in the United States due to world-class geology and ease of borrowing (tight oil production is extremely expensive). Oil sands production is also concentrated in Canada for the same exact reasons (but different type of oil).
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Where oil may come from is commonly divided into two categories, "conventional" oil sources and "unconventional" oil sources. The terms are not strictly defined, and may vary within literature. As a result of the wide range of potential definitions, different oil production forecasts may vary based
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statistics), which is what is actually refined into the common fuels most people know such as gasoline and diesel fuel, in addition to other common fuels. Other oil production statistics may be named "total liquids production," or "petroleum and other liquids" in EIA statistics. This includes crude
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Physical peak oil, which I have no reason to accept as a valid statement either on theoretical, scientific or ideological grounds, would be insensitive to prices. ... In fact the whole hypothesis of peak oil – which is that there is a certain amount of oil in the ground, consumed at a certain
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The theory of peak oil is controversial and became an issue of political debate in the US and Europe in the mid-2000s. Critics argued that newly found oil reserves forestalled a peak oil event. Some argued that oil production from new oil reserves and existing fields will continue to increase at a
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Senior Vice
President Abdullah Saif estimated that its existing fields were declining at a rate of 5% to 12% per year. According to a study of large oilfields (reserves greater than 500 million barrels) published in 2009, the average decline rate of onshore fields was about 5%, and offshore fields
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include crude oil with 90% certainty of being technically able to be produced from reservoirs (through a wellbore using primary, secondary, improved, enhanced, or tertiary methods); all crude with a 50% probability of being produced in the future (probable); and discovered reserves that have a 10%
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suggest that a recent high price phase might add to a future demise of the oil industry, not of complete exhaustion of resources or an apocalyptic shock but the timely and smooth setup of alternatives. Yergin went on to say, "This is the fifth time that the world is said to be running out of oil.
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are found. In 2015, analysts in the petroleum and financial industries claimed that the "age of oil" had already reached a new stage where the excess supply that appeared in late 2014 may continue. A consensus was emerging that parties to an international agreement would introduce measures to
2154:. Environmentalists argue that major environmental, social, and economic obstacles would make extracting oil from these areas excessively difficult. Hofmeister argued that if oil companies were allowed to drill more in the United States enough to produce another 2 million barrels per day (320
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In the 21st century, predictions of future oil production made in 2007 and 2009 stated either that the peak had already occurred, that oil production was on the cusp of the peak, or that it would occur soon. A decade later, world oil production would rise to a new all time high in 2018, as
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As mentioned previously in the production section, oil production is very concentrated in a few fields, therefore these few fields (out of every field) can dictate where oil production would be headed. If these few fields were to decline, then all oil production would decline. In 2019 when
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Biofuels and renewable electricity are set to reduce transport sector oil demand by near 4 mboe/d by 2028, more than 7% of forecast transport oil demand, and when electricity from non-renewable sources such as nuclear, natural gas and coal is taken into account, this value rises to nearly
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which presented a formal theory and predicted U.S. extraction to peak between 1965 and 1971. Hubbert's original predictions for world peak oil production proved premature. As of 2024, forecasts of the year of peak oil range from 2028 to 2050. These predictions are dependent on future
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is distributed amongst four broad sectors: transportation, residential, commercial, and industrial. Oil demand primarily concerns the transportation sector, as 50% of oil use in OECD countries are for road transportation. This is a result of the proliferation of vehicles powered by
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possibility of being produced in the future (possible). Reserve estimates based on these are referred to as 1P, proven (at least 90% probability); 2P, proven and probable (at least 50% probability); and 3P, proven, probable and possible (at least 10% probability), respectively.
1122:, they use more energy, which includes using more oil. In recent years, China surpassed the United States as the world's largest crude oil importer in 2015. This was a result of China developing in addition to US oil exports decreasing due to increased US tight oil production.
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asserted that the world was just running out of "cheap oil", explaining that as oil prices rise, unconventional sources become economically viable. He predicted that, "he tar sands of
Alberta alone contain enough hydrocarbon to fuel the entire planet for over 100 years."
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Reserve estimates are based on profitability, which depends on both oil price and cost of production. Hence, unconventional sources such as heavy crude oil, oil sands, and oil shale may be included as new techniques reduce the cost of extraction. With rule changes by the
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RĂĽhl argued that the main limitations for oil availability are "above ground" factors such as the availability of staff, expertise, technology, investment security, funds, and global warming, and that the oil question was about price and not the physical availability.
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barrels) account for 50% of global oil production. Globally, the amount of oilfields is estimated to be between 50,000-70,000. Additionally, it has now been recognized that worldwide oil discoveries have been less than worldwide annual oil production since about 1980.
693:. In 2009 biofuels was included in "Liquids" instead of in "Renewables". The inclusion of natural gas liquids, a bi-product of natural gas extraction, in "Liquids" has been criticized as it is mostly a chemical feedstock which is generally not used as transport fuel.
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For the most part, proven reserves are stated by the oil companies, the producer states and the consumer states. All three have reasons to overstate their proven reserves: oil companies may look to increase their potential worth; producer countries gain a stronger
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The report noted that
Hubbert had used the logistic curve because it was mathematically convenient, not because he believed it to be literally correct. The study observed that in most cases the asymmetric exponential model provided a better fit (as in the case of
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in oil production would be caused by eventual depletion of known reserves, though more recently a new competing theory has emerged – that reductions in oil demand may reduce the price of oil relative to the cost of extraction, as might be induced to reduce
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in the rock. This process has generated controversy as fluid injections may trigger seismic activity, in addition to concerns regarding the chemicals used. Additionally, tight oil is also commonly referred to as "shale oil" due to the oil often being in
187:
Crude oil generally comes in various different 'grades,' commonly classified as "light," "medium," 'heavy," and "extra heavy." The exact definitions of these grades vary depending on the region from which the oil came. Grades of oil are also assessed by
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could include energy conservation and fuel substitution. The timing of mitigation responses is critical. Premature initiation would be undesirable, but if initiated too late could be more costly and have more negative economic consequences.
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As a finite resource, naturally every oilfield eventually declines. Generally, the production profile of a typical oil well is that first production increases, then it plateaus, and then it declines. This is the underlying assumption of the
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One difficulty in forecasting the date of peak oil is the opacity surrounding the oil reserves classified as "proven". In many major producing countries, the majority of reserves claims have not been subject to outside audit or examination.
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While not an actual source of unconventional oil, processes which convert other hydrocarbons into liquid fuels deserve an honorable mention, as similar to unconventional oil they are 'unconventional' and very costly to produce. They include
208:. These two production numbers are distinct, and shouldn't be thought of as the same thing. Using "total liquids" production to refer to "crude oil" production is misleading, the extra liquids included in "total liquids" production do not
232:
Conventional oil is oil that is extracted using "traditional" techniques (i.e., in common use before 2000) techniques. Conventional oil commonly refers to onshore oilfields and shallow offshore oilfields that are "easy" to extract.
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Few analysts now adhere to a symmetrical bell-shaped production curve. This is correct, as there is no natural physical reason why the production of a resource should follow such a curve and little empirical evidence that it does.
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adoption in the U.S. Similarly, the EIA has updated its estimates, predicting global liquid fuels consumption will be 102.91 million barrels per day in 2024 and 104.26 million barrels per day in 2025, due to higher-than-expected
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Meanwhile, unconventional oil production follows a different production profile depending on the type. For tight oil, production begins at its maximum, or near its maximum, and then quickly peaks afterwards permanently.
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has pointed out that after the first wave of discoveries in an area, most oil and natural gas reserve growth comes not from discoveries of new fields, but from extensions and additional gas found within existing fields.
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afford things. This has partially occurred in recent years with the dramatic run-up in oil prices during 2022 and then the release of the US Strategic
Petroleum Reserve in 2022 in order to cool down oil prices.
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Unlike conventional oil, unconventional oil refers to oil that is "difficult" to extract. The number of steps required translates into extremely high production costs. Common unconventional oil sources include:
5776:
1541:; they have been used to describe and predict the peak and decline of production from regions, countries, and multinational areas. The same theory has also been applied to other limited-resource production.
196:. It does not flow as easily, and its consistency can be similar to that of molasses. While some of it can be produced using conventional techniques, recovery rates are better using unconventional methods.
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Christopher J. Schenk; Troy A. Cook; Ronald R. Charpentier; Richard M. Pollastro; Timothy R. Klett; Marilyn E. Tennyson; Mark A. Kirschbaum; Michael E. Brownfield & Janet K. Pitman. (11 January 2010).
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sees peak oil as holding tremendous potential for positive change, assuming countries act with foresight. The rebuilding of local food networks, green energy production, and the general implementation of
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Texas oil production declined since peaking in 1972 but had a resurgence in the 2010s due to tight oil production. NOTE: This chart is outdated, and as of 2024 Texas produces 5.6 million barrels per day.
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1564:), and that peaks tended to occur well before half the oil had been produced, with the result that in nearly all cases, the post-peak decline was more gradual than the increase leading up to the peak.
281:(commonly referred to as "fracking"). Hydraulic fracturing is a process where a well is first drilled and then fluid containing water, chemicals, and sand is injected at very high pressures to create
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increased since 2000 due to rising fuel prices. Many other projects are being funded in
Australia, New Zealand, Europe, the Middle East, and elsewhere and private companies are entering the field.
108:; while global petroleum reserves are finite, the limiting factor is not whether the oil exists but whether it can be extracted economically at a given price. Historically, it was theorized that a
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or the 'permanent shortage' of the 1970s-technology and the opening of new frontier areas have banished the spectre of decline. There's no reason to think that technology is finished this time."
536:
As stated previously, oil is divided up into different types, therefore those counting up reserves should keep that in mind. Conventional oil reserves are different than unconventional reserves.
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The two major oil consumers, China (second globally) and India (third globally), are taking many steps not to increase their crude oil consumption by encouraging the renewable energy options.
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constrain the combustion of hydrocarbons in an effort to limit global temperature rise to the nominal 2 °C that scientists predicted would limit environmental harm to tolerable levels.
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production, which rapidly increased since the Global Financial Crisis in 2008. Additionally, but to a lesser extent, Canadian oil-sands production has helped increase oil supply since 2008.
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suggest that peak oil demand will not occur before 2030. Enverus forecasts global oil demand to reach 108 million barrels per day by 2030, driven by slower improvements in fuel economy and
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717:. These unconventional sources are more labor and resource intensive to produce, however, requiring extra energy to refine, resulting in higher production costs and up to three times more
1497:) and Transition Network, sees the restructuring of society for more local resilience and ecological stewardship as a natural response to the combination of peak oil and climate change.
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make these sources more financially appealing. A study by Wood Mackenzie suggests that by the early 2020s all the world's extra oil supply is likely to come from unconventional sources.
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Generally, especially with regards to peak oil, the primary concern regards what is called "crude oil" production (which may also be referred to as "crude and condensate" production in
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claimed that the world had hit peak oil demand, predicting that oil demand would never recover to pre-pandemic levels due to increased proliferation of electric vehicles and stronger
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reserves are confused and in fact inflated. Many of the so-called reserves are in fact resources. They're not delineated, they're not accessible, they're not available for production.
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2142: m) of oil and natural gas. However, only 15% of those reserves were currently exploitable, a good part of that off the coasts of Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama.
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per barrel (or barrel equivalent) on a "well to tank" basis or 10 to 45% more on a "well to wheels" basis, which includes the carbon emitted from combustion of the final product.
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data shows over 30% of global GDP accounted for by exports of goods and services. Many countries with highly developed economies are dependent on food imports (for example, the
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As of 2010, finding new oil had reportedly become much more difficult and expensive, as oil producers had to search through more remote and inhospitable parts of the planet.
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Roger Bentley et al., "Comparison of global oil supply forecasts," UK Energy Research Centre, Review of Evidence for Global Oil Depletion, Technical Rept. 7, July 2009, p.25
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All the easy oil and gas in the world has pretty much been found. Now comes the harder work in finding and producing oil from more challenging environments and work areas.
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2164: m/d), oil and gas prices would not be as high as they were in the late 2000s. He thought in 2008 that high energy prices would cause social unrest similar to the
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will occur, after which oil production will begin an irreversible decline. The primary concern of peak oil is that global transportation heavily relies upon the use of
6660:"National Algal Biofuels Technology Roadmap" (PDF). US Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Biomass Program. Retrieved 3 April 2014.
881:. The chart to the right shows the decline of Alaskan oil production since after the 1980s, which is reflective of a typical pattern of decline among most oilfields.
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Darzins, A., 2008. Recent and current research & roadmapping activities: overview. National Algal Biofuels Technology Roadmap Workshop, University of Maryland.
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Adam Brandt, "Methods of forecasting future oil supply," UK Energy Research Centre, Review of Evidence for Global Oil Depletion, Technical Rept. 6, July 2009, p.21
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Global Oil Depletion report, and Christophe McGlade, doctoral researcher at the UCL Energy Institute have criticized Maugeri's assumptions about decline rates.
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It is pretty clear that there is not much chance of finding any significant quantity of new cheap oil. Any new or unconventional oil is going to be expensive.
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by suggesting that there is more than enough oil (from unconventional sources) to "deep-fry" the world with climate change. Stephen Sorrell, senior lecturer
192:. Light oil flows naturally to the surface or can be extracted by simply pumping it out of the ground. Heavy refers to oil that has higher density and lower
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emphasized the need to find alternatives, at least ten to twenty years before the peak, and to phase out the use of oil over that time. This was similar to
828:'s undeveloped conventional oil reserves, much of which is heavy, viscous, and contaminated with sulfur and metals to the point of being unusable. However,
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592:
Graph of OPEC reported reserves showing jumps in stated reserves without associated discoveries, as well as the lack of depletion despite yearly production
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on which classes of liquids they choose to include or exclude. Some common definitions for "conventional" oil and "unconventional" oil are detailed below.
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While the energy used, resources needed, and environmental effects of extracting unconventional sources have traditionally been prohibitively high, major
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47:– it had a peak of 12.5 billion barrels per year in about the year 2000. As of 2022, world oil production was about 29.5 billion barrels per year (80.8 M
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1373:, it stated, "The peaking of world oil production presents the U.S. and the world with an unprecedented risk management problem." To avoid the serious
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The impact of oil supply limitations, assuming they occur, will depend heavily on how severe the limitations are and the development and adoption of
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has been predicted to go into decline alongside global oil production as it would then become unaffordable for most people. Alternatives such as
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294:, which is a completely different process of oil extraction. This process involves manufacturing oil from the kerogen contained in an oil shale.
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2120:'s US operations, while agreeing that conventional oil production would soon start to decline, criticized the analysis of peak oil theory by
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of a region affects the type of oil underground. The types of hydrocarbons produced from an oilfield may also vary depending on the geology.
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1521:, wrote of US petroleum: "... the peak of production will soon be passed, possibly within 3 years." In 1953, Eugene Ayers, a researcher for
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More recently, there has been some research about the net energy of oil production. Regarding energy production, what also matters is the
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The idea that the rate of oil production would peak and irreversibly decline is an old one. In 1919, David White, chief geologist of the
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found that 90% of the supply chain of all industrially manufactured products depend on oil derived services or oil derived products, and
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World transport energy use by fuel type, 2012. Notice: While outdated, the general idea of the statistics hasn't changed much as of 2021.
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4182:"Geology and resources of some world oil-shale deposits (Presented at Symposium on Oil Shale in Tallinn, Estonia, 18–21 November 2002)"
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are the second and third largest oil consumers globally. The United States is still the largest consumer of oil globally (as of 2022).
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Nick A. Owen; Oliver R. Inderwildi; David A. King (2010). "The status of conventional world oil reserves—Hype or cause for concern?".
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and potentially biofuels in order to phase out gasoline or diesel powered vehicles. Then, in theory, oil demand would fall over time.
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causing significant disruptions in the oil markets, production in 2023 reached a new high of 101.73 million barrels per day in 2023.
1050:. Generally, oil demand increases unless there is a recession. Recently, in 2020 oil demand sharply fell from 2019 levels due to the
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into the same products. It can be misleading as it could be used to inflate the actual amount of crude oil being produced globally.
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Methods that have been suggested for mitigating these urban and suburban issues include the use of non-petroleum vehicles such as
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produced just under half of domestic food consumption as of 2021), meaning a disruption in trade due to peak oil would exacerbate
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5782:. Science Applications International Corporation/U.S.Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory. Archived from
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4287:"Review of Thermal Recovery Technologies for the Clearwater and Lower Grand Rapids Formations in the Cold Lake Area in Alberta"
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argues that the world will first intentionally reduce oil demand before supply issues actually become a problem, as to address
689:. In the 2007 and subsequent International Energy Outlook editions, the word "Oil" was replaced with "Liquids" in the chart of
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As conventional oil becomes less available, it can be replaced with production of liquids from unconventional sources such as
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deposits similar in size to those of Canada, and approximately equal to the world's reserves of conventional oil. Venezuela's
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913:. In 2013 an informal study of 733 giant oil fields concluded that only 32% of the ultimately recoverable oil remained.
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Kjell Aleklett; Mikael Höök; Kristofer Jakobsson; Michael Lardelli; Simon Snowden; Bengt Söderbergh (9 November 2009).
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Total and Non-Tight Oil US Production (up to December 2021). Data from the US Energy Information Administration website
7905:-Visual review of production and consumption trends for individual nations; data from the BP Annual Statistical Review
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of 2018 daily oil production in the United States had finally exceeded its previous peak in 1970. Hubbert used a semi-
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have been extracting bitumen for decades but production has increased greatly in recent years with the development of
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have been made over the past century before being falsified by subsequent growth in the rate of petroleum extraction.
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Commodity production is heavily globalized in 2024, with almost all major supply chains relying upon diesel fuel or
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6447:"How much shale (Tight) oil is produced in the United States? - FAQ - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)"
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show promise, but are yet to prove commercially viable as of 2024, while hybrids approaches such as a 50% blend of
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consumption. These updates indicate a continued increase in oil demand, potentially exceeding pre-pandemic levels.
6828:"BP: Preisschwankungen werden wahrscheinlich zunehmenen, Interview (in English) mit Dr. Christof RĂĽhl, Mittwoch 1"
5124:
4233:"Strategic significance of America's oil shale resource. Volume II: Oil shale resources, technology and economics"
3977:
3302:
12261:
12195:
9992:
9471:
9029:
8914:
8840:
1518:
784:
776:
769:
247:
In the same way, sources of natural gas production are usually divided into "conventional" and "unconventional".
157:
Global liquids production 2000–2015, indicating the component of US tight oil (Energy Information Administration)
905:
were about 9.5%. An annual rate of decline of 5.1% in 800 of the world's largest oil fields was reported by the
486:
billion barrels, were more than quadruple the 1965 proved reserves of 354 billion barrels. A researcher for the
12210:
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11504:
11489:
9939:
9710:
9376:
8929:
8847:
8774:
7892:
6908:
5022:
4002:
Owen, Nick A.; et al. (2010). "The status of conventional world oil reserves—Hype or cause for concern?".
3827:"How much oil remains for the world to produce? Comparing assessment methods, and separating fact from fiction"
829:
321:
4712:"Theoretical production profile of an oilfield, describing various stages of development in an idealized case"
925:
Oil consumption in bbl per day per capita (darker colors represent more consumption, gray represents no data)
12352:
11608:
10056:
9147:
9044:
9034:
8956:
8337:
6929:
3952:
1108:
443:
361:
7795:(2007) Australian Broadcasting Corporation documentary about the formation of oil, and humanity's use of it
5668:
379:– meaning they can be produced by more conventional means – but they are buried too deep to be extracted by
10608:
10443:
9919:
9914:
9451:
9436:
8885:
7911:
Electric vehicles provide an opportunity to transition away from fueling our vehicles with petroleum fuels.
7630:
6011:
4372:
3570:
2838:
1405:
1217:
1100:. Transportation is therefore of particular interest to those seeking to mitigate the effects of peak oil.
6051:
Deffeyes, Kenneth S (2002). Hubbert's Peak: The Impending World Oil Shortage. Princeton University Press.
4670:
3516:
1344:
1036:
generally is concerned with the global supply of oil, due to the importance of oil to the global economy.
12235:
12225:
12138:
12044:
11181:
11091:
10932:
9966:
9934:
8457:
8327:
4909:
1975:
1178:
1104:
1018:
1017:
More recently, "peak oil demand" has become a more popular interpretation of peak oil. The International
906:
851:
649:
424:
6607:
236:
It has been recognized that conventional oil production has peaked around 2005–2006. What has prevented
12314:
12107:
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11535:
11065:
10949:
10893:
9985:
9521:
9122:
9107:
9069:
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8707:
8091:
7622:
7290:
The Long Emergency: Surviving the End of the Oil Age, Climate Change, and Other Converging Catastrophes
5747:
4518:
1849:
1097:
804:
31:
7876:
6526:
6339:
4856:
4451:
Weissman, Jeffrey G.; Kessler, Richard V. (20 June 1996). "Downhole heavy crude oil hydroprocessing".
3207:
259:
In 2014, United States crude oil production exceeded imports for the first time since the early 1990s.
12017:
11841:
11373:
11357:
10480:
9893:
9426:
9167:
8971:
5886:
5611:
Woods, Jeremy; Williams, Adrian; Hughes, John K.; Black, Mairi; Murphy, Richard (27 September 2010).
3626:
3083:
2247:
2100:
Another argument against the peak oil theory is reduced demand from various options and technologies
562:
550:
142:
43:
A 1956 world oil production distribution, showing historical data and future production, proposed by
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6284:
4938:
4628:
4408:
4271:
3938:
3926:
3914:
3902:
12022:
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11136:
10465:
4159:
2356:
2124:
for being "overly focused on a single country: Saudi Arabia, the world's largest exporter and OPEC
1460:
1062:
1026:
718:
690:
114:
5456:
5284:
4554:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences
2885:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences
2672:
12328:
11964:
11785:
11398:
11347:
11287:
11226:
11221:
10640:
10529:
9944:
9818:
8875:
8867:
8818:
8769:
8689:
8574:
8569:
7723:
7355:
5950:
5354:"Oil prices have risen. That's making gas more expensive for US drivers and helping Russia's war"
4730:"Aging US Shale Wells: Years of Remaining Opportunities or Growing Asset Retirement Obligations?"
3574:
3327:
3206:
Delannoy, Louis; Longaretti, Pierre-Yves; Murphy, David J.; Prados, Emmanuel (15 December 2021).
2700:
2378:
2129:
1386:
841:
602:
74:
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4549:
12133:
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11383:
11236:
11084:
11043:
10886:
10758:
9421:
9162:
8852:
8702:
8539:
8514:
8217:
7935:
6916:
6848:
Financial Times Germany, 29 May 2008 Daniel Yergin: Ă–l am Wendepunkt (Oil at the turning point)
5524:
Emma Nygren (2008). "Aviation fuels and peak oil (thesis)". Uppsala University, UPTEC ES08 033.
4376:
2510:
2368:
2165:
1156:
787:
updated the Orinoco tar sands (Venezuela) recoverable "mean value" to 513 billion barrels (8.16
205:
7914:
7605:
6775:
6155:
5542:
1478:
culture" are argued to be ethical responses to the acknowledgment of finite fossil resources.
383:. Estimates of the recoverable reserves of the Orinoco Belt range from 100 billion barrels (16
12200:
12064:
11903:
11748:
11594:
11171:
10840:
10835:
10630:
10571:
9798:
9240:
9223:
9157:
8919:
8786:
8739:
8712:
8554:
8506:
8357:
8291:
8121:
8086:
7965:
7799:
7674:
7421:
7284:
6358:
6271:
4925:
4615:
4395:
4258:
3430:"Global crude oil cost curve shows 90% of projects through 2040 breaking even below $ 50/bbl"
2280:
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1317:
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10898:
10698:
10635:
10453:
10274:
9695:
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9009:
8835:
8808:
8791:
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8168:
7642:
7491:
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6500:
6394:
6218:
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5821:
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4301:
4133:
4011:
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2413:
2408:
2336:
2298:
1582:
1574:
1444:
1195:
1119:
910:
278:
7899:
An overview of peak oil, possible impacts, and mitigation strategies, by Dr. Michael Mills
6460:
5431:
8:
12301:
12079:
11910:
11861:
11804:
11668:
11509:
11408:
11393:
11342:
11029:
10937:
10925:
10815:
10768:
10576:
10499:
10225:
10016:
9843:
9788:
9715:
9604:
9416:
9334:
9014:
8880:
8256:
8136:
8096:
8005:
8000:
7970:
7751:
7030:
6306:
6210:
4189:
3878:
3761:"Comparison of Selected Reserves and Resource Classifications and Associated Definitions"
3741:
2647:
2403:
1538:
1534:
1512:
1429:
1240:
1107:
that 90% of global oil demand growth will come from the Asia-Pacific region. As of 2022,
878:
791:
10 m), with a 90% chance of being within the range of 380-652 billion barrels (103.7
737:
714:
478:
376:
219:
133:
7807:
7646:
7091:
6446:
6398:
6143:
5825:
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4015:
3842:
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12205:
12143:
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11898:
11893:
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11743:
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11231:
11039:
11024:
10954:
10910:
10800:
10386:
10291:
10046:
9690:
9112:
8722:
8622:
8480:
8322:
8189:
8106:
7471:
7467:
7288:
7216:
7109:
6886:
6691:
6248:
6214:
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5612:
4181:
4077:
3519:
2913:
2880:
2565:
2490:
2443:
2316:
1309:
1305:
1039:
The central idea revolves around technological advancements such as the development of
801: m), making this area "one of the world's largest recoverable oil accumulations".
780:
725:
633:
620:
Major discrepancies arise from accuracy issues with the self-reported numbers from the
523:
264:
138:
118:
62:
Hubbert's upper-bound prediction for US crude oil production (1956) in red, and actual
9137:
7654:
7133:
Not the Future We Ordered: The Psychology of Peak Oil and the Myth of Eternal Progress
5928:
5481:
4495:
824:, ponds containing hydrocarbon sludge, in some cases. The same applies to much of the
588:
360:
US oil production, especially tight oil production, is higher than ever thanks to the
255:
12368:
12180:
12054:
11947:
11856:
11753:
11622:
11615:
11570:
11434:
11378:
11011:
10475:
10381:
10354:
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10151:
10087:
10041:
9838:
8966:
8941:
8744:
8729:
8248:
8141:
8020:
7928:
7791:
7614:
7583:
7561:
7555:
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7518:
7499:
7477:
7453:
7450:
Crossing the Rubicon: The Decline of the American Empire at the End of the Age of Oil
7431:
7409:
7399:
7380:
7361:
7337:
7318:
7312:
7294:
7270:
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7242:
7223:
7218:
The Oil Depletion Protocol: A Plan to Avert Oil Wars, Terrorism and Economic Collapse
7200:
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7020:
7000:
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5713:
5650:
5632:
5558:"This electric plane is the first one that could actually replace commercial flights"
5529:
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2117:
2093:
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1160:
1051:
1047:
1040:
412:
336:. The material found in oil sands is an extra-heavy and viscous form of oil known as
109:
8126:
7626:
6695:
5150:
2002:
1912:
1544:
A comprehensive 2009 study of oil depletion by the UK Energy Research Centre noted:
12256:
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12037:
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11915:
11871:
11693:
11673:
11540:
11499:
11439:
11211:
11151:
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10903:
10790:
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10220:
10124:
10008:
9665:
9386:
8989:
8907:
8825:
8663:
8544:
8111:
7890:
Evolutionary psychology and peak oil: A Malthusian inspired "heads up" for humanity
7650:
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7551:
7169:
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6402:
6147:
6027:
5940:
5829:
5772:
5736:
5640:
5624:
4902:
4876:
4603:
4561:
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4309:
4230:
4198:
4123:"An Estimate of Recoverable Heavy Oil Resources of the Orinoco Oil Belt, Venezuela"
4037:
4019:
3846:
3760:
3520:"An Estimate of Recoverable Heavy Oil Resources of the Orinoco Oil Belt, Venezuela"
3278:"Petroleum & Other Liquids Data - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)"
3260:
3231:
3227:
2908:
2900:
2854:
2622:
2346:
2239:
2101:
2071:
A selection of estimates of the year of peak world oil production, compiled by the
1899:
1482:
1401:
1340:
1248:
1130:
1073:
812:
Moreover, oil extracted from these sources typically contains contaminants such as
728:
sources being considered for large-scale production are the extra heavy oil in the
86:
7698:
153:
12266:
12027:
11723:
11413:
11317:
11307:
10978:
10944:
10830:
10810:
10720:
10369:
10335:
10269:
10066:
10051:
9898:
9888:
9630:
9381:
9270:
9196:
8999:
8994:
8924:
8892:
8803:
8519:
8418:
8367:
8241:
8151:
8146:
8116:
8101:
8060:
7896:
7883:
7823:
7445:
7073:
5998:
4523:
3851:
3826:
3707:
3687:
2825:
2545:
2500:
2326:
2121:
1746:
1670:
1467:. Therefore, a reduction in oil use would be a net positive for the environment.
1329:
1229:
1170:
696:
637:
605:; and governments of consumer countries may seek a means to foster sentiments of
432:
428:
309:
129:
44:
6406:
6151:
4880:
4607:
4548:
Höök, Mikael; Davidsson, Simon; Johansson, Sheshti; Tang, Xu (13 January 2014).
4023:
3264:
58:
12271:
11780:
11765:
11733:
11550:
11464:
11459:
11449:
11297:
11251:
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11019:
10966:
10876:
10795:
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10727:
10615:
10411:
10359:
10342:
10176:
9735:
9655:
9645:
9635:
9576:
9551:
9260:
9201:
9132:
9019:
9004:
8813:
8751:
8496:
8284:
8182:
8131:
8070:
7734:"From politics to prophecy: environmental quiescence and the peak-oil movement"
7425:
7308:
6612:
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5583:
5405:
4599:
3501:
3254:
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2505:
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2458:
2373:
2292:
2235:
2227:
2125:
1642:
1475:
1464:
1443:
An economic theory that has been proposed as a remedy is the introduction of a
1225:
1209:
1022:
682:
420:
416:
380:
313:
94:
52:
6191:. The Seneca Effect: Why Growth is Slow But Collapse is Rapid. Springer, 2017.
4550:"Decline and depletion rates of oil production: a comprehensive investigation"
868:
654:
585: m) of proven reserves should be recategorized as speculative resources.
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12340:
12010:
11959:
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11519:
11494:
11484:
11479:
11474:
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11246:
11107:
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10710:
10667:
10448:
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10211:
10161:
10025:
9803:
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9725:
9354:
9235:
9208:
9142:
8534:
8413:
8398:
8065:
8030:
8025:
8015:
7413:
6566:
6384:
5741:"Peaking of World Oil Production: Impacts, Mitigation, & Risk Management"
5636:
4888:
4573:
4472:
4344:"The oil reserve fallacy: Proven reserves are not a measure of future supply"
4210:
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3239:
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2195:
1433:
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1313:
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1213:
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863:
678:
659:
105:
5233:"China Has Become the World's Biggest Crude Oil Importer for the First Time"
4343:
12059:
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11698:
11469:
11327:
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11196:
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10785:
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8050:
8045:
8040:
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7351:
6951:
6933:
6797:
6422:"Oil Production Is at Record Levels. So Why Are Oil Prices Heading Higher?"
6070:"US oil production tops 10 million barrels a day for first time since 1970"
5654:
5628:
5504:"United Kingdom Food Security Report 2021: Theme 2: UK Food Supply Sources"
5302:
4857:"Giant oil field decline rates and their influence on world oil production"
4581:
4565:
2922:
2904:
2550:
1561:
1470:
1437:
1425:
1421:
1409:
1367:
Peaking of World Oil Production: Impacts, Mitigation, & Risk Management
1166:
901:
894:
890:
817:
729:
529:
519:
511:
372:
333:
209:
6461:"Short-Term Energy Outlook - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)"
5413:
5381:"The US Is Depleting Its Strategic Petroleum Reserve Faster Than It Looks"
4202:
3588:
921:
141:, technological developments, and efforts by societies and governments to
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11683:
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10881:
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9755:
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9441:
9431:
9117:
8796:
8779:
8697:
8559:
8529:
8524:
8393:
8269:
7752:
The End of Suburbia: Oil Depletion and the Collapse of the American Dream
7239:
The Post Carbon Reader: Managing the 21st Century's Sustainability Crises
6015:
4833:
4671:"Peak oil and the low-carbon energy transition: A net-energy perspective"
3612:"The Future of the Oil and Gas Industry: Past Approaches, New Challenges"
3277:
3208:"Peak oil and the low-carbon energy transition: A net-energy perspective"
2842:
2525:
1494:
1456:
1321:
1290:
1272:
825:
469:
353:
193:
189:
177:
82:
7985:
7515:
Peak Oil: Apocalyptic Environmentalism and Libertarian Political Culture
7473:
Twilight in the Desert: The Coming Saudi Oil Shock and the World Economy
5259:"Oil imports and exports - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)"
5100:"Use of energy explained - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)"
3046:"conventional oil definition from Canadian Association of Oil Producers"
2092:
rate that outpaces demand, until alternative energy sources for current
39:
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10988:
10805:
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9750:
9740:
9506:
9344:
9250:
8433:
8428:
8175:
7917:
A site that allows users to group and chart production data by country.
7314:
The Empty Tank: Oil, Gas, Hot Air, and the Coming Financial Catastrophe
7053:
3825:
Laherrère, Jean; Hall, Charles A. S.; Bentley, Roger (1 January 2022).
3710:, US Energy Information Administration, Natural Gas Monthly, July 1997.
3377:
2560:
2555:
2485:
2448:
2321:
2275:
2210:
In 2006, Clive Mather, CEO of Shell Canada, said the Earth's supply of
2105:
1799:
1417:
1320:. The specific fossil fuel input to fertilizer production is primarily
1298:
1221:
1134:
Global consumption of oil 1980–2013 (Energy Information Administration)
1068:
As of 2023, new projections from Enverus Intelligence Research and the
872:
By 2007, Alaska's oil production had declined 70% since peaking in 1988
710:
403: m). In 2009, USGS updated this value to 513 billion barrels (8.16
48:
7902:
6004:
Nuclear Energy and the Fossil Fuels 'Drilling and Production Practice'
5883:"How to talk about the end of growth: Interview with Richard Heinberg"
5850:"Decisive Steps Being Taken To Reduce Crude Oil Import: Narendra Modi"
5834:
5809:
5617:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
4600:"GTK Oil from a Critical Raw Material Perspective FINAL CC signatures"
4313:
3546:"Price rise and new deep-water technology opened up offshore drilling"
2831:
Nuclear Energy and the Fossil Fuels 'Drilling and Production Practice'
2265:
27:
Point in time when the maximum rate of petroleum extraction is reached
11997:
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11131:
10871:
10753:
10561:
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10114:
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9255:
8936:
8564:
8491:
8449:
8438:
8423:
8408:
8388:
7850:
KunstlerCast 275 — Art Berman Clarifies Whatever Happened to Peak Oil
7844:
6948:"A Critical Appraisal of Leonardo Maugeri's Decline Rate Assumptions"
6188:
5971:
David White, "The unmined supply of petroleum in the United States,"
5409:
5207:"How does energy impact economic growth? An overview of the evidence"
3403:
2535:
2520:
2341:
2286:
2215:
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2146:
2145:
Hofmeister also pointed to unconventional sources of oil such as the
1578:
1378:
733:
709:, oil companies can now book them as proven reserves after opening a
686:
674:
670:
645:
641:
610:
368:
352:
There are also economic tight oil deposits in Argentina known as the
345:
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277:
refers to oil extracted from deposits of low-permeability rock using
274:
241:
173:
12323:
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7889:
6687:
6671:
4285:
Qi Jiang; Bruce Thornton; Jen Russel-Houston; Steve Spence. (2010).
4074:"Alberta's oilsands: well-managed necessity or ecological disaster?"
3256:
GTK Oil from a Critical Raw Material Perspective FINAL CC signatures
1581:
production. Though world oil production faltered in 2020 due to the
1084:
In 2024 OPEC suggested that global demand for oil will not decline.
779:
estimates that, "Taken together, these resource occurrences, in the
12069:
11992:
11953:
11703:
11241:
10998:
10566:
10492:
10433:
10428:
10376:
10286:
10257:
10250:
10240:
10171:
10141:
10133:
9873:
9853:
9848:
9828:
9823:
9599:
9589:
9511:
9446:
8946:
8902:
8897:
8761:
8403:
8383:
7908:
7872:
6748:
6722:
6010:. Spring Meeting of the Southern District. Division of Production.
2837:. Spring Meeting of the Southern District. Division of Production.
2787:"Wells, Wires, and Wheels - EROCI and the Tough Road Ahead for Oil"
2530:
2515:
2398:
1522:
1336:
1325:
1236:
821:
761:
749:
606:
325:
282:
98:
78:
63:
7688:
De Young, R. (2014). "Some behavioral aspects of energy descent."
7082:. AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts. Vol. 2004. WW Norton. pp.
5908:
4757:"The Biggest Saudi Oil Field Is Fading Faster Than Anyone Guessed"
1381:
implications a global decline in oil production could entail, the
12335:
11332:
11146:
10866:
10662:
10657:
10603:
10509:
10438:
10281:
10082:
9541:
9531:
9411:
9406:
9321:
8277:
7815:
7357:
Winning the Oil Endgame: Innovation for Profit, Jobs and Security
7114:
The Long Descent: A User's Guide to the End of the Industrial Age
5945:
5329:"What's Ahead? Lower Oil Prices, Despite Higher Extraction Costs"
3453:
2214:
hydrocarbons was "almost infinite", referring to hydrocarbons in
2211:
1413:
1374:
1181:
in 2022; a global spike in oil and energy prices exacerbated the
757:
663:
614:
457:
William J. Cummings, Exxon-Mobil company spokesman, December 2005
337:
329:
317:
305:
290:
deposits. Due to this nickname, tight oil is often confused with
181:
90:
11076:
7658:
7175:
The Party's Over: Oil, War, and the Fate of Industrial Societies
5746:. Science Applications International Corporation. Archived from
4231:
Johnson, Harry R.; Crawford, Peter M.; Bunger, James W. (2004).
3589:"Peak Oil Presentation at the Technical University of Clausthal"
1203:
808:
Unconventional resources are much larger than conventional ones.
204:
oil production in addition to other hydrocarbon liquids such as
12347:
11974:
11636:
11388:
11201:
11121:
10715:
10680:
10504:
10460:
10308:
10106:
9858:
9745:
9730:
9720:
9680:
9594:
7621:
7531:
7013:
Campbell, Colin J. (2005). Oil Crisis Multi-Science Publishing.
4238:. Office of Deputy Assistant Secretary for Petroleum Reserves;
3797:. Association for the Study of Peak Oil and Gas. Archived from
2965:"Global oil demand may have passed peak, says BP energy report"
2270:
1486:
813:
765:
554:
506:
73:
is the theorized point in time when the maximum rate of global
7236:
3205:
3132:"International - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)"
2598:"International - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)"
1304:
The largest consumer of fossil fuels in modern agriculture is
11796:
11565:
11272:
11256:
10748:
10588:
10514:
10301:
9640:
9614:
9584:
9546:
9486:
9481:
9476:
8362:
7719:"WikiLeaks May Have Just Confirmed That Peak Oil Is Imminent"
6239:
6019:
4855:
Höök, Mikael; Hirsch, Robert; Aleklett, Kjell (1 June 2009).
2846:
2203:
Each time-whether it was the 'gasoline famine' at the end of
1490:
1289:
such as pesticides and fertilizers are directly derived from
1112:
557:, presentation to the Oil and Money conference, October 2007.
287:
5695:"Energy from green hydrogen will be expensive, even in 2050"
3655:"Oil and gas discoveries are at the lowest level since 1946"
1339:
could be generated without the use of fossil fuels by using
180:
substances. By its very nature, what "oil" is may vary. The
10693:
10549:
10544:
10524:
10398:
10349:
10193:
9868:
9808:
9561:
9039:
8347:
7920:
6740:
6672:"The promise and challenges of microalgal-derived biofuels"
6330:
6215:"Current Events – Join us as we watch the crisis unfolding"
4775:"What is the Real Size of the Saudi Oil Reserves? (Pt 2/2)"
3449:"Argentina's Vaca Muerta shale boom is running out of road"
3182:"Definition - Conventional Oil - Alberta's Energy Heritage"
2759:"U.S. Oil Reserves, Resources, and Unlimited Future Supply"
1616:
1251:
or utilising metal sails on cargo ships still rely on oil.
1078:
753:
7861:
7731:
7512:
6527:"Stanford researchers say 'peak oil' concerns should ease"
5870:
5075:"OPEC+ bets the robust crude oil demand forecast is right"
4547:
2815:(Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press, 2001).
10652:
10296:
9700:
9566:
9339:
7334:
Half Gone: Oil, Gas, Hot Air and the Global Energy Crisis
6930:"We were wrong on peak oil. There's enough to fry us all"
5276:
3157:"Glossary - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)"
2937:"Standard Chartered Says Peak Oil Demand Is Not Imminent"
2204:
1554:
Bentley et al., Comparison of global oil supply forecasts
1493:
and spread internationally by "The Transition Handbook" (
5965:
5610:
4366:"Emerging Technology for Economic Heavy Oil Development"
304:
deposits containing large amounts of very viscous crude
9329:
7832:
Peak Oil: A Staggering Challenge to "Business As Usual"
7259:. United States: The National Bureau of Asian Research.
7196:
Power Down: Options and Actions for a Post-Carbon World
4980:"World oil, gas, coal demand to peak by 2030, IEA says"
2673:"Transatlantic resilience brings peak oil within sight"
2172:
1567:
1058:
12191:
International Conference on Population and Development
6862:. Great Britain: Portfolio Penguin. pp. 244–246.
5871:
Center for the Advancement of the Steady State Economy
2991:"Now near 100 million bpd, when will oil demand peak?"
2128:." Hofmeister pointed to the large reserves at the US
1347:. But as of 2024, this remains commercially unviable.
1087:
332:, or by heating; and then processed by a conventional
12312:
6790:
4100:"Canadian Tar Sands: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly"
3953:"Global Oil and Other Liquid Fuels Production Update"
481:
peaked in the 1960s at around 55 billion barrels (8.7
344:
Other less common unconventional oil sources include
9930:
International Association of Oil & Gas Producers
7051:
7029:
6881:
6879:
6486:"INTERNATIONAL Petroleum and other liquids (US EIA)"
5810:"Peaking of World Oil Production and Its Mitigation"
5735:
4421:
3824:
3681:
Annual Statistical/ Annual Statistical Bulletin 2014
2878:
2419:
Financial impact of the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic
539:
7862:
Association for the Study of Peak Oil International
7427:
The End of Oil. On the Edge of a Perilous New World
7374:
7257:
Energy Security and the Asia-Pacific: Course Reader
6913:
Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs
6909:"Oil: The Next Revolution" Discussion Paper 2012–10
6749:"The 'Peak Oil' Theory: Will Oil Reserves Run Dry?"
6723:"The 'Peak Oil' Theory: Will Oil Reserves Run Dry?"
6209:
5984:Eugene Ayers,"U.S. oil outlook: how coal fits in,"
5973:
Transactions of the Society of Automotive Engineers
5777:"Peaking of World Oil Production: Recent Forecasts"
5739:; Bezdek, Roger; Wendling, Robert (February 2005).
4665:
4663:
820:that are energy-intensive to extract and can leave
132:is often credited with introducing the notion in a
104:Peak oil is very closely related to the concept of
8353:Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries
8299:The Power of Community: How Cuba Survived Peak Oil
7768:The Power of Community: How Cuba Survived Peak Oil
7331:
7215:
6991:
5404:
5320:
4854:
3701:The intricate puzzle of oil and gas reserve growth
1533:curved model (sometimes incorrectly compared to a
1254:
575: m) of the world's 1,200 billion barrels (190
528:Different classes of potential conventional crude
7845:Saudi America? – The U.S. Oil Boom in Perspective
7574:
7466:
7444:
7307:
7283:
7213:
7192:
7168:
6876:
5991:
5731:
5729:
5669:"How many people does synthetic fertilizer feed?"
4945:
3537:
3512:
3510:
2879:Miller, R. G.; Sorrell, S. R. (2 December 2013).
2818:
2701:"Transport biofuels – Renewables 2023 – Analysis"
2132:, which held an estimated 100 billion barrels (16
658:Syncrude's Mildred Lake mine site and plant near
627:
622:Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
12360:
8036:Oil and gas reserves and resource quantification
7550:
7035:Hubbert's Peak: The Impending World Oil Shortage
6324:
6240:Zittel, Werner; Schindler, Jorg (October 2007).
5693:Butterworth, Lize Wan, Paul (24 February 2023).
5151:"Asia's energy market: The new global epicenter"
4660:
4240:Office of Naval Petroleum and Oil Shale Reserves
3831:Current Research in Environmental Sustainability
2813:Hubbert's Peak: The Impending World Oil Shortage
163:Oil and gas reserves and resource quantification
7580:Historical Dictionary of the Petroleum Industry
7072:
6571:"A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to $ 80 Oil"
6203:
5049:"EIR Says Oil Demand Will Not Peak Before 2030"
4830:United States Energy Information Administration
4450:
3580:
3378:"What is fracking and why is it controversial?"
2171:In 2009, Dr. Christof RĂĽhl, chief economist of
2111:
2073:United States Energy Information Administration
760:in the United States. Energy companies such as
66:U.S. states production through to 2014 in green
7716:
7582:. Scarecrow Press (Rowman & Littlefield).
7490:
7237:Heinberg, Richard & Lerch, Daniel (2010).
7130:
7108:
6972:
6669:
6331:Koppelaar, Rembrandt H.E.M. (September 2006).
6291:
6118:
6116:
5726:
5584:"Pioneering wind-powered cargo ship sets sail"
4801:"The Status of Global Oil Production (Part 2)"
3872:
3870:
3788:
3786:
3784:
3507:
2246:, Sussex Energy Group, and lead author of the
1169:has been one of the most important stimuli of
11812:
11092:
9993:
8465:
7936:
7612:
7603:
7393:
7149:
6746:
5311:"How dependent is Growth from Primary Energy"
4903:"World Energy Outlook 2008 Executive Summary"
4516:
2075:. Some forecasts relate to conventional oil.
1450:
1204:Possible long-term effects on human lifestyle
927:(source: NationMaster statistics, 2007-01-13)
7679:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
7420:
7350:
7262:
6716:
6714:
5718:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4224:
4157:
4067:
4065:
3742:"Oil exploration costs rocket as risks rise"
3603:
2733:"Petroleum - Status of the world oil supply"
324:or other techniques. It can be liquefied by
12216:United Nations world population conferences
8306:What a Way to Go: Life at the End of Empire
7784:What a Way to Go: Life at the End of Empire
6769:
6378:
6113:
5692:
5523:
4097:
3876:
3867:
3792:
3781:
1281:Supplies of oil are absolutely critical to
121:triggered by persistently high oil prices.
12129:Population and housing censuses by country
11819:
11805:
11099:
11085:
10000:
9986:
8472:
8458:
7943:
7929:
7532:Stansberry Mark A; Reimbold Jason (2008).
5125:"OECD oil demand breakdown by sector 2022"
4818:
4798:
4422:Alboudwarej, Hussein; et al. (2006).
2872:
2781:
2779:
2175:, argued against the peak oil hypothesis:
472:, a former chairman of Shell, October 2008
93:, or more fuel-efficient forms of travel (
7018:Campbell's Atlas of Oil and Gas Depletion
6711:
6559:
6518:
5833:
5644:
4951:
4895:
4363:
4341:
4190:Oil Shale. A Scientific-Technical Journal
4062:
3850:
3446:
3303:"Canada: total oil sands production 2021"
2912:
2648:"Executive summary – Oil 2023 – Analysis"
2226:In 2006 attorney and mechanical engineer
1301:feed over 3.5 billion people as of 2015.
447:World oil discoveries peaked in the 1960s
375:tar sands are less viscous than Canada's
250:
11852:Estimates of historical world population
7055:Beyond Oil: The View from Hubbert's Peak
6922:
6857:
6796:
6565:
6533:
6233:
5326:
5282:
5179:"Global oil consumption by country 2022"
5148:
5023:"BP Says We've Already Reached Peak Oil"
4294:Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology
4038:"Modernization of Oil and Gas Reporting"
3609:
3586:
3543:
2481:Unconventional (oil & gas) reservoir
2439:List of countries by proven oil reserves
1216:to power all aircraft. A study from the
1212:to power almost all global shipping and
1194:
1146:
1129:
920:
867:
803:
695:
685:technologies, biofuel technologies, and
653:
587:
505:
442:
254:
218:
152:
57:
38:
9392:China National Offshore Oil Corporation
6887:"Myth: The World Is Running Out of Oil"
6605:
6419:
5997:
5808:Hirsch, Robert L.; et al. (2006).
5072:
4826:"Country Analysis Briefs: Saudi Arabia"
4687:"Unconventional Fossil Fuels Factsheet"
4597:
4519:"Study sees harmful hunt for extra oil"
4485:
4045:1 January 2010 (Rule changes effective)
3758:
3252:
2824:
2776:
227:
14:
12361:
9266:Unconventional (oil and gas) reservoir
9025:2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war
8479:
7696:
6997:The Essence of Oil & Gas Depletion
6961:
6937:, 2 July 2012. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
6599:
6524:
6333:"World Production and Peaking Outlook"
6251:. EWG-Series No 3/2007. Archived from
6122:
5807:
5771:
5606:
5604:
5308:
5201:
5199:
5149:Ziomecki, Mariusz (20 December 2023).
4977:
3950:
3500:US Energy Information Administration,
3447:Raszweski, Eliana (27 December 2022).
2384:2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war
2244:Science and Technology Policy Research
1350:
1316:, which is essential to high-yielding
1070:U.S. Energy Information Administration
1046:In the past 4 decades, oil demand has
565:estimated that 300 billion barrels (48
488:U.S. Energy Information Administration
11800:
11588:Anekdote zur Senkung der Arbeitsmoral
11080:
10007:
9981:
8453:
8333:International Renewable Energy Agency
7924:
7699:"'Peak oil' enters mainstream debate"
7079:Out of Gas: The End of the Age of Oil
6802:"A conversation with John Hofmeister"
6720:
6676:Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining
6606:Kolbert, Elizabeth (24 August 2015).
5953:from the original on 21 December 2021
5230:
5173:
5171:
4954:"JODI Data and Giant Field Depletion"
4593:
4591:
4543:
4541:
4071:
3978:"Texas Field Production of Crude Oil"
3820:
3818:
3816:
3649:
3647:
3571:The Next Crisis: Prepare for Peak Oil
3427:
2959:
2957:
2464:World oil market chronology from 2003
2429:Gasoline and diesel usage and pricing
126:predictions of the timing of peak oil
12285:
9397:China National Petroleum Corporation
7744:
7606:"Lawmakers: Will we run out of oil?"
6919:, June 2012. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
6851:
6670:Pienkos, P. T.; Darzins, A. (2009).
6539:
6420:Johnson, Keith (13 September 2018).
5988:, August 1953, v58 n.8 p 70–73.
5474:
5378:
4952:Patterson, Ron (23 September 2015).
4754:
4179:
4173:
4001:
3982:US Energy Information Administration
3474:
3328:"The Schlumberger Oilfield Glossary"
3076:"The Schlumberger Oilfield Glossary"
2756:
2727:
2725:
2695:
2693:
2434:List of countries by oil consumption
2086:
1577:enabled a massive expansion of U.S.
1568:List of past predictions of peak oil
1103:As of 2023, it is forecasted by the
857:
852:"Energy Return on Investment" (EROI)
12221:Voluntary Human Extinction Movement
8011:Global energy crisis (2021–present)
7732:Matthew Schneider-Mayerson (2013).
7513:Schneider-Mayerson Matthew (2015).
7476:. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley & Sons.
6338:. Peakoil Nederland. Archived from
5601:
5327:Tverberg, Gail (15 November 2013).
5196:
3544:Donnelly, John (11 December 2005).
2332:Global strategic petroleum reserves
1455:It is known that the combustion of
1183:global energy crisis (2021–present)
1088:Oil as a component of energy demand
772:and other extraction technologies.
393: m) to 270 billion barrels (43
24:
9457:National Iranian South Oil Company
9173:Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin
8056:Renewable energy commercialization
7717:Ariel Schwartz (9 February 2011).
6096:"New Record For US Oil Production"
5941:"Rob Hopkins' Transition Handbook"
5168:
4588:
4538:
4517:Hoyos, Carola (18 February 2007).
4244:United States Department of Energy
4120:
3813:
3644:
3428:Brady, Aaron (10 September 2021).
2954:
2454:Renewable energy commercialization
1363:United States Department of Energy
1335:More recently, some theorize that
1125:
1012:
742:Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin
25:
12380:
12113:Population and Development Review
11106:
9925:Intercontinental Exchange Futures
9814:Chicago Bridge & Iron Company
9467:Oil & Gas Development Company
7976:Predicting the timing of peak oil
7855:
7655:10.1038/scientificamerican0398-78
7613:Benner, Katie (3 November 2004).
7604:Benner, Katie (7 December 2005).
6772:"A Return To Colorado Oil Shale?"
6634:
6540:Dale, Spencer (13 October 2015).
5909:"Future Scenarios – Introduction"
5582:Singleton, Tom (21 August 2023).
5556:Peters, Adele (12 January 2024).
5283:Tverberg, Gail (10 August 2015).
3587:Campbell, C. J. (December 2000).
3502:Estimates of tight oil production
3434:S&P Global Commodity Insights
2722:
2690:
2352:United States energy independence
1507:Predicting the timing of peak oil
1265:2007–2008 world food price crisis
1054:, but recovered swiftly by 2022.
1019:International Energy Agency (IEA)
900:According to the US EIA in 2006,
540:Concerns over stated oil reserves
423:from coal or natural gas via the
117:. Or, demand may be reduced from
12346:
12334:
12322:
12297:
12296:
12284:
12161:Population concern organizations
11867:Projections of population growth
11061:
11060:
9962:
9961:
8236:A Crude Awakening: The Oil Crash
7984:
7760:A Crude Awakening: The Oil Crash
6940:
6901:
6842:
6820:
6770:John Laumer (26 December 2007).
6763:
6721:Stier, Kenneth (20 March 2008).
6702:
6663:
6654:
6628:
6498:
6492:
6478:
6453:
6439:
6413:
6194:
6182:
6173:
6088:
6062:
6045:
6026:. pp. 22–27. Archived from
5978:
5933:
5922:
5901:
5875:
5864:
5842:
5801:
5765:
5686:
5661:
5575:
5549:
5517:
5496:
5461:education.nationalgeographic.org
5449:
5424:
5398:
4978:Lawler, Alex (24 October 2023).
3951:Mearns, Euan (3 November 2014).
3357:education.nationalgeographic.org
3353:"How Hydraulic Fracturing Works"
2997:. 2 October 2018. Archived from
2853:. pp. 22–27. Archived from
2104:. US federal funding to develop
1235:Since aviation relies mainly on
12262:Human impact on the environment
12196:Population Action International
9472:Oil and Natural Gas Corporation
7517:. University of Chicago Press.
6747:Kenneth Stier (20 March 2008).
6305:. Energy Policy. Archived from
6242:"Crude Oil: The Supply Outlook"
5581:
5372:
5346:
5251:
5224:
5142:
5117:
5092:
5066:
5041:
5015:
4990:
4971:
4848:
4792:
4767:
4748:
4722:
4704:
4679:
4635:
4510:
4479:
4444:
4415:
4357:
4335:
4278:
4151:
4130:United States Geological Survey
4114:
4091:
4030:
3995:
3970:
3944:
3932:
3920:
3908:
3896:
3793:Cohen, Dave (31 October 2007).
3759:Etherington, John; et al.
3752:
3734:
3713:
3693:
3673:
3563:
3494:
3468:
3440:
3421:
3396:
3370:
3345:
3320:
3295:
3270:
3246:
3199:
3174:
3149:
3124:
3098:
3068:
3038:
3013:
2983:
2929:
1519:United States Geological Survey
1255:Possible effects on agriculture
770:steam-assisted gravity drainage
501:
279:hydraulic fracturing techniques
167:
101:) may help reduce oil demand.
53:oil glut between 2014 and 2018.
12211:United Nations Population Fund
11826:
9940:Society of Petroleum Engineers
9711:Port Harcourt Refining Company
9377:Abu Dhabi National Oil Company
7498:. Princeton University Press.
7037:. Princeton University Press.
5309:Giraud, Gaël (10 April 2014).
5073:Russell, Clyde (3 June 2024).
4691:Center for Sustainable Systems
3877:Maass Peter (21 August 2005).
3768:Society of Petroleum Engineers
3232:10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117843
3025:www.mckinseyenergyinsights.com
2805:
2750:
2665:
2640:
2615:
2590:
2389:2021–2023 global energy crisis
2238:responded to a 2012 report by
2116:John Hofmeister, president of
1500:
628:Reserves of unconventional oil
438:
85:. Switching transportation to
30:For Peak brand motor oil, see
13:
1:
11609:The Moon and the Sledgehammer
8886:Production sharing agreements
8338:Oil Depletion Analysis Centre
7697:Porter, Adam (10 June 2005).
7398:(2nd ed.). Pluto Press.
7052:Deffeyes, Kenneth S. (2005).
5379:Blas, Javier (17 June 2022).
4998:"Global oil consumption 2022"
4832:. August 2008. Archived from
4755:Blas, Javier (2 April 2019).
4643:"Current World Oil Situation"
4160:"Tar Sands: A brief overview"
4098:Duarte, Joe (28 March 2006).
3723:, UK Energy Research Centre,
2081:
835:
10026:Pollution / quality
9920:Canadian petroleum companies
9915:American Petroleum Institute
9452:National Iranian Oil Company
9437:Kuwait Petroleum Corporation
7950:
7430:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
7375:Pfeiffer Dale Allen (2004).
7360:. Rocky Mountain Institute.
6999:. Multi-Science Publishing.
6774:. TreeHugger. Archived from
6637:"No Peak Oil Really Is Dead"
6569:, A. Gary (20 August 2015).
6525:Golden, Mark (9 July 2013).
6123:Brandt, Adam R. (May 2007).
6012:American Petroleum Institute
5975:, 1919, v.14, part 1, p.227.
5613:"Energy and the food system"
5555:
4799:Resilience (9 August 2022).
4465:10.1016/0926-860X(96)00003-8
4453:Applied Catalysis A: General
4373:Alberta Department of Energy
3852:10.1016/j.crsust.2022.100174
3625:(3): 100–104. Archived from
3408:An introduction to Petroleum
3110:An introduction to Petroleum
2839:American Petroleum Institute
2584:
2112:Oil industry representatives
1712:2021–2067; 2037 most likely
1406:transit-oriented development
1179:Russia's invasion of Ukraine
7:
12236:World Population Foundation
12226:World Population Conference
12139:World population milestones
9935:International Energy Agency
8920:Enhanced oil recovery (EOR)
8328:International Energy Agency
7838:
7597:
7557:A Thousand Barrels a Second
7332:Leggett, Jeremy K. (2005).
7016:Campbell, Colin J. (2013).
6407:10.1016/j.enpol.2010.02.026
6152:10.1016/j.enpol.2006.11.004
5929:Totnes | Transition Network
5699:sustainability.crugroup.com
5285:"How Economic Growth Fails"
4910:International Energy Agency
4881:10.1016/j.enpol.2009.02.020
4863:. China Energy Efficiency.
4608:10.13140/RG.2.2.16253.31203
4364:Dusseault, Maurice (2002).
4024:10.1016/j.enpol.2010.02.026
3610:Longwell, Harry J. (2002).
3477:"US shale oil peak in 2015"
3265:10.13140/RG.2.2.16253.31203
2253:
1098:internal combustion engines
907:International Energy Agency
744:, and the oil shale of the
10:
12385:
12108:Population and Environment
9522:PTT Public Company Limited
9123:East Midlands Oil Province
9108:List of natural gas fields
8708:Integrated asset modelling
7615:"Oil: Is the end at hand?"
7293:. Atlantic Monthly Press.
7222:. New Society Publishers.
7214:Heinberg, Richard (2006).
7199:. New Society Publishers.
7193:Heinberg, Richard (2004).
7178:. New Society Publishers.
7116:. New Society Publishers.
4121:Schenk, C.J.; et al.
3719:Steve Sorrell and others,
3504:, accessed 9 December 2017
2881:"The future of oil supply"
1510:
1504:
1451:Potential positive aspects
1387:a plan proposed for Sweden
1365:published a report titled
1354:
1258:
1218:Geologic Survey of Finland
1150:
1118:Generally, when countries
969:
932:
861:
839:
631:
517:
262:
206:natural-gas liquids (NGLs)
160:
32:Peak (automotive products)
29:
12280:
12244:
12169:
12121:
12100:
12018:Human population planning
11983:
11929:
11880:
11842:Demographics of the world
11834:
11646:
11579:
11528:
11422:
11366:
11358:Twelve Tribes communities
11265:
11114:
11056:
10997:
10862:
10855:
10736:
10597:Types / location
10596:
10587:
10397:
10192:
10105:
10075:
10024:
10015:
9957:
9907:
9894:Weatherford International
9773:
9623:
9575:
9427:Iraq National Oil Company
9363:
9320:
9305:
9296:
9181:
9098:
8980:
8866:
8760:
8688:
8631:
8590:
8583:
8505:
8487:
8376:
8315:
8227:
8160:
8079:
7993:
7982:
7958:
7903:Energy Export Databrowser
7877:Peak Oil related articles
7739:. Environmental Politics.
7154:. Hurstelung und Verlag.
6608:"The Weight of the World"
6300:"The Peak of the Oil Age"
6024:Shell Development Company
2851:Shell Development Company
2234:Environmental journalist
2221:
2070:
1173:and prosperity since the
916:
911:World Energy Outlook 2008
312:that can be recovered by
148:
12023:Compulsory sterilization
7909:Peak oil – EAA-PHEV Wiki
7882:25 November 2016 at the
7255:Herberg, Mikkal (2014).
6966:
6830:. Euractiv. October 2008
4424:"Highlighting Heavy Oil"
2579:
2357:United States energy law
1461:greenhouse gas emissions
1239:derived from crude oil,
1063:action on climate change
1032:Unlike peak oil demand,
1027:greenhouse gas emissions
719:greenhouse gas emissions
713:or thermal facility for
691:world energy consumption
18:Implications of peak oil
11965:Malthusian growth model
11348:Testimony of simplicity
11266:Religious and spiritual
11227:Subsistence agriculture
11222:Slow movement (culture)
9945:World Petroleum Council
9819:China Oilfield Services
8876:Petroleum fiscal regime
8575:Western Canadian Select
8570:West Texas Intermediate
7895:22 October 2021 at the
7690:Frontiers in Psychology
7396:The Final Energy Crisis
7131:Greer, John M. (2013).
6973:Aleklett, Kjel (2012).
6889:. ABC News. 12 May 2006
4598:Michaux, Simon (2020).
4486:Fleming, David (2000).
3575:The Wall Street Journal
3404:"Bitumen and Oil Sands"
3253:Michaux, Simon (2020),
2737:Encyclopedia Britannica
2627:Encyclopedia Britannica
2379:2020 stock market crash
2130:outer continental shelf
1878:OPEC plateau 2000–2050
842:Extraction of petroleum
650:Fischer–Tropsch process
425:Fischer–Tropsch process
143:mitigate climate change
12353:Business and economics
12092:Zero population growth
12087:Sustainable population
12011:Malthusian catastrophe
11970:Overshoot (population)
11847:Demographic transition
11679:Appropriate technology
11237:Sustainable sanitation
11182:Low-impact development
9422:Indian Oil Corporation
8908:Submersible pump (ESP)
8853:Underbalanced drilling
8674:of gasoline and diesel
8218:Twilight in the Desert
7631:"The end of cheap oil"
7394:Newman Sheila (2008).
7377:The End of the Oil Age
7354:; et al. (2005).
7150:Herold, D. M. (2012).
6917:Harvard Kennedy School
6858:Al-Naimi, Ali (2016).
6366:Cite journal requires
6279:Cite journal requires
5629:10.1098/rstb.2010.0172
5482:"World Bank Open Data"
5432:"Transportation Fuels"
4933:Cite journal requires
4676:, 2021, v.304, 117843.
4623:Cite journal requires
4566:10.1098/rsta.2012.0448
4403:Cite journal requires
4266:Cite journal requires
4180:Dyni, John R. (2003).
3186:www.history.alberta.ca
3052:. 2014. Archived from
2905:10.1098/rsta.2013.0179
2369:2000s commodities boom
2266:BP Energy Outlook 2020
2188:
2166:1992 Rodney King riots
2094:fossil fuel dependence
1557:
1200:
1190:effective alternatives
1157:Malthusian catastrophe
1135:
1059:British Petroleum (BP)
1009:
873:
809:
701:
666:
593:
560:
515:
477:Global discoveries of
475:
460:
448:
260:
251:Unconventional sources
224:
158:
67:
55:
12201:Population Connection
12065:Mere addition paradox
11904:Physiological density
11595:Escape from Affluenza
11172:Intentional community
9799:Cameron International
9241:Petrodollar recycling
9224:fossil fuel phase-out
8787:Differential sticking
8740:Reflection seismology
8713:Petroleum engineering
8555:OPEC Reference Basket
8358:Post Carbon Institute
8122:James Howard Kunstler
8087:Albert Allen Bartlett
7966:Fossil fuel phase-out
7869:FromTheWilderness.com
7496:The Ultimate Resource
7263:Huber, Peter (2005).
6804:. PBS. Archived from
5211:Energy for Growth Hub
4203:10.3176/oil.2003.3.02
4158:Sexton, Matt (2003).
3706:6 August 2010 at the
3686:23 April 2014 at the
3619:World Energy Magazine
2811:Kenneth S. Deffeyes,
2281:Hubbert linearization
2185:Dr. Christof RĂĽhl, BP
2177:
1575:extraction technology
1546:
1485:movement, started in
1389:that same year. Such
1357:Fossil fuel phase-out
1341:renewable electricity
1318:intensive agriculture
1269:2022-2023 food crises
1198:
1175:Industrial Revolution
1151:Further information:
1147:Possible consequences
1133:
924:
871:
807:
775:Chuck Masters of the
746:Green River Formation
699:
657:
617:and among consumers.
603:international stature
591:
543:
509:
461:
450:
446:
354:Vaca Muerta Formation
258:
222:
156:
61:
42:
12231:World Population Day
12186:Church of Euthanasia
12075:Non-identity problem
12050:Political demography
12006:Human overpopulation
11719:Front Porch Republic
11709:Ecological footprint
11529:Modern-day adherents
10972:remnant natural area
10609:storage and recovery
10275:habitat conservation
10093:Deforestation (REDD)
9696:Occidental Petroleum
9010:1990 oil price shock
8836:Shale oil extraction
8809:Drilling engineering
8792:Directional drilling
8718:Reservoir simulation
8292:PetroApocalypse Now?
8264:Escape from Suburbia
8169:The Limits to Growth
7800:PetroApocalypse Now?
7661:on 27 September 2007
7336:. Portobello Books.
7031:Deffeyes, Kenneth S.
6977:. Springer Science.
6542:New Economics of Oil
6219:Princeton University
5999:Hubbert, Marion King
4669:L. Delannoy et al.,
4076:. Moose Jaw Herald,
3879:"The Breaking Point"
3721:Global Oil Depletion
3699:David F. Morehouse,
3001:on 25 September 2019
2826:Hubbert, Marion King
2414:Efficient energy use
2409:Ecological economics
2337:Pro-nuclear movement
2299:The Limits to Growth
1804:Plateau around 2000
1583:coronavirus pandemic
1445:steady state economy
1120:economically develop
677:, ultra-heavy oils,
228:Conventional sources
12080:Reproductive rights
11911:Population dynamics
11862:Population momentum
11786:Work–life interface
11669:Anarcho-primitivism
11510:Henry David Thoreau
11394:Open Source Ecology
10926:Earth Overshoot Day
10500:Marine conservation
10481:non-timber products
9844:Naftiran Intertrade
9789:Amec Foster Wheeler
9716:Reliance Industries
9605:Naftiran Intertrade
9417:Hindustan Petroleum
9015:2000s energy crisis
8257:The End of Suburbia
8137:Dale Allen Pfeiffer
8097:Kenneth S. Deffeyes
8006:2000s energy crisis
8001:1970s energy crisis
7971:Hubbert peak theory
7867:Eating Fossil Fuels
7647:1998SciAm.278c..78C
7635:Scientific American
7536:. Hawk Publishing.
7266:The Bottomless Well
7241:. Watershed Media.
7092:2004AGUFM.U21B..03G
6975:Peeking at Peak Oil
6962:Further information
6907:Maugeri, Leonardo.
6399:2010EnPol..38.4743O
6213:(19 January 2007).
6211:Deffeyes, Kenneth S
6161:on 18 February 2011
6144:2007EnPol..35.3074B
5826:2006AIChE..52....2H
5753:on 15 December 2009
5623:(1554): 2991–3006.
5360:. 25 September 2023
5029:. 15 September 2020
4873:2009EnPol..37.2262H
4498:on 10 December 2011
4306:2010BCaPG..49....2J
4139:on 24 February 2017
4016:2010EnPol..38.4743O
3843:2022CRES....400174L
3795:"The Perfect Storm"
3748:. 11 February 2010.
3577:. 11 February 2010.
3224:2021ApEn..30417843D
2971:. 13 September 2020
2897:2013RSPTA.37230179M
2404:Diminishing returns
1539:Hubbert peak theory
1535:normal distribution
1513:Hubbert peak theory
1430:urban consolidation
1351:Possible mitigation
1241:commercial aviation
1048:secularly increased
879:Hubbert peak theory
738:Athabasca Oil Sands
377:Athabasca oil sands
300:are unconsolidated
240:from then on is US
12206:Population Matters
11921:Population pyramid
11899:Population density
11894:Population decline
11744:Intentional living
11630:Small Is Beautiful
11505:George Skene Keith
11353:Tolstoyan movement
11252:War tax resistance
11232:Sustainable living
10911:Ecosystem services
10034:Ambient standards
9691:Marathon Petroleum
9113:List of oil fields
8723:Reservoir modeling
8481:Petroleum industry
8323:Energy Watch Group
8190:The Long Emergency
8107:John Michael Greer
7875:– Resilience.org;
6993:Campbell, Colin J.
6808:on 17 October 2008
6529:. Stanford Report.
6501:"Peak Oil Is Dead"
6249:Energy Watch Group
5412:(5 January 2024).
5231:McSpadden, Kevin.
4912:. 12 November 2008
4560:(2006): 20120448.
4323:on 3 December 2021
4078:The Canadian Press
3883:The New York Times
3661:. 28 December 2021
3591:. energycrisis.org
2891:(2006): 20130179.
2566:Resource depletion
2491:Magic number (oil)
2444:Low-carbon economy
2317:Energy development
1562:Seneca cliff model
1306:ammonia production
1285:. Diesel fuel and
1283:modern agriculture
1201:
1136:
1010:
1002: < 0.0015
995: 0.005–0.0015
874:
810:
781:Western Hemisphere
726:unconventional oil
702:
667:
634:Unconventional oil
594:
524:List of oil fields
516:
449:
265:Unconventional oil
261:
225:
176:, is a mixture of
159:
119:demand destruction
68:
56:
12310:
12309:
12181:7 Billion Actions
12055:Population ethics
11948:Carrying capacity
11857:Population growth
11794:
11793:
11754:Rainbow Gathering
11623:The Power of Half
11616:Mother Earth News
11435:Ernest Callenbach
11367:Secular movements
11074:
11073:
11052:
11051:
10851:
10850:
10530:genetic resources
10466:genetic resources
10101:
10100:
10009:Natural resources
9975:
9974:
9953:
9952:
9839:Nabors Industries
9769:
9768:
8967:Well intervention
8942:Petroleum product
8841:Ljungström method
8745:Seismic inversion
8730:Petroleum geology
8684:
8683:
8447:
8446:
8228:Documentary films
8142:Richard Rainwater
8092:Colin J. Campbell
8021:Export Land Model
7994:Results/responses
7745:Documentary films
7589:978-0-8108-5993-7
7576:Vassiliou, Marius
7567:978-0-07-146874-9
7543:978-1-930709-67-6
7534:The Braking Point
7524:978-0-226-28543-6
7505:978-0-691-00381-8
7483:978-0-471-73876-3
7468:Simmons Matthew R
7459:978-0-86571-540-0
7446:Ruppert Michael C
7437:978-0-618-23977-1
7405:978-0-7453-2717-4
7386:978-1-4116-0629-6
7367:978-1-881071-10-5
7343:978-1-84627-004-8
7324:978-1-4000-6527-1
7309:Leggett Jeremy K.
7300:978-0-87113-888-0
7285:Kunstler James H.
7276:978-0-465-03116-0
7248:978-0-9709500-6-2
7229:978-0-86571-563-9
7206:978-0-86571-510-3
7185:978-0-86571-482-3
7170:Heinberg, Richard
7161:978-3-8448-0097-5
7142:978-1-78049-088-5
7123:978-0-865-71609-4
7101:978-0-393-05857-4
7065:978-0-8090-2956-3
7058:. Hill and Wang.
7044:978-0-691-09086-3
7025:978-1-4614-3576-1
7006:978-0-906522-19-6
6984:978-1-4614-3423-8
6928:Monbiot, George.
6860:Out of the Desert
6125:"Testing Hubbert"
6076:. 31 January 2018
5852:. 28 January 2019
5835:10.1002/aic.10747
5789:on 13 August 2011
5775:(February 2007).
5773:Hirsch, Robert L.
5737:Hirsch, Robert L.
5673:Our World in Data
5537:Missing or empty
5418:Our World in Data
5408:; Rosado, Pablo;
4647:planetforlife.com
4492:Prospect Magazine
4314:10.2118/140118-PA
3632:on 3 October 2008
3106:"Heavy Crude Oil"
2791:Investors' Corner
2623:"Peak oil theory"
2572:The Coal Question
2305:Societal collapse
2118:Royal Dutch Shell
2087:General arguments
2079:
2078:
1697:UK Dep. of Energy
1402:electric vehicles
1295:Our World in Data
1245:electric aircraft
1161:Societal collapse
1052:COVID-19 pandemic
1041:electric vehicles
1008:
1007:
958: 0.035–0.025
893:went public, the
858:Oil field decline
563:Sadad Al Husseini
551:Sadad Al Husseini
413:coal liquefaction
87:electric vehicles
16:(Redirected from
12376:
12351:
12350:
12339:
12338:
12329:Renewable energy
12327:
12326:
12318:
12300:
12299:
12288:
12287:
12257:Green Revolution
12038:Two-child policy
12033:One-child policy
11956:
11916:Population model
11872:World population
11821:
11814:
11807:
11798:
11797:
11694:Critique of work
11674:Anti-consumerism
11541:Robin Greenfield
11500:E. F. Schumacher
11440:G. K. Chesterton
11374:Back-to-the-land
11212:Self-sufficiency
11152:Forest gardening
11101:
11094:
11087:
11078:
11077:
11064:
11063:
11015:
10962:Natural heritage
10921:overexploitation
10860:
10859:
10594:
10593:
10540:herbal medicines
10520:FAO Plant Treaty
10060:
10037:
10022:
10021:
10002:
9995:
9988:
9979:
9978:
9965:
9964:
9666:Hess Corporation
9387:Bharat Petroleum
9318:
9317:
9303:
9302:
8990:1967 Oil Embargo
8826:Lost circulation
8664:Posted oil price
8588:
8587:
8545:Isthmus-34 Light
8474:
8467:
8460:
8451:
8450:
8204:The Party's Over
8112:Richard Heinberg
7988:
7945:
7938:
7931:
7922:
7921:
7886:– Resilience.org
7740:
7738:
7728:
7713:
7711:
7709:
7684:
7678:
7670:
7668:
7666:
7657:. Archived from
7618:
7609:
7593:
7571:
7552:Tertzakian Peter
7547:
7528:
7509:
7487:
7463:
7441:
7417:
7390:
7371:
7347:
7328:
7317:. Random House.
7304:
7280:
7252:
7233:
7221:
7210:
7189:
7165:
7146:
7135:. Karnac Books.
7127:
7105:
7069:
7048:
7010:
6988:
6956:
6944:
6938:
6926:
6920:
6905:
6899:
6898:
6896:
6894:
6883:
6874:
6873:
6855:
6849:
6846:
6840:
6839:
6837:
6835:
6824:
6818:
6817:
6815:
6813:
6794:
6788:
6787:
6785:
6783:
6767:
6761:
6760:
6758:
6756:
6744:
6738:
6737:
6735:
6733:
6718:
6709:
6706:
6700:
6699:
6667:
6661:
6658:
6652:
6651:
6649:
6647:
6632:
6626:
6625:
6623:
6621:
6603:
6597:
6596:
6594:
6592:
6587:on 12 April 2016
6563:
6557:
6556:
6554:
6552:
6546:
6537:
6531:
6530:
6522:
6516:
6515:
6513:
6511:
6505:Business Insider
6496:
6490:
6489:
6482:
6476:
6475:
6473:
6471:
6457:
6451:
6450:
6443:
6437:
6436:
6434:
6432:
6417:
6411:
6410:
6382:
6376:
6375:
6369:
6364:
6362:
6354:
6352:
6350:
6344:
6337:
6328:
6322:
6321:
6319:
6317:
6311:
6304:
6295:
6289:
6288:
6282:
6277:
6275:
6267:
6265:
6263:
6258:on 16 April 2016
6257:
6246:
6237:
6231:
6230:
6228:
6226:
6207:
6201:
6198:
6192:
6186:
6180:
6177:
6171:
6170:
6168:
6166:
6160:
6154:. Archived from
6138:(5): 3074–3088.
6129:
6120:
6111:
6110:
6108:
6106:
6092:
6086:
6085:
6083:
6081:
6066:
6060:
6049:
6043:
6042:
6040:
6038:
6032:
6009:
5995:
5989:
5982:
5976:
5969:
5963:
5962:
5960:
5958:
5937:
5931:
5926:
5920:
5919:
5917:
5915:
5905:
5899:
5898:
5896:
5894:
5889:on 22 March 2012
5885:. Archived from
5879:
5873:
5868:
5862:
5861:
5859:
5857:
5846:
5840:
5839:
5837:
5805:
5799:
5798:
5796:
5794:
5788:
5781:
5769:
5763:
5762:
5760:
5758:
5752:
5745:
5733:
5724:
5723:
5717:
5709:
5707:
5705:
5690:
5684:
5683:
5681:
5679:
5665:
5659:
5658:
5648:
5608:
5599:
5598:
5596:
5594:
5579:
5573:
5572:
5570:
5568:
5553:
5547:
5546:
5540:
5535:
5533:
5525:
5521:
5515:
5514:
5512:
5510:
5500:
5494:
5493:
5491:
5489:
5478:
5472:
5471:
5469:
5467:
5453:
5447:
5446:
5444:
5442:
5428:
5422:
5421:
5402:
5396:
5395:
5393:
5391:
5376:
5370:
5369:
5367:
5365:
5350:
5344:
5343:
5341:
5339:
5333:Our Finite World
5324:
5318:
5317:
5315:
5306:
5300:
5299:
5297:
5295:
5289:Our Finite World
5280:
5274:
5273:
5271:
5269:
5255:
5249:
5248:
5246:
5244:
5228:
5222:
5221:
5219:
5217:
5203:
5194:
5193:
5191:
5189:
5175:
5166:
5165:
5163:
5161:
5146:
5140:
5139:
5137:
5135:
5121:
5115:
5114:
5112:
5110:
5096:
5090:
5089:
5087:
5085:
5070:
5064:
5063:
5061:
5059:
5045:
5039:
5038:
5036:
5034:
5019:
5013:
5012:
5010:
5008:
4994:
4988:
4987:
4975:
4969:
4968:
4966:
4964:
4949:
4943:
4942:
4936:
4931:
4929:
4921:
4919:
4917:
4907:
4899:
4893:
4892:
4867:(6): 2262–2272.
4852:
4846:
4845:
4843:
4841:
4836:on 12 April 2007
4822:
4816:
4815:
4813:
4811:
4796:
4790:
4789:
4787:
4785:
4779:blog.gorozen.com
4771:
4765:
4764:
4752:
4746:
4745:
4743:
4741:
4726:
4720:
4719:
4708:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4697:
4683:
4677:
4667:
4658:
4657:
4655:
4653:
4639:
4633:
4632:
4626:
4621:
4619:
4611:
4595:
4586:
4585:
4545:
4536:
4535:
4533:
4531:
4514:
4508:
4507:
4505:
4503:
4494:. Archived from
4483:
4477:
4476:
4448:
4442:
4441:
4439:
4437:
4428:
4419:
4413:
4412:
4406:
4401:
4399:
4391:
4389:
4387:
4381:
4375:. Archived from
4370:
4361:
4355:
4354:
4352:
4350:
4339:
4333:
4332:
4330:
4328:
4322:
4316:. Archived from
4291:
4282:
4276:
4275:
4269:
4264:
4262:
4254:
4252:
4250:
4237:
4228:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4217:
4186:
4177:
4171:
4170:
4168:
4166:
4155:
4149:
4148:
4146:
4144:
4138:
4132:. Archived from
4127:
4118:
4112:
4111:
4109:
4107:
4095:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4084:
4069:
4060:
4059:
4057:
4055:
4042:
4034:
4028:
4027:
4010:(8): 4743–4749.
3999:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3988:
3974:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3963:
3948:
3942:
3936:
3930:
3924:
3918:
3912:
3906:
3900:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3889:
3874:
3865:
3864:
3854:
3822:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3806:
3790:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3774:
3765:
3756:
3750:
3749:
3738:
3732:
3731:, p. 24–25.
3717:
3711:
3697:
3691:
3677:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3666:
3651:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3637:
3631:
3616:
3607:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3596:
3584:
3578:
3567:
3561:
3560:
3558:
3556:
3541:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3530:
3524:
3514:
3505:
3498:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3487:
3475:Mushalik, Matt.
3472:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3444:
3438:
3437:
3425:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3400:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3374:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3349:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3324:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3299:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3274:
3268:
3267:
3250:
3244:
3243:
3203:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3192:
3178:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3128:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3102:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3082:. Archived from
3072:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3061:
3056:on 23 March 2015
3042:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3017:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3006:
2987:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2961:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2916:
2876:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2859:
2836:
2822:
2816:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2783:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2757:Clemente, Jude.
2754:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2729:
2720:
2719:
2713:
2711:
2697:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2594:
2347:Soft energy path
2240:Leonardo Maugeri
2186:
2160:
2159:
2138:
2137:
2102:substituting oil
1941:No visible peak
1900:Petroconsultants
1778:Plateau by 2004
1606:Peak year/range
1597:Peak year/range
1588:
1587:
1573:developments in
1555:
1483:Transition Towns
1249:aviation biofuel
1165:The wide use of
1074:electric vehicle
1003:
1001:
996:
994:
989:
988: 0.01–0.005
987:
982:
981: 0.015–0.01
980:
975:
974: 0.02–0.015
973:
966:
965: 0.025–0.02
964:
959:
957:
952:
951: 0.05–0.035
950:
945:
943:
938:
937: > 0.07
936:
930:
929:
797:
796:
790:
581:
580:
571:
570:
558:
484:
473:
458:
406:
399:
398:
389:
388:
328:, blending with
320:oil wells using
115:carbon emissions
21:
12384:
12383:
12379:
12378:
12377:
12375:
12374:
12373:
12359:
12358:
12357:
12345:
12333:
12321:
12313:
12311:
12306:
12276:
12240:
12174:
12172:
12165:
12117:
12096:
12045:Overconsumption
12028:Family planning
11985:
11979:
11952:
11936:
11933:
11925:
11887:
11884:
11876:
11830:
11825:
11795:
11790:
11724:Green anarchism
11642:
11575:
11524:
11423:Notable writers
11418:
11414:Transition town
11362:
11318:New Monasticism
11261:
11110:
11105:
11075:
11070:
11048:
11013:
10993:
10979:Systems ecology
10945:Natural capital
10847:
10732:
10721:reclaimed water
10583:
10545:UPOV Convention
10393:
10188:
10097:
10071:
10067:Ozone depletion
10058:
10035:
10011:
10006:
9976:
9971:
9949:
9903:
9899:John Wood Group
9889:Valaris Limited
9782:
9779:
9776:
9765:
9631:APA Corporation
9619:
9571:
9370:
9367:
9359:
9314:
9311:
9308:
9298:
9292:
9193:Classification
9177:
9100:
9094:
9030:Nationalization
9000:1979 oil crisis
8995:1973 oil crisis
8976:
8962:Water injection
8930:Steam injection
8925:Gas reinjection
8893:Artificial lift
8862:
8804:Drill stem test
8756:
8680:
8627:
8579:
8501:
8483:
8478:
8448:
8443:
8372:
8368:Transition town
8311:
8223:
8156:
8152:Matthew Simmons
8147:Michael Ruppert
8117:M. King Hubbert
8102:David Goodstein
8075:
8061:Rimini protocol
7989:
7980:
7954:
7949:
7915:Peak oil charts
7897:Wayback Machine
7884:Wayback Machine
7873:Peak Oil Primer
7858:
7841:
7747:
7736:
7707:
7705:
7672:
7671:
7664:
7662:
7623:Colin, Campbell
7600:
7590:
7568:
7560:. McGraw-Hill.
7544:
7525:
7506:
7484:
7460:
7452:. New Society.
7438:
7406:
7387:
7368:
7344:
7325:
7301:
7277:
7269:. Basic Books.
7249:
7230:
7207:
7186:
7162:
7143:
7124:
7102:
7074:Goodstein David
7066:
7045:
7007:
6985:
6969:
6964:
6959:
6955:, 10 July 2012.
6945:
6941:
6927:
6923:
6906:
6902:
6892:
6890:
6885:
6884:
6877:
6870:
6856:
6852:
6847:
6843:
6833:
6831:
6826:
6825:
6821:
6811:
6809:
6795:
6791:
6781:
6779:
6778:on 13 July 2011
6768:
6764:
6754:
6752:
6745:
6741:
6731:
6729:
6719:
6712:
6707:
6703:
6688:10.1002/bbb.159
6668:
6664:
6659:
6655:
6645:
6643:
6633:
6629:
6619:
6617:
6604:
6600:
6590:
6588:
6564:
6560:
6550:
6548:
6544:
6538:
6534:
6523:
6519:
6509:
6507:
6497:
6493:
6484:
6483:
6479:
6469:
6467:
6459:
6458:
6454:
6445:
6444:
6440:
6430:
6428:
6418:
6414:
6383:
6379:
6367:
6365:
6356:
6355:
6348:
6346:
6345:on 25 June 2008
6342:
6335:
6329:
6325:
6315:
6313:
6312:on 26 July 2011
6309:
6302:
6296:
6292:
6280:
6278:
6269:
6268:
6261:
6259:
6255:
6244:
6238:
6234:
6224:
6222:
6208:
6204:
6199:
6195:
6187:
6183:
6178:
6174:
6164:
6162:
6158:
6127:
6121:
6114:
6104:
6102:
6094:
6093:
6089:
6079:
6077:
6068:
6067:
6063:
6050:
6046:
6036:
6034:
6030:
6007:
5996:
5992:
5983:
5979:
5970:
5966:
5956:
5954:
5939:
5938:
5934:
5927:
5923:
5913:
5911:
5907:
5906:
5902:
5892:
5890:
5881:
5880:
5876:
5869:
5865:
5855:
5853:
5848:
5847:
5843:
5806:
5802:
5792:
5790:
5786:
5779:
5770:
5766:
5756:
5754:
5750:
5743:
5734:
5727:
5711:
5710:
5703:
5701:
5691:
5687:
5677:
5675:
5667:
5666:
5662:
5609:
5602:
5592:
5590:
5580:
5576:
5566:
5564:
5554:
5550:
5538:
5536:
5527:
5526:
5522:
5518:
5508:
5506:
5502:
5501:
5497:
5487:
5485:
5480:
5479:
5475:
5465:
5463:
5457:"Globalization"
5455:
5454:
5450:
5440:
5438:
5430:
5429:
5425:
5406:Ritchie, Hannah
5403:
5399:
5389:
5387:
5377:
5373:
5363:
5361:
5352:
5351:
5347:
5337:
5335:
5325:
5321:
5313:
5307:
5303:
5293:
5291:
5281:
5277:
5267:
5265:
5257:
5256:
5252:
5242:
5240:
5229:
5225:
5215:
5213:
5205:
5204:
5197:
5187:
5185:
5177:
5176:
5169:
5159:
5157:
5147:
5143:
5133:
5131:
5123:
5122:
5118:
5108:
5106:
5098:
5097:
5093:
5083:
5081:
5071:
5067:
5057:
5055:
5053:www.rigzone.com
5047:
5046:
5042:
5032:
5030:
5021:
5020:
5016:
5006:
5004:
4996:
4995:
4991:
4976:
4972:
4962:
4960:
4958:Peak Oil Barrel
4950:
4946:
4934:
4932:
4923:
4922:
4915:
4913:
4905:
4901:
4900:
4896:
4853:
4849:
4839:
4837:
4824:
4823:
4819:
4809:
4807:
4797:
4793:
4783:
4781:
4773:
4772:
4768:
4753:
4749:
4739:
4737:
4728:
4727:
4723:
4710:
4709:
4705:
4695:
4693:
4685:
4684:
4680:
4668:
4661:
4651:
4649:
4641:
4640:
4636:
4624:
4622:
4613:
4612:
4596:
4589:
4546:
4539:
4529:
4527:
4524:Financial Times
4515:
4511:
4501:
4499:
4484:
4480:
4449:
4445:
4435:
4433:
4431:Oilfield Review
4426:
4420:
4416:
4404:
4402:
4393:
4392:
4385:
4383:
4379:
4368:
4362:
4358:
4348:
4346:
4342:Kovarik, Bill.
4340:
4336:
4326:
4324:
4320:
4289:
4283:
4279:
4267:
4265:
4256:
4255:
4248:
4246:
4235:
4229:
4225:
4215:
4213:
4184:
4178:
4174:
4164:
4162:
4156:
4152:
4142:
4140:
4136:
4125:
4119:
4115:
4105:
4103:
4096:
4092:
4082:
4080:
4070:
4063:
4053:
4051:
4040:
4036:
4035:
4031:
4000:
3996:
3986:
3984:
3976:
3975:
3971:
3961:
3959:
3949:
3945:
3941:Figure 2. pg. 1
3937:
3933:
3929:Figure 3. pg. 2
3925:
3921:
3917:Figure 3. pg. 2
3913:
3909:
3901:
3897:
3887:
3885:
3875:
3868:
3823:
3814:
3804:
3802:
3791:
3782:
3772:
3770:
3763:
3757:
3753:
3740:
3739:
3735:
3718:
3714:
3708:Wayback Machine
3698:
3694:
3688:Wayback Machine
3678:
3674:
3664:
3662:
3653:
3652:
3645:
3635:
3633:
3629:
3614:
3608:
3604:
3594:
3592:
3585:
3581:
3568:
3564:
3554:
3552:
3542:
3538:
3528:
3526:
3522:
3515:
3508:
3499:
3495:
3485:
3483:
3473:
3469:
3459:
3457:
3445:
3441:
3426:
3422:
3412:
3410:
3402:
3401:
3397:
3387:
3385:
3384:. 6 August 2011
3376:
3375:
3371:
3361:
3359:
3351:
3350:
3346:
3336:
3334:
3326:
3325:
3321:
3311:
3309:
3301:
3300:
3296:
3286:
3284:
3276:
3275:
3271:
3251:
3247:
3204:
3200:
3190:
3188:
3180:
3179:
3175:
3165:
3163:
3155:
3154:
3150:
3140:
3138:
3130:
3129:
3125:
3115:
3113:
3104:
3103:
3099:
3089:
3087:
3074:
3073:
3069:
3059:
3057:
3044:
3043:
3039:
3029:
3027:
3019:
3018:
3014:
3004:
3002:
2989:
2988:
2984:
2974:
2972:
2963:
2962:
2955:
2945:
2943:
2935:
2934:
2930:
2877:
2873:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2834:
2823:
2819:
2810:
2806:
2796:
2794:
2793:. 2 August 2019
2785:
2784:
2777:
2767:
2765:
2755:
2751:
2741:
2739:
2731:
2730:
2723:
2709:
2707:
2699:
2698:
2691:
2681:
2679:
2671:
2670:
2666:
2656:
2654:
2646:
2645:
2641:
2631:
2629:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2606:
2604:
2596:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2546:Peak phosphorus
2501:Overconsumption
2459:Stranded assets
2327:Energy security
2256:
2224:
2187:
2184:
2157:
2155:
2135:
2133:
2122:Matthew Simmons
2114:
2089:
2084:
2001:Campbell &
1886:Greene, et al.
1570:
1556:
1553:
1515:
1509:
1503:
1453:
1369:. Known as the
1359:
1353:
1330:steam reforming
1293:. According to
1279:
1257:
1230:food insecurity
1206:
1171:economic growth
1163:
1149:
1128:
1126:Economic growth
1090:
1015:
1013:Peak oil demand
1004:
999:
998:
997:
992:
991:
990:
985:
984:
983:
978:
977:
976:
971:
970:
967:
962:
961:
960:
955:
954:
953:
948:
947:
946:
944: 0.07–0.05
941:
940:
939:
934:
933:
919:
895:Ghawar oilfield
866:
860:
844:
838:
830:high oil prices
794:
792:
788:
652:
638:Heavy crude oil
632:Main articles:
630:
578:
576:
568:
566:
559:
553:, former VP of
549:
542:
526:
518:Main articles:
504:
482:
474:
467:
459:
456:
441:
433:Karrick process
429:Bergius process
421:synthetic fuels
404:
396:
394:
386:
384:
348:(see article).
322:steam injection
310:heavy crude oil
267:
253:
230:
170:
165:
151:
139:economic trends
130:M. King Hubbert
110:secular decline
51:/day), with an
45:M. King Hubbert
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
12382:
12372:
12371:
12356:
12355:
12343:
12331:
12308:
12307:
12305:
12304:
12294:
12281:
12278:
12277:
12275:
12274:
12272:Sustainability
12269:
12264:
12259:
12254:
12248:
12246:
12245:Related topics
12242:
12241:
12239:
12238:
12233:
12228:
12223:
12218:
12213:
12208:
12203:
12198:
12193:
12188:
12183:
12177:
12175:
12170:
12167:
12166:
12164:
12163:
12158:
12157:
12156:
12151:
12146:
12136:
12134:Largest cities
12131:
12125:
12123:
12119:
12118:
12116:
12115:
12110:
12104:
12102:
12098:
12097:
12095:
12094:
12089:
12084:
12083:
12082:
12077:
12072:
12067:
12062:
12052:
12047:
12042:
12041:
12040:
12035:
12030:
12025:
12015:
12014:
12013:
12003:
11995:
11989:
11987:
11981:
11980:
11978:
11977:
11972:
11967:
11962:
11957:
11954:I = P × A  × T
11950:
11945:
11939:
11937:
11930:
11927:
11926:
11924:
11923:
11918:
11913:
11908:
11907:
11906:
11896:
11890:
11888:
11881:
11878:
11877:
11875:
11874:
11869:
11864:
11859:
11854:
11849:
11844:
11838:
11836:
11832:
11831:
11824:
11823:
11816:
11809:
11801:
11792:
11791:
11789:
11788:
11783:
11781:Sustainability
11778:
11773:
11768:
11766:Low-technology
11763:
11758:
11757:
11756:
11751:
11741:
11736:
11734:Global warming
11731:
11726:
11721:
11716:
11711:
11706:
11701:
11696:
11691:
11686:
11681:
11676:
11671:
11666:
11661:
11656:
11650:
11648:
11644:
11643:
11641:
11640:
11633:
11626:
11619:
11612:
11605:
11598:
11591:
11583:
11581:
11577:
11576:
11574:
11573:
11568:
11563:
11558:
11553:
11551:Pentti Linkola
11548:
11543:
11538:
11532:
11530:
11526:
11525:
11523:
11522:
11517:
11512:
11507:
11502:
11497:
11492:
11487:
11482:
11477:
11472:
11467:
11465:Harlan Hubbard
11462:
11460:Tom Hodgkinson
11457:
11452:
11450:Mahatma Gandhi
11447:
11442:
11437:
11432:
11426:
11424:
11420:
11419:
11417:
11416:
11411:
11406:
11401:
11396:
11391:
11386:
11381:
11376:
11370:
11368:
11364:
11363:
11361:
11360:
11355:
11350:
11345:
11340:
11335:
11330:
11325:
11320:
11315:
11310:
11305:
11300:
11298:Jesus movement
11295:
11290:
11285:
11280:
11275:
11269:
11267:
11263:
11262:
11260:
11259:
11254:
11249:
11244:
11239:
11234:
11229:
11224:
11219:
11214:
11209:
11204:
11199:
11194:
11189:
11184:
11179:
11177:Local currency
11174:
11169:
11164:
11159:
11154:
11149:
11144:
11139:
11134:
11129:
11124:
11118:
11116:
11112:
11111:
11104:
11103:
11096:
11089:
11081:
11072:
11071:
11069:
11068:
11057:
11054:
11053:
11050:
11049:
11047:
11046:
11037:
11032:
11027:
11022:
11017:
11014:(perpetuation)
11009:
11003:
11001:
10995:
10994:
10992:
10991:
10986:
10981:
10976:
10975:
10974:
10967:Nature reserve
10964:
10959:
10958:
10957:
10952:
10942:
10941:
10940:
10930:
10929:
10928:
10923:
10913:
10908:
10907:
10906:
10901:
10891:
10890:
10889:
10884:
10879:
10874:
10863:
10857:
10853:
10852:
10849:
10848:
10846:
10845:
10844:
10843:
10838:
10828:
10823:
10818:
10813:
10808:
10803:
10798:
10793:
10788:
10783:
10778:
10773:
10772:
10771:
10761:
10756:
10751:
10746:
10740:
10738:
10734:
10733:
10731:
10730:
10725:
10724:
10723:
10713:
10708:
10703:
10702:
10701:
10691:
10686:
10685:
10684:
10672:
10671:
10670:
10665:
10660:
10650:
10645:
10644:
10643:
10638:
10633:
10623:
10618:
10613:
10612:
10611:
10600:
10598:
10591:
10585:
10584:
10582:
10581:
10580:
10579:
10574:
10564:
10559:
10554:
10553:
10552:
10547:
10542:
10537:
10532:
10527:
10522:
10512:
10507:
10502:
10497:
10496:
10495:
10485:
10484:
10483:
10478:
10473:
10468:
10458:
10457:
10456:
10451:
10446:
10444:climate change
10436:
10431:
10426:
10421:
10420:
10419:
10412:Bioprospecting
10409:
10403:
10401:
10395:
10394:
10392:
10391:
10390:
10389:
10384:
10374:
10373:
10372:
10367:
10362:
10357:
10347:
10346:
10345:
10340:
10339:
10338:
10333:
10323:
10322:
10321:
10316:
10306:
10305:
10304:
10294:
10289:
10279:
10278:
10277:
10267:
10266:
10265:
10255:
10254:
10253:
10248:
10243:
10238:
10228:
10223:
10218:
10217:
10216:
10215:
10214:
10198:
10196:
10190:
10189:
10187:
10186:
10181:
10180:
10179:
10174:
10164:
10159:
10154:
10149:
10127:
10122:
10117:
10111:
10109:
10103:
10102:
10099:
10098:
10096:
10095:
10090:
10085:
10079:
10077:
10073:
10072:
10070:
10069:
10064:
10063:
10062:
10057:Clean Air Act
10049:
10044:
10039:
10030:
10028:
10019:
10013:
10012:
10005:
10004:
9997:
9990:
9982:
9973:
9972:
9970:
9969:
9958:
9955:
9954:
9951:
9950:
9948:
9947:
9942:
9937:
9932:
9927:
9922:
9917:
9911:
9909:
9905:
9904:
9902:
9901:
9896:
9891:
9886:
9881:
9876:
9871:
9866:
9861:
9856:
9851:
9846:
9841:
9836:
9831:
9826:
9821:
9816:
9811:
9806:
9801:
9796:
9791:
9785:
9783:
9774:
9771:
9770:
9767:
9766:
9764:
9763:
9758:
9753:
9748:
9743:
9738:
9736:Surgutneftegas
9733:
9728:
9723:
9718:
9713:
9708:
9703:
9698:
9693:
9688:
9683:
9678:
9673:
9668:
9663:
9658:
9656:Eneos Holdings
9653:
9648:
9646:ConocoPhillips
9643:
9638:
9636:Cenovus Energy
9633:
9627:
9625:
9621:
9620:
9618:
9617:
9612:
9607:
9602:
9597:
9592:
9587:
9581:
9579:
9577:Energy trading
9573:
9572:
9570:
9569:
9564:
9559:
9554:
9549:
9544:
9539:
9534:
9529:
9524:
9519:
9514:
9509:
9504:
9499:
9494:
9489:
9484:
9479:
9474:
9469:
9464:
9459:
9454:
9449:
9444:
9439:
9434:
9429:
9424:
9419:
9414:
9409:
9404:
9399:
9394:
9389:
9384:
9379:
9373:
9371:
9364:
9361:
9360:
9358:
9357:
9352:
9347:
9342:
9337:
9332:
9326:
9324:
9315:
9306:
9300:
9294:
9293:
9291:
9290:
9289:
9288:
9283:
9278:
9273:
9263:
9261:Swing producer
9258:
9253:
9248:
9243:
9238:
9233:
9232:
9231:
9226:
9216:
9211:
9206:
9205:
9204:
9199:
9191:
9185:
9183:
9179:
9178:
9176:
9175:
9170:
9165:
9160:
9155:
9150:
9145:
9140:
9135:
9133:Gulf of Mexico
9130:
9125:
9120:
9115:
9110:
9104:
9102:
9096:
9095:
9093:
9092:
9087:
9082:
9077:
9072:
9067:
9062:
9057:
9052:
9047:
9042:
9037:
9032:
9027:
9022:
9020:2010s oil glut
9017:
9012:
9007:
9005:1980s oil glut
9002:
8997:
8992:
8986:
8984:
8978:
8977:
8975:
8974:
8969:
8964:
8959:
8954:
8949:
8944:
8939:
8934:
8933:
8932:
8927:
8917:
8912:
8911:
8910:
8905:
8900:
8890:
8889:
8888:
8883:
8872:
8870:
8864:
8863:
8861:
8860:
8855:
8850:
8845:
8844:
8843:
8833:
8828:
8823:
8822:
8821:
8814:Drilling fluid
8811:
8806:
8801:
8800:
8799:
8789:
8784:
8783:
8782:
8772:
8766:
8764:
8758:
8757:
8755:
8754:
8752:Seismic source
8749:
8748:
8747:
8737:
8732:
8727:
8726:
8725:
8720:
8710:
8705:
8700:
8694:
8692:
8686:
8685:
8682:
8681:
8679:
8678:
8677:
8676:
8666:
8661:
8656:
8651:
8646:
8641:
8635:
8633:
8629:
8628:
8626:
8625:
8620:
8615:
8610:
8605:
8600:
8594:
8592:
8585:
8581:
8580:
8578:
8577:
8572:
8567:
8562:
8557:
8552:
8550:Japan Cocktail
8547:
8542:
8537:
8532:
8527:
8522:
8517:
8511:
8509:
8503:
8502:
8500:
8499:
8497:Primary energy
8494:
8488:
8485:
8484:
8477:
8476:
8469:
8462:
8454:
8445:
8444:
8442:
8441:
8436:
8431:
8426:
8421:
8416:
8411:
8406:
8401:
8396:
8391:
8386:
8380:
8378:
8374:
8373:
8371:
8370:
8365:
8360:
8355:
8350:
8345:
8340:
8335:
8330:
8325:
8319:
8317:
8313:
8312:
8310:
8309:
8302:
8295:
8288:
8285:The Oil Factor
8281:
8274:
8267:
8260:
8253:
8246:
8239:
8231:
8229:
8225:
8224:
8222:
8221:
8214:
8207:
8200:
8193:
8186:
8183:The End of Oil
8179:
8172:
8164:
8162:
8158:
8157:
8155:
8154:
8149:
8144:
8139:
8134:
8132:Jeremy Leggett
8129:
8127:Jean Laherrère
8124:
8119:
8114:
8109:
8104:
8099:
8094:
8089:
8083:
8081:
8077:
8076:
8074:
8073:
8071:Swing producer
8068:
8063:
8058:
8053:
8048:
8043:
8038:
8033:
8028:
8023:
8018:
8013:
8008:
8003:
7997:
7995:
7991:
7990:
7983:
7981:
7979:
7978:
7973:
7968:
7962:
7960:
7956:
7955:
7948:
7947:
7940:
7933:
7925:
7919:
7918:
7912:
7906:
7900:
7887:
7870:
7864:
7857:
7856:External links
7854:
7853:
7852:
7847:
7840:
7837:
7836:
7835:
7828:
7820:
7812:
7804:
7796:
7788:
7780:
7772:
7764:
7756:
7746:
7743:
7742:
7741:
7729:
7714:
7694:
7685:
7627:Laherrère Jean
7619:
7610:
7599:
7596:
7595:
7594:
7588:
7572:
7566:
7548:
7542:
7529:
7523:
7510:
7504:
7492:Simon Julian L
7488:
7482:
7464:
7458:
7442:
7436:
7418:
7404:
7391:
7385:
7379:. Lulu Press.
7372:
7366:
7348:
7342:
7329:
7323:
7305:
7299:
7281:
7275:
7260:
7253:
7247:
7234:
7228:
7211:
7205:
7190:
7184:
7166:
7160:
7147:
7141:
7128:
7122:
7110:Greer, John M.
7106:
7100:
7070:
7064:
7049:
7043:
7027:
7014:
7011:
7005:
6989:
6983:
6968:
6965:
6963:
6960:
6958:
6957:
6946:Mearns, Euan.
6939:
6921:
6900:
6875:
6868:
6850:
6841:
6819:
6789:
6762:
6739:
6710:
6701:
6662:
6653:
6627:
6613:The New Yorker
6598:
6583:Archived from
6581:Bloomberg L.P.
6576:Bloomberg News
6558:
6532:
6517:
6491:
6477:
6452:
6438:
6426:Foreign Policy
6412:
6377:
6368:|journal=
6323:
6290:
6281:|journal=
6232:
6202:
6193:
6181:
6172:
6112:
6087:
6061:
6044:
6033:on 27 May 2008
5990:
5977:
5964:
5932:
5921:
5900:
5874:
5863:
5841:
5800:
5764:
5725:
5685:
5660:
5600:
5574:
5548:
5516:
5495:
5473:
5448:
5423:
5414:"Fossil fuels"
5397:
5371:
5345:
5319:
5301:
5275:
5250:
5223:
5195:
5167:
5141:
5116:
5091:
5065:
5040:
5014:
4989:
4970:
4944:
4935:|journal=
4894:
4847:
4817:
4791:
4766:
4747:
4736:. 1 March 2022
4721:
4703:
4678:
4674:Applied Energy
4659:
4634:
4625:|journal=
4587:
4537:
4509:
4478:
4443:
4414:
4405:|journal=
4382:on 27 May 2016
4356:
4334:
4277:
4268:|journal=
4223:
4197:(3): 193–252.
4172:
4150:
4113:
4090:
4061:
4029:
3994:
3969:
3957:Energy Matters
3943:
3931:
3919:
3907:
3895:
3866:
3812:
3801:on 7 July 2011
3780:
3751:
3733:
3712:
3692:
3672:
3643:
3602:
3579:
3562:
3536:
3506:
3493:
3481:Crude Oil Peak
3467:
3439:
3420:
3395:
3369:
3344:
3319:
3294:
3269:
3245:
3212:Applied Energy
3198:
3173:
3148:
3123:
3097:
3086:on 15 May 2017
3067:
3037:
3021:"Crude grades"
3012:
2995:Sustainability
2982:
2953:
2928:
2871:
2860:on 27 May 2008
2817:
2804:
2775:
2749:
2721:
2689:
2664:
2639:
2614:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2575:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2506:Overpopulation
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2472:
2471:
2469:Jevons paradox
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2374:2010s oil glut
2371:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2307:
2302:
2295:
2293:Olduvai theory
2290:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2236:George Monbiot
2228:Peter W. Huber
2223:
2220:
2182:
2126:swing producer
2113:
2110:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2068:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2008:
2005:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1981:
1978:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1955:
1952:
1951:J. D. Edwards
1949:
1943:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1902:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1879:
1876:
1875:L. F. Ivanhoe
1873:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1855:
1852:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1805:
1802:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1779:
1776:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1753:
1750:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1702:
1699:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1676:
1673:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1658:
1656:A. A. Bartlett
1653:
1648:
1645:
1643:United Nations
1640:
1634:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1622:
1619:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1569:
1566:
1551:
1505:Main article:
1502:
1499:
1476:energy descent
1465:climate change
1452:
1449:
1434:urban villages
1410:carfree cities
1352:
1349:
1256:
1253:
1226:United Kingdom
1210:heavy fuel oil
1205:
1202:
1148:
1145:
1127:
1124:
1089:
1086:
1023:climate change
1014:
1011:
1006:
1005:
968:
918:
915:
862:Main article:
859:
856:
840:Main article:
837:
834:
683:coal-to-liquid
681:technologies,
629:
626:
547:
541:
538:
503:
500:
465:
454:
440:
437:
419:which produce
417:gas to liquids
381:surface mining
367:Venezuela has
342:
341:
314:surface mining
295:
263:Main article:
252:
249:
229:
226:
169:
166:
161:Main article:
150:
147:
75:oil production
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
12381:
12370:
12367:
12366:
12364:
12354:
12349:
12344:
12342:
12337:
12332:
12330:
12325:
12320:
12319:
12316:
12303:
12295:
12293:
12292:
12283:
12282:
12279:
12273:
12270:
12268:
12265:
12263:
12260:
12258:
12255:
12253:
12252:Bennett's law
12250:
12249:
12247:
12243:
12237:
12234:
12232:
12229:
12227:
12224:
12222:
12219:
12217:
12214:
12212:
12209:
12207:
12204:
12202:
12199:
12197:
12194:
12192:
12189:
12187:
12184:
12182:
12179:
12178:
12176:
12173:organizations
12168:
12162:
12159:
12155:
12152:
12150:
12147:
12145:
12142:
12141:
12140:
12137:
12135:
12132:
12130:
12127:
12126:
12124:
12120:
12114:
12111:
12109:
12106:
12105:
12103:
12099:
12093:
12090:
12088:
12085:
12081:
12078:
12076:
12073:
12071:
12068:
12066:
12063:
12061:
12058:
12057:
12056:
12053:
12051:
12048:
12046:
12043:
12039:
12036:
12034:
12031:
12029:
12026:
12024:
12021:
12020:
12019:
12016:
12012:
12009:
12008:
12007:
12004:
12002:
12000:
11996:
11994:
11991:
11990:
11988:
11982:
11976:
11973:
11971:
11968:
11966:
11963:
11961:
11960:Kaya identity
11958:
11955:
11951:
11949:
11946:
11944:
11941:
11940:
11938:
11935:
11928:
11922:
11919:
11917:
11914:
11912:
11909:
11905:
11902:
11901:
11900:
11897:
11895:
11892:
11891:
11889:
11886:
11879:
11873:
11870:
11868:
11865:
11863:
11860:
11858:
11855:
11853:
11850:
11848:
11845:
11843:
11840:
11839:
11837:
11833:
11829:
11822:
11817:
11815:
11810:
11808:
11803:
11802:
11799:
11787:
11784:
11782:
11779:
11777:
11774:
11772:
11769:
11767:
11764:
11762:
11759:
11755:
11752:
11750:
11747:
11746:
11745:
11742:
11740:
11737:
11735:
11732:
11730:
11729:The good life
11727:
11725:
11722:
11720:
11717:
11715:
11712:
11710:
11707:
11705:
11702:
11700:
11697:
11695:
11692:
11690:
11687:
11685:
11682:
11680:
11677:
11675:
11672:
11670:
11667:
11665:
11662:
11660:
11657:
11655:
11652:
11651:
11649:
11645:
11639:
11638:
11634:
11632:
11631:
11627:
11625:
11624:
11620:
11618:
11617:
11613:
11611:
11610:
11606:
11604:
11603:
11602:The Good Life
11599:
11597:
11596:
11592:
11589:
11585:
11584:
11582:
11578:
11572:
11569:
11567:
11564:
11562:
11561:Peace Pilgrim
11559:
11557:
11554:
11552:
11549:
11547:
11546:Ted Kaczynski
11544:
11542:
11539:
11537:
11534:
11533:
11531:
11527:
11521:
11518:
11516:
11513:
11511:
11508:
11506:
11503:
11501:
11498:
11496:
11495:Dugald Semple
11493:
11491:
11488:
11486:
11485:Peace Pilgrim
11483:
11481:
11480:Scott Nearing
11478:
11476:
11475:Helen Nearing
11473:
11471:
11468:
11466:
11463:
11461:
11458:
11456:
11455:Richard Gregg
11453:
11451:
11448:
11446:
11443:
11441:
11438:
11436:
11433:
11431:
11430:Wendell Berry
11428:
11427:
11425:
11421:
11415:
11412:
11410:
11407:
11405:
11402:
11400:
11397:
11395:
11392:
11390:
11387:
11385:
11384:Environmental
11382:
11380:
11377:
11375:
11372:
11371:
11369:
11365:
11359:
11356:
11354:
11351:
11349:
11346:
11344:
11341:
11339:
11336:
11334:
11331:
11329:
11326:
11324:
11321:
11319:
11316:
11314:
11311:
11309:
11306:
11304:
11301:
11299:
11296:
11294:
11291:
11289:
11286:
11284:
11281:
11279:
11276:
11274:
11271:
11270:
11268:
11264:
11258:
11255:
11253:
11250:
11248:
11247:Vegetarianism
11245:
11243:
11240:
11238:
11235:
11233:
11230:
11228:
11225:
11223:
11220:
11218:
11215:
11213:
11210:
11208:
11205:
11203:
11200:
11198:
11195:
11193:
11190:
11188:
11185:
11183:
11180:
11178:
11175:
11173:
11170:
11168:
11165:
11163:
11160:
11158:
11155:
11153:
11150:
11148:
11145:
11143:
11140:
11138:
11135:
11133:
11130:
11128:
11125:
11123:
11120:
11119:
11117:
11113:
11109:
11108:Simple living
11102:
11097:
11095:
11090:
11088:
11083:
11082:
11079:
11067:
11059:
11058:
11055:
11045:
11044:Non-renewable
11041:
11038:
11036:
11033:
11031:
11028:
11026:
11023:
11021:
11018:
11016:
11010:
11008:
11005:
11004:
11002:
11000:
10996:
10990:
10987:
10985:
10984:Urban ecology
10982:
10980:
10977:
10973:
10970:
10969:
10968:
10965:
10963:
10960:
10956:
10953:
10951:
10948:
10947:
10946:
10943:
10939:
10936:
10935:
10934:
10931:
10927:
10924:
10922:
10919:
10918:
10917:
10914:
10912:
10909:
10905:
10902:
10900:
10897:
10896:
10895:
10892:
10888:
10885:
10883:
10880:
10878:
10875:
10873:
10870:
10869:
10868:
10865:
10864:
10861:
10858:
10854:
10842:
10839:
10837:
10834:
10833:
10832:
10829:
10827:
10824:
10822:
10819:
10817:
10816:Privatization
10814:
10812:
10809:
10807:
10804:
10802:
10799:
10797:
10794:
10792:
10789:
10787:
10784:
10782:
10779:
10777:
10774:
10770:
10767:
10766:
10765:
10762:
10760:
10757:
10755:
10752:
10750:
10747:
10745:
10742:
10741:
10739:
10735:
10729:
10726:
10722:
10719:
10718:
10717:
10714:
10712:
10711:Surface water
10709:
10707:
10704:
10700:
10697:
10696:
10695:
10692:
10690:
10687:
10683:
10682:
10678:
10677:
10676:
10673:
10669:
10666:
10664:
10661:
10659:
10656:
10655:
10654:
10651:
10649:
10646:
10642:
10639:
10637:
10634:
10632:
10629:
10628:
10627:
10624:
10622:
10619:
10617:
10614:
10610:
10607:
10606:
10605:
10602:
10601:
10599:
10595:
10592:
10590:
10586:
10578:
10575:
10573:
10570:
10569:
10568:
10565:
10563:
10560:
10558:
10555:
10551:
10548:
10546:
10543:
10541:
10538:
10536:
10533:
10531:
10528:
10526:
10523:
10521:
10518:
10517:
10516:
10513:
10511:
10508:
10506:
10503:
10501:
10498:
10494:
10491:
10490:
10489:
10486:
10482:
10479:
10477:
10474:
10472:
10469:
10467:
10464:
10463:
10462:
10459:
10455:
10452:
10450:
10447:
10445:
10442:
10441:
10440:
10437:
10435:
10432:
10430:
10427:
10425:
10422:
10418:
10415:
10414:
10413:
10410:
10408:
10405:
10404:
10402:
10400:
10396:
10388:
10385:
10383:
10380:
10379:
10378:
10375:
10371:
10368:
10366:
10363:
10361:
10358:
10356:
10353:
10352:
10351:
10348:
10344:
10341:
10337:
10334:
10332:
10329:
10328:
10327:
10324:
10320:
10317:
10315:
10312:
10311:
10310:
10307:
10303:
10300:
10299:
10298:
10295:
10293:
10290:
10288:
10285:
10284:
10283:
10280:
10276:
10273:
10272:
10271:
10268:
10264:
10261:
10260:
10259:
10256:
10252:
10249:
10247:
10244:
10242:
10239:
10237:
10234:
10233:
10232:
10229:
10227:
10224:
10222:
10219:
10213:
10212:peak farmland
10210:
10209:
10208:
10205:
10204:
10203:
10200:
10199:
10197:
10195:
10191:
10185:
10182:
10178:
10175:
10173:
10170:
10169:
10168:
10165:
10163:
10160:
10158:
10155:
10153:
10150:
10147:
10143:
10139:
10135:
10131:
10128:
10126:
10123:
10121:
10118:
10116:
10113:
10112:
10110:
10108:
10104:
10094:
10091:
10089:
10086:
10084:
10081:
10080:
10078:
10074:
10068:
10065:
10061:
10055:
10054:
10053:
10050:
10048:
10045:
10043:
10040:
10038:
10032:
10031:
10029:
10027:
10023:
10020:
10018:
10014:
10010:
10003:
9998:
9996:
9991:
9989:
9984:
9983:
9980:
9968:
9960:
9959:
9956:
9946:
9943:
9941:
9938:
9936:
9933:
9931:
9928:
9926:
9923:
9921:
9918:
9916:
9913:
9912:
9910:
9906:
9900:
9897:
9895:
9892:
9890:
9887:
9885:
9882:
9880:
9877:
9875:
9872:
9870:
9867:
9865:
9862:
9860:
9857:
9855:
9852:
9850:
9847:
9845:
9842:
9840:
9837:
9835:
9832:
9830:
9827:
9825:
9822:
9820:
9817:
9815:
9812:
9810:
9807:
9805:
9802:
9800:
9797:
9795:
9792:
9790:
9787:
9786:
9784:
9781:
9772:
9762:
9761:Valero Energy
9759:
9757:
9754:
9752:
9749:
9747:
9744:
9742:
9739:
9737:
9734:
9732:
9729:
9727:
9726:Suncor Energy
9724:
9722:
9719:
9717:
9714:
9712:
9709:
9707:
9704:
9702:
9699:
9697:
9694:
9692:
9689:
9687:
9684:
9682:
9679:
9677:
9674:
9672:
9669:
9667:
9664:
9662:
9659:
9657:
9654:
9652:
9649:
9647:
9644:
9642:
9639:
9637:
9634:
9632:
9629:
9628:
9626:
9622:
9616:
9613:
9611:
9608:
9606:
9603:
9601:
9598:
9596:
9593:
9591:
9588:
9586:
9583:
9582:
9580:
9578:
9574:
9568:
9565:
9563:
9560:
9558:
9555:
9553:
9550:
9548:
9545:
9543:
9540:
9538:
9535:
9533:
9530:
9528:
9525:
9523:
9520:
9518:
9515:
9513:
9510:
9508:
9505:
9503:
9500:
9498:
9495:
9493:
9490:
9488:
9485:
9483:
9480:
9478:
9475:
9473:
9470:
9468:
9465:
9463:
9460:
9458:
9455:
9453:
9450:
9448:
9445:
9443:
9440:
9438:
9435:
9433:
9430:
9428:
9425:
9423:
9420:
9418:
9415:
9413:
9410:
9408:
9405:
9403:
9400:
9398:
9395:
9393:
9390:
9388:
9385:
9383:
9380:
9378:
9375:
9374:
9372:
9369:
9362:
9356:
9355:TotalEnergies
9353:
9351:
9348:
9346:
9343:
9341:
9338:
9336:
9333:
9331:
9328:
9327:
9325:
9323:
9319:
9316:
9313:
9304:
9301:
9299:organisations
9297:Companies and
9295:
9287:
9284:
9282:
9279:
9277:
9274:
9272:
9269:
9268:
9267:
9264:
9262:
9259:
9257:
9254:
9252:
9249:
9247:
9244:
9242:
9239:
9237:
9236:Petrocurrency
9234:
9230:
9227:
9225:
9222:
9221:
9220:
9217:
9215:
9212:
9210:
9209:Oil shale gas
9207:
9203:
9200:
9198:
9195:
9194:
9192:
9190:
9189:Abbreviations
9187:
9186:
9184:
9180:
9174:
9171:
9169:
9166:
9164:
9161:
9159:
9156:
9154:
9151:
9149:
9148:Permian Basin
9146:
9144:
9141:
9139:
9136:
9134:
9131:
9129:
9126:
9124:
9121:
9119:
9116:
9114:
9111:
9109:
9106:
9105:
9103:
9097:
9091:
9088:
9086:
9085:United States
9083:
9081:
9078:
9076:
9073:
9071:
9068:
9066:
9063:
9061:
9058:
9056:
9053:
9051:
9048:
9046:
9045:Seven Sisters
9043:
9041:
9038:
9036:
9033:
9031:
9028:
9026:
9023:
9021:
9018:
9016:
9013:
9011:
9008:
9006:
9003:
9001:
8998:
8996:
8993:
8991:
8988:
8987:
8985:
8983:
8979:
8973:
8970:
8968:
8965:
8963:
8960:
8958:
8955:
8953:
8950:
8948:
8945:
8943:
8940:
8938:
8935:
8931:
8928:
8926:
8923:
8922:
8921:
8918:
8916:
8913:
8909:
8906:
8904:
8901:
8899:
8896:
8895:
8894:
8891:
8887:
8884:
8882:
8879:
8878:
8877:
8874:
8873:
8871:
8869:
8865:
8859:
8856:
8854:
8851:
8849:
8846:
8842:
8839:
8838:
8837:
8834:
8832:
8829:
8827:
8824:
8820:
8817:
8816:
8815:
8812:
8810:
8807:
8805:
8802:
8798:
8795:
8794:
8793:
8790:
8788:
8785:
8781:
8778:
8777:
8776:
8773:
8771:
8768:
8767:
8765:
8763:
8759:
8753:
8750:
8746:
8743:
8742:
8741:
8738:
8736:
8733:
8731:
8728:
8724:
8721:
8719:
8716:
8715:
8714:
8711:
8709:
8706:
8704:
8701:
8699:
8698:Core sampling
8696:
8695:
8693:
8691:
8687:
8675:
8672:
8671:
8670:
8667:
8665:
8662:
8660:
8657:
8655:
8652:
8650:
8647:
8645:
8642:
8640:
8637:
8636:
8634:
8630:
8624:
8621:
8619:
8616:
8614:
8611:
8609:
8606:
8604:
8601:
8599:
8596:
8595:
8593:
8589:
8586:
8582:
8576:
8573:
8571:
8568:
8566:
8563:
8561:
8558:
8556:
8553:
8551:
8548:
8546:
8543:
8541:
8538:
8536:
8535:Indian Basket
8533:
8531:
8528:
8526:
8523:
8521:
8518:
8516:
8513:
8512:
8510:
8508:
8504:
8498:
8495:
8493:
8490:
8489:
8486:
8482:
8475:
8470:
8468:
8463:
8461:
8456:
8455:
8452:
8440:
8437:
8435:
8432:
8430:
8427:
8425:
8422:
8420:
8417:
8415:
8412:
8410:
8407:
8405:
8402:
8400:
8397:
8395:
8392:
8390:
8387:
8385:
8382:
8381:
8379:
8375:
8369:
8366:
8364:
8361:
8359:
8356:
8354:
8351:
8349:
8346:
8344:
8341:
8339:
8336:
8334:
8331:
8329:
8326:
8324:
8321:
8320:
8318:
8316:Organizations
8314:
8308:
8307:
8303:
8301:
8300:
8296:
8294:
8293:
8289:
8287:
8286:
8282:
8280:
8279:
8275:
8273:
8272:
8268:
8266:
8265:
8261:
8259:
8258:
8254:
8252:
8251:
8247:
8245:
8244:
8240:
8238:
8237:
8233:
8232:
8230:
8226:
8220:
8219:
8215:
8213:
8212:
8208:
8206:
8205:
8201:
8199:
8198:
8194:
8192:
8191:
8187:
8185:
8184:
8180:
8178:
8177:
8173:
8171:
8170:
8166:
8165:
8163:
8159:
8153:
8150:
8148:
8145:
8143:
8140:
8138:
8135:
8133:
8130:
8128:
8125:
8123:
8120:
8118:
8115:
8113:
8110:
8108:
8105:
8103:
8100:
8098:
8095:
8093:
8090:
8088:
8085:
8084:
8082:
8078:
8072:
8069:
8067:
8066:Simple living
8064:
8062:
8059:
8057:
8054:
8052:
8049:
8047:
8044:
8042:
8039:
8037:
8034:
8032:
8031:Hirsch report
8029:
8027:
8026:Food vs. fuel
8024:
8022:
8019:
8017:
8016:Energy crisis
8014:
8012:
8009:
8007:
8004:
8002:
7999:
7998:
7996:
7992:
7987:
7977:
7974:
7972:
7969:
7967:
7964:
7963:
7961:
7957:
7953:
7946:
7941:
7939:
7934:
7932:
7927:
7926:
7923:
7916:
7913:
7910:
7907:
7904:
7901:
7898:
7894:
7891:
7888:
7885:
7881:
7878:
7874:
7871:
7868:
7865:
7863:
7860:
7859:
7851:
7848:
7846:
7843:
7842:
7834:
7833:
7829:
7826:
7825:
7821:
7818:
7817:
7813:
7810:
7809:
7805:
7802:
7801:
7797:
7794:
7793:
7789:
7786:
7785:
7781:
7778:
7777:
7773:
7770:
7769:
7765:
7762:
7761:
7757:
7754:
7753:
7749:
7748:
7735:
7730:
7726:
7725:
7720:
7715:
7704:
7700:
7695:
7693:
7691:
7686:
7682:
7676:
7660:
7656:
7652:
7648:
7644:
7640:
7636:
7632:
7628:
7624:
7620:
7616:
7611:
7607:
7602:
7601:
7591:
7585:
7581:
7577:
7573:
7569:
7563:
7559:
7558:
7553:
7549:
7545:
7539:
7535:
7530:
7526:
7520:
7516:
7511:
7507:
7501:
7497:
7493:
7489:
7485:
7479:
7475:
7474:
7469:
7465:
7461:
7455:
7451:
7447:
7443:
7439:
7433:
7429:
7428:
7423:
7419:
7415:
7411:
7407:
7401:
7397:
7392:
7388:
7382:
7378:
7373:
7369:
7363:
7359:
7358:
7353:
7349:
7345:
7339:
7335:
7330:
7326:
7320:
7316:
7315:
7310:
7306:
7302:
7296:
7292:
7291:
7286:
7282:
7278:
7272:
7268:
7267:
7261:
7258:
7254:
7250:
7244:
7240:
7235:
7231:
7225:
7220:
7219:
7212:
7208:
7202:
7198:
7197:
7191:
7187:
7181:
7177:
7176:
7171:
7167:
7163:
7157:
7153:
7148:
7144:
7138:
7134:
7129:
7125:
7119:
7115:
7111:
7107:
7103:
7097:
7093:
7089:
7085:
7081:
7080:
7075:
7071:
7067:
7061:
7057:
7056:
7050:
7046:
7040:
7036:
7032:
7028:
7026:
7022:
7019:
7015:
7012:
7008:
7002:
6998:
6994:
6990:
6986:
6980:
6976:
6971:
6970:
6954:
6953:
6949:
6943:
6936:
6935:
6931:
6925:
6918:
6914:
6910:
6904:
6888:
6882:
6880:
6871:
6869:9780241279250
6865:
6861:
6854:
6845:
6829:
6823:
6807:
6803:
6799:
6793:
6777:
6773:
6766:
6750:
6743:
6728:
6724:
6717:
6715:
6705:
6697:
6693:
6689:
6685:
6681:
6677:
6673:
6666:
6657:
6642:
6638:
6635:Smith, Karl.
6631:
6615:
6614:
6609:
6602:
6586:
6582:
6578:
6577:
6572:
6568:
6562:
6543:
6536:
6528:
6521:
6506:
6502:
6495:
6487:
6481:
6466:
6462:
6456:
6448:
6442:
6427:
6423:
6416:
6408:
6404:
6400:
6396:
6392:
6388:
6387:Energy Policy
6381:
6373:
6360:
6341:
6334:
6327:
6308:
6301:
6294:
6286:
6273:
6254:
6250:
6243:
6236:
6220:
6216:
6212:
6206:
6197:
6190:
6185:
6176:
6157:
6153:
6149:
6145:
6141:
6137:
6133:
6132:Energy Policy
6126:
6119:
6117:
6101:
6097:
6091:
6075:
6071:
6065:
6058:
6057:0-691-09086-6
6054:
6048:
6029:
6025:
6021:
6017:
6013:
6006:
6005:
6001:(June 1956).
6000:
5994:
5987:
5981:
5974:
5968:
5952:
5948:
5947:
5942:
5936:
5930:
5925:
5910:
5904:
5888:
5884:
5878:
5872:
5867:
5851:
5845:
5836:
5831:
5827:
5823:
5819:
5815:
5814:AIChE Journal
5811:
5804:
5785:
5778:
5774:
5768:
5749:
5742:
5738:
5732:
5730:
5721:
5715:
5700:
5696:
5689:
5674:
5670:
5664:
5656:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5638:
5634:
5630:
5626:
5622:
5618:
5614:
5607:
5605:
5589:
5585:
5578:
5563:
5559:
5552:
5544:
5531:
5520:
5505:
5499:
5483:
5477:
5462:
5458:
5452:
5437:
5433:
5427:
5419:
5415:
5411:
5407:
5401:
5386:
5382:
5375:
5359:
5355:
5349:
5334:
5330:
5323:
5312:
5305:
5290:
5286:
5279:
5264:
5260:
5254:
5238:
5234:
5227:
5212:
5208:
5202:
5200:
5184:
5180:
5174:
5172:
5156:
5152:
5145:
5130:
5126:
5120:
5105:
5101:
5095:
5080:
5076:
5069:
5054:
5050:
5044:
5028:
5024:
5018:
5003:
4999:
4993:
4985:
4981:
4974:
4959:
4955:
4948:
4940:
4927:
4911:
4904:
4898:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4862:
4861:Energy Policy
4858:
4851:
4835:
4831:
4827:
4821:
4806:
4802:
4795:
4780:
4776:
4770:
4762:
4758:
4751:
4735:
4731:
4725:
4717:
4713:
4707:
4692:
4688:
4682:
4675:
4672:
4666:
4664:
4648:
4644:
4638:
4630:
4617:
4609:
4605:
4601:
4594:
4592:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4544:
4542:
4526:
4525:
4520:
4513:
4497:
4493:
4489:
4482:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4447:
4432:
4425:
4418:
4410:
4397:
4378:
4374:
4367:
4360:
4345:
4338:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4288:
4281:
4273:
4260:
4245:
4241:
4234:
4227:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4191:
4183:
4176:
4161:
4154:
4135:
4131:
4124:
4117:
4101:
4094:
4079:
4075:
4068:
4066:
4050:
4046:
4039:
4033:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4004:Energy Policy
3998:
3983:
3979:
3973:
3958:
3954:
3947:
3940:
3935:
3928:
3923:
3916:
3911:
3904:
3899:
3884:
3880:
3873:
3871:
3862:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3821:
3819:
3817:
3800:
3796:
3789:
3787:
3785:
3769:
3762:
3755:
3747:
3743:
3737:
3730:
3729:1-903144-03-5
3726:
3722:
3716:
3709:
3705:
3702:
3696:
3689:
3685:
3682:
3676:
3660:
3656:
3650:
3648:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3613:
3606:
3590:
3583:
3576:
3572:
3566:
3551:
3547:
3540:
3521:
3513:
3511:
3503:
3497:
3482:
3478:
3471:
3456:
3455:
3450:
3443:
3435:
3431:
3424:
3409:
3405:
3399:
3383:
3379:
3373:
3358:
3354:
3348:
3333:
3329:
3323:
3308:
3304:
3298:
3283:
3279:
3273:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3257:
3249:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3202:
3187:
3183:
3177:
3162:
3158:
3152:
3137:
3133:
3127:
3111:
3107:
3101:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3071:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3041:
3026:
3022:
3016:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2986:
2970:
2966:
2960:
2958:
2942:
2938:
2932:
2924:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2875:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2833:
2832:
2828:(June 1956).
2827:
2821:
2814:
2808:
2792:
2788:
2782:
2780:
2764:
2760:
2753:
2738:
2734:
2728:
2726:
2718:
2706:
2702:
2696:
2694:
2678:
2674:
2668:
2653:
2649:
2643:
2628:
2624:
2618:
2603:
2599:
2593:
2589:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2541:Peak minerals
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2496:Oil Shockwave
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2474:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2424:Kuznets curve
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2394:Carbon bubble
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2311:Energy policy
2310:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2288:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2258:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2232:
2229:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2208:
2206:
2201:
2197:
2196:Daniel Yergin
2192:
2181:
2176:
2174:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2141:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2098:
2095:
2074:
2069:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1660:2004 or 2019
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1565:
1563:
1550:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1526:
1524:
1520:
1514:
1508:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1479:
1477:
1472:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1448:
1446:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1383:Hirsch report
1380:
1376:
1372:
1371:Hirsch report
1368:
1364:
1361:In 2005, the
1358:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1324:, to provide
1323:
1319:
1315:
1314:Haber process
1311:
1307:
1302:
1300:
1297:, artificial
1296:
1292:
1288:
1287:agrichemicals
1284:
1278:
1277:Food security
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1261:Food vs. fuel
1252:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1214:aviation fuel
1211:
1197:
1193:
1191:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1153:Hirsch report
1144:
1140:
1132:
1123:
1121:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1099:
1094:
1093:Energy demand
1085:
1082:
1080:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1042:
1037:
1035:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1020:
931:
928:
923:
914:
912:
908:
903:
898:
896:
892:
886:
882:
880:
870:
865:
864:Oil depletion
855:
853:
848:
843:
833:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
806:
802:
800:
786:
782:
778:
773:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
722:
720:
716:
712:
708:
698:
694:
692:
688:
684:
680:
679:gas-to-liquid
676:
672:
665:
661:
660:Fort McMurray
656:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
625:
623:
618:
616:
613:within their
612:
608:
604:
598:
590:
586:
584:
574:
564:
556:
552:
546:
537:
534:
531:
525:
521:
513:
508:
499:
496:
492:
489:
480:
471:
464:
453:
445:
436:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
408:
402:
392:
382:
378:
374:
370:
365:
363:
362:Permian Basin
357:
355:
349:
347:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
296:
293:
289:
284:
280:
276:
273:
272:
271:
266:
257:
248:
245:
243:
239:
234:
221:
217:
213:
211:
207:
202:
197:
195:
191:
185:
183:
179:
175:
164:
155:
146:
144:
140:
135:
131:
127:
122:
120:
116:
111:
107:
106:oil depletion
102:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
65:
60:
54:
50:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
12289:
12101:Publications
12060:Antinatalism
11998:
11975:World3 model
11835:Major topics
11775:
11739:Hedonophobia
11699:Deep ecology
11635:
11628:
11621:
11614:
11607:
11600:
11593:
11470:Satish Kumar
11328:Plain people
11293:Distributism
11207:Sattvic diet
11197:Permaculture
11192:Off-the-grid
11167:Gift economy
11137:Downshifting
11127:Cord-cutting
11042: /
10916:Exploitation
10801:Conservation
10744:Desalination
10679:
10572:conservation
10407:Biodiversity
10355:conservation
10202:Agricultural
10145:
10130:Fossil fuels
9864:Schlumberger
9794:Baker Hughes
9686:Marathon Oil
9676:Imperial Oil
9671:Husky Energy
9661:Galp Energia
9651:Devon Energy
9537:Saudi Aramco
9517:Petrovietnam
9462:NNPC Limited
9366:National oil
9246:Petrofiction
9218:
9214:Orphan wells
9182:Other topics
9153:Persian Gulf
9080:Saudi Arabia
9050:Standard Oil
8858:Well logging
8735:Petrophysics
8343:The Oil Drum
8304:
8297:
8290:
8283:
8276:
8270:
8262:
8255:
8249:
8242:
8234:
8216:
8209:
8202:
8195:
8188:
8181:
8174:
8167:
8051:Price of oil
8046:Pickens Plan
8041:Permaculture
7951:
7830:
7822:
7814:
7806:
7798:
7790:
7782:
7776:Crude Impact
7774:
7766:
7758:
7750:
7724:Fast Company
7722:
7706:. Retrieved
7702:
7689:
7675:cite journal
7663:. Retrieved
7659:the original
7641:(3): 78–83.
7638:
7634:
7579:
7556:
7533:
7514:
7495:
7472:
7449:
7426:
7422:Roberts Paul
7395:
7376:
7356:
7352:Lovins Amory
7333:
7313:
7289:
7265:
7256:
7238:
7217:
7195:
7174:
7151:
7132:
7113:
7078:
7054:
7034:
7017:
6996:
6974:
6952:The Oil Drum
6950:
6942:
6934:The Guardian
6932:
6924:
6903:
6891:. Retrieved
6859:
6853:
6844:
6832:. Retrieved
6822:
6810:. Retrieved
6806:the original
6798:Charlie Rose
6792:
6780:. Retrieved
6776:the original
6765:
6753:. Retrieved
6742:
6730:. Retrieved
6726:
6704:
6679:
6675:
6665:
6656:
6644:. Retrieved
6640:
6630:
6618:. Retrieved
6616:. Condé Nast
6611:
6601:
6589:. Retrieved
6585:the original
6574:
6561:
6549:. Retrieved
6547:(Report). BP
6535:
6520:
6508:. Retrieved
6504:
6494:
6480:
6468:. Retrieved
6464:
6455:
6441:
6429:. Retrieved
6425:
6415:
6390:
6386:
6380:
6359:cite journal
6347:. Retrieved
6340:the original
6326:
6314:. Retrieved
6307:the original
6293:
6272:cite journal
6260:. Retrieved
6253:the original
6235:
6223:. Retrieved
6221:: Beyond Oil
6205:
6196:
6184:
6175:
6163:. Retrieved
6156:the original
6135:
6131:
6103:. Retrieved
6099:
6090:
6078:. Retrieved
6073:
6064:
6047:
6035:. Retrieved
6028:the original
6003:
5993:
5985:
5980:
5972:
5967:
5955:. Retrieved
5944:
5935:
5924:
5912:. Retrieved
5903:
5891:. Retrieved
5887:the original
5877:
5866:
5854:. Retrieved
5844:
5817:
5813:
5803:
5791:. Retrieved
5784:the original
5767:
5755:. Retrieved
5748:the original
5702:. Retrieved
5698:
5688:
5676:. Retrieved
5672:
5663:
5620:
5616:
5591:. Retrieved
5587:
5577:
5565:. Retrieved
5562:FastCo Works
5561:
5551:
5519:
5507:. Retrieved
5498:
5486:. Retrieved
5484:. World Bank
5476:
5464:. Retrieved
5460:
5451:
5439:. Retrieved
5435:
5426:
5417:
5400:
5388:. Retrieved
5384:
5374:
5362:. Retrieved
5357:
5348:
5336:. Retrieved
5332:
5322:
5304:
5292:. Retrieved
5288:
5278:
5266:. Retrieved
5262:
5253:
5241:. Retrieved
5236:
5226:
5214:. Retrieved
5210:
5186:. Retrieved
5182:
5158:. Retrieved
5154:
5144:
5132:. Retrieved
5128:
5119:
5107:. Retrieved
5103:
5094:
5082:. Retrieved
5078:
5068:
5056:. Retrieved
5052:
5043:
5031:. Retrieved
5026:
5017:
5005:. Retrieved
5001:
4992:
4983:
4973:
4961:. Retrieved
4957:
4947:
4926:cite journal
4914:. Retrieved
4897:
4864:
4860:
4850:
4838:. Retrieved
4834:the original
4820:
4808:. Retrieved
4804:
4794:
4782:. Retrieved
4778:
4769:
4760:
4750:
4738:. Retrieved
4733:
4724:
4716:ResearchGate
4715:
4706:
4694:. Retrieved
4690:
4681:
4673:
4650:. Retrieved
4646:
4637:
4616:cite journal
4557:
4553:
4528:. Retrieved
4522:
4512:
4500:. Retrieved
4496:the original
4491:
4481:
4456:
4452:
4446:
4434:. Retrieved
4430:
4417:
4396:cite journal
4384:. Retrieved
4377:the original
4359:
4347:. Retrieved
4337:
4325:. Retrieved
4318:the original
4297:
4293:
4280:
4259:cite journal
4247:. Retrieved
4226:
4214:. Retrieved
4194:
4188:
4175:
4163:. Retrieved
4153:
4141:. Retrieved
4134:the original
4129:
4116:
4104:. Retrieved
4093:
4081:. Retrieved
4052:. Retrieved
4044:
4032:
4007:
4003:
3997:
3985:. Retrieved
3981:
3972:
3960:. Retrieved
3956:
3946:
3934:
3922:
3910:
3898:
3886:. Retrieved
3882:
3834:
3830:
3803:. Retrieved
3799:the original
3773:26 September
3771:. Retrieved
3767:
3754:
3745:
3736:
3720:
3715:
3695:
3675:
3663:. Retrieved
3658:
3634:. Retrieved
3627:the original
3622:
3618:
3605:
3593:. Retrieved
3582:
3565:
3553:. Retrieved
3550:Boston Globe
3549:
3539:
3527:. Retrieved
3496:
3484:. Retrieved
3480:
3470:
3458:. Retrieved
3452:
3442:
3433:
3423:
3411:. Retrieved
3407:
3398:
3386:. Retrieved
3381:
3372:
3360:. Retrieved
3356:
3347:
3335:. Retrieved
3332:Schlumberger
3331:
3322:
3310:. Retrieved
3306:
3297:
3285:. Retrieved
3281:
3272:
3255:
3248:
3215:
3211:
3201:
3189:. Retrieved
3185:
3176:
3164:. Retrieved
3160:
3151:
3139:. Retrieved
3135:
3126:
3114:. Retrieved
3109:
3100:
3088:. Retrieved
3084:the original
3080:Schlumberger
3079:
3070:
3058:. Retrieved
3054:the original
3049:
3040:
3028:. Retrieved
3024:
3015:
3005:25 September
3003:. Retrieved
2999:the original
2994:
2985:
2975:16 September
2973:. Retrieved
2969:The Guardian
2968:
2944:. Retrieved
2941:OilPrice.com
2940:
2931:
2888:
2884:
2874:
2862:. Retrieved
2855:the original
2830:
2820:
2807:
2797:25 September
2795:. Retrieved
2790:
2766:. Retrieved
2762:
2752:
2740:. Retrieved
2736:
2715:
2708:. Retrieved
2704:
2680:. Retrieved
2676:
2667:
2655:. Retrieved
2651:
2642:
2630:. Retrieved
2626:
2617:
2605:. Retrieved
2601:
2592:
2570:
2551:Peak uranium
2297:
2285:
2233:
2225:
2209:
2193:
2189:
2178:
2170:
2161:
2144:
2139:
2115:
2099:
2090:
2058:
2052:Peter Odell
2047:
2034:
2023:
2010:
1996:
1983:
1970:
1957:
1946:
1933:
1922:
1907:
1894:
1881:
1870:
1857:
1844:
1831:
1820:
1807:
1794:
1781:
1768:
1755:
1741:
1736:Beyond 2020
1728:
1717:
1704:
1691:
1678:
1665:
1650:
1637:
1624:
1611:
1571:
1558:
1547:
1543:
1527:
1516:
1480:
1471:Permaculture
1469:
1463:which cause
1457:fossil fuels
1454:
1442:
1438:New Urbanism
1426:shared space
1422:smart growth
1418:light trains
1399:
1396:
1366:
1360:
1345:electrolysis
1334:
1303:
1291:hydrocarbons
1280:
1234:
1207:
1187:
1167:fossil fuels
1164:
1141:
1137:
1117:
1102:
1091:
1083:
1067:
1056:
1045:
1038:
1033:
1031:
1016:
926:
902:Saudi Aramco
899:
891:Saudi Aramco
887:
883:
875:
849:
845:
818:heavy metals
811:
798:
774:
730:Orinoco Belt
723:
703:
668:
619:
599:
595:
582:
572:
561:
544:
535:
530:oil reserves
527:
520:Oil reserves
512:oil reserves
502:Oil reserves
497:
493:
476:
462:
451:
409:
407:10 m).
400:
390:
373:Orinoco Belt
366:
358:
350:
343:
334:oil refinery
268:
246:
237:
235:
231:
214:
198:
186:
171:
168:Defining oil
123:
103:
70:
69:
36:
11984:Society and
11943:Biocapacity
11771:Nonviolence
11689:Consumerism
11684:Bohemianism
11659:Agrarianism
11515:Leo Tolstoy
11445:Duane Elgin
11404:Small house
11323:Plain dress
11313:Monasticism
11308:Mindfulness
11217:Slow living
11035:Nationalism
11007:Common-pool
10648:Hydrosphere
10641:remediation
10626:Groundwater
10221:Degradation
9834:Halliburton
9706:Phillips 66
9527:QatarEnergy
9497:Petrobangla
9432:KazMunayGas
9322:Supermajors
9271:heavy crude
9158:Prudhoe Bay
9138:Niger Delta
9118:Caspian Sea
8881:Concessions
8831:Measurement
8797:Geosteering
8780:Squeeze job
8690:Exploration
8639:Consumption
8598:Consumption
8591:Natural gas
8520:Bonny Light
8377:Other peaks
7959:Core issues
6732:16 November
6499:Wile, Rob.
6465:www.eia.gov
6431:27 December
6393:(8): 4743.
6316:15 November
6016:San Antonio
5914:13 February
5893:3 September
5856:16 December
5793:16 February
5757:28 November
5263:www.eia.gov
5155:GIS Reports
5104:www.eia.gov
4963:18 November
4916:24 November
4840:4 September
4502:20 December
4488:"After Oil"
4459:(1): 1–16.
4143:16 November
4072:Bob Weber.
3413:19 November
3337:6 September
3282:www.eia.gov
3161:www.eia.gov
3136:www.eia.gov
2843:San Antonio
2602:www.eia.gov
2526:Peak copper
2106:algae fuels
2063:PFC Energy
2042:After 2020
1965:After 2025
1825:J. Bookout
1701:About 2000
1621:About 2000
1501:Predictions
1495:Rob Hopkins
1322:natural gas
1299:fertilizers
1273:Agriculture
826:Middle East
470:Ron Oxburgh
439:Discoveries
194:API gravity
190:API gravity
178:hydrocarbon
83:diesel fuel
12171:Events and
11986:population
11932:Population
11883:Population
11828:Population
11714:Food miles
11664:Amateurism
11556:Jim Merkel
11536:Mark Boyle
11490:Nick Rosen
11409:Tiny house
11343:Temperance
11288:Detachment
11283:Asceticism
11278:Aparigraha
11157:Freeganism
11142:Dry toilet
11030:Extraction
10989:Wilderness
10950:accounting
10933:Management
10899:ecological
10887:tragedy of
10806:Peak water
10791:Efficiency
10764:Sanitation
10706:Stormwater
10699:harvesting
10675:Irrigation
10577:management
10535:gene banks
10476:management
10454:management
10370:resilience
10336:phosphorus
10292:industrial
10270:Management
10246:soundscape
10152:Geothermal
9884:Transocean
9751:Tullow Oil
9741:TechnipFMC
9507:PetroChina
9345:ExxonMobil
9251:Shale band
9128:East Texas
9101:and fields
8915:Downstream
8868:Production
8775:Completion
8703:Geophysics
8644:Production
8603:Production
8540:Indonesian
8515:Argus Sour
8507:Benchmarks
8419:Phosphorus
8211:Power Down
8197:Out of Gas
8176:Beyond Oil
7808:Blind Spot
7692:, 5(1255).
6682:(4): 431.
6620:6 November
6591:6 November
6551:6 November
6470:25 January
6189:Bardi, Ugo
5820:(1): 2–8.
5704:18 January
5678:18 January
5539:|url=
5466:19 January
5441:18 January
5436:Energy.gov
5410:Roser, Max
5390:18 January
5364:18 January
5338:10 January
5294:10 January
5268:19 January
5239:. Time Inc
5216:18 January
5188:19 January
5160:19 January
5134:19 January
5109:19 January
5007:19 January
4810:18 January
4805:resilience
4784:18 January
4740:18 January
4696:18 January
4652:18 January
4327:2 December
3987:18 January
3837:: 100174.
3665:18 January
3529:23 January
3460:18 January
3388:18 January
3362:18 January
3312:18 January
3287:18 January
3218:: 117843.
3191:18 January
3166:18 January
3141:18 January
3116:4 November
3060:4 December
3030:18 January
2710:16 January
2682:17 January
2677:www.ft.com
2657:17 January
2607:25 January
2561:Peak wheat
2556:Peak water
2486:Age of Oil
2449:Oil burden
2322:Energy law
2276:Ecoflation
2260:Prediction
2082:Criticisms
2066:2015–2020
2018:2006–2007
2015:Bakhitari
1991:2007–2009
1917:2010–2020
1889:2020–2050
1865:2025–2028
1815:2010–2016
1800:World Bank
1786:Goodstein
1763:2003–2008
1733:EIA (WEO)
1675:1991–2000
1531:logistical
1511:See also:
1391:mitigation
1355:See also:
1310:fertilizer
1259:See also:
1222:World Bank
1057:In 2020,
836:Production
715:extraction
711:strip mine
134:1956 paper
12267:Migration
12144:6 billion
11761:Itinerant
11654:Affluenza
11338:Rastafari
11303:Mendicant
11187:No frills
11162:Frugality
11132:DIY ethic
11115:Practices
11040:Renewable
11025:Depletion
11012:Conflict
10894:Economics
10872:enclosure
10831:Resources
10811:Pollution
10728:Watershed
10631:pollution
10562:Seed bank
10557:Rangeland
10439:Fisheries
10424:Biosphere
10417:biopiracy
10360:fertility
10236:cityscape
10231:Landscape
10138:peak coal
10125:Resources
10076:Emissions
9879:TC Energy
9780:companies
9610:Trafigura
9557:Sonatrach
9502:Petrobras
9492:Pertamina
9402:Ecopetrol
9368:companies
9312:companies
9310:petroleum
9286:tight oil
9281:oil shale
9276:oil sands
9256:Shale gas
9197:sweet oil
9168:Venezuela
9143:North Sea
9099:Provinces
9090:Venezuela
8937:Midstream
8632:Petroleum
8492:Petroleum
7414:228370383
6727:CNBC News
5637:0962-8436
5385:Bloomberg
5243:16 August
5033:3 October
4889:0301-4215
4761:Bloomberg
4574:1364-503X
4473:0926-860X
4211:0208-189X
4102:. RigZone
3962:21 August
3888:26 August
3861:2666-0490
3636:21 August
3595:21 August
3555:21 August
3240:0306-2619
3090:16 August
3050:Crude Oil
2585:Citations
2536:Peak gold
2521:Peak coal
2511:Overshoot
2363:Economics
2342:Shale gas
2287:Oil Storm
2216:oil sands
2194:In 2008,
2152:oil shale
2147:oil sands
2028:Campbell
2003:Laherrère
1913:Laherrère
1836:Campbell
1760:Deffeyes
1749:, et al.
1579:tight oil
1237:jet fuels
909:in their
734:Venezuela
687:shale oil
675:oil sands
671:tight oil
646:Oil shale
642:Oil sands
615:economies
611:stability
479:oilfields
369:oil sands
346:oil shale
326:upgrading
308:or extra-
302:sandstone
298:Oil sands
292:oil shale
283:fractures
275:Tight oil
242:tight oil
174:petroleum
124:Numerous
99:waterways
12369:Peak oil
12363:Category
12302:Category
12070:Natalism
11993:Eugenics
11776:Peak oil
11704:Degrowth
11520:Valluvar
11379:Car-free
11242:Veganism
11066:Category
10999:Resource
10938:adaptive
10836:improved
10796:Conflict
10781:Security
10776:Scarcity
10769:improved
10759:Leaching
10636:recharge
10616:Drinking
10567:Wildlife
10434:Bushmeat
10429:Bushfood
10382:planning
10287:gemstone
10282:Minerals
10263:property
10251:viewshed
10241:seascape
10172:sunlight
10146:peak oil
10142:peak gas
9967:Category
9874:Subsea 7
9854:Petrofac
9849:NOV Inc.
9829:GE Power
9824:Enbridge
9778:services
9600:Mercuria
9590:Glencore
9552:Sonangol
9512:Petronas
9447:Naftogaz
9219:Peak oil
9202:sour oil
8957:Upstream
8952:Refining
8947:Pipeline
8903:Pumpjack
8898:Gas lift
8819:invasion
8762:Drilling
8649:Reserves
8608:Reserves
8414:Minerals
8243:Collapse
7952:Peak oil
7893:Archived
7880:Archived
7839:Podcasts
7824:Collapse
7708:26 March
7703:BBC News
7629:(1998).
7598:Articles
7578:(2009).
7554:(2006).
7494:(1998).
7470:(2005).
7448:(2005).
7424:(2004).
7311:(2005).
7287:(2005).
7172:(2003).
7152:Peak Oil
7112:(2008).
7076:(2005).
7033:(2002).
6995:(2004).
6893:26 April
6812:29 March
6755:26 April
6696:10323847
6567:Shilling
6037:18 April
5986:Coal Age
5951:Archived
5714:cite web
5655:20713398
5530:cite web
5183:Statista
5129:Statista
5058:13 April
5002:Statista
4582:24298082
4300:(9): 2.
4083:29 March
4054:29 March
3939:IEO 2009
3927:IEO 2007
3915:IEO 2006
3903:IEO 2004
3704:Archived
3684:Archived
3486:21 April
3382:BBC News
3307:Statista
2923:24298085
2864:18 April
2768:4 August
2742:4 August
2632:4 August
2531:Peak gas
2516:Peak car
2399:Degrowth
2254:See also
2183:—
2150:form of
1988:Simmons
1927:Ivanhoe
1862:Cavallo
1850:Campbell
1722:Hubbert
1647:By 2000
1603:Made by
1594:Made by
1552:—
1523:Gulf Oil
1414:bicycles
1379:economic
1337:hydrogen
1326:hydrogen
1312:via the
1034:peak oil
822:tailings
762:Syncrude
750:Colorado
607:security
548:—
466:—
455:—
238:peak oil
172:Oil, or
91:biofuels
79:gasoline
71:Peak oil
64:lower 48
12315:Portals
12291:Commons
11934:ecology
11885:biology
11749:commune
11647:Related
11333:Quakers
11147:Fasting
10867:Commons
10856:Related
10821:Quality
10737:Aspects
10663:glacial
10604:Aquifer
10510:Pasture
10461:Forests
10387:reserve
10162:Nuclear
10132: (
10088:Trading
10083:Airshed
9542:Sinopec
9532:Rosneft
9412:Gazprom
9407:Equinor
9335:Chevron
8982:History
8848:Tracers
8770:Blowout
8659:Exports
8654:Imports
8618:Exports
8613:Imports
8278:GasHole
7816:GasHole
7643:Bibcode
7088:Bibcode
7084:U21B–03
6834:11 July
6395:Bibcode
6349:27 July
6262:27 July
6225:27 July
6165:11 July
6140:Bibcode
6105:24 July
6100:ETF.com
6080:24 July
5957:7 March
5946:YouTube
5822:Bibcode
5646:2935130
5593:2 March
5567:2 March
5509:3 March
5488:3 March
5358:AP News
5084:10 June
5079:Reuters
5027:Earther
4984:Reuters
4869:Bibcode
4530:11 July
4349:11 July
4302:Bibcode
4249:23 June
4216:17 June
4165:11 July
4106:11 July
4012:Bibcode
3839:Bibcode
3805:27 July
3746:Reuters
3454:Reuters
3220:Bibcode
2946:18 July
2914:3866387
2893:Bibcode
2212:bitumen
1747:Ehrlich
1683:Duncan
1671:Hubbert
1629:Parker
758:Wyoming
740:in the
664:Alberta
510:Proven
338:bitumen
330:diluent
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