4869:, pp. 213–214) Quote: "Starting in the 1920s under the leadership of Kalidas Nag – and continuing even after independence – a number of Indian scholars wrote extensively and rapturously about the ancient Hindu cultural expansion into and colonisation of South and Southeast Asia. They called this vast region "Greater India" – a dubious appellation for a region which to a limited degree, but with little permanence, had been influenced by Indian religion, art, architecture, literature and administrative customs. As a consequence of this renewed and extensive interest in Greater India, many Indians came to believe that the entire South and Southeast Asian region formed the cultural progeny of India; now that the sub-continent was reawakening, they felt, India would once again assert its non-political ascendancy over the area... While the idea of reviving the ancient Greater India was never officially endorsed by the Indian National Congress, it enjoyed considerable popularity in nationalist Indian circles. Indeed, Congress leaders made occasional references to Greater India while the organisation's abiding interest in the problems of overseas Indians lent indirect support to the Indian hope of restoring the alleged cultural and spiritual unity of South and Southeast Asia."
574:
3229:
4773:, p. 364) Quote: "An equally significant movement is one that brought about among the Indian intelligentsia of Calcutta a few years ago the formation of what is known as the "Greater India Society," whose membership is open "to all serious students of the Indian cultural expansion and to all sympathizers of such studies and activities." Though still in its infancy, this organisation has already a large membership, due perhaps as much as anything else to the enthusiasm of its Secretary and Convener, Dr. Kalidas Nag, whose scholarly affiliations with the Orientalists in the University of Paris and studies in Indochina, Insulindia and beyond, have equipped him in an unusual way for the work he has chosen, namely stimulating interest in and spreading knowledge of Greater Indian culture of the past, present and future. The Society's President is Professor
1219:
994:
4951:, which was written during one of Nehru's periods of imprisonment by the British authorities, first published in 1946, and reprinted many times since.... The ideas of both Lévi and the Greater India scholars were known to Nehru through his close intellectual links with Tagore. Thus Lévi's notion of ancient Indian voyagers leaving their invisible 'imprints' throughout east and southeast Asia was for Nehru a recapitulation of Tagore's vision of nationhood, that is an idealisation of India as a benign and uncoercive world civiliser and font of global enlightenment. This was clearly a perspective which defined the Greater India phenomenon as a process of religious and spiritual tutelage, but it was not a Hindu supremacist idea of India's mission to the lands of the Trans-Gangetic
9011:
2502:
systems of the third and fourth century. In order to spread the message of these religions
Buddhist monks and Hindu priests joined mercantile classes in the quest to share their religious and cultural values and beliefs. Along the Mekong delta, evidence of Indianized religious models can be observed in communities labeled Funan. There can be found the earliest records engraved on a rock in Vocanh. The engravings consist of Buddhist archives and a south Indian scripts are written in Sanskrit that have been dated to belong to the early half of the third century. Indian religion was profoundly absorbed by local cultures that formed their own distinctive variations of these structures in order to reflect their own ideals.
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in the first few centuries of the Common Era and eventually settled there. Strong impulse most certainly came from the region's ruling classes who invited
Brahmans to serve at their courts as priests, astrologers and advisers. Divinity and royalty were closely connected in these polities as Hindu rituals validated the powers of the monarch. Brahmans and priests from India proper played a key role in supporting ruling dynasties through exact rituals. Dynastic consolidation was the basis for more centralized kingdoms that emerged in Java, Sumatra, Cambodia, Burma, and along the central and south coasts of Vietnam from the 4th to 8th centuries.
3547:
2368:
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2383:
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5136:... they are now wholly substantiated by the other inscriptions.... They are all Indian, with the exception of one written in Persian... dated in the same year as the Hindu tablet over it... if actual Gabrs (i.e. Zoroastrians, or Parsis) were among the number of worshipers at the shrine, they must have kept in the background, crowded out by Hindus, because the typical features Hanway mentions are distinctly Indian, not Zoroastrian... met two Hindu Fakirs who announced themselves as 'on a pilgrimage to this Baku Jawala Ji'....
1809:
1059:, were transmitted from direct contact as well as through sacred texts and Indian literature. Southeast Asia had developed some prosperous and very powerful colonial empires that contributed to Hindu-Buddhist artistic creations and architectural developments. Art and architectural creations that rivaled those built in India, especially in its sheer size, design and aesthetic achievements. The notable examples are Borobudur in Java and Angkor monuments in Cambodia. The Srivijaya Empire to the south and the
2567:
945:, although receptive to "an idealisation of India as a benign and uncoercive world civiliser and font of global enlightenment," stayed away from explicit "Greater India" formulations. In addition, some scholars have seen the Hindu/Buddhist acculturation in ancient Southeast Asia as "a single cultural process in which Southeast Asia was the matrix and South Asia the mediatrix." In the field of art history, especially in American writings, the term survived due to the influence of art theorist
4881:, pp. 326–330) Quote: "At another level, it was believed that the dynamics of many Asian cultures, particularly those of Southeast Asia, arose from Hindu culture, and the theory of Greater India derived sustenance from Pan-Hinduism. A curious pride was taken in the supposed imperialist past of India, as expressed in sentiments such as these: "The art of Java and Kambuja was no doubt derived from India and fostered by the Indian rulers of these colonies." (Majumdar, R. C. et al. (1950),
3123:(c. 1020–1050), the kingdom split on his death; the new state of Kediri, in eastern Java, became the centre of Javanese culture for the next two centuries, spreading its influence to the eastern parts of Southeast Asia. The spice trade was now becoming increasingly important, as demand from European countries grew. Before they learned to keep sheep and cattle alive in the winter, they had to eat salted meat, made palatable by the addition of spices. One of the main sources was the
4989:, pp. 27–28) Quote: "The tide of revisionism that is currently sweeping through Southeast Asian historiography has in effect taken us back almost to the point where we have to consider reevaluating almost every text bearing on the protohistoric period and many from later times. Although this may seem a daunting proposition, it is nonetheless supremely worth attempting, for the process by which the peoples of western Southeast Asia came to think of themselves as part of
787:
4777:, Vice-Chancellor of Calcutta University, and its Council is made up largely of professors on the faculty of the University and members of the staff of the Calcutta Museum, as well as of Indian authors and journalists. Its activities have included illustrated lecture series at the various universities throughout India by Dr. Nag, the assembling of a research library, and the publication of monographs of which four very excellent examples have already been printed: 1)
59:
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4743:
consist in these aspirants after universal power, but in its peaceful and benevolent
Imperialism – a unique thing in the history of mankind. The colonisers of India did not go with sword and fire in their hands; they used... the weapons of their superior culture and religion... The Buddhist age has attracted special attention, and the French savants have taken much pains to investigate the splendid monuments of the Indian cultural empire in the Far East."
2601:
the now
Islamic Indians started becoming merchants all over Southeast Asia. Moreover, as trade became more saturated in the Southeast Asian regions wherein Indianization once persisted, the regions had become more Muslim populated. This so-called Islamic control has spanned to many of the trading centers across the regions of Southeast Asia, including one of the most dominant centers, Malacca, and has therefore stressed a widespread rise of Islamization.
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979:
2621:
1404:
1554:
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1395:, and Sumatra. The adopted caste system was not as strict as in India, tempered to the local context. There are multiple similarities between the two caste systems such that both state that no one is equal within society and that everyone has his own place. It also promoted the upbringing of highly organized central states. Indians were still able to implement their religion, political ideas, literature, mythology, and art.
2236:
3209:: The Kingdom of Sunda was a Hindu kingdom located in western Java from 669 CE to around 1579 CE, covering the area of present-day Banten, Jakarta, West Java, and the western part of Central Java. According to primary historical records, the Bujangga Manik manuscript, the eastern border of the Sunda Kingdom was the Pamali River (Ci Pamali, the present day Brebes River) and the Serayu River (Ci Sarayu) in Central Java.
2490:
Javanese, and Cham rulers claimed semi-divine status as descendants of a God. Hindu traditions, especially the relationship to the sacrality of the land and social structures, are inherent in
Hinduism's transnational features. The epic traditions of the Mahābhārata and the Rāmāyaṇa further legitimized a ruler identified with a God who battled and defeated the wrong doers that threaten the ethical order of the world.
1539:
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1961:
1601:
4558:, seems often to have been a personal preference of the author concerned. When Europeans began to penetrate into Southeast Asia in earnest, they continued this tradition, attaching to various of the constituent territories such labels as Further India or Hinterindien, the East Indies, the Indian Archipelago, Insulinde, and, in acknowledgment of the presence of a competing culture, Indochina."
3654:(the Great Minister). He also issued copper coins of the Elephant and Lion type with the legend Shri Vakkadeva. Nine principal issues of Bull and Horseman silver coins and only one issue of corresponding copper coins of Spalapatideva have become available. As many as five Elephant and Lion type of copper coins of Shri Vakkadeva are available and curiously the copper issues of Vakka are
4943:, pp. 735–736) Quote:"The Greater India visions which Calcutta thinkers derived from French and other sources are still known to educated anglophone Indians, especially but not exclusively Bengalis from the generation brought up in the traditions of post-Independence Nehruvian secular nationalism. One key source of this knowledge is a warm tribute paid to
3668:. The disorder generally prevailed and the control of Zabulistan changed hands frequently. Taking advantage of the situation, the Shahis stepped up activities on their western frontier. The result was the emergence of a small Hindu power at Ghazni, supported by the Shahis. "The authorities either themselves of early date or enshrining early information mention
3694:-ending names.) Jayapala did not issue any coins in his own name. Bull and Horseman coins with the legend Samantadeva, in billon, seem to have been struck during Jayapala's reign. As the successor of Bhima, Jayapala was a Shahi monarch of the state of Kabul, which now included Punjab. Minhaj-ud-din describes Jayapala as "the greatest of the Rais of Hindustan."
4694:
to New Guinea. Indian religion, Indian culture, Indian laws, and Indian government moulded the lives of the primitive races all over this wide region, and they imbibed a more elevated moral spirit and a higher intellectual taste through the religion, art, and literature of India. In short, the people were lifted to a higher plane of civilisation.
2351:. This hypothesis effectively explains state formation in Southeast Asia, as these warriors came with the intention of conquering the local peoples and establishing their own political power in the region. However, this theory hasn't attracted much interest from historians as there is very little literary evidence to support it.
4977:
national movement from narrow nationalism, thus igniting in the process a dead fact of history, in the sneer, "For him the
Bastille has not fallen!" Though Nehru was not to the language born, his utterances show a remarkable capacity for introspection and sense of moral responsibility in commenting on political processes."
2344:. This made many Vaishya traders look to the seas to acquire new gold, of which Southeast Asia was abundant. However, the conclusion that Indianization was just spread through trade is insufficient, as Indianization permeated through all classes of Southeast Asian society, not just the merchant classes.
4028:
Modern
Afghanistan was part of ancient India; the Afghans belonged to the pale of Indo-Aryan civilisation. In the eighty century, the country was known by two regional names—Kabul land Zabul. The northern part, called Kabul (or Kabulistan) was governed by a Buddhist dynasty. Its capital and the river
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by saying that 'the honorable Member lived in the days of
Bismarck; Bismarck is dead, and his politics more dead!' He would consistently plead for an idealistic approach and such power as the language wields is the creation of idealism—politics' arch enemy—which, however, liberates the leader of a
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We may conclude with a broad survey of the Indian colonies in the Far East. For nearly fifteen hundred years, and down to a period when the Hindus had lost their independence in their own home, Hindu kings were ruling over Indo-China and the numerous islands of the Indian
Archipelago, from Sumatra
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in the 7th century, though the suzerainty continued up to the 11th century. The Hindu kingdom of
Kapisha had split up as its western part formed a separate state called the kingdom of Zabul. It was a family division because there were consanguineous and political relationships between the states of
2378:
It is unknown how immigration, interaction, and settlement took place, whether by key figures from India or through Southeast Asians visiting India who took elements of Indian culture back home. It is likely that Hindu and Buddhist traders, priests, and princes traveled to Southeast Asia from India
2339:
and their role for spreading Indian culture and language into Southeast Asia through trade. There were many trade incentives that brought Vaishya traders to Southeast Asia, the most important of which was gold. During the 4th century C.E., when the first evidence of Indian trader in Southeast Asia,
3322:." He also wrote, "It is clear however that in the seventh to ninth centuries the Zunbils and their kinsmen the Kabulshahs ruled over a predominantly Indian rather than a Persianate realm. The Arab geographers, in effect, commonly speak of 'that king of al-Hind ... (who) bore the title of Zunbil."
3013:
was a classical Southeast Asian kingdom. The primary sources for much of the information on the kingdom are the New History of the Tang, and the memoirs of the Chinese Buddhist monk Yijing who visited in 671 CE, and states that it was "absorbed" by Srivijaya by 692 CE, but had "broken away" by the
2600:
Not only was the spark of Buddhism the driving force for Indianization coming to an end, but Islamic control took over as well in the midst of the thirteenth century to trump the Hinduist kingdoms. In the process of Islam coming to the traditional Hinduism kingdoms, trade was heavily practiced and
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emerged in Sumatra and Java, followed by mainland polities such as Funan and Champa. Adoption of Indian civilization elements and individual adaptation stimulated the emergence of centralized states and the development of highly organized societies. Ambitious local leaders realized the benefits of
1838:
has been prevalent in all aspects of life including legal purposes. Sanskrit terminology and vernacular appears in ancient courts to establish procedures that have been structured by Indian models such as a system composed of a code of laws. The concept of legislation demonstrated through codes of
4997:
was perhaps overenthusiastic when he claimed that India produced her definitive masterpieces – he was thinking of Angkor and the Borobudur – through the efforts of foreigners or on foreign soil. Those masterpieces were not strictly Indian achievements: rather were they the outcome of a Eutychian
4742:
Quote: "The ancient Hindus of yore were not simply a spiritual people, always busy with mystical problems and never trouble themselves with the questions of 'this world'... India also has its Napoleons and Charlemagnes, its Bismarcks and Machiavellis. But the real charm of Indian history does not
2489:
The pre-Indic political and social systems in Southeast Asia were marked by a relative indifference towards lineage descent. Hindu God kingship enabled rulers to supersede loyalties, forge cosmopolitan polities and the worship of Shiva and Vishnu was combined with ancestor worship, so that Khmer,
1830:
discovered during the early centuries of the Common Era are the earliest known forms of writing to have extended all the way to Southeast Asia. Its gradual impact ultimately resulted in its widespread domain as a means of dialect which evident in regions, from Bangladesh to Cambodia, Malaysia and
1647:
discovered during the early centuries of the Common Era are the earliest known forms of writing to have extended all the way to Southeast Asia. Its gradual impact ultimately resulted in its widespread domain as a means of dialect which evident in regions, from Bangladesh to Cambodia, Malaysia and
778:) convergence occurred, at or before 52 million years ago. The plates have converged up to 3,600 km (2,200 mi) ± 35 km (22 mi). The upper crustal shortening is documented from geological record of Asia and the Himalaya as up to approximately 2,350 km (1,460 mi) less.
3995:
It is important to note that Nepal was not a British colony like India. Geographically, culturally, socially and historically India and Nepal are linked most intimately and lived together from time immemorial. The most significant factor which has nurtured Indo-Nepalese relations through ages is
3079:
was an ancient kingdom located on the Malay Peninsula that at one time came under the influence of Srivijaya. The name had been forgotten until scholars recognized Tambralinga as Nagara Sri Dharmaraja (Nakhon Si Thammarat). Early records are scarce but its duration is estimated to range from the
2591:
Not only did Indianization change many cultural and political aspects, but it also changed the spiritual realm as well, creating a type of Northern Culture which began in the early 14th century, prevalent for its rapid decline in the Indian kingdoms. The decline of Hinduism kingdoms and spark of
3352:(r. 813–833 A.D.) led the last Arab expeditions on Kabul and Zabul, after which the long-drawn conflict ended with the dissolution of the empire. Rutbil were made to pay double the tribute to the Caliph. The king of Kabul was captured by him and converted to Islam. The last Zunbil was killed by
3195:
was an ancient Hindu kingdom in the eastern Tatar Pasundan (now west Java province and Banyumasan region of central Java province), Indonesia. It was established following the collapse of the Tarumanagara kingdom around the 7th century. Traditionally the kingdom of Galuh was associated with the
2662:
and Zhu Ying who sojourned there in the mid-3rd century CE. It is not known what name the people of Funan gave to their polity. Some scholars believe ancient Chinese scholars transcribed the word Funan from a word related to the Khmer word bnaṃ or vnaṃ (modern: phnoṃ, meaning "mountain"); while
2501:
The effects of Hinduism and Buddhism applied a tremendous impact on the many civilizations inhabiting Southeast Asia which significantly provided some structure to the composition of written traditions. An essential factor for the spread and adaptation of these religions originated from trading
3911:
A 2022 study stated that Indian cultural influence was responsible for substantial South Asian admixture (~ 2%-16%) in various Southeast Asian populations in Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Myanmar and Singapore. Exceptions were isolated hill tribes and present hunter-gatherer groups in Thailand.
2358:
scholars. These Brahmans brought with them many of the Hindu religious and philosophical traditions and spread them to the elite classes of Southeast Asian polities. Once these traditions were adopted into the elite classes, it disseminated throughout all the lower classes, thus explaining the
2996:
was an early Sundanese Indianized kingdom, located not far from modern Jakarta, and according to Tugu inscription ruler Purnavarman apparently built a canal that changed the course of the Cakung River, and drained a coastal area for agriculture and settlement. In his inscriptions, Purnavarman
2402:
had been adopted and customized increasingly with a regional character. The caste system, although adopted, was never applied universally and reduced to serve for a selected group of nobles only. Many struggle to date and determine when Indianizaton in Southeast Asia occurred because of the
7260:
Ibn Battuta, the renowned Moroccan fourteenth century world traveller remarked in a spine-chilling passage that Hindu Kush means slayer of the Indians, because the slave boys and girls who are brought from India die there in large numbers as a result of the extreme cold and the quantity of
1843:
once embraced the Sanskrit dialect and devoted sanctuaries to the Indian divinity Shiva. Many rulers following even viewed themselves as "reincarnations or descendants" of the Hindu gods. However once Buddhism began entering the nations, this practiced view was eventually altered.
4057:
Although Afghanistan was considered an integral part of India in antiquity, and was often called "Little India" even in medieval times, politically it had not been a part of India after the downfall of the Kushan empire, followed by the defeat of the Hindu Shahis by Mahmud
2216:
The earliest Hindu kingdoms emerged in Sumatra and Java, followed by mainland polities such as Funan and Champa. Adoption of Indian civilization elements and individual adaptation stimulated the emergence of centralized states and localized caste systems in Southeast Asia.
3005:: Kalingga (Javanese: Karajan Kalingga) was the 6th century Indianized kingdom on the north coast of Central Java, Indonesia. It was the earliest Hindu-Buddhist kingdom in Central Java, and together with Kutai and Tarumanagara are the oldest kingdoms in Indonesian history.
1176:
were direct heirs of Gangetic Buddhism, despite the difference in languages. Many Tibetan monks even used to know Sanskrit very well. In Khotan the Ramayana was well cicrulated in Khotanese language, though the narrative is slightly different from the Gangetic version. In
4474:, p. 708) Quote: "Azurara's hyperbole, indeed, which celebrates the Navigator Prince as joining Orient and Occident by continual voyaging, as transporting to the extremities of the East the creations of Western industry, does not scruple to picture the people of the
952:
Its modern meanings often invoke images of soft power. The region is considered in Indian political circles as part of India's extended neighbourhood, and modern integration was propelled through a multifaceted acceleration of economic and strategic interaction under the
2493:
Hinduism does not have a single historical founder, a centralized imperial authority in India proper nor a bureaucratic structure, thus ensuring relative religious independence for the individual ruler. It also allows for multiple forms of divinity, centered upon the
2592:
Buddhist kingdoms led to the formation of orthodox Sinhalese Buddhism and is a key factor leading to the decline of Indianization. Sukhothai and Ceylon are the prominent characters who formulated the center of Buddhism and thus became more popularized over Hinduism.
627:) was used at least since the mid-15th century. The term, which seems to have been used with variable precision, sometimes meant only the Indian subcontinent; Europeans used a variety of terms related to South Asia to designate the South Asian peninsula, including
394:
2257:
As conclusive evidence is missing, numerous Indianization theories of Southeast Asia have emerged since the early 20th century. The central question usually revolves around the main propagator of Indian institutional and cultural ideas in Southeast Asia.
1946:
Southeast Asian languages are traditionally written with Indic alphabets and therefore have extra letters not pronounced in the local language, so that original Sanskrit spelling can be preserved. An example is how the name of the late King of Thailand,
387:
2359:
Indianization present in all classes of Southeast Asian society. Brahmans were also experts in art and architecture, and political affairs, thus explaining the adoption of many Indian style law codes and architecture into Southeast Asian society
4971:
Quote: "To him (Nehru), the so-called practical approach meant, in practice, shameless expediency, and so he would say, "the sooner we are not practical, the better". He rebuked a Member of Indian Parliament who sought to revive the concept of
916:
that flourished from the early common era as a result of centuries of socio-economic interaction having incorporated central aspects of Indian institutions, religion, statecraft, administration, culture, epigraphy, literature and architecture.
4238:
The development of maritime commerce and Hindu influence stimulated early state formation in polities along the coasts of mainland Southeast Asia, where passive indigenous populations embraced notions of statecraft and ideology introduced by
7343:
was a brother of the Kabul Shahi. In AD 726, the ruler of Zabulistan (Rutbil) was the nephew of Kabul Shah. Obviously the Kabul Shahs and the Rutbils belonged to the same family" – pp. 46 and 79, quoting Tabri, I, 2705-6 and Fuch, von
964:
to be a founding member, and has recently been increasing integration with South East Asia through its own "Look East" policy; politicians view the relationship between Sri Lanka and South East Asia as second only to South Asia.
2186:
Hinduism expansion in Asia, from its heartland in Indian Subcontinent, to the rest of Asia, especially Southeast Asia, started circa 1st century marked with the establishment of early Hindu settlements and polities in Southeast
6608:
1831:
Thailand and additionally a few of the larger Indonesian islands. In addition, alphabets from languages spoken in Burmese, Thai, Laos, and Cambodia are variations formed off of Indian ideals that have localized the language.
1648:
Thailand and additionally a few of the larger Indonesian islands. In addition, alphabets from languages spoken in Burmese, Thai, Laos, and Cambodia are variations formed off of Indian ideals that have localized the language.
6499:"Considerations on the Chronology and History of 9th Century Cambodia by Dr. Karl-Heinz Golzio, Epigraphist – ...the realm called Zhenla by the Chinese. Their contents are not uniform but they do not contradict each other"
3080:
seventh to the fourteenth century. Tambralinga first sent tribute to the emperor of the Tang dynasty in 616 CE. In Sanskrit, Tambra means "red" and linga means "symbol", typically representing the divine energy of Shiva.
8695:
Language variation: Papers on variation and change in the Sinosphere and in the Indosphere in honour of James A. Matisoff, David Bradley, Randy J. LaPolla and Boyd Michailovsky eds., pp. 113–144. Canberra: Pacific
4885:, London: Macmillan, p. 221) This form of historical interpretation, which can perhaps best be described as being inspired by Hindu nationalism, remains an influential school of thinking in present historical writings."
818:
to refer to an Indian cultural sphere was popularised by a network of Bengali scholars in the 1920s who were all members of the Calcutta-based Greater India Society. The movement's early leaders included the historian
3877:
by A. M. Cacopardo) was host to a vast number of "Kafir" cultures. They were called Kafirs due to their enduring paganism, remaining politically independent until being conquered and forcibly converted by Afghan Amir
3088:: The Mataram Kingdom flourished between the 8th and 11th centuries. It was first centered in central Java before moving later to east Java. This kingdom produced numbers of Hindu-Buddhist temples in Java, including
401:
2988:: Salakanagara kingdom is the first historically recorded Indianized kingdom in Western Java, established by an Indian trader after marrying a local Sundanese princess. This Kingdom existed between 130 and 362 CE.
2780:. The kingdom, along with the Old Kedah settlement, are probably the earliest territorial footholds founded on the Malay Peninsula. According to tradition, the founding of the kingdom happened in the 2nd century;
3200:
and Cimanuk rivers, with its territory spanning from Citarum river on the west, to the Pamali (present-day Brebes river) and Serayu rivers on the east. Its capital was located in Kawali, near present-day Ciamis
4029:
on the banks of which it was situated, also bore the same name. Lalliya, a Brahmin minister of the last Buddhist ruler Lagaturman, deposed his master and laid the foundation of the Hindushahi dynasty in c. 865.
3242:
The eastern regions of Afghanistan were considered politically as parts of India. Buddhism and Hinduism held sway over the region until the Muslim conquest. Kabul and Zabulistan which housed Buddhism and other
8731:
Lokesh, Chandra, & International Academy of Indian Culture. (2000). Society and culture of Southeast Asia: Continuities and changes. New Delhi: International Academy of Indian Culture and Aditya Prakashan.
453:
and institutional elements from each other. The term Greater India as a reference to the Indian cultural sphere was popularised by a network of Bengali scholars in the 1920s, but became obsolete in the 1970s.
5341:
10278:
3034:
Buddhism, Srivijaya attracted pilgrims and scholars from other parts of Asia. I Ching reports that the kingdom was home to more than a thousand Buddhist scholars. A notable Buddhist scholar of local origin,
5512:
484:, most of the principalities of Southeast Asia had effectively absorbed defining aspects of Indian culture, religion, and administration. The notion of divine god-kingship was introduced by the concept of
850:. The scholars of the society postulated a benevolent ancient Indian cultural colonisation of Southeast Asia, in stark contrast – in their view – to the Western colonialism of the early 20th century.
3423:
connected to the Hindu god Surya and is sometimes referred to as Zoor or Zoon. He is represented with flames radiating from his head on coins. Statues were adorned with gold and used rubies for eyes.
2199:
and Southeast Asia were marked by waves of influence and dominance. At some points, the Indian culture solely found its way into the region, and at other points, the influence was used to take over.
2195:
of medieval times. Instead, Indian cultural influence from trade routes and language use slowly permeated through Southeast Asia, making the traditions a part of the region. The interactions between
3183:
Hindu culture, traditions and civilisations were derived from Majapahit legacy. A large number of Majapahit nobles, priests, and artisans found their home in Bali after the decline of Majapahit to
4491:, p. 708) Quote: "Among all the confusion of the various Indies in Mediaeval nomenclature, "Greater India" can usually be recognized as restricted to the "India proper" of the modern world."
3682:, a new dynasty started ruling over the former Shahi kingdom of southeastern Afghanistan and the change over was smooth and consensual. On his coronation, Jayapala used the additional name-suffix
2191:
Indianization is different from direct colonialism in that these Indianized lands were not inhabited by organizations or state elements from the Indian subcontinent, with exceptions such as the
1655:-speaking neighbors to the north through the spread of Buddhist texts in translation. The spread of Buddhism to Tibet allowed many Sanskrit texts to survive only in Tibetan translation (in the
1254:
have had a large role in spreading Hinduism in Southeast Asia. Even today many monarchies such as the royal court of Thailand still have Hindu rituals performed for the King by Hindu Brahmins.
1951:, is spelled in Sanskrit as "Bhumibol"ภูมิพล, yet is pronounced in Thai as "Phumipon" พูมิพน using Thai-Sanskrit pronunciation rules since the original Sanskrit sounds do not exist in Thai.
10298:
4300:
3071:
university near Pala territory. The Srivijaya kingdom ceased to exist in the 13th century due to various factors, including the expansion of the Javanese, Singhasari, and Majapahit empires.
2923:
and the Kingdom of Siam. Though ethnically Thai, the Sukhothai kingdom in many ways was a continuation of the Buddhist Mon-Dvaravati civilizations, as well as the neighboring Khmer Empire.
5548:
1189:
many Buddhist monasteries were established. These countries were used as a kind of springboard for the monks who brought Indian Buddhist texts and images to China. Further north, in the
6103:
6612:
3891:
In 1020–21, Sultan Mahmud of Ghazna led a campaign against Kafiristan and the people of the "pleasant valleys of Nur and Qirat" according to Gardizi. These people worshipped the lion.
449:
and surrounding countries, which are culturally linked through a diverse cultural cline. These countries have been transformed to varying degrees by the acceptance and introduction of
8865:
3737:
after the Islamic conquest of Balkh. It is not known how long it continued to serve as a place of worship after the conquest. Accounts of early Arabs offer contradictory narratives.
5631:
2558:
concept of kingship, and Sanskrit as official writing. Despite the fundamental cultural integration, these kingdoms were autonomous in their own right and functioned independently.
937:. The English term was popularised in the late 19th and the 20th century as a view of an expansionist India within the context of East Asia. However, many Indian nationalists, like
6723:
2202:
Southeast Asia was now situated in the central area of convergence of the Indian and the East Asian maritime trade routes, the basis for economic and cultural growth. The earliest
3119:: In the 10th century, Mataram challenged the supremacy of Srivijaya, resulting in the destruction of the Mataram capital by Srivijaya early in the 11th century. Restored by King
6498:
696:(e.g., Diodorus of Sicily of the first century BC says that "the Nile rises in India" and Marco Polo of the fourteenth century says that "Lesser India ... contains ... Abash ").
6051:
4087:
2461:
to be called "The Chola Lake", and the Chola attacks on Srivijaya in the 10th century CE are the sole example of military attacks by Indian rulers against Southeast Asia. The
5904:
3690:
name-ending of his own family. (With Kabul lost during the lifetime of Jayapaladeva, his successors – Anandapala, Trilochanapala and Bhimapala – reverted to their own family
3602:, coins and stone inscriptions by researchers as no consolidated account of their history has become available. In 1973, Historian Yogendra Mishra proposed that according to
3459:
influence on its ritual. Whatever its origins, it was certainly superimposed on a mountain and on a pre-existing mountain god while merging with Shaiva doctrines of worship.
5807:
6262:
10263:
9506:
9488:
519:
To the north, Indian religious ideas were assimilated into the cosmology of Himalayan peoples, most profoundly in Tibet and Bhutan, and merged with indigenous traditions.
1839:
law and organizations particularly the idea of "God King" was embraced by numerous rulers of Southeast Asia. The rulers amid this time, for example, the Lin-I Dynasty of
4993:(even though they had no conception of "India" as we know it) represents one of the most impressive instances of large-scale acculturation in the history of the world.
5449:
5325:
2663:
others thought that Funan may not be a transcription at all, rather it meant what it says in Chinese, meaning something like "Pacified South". Centered at the lower
6301:
5089:
8814:
5856:
5504:
3345:
Buddhism, which although in the minority had the support of its royals. In terms of other cults, the god Śuna, is described to be the prime deity of the country.
1636:
to describe the region and argued for millennium-long cultural exchanges without necessarily involving migration of peoples or colonisation. Pollock's 2006 book
886:
4207:
8458:
6001:
3826:" cultures and Indo-European languages that became Islamized over a long period. Earlier, it was surrounded by Buddhist areas. The Islamization of the nearby
9679:
1248:
of Vietnam still practice Hinduism as well. Though officially Buddhist, many Thai, Khmer, and Burmese people also worship Hindu gods in a form of syncretism.
7081:
Litvinsky, B. A.; Gung-da, Zhang (1996). "Central Asia, the Crossroads of Civilizations". In Guand-da, Zhang; Litvinsky, B.; Shabani Samghabadi, R. (eds.).
6408:
2207:
Hinduism and Indian methods of administration, culture, literature, etc. Rule in accord with universal moral principles, represented in the concept of the
832:
8643:
Wheatley, Paul (November 1982), "Presidential Address: India Beyond the Ganges—Desultory Reflections on the Origins of Civilisation in Southeast Asia",
5166:... The Hindu calendar (Vikramaditya) is 57 years ahead of the Christian calendar. Dates in the Hindu calendar are prefixed by the word: samvat संवत ...
10283:
7585:
7496:
6984:
6811:
6142:
4126:
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maritime trade. The sustained contact between Southeast Asia and South Asia resulted in cultural exchange, in addition to the exchange of commodities.
6077:
4650:
6369:
5106:
27-01-27, Selle Glastra, Student number: 1014420, Master Thesis Asian Studies, Leiden University, Humanities faculty, Thesis supervisor: David Henley
4998:
fusion of natures so melded together as to constitute a single cultural process in which Southeast Asia was the matrix and South Asia the mediatrix."
3834:. The Buddhist states temporarily brought literacy and state rule into the region. The decline of Buddhism resulted in it becoming heavily isolated.
3650:
1106:
have had a large impact on South Asia and Southeast Asia. One of the most tangible evidence of dharmic Hindu traditions is the widespread use of the
6717:"The emergence and ultimate decline of the Khmer Empire – Many scholars attribute the halt of the development of Angkor to the rise of Theravada..."
6167:
10343:
8584:
7364:
4293:
573:
6335:
5021:
9452:
8535:
Keenleyside, T. A. (Summer 1982), "Nationalist Indian Attitudes Towards Asia: A Troublesome Legacy for Post-Independence Indian Foreign Policy",
7082:
5534:
684:
was sometimes used to cover all of modern Southeast Asia. Until the fourteenth century, India could also mean areas along the Red Sea, including
9275:
6461:
6099:
5407:
2859:
was then introduced temporarily into royal religious practice, with discontinuities and decentralisation resulting in subsequent removal. The
8838:
7631:
5583:(1999). ""Indianization" from the Indian Point of View: Trade and Cultural Contacts with Southeast Asia in the Early First Millennium C.E.".
2230:
2159:
3802:, who raided it, left Muslim precepts to teach Islam to the local population. The region became Muslim by 12th century though the historian
10318:
8872:
7300:
3769:
2192:
6236:
5639:
4341:
2079:
Some Thai toponyms also often have Indian parallels or Sanskrit origin, although the spellings are adapted to the Siamese tongue, such as
10338:
8151:
8036:
7673:
6716:
6651:
6547:
6209:
5269:
5181:
2469:, which controlled the heartland of Buddhist India, maintained close economic, cultural and religious ties, particularly with Srivijaya.
8208:
7959:
7896:
7857:
7818:
7776:
7447:
7220:
7178:
7136:
6902:
5729:
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2709:
was the successor polity of Funan that existed from around the late 6th century until the early 9th century in Indochina, preceding the
9478:
6505:
5383:
3219:
6439:
The Mekong delta played a central role in the development of Cambodia's earliest complex polities from approximately 500 BC to AD 600.
5685:
1616:
signifies current and historical (Malaysia, Pakistan, the Maldives, Indonesia, the Philippines, and southern Vietnam) distribution of
9516:
9501:
8811:
Hoadley, M. C. (1991). Sanskritic continuity in Southeast Asia: The ṣaḍātatāyī and aṣṭacora in Javanese law. Delhi: Aditya Prakashan.
6047:
5293:
1640:
makes a case for studying the region as comparable with Latin Europe and argues that the Sanskrit language was its unifying element.
1066:
A defining characteristic of the cultural link between Southeast Asia and the Indian subcontinent was the adoption of ancient Indian
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9652:
7340:
5911:
5814:
2741:
Hindu "god that embodied multiple conceptions of power". His successors continued this tradition, thus obeying the code of conduct
9085:
3014:
end of the eleventh century according to Chao Jukua. The exact location of the kingdom is the subject of studies among historians.
10293:
9999:
9549:
9372:
9317:
9175:
6258:
5963:
Mahdi, Waruno (1999). "The Dispersal of Austronesian boat forms in the Indian Ocean". In Blench, Roger; Spriggs, Matthew (eds.).
2498:
the triad of Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva, the deities responsible for the creation, preservation, and destruction of the universe.
1874:
1722:
5882:
5119:
From Constantinople to the home of Omar Khayyam: travels in Transcaucasia and northern Persia for historic and literary research
4900:"'Greater India' and the Indian Expansionist Imagination, c. 1885–1965: The Rise and Decline of the Idea of a Lost Hindu Empire"
3760:, despite bearing Arabic names were Buddhists. During their rule from the 9th-century to the 10th-century, they were considered
2907:) were notable for facilitating Indianized cultural exchange in lower Burma, in particular by having strong ties with Sri Lanka.
993:
873:," in which Indian and Hindu culture left an "imprint in the form of monuments, inscriptions and other traces of the historic "
4265:"From Funan to Sriwijaya: Cultural continuities and discontinuities in the Early Historical maritime states of Southeast Asia"
3996:
geographical setting of the two countries which is a good example to understand that how geography connects the two countries.
3534:
minister, possibly named Vakkadeva, in c. 850, signaling the end of the Buddhist Turk Shahi dynasty, and the beginning of the
3163:
empire and flourished in the Indonesian archipelago between the 13th and 15th centuries. Noted for their naval expansion, the
2919:
to gain independence from the Khmer Empire and start their own kingdom in the 13th century. Sukhothai was a precursor for the
2317:. These early Austronesian trade routes linking Island Southeast Asia with India also became the maritime aspect of the wider
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8803:
8723:
8489:
8070:
7667:
7284:
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7172:
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6295:
5263:
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5067:
4919:
4592:
4523:
4432:
4383:
4120:
4081:
1980:
is a toponym that has been historically associated with Southeast Asia. In Sanskrit, it means "The Land of Gold". Thailand's
8429:
Caverhill, John (1767), "Some Attempts to Ascertain the Utmost Extent of the Knowledge of the Ancients in the East Indies",
7472:
Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World – Volume I: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7th–11th Centuries
6586:
5123:
4272:
2671:
culture in this region, which suggests prolonged socio-economic interaction with India and maritime trading partners of the
1218:
9382:
9247:
4818:
1094:
and Cambodia. Indian scripts are found in Southeast Asian islands ranging from Sumatra, Java, Bali, South Sulawesi and the
9062:
6837:
3830:
began in the 8th century and Peristan was completely surrounded by Muslim states in the 16th century with Islamization of
2883:
saw an unprecedented degree of development, refinement and accomplishment from the distinct expression of Hindu cosmology.
1583:
1514:
festival in Malaysia and attracts over 1.5 million pilgrims, making it one of the largest religious gatherings in history.
10394:
9854:
9037:
9032:
8507:
Handy, E. S. Craighill (1930), "The Renaissance of East Indian Culture: Its Significance for the Pacific and the World",
6961:
Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World, Vol 1: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam, 7th–11th Centuries
6285:
3455:, displacing an earlier god on the same site. Parallels have been noted with the pre-Buddhist monarchy of Tibet, next to
2610:
2131:
6756:
5840:
5752:
3495:
who took over the rule of Kabul in the seventh century and later were attacked by the Arabs. The Turk Shahi dynasty was
3143:. He was killed by a prince of the previous Kediri dynasty, who then established the last great Hindu-Javanese kingdom,
3026:
in Indonesia, had adopted Mahayana and Vajrayana Buddhism under a line of rulers from Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa to the
2434:
in Cambodia are, apart from their grandeur, examples of a distinctly developed regional culture, style, and expression.
538:, and Buddhist texts and ideas were accepted in China and Japan in the east. To the west, Indian culture converged with
10409:
10358:
10353:
9596:
9270:
9185:
6609:"The Cham: Descendants of Ancient Rulers of South China Sea Watch Maritime Dispute From Sidelines Written by Adam Bray"
5972:
4542:, p. 13) Quote: "Subsequently the whole area came to be identified with one of the "Three Indies," though whether
3948:
3711:
flourished and the only area incorporated into the Arab empire where Sanskrit studies were pursued up to the conquest.
17:
9377:
3664:
During the reign of Kamalavarman, the Saffarid rule weakened precipitately and ultimately Sistan became a part of the
3613:
According to available inscriptions following are the names of Hindu Shahi kings: Vakkadeva, Kamalavarman, Bhimadeva,
1383:
Indians spread their religion to Southeast Asia, beginning the Hindu and Buddhist cultures there. They introduced the
10348:
10323:
10243:
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9115:
8768:
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8202:
8145:
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7953:
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7625:
7441:
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7130:
7048:
7023:
6896:
6645:
6580:
6541:
6395:
6203:
5947:
5850:
5762:
5723:
5193:
5052:
India’s Relations with Neighboring South and South East Asian Countries: Perspectives on Look East to Act East Policy
4739:
4050:
2696:
9090:
5309:
McGovern, Nathan (2010). "Sacred Texts, Ritual Traditions, Arts, Concepts: "Thailand"". In Jacobsen, Knut A. (ed.).
4222:
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and much of Sindh this area can be reckoned to belong to the cultural and political frontier zone between India and
1894:
1738:
10389:
9439:
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9052:
8467:
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3672:", a Hindu, as the ruler at Ghazni, before this place was taken over by the Turkish slave governor of the Samanids.
3353:
3302:, the Arabs were effectively opposed for more than two centuries, from 643 to 870 AD, by the indigenous rulers the
2812:
and the culture was heavily influenced by India. By the late fifteenth century, the Vietnamese – proponents of the
774:
theory, the term has seen increased usage since the 1970s. It is unknown when and where the India–Asia (Indian and
6637:
The Cambridge History of China: Volume 8, The Ming Part 2 Parts 1368–1644 By Denis C. Twitchett, Frederick W. Mote
9496:
9427:
9407:
9212:
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9140:
6423:
3943:
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converged, resulting in prolonged socio-economic and cultural influence, along with the adoption of the Sanskrit
2226:
1799:
806:
possibly as early as 110 CE, the earliest evidence of strong Indian influence which was once prevalent among the
505:
8100:
3356:
along with his former overlord Salih b. al-Nadr in 865. Meanwhile, the Hindu Shahi of Kabul were defeated under
3147:. By the middle of the 14th century Majapahit controlled most of Java, Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula, part of
2687:. Funan's language has been determined as to have been an early form of Khmer and its written form was Sanskrit.
10404:
10379:
9160:
8889:
8831:
8358:
Bayley, Susan (2004), "Imagining 'Greater India': French and Indian Visions of Colonialism in the Indic Mode",
7993:
7480:
7414:
6969:
6939:
4643:
2816:– had eradicated the last remaining traces of the once powerful maritime kingdom of Champa. The last surviving
2340:
the Indian sub-continent was at a deficiency for gold due to extensive control of overland trade routes by the
6572:
Blood and Soil: Modern Genocide 1500–2000 By Ben Kiernan p. 102 The Vietnamese destruction of Champa 1390–1509
5227:
4180:
4153:"As in Heaven, So on Earth: The Politics of Visnu Siva and Harihara Images in Preangkorian Khmer Civilisation"
1347:
10333:
9080:
8592:
Narasimhaiah, C. D. (1986), "The cross-cultural dimensions of English in religion, politics and literature",
3636:, recently discovered from northern Afghanistan and reported by the Taxila Institute of Asian Civilisations,
8844:
8235:
Politics and Society During the Early Medieval Period: Collected Works of Professor Mohammad Habib, Volume 2
7593:
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6992:
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4899:
4110:
2441:
or Sovannah Phoum – the golden land and Suvarnadvipa – the golden Islands in Sanskrit. It was frequented by
2354:
The most widely accepted theory for the spread of Indianization into Southeast Asia is through the class of
9422:
9198:
9155:
8568:
7310:
6797:
6073:
2422:
had territorial continuity, resilient population and surplus economies that rivaled those in India itself.
1261:
1144:
264:
7659:
The Grandeur of Gandhara: The Ancient Buddhist Civilization of the Swat, Peshawar, Kabul and Indus Valleys
6673:
Wolters, O. W. (1973). "Jayavarman II's Military Power: The Territorial Foundation of the Angkor Empire".
3644:(sic.) conquered northern region of Afghanistan 'with eightfold forces' and ruled there. He established a
2164:
1928:
1713:
from which nearly half the vocabulary is derived from the language. Other Austronesian languages, such as
10414:
10399:
9542:
9511:
8858:
6361:
6160:
6030:"1 THEORIES OF INDIANIZATIONExemplified by Selected Case Studies from Indonesia (Insular Southeast Asia)"
3451:. His shrine lay on a sacred mountain in Zamindawar. Originally it appears to have been brought there by
3107:
were the ruling family of this kingdom at an earlier stage in central Java, before being replaced by the
2864:
2446:
2020:
1510:
in Malaysia are one of the most popular Hindu shrines outside India. It is the focal point of the annual
7354:
6409:"Pre-Angkorian Settlement Trends in Cambodia's Mekong Delta and the Lower Mekong Archaeological Project"
6324:
6161:"THEORIES OF INDIANIZATION Exemplified by Selected Case Studies from Indonesia (Insular Southeast Asia)"
949:. Coomaraswamy's view of pan-Indian art history was influenced by the "Calcutta cultural nationalists."
9473:
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7122:
6888:
6752:
5424:
3931:
3484:
2718:
2151:
2147:
1571:
247:
218:
142:
5655:
The Sanskrit loan-words in Cebuano-Bisayan language and the Indian elements to Cebuano-Bisayan culture
2281:
as early as 500 BCE. This resulted in the introduction of Southeast Asian material culture (including
10384:
10268:
10185:
9075:
9019:
4947:
and his ideas of an expansive, civilising India by Jawaharlal Nehru himself, in his celebrated book,
2860:
1469:
in Central Java, Indonesia, is the world's largest Buddhist monument. It took shape of a giant stone
1428:
877:" process." By some other accounts, many Pacific societies and "most of the Buddhist world including
206:
2713:. Like its predecessor, Chenla occupied a strategic position where the maritime trade routes of the
1698:, is called 'Thosakanth' which is derived from his Sanskrit name 'Daśakaṇṭha' ("having ten necks").
10328:
9367:
9292:
8939:
8564:
8096:
8018:
State and Tribe in Nineteenth-century Afghanistan: The Reign of Amir Dost Muhammad Khan (1826–1863)
7386:
6452:
3570:(modern-day Pakistan and northeastern Afghanistan), and present-day northwestern India, during the
3546:
1940:
1664:
1265:
954:
585:
329:
8847:
Exemplified by Selected Case Studies from Indonesia (Insular Southeast Asia), by Dr. Helmut Lukas.
7615:
2968:
2733:. Chenla's first ruler Vīravarman adopted the idea of divine kingship and deployed the concept of
10313:
9145:
8978:
8248:
7314:
7063:
6863:
6149:
Exemplified by Selected Case Studies from Indonesia (Insular Southeast Asia), by Dr. Helmut Lukas
5936:
Bellina, Bérénice (2014). "Southeast Asia and the Early Maritime Silk Road". In Guy, John (ed.).
3900:
3768:
that the Ghurid dynasty became an Islamic dynasty. Amir Suri was a descendant of the Ghurid king
3176:
2625:
2367:
2139:
2069:
1901:
1652:
929:
and the notion of an explicit Hindu expansion of ancient Southeast Asia have been linked to both
885:" This particular usage – implying cultural "sphere of influence" of India – was promoted by the
720:
616:
146:
3151:, the southern Celebes and the Moluccas. It also exerted considerable influence on the mainland.
9627:
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2004:
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3139:
arose in east Java. The domains of this new state expanded under the rule of its warrior-king
2932:
2848:
at Mount Kulen (Mount Mahendra) in 802 CE A succession of powerful sovereigns, continuing the
2382:
1725:
from Sanskrit, albeit to a lesser extent, with a large proportion of words being derived from
10082:
9904:
9693:
9642:
9402:
9262:
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9208:
9107:
9000:
8500:
The making of a new 'Indian' art. Artists, aesthetics and nationalism in Bengal, c. 1850–1920
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310:
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Buddhist Channel | Buddhism News, Headlines | Thailand | Phra Prom returns to Erawan Shrine
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1981:
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History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750
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Argand, E., 1924. La tectonique de l' Asie. Proc. 13th Int. Geol. Cong. 7 (1924), 171–372.
8:
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6985:"15. The Rutbils of Zabulistan and the "Emperor of Rome" | Digitaler Ausstellungskatalog"
5404:
3841:
immigration, before or during 16th and 17th centuries, displaced the original Kafirs and
3554:
was built between the 7th and 9th centuries CE during the reign of the Hindu Shahi Empire
3377:
3060:
2892:
2863:
ended in the 14th century. During this period of the Khmer empire, societal functions of
2088:
1858:
1746:
1718:
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1482:
1168:
mountains in the north, along the Silk Route, Indian influence was linked with Buddhism.
1149:
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946:
942:
620:
608:
600:
568:
446:
230:
71:
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4208:"Results of the 1995–1996 Archaeological Field Investigations at Angkor Borei, Cambodia"
3715:, who visited around 726, mentions that the Arabs ruled it and all the inhabitants were
3022:: From the 7th to 13th centuries Srivijaya, a maritime empire centered on the island of
2855:
tradition, reigned over the classical era of Khmer civilization until the 11th century.
1586:(a method of selecting players before a game) may involve the use of a Sanskrit phrase.
10248:
10170:
9944:
9914:
9889:
9881:
9866:
9716:
9240:
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by Phanindranath Bose in The Vedic Magazine and Gurukula Samachar 26: 1927, pp. 620–1.
4206:
Stark, Miriam T.; Griffin, Bion; Phoeurn, Chuch; Ledgerwood, Judy; et al. (1999).
4172:
3986:
3926:
3724:
3135:: In the 13th century, however, the Kediri dynasty was overthrown by a revolution, and
2676:
2175:
2143:
2135:
1948:
1763:
1625:
1609:
1492:
1131:
960:
Sri Lanka also continues to have strong political links with South East Asia, asked by
930:
881:, Tibet, Central Asia, and even Japan were held to fall within this web of Indianizing
516:, were characterized by resilience, political integrity, and administrative stability.
458:
298:
280:
275:
213:
91:
477:. In Central Asia, the transmission of ideas was predominantly of a religious nature.
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by the surrounding Muslim people, and it was only during the reign of Muhammad's son
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and believed to be the combination of Indian-origin Buddhist ideas with the previous
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everyone knows well the so-called "Buddhist conquest of China" or "Indianized China"
2997:
associated himself with Vishnu, and Brahmins ritually secured the hydraulic project.
2952:
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5474:
5333:
5217:
5055:
4907:
4847:
4164:
3862:
3799:
3357:
3267:
and its rulers Zunbils had laid in them blocking the path of Arabs in invading the
3244:
3001:
2789:
2730:
2654:
is not found in any texts of local origin from the period, and so is considered an
2513:
2399:
2035:
1913:
1886:
1882:
1813:
1779:
1734:
1440:
1140:
1113:
1052:
982:
938:
866:
839:(1891–1966). Some of their formulations were inspired by concurrent excavations in
501:
438:
288:
226:
162:
83:
37:
This article is about the Indian cultural sphere. For the irredentist concept, see
8062:
7945:
Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526) – Part One
5939:
Lost Kingdoms of Early Southeast Asia: Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture 5th to 8th century
5712:"Austronesian Shipping in the Indian Ocean: From Outrigger Boats to Trading Ships"
5209:
4269:
25 tahun kerjasama Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi dan Ecole française d'Extrême-Orient
2552:
had by the 1st to 4th centuries CE adopted Hinduism's cosmology and rituals, the
2390:
compound, adorned with bas-reliefs of Ramayana, located near Yogyakarta, Indonesia
2182:
909:
10175:
10131:
9964:
9959:
9939:
9919:
9861:
9827:
9751:
9741:
9703:
9664:
9617:
9562:
9170:
8934:
8922:
8793:
8701:
8386:
8351:
Chronica do Discobrimento e Conquista de Guiné (eds. Carreira and Pantarem, 1841)
8284:
7274:
6959:
6925:
6570:
6390:
Higham, C., 2001, The Civilization of Angkor, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson,
6146:
5580:
5411:
5297:
5185:
5149:
5117:
4852:
4835:
4822:
4774:
4582:
4264:
3779:
3480:
3400:
3184:
3164:
3084:
2961:
2777:
2726:
2411:
2251:
1808:
1755:
1726:
1617:
1087:
1017:
874:
547:
497:
493:
10211:
9302:
5450:"Twenties: Reminiscing the dying art of Indonesian traditional children's games"
5059:
4944:
4815:
3127:(or "Spice Islands") in Indonesia, and so Kediri became a strong trading nation.
2243:
from the 8th century, a large native outrigger trading vessels, possibly of the
847:
10308:
10199:
10109:
9924:
9795:
9307:
9297:
9067:
8973:
8737:
8230:
8112:
8104:
8058:
7939:
6841:
3892:
3842:
3803:
3749:
3665:
3622:
3571:
3507:
3396:
3124:
3115:
3108:
3009:
2941:
2876:
2705:
2566:
2286:
2274:
2240:
1917:
1866:
1787:
1714:
1687:
1668:
1321:
1121:
and similar gestures known throughout Southeast Asia; its cognates include the
893:
890:
820:
775:
771:
539:
462:
434:
356:
124:
8371:
7986:"Fence of Peristan – The Islamization of the "Kafirs" and Their Domestication"
6686:
5047:
4327:"Some Linguistic Evidence for Early Cultural Exchange between China and India"
4168:
3403:, was a collection of loose suzerains of the Hindu rulers when it fell to the
1744:
A Sanskrit loanword encountered in many Southeast Asian languages is the word
10373:
10028:
9844:
9802:
9746:
9632:
9558:
8612:
8266:
Changmai, Piya; Jaisamut, Kitipong; Kampuansai, Jatupol; et al. (2022).
8108:
7568:
7200:
7043:, Berkeley, California: Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research,
6748:
5596:
5486:
5054:, Dynamics of Asian Development, Singapore: Springer Nature, pp. 65–73,
5046:
Attanayake, Chulanee (2023), Ghosh, Lipi; Basu Ray Chaudhury, Anasua (eds.),
4836:"Urban Morphology of Commercial Port Cities and Shophouses in Southeast Asia"
4023:
3895:
however considers they might have been worshipping Buddha in form of a lion (
3603:
3511:
3440:
3376:
as meaning "slayer of Indians", because large numbers of slaves brought from
3247:, offered stiff resistance to the Muslim advance for two centuries, with the
3205:
3191:
2845:
2742:
2537:
2517:
2458:
2450:
2347:
Another theory states that Indianization spread through the warrior class of
2102:
also continued to modern day. In 1962 Indonesia changed the colonial name of
1905:
1750:, or spoken language, which is used to mean language in general, for example
1675:
1560:
1517:
1392:
1324:
contains a rich number of Indian-influenced mythological characters, such as
1152:
807:
791:
724:
680:
651:
581:
333:
186:
166:
38:
9527:
7534:, Seventh Series, Vol. III, 1968, pp. 189–224, see extracts in R. T. Mohan,
5022:"India's Extended Neighborhood and Implications for India's Act East Policy"
3419:
in present-day southern Afghanistan region, worshiped the Zhuna, possibly a
3275:
2805:
10303:
10273:
10180:
10148:
10077:
9954:
9949:
9763:
9756:
9669:
9601:
9287:
9252:
8442:
8303:
7158:
6127:
Some Problems in Ancient History of the Hinduized States of South-East Asia
5662:
5222:
4994:
3921:
3846:
3579:
3563:
3349:
3268:
3048:
2992:
2984:
2900:
2887:
2841:
2837:
2832:
2825:
2781:
2710:
2571:
2549:
2438:
2419:
2341:
2332:
Another theory of the spread of Indianization that focuses on the caste of
2322:
1977:
1932:
1909:
1710:
1679:
1485:
1412:
1289:
1279:
1067:
1060:
913:
763:
689:
535:
317:
202:
134:
6533:
The Malay Peninsula: Crossroads of the Maritime Silk-Road (100 BC-1300 AD)
4911:
2808:
was described by Chinese sources around 192. CE The dominant religion was
2753:
warrior caste and conveying the idea of political and religious authority.
2313:) to South Asia; as well as connecting the material cultures of India and
957:" policy, and more recently has involved deepening military ties as well.
786:
646:
However, in some accounts of European nautical voyages, Greater India (or
10253:
10136:
10033:
9768:
9674:
9647:
8929:
8917:
8897:
7798:
5842:
Societies, Networks, and Transitions, Volume I: To 1500: A Global History
5754:
Societies, Networks, and Transitions, Volume I: To 1500: A Global History
5090:"Sri Lanka Aims for RCEP Membership and Free Trade Agreements with ASEAN"
3729:
3704:
3551:
3535:
3456:
3420:
3392:
3369:
3326:
3248:
3140:
3075:
3052:
3036:
2916:
2817:
2462:
2454:
2318:
2262:
2171:
1579:
1370:
1269:
1245:
1234:
1202:
1190:
1178:
1103:
1002:
998:
986:
836:
736:
663:
527:
523:
473:
beliefs into the region's cosmology, in particular in Southeast Asia and
348:
112:
100:
87:
7882:
Sacred Landscape in Medieval Afghanistan: Revisiting the Faḍā'il-i Balkh
7720:
C. E. Bosworth, 'Notes on Pre-Ghaznavid History of Eastern Afghanistan,
6694:
3990:
3974:
3903:
states they had a Hindu temple which was destroyed by Mahmud's general.
2691:
1968:
in Thailand; Ayutthaya derives its name from the ancient Indian city of
1574:
spread throughout Southeast Asia, as variations of Indian games such as
1491:
The minarets of 15th- to 16th-century mosques in Indonesia, such as the
1447:
in Central Java, the largest Hindu temple in Indonesia, is dedicated to
10141:
9586:
9120:
9010:
8902:
8881:
8664:
8636:
8556:
8528:
8422:
7586:"16. The Hindu Shahis in Kabulistan and Gandhara and the Arab conquest"
6868:
The History and Culture of the Indian People: The Age of Imperial Unity
5604:
5479:
Siddham: An Essay on the History of Sanskrit Studies in China and Japan
4816:
Asia's French Connection : George Coedes and the Coedes Collection
3858:
3827:
3823:
3618:
3575:
3523:
3519:
3492:
3452:
3416:
3404:
3388:
3373:
3307:
3287:
3279:
3160:
3136:
3131:
2813:
2773:
2757:
2738:
2714:
2672:
2620:
2533:
2477:
2371:
2302:
2203:
2103:
2080:
2024:
1595:
1575:
1544:
1507:
1478:
1432:
1416:
1285:
1186:
1182:
978:
577:
543:
531:
481:
442:
441:, which itself formed from the various distinct indigenous cultures of
426:
340:
254:
194:
178:
58:
31:
7298:
7068:
Readings in Political History of India, Ancient, Mediaeval, and Modern
5313:(Volume 2 ed.). Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 371–378.
3822:
to Kashmir (styled "Peristan" by A. M. Cacopardo) containing host of "
3479:
in Logar Province. Similar stupas have been discovered in neighboring
2840:
was established by the early 9th century in a mythical initiation and
1403:
1117:
10016:
10006:
9622:
9581:
8968:
8850:
8253:
The History and Culture of the Indian People: The struggle for empire
7305:
6675:
The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
4904:‘Greater India’ and the Indian Expansionist Imagination, c. 1885–1965
3850:
3831:
3745:
3716:
3637:
3607:
3599:
3587:
3476:
3283:
3260:
3155:
3144:
3120:
3104:
3093:
3089:
3064:
3031:
3027:
3018:
2976:
2945:
2896:
2872:
2868:
2750:
2722:
2647:
2575:
2509:
2427:
2423:
2415:
2407:
2387:
2348:
2310:
2282:
2278:
2248:
2244:
2118:
2099:
2042:
1878:
1695:
1683:
1511:
1500:
1466:
1444:
1420:
1408:
1275:
1230:
1198:
1165:
1083:
1041:
712:
704:
489:
474:
430:
198:
182:
158:
138:
10206:
8656:
8628:
8548:
8520:
8414:
8390:
7985:
5967:. One World Archaeology. Vol. 34. Routledge. pp. 144–179.
3522:
was the heartland of the Turk Shahi domain, which at times included
1608:
signifies current and historical (northern Vietnam) distribution of
1008:
Culture spread via the trade routes that linked India with southern
908:
The concept of "Indianized kingdoms" and "Indianization", coined by
10114:
10097:
10043:
10038:
10023:
10011:
9989:
9812:
9780:
9711:
9686:
9230:
8956:
8946:
8063:"Richard Strand's Nuristân Site: Peoples and Languages of Nuristan"
6029:
5048:"BIMSTEC and India's "Act East" Policy: Implications for Sri Lanka"
4152:
3866:
3838:
3819:
3791:
3783:
3761:
3708:
3679:
3614:
3583:
3567:
3527:
3496:
3448:
3424:
3342:
3334:
3330:
3256:
3236:
3197:
3096:
2856:
2852:
2821:
2809:
2765:
2734:
2680:
2668:
2659:
2646:: Funan was a polity that encompassed the southernmost part of the
2554:
2525:
2495:
2294:
2209:
2107:
2041:
Names of places could simply render their Sanskrit origin, such as
2016:
1920:
language have absorbed a significant amount of Sanskrit as well as
1870:
1835:
1827:
1818:
1660:
1644:
1600:
1553:
1448:
1364:
1325:
1161:
1099:
1095:
1079:
1056:
1048:
1045:
1029:
853:
By some accounts Greater India consists of "lands including Burma,
844:
799:
732:
693:
520:
485:
466:
372:
242:
170:
116:
7526:
7524:
7522:
7245:
Eurasian Slavery, Ransom and Abolition in World History, 1200–1860
5115:
4789:, by Bijan Raj Chatterjee, D.Litt. (Punjab), PhD (London), and 4)
3467:
2800:: The kingdoms of Champa controlled what is now south and central
2072:
derived from Indragiri River, Indragiri itself means "mountain of
99:: Regions with significant Indian cultural influence, notably the
10194:
10060:
10055:
9355:
9350:
8265:
7546:
7544:
3870:
3773:
3634:
The Mazare Sharif Inscription of the Time of the Shahi Ruler Veka
3531:
3252:
3068:
3040:
3023:
2972:
2801:
2442:
2355:
2336:
2333:
2298:
2235:
2213:, was more appealing than the Chinese concept of intermediaries.
2050:
2028:
1996:
1988:
1969:
1840:
1470:
1431:
was used in several ancient temples in South East Asia including
1303:
1251:
1194:
1126:
1071:
1021:
870:
716:
685:
450:
6287:
Concise Encyclopedia of World History The "King of the mountain"
2481:
Balinese Ramayana dance drama, performed in Sarasvati Garden in
2403:
structures and ruins found that were similar to those in India.
1337:
1037:
10087:
10072:
9731:
8907:
8826:
8321:
Ali, Jason R.; Aitchison, Jonathan C. (2005), "Greater India",
7564:
7562:
7560:
7519:
6488:
Some Aspects of Asian History and Culture by Upendra Thakur p.2
3776:
3712:
3432:
3412:
3337:
made an account of Zabul (which he called by its Sanskrit name
3319:
3311:
3303:
3148:
3056:
3044:
2796:
2664:
2655:
2633:
2579:
2505:
2466:
2431:
2306:
2012:
2008:
2000:
1992:
1691:
1656:
1460:
1456:
1436:
1343:
1333:
1329:
1293:
1257:
1173:
1135:
1033:
878:
862:
840:
728:
708:
655:
564:
470:
154:
150:
108:
7541:
5716:
Early Exchange between Africa and the Wider Indian Ocean World
4271:, Jakarta: Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi / EFEO, pp. 59–82,
3853:, to the less fertile mountains. Before their conversion, the
3530:. The last Shahi ruler of Kabul, Lagaturman, was deposed by a
3341:), which he describes as mainly pagan, though also respecting
3310:
of the dynasty which became known as the Buddhist-Shahi. With
3175:. Majapahit was one of the last and greatest Hindu empires in
2394:
Art, architecture, rituals, and cultural elements such as the
2220:
1960:
1538:
10258:
10223:
10126:
9849:
9736:
9721:
8951:
8912:
7406:
Al- Hind: The slave kings and the Islamic conquest – Volume I
5879:"The Mon-Dvaravati Tradition of Early North-Central Thailand"
5786:"The Mon-Dvaravati Tradition of Early North-Central Thailand"
4205:
3884:
3720:
3707:(Bactria) was the only area heavily colonized by Arabs where
3669:
3645:
3559:
3515:
3500:
3472:
3444:
3428:
3299:
3291:
3232:
3159:: The Majapahit empire, centered in East Java, succeeded the
3100:
2957:
2849:
2785:
2642:
2629:
2529:
2314:
2196:
2073:
1474:
1452:
1314:
1308:
1169:
1075:
1009:
961:
803:
795:
675:
174:
104:
79:
7557:
5965:
Archaeology and Language III: Artefacts languages, and texts
5147:
4112:
Maritime Trade and State Development in Early Southeast Asia
3727:
in 705. Among Balkh's Buddhist monasteries, the largest was
3282:(Zamin I Datbar or land of the justice giver, the classical
2679:
route. Trade with India had commenced well before 500 BC as
1040:
and Sanskrit languages and the Indian script, together with
9726:
8680:
7391:
The Medieval History of Iran, Afghanistan, and Central Asia
6838:"Thailand's World : The Srivijaya Kingdom in Thailand"
6634:
Twitchett, Denis C.; Mote, Frederick W. (28 January 1998).
6529:
4014:. Vol. I (1st ed.). Sterling Publishers. p.
3865:
infused with locally developed accretions. The region from
3795:
3753:
3641:
3427:
calls him "sunagir". It has been linked with the Hindu god
3180:
3168:
2904:
2684:
2482:
2326:
2290:
1921:
1524:, is one of the most popular religious shrines in Thailand.
1388:
1226:
1222:
1091:
1025:
1013:
858:
854:
8744:, I.S.P.Q.S. History and Archaeology Series Vol. 6, 1979,
8391:"Prince Henry of Portugal and the Progress of Exploration"
7696:
The Hindu Shahis of Afghanistan and the Punjab AD 865-1026
6048:"The spread of Hinduism in Southeast Asia and the Pacific"
4730:
Lyne Bansat-Boudon, Roland Lardinois, and Isabelle Ratié,
3810:
is believed to have existed until the end of the century.
1651:
Sanskrit and related languages have also influenced their
989:
in Azerbaijan used by both Hindus and Persian Zoroastrians
766:
plus a postulated northern extension", the product of the
425:, is an area composed of several countries and regions in
7497:"15. The Rutbils of Zabulistan and the "Emperor of Rome""
6536:. Victoria Hobson (translator). Brill. pp. 162–163.
5326:"Intersections Between Buddhism and Hinduism in Thailand"
3882:
in 1895–1896 while others also converted to avoid paying
3503:
dynasty shortly before the Saffarid conquest in 870 A.D.
3436:
3264:
3213:
2880:
2675:. Cultural and religious ideas had reached Funan via the
2604:
1582:
can be found throughout the region. Also, the Indonesian
1547:, a game of crossing a narrow field without being tagged.
8815:
The Golden Road: How Ancient India Transformed the World
8718:, trans.Susan Brown Cowing, University of Hawaii Press,
8268:"Indian genetic heritage in Southeast Asian populations"
7992:. Società Italiana di Antropologia e Etnologia: 69, 77.
7385:
5585:
Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient
3798:. Ghur remained a pagan enclave until the 11th century.
3333:
iconography. Around 644 CE, the Chinese travelling monk
900:
was used in historical writing in India into the 1970s.
8839:
Rethinking Tibeto-Burman – Lessons from Indosphere
8247:
7299:
John Leyden, Esq.; William Erskine, Esq., eds. (1921).
6862:
3756:
region of present-day central Afghanistan, and his son
3462:
3278:, "In southern and eastern Afghanistan, the regions of
3051:
empire enjoyed cordial relationship with China and the
1278:, a fighting art that is the Thai version of the Hindu
1244:
is practised by the majority of Bali's population. The
843:
by French archaeologists and by the writings of French
514:
Histoire ancienne des états hindouisés d'Extrême-Orient
27:
Cultural sphere of India beyond the Indian subcontinent
8466:, Australian National University Press, archived from
4793:, by Niranjan Prasad Chakravarti, M.A., PhD(Cantab.)."
4450:"Terras de Além: no Relato da Viagem de Vasco da Gama"
3598:. Details about these rulers have been assembled from
2449:. Cultural and trading relations between the powerful
8615:(1968), "Interpretations of Ancient Indian History",
6927:
Al- Hind: The slave kings and the Islamic conquest. 2
5990:"Fruits and arboriculture in the Indo-Pacific region"
5498:
5496:
4691:. New Delhi, India: Hindu Writers Forum. p. 83.
4070:
Lévi, Sylvain; Przyluski, Jean; Bloch, Jules (1993).
3360:. Indian soldiers were a part of the Ghaznavid army,
2472:
920:
8734:
R. C. Majumdar, Study of Sanskrit in South-East Asia
8699:
8140:. University of California Press. pp. 142–143.
7983:
7530:
D. W. Macdowall, "The Shahis of Kabul and Gandhara"
7241:
7114:
7041:
The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
6283:
5611:
4244:
2374:
in Cambodia is the largest Hindu temple in the world
1296:, is categorised as a form of Hinduism in Indonesia.
595:
was in common circulation in pre-industrial Europe.
8786:
Kambuja Desa or an Ancient Hindu Colony in Cambodia
8137:
Afghanistan's Islam: From Conversion to the Taliban
7843:
Afghanistan's Islam: From Conversion to the Taliban
7762:
Islam and Tibet – Interactions along the Musk Route
7736:
Islam and Tibet – Interactions along the Musk Route
7279:, Great Britain: The E. J. W. Gibb Memorial Trust,
7062:
6884:
Afghanistan's Islam: From Conversion to the Taliban
6233:"Śrīvijaya―towards ChaiyaーThe History of Srivijaya"
5994:
Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association
4893:
4891:
4510:
The Myth of Continents: A Critique of Metageography
4419:
The Myth of Continents: A Critique of Metageography
3849:and Laghman valley, the two eastern provinces near
2891:: From the 9th century until the abrupt end of the
2125:
1213:
1112:gesture of greeting and respect. It is seen in the
1063:to the north competed for influence in the region.
8117:The Encyclopaedia of Islam: New Edition – Volume I
6794:Royal Chronicle: Royal Autograph Version, Volume 1
5493:
4753:
4751:
4749:
4069:
3686:from his predecessor's dynasty in addition to the
1667:and Classical Sanskrit texts, and many terms were
1659:). Buddhism was similarly introduced to China by
743:(Anterior India) as the South Asian peninsula and
662:(lit. "India, beyond the Ganges," but usually the
8237:. People's Publishing House. pp. 58–59, 100.
8057:
6290:. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. pp. 106–.
3395:roughly corresponding to the modern provinces of
1632:Scholars like Sheldon Pollock have used the term
1260:, a Hindu mythological figure, is present in the
10371:
8014:
7080:
4888:
4367:
4365:
4221:(1). University of Hawai'i-Manoa. Archived from
3572:early medieval period in the Indian subcontinent
3329:and Gardez show a blend of Buddhism with strong
2658:based on the accounts of two Chinese diplomats,
1070:/Hindu and Buddhist culture and philosophy into
457:Since around 500 BCE, Asia's expanding land and
8791:
6166:. Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften.
5705:
5703:
5203:
5201:
4785:, by Prabodh Chandra Bagchi, M.A., D.Litt., 3)
4746:
4011:Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India
3541:
3514:in the 7th to 9th centuries. They replaced the
2457:and the Southeast Asian Hindu kingdoms led the
1873:loanwords into their respective lexicons (see:
8543:(2), University of British Columbia: 210–230,
8515:(4), University of British Columbia: 362–369,
7938:
7846:. University of California Press. p. 44.
7617:Gazetteer of the Attock District, 1930, Part 1
6812:"Salakanagara, Kerajaan "Tertua" di Nusantara"
6230:
5502:
5251:
4108:
3039:, taught Buddhist philosophy in Srivijaya and
2570:Map of South-east Asia c. 900 AD, showing the
1671:directly and added to the Chinese vocabulary.
896:, and is not found before the 1920s. The term
9557:
9543:
8866:
8795:Hindu-Buddhist Architecture in Southeast Asia
8497:
8194:The Life and Times of Sultan Mahmud of Ghazna
8190:
8172:
7655:
7651:
7649:
7199:
7013:
6953:
6951:
6633:
6422:. University of Hawai'i-Manoa. Archived from
6416:Indo-Pacific Pre-History Association Bulletin
6023:
6021:
6019:
5575:
5573:
5007:
4609:Bulletin of the American Geographical Society
4501:
4499:
4497:
4447:
4362:
3325:Archaeological sites such as the 8th-century
3196:eastern Priangan cultural region, around the
2975:shrine in Bali, a widely present custom from
2784:legends claim that Langkasuka was founded at
2231:History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia
2160:History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia
1398:
1346:shadow puppets and classical dance-dramas of
1201:were found alongside Buddhist imagery in the
395:
8591:
8583:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
8320:
7979:
7977:
7917:Medieval India Part 1 Satish Chandra Page 22
7429:
6191:
5700:
5207:
5198:
4968:
4781:, by Kalidas Nag, M.A., D.Litt. (Paris), 2)
4686:
4621:
4201:
4199:
4197:
4043:Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals
3263:conquests. The significance of the realm of
2117:Malaysia named their new government seat as
2110:("glorious city"), Orange mountain range to
1663:missionaries mostly through translations of
1638:The Language of the Gods in the World of Men
968:
8651:(1), Association for Asian Studies: 13–28,
8534:
8502:, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press
7878:
7797:
7070:. B.R. Publishing Corporation. p. 223.
6964:(Third ed.), Brill, pp. 112–114,
5533:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
5188:, page 569, Oxford University Press, 2005,
5116:Abraham Valentine Williams Jackson (1911),
4897:
4866:
4146:
4144:
2221:Theories of Indianization of Southeast Asia
1847:
1628:) use of non-Sinitic and non-Indic scripts.
558:
553:
9550:
9536:
8873:
8859:
8678:
8229:
8197:. Cambridge University Press. p. 75.
8133:
7990:Archivio per l'Antropologia e la Etnologia
7839:
7646:
7468:
7355:"The Temple of Zoor or Zoon in Zamindawar"
6948:
6923:
6880:
6016:
5657:(Thesis). University of San Carlos, Cebu.
5570:
5564:
5481:. International Academy of Indian Cultur.
5045:
4514:. University of California Press. p.
4505:
4494:
4423:. University of California Press. p.
4414:
4397:
4395:
4294:"Buddhism in China: A Historical Overview"
4115:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 63.
3594:which replaced it. Both used the title of
3368:. The 14th-century scholar Muslim scholar
3220:Hindu and Buddhist heritage of Afghanistan
2650:during the 1st to 6th centuries. The name
2561:
2178:maritime trade network in the Indian Ocean
1972:, which has had wide cultural significance
1701:Many Sanskrit loanwords are also found in
1690:to a lesser extent. For example, in Thai,
1318:—all derived from Hindu-Buddhist concepts.
770:. Although its usage in geology pre-dates
465:and cultural stimulation and diffusion of
445:. It is an umbrella term encompassing the
402:
388:
8428:
8293:
8283:
7974:
7276:Ḥudūd al-ʿĀlam (The Regions of the World)
5942:. Yale University Press. pp. 22–25.
5473:
5367:
5365:
5363:
5361:
5359:
5258:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 134–137.
5221:
4851:
4568:
4194:
3578:. There were two successive dynasties in
2273:first established contact and trade with
2261:Iron Age trade expansion caused regional
2064:Some of the Indonesian regencies such as
1604:A map of East, South and Southeast Asia.
1288:, an indigenous religion followed by the
1208:
750:
703:referred to a region that included: "(a)
8642:
8562:
8481:The Indianized States of South-East Asia
7927:History of Civilizations of Central Asia
7272:
6681:(1). Cambridge University Press: 21–30.
6530:Michel Jacq-Hergoualc'h (January 2002).
6158:
5629:
5323:
5308:
4986:
4833:
4802:
4539:
4371:
4141:
3545:
3491:The area had been under the rule of the
3466:
3227:
2967:
2951:
2931:
2690:
2619:
2565:
2476:
2381:
2366:
2362:
2234:
2181:
2163:
2098:The tendency to use Sanskrit for modern
1991:have Indian parallel or origin, such as
1959:
1807:
1599:
1402:
1217:
992:
977:
785:
572:
8779:Ancient Indian Colonies in the Far East
8761:Ancient Indian Colonies in the Far East
8716:The Indianized States of Southeast Asia
8573:, London: Macmillan and Co., 1122 pages
8460:The Indianized States of Southeast Asia
8385:
8348:
7885:. Oxford University Press. p. 85.
7575:of Maulana Minhaj-ud-din, Vol. I, p. 82
7206:Somanatha: The Many Voices of a History
7118:The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4
7018:. Wiesbaden, Germany: Reichert Verlag.
7016:A New Etymological Vocabulary of Pashto
6790:พระราชพงษาวดาร ฉบับพระราชหัดถเลขา ภาค 1
6672:
6568:
6284:Carlos Ramirez-Faria (1 January 2007).
6195:History of Ancient India Kapur, Kamlesh
6000:(The Taipei Papers (Volume 2)): 31–50.
5935:
5838:
5750:
5709:
5247:
5245:
4898:Zabarskaitė, Jolita (7 November 2022),
4506:Lewis, Martin W.; Wigen, Kären (1997).
4488:
4471:
4415:Lewis, Martin W.; Wigen, Kären (1997).
4402:
4392:
4262:
4040:
3979:The Indian Journal of Political Science
3518:– the last dynasty of Bactrian rulers.
2321:network, which were later also used by
1589:
912:, originally describes Southeast Asian
14:
10372:
8880:
8611:
8477:
8456:
8357:
7087:. Vol. III. UNESCO. p. 470.
6777:
6450:
6322:
6124:
5987:
5905:"Southeast Asia: Imagining the region"
5808:"Southeast Asia: Imagining the region"
5718:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 51–76.
5652:
5617:
5371:
5356:
5179:The World Atlas of Language Structures
4940:
4878:
4758:
4705:
4674:
4250:
4045:. Har-Anand Publications. p. 41.
3648:temple there which was inaugurated by
3214:Indianized kingdoms of South West Asia
2605:Indianized kingdoms of South East Asia
78:: Southeast Asia culturally linked to
9531:
8854:
8710:
8703:Indian Cultural Influence in Cambodia
8506:
8255:. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. 13.
7929:, C.E. Bosworth, M.S. Asimov, p. 184.
7157:
7115:William Bayne Fisher (26 June 1975).
6729:from the original on 25 February 2020
6550:from the original on 19 February 2023
6406:
6362:"Vietnam's Champa Kingdom Marches on"
6341:from the original on 19 February 2018
6265:from the original on 21 December 2016
6173:from the original on 15 December 2017
6129:. Journal of Southeast Asian History.
6106:from the original on 22 December 2016
6027:
5962:
5579:
5422:
5384:"Batu Caves Inside and Out, Malaysia"
5230:from the original on 16 November 2017
5148:Richard Delacy, Parvez Dewan (1998),
5019:
4770:
4580:
4007:
3972:
3703:From historical evidence, it appears
3364:mentioned Hindu officers employed by
3235:sitting on a Corinthian chariot from
2038:also derived from Ramayana's Ayodhya.
1674:In Southeast Asia, languages such as
1407:The 9th-century Shivaistic temple of
973:
437:that were historically influenced by
9628:Post-classical history (Middle Ages)
7948:. Har-Anand Publishers. p. 22.
7765:. Routlegde. 2011. pp. 51, 53.
7662:. Algora Publishing. pp. 275–.
6957:
6870:. G. Allen & Unwin. p. 635.
6467:from the original on 7 November 2013
6054:from the original on 16 January 2020
5885:from the original on 1 November 2019
5630:Khatnani, Sunita (11 October 2009).
5515:from the original on 3 December 2022
5425:"Galah Panjang and its Indian roots"
5242:
5210:"History of India and Greater India"
4644:"The Greater India Basin hypothesis"
4454:Journal of the University of Coimbra
4150:
4073:Pre-Aryan and Pre-Dravidian in India
3906:
3818:The vast area extending from modern
3772:, whose rule was legitimized by the
3723:'s final conquest was undertaken by
3658:with the silver issues of Spalapati.
3558:The Hindu Shahi (850–1026 CE) was a
3463:Buddhist Turk Shahi dynasty of Kabul
2615:
1877:). Many languages of native lowland
8623:(3), Wesleyan University: 318–335,
7739:. Routlegde. 2011. pp. 46–48.
6372:from the original on 7 October 2019
6231:Takashi Suzuki (25 December 2012).
5324:McGovern, Nathan (31 August 2015).
4324:
4183:from the original on 12 August 2021
3380:died from its treacherous weather.
3043:(in India), and was the teacher of
2611:List of Hindu empires and dynasties
2132:Austronesian maritime trade network
1435:, which was dedicated to Hindu god
24:
9597:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
8689:
8606:10.1111/j.1467-971X.1986.tb00728.x
8211:from the original on 26 March 2023
8154:from the original on 26 March 2023
8039:from the original on 26 March 2023
7962:from the original on 26 March 2023
7899:from the original on 26 March 2023
7860:from the original on 26 March 2023
7821:from the original on 26 March 2023
7804:The Arab Conquests in Central Asia
7779:from the original on 26 March 2023
7676:from the original on 26 March 2023
7634:from the original on 26 March 2023
7620:. Sang-e-Meel Publications. 1932.
7450:from the original on 26 March 2023
7409:. Brill. 1991. pp. 118, 119.
7223:from the original on 26 March 2023
7181:from the original on 26 March 2023
7139:from the original on 26 March 2023
7038:
6905:from the original on 26 March 2023
6759:from the original on 17 April 2021
6654:from the original on 26 March 2023
6589:from the original on 26 March 2023
6359:
6304:from the original on 26 March 2023
6212:from the original on 26 March 2023
5881:. The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
5859:from the original on 26 March 2023
5839:Lockard, Craig A. (19 June 2014).
5751:Lockard, Craig A. (19 June 2014).
5732:from the original on 26 March 2023
5688:from the original on 1 August 2012
5675:
5272:from the original on 26 March 2023
5126:from the original on 26 March 2023
4787:Indian Culture in Java and Sumatra
4656:from the original on 9 August 2017
4347:from the original on 4 August 2019
4275:from the original on 26 March 2023
4157:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies
4129:from the original on 26 March 2023
4090:from the original on 26 March 2023
3949:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
3510:dynasty that ruled from Kabul and
3391:, a historical region in southern
3047:. Most of the time, this Buddhist
2927:
2473:Religion, authority and legitimacy
1624:signifies current and historical (
921:Expansionist and political concept
781:
25:
10431:
8820:
8349:Azurara, Gomes Eannes de (1446),
8073:from the original on 1 April 2019
7996:from the original on 10 June 2022
7430:Hyun Jin Kim (19 November 2015).
7393:. Variorum Reprints. p. 344.
7367:from the original on 29 June 2015
7337:Last Two Dynasties of the Shahis:
6239:from the original on 16 June 2012
6080:from the original on 14 July 2015
6004:from the original on 8 March 2021
5344:from the original on 31 July 2017
5020:Dhand, Aamiya (6 December 2022).
4689:Hindu Renaissance: Ways and Means
4306:from the original on 3 March 2016
3790:, who managed to conquer much of
3782:. He is known to have fought the
3167:spanned west–east from Lamuri in
3099:Hindu temple dedicated mainly to
2445:from eastern India, particularly
1875:Sanskrit loan words in Indonesian
496:, like those of the south Indian
9009:
8825:
8259:
8241:
8223:
8191:Muhmmad Nazim (13 August 2014).
8184:
8178:A Comprehensive History of India
8166:
8127:
8085:
8051:
8008:
7932:
7920:
7911:
7872:
7833:
7791:
7753:
7727:
7714:
7701:
7688:
7608:
7578:
7489:
7462:
7423:
7397:
7379:
7347:
7329:
7292:
7266:
7235:
7193:
7151:
7108:
7074:
7056:
7032:
7007:
6977:
6917:
6874:
6856:
6830:
6804:
6782:
6771:
6741:
6709:
6666:
6627:
6334:. Northern Illinois University.
6034:International SanskritConference
5910:. Amitav Acharya. Archived from
5813:. Amitav Acharya. Archived from
5788:. The Metropolitan Museum of Art
5311:Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism
4814:National Library of Australia.
4687:Gopal, Ram; Paliwal, KV (2005).
4378:. Clarendon Press. p. 192.
4375:The Medieval Expansion of Europe
3562:dynasty that held sway over the
3255:remaining unconquered until the
2595:
2586:
2386:The 9th century Shiva temple in
2126:Indianization of South East Asia
1869:have absorbed a large amount of
1552:
1537:
1312:and the still-current belief in
1214:Religion, mythology and folklore
903:
831:(1898–1956), and the historians
739:." German atlases distinguished
699:In late 19th-century geography,
488:, and Sanskrit and other Indian
221:(Theravada is popular mainly in
57:
9497:Indian Institutes of Technology
9479:Afghanistan–Pakistan skirmishes
9408:South Asian Football Federation
8714:(1968), Walter F. Vella (ed.),
8682:Old Javanese-English Dictionary
8567:, and Kalikinkar Datta (1960),
8343:10.1016/j.earscirev.2005.07.005
8180:. Orient Longmans. p. 357.
7301:"Events Of The Year 910 (1525)"
6814:(in Indonesian). Archived from
6601:
6562:
6523:
6504:. Khmer Studies. Archived from
6491:
6482:
6444:
6400:
6384:
6353:
6316:
6277:
6251:
6224:
6185:
6152:
6133:
6118:
6092:
6066:
6040:
5981:
5956:
5929:
5897:
5871:
5832:
5800:
5778:
5744:
5669:
5646:
5623:
5558:
5541:
5467:
5442:
5416:
5398:
5376:
5317:
5302:
5284:
5171:
5141:
5109:
5100:
5082:
5039:
5013:
5001:
4980:
4962:
4934:
4872:
4860:
4827:
4808:
4796:
4764:
4724:
4711:
4699:
4680:
4668:
4636:
4627:
4614:
4601:
4574:
4561:
4532:
4481:
4464:
4441:
4408:
4318:
4286:
3506:The Turk Shahi were a Buddhist
3415:, a royal dynasty south of the
3224:Muslim conquests of Afghanistan
2667:, Funan is noted as the oldest
2227:Indianization of Southeast Asia
1800:Literature about Southeast Asia
1570:It is conjectured that certain
1378:
997:Hindu-Buddhist icongraphy from
8498:Guha-Thakurta, Tapati (1992),
8484:, University of Hawaii Press,
7807:. Read Books Ltd. p. 32.
6640:. Cambridge University Press.
5684:. Himalmedia Private Limited.
5678:"King Bhumibol and King Janak"
5338:10.1093/obo/9780195393521-0128
5214:La Lettre du Collège de France
4834:Han, Wang; Beisi, Jia (2016).
4584:Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: He-N
4340:. University of Pennsylvania.
4256:
4102:
4076:. Asian Educational Services.
4063:
4034:
4001:
3966:
1419:, the largest Hindu temple in
1362:took stories from episodes of
823:(1888–1980); the philologists
480:By the early centuries of the
13:
1:
8700:Bijan Raj Chatterjee (1964),
8314:
7984:Alberto M. Cacopardo (2016).
7879:Arezou Azad (November 2013).
7436:. Routledge. pp. 58–59.
7242:Christoph Witzenrath (2016).
7014:Morgenstierne, Georg (2003).
6325:"Religions of Southeast Asia"
6261:. Oxford Press. 28 May 2013.
6028:Lukas, Helmut (21 May 2001).
5710:Manguin, Pierre-Yves (2016).
5208:Fussman, Gérard (2008–2009).
4263:Manguin, Pierre-Yves (2002),
3788:Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar
3383:
2867:, agriculture, architecture,
2824:in 1471, many re-settling in
1793:
1387:to the region, especially to
8645:The Journal of Asian Studies
8570:An Advanced History of India
8285:10.1371/journal.pgen.1010036
7711:… Appendix – A, pp. 162–163.
7311:Packard Humanities Institute
6611:. IOC-Champa. Archived from
6477:The language of Funan was...
6259:"Hinduism in Southeast Asia"
6100:"Hinduism in Southeast Asia"
5632:"The Indian in the Filipino"
5423:Arasu, S. T. (4 July 2020).
5330:Oxford Bibliographies Online
4883:An Advanced History of India
4853:10.1016/j.proeng.2016.02.031
4719:The Hindu Colony of Cambodia
4476:Greater and the Lesser India
4448:Pedro Machado, José (1992).
3975:"India's South Asian Policy"
3959:
3542:Hindu Shahi dynasty of Kabul
3483:, including in the northern
2121:("prince of glory") in 1999.
1984:is named after this toponym.
7:
8841:(archived 20 November 2007)
7313:. p. 8. Archived from
7164:Afghanistan - A New History
6460:. Oxford University Press.
6198:. Sterling Publishers Pvt.
6050:. Encyclopædia Britannica.
5714:. In Campbell, Gwyn (ed.).
5429:On the sport. Be part of it
5151:Hindi & Urdu phrasebook
5060:10.1007/978-981-99-4610-5_6
4734:, page 196, Brepols, 2007,
4607:"Review: New Maps," (1912)
4372:Phillips, J. R. S. (1998).
4325:Zhu, Qingzhi (March 1995).
4299:. The Saylor Foundation 1.
4008:Mehta, Jaswant Lal (1979).
3939:Indus–Mesopotamia relations
3915:
3813:
2895:in 1539, the Mon kingdoms (
2772:of "bliss") was an ancient
2725:system of the south Indian
1955:
1931:have Sanskrit origin (e.g.
1694:, the legendary emperor of
617:region near the Middle East
609:northern part of South Asia
601:southern part of South Asia
508:kingdoms, a term coined by
10:
10436:
10395:Foreign relations of India
10264:Asia and the Pacific Group
9502:Inventions and discoveries
9474:Sino-Indian border dispute
9221:Human rights in South Asia
9007:
8679:Zoetmulder, P. J. (1982),
8431:Philosophical Transactions
7538:… Appendix –B, pp. 164–68
7123:Cambridge University Press
6889:Cambridge University Press
6753:World History Encyclopedia
6360:Parker, Vrndavan Brannon.
3932:Indo-Roman trade relations
3217:
2719:East Asian cultural sphere
2608:
2224:
2152:Buddhism in Southeast Asia
2148:Hinduism in Southeast Asia
2129:
1797:
1593:
1399:Architecture and monuments
1262:coats of arms of Indonesia
790:Candi Bukit Batu Pahat of
562:
461:had resulted in prolonged
248:Hinduism in Southeast Asia
219:Buddhism in Southeast Asia
36:
29:
10410:Culture of Southeast Asia
10269:Asia Cooperation Dialogue
10234:
10000:Southern/Eastern/Northern
9975:
9880:
9702:
9653:Asian and Pacific Theatre
9610:
9569:
9487:
9461:
9438:
9393:
9326:
9261:
9207:
9184:
9106:
9018:
8888:
8845:THEORIES OF INDIANISATION
8742:India and South-East Asia
8372:10.1017/S0026749X04001246
8015:Christine Noelle (1997).
7363:. alamahabibi.com. 1969.
7248:. Routledge. p. 45.
7167:. Routledge. p. 15.
6687:10.1017/S0035869X00130400
6407:Stark, Miriam T. (2006).
6140:Theories of Indianisation
5636:Philippine Daily Inquirer
5122:, The Macmillan company,
4906:, De Gruyter Oldenbourg,
4169:10.1017/S002246340300002X
3471:Newly excavated Buddhist
3092:Buddhist mandala and the
3067:dedicated a monastery at
2960:dated to the 9th-century
2437:Southeast Asia is called
1754:in Malay, Indonesian and
1429:Hindu temple architecture
1302:includes the supreme god
969:Indian cultural influence
383:
339:
323:
316:
294:
274:
260:
253:
241:
212:
130:
123:
56:
51:
9469:Indo-Pakistani conflicts
8792:Daigorō Chihara (1996),
8706:, University of Calcutta
8395:The Geographical Journal
7554:, II, pp. 83 and 183-84.
7550:Raizada Harichand Vaid,
7387:Clifford Edmund Bosworth
6798:Wachirayan Royal Library
6145:24 December 2015 at the
5653:Kuizon, Jose G. (1962).
5597:10.1163/1568520991445588
5255:Buddhism in Central Asia
4732:Sylvain Lévi (1863–1935)
4622:Ali & Aitchison 2005
4581:Uhlig, Siegbert (2003).
4041:Chandra, Satish (2006).
3698:
3552:Amb Hindu Temple complex
2804:. The earliest kingdom,
2768:for "resplendent land" -
2289:, sewn-plank boats, and
2034:Siamese ancient city of
1941:Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono
1848:Linguistic commonalities
1723:much of their vocabulary
1665:Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit
1572:traditional Indian games
1528:
869:polities of present-day
586:Samuel Augustus Mitchell
559:Geographical designation
554:Evolution of the concept
330:Buddhism in Central Asia
30:Not to be confused with
10390:Country classifications
9276:Archaeological cultures
8763:, Vol.I, Lahore, 1927.
8478:Coedès, George (1968),
8457:Coedes, George (1967),
8249:Ramesh Chandra Majumdar
7064:Ramesh Chandra Majumdar
6864:Ramesh Chandra Majumdar
6192:Kapur; Kamlesh (2010).
6125:Coedes, George (1964).
5252:Baij Nath Puri (1987).
4821:21 October 2011 at the
4109:Kenneth R. Hal (1985).
3944:Sanskrit-related topics
3901:Ramesh Chandra Majumdar
3740:
3733:, later Persianized to
3499:and were followed by a
3274:According to historian
3177:Maritime Southeast Asia
2562:Waning of Indianization
2140:Indian maritime history
1902:Mainland Southeast Asia
1739:many Sanskrit loanwords
1686:from Sanskrit, as does
1012:, central and southern
889:, formed by a group of
619:. The Portuguese form (
9680:Middle Eastern Theatre
9658:Middle Eastern Theatre
9577:Cradle of civilization
9489:Science and technology
8443:10.1098/rstl.1767.0018
7656:Rafi U. Samad (2011).
7475:. Brill. p. 125.
7339:"In about AD 680, the
5988:Blench, Roger (2004).
5223:10.4000/lettre-cdf.756
4949:The Discovery of India
4791:India and Central Asia
4649:. University of Oslo.
3555:
3488:
3437:pre-Buddhist religious
3239:
3063:records that Maharaja
2979:
2965:
2949:
2700:
2695:Stone lingam found in
2637:
2583:
2486:
2391:
2375:
2254:
2188:
2179:
1987:Several of Indonesian
1973:
1823:
1804:South Asian literature
1703:Austronesian languages
1629:
1423:
1237:
1209:Cultural commonalities
1005:
990:
825:Suniti Kumar Chatterji
811:
802:kingdom ruled ancient
751:Geological connotation
624:
588:
492:systems were declared
419:Indian cultural sphere
64:Indian cultural extent
47:Indian Cultural Sphere
10405:Culture of South Asia
10380:Cultural assimilation
9905:Vietnamese philosophy
9643:Industrial Revolution
9368:Religious persecution
9226:Religious nationalism
9086:European and Eurasian
8890:Countries and regions
8834:at Wikimedia Commons
8323:Earth-Science Reviews
7709:AFGHANISTAN REVISITED
7536:AFGHANISTAN REVISITED
7273:Minorsky, V. (2015),
7209:. Verso. p. 40.
6958:Wink, André (1996) ,
6569:Kiernan, Ben (2008).
6451:Rooney, Dawn (1984).
5296:10 March 2010 at the
4912:10.1515/9783110986068
3973:Patel, Sneha (2015).
3574:. They succeeded the
3549:
3470:
3231:
2971:
2955:
2935:
2788:, and later moved to
2694:
2683:had not yet replaced
2648:Indochinese peninsula
2623:
2609:Further information:
2569:
2480:
2385:
2370:
2363:Adaption and adoption
2271:Island Southeast Asia
2238:
2225:Further information:
2185:
2167:
2130:Further information:
2106:city of Hollandia to
2093:Nagara Sri Dharmaraja
2087:("king's city"), and
2061:("complete victory").
1963:
1937:Megawati Sukarnoputri
1811:
1603:
1493:Great Mosque of Demak
1406:
1282:style of martial art.
1221:
996:
981:
887:Greater India Society
789:
768:Indian–Asia collision
576:
563:Further information:
534:, and other parts of
9517:Traditional medicine
8360:Modern Asian Studies
8061:(31 December 2005).
7590:Pro.geo.univie.ac.at
7532:Numismatic Chronicle
7501:Pro.geo.univie.ac.at
6989:pro.geo.univie.ac.at
6800:. 1912. p. 278.
6429:on 23 September 2015
5845:. Cengage Learning.
5757:. Cengage Learning.
5553:Indonesian Knowledge
5503:sunnytantikumar736.
5410:4 March 2016 at the
4840:Procedia Engineering
4587:. Isd. p. 145.
4334:Sino-Platonic Papers
4228:on 23 September 2015
3954:South Asian diaspora
3861:practiced a form of
3766:Abu Ali ibn Muhammad
3606:, Hindu Shahis were
2844:ceremony by founder
2112:Jayawijaya Mountains
1982:Suvarnabhumi Airport
1731:Philippine languages
1590:Linguistic influence
1481:tradition of native
1439:and is shown on the
1300:Philippine mythology
762:also signifies "the
650:) extended from the
417:, also known as the
377:Versions of Ramayana
325:Buddhist monasticism
9935:Buddhist philosophy
9895:Japanese philosophy
9638:Early modern period
9448:South Asian studies
8974:South Asian regions
8781:, Vol.II, Calcutta,
8407:1910GeogJ..36..703B
8335:2005ESRv...72..169A
8134:Nile Green (2017).
7840:Nile Green (2017).
7469:André Wink (2002).
7317:on 13 November 2007
7039:Li, Rongxi (1995),
6924:André Wink (2002).
6891:. pp. 43, 44.
6881:Nile Green (2017).
6844:on 20 November 2015
6722:. Studies of Asia.
6323:Kleinmeyer, Cindy.
6076:. Global Security.
5917:on 22 February 2016
5676:Sharma, Sudhindra.
5394:on 7 December 2008.
5184:29 May 2016 at the
5177:Martin Haspelmath,
5094:Presidential Office
5010:, pp. 159–167)
5008:Guha-Thakurta (1992
4969:Narasimhaiah (1986)
4805:, pp. 222–223)
4717:Review by 'SKV' of
4151:Lavy, Paul (2003),
3837:Successive wave of
3354:Ya'qub bin al-Layth
3237:ancient Afghanistan
3061:Nalanda inscription
2893:Hanthawaddy Kingdom
2089:Nakhon Si Thammarat
1834:The utilization of
1634:Sanskrit Cosmopolis
1306:and the concept of
947:Ananda Coomaraswamy
943:Rabindranath Tagore
760:Greater India Basin
747:as Southeast Asia.
666:, i.e. present-day
591:The concept of the
569:Geography (Ptolemy)
447:Indian subcontinent
131:Indianized Kingdoms
111:, and historically
72:Indian subcontinent
48:
10415:Historical regions
10400:Geography of India
10319:EAEU Customs Union
10249:Arab Customs Union
10171:Oriental Orthodoxy
9945:Islamic philosophy
9915:Iranian philosophy
9890:Chinese philosophy
8882:South Asian topics
8617:History and Theory
8565:H. C. Raychaudhuri
7694:Yogendra Mishara,
6575:. Melbourne Univ.
6074:"Chenla – 550–800"
4215:Asian Perspectives
3927:Indo-Mediterranean
3725:Qutayba ibn Muslim
3556:
3538:dynasty of Kabul.
3489:
3441:kingship practices
3298:, Kia pi shi) and
3240:
3030:. A stronghold of
2980:
2966:
2950:
2701:
2699:, southern Vietnam
2677:Indian Ocean trade
2638:
2584:
2487:
2392:
2376:
2255:
2189:
2180:
2144:Indian Ocean trade
2136:Maritime silk road
2049:the "lion city"),
2045:, from Singapura (
1974:
1949:Bhumibol Adulyadej
1895:Sanskrit loanwords
1824:
1822:from Java and Bali
1630:
1626:northeastern China
1610:Chinese characters
1559:Malaysian variant
1499:resemble those of
1427:The same style of
1424:
1238:
1006:
991:
974:Cultural expansion
931:Indian nationalism
833:Phanindranath Bose
812:
674:, from Malabar to
660:India extra Gangem
589:
276:Vajrayana Buddhism
261:Theravada Buddhism
214:Theravada Buddhism
92:Western New Guinea
46:
18:Indianised kingdom
10367:
10366:
10166:Eastern Orthodoxy
9910:Indian philosophy
9900:Korean philosophy
9694:Post–Cold War era
9525:
9524:
9428:Traditional games
9413:South Asian Games
9001:General geography
8830:Media related to
8805:978-90-04-10512-6
8725:978-0-8248-0368-1
8563:Majumdar, R. C.,
8491:978-0-8248-0368-1
8389:(December 1910),
8174:Ram Sharan Sharma
8101:E. Lévi-Provençal
8059:Richard F. Strand
7722:Islamic Quarterly
7707:See R. T. Mohan,
7669:978-0-87586-860-8
7286:978-0-906094-03-7
7255:978-1-317-14002-3
7174:978-0-415-29826-1
7094:978-92-3-103211-0
6297:978-81-269-0775-5
5820:on 9 October 2022
5642:on 24 April 2015.
5475:van Gulik, Robert
5291:Balinese Religion
5265:978-81-208-0372-5
5161:978-0-86442-425-9
5154:, Lonely Planet,
5069:978-981-99-4610-5
4921:978-3-11-098606-8
4867:Keenleyside (1982
4594:978-3-447-05607-6
4525:978-0-520-20742-4
4434:978-0-520-20742-4
4385:978-0-19-820740-5
4122:978-0-8248-0843-3
4083:978-81-206-0772-9
3907:Genetic influence
3880:Abdul Rahman Khan
3808:Mahayana Buddhism
3758:Muhammad ibn Suri
3485:Samangan Province
3408:Kabul and Zabul.
3059:, and the 860 CE
2964:from Central Java
2921:Ayutthaya Kingdom
2879:, literature and
2624:The 10th-century
2616:Mainland kingdoms
2156:Balinese Hinduism
1893:contain numerous
1855:Malay Archipelago
1816:, the version of
1774:in Thai and Lao,
1719:modern Indonesian
1715:traditional Malay
1709:particularly the
935:Hindu nationalism
861:, and the former
668:Malay Archipelago
584:in a 1864 map by
412:
411:
365:Folklore of India
16:(Redirected from
10427:
10385:Cultural regions
10186:Eastern Churches
9930:Hindu philosophy
9552:
9545:
9538:
9529:
9528:
9423:Physical culture
9318:Former countries
9313:Contemporary era
9013:
8875:
8868:
8861:
8852:
8851:
8829:
8808:
8784:R. C. Majumdar,
8773:R. C. Majumdar,
8755:R. C. Majumdar,
8728:
8707:
8685:
8675:
8639:
8608:
8600:(2–3): 221–230,
8588:
8582:
8574:
8559:
8531:
8503:
8494:
8474:
8472:
8465:
8453:
8425:
8387:Beazley, Raymond
8382:
8354:
8345:
8329:(3–4): 169–188,
8308:
8307:
8297:
8287:
8263:
8257:
8256:
8245:
8239:
8238:
8227:
8221:
8220:
8218:
8216:
8188:
8182:
8181:
8170:
8164:
8163:
8161:
8159:
8131:
8125:
8124:
8089:
8083:
8082:
8080:
8078:
8055:
8049:
8048:
8046:
8044:
8023:Psychology Press
8012:
8006:
8005:
8003:
8001:
7981:
7972:
7971:
7969:
7967:
7936:
7930:
7924:
7918:
7915:
7909:
7908:
7906:
7904:
7876:
7870:
7869:
7867:
7865:
7837:
7831:
7830:
7828:
7826:
7795:
7789:
7788:
7786:
7784:
7757:
7751:
7750:
7731:
7725:
7724:, Vol. XI, 1965.
7718:
7712:
7705:
7699:
7692:
7686:
7685:
7683:
7681:
7653:
7644:
7643:
7641:
7639:
7612:
7606:
7605:
7603:
7601:
7596:on 10 March 2021
7592:. Archived from
7582:
7576:
7573:Tabaqat-i-Nasiri
7566:
7555:
7552:Gulshane Mohyali
7548:
7539:
7528:
7517:
7516:
7514:
7512:
7507:on 2 August 2017
7503:. Archived from
7493:
7487:
7486:
7466:
7460:
7459:
7457:
7455:
7427:
7421:
7420:
7401:
7395:
7394:
7383:
7377:
7376:
7374:
7372:
7360:Abdul Hai Habibi
7351:
7345:
7333:
7327:
7326:
7324:
7322:
7306:Memoirs of Babur
7296:
7290:
7289:
7270:
7264:
7263:
7239:
7233:
7232:
7230:
7228:
7197:
7191:
7190:
7188:
7186:
7155:
7149:
7148:
7146:
7144:
7112:
7106:
7105:
7103:
7101:
7078:
7072:
7071:
7060:
7054:
7053:
7036:
7030:
7029:
7011:
7005:
7004:
7002:
7000:
6995:on 2 August 2017
6991:. Archived from
6981:
6975:
6974:
6955:
6946:
6945:
6932:Brill Publishers
6921:
6915:
6914:
6912:
6910:
6878:
6872:
6871:
6860:
6854:
6853:
6851:
6849:
6840:. Archived from
6834:
6828:
6827:
6825:
6823:
6808:
6802:
6801:
6796:]. Bangkok:
6786:
6780:
6775:
6769:
6768:
6766:
6764:
6745:
6739:
6738:
6736:
6734:
6728:
6721:
6713:
6707:
6706:
6670:
6664:
6663:
6661:
6659:
6631:
6625:
6624:
6622:
6620:
6605:
6599:
6598:
6596:
6594:
6566:
6560:
6559:
6557:
6555:
6527:
6521:
6520:
6518:
6516:
6510:
6503:
6495:
6489:
6486:
6480:
6479:
6474:
6472:
6466:
6459:
6448:
6442:
6441:
6436:
6434:
6428:
6413:
6404:
6398:
6388:
6382:
6381:
6379:
6377:
6357:
6351:
6350:
6348:
6346:
6340:
6329:
6320:
6314:
6313:
6311:
6309:
6281:
6275:
6274:
6272:
6270:
6255:
6249:
6248:
6246:
6244:
6228:
6222:
6221:
6219:
6217:
6189:
6183:
6182:
6180:
6178:
6172:
6165:
6156:
6150:
6137:
6131:
6130:
6122:
6116:
6115:
6113:
6111:
6102:. Encyclopedia.
6096:
6090:
6089:
6087:
6085:
6070:
6064:
6063:
6061:
6059:
6044:
6038:
6037:
6025:
6014:
6013:
6011:
6009:
5985:
5979:
5978:
5960:
5954:
5953:
5933:
5927:
5926:
5924:
5922:
5916:
5909:
5901:
5895:
5894:
5892:
5890:
5875:
5869:
5868:
5866:
5864:
5836:
5830:
5829:
5827:
5825:
5819:
5812:
5804:
5798:
5797:
5795:
5793:
5782:
5776:
5775:
5773:
5771:
5748:
5742:
5741:
5739:
5737:
5707:
5698:
5697:
5695:
5693:
5673:
5667:
5666:
5650:
5644:
5643:
5638:. Archived from
5627:
5621:
5615:
5609:
5608:
5581:Smith, Monica L.
5577:
5568:
5565:Zoetmulder (1982
5562:
5556:
5545:
5539:
5538:
5532:
5524:
5522:
5520:
5500:
5491:
5490:
5471:
5465:
5464:
5462:
5460:
5454:The Jakarta Post
5446:
5440:
5439:
5437:
5435:
5420:
5414:
5402:
5396:
5395:
5390:. Archived from
5380:
5374:
5369:
5354:
5353:
5351:
5349:
5321:
5315:
5314:
5306:
5300:
5288:
5282:
5281:
5279:
5277:
5249:
5240:
5239:
5237:
5235:
5225:
5205:
5196:
5175:
5169:
5168:
5145:
5139:
5138:
5133:
5131:
5113:
5107:
5104:
5098:
5097:
5086:
5080:
5079:
5078:
5076:
5043:
5037:
5036:
5034:
5032:
5026:Modern Diplomacy
5017:
5011:
5005:
4999:
4984:
4978:
4966:
4960:
4938:
4932:
4931:
4930:
4928:
4895:
4886:
4876:
4870:
4864:
4858:
4857:
4855:
4831:
4825:
4812:
4806:
4800:
4794:
4768:
4762:
4755:
4744:
4728:
4722:
4715:
4709:
4703:
4697:
4696:
4684:
4678:
4672:
4666:
4665:
4663:
4661:
4655:
4648:
4640:
4634:
4631:
4625:
4618:
4612:
4605:
4599:
4598:
4578:
4572:
4565:
4559:
4552:Lesser, Superior
4536:
4530:
4529:
4513:
4503:
4492:
4485:
4479:
4468:
4462:
4461:
4445:
4439:
4438:
4422:
4412:
4406:
4399:
4390:
4389:
4369:
4360:
4359:
4354:
4352:
4346:
4331:
4322:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4311:
4305:
4298:
4290:
4284:
4283:
4282:
4280:
4260:
4254:
4248:
4242:
4241:
4235:
4233:
4227:
4212:
4203:
4192:
4191:
4190:
4188:
4148:
4139:
4138:
4136:
4134:
4106:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4095:
4067:
4061:
4060:
4038:
4032:
4031:
4005:
3999:
3998:
3970:
3863:ancient Hinduism
3800:Mahmud of Ghazni
3748:, a king of the
3592:Brahmana dynasty
3590:dynasty and the
3358:Mahmud of Ghazni
3306:and the related
3245:Indian religions
2861:royal chronology
2731:Chalukya dynasty
1929:Indonesian names
1814:Kakawin Ramayana
1556:
1541:
1441:flag of Cambodia
1235:Thai shadow play
983:Atashgah of Baku
939:Jawaharlal Nehru
883:culture colonies
827:(1890–1977) and
502:Chalukya dynasty
404:
397:
390:
84:Northern Vietnam
61:
52:Greater India or
49:
45:
21:
10435:
10434:
10430:
10429:
10428:
10426:
10425:
10424:
10370:
10369:
10368:
10363:
10236:
10230:
9971:
9940:Jain philosophy
9920:Buddhist ethics
9876:
9698:
9665:Interwar period
9618:Ancient history
9606:
9565:
9556:
9526:
9521:
9483:
9457:
9434:
9389:
9322:
9293:Middle kingdoms
9257:
9248:Stock exchanges
9203:
9180:
9136:Cultural sphere
9102:
9014:
9005:
8884:
8879:
8823:
8806:
8726:
8692:
8690:Further reading
8657:10.2307/2055365
8629:10.2307/2504471
8594:World Englishes
8576:
8575:
8549:10.2307/2757594
8537:Pacific Affairs
8521:10.2307/2750560
8509:Pacific Affairs
8492:
8473:on 6 March 2019
8470:
8463:
8415:10.2307/1776846
8317:
8312:
8311:
8278:(2): e1010036.
8264:
8260:
8246:
8242:
8228:
8224:
8214:
8212:
8205:
8189:
8185:
8171:
8167:
8157:
8155:
8148:
8132:
8128:
8115:, eds. (1986).
8090:
8086:
8076:
8074:
8056:
8052:
8042:
8040:
8033:
8025:. p. 160.
8013:
8009:
7999:
7997:
7982:
7975:
7965:
7963:
7956:
7937:
7933:
7925:
7921:
7916:
7912:
7902:
7900:
7893:
7877:
7873:
7863:
7861:
7854:
7838:
7834:
7824:
7822:
7815:
7796:
7792:
7782:
7780:
7773:
7759:
7758:
7754:
7747:
7733:
7732:
7728:
7719:
7715:
7706:
7702:
7693:
7689:
7679:
7677:
7670:
7654:
7647:
7637:
7635:
7628:
7614:
7613:
7609:
7599:
7597:
7584:
7583:
7579:
7567:
7558:
7549:
7542:
7529:
7520:
7510:
7508:
7495:
7494:
7490:
7483:
7467:
7463:
7453:
7451:
7444:
7428:
7424:
7417:
7403:
7402:
7398:
7384:
7380:
7370:
7368:
7353:
7352:
7348:
7334:
7330:
7320:
7318:
7297:
7293:
7287:
7271:
7267:
7256:
7240:
7236:
7226:
7224:
7217:
7198:
7194:
7184:
7182:
7175:
7156:
7152:
7142:
7140:
7133:
7113:
7109:
7099:
7097:
7095:
7079:
7075:
7061:
7057:
7051:
7037:
7033:
7026:
7012:
7008:
6998:
6996:
6983:
6982:
6978:
6972:
6956:
6949:
6942:
6934:. p. 120.
6922:
6918:
6908:
6906:
6899:
6879:
6875:
6861:
6857:
6847:
6845:
6836:
6835:
6831:
6821:
6819:
6818:on 23 July 2015
6810:
6809:
6805:
6788:
6787:
6783:
6776:
6772:
6762:
6760:
6747:
6746:
6742:
6732:
6730:
6726:
6719:
6715:
6714:
6710:
6671:
6667:
6657:
6655:
6648:
6632:
6628:
6618:
6616:
6615:on 26 June 2015
6607:
6606:
6602:
6592:
6590:
6583:
6567:
6563:
6553:
6551:
6544:
6528:
6524:
6514:
6512:
6508:
6501:
6497:
6496:
6492:
6487:
6483:
6470:
6468:
6464:
6457:
6449:
6445:
6432:
6430:
6426:
6411:
6405:
6401:
6389:
6385:
6375:
6373:
6358:
6354:
6344:
6342:
6338:
6327:
6321:
6317:
6307:
6305:
6298:
6282:
6278:
6268:
6266:
6257:
6256:
6252:
6242:
6240:
6229:
6225:
6215:
6213:
6206:
6190:
6186:
6176:
6174:
6170:
6163:
6157:
6153:
6147:Wayback Machine
6138:
6134:
6123:
6119:
6109:
6107:
6098:
6097:
6093:
6083:
6081:
6072:
6071:
6067:
6057:
6055:
6046:
6045:
6041:
6026:
6017:
6007:
6005:
5986:
5982:
5975:
5961:
5957:
5950:
5934:
5930:
5920:
5918:
5914:
5907:
5903:
5902:
5898:
5888:
5886:
5877:
5876:
5872:
5862:
5860:
5853:
5837:
5833:
5823:
5821:
5817:
5810:
5806:
5805:
5801:
5791:
5789:
5784:
5783:
5779:
5769:
5767:
5765:
5749:
5745:
5735:
5733:
5726:
5708:
5701:
5691:
5689:
5682:nepalitimes.com
5674:
5670:
5651:
5647:
5628:
5624:
5616:
5612:
5591:(11–17): 1–26.
5578:
5571:
5563:
5559:
5546:
5542:
5526:
5525:
5518:
5516:
5505:"भारत की कहानी"
5501:
5494:
5472:
5468:
5458:
5456:
5448:
5447:
5443:
5433:
5431:
5421:
5417:
5412:Wayback Machine
5403:
5399:
5388:lonelyplanet.tv
5382:
5381:
5377:
5370:
5357:
5347:
5345:
5322:
5318:
5307:
5303:
5298:Wayback Machine
5289:
5285:
5275:
5273:
5266:
5250:
5243:
5233:
5231:
5206:
5199:
5186:Wayback Machine
5176:
5172:
5162:
5146:
5142:
5129:
5127:
5114:
5110:
5105:
5101:
5088:
5087:
5083:
5074:
5072:
5070:
5044:
5040:
5030:
5028:
5018:
5014:
5006:
5002:
4985:
4981:
4967:
4963:
4939:
4935:
4926:
4924:
4922:
4896:
4889:
4877:
4873:
4865:
4861:
4832:
4828:
4823:Wayback Machine
4813:
4809:
4801:
4797:
4783:India and China
4775:Jadunath Sarkar
4769:
4765:
4756:
4747:
4729:
4725:
4716:
4712:
4704:
4700:
4685:
4681:
4673:
4669:
4659:
4657:
4653:
4646:
4642:
4641:
4637:
4632:
4628:
4619:
4615:
4611:44(3): 235–240.
4606:
4602:
4595:
4579:
4575:
4566:
4562:
4537:
4533:
4526:
4504:
4495:
4486:
4482:
4469:
4465:
4446:
4442:
4435:
4413:
4409:
4400:
4393:
4386:
4370:
4363:
4350:
4348:
4344:
4329:
4323:
4319:
4309:
4307:
4303:
4296:
4292:
4291:
4287:
4278:
4276:
4261:
4257:
4253:, pp. 14–.
4249:
4245:
4231:
4229:
4225:
4210:
4204:
4195:
4186:
4184:
4149:
4142:
4132:
4130:
4123:
4107:
4103:
4093:
4091:
4084:
4068:
4064:
4053:
4039:
4035:
4006:
4002:
3971:
3967:
3962:
3918:
3909:
3816:
3780:Harun al-Rashid
3743:
3701:
3656:contemporaneous
3651:Parimaha Maitya
3544:
3481:Ghazni Province
3465:
3386:
3226:
3216:
3185:Demak Sultanate
2930:
2928:Island kingdoms
2778:Malay Peninsula
2776:located in the
2761:: Langkasuka (-
2727:Pallava dynasty
2628:of the dancing
2618:
2613:
2607:
2598:
2589:
2564:
2475:
2406:States such as
2365:
2287:outrigger boats
2252:thalassocracies
2233:
2223:
2193:Chola invasions
2162:
2128:
2070:Indragiri Hilir
2021:Kalinga Kingdom
1958:
1943:, Teuku Wisnu).
1850:
1806:
1796:
1598:
1592:
1568:
1567:
1566:
1565:
1564:
1557:
1549:
1548:
1542:
1531:
1520:, dedicated to
1401:
1381:
1216:
1211:
1018:Malay Peninsula
976:
971:
923:
906:
784:
782:Cultural sphere
753:
571:
561:
556:
548:Pamir Mountains
498:Pallava dynasty
408:
119:
95:
74:
66:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
10433:
10423:
10422:
10417:
10412:
10407:
10402:
10397:
10392:
10387:
10382:
10365:
10364:
10362:
10361:
10356:
10351:
10346:
10341:
10336:
10331:
10326:
10321:
10316:
10311:
10309:Easternization
10306:
10301:
10296:
10291:
10286:
10281:
10276:
10271:
10266:
10261:
10256:
10251:
10246:
10240:
10238:
10232:
10231:
10229:
10228:
10227:
10226:
10221:
10220:
10219:
10214:
10204:
10203:
10202:
10192:
10191:
10190:
10189:
10188:
10183:
10173:
10168:
10163:
10162:
10161:
10146:
10145:
10144:
10139:
10134:
10119:
10118:
10117:
10112:
10110:Zoroastrianism
10102:
10101:
10100:
10095:
10090:
10085:
10080:
10075:
10065:
10064:
10063:
10058:
10053:
10052:
10051:
10046:
10041:
10036:
10031:
10021:
10020:
10019:
10014:
10009:
10004:
10003:
10002:
9981:
9979:
9973:
9972:
9970:
9969:
9968:
9967:
9962:
9952:
9947:
9942:
9937:
9932:
9927:
9925:Islamic ethics
9922:
9917:
9912:
9907:
9902:
9897:
9892:
9886:
9884:
9878:
9877:
9875:
9874:
9869:
9864:
9859:
9858:
9857:
9852:
9842:
9837:
9832:
9831:
9830:
9825:
9820:
9810:
9805:
9800:
9799:
9798:
9793:
9788:
9778:
9777:
9776:
9766:
9761:
9760:
9759:
9754:
9749:
9744:
9739:
9734:
9729:
9724:
9719:
9708:
9706:
9700:
9699:
9697:
9696:
9691:
9690:
9689:
9684:
9683:
9682:
9677:
9667:
9662:
9661:
9660:
9655:
9645:
9640:
9630:
9625:
9620:
9614:
9612:
9608:
9607:
9605:
9604:
9599:
9594:
9589:
9584:
9579:
9573:
9571:
9567:
9566:
9555:
9554:
9547:
9540:
9532:
9523:
9522:
9520:
9519:
9514:
9509:
9504:
9499:
9493:
9491:
9485:
9484:
9482:
9481:
9476:
9471:
9465:
9463:
9459:
9458:
9456:
9455:
9450:
9444:
9442:
9436:
9435:
9433:
9432:
9431:
9430:
9420:
9415:
9410:
9405:
9399:
9397:
9391:
9390:
9388:
9387:
9386:
9385:
9380:
9375:
9365:
9360:
9359:
9358:
9353:
9348:
9343:
9332:
9330:
9324:
9323:
9321:
9320:
9315:
9310:
9305:
9300:
9295:
9290:
9285:
9280:
9279:
9278:
9267:
9265:
9259:
9258:
9256:
9255:
9250:
9245:
9244:
9243:
9238:
9233:
9223:
9217:
9215:
9205:
9204:
9202:
9201:
9199:Climate change
9196:
9190:
9188:
9182:
9181:
9179:
9178:
9173:
9168:
9163:
9158:
9153:
9148:
9143:
9138:
9133:
9128:
9123:
9118:
9112:
9110:
9104:
9103:
9101:
9100:
9095:
9094:
9093:
9088:
9083:
9078:
9070:
9065:
9060:
9055:
9050:
9045:
9040:
9035:
9030:
9024:
9022:
9016:
9015:
9008:
9006:
9004:
9003:
8998:
8997:
8996:
8991:
8986:
8981:
8971:
8966:
8965:
8964:
8954:
8949:
8944:
8943:
8942:
8937:
8932:
8927:
8926:
8925:
8910:
8905:
8900:
8894:
8892:
8886:
8885:
8878:
8877:
8870:
8863:
8855:
8849:
8848:
8842:
8822:
8821:External links
8819:
8818:
8817:
8812:
8809:
8804:
8789:
8788:, Madras, 1944
8782:
8771:
8753:
8738:R. C. Majumdar
8735:
8732:
8729:
8724:
8708:
8697:
8691:
8688:
8687:
8686:
8676:
8640:
8613:Thapar, Romila
8609:
8589:
8560:
8532:
8504:
8495:
8490:
8475:
8454:
8426:
8401:(6): 703–716,
8383:
8366:(3): 703–744,
8355:
8346:
8316:
8313:
8310:
8309:
8258:
8240:
8231:Mohammad Habib
8222:
8203:
8183:
8165:
8146:
8126:
8123:. p. 852.
8113:Charles Pellat
8084:
8050:
8031:
8007:
7973:
7954:
7940:Satish Chandra
7931:
7919:
7910:
7891:
7871:
7852:
7832:
7813:
7790:
7771:
7752:
7745:
7726:
7713:
7700:
7687:
7668:
7645:
7626:
7607:
7577:
7556:
7540:
7518:
7488:
7481:
7461:
7442:
7422:
7415:
7396:
7378:
7346:
7335:Abdur Rahman,
7328:
7291:
7285:
7265:
7254:
7234:
7215:
7192:
7173:
7150:
7131:
7125:. p. 99.
7107:
7093:
7073:
7055:
7049:
7031:
7024:
7006:
6976:
6970:
6947:
6940:
6916:
6897:
6873:
6855:
6829:
6803:
6781:
6770:
6749:"Khmer Empire"
6740:
6708:
6665:
6646:
6626:
6600:
6581:
6561:
6542:
6522:
6511:on 24 May 2015
6490:
6481:
6454:Khmer Ceramics
6443:
6399:
6383:
6366:Hinduism Today
6352:
6315:
6296:
6276:
6250:
6223:
6204:
6184:
6159:Helmut Lukas.
6151:
6132:
6117:
6091:
6065:
6039:
6015:
5980:
5974:978-0415100540
5973:
5955:
5948:
5928:
5896:
5870:
5851:
5831:
5799:
5777:
5763:
5743:
5724:
5699:
5668:
5645:
5622:
5610:
5569:
5557:
5540:
5492:
5466:
5441:
5415:
5397:
5375:
5355:
5316:
5301:
5283:
5264:
5241:
5197:
5170:
5160:
5140:
5108:
5099:
5081:
5068:
5038:
5012:
5000:
4987:Wheatley (1982
4979:
4961:
4933:
4920:
4887:
4871:
4859:
4826:
4807:
4803:Majumdar (1960
4795:
4763:
4761:, p. 713)
4745:
4723:
4710:
4708:, p. 712)
4698:
4679:
4677:, p. 710)
4667:
4635:
4626:
4624:, p. 170)
4613:
4600:
4593:
4573:
4569:Caverhill 1767
4560:
4548:Minor, Greater
4531:
4524:
4493:
4480:
4463:
4440:
4433:
4407:
4391:
4384:
4361:
4317:
4285:
4255:
4243:
4193:
4140:
4121:
4101:
4082:
4062:
4051:
4033:
4000:
3985:(3): 677–680.
3964:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3957:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3935:
3934:
3924:
3917:
3914:
3908:
3905:
3893:Mohammad Habib
3843:Pashayi people
3815:
3812:
3804:Satish Chandra
3750:Ghurid dynasty
3742:
3739:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3695:
3673:
3666:Samanid Empire
3659:
3625:and Bhimpala.
3623:Trilochanapala
3543:
3540:
3464:
3461:
3385:
3382:
3372:described the
3215:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3202:
3188:
3152:
3128:
3125:Maluku Islands
3112:
3109:Isyana Dynasty
3081:
3072:
3015:
3006:
2998:
2989:
2938:Avalokiteśvara
2929:
2926:
2925:
2924:
2908:
2884:
2877:urban planning
2865:administration
2829:
2793:
2754:
2689:
2688:
2617:
2614:
2606:
2603:
2597:
2594:
2588:
2585:
2578:in green, and
2563:
2560:
2474:
2471:
2364:
2361:
2275:Southern India
2241:Borobudur ship
2222:
2219:
2204:Hindu kingdoms
2172:proto-historic
2127:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2115:
2096:
2077:
2066:Indragiri Hulu
2062:
2039:
2032:
1985:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1944:
1925:
1898:
1849:
1846:
1795:
1792:
1729:. Similarly,
1721:, also derive
1669:transliterated
1591:
1588:
1558:
1551:
1550:
1543:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1515:
1504:
1503:Hindu temples.
1489:
1464:
1400:
1397:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1341:
1322:Malay folklore
1319:
1297:
1283:
1273:
1255:
1249:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
975:
972:
970:
967:
922:
919:
914:principalities
905:
902:
894:men of letters
821:R. C. Majumdar
808:Kedahan Malays
783:
780:
776:Eurasian Plate
772:Plate tectonic
752:
749:
637:Exterior India
560:
557:
555:
552:
540:Greater Persia
526:extended into
463:socio-economic
459:maritime trade
439:Indian culture
435:Southeast Asia
410:
409:
407:
406:
399:
392:
384:
381:
380:
357:Buddhist texts
337:
336:
327:
321:
320:
314:
313:
296:
292:
291:
278:
272:
271:
262:
258:
257:
251:
250:
245:
239:
238:
216:
210:
209:
132:
128:
127:
125:Southeast Asia
121:
120:
62:
54:
53:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10432:
10421:
10418:
10416:
10413:
10411:
10408:
10406:
10403:
10401:
10398:
10396:
10393:
10391:
10388:
10386:
10383:
10381:
10378:
10377:
10375:
10360:
10357:
10355:
10352:
10350:
10347:
10345:
10342:
10340:
10337:
10335:
10332:
10330:
10327:
10325:
10322:
10320:
10317:
10315:
10312:
10310:
10307:
10305:
10302:
10300:
10297:
10295:
10292:
10290:
10287:
10285:
10282:
10280:
10277:
10275:
10272:
10270:
10267:
10265:
10262:
10260:
10257:
10255:
10252:
10250:
10247:
10245:
10242:
10241:
10239:
10233:
10225:
10222:
10218:
10215:
10213:
10210:
10209:
10208:
10205:
10201:
10198:
10197:
10196:
10193:
10187:
10184:
10182:
10179:
10178:
10177:
10174:
10172:
10169:
10167:
10164:
10160:
10157:
10156:
10155:
10152:
10151:
10150:
10147:
10143:
10140:
10138:
10135:
10133:
10130:
10129:
10128:
10125:
10124:
10123:
10120:
10116:
10113:
10111:
10108:
10107:
10106:
10103:
10099:
10096:
10094:
10091:
10089:
10086:
10084:
10081:
10079:
10076:
10074:
10071:
10070:
10069:
10066:
10062:
10059:
10057:
10054:
10050:
10047:
10045:
10042:
10040:
10037:
10035:
10032:
10030:
10027:
10026:
10025:
10022:
10018:
10015:
10013:
10010:
10008:
10005:
10001:
9998:
9997:
9996:
9993:
9992:
9991:
9988:
9987:
9986:
9983:
9982:
9980:
9978:
9974:
9966:
9963:
9961:
9958:
9957:
9956:
9953:
9951:
9948:
9946:
9943:
9941:
9938:
9936:
9933:
9931:
9928:
9926:
9923:
9921:
9918:
9916:
9913:
9911:
9908:
9906:
9903:
9901:
9898:
9896:
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9891:
9888:
9887:
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9883:
9879:
9873:
9870:
9868:
9865:
9863:
9860:
9856:
9853:
9851:
9848:
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9846:
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9838:
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9833:
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9826:
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9809:
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9801:
9797:
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9792:
9789:
9787:
9784:
9783:
9782:
9779:
9775:
9772:
9771:
9770:
9767:
9765:
9762:
9758:
9755:
9753:
9750:
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9733:
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9710:
9709:
9707:
9705:
9701:
9695:
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9668:
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9656:
9654:
9651:
9650:
9649:
9646:
9644:
9641:
9639:
9636:
9635:
9634:
9633:Modern period
9631:
9629:
9626:
9624:
9621:
9619:
9616:
9615:
9613:
9609:
9603:
9600:
9598:
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9590:
9588:
9585:
9583:
9580:
9578:
9575:
9574:
9572:
9568:
9564:
9560:
9559:Eastern world
9553:
9548:
9546:
9541:
9539:
9534:
9533:
9530:
9518:
9515:
9513:
9510:
9508:
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9500:
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9486:
9480:
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9472:
9470:
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9409:
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9364:
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9325:
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9311:
9309:
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9281:
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9264:
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9144:
9142:
9139:
9137:
9134:
9132:
9129:
9127:
9124:
9122:
9119:
9117:
9116:Architecture
9114:
9113:
9111:
9109:
9105:
9099:
9096:
9092:
9089:
9087:
9084:
9082:
9079:
9077:
9074:
9073:
9072:Other groups
9071:
9069:
9066:
9064:
9063:Tibeto-Burman
9061:
9059:
9056:
9054:
9051:
9049:
9046:
9044:
9041:
9039:
9036:
9034:
9033:Austroasiatic
9031:
9029:
9026:
9025:
9023:
9021:
9020:Ethnic groups
9017:
9012:
9002:
8999:
8995:
8992:
8990:
8987:
8985:
8982:
8980:
8977:
8976:
8975:
8972:
8970:
8967:
8963:
8960:
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8941:
8938:
8936:
8933:
8931:
8928:
8924:
8921:
8920:
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8916:
8915:
8914:
8911:
8909:
8906:
8904:
8901:
8899:
8896:
8895:
8893:
8891:
8887:
8883:
8876:
8871:
8869:
8864:
8862:
8857:
8856:
8853:
8846:
8843:
8840:
8837:
8836:
8835:
8833:
8832:Greater India
8828:
8816:
8813:
8810:
8807:
8801:
8797:
8796:
8790:
8787:
8783:
8780:
8776:
8772:
8770:
8769:0-8364-2802-1
8766:
8762:
8758:
8754:
8751:
8750:81-7018-046-5
8747:
8743:
8739:
8736:
8733:
8730:
8727:
8721:
8717:
8713:
8712:Cœdès, George
8709:
8705:
8704:
8698:
8694:
8693:
8684:
8683:
8677:
8674:
8670:
8666:
8662:
8658:
8654:
8650:
8646:
8641:
8638:
8634:
8630:
8626:
8622:
8618:
8614:
8610:
8607:
8603:
8599:
8595:
8590:
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8580:
8572:
8571:
8566:
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8550:
8546:
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8538:
8533:
8530:
8526:
8522:
8518:
8514:
8510:
8505:
8501:
8496:
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8487:
8483:
8482:
8476:
8469:
8462:
8461:
8455:
8452:
8448:
8444:
8440:
8436:
8432:
8427:
8424:
8420:
8416:
8412:
8408:
8404:
8400:
8396:
8392:
8388:
8384:
8381:
8377:
8373:
8369:
8365:
8361:
8356:
8352:
8347:
8344:
8340:
8336:
8332:
8328:
8324:
8319:
8318:
8305:
8301:
8296:
8291:
8286:
8281:
8277:
8273:
8272:PLOS Genetics
8269:
8262:
8254:
8250:
8244:
8236:
8232:
8226:
8210:
8206:
8204:9781107456594
8200:
8196:
8195:
8187:
8179:
8175:
8169:
8153:
8149:
8147:9780520294134
8143:
8139:
8138:
8130:
8122:
8118:
8114:
8110:
8109:Bernard Lewis
8106:
8102:
8098:
8097:J. H. Kramers
8094:
8093:H. A. R. Gibb
8088:
8072:
8068:
8067:nuristan.info
8064:
8060:
8054:
8038:
8034:
8032:9780700706297
8028:
8024:
8020:
8019:
8011:
7995:
7991:
7987:
7980:
7978:
7961:
7957:
7955:9788124110645
7951:
7947:
7946:
7941:
7935:
7928:
7923:
7914:
7898:
7894:
7892:9780199687053
7888:
7884:
7883:
7875:
7859:
7855:
7853:9780520294134
7849:
7845:
7844:
7836:
7820:
7816:
7814:9781446545638
7810:
7806:
7805:
7800:
7794:
7778:
7774:
7772:9780754669562
7768:
7764:
7763:
7756:
7748:
7746:9780754669562
7742:
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7730:
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7704:
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7660:
7652:
7650:
7633:
7629:
7627:9789693514131
7623:
7619:
7618:
7611:
7595:
7591:
7587:
7581:
7574:
7570:
7569:H. G. Raverty
7565:
7563:
7561:
7553:
7547:
7545:
7537:
7533:
7527:
7525:
7523:
7506:
7502:
7498:
7492:
7484:
7478:
7474:
7473:
7465:
7449:
7445:
7443:9781317340911
7439:
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7392:
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7316:
7312:
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7295:
7288:
7282:
7278:
7277:
7269:
7262:
7257:
7251:
7247:
7246:
7238:
7222:
7218:
7216:9781844670208
7212:
7208:
7207:
7202:
7201:Romila Thapar
7196:
7180:
7176:
7170:
7166:
7165:
7160:
7159:Ewans, Martin
7154:
7138:
7134:
7132:9780521200936
7128:
7124:
7120:
7119:
7111:
7096:
7090:
7086:
7085:
7077:
7069:
7065:
7059:
7052:
7050:1-886439-02-8
7046:
7042:
7035:
7027:
7025:9783895003646
7021:
7017:
7010:
6994:
6990:
6986:
6980:
6973:
6967:
6963:
6962:
6954:
6952:
6943:
6937:
6933:
6929:
6928:
6920:
6904:
6900:
6898:9780520294134
6894:
6890:
6886:
6885:
6877:
6869:
6865:
6859:
6843:
6839:
6833:
6817:
6813:
6807:
6799:
6795:
6791:
6785:
6779:
6778:Coedès (1968)
6774:
6758:
6754:
6750:
6744:
6725:
6718:
6712:
6704:
6700:
6696:
6692:
6688:
6684:
6680:
6676:
6669:
6653:
6649:
6647:9780521243339
6643:
6639:
6638:
6630:
6614:
6610:
6604:
6588:
6584:
6582:9780522854770
6578:
6574:
6573:
6565:
6549:
6545:
6543:9789004119734
6539:
6535:
6534:
6526:
6507:
6500:
6494:
6485:
6478:
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6456:
6455:
6447:
6440:
6425:
6421:
6417:
6410:
6403:
6397:
6396:9781842125847
6393:
6387:
6371:
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6363:
6356:
6337:
6333:
6326:
6319:
6303:
6299:
6293:
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6288:
6280:
6264:
6260:
6254:
6238:
6234:
6227:
6211:
6207:
6205:9788120749108
6201:
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6049:
6043:
6035:
6031:
6024:
6022:
6020:
6003:
5999:
5995:
5991:
5984:
5976:
5970:
5966:
5959:
5951:
5949:9781588395245
5945:
5941:
5940:
5932:
5913:
5906:
5900:
5884:
5880:
5874:
5858:
5854:
5852:9781285783086
5848:
5844:
5843:
5835:
5816:
5809:
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5787:
5781:
5766:
5764:9781285783086
5760:
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5755:
5747:
5731:
5727:
5725:9783319338224
5721:
5717:
5713:
5706:
5704:
5687:
5683:
5679:
5672:
5664:
5660:
5656:
5649:
5641:
5637:
5633:
5626:
5620:, p. 98.
5619:
5618:Coedes (1967)
5614:
5606:
5602:
5598:
5594:
5590:
5586:
5582:
5576:
5574:
5566:
5561:
5554:
5550:
5544:
5536:
5530:
5514:
5510:
5509:Hindi Stories
5506:
5499:
5497:
5488:
5484:
5480:
5476:
5470:
5455:
5451:
5445:
5430:
5426:
5419:
5413:
5409:
5406:
5401:
5393:
5389:
5385:
5379:
5373:
5372:Coedes (1967)
5368:
5366:
5364:
5362:
5360:
5343:
5339:
5335:
5331:
5327:
5320:
5312:
5305:
5299:
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5229:
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5219:
5215:
5211:
5204:
5202:
5195:
5194:0-19-925591-1
5191:
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5049:
5042:
5027:
5023:
5016:
5009:
5004:
4996:
4992:
4988:
4983:
4975:
4974:Greater India
4970:
4965:
4958:
4957:Bharat Varsha
4954:
4950:
4946:
4942:
4937:
4923:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4905:
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4894:
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4837:
4830:
4824:
4820:
4817:
4811:
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4799:
4792:
4788:
4784:
4780:
4779:Greater India
4776:
4772:
4767:
4760:
4754:
4752:
4750:
4741:
4740:9782503524474
4737:
4733:
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4604:
4596:
4590:
4586:
4585:
4577:
4570:
4564:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4540:Wheatley 1982
4535:
4527:
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4490:
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4335:
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4321:
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4295:
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4274:
4270:
4266:
4259:
4252:
4251:Coedès (1968)
4247:
4240:
4224:
4220:
4216:
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4182:
4178:
4174:
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4105:
4089:
4085:
4079:
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4074:
4066:
4059:
4054:
4052:9788124110669
4048:
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4017:
4013:
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3997:
3992:
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3714:
3710:
3706:
3693:
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3677:
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3667:
3663:
3662:Kamalavarman:
3660:
3657:
3653:
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3647:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3632:According to
3631:
3628:
3627:
3626:
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3611:
3609:
3605:
3604:Rajatarangini
3601:
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3309:
3305:
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3221:
3208:
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3199:
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3110:
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3007:
3004:
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2999:
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2898:
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2870:
2866:
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2851:
2847:
2846:Jayavarman II
2843:
2839:
2835:
2834:
2830:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2798:
2794:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2774:Hindu kingdom
2771:
2767:
2764:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2702:
2698:
2693:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2644:
2640:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2622:
2612:
2602:
2596:Rise of Islam
2593:
2587:Khmer Kingdom
2581:
2577:
2573:
2568:
2559:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2518:Gangga Negara
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2497:
2491:
2484:
2479:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2459:Bay of Bengal
2456:
2452:
2451:Chola dynasty
2448:
2444:
2440:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2404:
2401:
2397:
2389:
2384:
2380:
2373:
2369:
2360:
2357:
2352:
2350:
2345:
2343:
2338:
2335:
2330:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2269:sailors from
2268:
2264:
2259:
2253:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2228:
2218:
2214:
2212:
2211:
2205:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2184:
2177:
2173:
2170:
2166:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2120:
2116:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2037:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2025:Ngayogyakarta
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1983:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1950:
1945:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1851:
1845:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1829:
1821:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1801:
1791:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1762:in Javanese,
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1748:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1682:contain many
1681:
1677:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1653:Tibeto-Burman
1649:
1646:
1641:
1639:
1635:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1618:Indic scripts
1615:
1611:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1562:
1561:galah panjang
1555:
1546:
1540:
1523:
1519:
1518:Erawan Shrine
1516:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1473:crowned with
1472:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1425:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1373:
1372:
1367:
1366:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1311:
1310:
1305:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1193:, statues of
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1110:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1004:
1000:
995:
988:
984:
980:
966:
963:
958:
956:
950:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
927:Greater India
918:
915:
911:
910:George Coedès
904:Indianization
901:
899:
898:Greater India
895:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
851:
849:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
817:
816:Greater India
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
792:Bujang Valley
788:
779:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
756:Greater India
748:
746:
745:Hinter-Indien
742:
741:Vorder-Indien
738:
734:
730:
726:
725:Sunda Islands
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
701:Greater India
697:
695:
691:
687:
683:
682:
681:Farther India
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
654:(present-day
653:
652:Malabar Coast
649:
644:
642:
638:
634:
633:Greater India
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
597:Greater India
594:
587:
583:
582:Farther India
579:
575:
570:
566:
551:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
522:
517:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
478:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
455:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
415:Greater India
405:
400:
398:
393:
391:
386:
385:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
335:
334:Kushan Empire
331:
328:
326:
322:
319:
315:
312:
308:
304:
300:
297:
293:
290:
286:
282:
279:
277:
273:
270:
266:
263:
259:
256:
252:
249:
246:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
217:
215:
211:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
167:Gangga Negara
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
133:
129:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
60:
55:
50:
44:
40:
39:Akhand Bharat
33:
19:
10304:Eastern Bloc
10274:Asia Council
10235:Contemporary
10181:Latin Church
10149:Christianity
10078:Confucianism
9950:Collectivism
9764:Architecture
9670:World War II
9591:
9418:Martial arts
9308:Colonial era
9303:Early modern
9253:Caste system
9135:
9038:Austronesian
8979:Northwestern
8824:
8794:
8785:
8778:
8775:Suvarnadvipa
8774:
8760:
8756:
8741:
8715:
8702:
8696:Linguistics.
8681:
8648:
8644:
8620:
8616:
8597:
8593:
8569:
8540:
8536:
8512:
8508:
8499:
8480:
8468:the original
8459:
8434:
8430:
8398:
8394:
8363:
8359:
8350:
8326:
8322:
8275:
8271:
8261:
8252:
8243:
8234:
8225:
8213:. Retrieved
8193:
8186:
8177:
8168:
8156:. Retrieved
8136:
8129:
8116:
8087:
8075:. Retrieved
8066:
8053:
8041:. Retrieved
8017:
8010:
7998:. Retrieved
7989:
7964:. Retrieved
7944:
7934:
7926:
7922:
7913:
7901:. Retrieved
7881:
7874:
7862:. Retrieved
7842:
7835:
7823:. Retrieved
7803:
7793:
7781:. Retrieved
7761:
7755:
7735:
7729:
7721:
7716:
7708:
7703:
7695:
7690:
7678:. Retrieved
7658:
7638:21 September
7636:. Retrieved
7616:
7610:
7598:. Retrieved
7594:the original
7589:
7580:
7572:
7551:
7535:
7531:
7509:. Retrieved
7505:the original
7500:
7491:
7471:
7464:
7452:. Retrieved
7432:
7425:
7405:
7399:
7390:
7381:
7369:. Retrieved
7358:
7349:
7336:
7331:
7319:. Retrieved
7315:the original
7304:
7294:
7275:
7268:
7259:
7244:
7237:
7225:. Retrieved
7205:
7195:
7183:. Retrieved
7163:
7153:
7141:. Retrieved
7117:
7110:
7098:. Retrieved
7083:
7076:
7067:
7058:
7040:
7034:
7015:
7009:
6997:. Retrieved
6993:the original
6988:
6979:
6960:
6926:
6919:
6907:. Retrieved
6883:
6876:
6867:
6858:
6846:. Retrieved
6842:the original
6832:
6820:. Retrieved
6816:the original
6806:
6793:
6789:
6784:
6773:
6761:. Retrieved
6743:
6731:. Retrieved
6711:
6678:
6674:
6668:
6656:. Retrieved
6636:
6629:
6617:. Retrieved
6613:the original
6603:
6591:. Retrieved
6571:
6564:
6552:. Retrieved
6532:
6525:
6513:. Retrieved
6506:the original
6493:
6484:
6476:
6469:. Retrieved
6453:
6446:
6438:
6431:. Retrieved
6424:the original
6419:
6415:
6402:
6386:
6374:. Retrieved
6365:
6355:
6343:. Retrieved
6331:
6318:
6306:. Retrieved
6286:
6279:
6267:. Retrieved
6253:
6241:. Retrieved
6226:
6214:. Retrieved
6194:
6187:
6175:. Retrieved
6154:
6135:
6126:
6120:
6108:. Retrieved
6094:
6082:. Retrieved
6068:
6056:. Retrieved
6042:
6033:
6006:. Retrieved
5997:
5993:
5983:
5964:
5958:
5938:
5931:
5919:. Retrieved
5912:the original
5899:
5887:. Retrieved
5873:
5861:. Retrieved
5841:
5834:
5822:. Retrieved
5815:the original
5802:
5790:. Retrieved
5780:
5768:. Retrieved
5753:
5746:
5734:. Retrieved
5715:
5690:. Retrieved
5681:
5671:
5654:
5648:
5640:the original
5635:
5625:
5613:
5588:
5584:
5560:
5543:
5517:. Retrieved
5508:
5478:
5469:
5457:. Retrieved
5453:
5444:
5432:. Retrieved
5428:
5418:
5400:
5392:the original
5387:
5378:
5346:. Retrieved
5329:
5319:
5310:
5304:
5286:
5274:. Retrieved
5254:
5232:. Retrieved
5216:(4): 24–25.
5213:
5173:
5165:
5150:
5143:
5135:
5128:, retrieved
5118:
5111:
5102:
5093:
5084:
5073:, retrieved
5051:
5041:
5029:. Retrieved
5025:
5015:
5003:
4995:Sylvain Levi
4991:Bharatavarsa
4990:
4982:
4973:
4964:
4956:
4952:
4948:
4945:Sylvain Lévi
4941:Bayley (2004
4936:
4925:, retrieved
4903:
4882:
4879:Thapar (1968
4874:
4862:
4843:
4839:
4829:
4810:
4798:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4766:
4731:
4726:
4718:
4713:
4706:Bayley (2004
4701:
4692:
4688:
4682:
4675:Bayley (2004
4670:
4658:. Retrieved
4638:
4629:
4616:
4608:
4603:
4583:
4576:
4563:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4534:
4509:
4489:Beazley 1910
4483:
4475:
4472:Beazley 1910
4466:
4457:
4453:
4443:
4418:
4410:
4403:Azurara 1446
4374:
4356:
4349:. Retrieved
4337:
4333:
4320:
4308:. Retrieved
4288:
4277:, retrieved
4268:
4258:
4246:
4239:outsiders...
4237:
4230:. Retrieved
4223:the original
4218:
4214:
4185:, retrieved
4163:(1): 21–39,
4160:
4156:
4131:. Retrieved
4111:
4104:
4092:. Retrieved
4072:
4065:
4056:
4042:
4036:
4027:
4010:
4003:
3994:
3982:
3978:
3968:
3922:Indocentrism
3910:
3896:
3890:
3883:
3874:
3854:
3847:Kunar Valley
3836:
3817:
3806:states that
3744:
3734:
3728:
3702:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3675:
3661:
3655:
3649:
3633:
3629:
3612:
3595:
3586:– the
3580:Kabul Valley
3564:Kabul Valley
3557:
3505:
3490:
3410:
3387:
3347:
3338:
3324:
3273:
3269:Indus Valley
3241:
3204:
3190:
3171:to Wanin in
3154:
3130:
3114:
3083:
3074:
3017:
3008:
3000:
2993:Tarumanagara
2991:
2985:Salakanagara
2983:
2915:: The first
2910:
2901:Hariphunchai
2888:Mon kingdoms
2886:
2842:consecration
2838:Khmer Empire
2831:
2820:began their
2795:
2769:
2762:
2756:
2747:Laws of Manu
2746:
2739:syncretistic
2711:Khmer Empire
2704:
2651:
2641:
2599:
2590:
2572:Khmer Empire
2553:
2550:Tarumanagara
2504:
2500:
2492:
2488:
2463:Pala dynasty
2439:Suvarnabhumi
2436:
2430:in Java and
2420:Khmer empire
2405:
2393:
2377:
2353:
2346:
2342:Roman Empire
2331:
2267:Austronesian
2265:remodeling.
2263:geostrategic
2260:
2256:
2215:
2208:
2201:
2190:
2169:Austronesian
2092:
2084:
2058:
2054:
2046:
2005:Sarayu river
1978:Suvarnabhumi
1933:Dewi Sartika
1833:
1825:
1817:
1783:
1775:
1771:
1759:
1751:
1745:
1743:
1700:
1673:
1650:
1642:
1637:
1633:
1631:
1621:
1613:
1605:
1569:
1497:Kudus mosque
1486:step pyramid
1483:Austronesian
1413:Central Java
1385:caste system
1382:
1379:Caste system
1369:
1363:
1313:
1307:
1290:Dayak people
1280:Musti-yuddha
1159:
1153:
1143:
1134:
1125:
1116:
1109:Añjali Mudrā
1107:
1065:
1061:Khmer Empire
1007:
959:
951:
926:
924:
907:
897:
882:
857:, Cambodia,
852:
848:Sylvain Lévi
829:P. C. Bagchi
815:
813:
767:
764:Indian Plate
759:
755:
754:
744:
740:
700:
698:
690:South Arabia
679:
671:
659:
647:
645:
641:India aquosa
640:
636:
632:
628:
613:Middle India
612:
605:Lesser India
604:
596:
593:Three Indias
592:
590:
536:Central Asia
518:
513:
512:in his work
510:George Cœdès
479:
456:
422:
418:
414:
413:
368:
360:
352:
344:
318:Central Asia
203:Tarumanagara
96:
76:Light orange
75:
67:
63:
43:
10254:Arab League
10237:integration
10176:Catholicism
10034:Vaishnavism
9808:Esotericism
9675:Pacific War
9648:World War I
9592:Indic world
9587:Sinic world
9570:Foundations
9271:Archaeology
9186:Environment
9076:Afro-Asians
8898:Afghanistan
8437:: 155–178,
7799:H.A.R. Gibb
6999:19 December
6376:21 November
6269:20 December
6110:20 December
6058:20 December
5889:15 December
5863:20 December
5792:15 December
5770:20 December
5234:20 December
5130:15 December
4846:: 190–197.
4771:Handy (1930
4759:Bayley 2004
4660:20 December
4544:India Major
4310:12 February
4187:23 December
3897:Sakya Sinha
3730:Nava Vihara
3705:Tokharistan
3576:Turk Shahis
3536:Hindu Shahi
3457:Zoroastrian
3453:Hepthalites
3447:as well as
3405:Turk Shahis
3393:Afghanistan
3370:Ibn Battuta
3348:The Caliph
3327:Tapa Sardar
3316:Baluchistan
3308:Kabul-Shahs
3249:Kabul Shahi
3141:Kertanegara
3076:Tambralinga
3053:Pala Empire
3037:Dharmakirti
2948:, Indonesia
2917:Tai peoples
2455:South India
2400:Mahābhārata
2319:spice trade
2104:New Guinean
2047:Singha-pura
1826:Scripts in
1643:Scripts in
1580:gilli danda
1371:Mahabharata
1270:Ulaanbaatar
1246:Cham people
1203:Mogao Caves
1191:Gobi Desert
1179:Afghanistan
1160:Beyond the
1104:Mahabharata
1096:Philippines
1003:Gobi Desert
999:Mogao Caves
987:fire temple
875:Indianizing
837:Kalidas Nag
814:The use of
737:Philippines
672:India Minor
664:East Indies
648:India Major
625:India Maior
528:Afghanistan
524:monasticism
423:Indic world
349:Hindu texts
113:Afghanistan
101:Philippines
88:Philippines
68:Dark orange
10420:Indosphere
10374:Categories
9965:Philippine
9882:Philosophy
9867:Philosophy
9840:Literature
9373:Bangladesh
9283:Bronze Age
9166:Philosophy
9151:Literature
9048:Indo-Aryan
9028:Andamanese
8903:Bangladesh
8315:References
7482:0391041738
7416:9004095098
6971:0391041738
6941:0391041738
6822:25 January
6177:14 January
5921:13 January
5824:13 January
5555:for a list
4953:Sarvabhumi
3859:Kafiristan
3857:people of
3828:Badakhshan
3770:Amir Banji
3735:Naw Bahara
3630:Vakkadeva:
3619:Anandapala
3608:Kshatriyas
3600:chronicles
3524:Zabulistan
3520:Kabulistan
3493:Turk Shahi
3425:Huen Tsang
3417:Hindu Kush
3389:Zabulistan
3384:Zabulistan
3374:Hindu Kush
3288:Zabulistan
3280:Zamindawar
3276:André Wink
3218:See also:
3179:. Most of
3161:Singhasari
3137:Singhasari
3132:Singhasari
3105:Sailendras
3028:Sailendras
2828:territory.
2814:Sinosphere
2758:Langkasuka
2723:epigraphic
2715:Indosphere
2673:Indosphere
2582:in yellow.
2534:Langkasuka
2372:Angkor Wat
2303:sandalwood
2283:catamarans
2081:Ratchaburi
2015:mountain,
1859:Indonesian
1798:See also:
1794:Literature
1705:, such as
1684:loan words
1661:Mahayanist
1596:Indosphere
1594:See also:
1584:hom pim pa
1576:atya-patya
1545:Atya patya
1508:Batu Caves
1479:megalithic
1433:Angkor Wat
1417:Yogyakarta
1286:Kaharingan
1187:Tajikistan
1183:Uzbekistan
1132:Indonesian
1053:Brahmanism
845:Indologist
735:, and (i)
721:Indo-China
629:High India
621:Portuguese
578:Hindoostan
544:Hindu Kush
532:Uzbekistan
506:Indianized
490:epigraphic
482:common era
443:South Asia
427:South Asia
341:Indosphere
255:South Asia
195:Singhasari
179:Langkasuka
32:Indosphere
10122:Abrahamic
10017:Vajrayana
10007:Theravada
9862:Mythology
9835:Languages
9623:Silk Road
9582:Old World
9440:Education
9161:Mythology
9146:Languages
9058:Nuristani
9043:Dravidian
8969:Sri Lanka
8935:Northeast
8923:Northwest
8798:, BRILL,
8673:161697583
8451:186214598
8380:145353715
8105:J. Schact
7371:14 August
7321:22 August
6848:25 August
6703:161969465
5551:from the
5549:this page
5487:654509499
5459:26 August
5434:26 August
4177:154819912
4024:557595150
3960:Citations
3851:Jalalabad
3832:Baltistan
3752:, in the
3746:Amir Suri
3717:Buddhists
3676:Jayapala:
3638:Islamabad
3588:Kshatriya
3477:Mes Aynak
3350:Al-Ma'mun
3294:(Jabala,
3284:Arachosia
3261:Ghaznavid
3156:Majapahit
3145:Majapahit
3121:Airlangga
3094:Prambanan
3090:Borobudur
3065:Balaputra
3032:Vajrayana
3019:Srivijaya
2977:Majapahit
2946:Srivijaya
2912:Sukhothai
2897:Dvaravati
2873:logistics
2869:hydrology
2751:Kshatriya
2743:Manusmṛti
2636:, Vietnam
2576:Srivijaya
2510:Dvaravati
2428:Prambanan
2424:Borobudur
2416:Majapahit
2408:Srivijaya
2388:Prambanan
2349:Kshatriya
2311:sugarcane
2295:cultigens
2279:Sri Lanka
2249:Srivijaya
2245:Sailendra
2119:Putrajaya
2100:neologism
2085:Raja-puri
2043:Singapore
2036:Ayutthaya
1966:Ayutthaya
1964:Ruins of
1879:Filipinos
1812:Pages of
1764:Sundanese
1696:Sri Lanka
1512:Thaipusam
1501:Majapahit
1467:Borobudur
1445:Prambanan
1421:Indonesia
1409:Prambanan
1348:Indonesia
1276:Muay Thai
1231:Lakshmana
1199:Kartikeya
1166:Hindukush
1123:Cambodian
1084:Indonesia
1042:Theravada
955:Look East
925:The term
713:Hindustan
475:Sri Lanka
431:East Asia
421:, or the
311:Sri Lanka
269:Sri Lanka
199:Srivijaya
183:Majapahit
159:Dvaravati
139:Borobodur
10115:Yazidism
10098:Tengrism
10049:Smartism
10044:Shaktism
10039:Shaivism
10024:Hinduism
10012:Mahayana
9990:Buddhism
9977:Religion
9960:Japanese
9872:Religion
9823:Japanese
9813:Folklore
9791:Buddhist
9781:Calendar
9752:Cyrillic
9712:Alphabet
9687:Cold War
9602:Islamdom
9462:Military
9383:Pakistan
9346:Hinduism
9341:Buddhism
9328:Religion
9298:Medieval
9288:Iron Age
9213:Politics
9176:Surnames
9098:Diaspora
8994:Southern
8984:Northern
8957:Pakistan
8947:Maldives
8579:citation
8304:35176016
8251:(1966).
8215:26 March
8209:Archived
8158:26 March
8152:Archived
8077:26 March
8071:Archived
8043:26 March
8037:Archived
8000:26 March
7994:Archived
7966:26 March
7960:Archived
7942:(2004).
7903:26 March
7897:Archived
7864:26 March
7858:Archived
7825:26 March
7819:Archived
7801:(2013).
7783:26 March
7777:Archived
7680:26 March
7674:Archived
7632:Archived
7454:26 March
7448:Archived
7433:The Huns
7389:(1977).
7365:Archived
7227:26 March
7221:Archived
7203:(2005).
7185:26 March
7179:Archived
7161:(2013).
7143:26 March
7137:Archived
7100:26 March
6909:26 March
6903:Archived
6866:(1951).
6757:Archived
6724:Archived
6695:25203407
6652:Archived
6587:Archived
6554:26 March
6548:Archived
6462:Archived
6370:Archived
6336:Archived
6308:26 March
6302:Archived
6263:Archived
6237:Archived
6210:Archived
6168:Archived
6143:Archived
6104:Archived
6078:Archived
6052:Archived
6008:26 March
6002:Archived
5883:Archived
5857:Archived
5736:26 March
5730:Archived
5686:Archived
5529:cite web
5513:Archived
5477:(1956).
5408:Archived
5342:Archived
5294:Archived
5276:26 March
5270:Archived
5228:Archived
5182:Archived
5124:archived
4819:Archived
4651:Archived
4556:Inferior
4351:26 March
4342:Archived
4301:Archived
4279:26 March
4273:archived
4181:archived
4133:26 March
4127:Archived
4094:26 March
4088:Archived
3991:26534911
3916:See also
3875:Peristan
3873:(styled
3867:Nuristan
3820:Nuristan
3814:Nuristan
3792:Khurasan
3784:Saffarid
3713:Hui'Chao
3709:Buddhism
3680:Jayapala
3615:Jayapala
3584:Gandhara
3568:Gandhara
3528:Gandhara
3497:Buddhist
3449:Shaivism
3343:Mahayana
3335:Xuanzang
3257:Saffarid
3198:Citanduy
3181:Balinese
3165:Javanese
3097:Trimurti
3002:Kalingga
2881:the arts
2857:Buddhism
2853:devaraja
2822:diaspora
2810:Hinduism
2766:Sanskrit
2749:for the
2735:Harihara
2717:and the
2697:Cát Tiên
2681:Sanskrit
2660:Kang Tai
2626:tympanum
2574:in red,
2555:devaraja
2526:Kalingga
2496:Trimurti
2418:and the
2398:and the
2396:Rāmāyaṇa
2299:coconuts
2210:devaraja
2176:historic
2108:Jayapura
2017:Kalingga
1989:toponyms
1956:Toponyms
1881:such as
1871:Sanskrit
1863:Javanese
1836:Sanskrit
1828:Sanskrit
1819:Ramayana
1768:Balinese
1733:such as
1711:old form
1707:Javanese
1645:Sanskrit
1451: —
1449:Trimurti
1391:, Bali,
1365:Ramayana
1360:Thailand
1356:Malaysia
1352:Cambodia
1326:Bidadari
1266:Thailand
1252:Brahmins
1242:Hinduism
1162:Himalaya
1141:Japanese
1102:and the
1100:Ramayana
1080:Thailand
1057:Hinduism
1049:Buddhism
1046:Mahayana
1030:Cambodia
1028:, lower
800:Buddhist
705:Himalaya
694:Ethiopia
615:was the
607:was the
599:was the
546:and the
542:via the
521:Buddhist
504:. These
494:official
486:Harihara
467:Buddhist
451:cultural
373:Ramayana
295:Hinduism
243:Hinduism
235:Thailand
223:Cambodia
171:Kalingga
117:Pakistan
82:(except
10279:BIMSTEC
10200:Culture
10195:Judaism
10159:Eastern
10154:Culture
10132:Culture
10105:Iranian
10083:Shenism
10061:Jainism
10056:Sikhism
10029:Culture
9995:Culture
9985:Dharmic
9818:Chinese
9803:Cuisine
9786:Chinese
9774:History
9742:Brahmic
9704:Culture
9611:History
9563:culture
9507:History
9453:History
9403:Cricket
9356:Sikhism
9351:Jainism
9336:Dharmic
9263:History
9209:Economy
9194:Monsoon
9171:Scripts
9141:Fashion
9131:Cuisine
9108:Culture
9091:Semitic
9081:Chinese
8989:Eastern
8940:Islands
8665:2055365
8637:2504471
8557:2757594
8529:2750560
8423:1776846
8403:Bibcode
8353:, Paris
8331:Bibcode
8295:8853555
7698:, p. 4.
7600:22 July
7511:22 July
6733:11 June
6658:26 June
6619:26 June
6593:27 June
6471:13 July
6332:niu.edu
6243:6 March
6216:13 July
6084:13 July
5692:13 July
5663:3061923
5605:3632296
5519:29 June
5348:25 July
4460:: 333–.
4058:Ghazni.
3871:Kashmir
3839:Pashtun
3794:except
3774:Abbasid
3532:Brahmin
3421:sun god
3413:Zunbils
3362:Baihaki
3331:Shaivst
3304:Zunbils
3296:Kapisha
3253:Zunbils
3085:Mataram
3069:Nalanda
3041:Nalanda
3024:Sumatra
2973:Ganesha
2962:Mataram
2956:Statue
2936:Golden
2833:Kambuja
2802:Vietnam
2790:Pattani
2763:langkha
2542:Pan Pan
2522:Kadaram
2447:Kalinga
2443:traders
2412:Mataram
2356:Brahman
2337:traders
2334:Vaishya
2307:bananas
2051:Jakarta
2029:Ayodhya
1997:Mathura
1970:Ayodhya
1914:Burmese
1891:Visayan
1887:Ilocano
1883:Tagalog
1853:In the
1841:Vietnam
1780:Burmese
1735:Tagalog
1471:mandala
1443:, also
1330:Jentayu
1304:Bathala
1195:Ganesha
1127:sampeah
1118:namasté
1072:Myanmar
1022:Sumatra
1001:in the
891:Bengali
871:Vietnam
733:Celebes
686:Somalia
231:Myanmar
191:Pan Pan
10217:Baháʼí
10207:Bábism
10088:Shinto
10073:Taoism
9955:Values
9828:Korean
9747:Arabic
9732:Hangul
9512:Swords
9395:Sports
9236:Muslim
9126:Cinema
9068:Turkic
9053:Iranic
8962:Punjab
8908:Bhutan
8802:
8767:
8757:Champa
8748:
8722:
8671:
8663:
8635:
8555:
8527:
8488:
8449:
8421:
8378:
8302:
8292:
8201:
8144:
8029:
7952:
7889:
7850:
7811:
7769:
7743:
7666:
7624:
7571:, Tr.
7479:
7440:
7413:
7341:Rutbil
7283:
7252:
7213:
7171:
7129:
7091:
7047:
7022:
6968:
6938:
6895:
6763:7 July
6701:
6693:
6644:
6579:
6540:
6515:5 July
6433:5 July
6394:
6345:1 June
6294:
6202:
5971:
5946:
5849:
5761:
5722:
5661:
5603:
5485:
5262:
5192:
5158:
5075:14 May
5066:
5031:14 May
4927:14 May
4918:
4738:
4591:
4522:
4431:
4382:
4232:5 July
4175:
4119:
4080:
4049:
4022:
3989:
3786:ruler
3777:caliph
3762:pagans
3512:Kapisa
3508:Turkic
3433:Multan
3429:Aditya
3401:Ghazni
3366:Ma'sud
3339:Jaguda
3320:Persia
3312:Makran
3286:) and
3149:Borneo
3116:Kadiri
3103:. The
3057:Bengal
3045:Atisha
3010:Malayu
2942:Malayu
2836:: The
2806:Lâm Ấp
2797:Champa
2770:sukkha
2745:, the
2737:, the
2706:Chenla
2665:Mekong
2656:exonym
2634:Champa
2580:Champa
2548:, and
2506:Champa
2467:Bengal
2432:Angkor
2309:, and
2297:(like
2293:) and
2158:, and
2023:, and
2013:Sumeru
2009:Semeru
2001:Serayu
1993:Madura
1924:words.
1916:, and
1784:phiesa
1782:, and
1766:, and
1756:Tausug
1752:bahasa
1727:Arabic
1692:Rāvaṇa
1657:Tanjur
1522:Brahma
1475:stupas
1461:Brahma
1457:Vishnu
1437:Vishnu
1393:Madura
1344:Wayang
1334:Garuda
1309:Diwata
1294:Borneo
1258:Garuda
1174:Khotan
1145:gassho
1139:, the
1136:sembah
1130:, the
1114:Indian
1098:. The
1088:Malaya
1036:. The
1034:Champa
1016:, the
879:Ceylon
863:Champa
841:Angkor
731:, (h)
729:Borneo
727:, (g)
723:, (f)
719:, (e)
715:, (d)
711:, (c)
709:Punjab
707:, (b)
692:, and
670:) and
656:Kerala
611:, and
565:Indies
371:
369:·
367:
363:
361:·
359:
355:
353:·
351:
347:
345:·
343:
299:Bhutan
281:Bhutan
155:Chenla
151:Champa
143:Butuan
135:Angkor
109:Yunnan
97:Yellow
70:: The
10354:SEATO
10344:SAARC
10299:CPTPP
10284:CAREC
10259:ASEAN
10224:Druze
10212:Azali
10137:Sunni
10127:Islam
10093:Muism
10068:Taoic
9850:Chant
9845:Music
9796:Hindu
9757:Latin
9737:Hanja
9722:Kanji
9717:Hanzi
9378:India
9363:Islam
9231:Hindu
9156:Music
8952:Nepal
8930:South
8918:North
8913:India
8669:S2CID
8661:JSTOR
8633:JSTOR
8553:JSTOR
8525:JSTOR
8471:(PDF)
8464:(PDF)
8447:S2CID
8419:JSTOR
8376:S2CID
8121:Brill
7261:snow.
6792:[
6727:(PDF)
6720:(PDF)
6699:S2CID
6691:JSTOR
6509:(PDF)
6502:(PDF)
6465:(PDF)
6458:(PDF)
6427:(PDF)
6412:(PDF)
6339:(PDF)
6328:(PDF)
6171:(PDF)
6164:(PDF)
5915:(PDF)
5908:(PDF)
5818:(PDF)
5811:(PDF)
5601:JSTOR
4654:(PDF)
4647:(PDF)
4345:(PDF)
4330:(PDF)
4304:(PDF)
4297:(PDF)
4226:(PDF)
4211:(PDF)
4173:S2CID
3987:JSTOR
3885:jizya
3855:Kafir
3845:from
3824:Kafir
3721:Balkh
3699:Balkh
3678:With
3670:Lawik
3646:Shiva
3596:Shahi
3560:Hindu
3516:Nezak
3501:Hindu
3473:stupa
3445:Tibet
3397:Zabul
3378:India
3300:Kabul
3292:Zabul
3233:Surya
3206:Sunda
3201:city.
3192:Galuh
3173:Papua
3101:Shiva
3049:Malay
2958:Durga
2940:from
2850:Hindu
2826:Khmer
2818:Chams
2786:Kedah
2782:Malay
2669:Hindu
2652:Funan
2643:Funan
2630:Shiva
2546:Po-ni
2538:Pagan
2530:Kutai
2514:Funan
2323:Tamil
2315:China
2197:India
2187:Asia.
2091:from
2083:from
2074:Indra
2059:kreta
2053:from
2027:from
2019:from
2011:with
1995:with
1927:Many
1918:Khmer
1867:Malay
1788:Khmer
1776:bhasa
1772:phasa
1747:bhāṣā
1737:have
1688:Khmer
1614:Green
1529:Sport
1453:Shiva
1415:near
1315:Karma
1170:Tibet
1076:Tibet
1068:Vedic
1010:Burma
962:ASEAN
867:Funan
804:Kedah
796:Hindu
758:, or
717:Burma
658:) to
471:Hindu
307:Nepal
303:India
289:Tibet
285:Nepal
265:India
207:Tondo
187:Pagan
175:Kutai
163:Funan
105:Tibet
80:India
10339:RCEP
10314:EAEU
10294:CSTO
10244:APEC
10142:Shia
9855:Folk
9727:Kana
9561:and
9241:Sikh
9211:and
8800:ISBN
8765:ISBN
8746:ISBN
8720:ISBN
8585:link
8486:ISBN
8300:PMID
8217:2023
8199:ISBN
8160:2023
8142:ISBN
8079:2023
8045:2023
8027:ISBN
8002:2023
7968:2023
7950:ISBN
7905:2023
7887:ISBN
7866:2023
7848:ISBN
7827:2023
7809:ISBN
7785:2023
7767:ISBN
7741:ISBN
7682:2023
7664:ISBN
7640:2017
7622:ISBN
7602:2017
7513:2017
7477:ISBN
7456:2023
7438:ISBN
7411:ISBN
7373:2012
7323:2010
7281:ISBN
7250:ISBN
7229:2023
7211:ISBN
7187:2023
7169:ISBN
7145:2023
7127:ISBN
7102:2023
7089:ISBN
7045:ISBN
7020:ISBN
7001:2018
6966:ISBN
6936:ISBN
6911:2023
6893:ISBN
6850:2015
6824:2015
6765:2015
6735:2015
6660:2015
6642:ISBN
6621:2015
6595:2015
6577:ISBN
6556:2023
6538:ISBN
6517:2015
6473:2015
6435:2015
6392:ISBN
6378:2015
6347:2014
6310:2023
6292:ISBN
6271:2016
6245:2013
6218:2015
6200:ISBN
6179:2018
6112:2016
6086:2015
6060:2016
6010:2023
5969:ISBN
5944:ISBN
5923:2018
5891:2009
5865:2016
5847:ISBN
5826:2018
5794:2009
5772:2016
5759:ISBN
5738:2023
5720:ISBN
5694:2011
5659:OCLC
5567::ix)
5547:See
5535:link
5521:2022
5483:OCLC
5461:2023
5436:2023
5350:2017
5278:2023
5260:ISBN
5236:2016
5190:ISBN
5156:ISBN
5132:2015
5077:2024
5064:ISBN
5033:2024
4929:2024
4916:ISBN
4736:ISBN
4662:2016
4589:ISBN
4520:ISBN
4429:ISBN
4380:ISBN
4353:2023
4312:2017
4281:2023
4234:2015
4189:2015
4135:2023
4117:ISBN
4096:2023
4078:ISBN
4047:ISBN
4020:OCLC
3796:Ghur
3754:Ghor
3741:Ghur
3692:pala
3688:pala
3684:Deva
3642:Veka
3582:and
3550:The
3526:and
3439:and
3411:The
3399:and
3314:and
3259:and
3251:and
3222:and
3169:Aceh
2905:Pegu
2729:and
2685:Pali
2483:Ubud
2426:and
2327:Arab
2325:and
2291:paan
2277:and
2247:and
2229:and
2174:and
2068:and
2057:and
2055:Jaya
2003:and
1922:Pali
1906:Thai
1889:and
1865:and
1802:and
1760:basa
1678:and
1676:Thai
1622:Blue
1578:and
1506:The
1495:and
1459:and
1389:Java
1368:and
1358:and
1338:Naga
1336:and
1268:and
1229:and
1227:Sita
1223:Rama
1197:and
1185:and
1172:and
1164:and
1150:Thai
1148:and
1092:Laos
1055:and
1044:and
1038:Pali
1032:and
1026:Java
1020:and
1014:Siam
985:, a
941:and
933:and
865:and
859:Bali
855:Java
835:and
794:. A
676:Sind
639:and
580:and
567:and
500:and
469:and
433:and
227:Laos
147:Cebu
115:and
90:and
10359:TCO
10349:SCO
10334:OTS
10329:GCC
10324:ECO
10289:CAU
9769:Art
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