Indigenous languages of South America

170:

described. That has hurt comparative, historic, and typological work on the languages of South America. The descriptive work has had problems due to the shortage of linguists and the rapid extinction of many languages, often situated in remote and difficult to reach areas that require urgent study before they disappear completely. These languages produce scientific interest since their vocabulary reflects the traditional culture and contains important data about the fauna, flora, and local history of little-known regions. In addition, indigenous people have a right to bilingual education in some countries and for that education to be successful, it is important to rely on good descriptive material of indigenous languages.

725:

dialects, or groups related to that language. There are cases of fictional languages that appear in the classifications, when in fact it is an alternative denomination for another language; in other cases, it is not possible to decide if two different names represent two different languages or close dialects of the same language. And vice versa, sometimes the same name has been used to refer to unrelated languages; for example, the term "catuquina" can refer to a family of languages, to

55: 20: 4926: 4854: 4902: 4998: 4806: 4547:, a procedure also used systematically in Tupian languages. The composition is very frequent, just like in the rest of the world, although it is a rare procedure in Chonan languages that are highly isolating. Nominal incorporation in the verb is also frequent in America. As for the classical morphological types, among the agglutinating languages, Quechua, Pano-Tacanan languages, or Mapuche are found. Cariban and Tupian languages are slightly 4950: 4878: 4974: 216: 199:, which is an area of greater diversification; in fact, almost all Tupian languages outside of Rondônia belong to only one branch of the nine branches that form the Tupian family. This principle that the original area of a linguistic family is usually also the most diversified has been questioned by some authors, although it is one of the main tools to propose an area of original expansion for most language families. Recently, the 5046: 4830: 4782: 5022: 231: 717:, when in reality they are unclassifiable because the recorded material relies on unverifiable philological interpretations and extremely scarce data with which it is not possible to establish a relationship unequivocally, as is the case with living languages for which data can be collected in sufficient numbers to decide if they are related to other languages or are genuine 4638:, making the other verbal categories less important. It is also very common to use directionals or affixes that indicate movement with respect to the speaker, or the listener, or the location in the verbal action (Quechua, Záparo, Itonama). Other affixes that are given are "manners" of how the action is carried out (hitting, biting, walking, ...); these appear in Jébero or 770:

languages, and because he separated some of the more uncertain groups in Rivet's classification into different families. Rivet and Loukotka worked together on a new classification (1952) that proposed 108 families. During much of the second half of the 20th century, the reference classification was a later revision of Loukotka (1968) that set the number of families to 117.

82:

known historical groups, there is no record of their language and many of them are extinct today. There is only one record of some 550 or 600 languages, with some 180 of them totally extinct today. In many cases, the fragmented records do not allow us to decide if they have to do with different languages or of divergent but mutually intelligible

162:(1806–17). Subsequently, most of the information collected first hand was compiled by ethnographers in the first half of the twentieth century. Despite the magnitude and fundamental nature of the works of this period, its technical quality is below that achieved in other parts of the world, which is why South America, along with 676:, who have very different cultures from those of the tropical jungle. And equally, the villages of a homogeneous cultural area like the eastern slopes of the Andes in fact, belong to unrelated linguistic families. In the same manner, isolated languages, or less diversified families, tend to concentrate in marginal areas, while 701:

has been applied carefully and patiently to find relationships between the identifiable phylogenetic subgroups from a simple list of vocabulary. For that reason, the phylogenetic classifications of the languages of America are far from definitive, and the best of them, in the best of cases, are only

211:

and northeast of Colombia. Similarly, it is conjectured that the Caribbean languages would have expanded from east to west, and from there some groups moved to the eastern Amazon and others to the Caribbean islands, where they were expanding in the fifteenth century upon the arrival of the Europeans

169:

Since the 1940s, the number of works about the languages of South America has grown significantly, carried out fundamentally by linguists and missionaries well trained in linguistics. However, there still exist many important gaps that affect the descriptive level, and few languages have been widely

724:

Another important difficulty is the multiplicity of names used for South American languages. Many times the names reflect orthographic conventions of different European languages (Spanish, Portuguese, English) or simply the whim of each author when referring to a language among the names of tribes,

81:

The number of existing tribes and ethnic groups is around 1500, although some authors have suggested it might reach 2000. However, it is uncertain if each of these groups has a unique language, so the figures likely indicate an upper bound for the actual number of languages spoken. For many of the

4681:

distinguishes nine points of articulation. The voiceless stops /p, t, k/ appear in virtually all languages, while the corresponding sounds /b, d, g/ are frequently absent, and fricatives like /f, v, z/ may most often be missing. Glottalized stops appear in Andean and Chibchan languages. Aspirated

659:

relationship. The previous correlation is supported only in branches or subgroups, but within the more extensive and diversified linguistic families, the correlation between cultural similarity and linguistic relationship is notably reduced, becoming random and arbitrary. Although families like

688:

The major part of the proper linguistic classification of the languages of South America has been done on the basis of vocabulary lists and some grammatical traits. That procedure, although it leads to the clear recognition of the top-level genetic groups, does not distinguish well between the

77:

completely covered the subcontinent and the Antilles at the beginning of the 16th century. The estimates of the total population are very imprecise, ranging between ten and twenty million inhabitants. At the beginning of 1980, there were about 16 million speakers of indigenous languages; three

94:

Since the indigenous people of South America are historically from North America, the problem of the origin involves looking for genetic and linguistic relationships with the indigenous groups of North America and Mesoamerica. Currently the only linguistic family of South America that shows a

769:

contributed two more classifications (1935, 1944). Along the lines of Rivet, the first one extended the number of families to 94, and the second revised the previous one and recognized 114 families. The largest number of families in Loukotka's classifications was due to the discovery of new

745:", a Tupian term for "enemy", has been applied to many unrelated languages. The lack of orthographic standardization and the multiplicity of names for the same language sometimes make it difficult to compare among classifications of different authors. 2018:

Language families in South America have had extensive contact with other over millennia. Jolkesky (2016) has found lexical parallels among the following language families, most of which are due to borrowing and contact rather than inheritance:

654:

Although some of the classifications are based on geographic, ethnographic, or cultural criteria, these methods are not valid from a linguistic point of view, even though on some occasions there are correlations between them and a genuine

207:, Lencan languages, and Misumalpan languages has been demonstrated, which suggests that these languages originated in a region near the south of the Mesoamerican area and therefore, Chibchan languages will have expanded from the north to 4634:, there is a future verb form, along with three past verb forms that differ according to the relative distance in time, while Guarani differentiates future forms from non-future forms. Other languages, like Jébero, basically express the 765:(1924) far surpassed all previous ones, providing a large amount of linguistic data and evidence that had been unpublished until then; that classification recognized 77 families and was based on lexical similarities. The Czech American 761:, published a very influential classification that for many years was considered as a basic reference, although that classification did not provide enough details about its foundation. The classification of the French anthropologist 4554:

Guaicuru languages (Mataco–Guaicuru) have a grammatical gender distinction in the noun, although other languages have special morphemes to differentiate masculine and feminine in the markings of a person of the verb (Arawakan,

1791:

area. Although there are more frequent features in each of these areas, the two areas harbor a great linguistic diversity, the differences being basically in the frequency with which certain features appear in each of them.

4467:

where there has been convergence to certain common features. The more frequent common characteristics are similar to those found in the rest of the world, so there are no peculiarities of the languages of South America.

4733:

are very common in South America. In any case, the tonal languages of South America have simple systems; the most complex systems are those of Acaricuara (three tones), Mundukurú (four tones), and Ticuna (five tones).

793:) are related. These classifications have been criticized by most Americanists, who prefer the more conservative and less certain classifications, even if they do include a large number of families. More recently, 4674:(Arawakan), only 17 are distinguished. Jaqaru has 36 consonants, while Makusi (Cariban) has only 11. Some Quechua varieties have only three vowels, while Apinayé (Jê) has ten oral vowels and seven nasal vowels. 5524:

Payne, D. L. (1990). Some widespread grammatical forms in South American languages. In: D. L. Payne (ed.), Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages, 75-87. Austin: University of Texas

4614:

in the first person of the plural form is used frequently. It is also common to mark, in the third person, if the referent is present or absent, sitting or standing, and other distinct incidental similarities

819:

Below is a list of South American language families and isolates grouped by geographic region. The inventory of language families and isolates is partly based on Campbell (2012). Each region is higlighted in

5586: 4619:, Guaicuru). Possession is indicated by prefixes or suffixes. The systems that mark possession of the noun coincide with the markings of subject of the intransitive verbs quite frequently. 4463:

The languages of South America are enormously diverse. There are no common characteristics to all of them since they belong to different linguistic families, and as a whole do not form a

4646:, the use of equations is frequent, formed by the simple juxtaposition of subject, features that are common in many languages. This contrasts with European languages that frequently use 5473:

Farabee, W. C. (1922). Indian Tribes of Eastern Peru. (Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, 10.). Massachusetts: Peabody Museum.

249:

had been occupied by a continuous chain of language families. They are listed below in order, beginning from the mouth of the Amazon River to the upper Amazon and Marañón Rivers.

5531:

Von Martius, C. F. Ph. (1867). Wörtersammlung Brasilianischer Sprachen. (Beiträge zur Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde Amerikas zumal Brasiliens, II.) Leipzig: Friedrich Fleischer.

5974: 5509:

Nies, J. (1976). Suplemento A: listas comparativas de palabras usuales en idiomas vernaculos de la selva (Datos Etno-Lingüísticos, 49). Lima: Summer Institute of Linguistics.

7288: 5194: 135:

in 1560. The missionaries of the seventeenth and first half of the eighteenth centuries carried out an intense activity of data collection, grammar writing (usually called

801:(1997) have proposed their own classifications, the first one more in line with Greenberg and Swadesh ("mergers") and the second more in line with Loukotka ("splitters"). 143:

the indigenous populations. A good amount of linguistic records also appear in chronicles and official records. Much of the information from this period was summarized by

5476:

González de Pérez, M. S.; Rodríguez de Montes, M. L. (eds.) (2000). Lenguas indígenas de Colombia: una visión descriptiva. Santafé de Bogotá: Instituto Caro y Cuervo.

5491:

Koch-Grünberg, Th. (1928). Von Roraima zum Orinoco. Ergebnisse einer Reise in Nord-Brasilien und Venezuela in den Jahren 1911-1913. Stuttgart: Strecker und Schröder.

4709:), but in many languages nasality is not a property of the vowel; instead it is a suprasegmental phoneme of the word (Tupian and Yanomaman). Front rounded vowels ( 5494:

Landaburu, J. (ed.) (1996). Documentos sobre lenguas aborígenes de Colombia del archivo de Paul Rivet (4 volumes). Bogotá: Ediciones Uniandes/ CCELA/ COLCIENCIAS.

810: 5521:

Nimuendajú, K.; Do Valle Bentes, E. H. (1923). Documents sur quelques langues peu connues de l'Amazone. Journal de la Société des Américanistes, 15:215-222.

5497:

Lehmann, W. (1920). Zentral-Amerika. Teil I. Die Sprachen Zentral-Amerikas in ihren Beziehungen zueinander sowie zu Süd-Amerika und Mexico. Berlin: Reimer.

4690:

are not very frequent. A contrast between velars and post-velars is used in Quechua, Aymaran, and Chonan, while velars and labiovelars are contrasted in

5955: 7276: 5933: 5178: 5799: 5715: 713:

The number of dead languages with scarce records is also very high among the languages of South America. Those languages are frequently labeled as

5343:(Vol. 6, pp. 157–317). Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology bulletin (No. 143). Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. 680:, that is a family of few languages not very diversified, occupies a very prominent place both from a historical and a demographic point of view. 43: 7283: 5803: 5719: 5168: 5482:

Jahn, A. (1927). Los Aborígenes del Occidente de Venezuela: Su Historia, Etnografía y Afinidades Lingüísticos. Caracas: Lit. y Tip. del Comerio.

7314: 757:(1891), which recognized 73 families on the basis of grammatical similarities and a brief list of vocabulary. In 1913, another anthropologist, 781:'s (1964) and one by Jorge Suárez(1973). These propose a reduction in the number of subgroups and, at least the first two authors, accept the 7319: 7266: 5158: 4743: 4725:). Long and short vowels are contrasted in the Cariban and Uru–Chipaya families. Glottalized vowels appear in Tikuna and the Chonan family. 5515:

Nimuendajú, K. (1932a). Idiomas Indígenas del Brasil. Revista del Instituto de etnología de la Universidad nacional de Tucumán, 2:543-618.

5488:

Key, M. R.; Comrie, B. (eds.) (2015). The Intercontinental Dictionary Series. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.

4622:

On the verb, it is common to mark both the person of the subject, the person of the object, and the negation within the same verbal form.

5201: 7271: 5173: 5479:

Huber, R. Q.; Reed, R. B. (1992). Vocabulario Comparativo: Palabras Selectas de Lenguas Indígenas de Colombia. Santafé de Bogotá: SIL.

5470:

de Matallana, B.; de Armellada, C. (1943). Exploración del Paragua. Boletín de la Sociedad Venezolana de ciencias naturales, 8:61-110.

5348: 4658:

As with grammar, there are no characteristics common to the languages of South America. There is a lot of variation in the number of

5858:

Crevels, Mily (2012). "Language endangerment in South America: The clock is ticking". In Grondona, Verónica; Campbell, Lyle (eds.).

5588:

Uchumataqu: The Lost Language of the Urus of Bolivia; a Grammatical Description of the Language as Documented Between 1894 and 1952

6226: 4595:

that classify nouns according to the shape of the object or the way they appear naturally are frequent in Chibchan, Tucanoan, and

1047: 7174: 6733: 1498: 5948: 5464:

Anonymous. (1928). Lenguas de América. Manuscripts de la Real Biblioteca. Vol. 1 (Catálogo de la Real Biblioteca, VI). Madrid.

7121: 5867: 5829: 5237: 629: 5964: 5404:(pp. 10–26). University of California publications in linguistics (Vol. 10). Berkeley: University of California Press. 5206: 5189: 36: 6682: 1464: 668:

are formed by villages with typical cultures of the tropical jungle, there are villages that speak Tupian languages, like

7324: 4571:, distinction between singular and plural is optional in the third person of many Cariban and Tupian languages, whereas 1783:

There are at least two large areas with clearly different characteristics separated by a transition zone; these are the

5303:

Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.),

5214: 4190: 4054: 3578: 3289: 2206: 639: 5963: 7141: 5941: 5820:(2012). "Classification of the indigenous languages of South America". In Grondona, Verónica; Campbell, Lyle (eds.). 5596: 5569: 5451: 5312: 5298: 5283: 5268: 5253: 5086: 39:

is diminishing, it is estimated that it could become one of the least linguistically diverse regions of the planet.

7293: 7161: 7096: 6546: 1778: 1325: 814: 742: 5678: 697:, which is more criticizable to find relationships of higher levels, has been used extensively. Just recently the 7106: 6004: 4630:

are recorded in virtually all languages, although its realization varies greatly from one language to others: in

4509: 843: 5848:. REELA (Red Europea para el Estudio de las Lenguas Andinas) 4. Leiden, 6–7 September 2015, Universiteit Leiden. 6450: 5775: 5742: 4754: 1241: 5518:

Nimuendajú, K. (1932b). Wortlisten aus Amazonien. Journal de la Société des Américanistes de Paris, 24:93-119.

753:

The first well-founded classification that used proper linguistic data is that of the American anthropologist

7329: 7215: 7116: 7111: 6926: 6535: 5534:

Zevallos Quiñones, J. (1948). Primitivas Lenguas de la Costa. Revista del Museo Nacional de Lima, 17:114-119.

4683: 1673: 1314: 758: 346: 6839: 5500:

Loukotka, C. (1942). Klassifikation der Südamerikanischen Sprachen. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, 74.1-6:1-69.

7146: 7126: 4706: 4588: 2649: 2158: 7061: 4642:. Cariban languages also indicate whether an action was carried out collectively or individually. For the 3738: 2674: 2425: 2094: 7101: 6585: 5620: 5318:

Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.),

4513: 4362: 4174: 3922: 3774: 3486: 3334: 2969: 2798: 2166: 1935: 1359: 710:

are questionable because evidence that exists in their favor is sporadic, debatable, and not very solid.

144: 46:), although the actual number of languages that existed in the past may have been substantially higher. 7250: 7136: 7086: 6650: 6245: 5153: 5141: 1725: 1423: 1354: 1063: 786: 5512:

Nimuendajú, K. (1925). As Tribus do Alto Madeira. Journal de la Société des Américanistes, 17:137-172.

7091: 7076: 6977: 6892: 6655: 6435: 6332: 4678: 4580: 4516:

languages. No languages have been found that use prefixes exclusively to mark grammatical relations.

4481: 4426: 4274: 4037: 3765: 3654: 3433: 2986: 2906: 2634: 2242: 2066: 1644: 1223: 1144: 108: 5625: 5427:

Voegelin, Carl F.; & Voegelin, Florence M. (1965). Classification of American Indian languages.

5400:

Rowe, John H. (1954). Linguistics classification problems in South America. In M. B. Emeneau (Ed.),

1795:

Below are historical linguistic spheres of influence in South America as listed by Jolkesky (2016):

132: 42:

About 600 indigenous languages are known from South America, Central America, and the Antilles (see

7051: 7046: 6601: 5924:

Aguilar Panchi, Evelyn Michelle, Saetbyul Lee, Evgenia Brodetsky, and Matthias Urban (eds.). 2022.

4592: 4002: 3834: 2073: 1429: 707: 703: 542: 531: 152: 5927:

CINWA - Database of Cultivated plants and their names in the indigenous languages of South America

7081: 5386:. Historia general de América (Vol. 10). Caracas: Instituto Panamericano de Geografía e Historia. 4410: 4317: 4154: 4090: 3950: 3722: 3473: 3458: 3410: 3374: 3262: 3214: 3114: 2982: 2834: 2746: 2525: 2506: 2378: 2330: 2258: 2218: 2110: 1445: 754: 520: 6064: 5503:

Montaño Aragón, M. (1987): Guía Etnográfica Lingüística de Bolivia, La Paz: Editorial Don Bosco.

7235: 7195: 7071: 7066: 7056: 7041: 6579: 6351: 6265: 6230: 5126: 4493: 4485: 4402: 4334: 4130: 4110: 4025: 2766: 2594: 2518: 2361: 2150: 1051: 730: 376: 6507: 6287: 5708: 4702:

consonants are somewhat rare, although they appear in Pano-Tacanan and Uru-Chipaya languages.

1290: 7245: 7225: 7210: 7169: 7131: 6916: 6868: 6753: 6480: 6410: 6347: 5485:

Jijón Y Caamaño, J. (1945). Antropología prehispánica del Ecuador. Quito: La prensa catolica.

5136: 5116: 5101: 4730: 4394: 4366: 4245: 4202: 4098: 4094: 3997: 3870: 3829: 3810: 3729: 3685: 3662: 3438: 3362: 3330: 3326: 3182: 3082: 2770: 2718: 2590: 2434: 2298: 2274: 2270: 2230: 2130: 2082: 2078: 1666: 1619: 1516: 1267: 1203: 766: 714: 597: 269: 6692: 6166: 6031: 5424:, indicaciones tipológicas, bibliografía y mapas. Ed. Gredos, Madrid. Col. Grandes Manuales. 4759:

Number of living indigenous languages by country as of 2012, as reported by Crevels (2012):

4505: 3277: 2202: 985: 909: 859: 621: 128: 7220: 7200: 7002: 6936: 6741: 6590: 5897: 5528:

Torero, A. (2002). Idiomas de los Andes: Lingüística e Historia. Lima: Editorial Horizonte.

5111: 5091: 4643: 4496:

languages. Some language families use prefixes and suffixes, but only a few per word as in

4450: 4270: 3710: 3697: 3650: 3554: 3529: 3418: 3349: 3222: 3218: 3178: 3074: 2930: 2886: 2694: 2678: 2538: 2414: 2222: 2210: 2046: 1742: 1684: 1504: 1364: 889: 734: 575: 428: 280: 156: 100: 6797: 6313: 6173: 4540: 1869: 1560: 1480: 1125: 992: 8: 7240: 7205: 7179: 6697: 6672: 6565: 6501: 6457: 6406: 6396: 6239: 6091: 5163: 5131: 5096: 4699: 4596: 4170: 3930: 3770: 3666: 3494: 3202: 2950: 2733: 2625: 2162: 1788: 1657: 1284: 1246: 1194: 1107: 1058: 916: 726: 702:

an approximation of the real relationships. For that reason, many proposed families like

502: 324: 6049: 1697: 1173: 944: 879: 874: 673: 6993: 6972: 6967: 6962: 6957: 6931: 6873: 6785: 6758: 6660: 6643: 6514: 6490: 6445: 6428: 6391: 6386: 6201: 6084: 6044: 5993: 5793: 5696: 5679:

Rivet, Paul, 1876-1958, author. Stresser-Péan, Guy, author. Loukotka, Čestmír, author.

5371: 5106: 4726: 4623: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4525: 4517: 4489: 4349: 4214: 4166: 4106: 4030: 3958: 3874: 3817: 3798: 3758: 3746: 3618: 3422: 3406: 3126: 3110: 3009: 2998: 2958: 2926: 2865: 2842: 2794: 2757: 2682: 2578: 2554: 2454: 2321: 2314: 2182: 2118: 1963: 1840: 1829: 1720: 1715: 1710: 1705: 1679: 1625: 1548: 1521: 1434: 1417: 1369: 1297: 1274: 1234: 1218: 1189: 1184: 1020: 939: 884: 869: 837: 698: 677: 553: 491: 451: 436: 421: 402: 391: 328: 317: 313: 245:

Jolkesky (2016) speculates that from around 2,200 B.C. to 1,800 B.C., the banks of the

204: 96: 6811: 6208: 6187: 6054: 5862:. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 2. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 167–234. 3534: 3226: 2890: 2033: 1574: 7230: 7151: 6878: 6851: 6764: 6713: 6629: 6595: 6569: 6541: 6526: 6462: 6152: 6013: 5863: 5825: 5824:. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 2. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 59–166. 5781: 5771: 5748: 5738: 5684: 5661: 5592: 5565: 5447: 5375: 5308: 5294: 5279: 5264: 5249: 5233: 5121: 4682:

stops are used in Quechua and Aymaran languages, but in general they are rare. Also,

4667: 4631: 4627: 4548: 4497: 4477: 4421: 4378: 4198: 4150: 3990: 3985: 3974: 3969: 3918: 3898: 3866: 3742: 3674: 3614: 3518: 3509: 3442: 3398: 3250: 3166: 3094: 3037: 3022: 2829: 2802: 2586: 2573: 2566: 2546: 2514: 2486: 2445: 2410: 2370: 2354: 2186: 2154: 2126: 2062: 1784: 1630: 1527: 1403: 1375: 1347: 1319: 1307: 1279: 1251: 971: 849: 790: 782: 661: 564: 302: 254: 35:. The subcontinent has great linguistic diversity, but, as the number of speakers of 32: 6818: 6368: 6361: 6099: 6077: 6070: 4512:

superfamily). A few languages extensively use prefixes and even more suffixes, like

1581: 1166: 1159: 1006: 923: 902: 895: 614: 6982: 6949: 6905: 6886: 6832: 6791: 6771: 6687: 6636: 6622: 6615: 6608: 6552: 6468: 6381: 6375: 6251: 6125: 6120: 6059: 6020: 5651: 5557: 5363: 4687: 4635: 4607: 4584: 4556: 4532: 4501: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4433: 4414: 4398: 4382: 4354: 4342: 4330: 4302: 4281: 4266: 4238: 4230: 4225: 4194: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4142: 4138: 4074: 4069: 4062: 4018: 4010: 4006: 3954: 3942: 3926: 3906: 3893: 3882: 3878: 3846: 3838: 3802: 3782: 3778: 3706: 3690: 3670: 3658: 3646: 3626: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3585: 3562: 3558: 3542: 3538: 3490: 3466: 3462: 3453: 3414: 3402: 3394: 3385: 3378: 3366: 3358: 3342: 3302: 3282: 3270: 3258: 3254: 3246: 3210: 3198: 3174: 3162: 3122: 3098: 3090: 3086: 3078: 3061: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3018: 3014: 3002: 2974: 2954: 2946: 2942: 2897: 2870: 2854: 2846: 2838: 2782: 2777: 2722: 2706: 2689: 2666: 2661: 2654: 2642: 2610: 2582: 2550: 2542: 2530: 2498: 2430: 2397: 2386: 2374: 2346: 2338: 2334: 2326: 2309: 2302: 2281: 2266: 2254: 2238: 2226: 2214: 2190: 2170: 2141: 2122: 2098: 1730: 1638: 1595: 1554: 1534: 1459: 1410: 1396: 1389: 1382: 1331: 1257: 1179: 1070: 854: 794: 774: 738: 718: 694: 665: 509: 413: 335: 192: 191:, grouping them from where they originated. For example, it seems quite clear that 104: 58: 6326: 6258: 6194: 6180: 6159: 5656: 4306: 4014: 3886: 3842: 3313: 2978: 2286: 2106: 1989: 1925: 1825: 1811: 1138: 1084: 1077: 1027: 1013: 999: 978: 495: 476: 273: 262: 7008: 6942: 6778: 6722: 6496: 6440: 6293: 6145: 6138: 6131: 5888: 5846:

The Marañón-Huallaga interaction zone: Contact beyond the northern Peruvian Andes

4691: 4671: 4663: 4639: 4616: 4600: 4576: 4567:

distinction are the most numerous, just like in the rest of the world. Regarding

4406: 4389: 4374: 4358: 4338: 4326: 4298: 4286: 4254: 4218: 4162: 4158: 4146: 4126: 4114: 4086: 4049: 4042: 3946: 3938: 3913: 3850: 3822: 3789: 3734: 3678: 3630: 3622: 3566: 3514: 3502: 3482: 3390: 3338: 3294: 3206: 3194: 3102: 3030: 3026: 2990: 2934: 2917: 2902: 2822: 2810: 2790: 2750: 2738: 2726: 2618: 2598: 2510: 2481: 2474: 2458: 2450: 2438: 2406: 2382: 2366: 2262: 2246: 2178: 2146: 2114: 2089: 2053: 1748: 1690: 1541: 1489: 1474: 1229: 1113: 964: 957: 950: 610: 455: 357: 182: 112: 70: 6418: 6414: 6039: 5765: 5349:"Computational phylogenetics and the classification of South American languages" 1815: 1211: 1207: 1034: 864: 480: 361: 7036: 7015: 6898: 6861: 6825: 6319: 6305: 6281: 6274: 4695: 4370: 4322: 4293: 4262: 4258: 4250: 4209: 4134: 4121: 4102: 4058: 3962: 3934: 3902: 3862: 3806: 3794: 3754: 3717: 3702: 3641: 3634: 3573: 3550: 3546: 3522: 3498: 3478: 3446: 3426: 3370: 3354: 3322: 3306: 3298: 3266: 3242: 3230: 3189: 3170: 3157: 3145: 3133: 3118: 3106: 3066: 3054: 2994: 2962: 2938: 2922: 2910: 2882: 2877: 2858: 2850: 2817: 2806: 2786: 2742: 2710: 2701: 2670: 2638: 2630: 2614: 2605: 2561: 2502: 2490: 2462: 2418: 2402: 2390: 2350: 2294: 2250: 2234: 2194: 2174: 2134: 2102: 2042: 2038: 1985: 1900: 1755: 1650: 1613: 1588: 1131: 1119: 1101: 1094: 778: 690: 633: 590: 586: 582: 546: 484: 472: 462: 432: 380: 291: 23:

The principal families of South America (except Quechua, Aymaran, and Mapuche).

5909: 5339:

Mason, J. Alden. (1950). The languages of South America. In J. Steward (Ed.),

384: 369: 365: 7308: 6804: 6747: 6707: 5817: 5752: 5688: 5665: 5561: 5467:

Crevels, M.; Muysken, P. (eds.). Lenguas de Bolivia. La Paz: Plural editores.

5027: 4677:

A dialect of Tucanoan distinguishes only three points of articulation, while

4544: 4536: 4310: 4234: 4082: 4078: 3978: 3857: 3750: 3609: 3602: 3318: 3237: 3150: 3138: 3070: 2762: 2714: 2534: 2494: 2470: 2466: 2342: 2290: 2198: 2058: 1945: 1851: 1567: 1510: 798: 656: 601: 568: 535: 466: 417: 306: 295: 284: 200: 116: 66: 5785: 4476:

As is the case worldwide, the majority of South American languages, such as

729:, a particular language of the catuquina family, or another language of the 557: 350: 6215: 4647: 4603:) for some words to have different forms if the speaker is male or female. 4521: 1889: 1879: 606: 395: 246: 239: 235: 224: 220: 1449: 689:

coincidences and the lexical loans of the words retained from the common

625: 524: 513: 339: 258: 54: 19: 5919: 196: 5367: 5336:. Los Angeles: Latin American Studies Center, University of California. 5246:

American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America

4464: 762: 406: 163: 140: 824:, while language isolates and individual languages are highlighted in 4931: 4859: 4611: 107:

languages of Central America. In the 1970s, it was proposed that the

5640:"Linguistic Stocks of South American Indians, with Distribution-Map" 5639: 166:, was one of the worst-known parts from a linguistic point of view. 5003: 4907: 4811: 4551:, and Chon languages are the clearest case of isolating languages. 1921: 785:

hypothesis; that ultimately all of the families of America (except

643: 187: 89: 83: 74: 5305:

Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages

4599:

languages. It is also common in some languages (Guaicuru, Mataco,

99:, for which some evidence has shown that they are related to the 4955: 4883: 4659: 4572: 1967: 1911: 215: 5914: 5621:

Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas

669: 115:

of Mesoamerica, but while this proposal was initially accepted,

95:

relationship with languages situated outside the region are the

5737:. Wilbert, Johannes. Los Angeles: Latin American Center, UCLA. 4979: 4787: 4488:

that use many suffixes and a few prefixes, as is the case with

208: 5506:

Natterer, J. (n.d.) Collections of vocabularies. (Manuscript).

230: 5889:"Vocabulários e dicionários de línguas indígenas brasileiras" 5051: 4508:(it has been proposed that these three families could form a 5389:

Poser, William J. (1992) The Salinan and Yurumanguí Data in

4717:) are virtually absent, although central vowels are common ( 4531:

The morphological complexity of words varies enormously; in

4835: 4705:

Vowel systems with nasal vowels are frequent (Macro-Jê and

127:

The first grammar of a South American language was that of

5407:

Tax, Sol. (1960) "Aboriginal languages of Latin America";

5904: 5766:

Greenberg, Joseph H. (Joseph Harold), 1915-2001. (1987).

185:

of South America, homeland groups have been proposed, or

5402:

Papers from the symposium on American Indian linguistics

5346: 4484:, predominantly use suffixes. It is also common to find 122: 5442:

Voegelin, Carl F.; & Voegelin, Florence M. (1977).

173: 5915:

Sound comparisons for various South American languages

5910:

SAPhon – South American Phonological Inventories

5195:

Classification of indigenous languages of the Americas

811:

Classification of indigenous languages of the Americas

5307:(pp. 13–67). Austin: University of Texas Press. 4670:), 42 segmental phonemes are distinguished, while in 5926: 5384:

Panorama general de las lenguas indígenas en América

5382:

Migliazza, Ernest C.; & Campbell, Lyle. (1988).

5920:

Diachronic Atlas of Comparative Linguistics (DiACL)

4535:(Tupian), the average is three morphemes, while in 683: 5732: 5552:Adelaar, Willem F. H.; Muysken, Pieter C. (2004). 5735:Classification of South American Indian languages 5444:Classification and index of the world's languages 5347:Michael, Lev; Chousou-Polydouri, Natalia (2020). 5334:Classification of South American Indian languages 804: 7306: 5851: 5810: 90:Relationships with North America and Mesoamerica 5770:. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. 5614: 5612: 5610: 5608: 5263:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. 5169:List of unclassified languages of South America 4579:obligatorily distinguish the singular from the 2028:Other language families with lexical parallels 5551: 5286:. (Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com). 5949: 5905:South American Indigenous Language Structures 5419: 5395:International Journal of American Linguistics 5159:List of indigenous languages of South America 4744:List of indigenous languages of South America 4458: 139:), dictionaries, and catechisms, in order to 78:quarters of them lived in the Central Andes. 44:List of indigenous languages of South America 5798:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5605: 5259:Dixon & Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald (eds.), 5179:Extinct languages of the Marañón River basin 773:Other existing classifications are those of 748: 5637: 5278:(15th ed.). Dallas, TX: SIL International. 5202:List of indigenous peoples of South America 5956: 5942: 5802:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 5718:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 5618:Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho De Valhery. 2016. 5416:Catálogo de las Lenguas de América del Sur 5174:List of extinct languages of South America 4520:, which practically lack affixes, such as 5965:Indigenous language families and isolates 5860:The Indigenous Languages of South America 5822:The Indigenous Languages of South America 5714:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5655: 5556:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 5414:Tovar, Antonio, y Larrucea de Tovar, C.: 31:are those whose origin dates back to the 5895: 5844:Jolkesky, M. & Eloranta, R. (2015). 5816: 5327:The grouping of South American languages 1977:nuclear/intermediate South American area 737:seems to have been a group that spoke a 229: 214: 53: 18: 6030: 5886: 5857: 5274:Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (Ed.). (2005). 4748: 16:Pre-Columbian languages of subcontinent 7307: 5584: 5431:, Native American fasc. 2, sec. 1.6). 7315:Indigenous languages of South America 6303: 5937: 5248:. New York: Oxford University Press. 5142:Indigenous languages of French Guiana 123:Study of the South American languages 29:indigenous languages of South America 7320:Indigenous languages of the Americas 5322:(pp. 46–76). London: Routledge. 5207:List of indigenous peoples of Brazil 5190:Indigenous languages of the Americas 4737: 4587:is usually indicated by suffixes or 4539:(Arawakan), it is six morphemes. In 831: 5681:Les langues du monde : extrait 4591:more often than with prepositions. 4528:, are quite rare in South America. 1772: 111:of Bolivia could be related to the 13: 5638:Chamberlain, Alexander F. (1913). 5341:Handbook of South American Indians 5293:. Stanford University Press, CA.- 5276:Ethnologue: Languages of the world 5215:Handbook of South American Indians 1456:Arawan–Harákmbut–Katukinan ? 14: 7341: 5880: 5127:Indigenous languages of Venezuela 5087:Indigenous languages of Argentina 4721:), as are back unrounded vowels ( 649: 119:argued very strongly against it. 5356:Language and Linguistics Compass 5137:Indigenous languages of Suriname 5117:Indigenous languages of Paraguay 5102:Indigenous languages of Colombia 5044: 5020: 4996: 4972: 4948: 4924: 4900: 4876: 4852: 4828: 4804: 4780: 1779:Linguistic areas of the Americas 1608:Andes (Peru, Bolivia, and Chile) 815:Linguistic areas of the Americas 684:Problems with the classification 5329:. Tübingen: Gunter Narr Verlag. 5221: 5112:Indigenous languages of Ecuador 5092:Indigenous languages of Bolivia 571:basin in the Peruvian Highlands 549:basin in the Peruvian Highlands 5838: 5759: 5726: 5672: 5631: 5578: 5545: 5320:Atlas of the world's languages 5231:. Cambridge University Press. 5132:Indigenous languages of Guyana 5097:Indigenous languages of Brazil 4755:Number of languages by country 1154:Andes (Colombia and Venezuela) 805:Languages by geographic region 777:(1956), revised later (1987), 151:(1778–87), and in the work by 1: 5657:10.1525/aa.1913.15.2.02a00040 5538: 5107:Indigenous languages of Chile 4650:in this type of predication. 494:: Andean foothills and Upper 5896:Petrucci, Victor A. (2007). 5289:Greenberg, Joseph H. (1987) 5122:Indigenous languages of Peru 4653: 446:of other language families: 65:The indigenous languages of 7: 5733:Loukotka, Čestmír. (1968). 5458: 5433:Anthropological Linguistics 5332:Loukotka, Čestmír. (1968). 5147: 4543:, many words are formed by 177:of some linguistic families 10: 7346: 7325:Languages of South America 6683:Arawan–Harákmbut–Katukinan 5554:The Languages of the Andes 5229:The Languages of the Andes 5154:Languages of South America 4752: 4741: 4471: 4459:Linguistic characteristics 1776: 808: 49: 7259: 7188: 7160: 7029: 6991: 6915: 6849: 6732: 6671: 6564: 6524: 6478: 6405: 6345: 6225: 6113: 6003: 5983: 749:Important classifications 5887:Nicolai, Renato (2006). 5768:Language in the Americas 5562:10.1017/cbo9780511486852 5391:Language in the Americas 5291:Language in the Americas 5244:Campbell, Lyle. (1997). 5227:Adelaar, Willem (2004). 4191:Macro-Mataguayo-Guaykuru 4055:Macro-Mataguayo-Guaykuru 3579:Macro-Mataguayo-Guaykuru 3290:Macro-Mataguayo-Guaykuru 2207:Macro-Mataguayo-Guaykuru 741:. Similarly, the terms " 640:Macro-Mataguayo-Guaykuru 578:: coast of southern Peru 153:Johann Christoph Adelung 145:Lorenzo Hervás y Panduro 5644:American Anthropologist 5446:. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 5261:The Amazonian languages 4563:). Languages without a 4486:agglutinative languages 7284:Unclassified languages 5626:University of Brasília 5624:. Ph.D. dissertation, 5585:Hannss, Katja (2008). 5429:Languages of the world 5420: 715:unclassified languages 242: 227: 133:Domingo de Santo Tomás 86:of the same language. 62: 24: 6854:, Bolivia, and Chile) 6675:(west-central Brazil) 5591:. CNWS Publications. 5325:Key, Mary R. (1979). 4774:Indigenous languages 4771:Indigenous population 4686:consonants as in the 4610:, the distinction of 4482:Bora–Witoto languages 1803:Sphere of interaction 759:Alexander Chamberlain 523:: Upper Santiago and 234:Political map of the 233: 218: 203:relationship between 181:For some of the main 109:Uru-Chipaya languages 57: 22: 7330:Indigenous languages 5409:Current Anthropology 4749:Languages by country 4644:grammatical modifier 2007:Southern Trans-Andes 735:Catuquinarú language 157:Johann Severin Vater 37:indigenous languages 7277:Marañón River basin 7142:Tequiraca–Canichana 7122:Maya–Yunga–Chipayan 5898:"Línguas Indígenas" 5421:Con clasificaciones 5164:Amazonian languages 4593:Nominal classifiers 4518:Isolating languages 1999:Central Trans-Andes 1465:Harákmbut–Katukinan 534:: Middle and Upper 347:Harakmbut-Katukinan 183:linguistic families 7097:Esmeralda–Yaruroan 7030:Proposed groupings 5984:Language families 5707:has generic name ( 5368:10.1111/lnc3.12358 4624:Grammatical aspect 4569:grammatical number 4565:grammatical gender 2650:Harakmbet-Katukina 2159:Harakmbet-Katukina 2010:1500 BC – 1600 AD 1980:1500 BC – 1500 AD 1958:1500 BC – 1500 AD 1940:1500 BC – 1700 AD 1894:2000 BC – 1600 AD 1864:2000 BC – 1700 AD 1856:1500 BC – 1600 AD 1845:1500 BC – 1600 AD 727:Katukinan language 719:isolated languages 699:comparative method 630:São Lourenço River 505:: Ecuadorian Andes 243: 240:its drainage basin 228: 225:its drainage basin 205:Chibchan languages 149:Idea dell'universo 97:Chibchan languages 63: 25: 7302: 7301: 7272:Extinct languages 7025: 7024: 6341: 6340: 6109: 6108: 5978: 5869:978-3-11-025513-3 5831:978-3-11-025513-3 5240: 5238:978-0-521-36275-7 5080: 5079: 4738:List of languages 4723:⟨ï⟩ 4719:⟨ï⟩ 4715:⟨ü⟩ 4711:⟨ö⟩ 4628:grammatical tense 4608:personal pronouns 4456: 4455: 4363:Katukina-Katawixi 4175:Katukina-Katawixi 3923:Katukina-Katawixi 3775:Katukina-Katawixi 3487:Katukina-Katawixi 3335:Katukina-Katawixi 2970:Katukina-Katawixi 2799:Katukina-Katawixi 2167:Katukina-Katawixi 2014: 2013: 1972:800 AD – 1700 AD 1950:200 AD – 1600 AD 1930:500 AD – 1600 AD 1916:400 AD – 1600 AD 1905:500 BC – 1600 AD 1884:600 BC – 1600 AD 1820:1000 BC – 400 AD 1769: 1768: 662:Cariban languages 585:: sources of the 327:(along the Lower 129:classical Quechua 59:Language isolates 33:pre-Columbian era 7337: 7294:Linguistic areas 7162:Linguistic areas 6704:? Mura–Matanawí 6451:Andoque–Urequena 6301: 6300: 6028: 6027: 6001: 6000: 5972: 5958: 5951: 5944: 5935: 5934: 5901: 5892: 5874: 5873: 5855: 5849: 5842: 5836: 5835: 5814: 5808: 5807: 5797: 5789: 5763: 5757: 5756: 5730: 5724: 5723: 5712: 5706: 5702: 5700: 5692: 5676: 5670: 5669: 5659: 5635: 5629: 5616: 5603: 5602: 5582: 5576: 5575: 5549: 5423: 5379: 5353: 5232: 5050: 5048: 5047: 5026: 5024: 5023: 5002: 5000: 4999: 4978: 4976: 4975: 4954: 4952: 4951: 4930: 4928: 4927: 4906: 4904: 4903: 4882: 4880: 4879: 4858: 4856: 4855: 4834: 4832: 4831: 4810: 4808: 4807: 4786: 4784: 4783: 4768:Total population 4762: 4761: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4688:Puinave language 4636:grammatical mood 4585:Grammatical case 4583:and the plural. 4478:Andean languages 2022: 2021: 2002:500 BC – 600 AD 1800: 1799: 1773:Linguistic areas 1242:Andoque–Urequena 832: 795:Terrence Kaufman 775:Joseph Greenberg 767:Čestmír Loukotka 695:glottochronology 666:Tupian languages 193:Tupian languages 61:of South America 7345: 7344: 7340: 7339: 7338: 7336: 7335: 7334: 7305: 7304: 7303: 7298: 7255: 7184: 7156: 7117:Mataco–Guaicuru 7112:Katembri–Taruma 7077:Macro-Puinavean 7062:Macro-Otomákoan 7021: 6987: 6927:Mataco–Guaicuru 6911: 6845: 6728: 6667: 6560: 6536:Sechura–Catacao 6525:Pacific coast ( 6520: 6479:Pacific coast ( 6474: 6401: 6337: 6299: 6221: 6105: 6026: 5999: 5985: 5979: 5977:classification) 5971: 5962: 5883: 5878: 5877: 5870: 5856: 5852: 5843: 5839: 5832: 5815: 5811: 5791: 5790: 5778: 5764: 5760: 5745: 5731: 5727: 5713: 5704: 5703: 5694: 5693: 5677: 5673: 5636: 5632: 5617: 5606: 5599: 5583: 5579: 5572: 5550: 5546: 5541: 5461: 5397:58.2.202-22.PDF 5351: 5224: 5150: 5045: 5043: 5021: 5019: 4997: 4995: 4973: 4971: 4949: 4947: 4925: 4923: 4901: 4899: 4877: 4875: 4853: 4851: 4829: 4827: 4805: 4803: 4781: 4779: 4757: 4751: 4746: 4740: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4656: 4474: 4465:linguistic area 4461: 4427:Moseten-Tsimane 4275:Moseten-Tsimane 4038:Tinigua-Pamigua 3766:Puinave-Nadahup 3739:Chapakura-Wañam 3655:Moseten-Tsimane 3434:Moseten-Tsimane 2987:Puinave-Nadahup 2907:Puinave-Nadahup 2675:Chapakura-Wañam 2635:Puinave-Nadahup 2426:Chapakura-Wañam 2243:Puinave-Nadahup 2095:Chapakura-Wañam 2067:Tinigua-Pamigua 2025:Language family 1994:1 AD – 1700 AD 1874:1 AD – 1600 AD 1834:1 AD – 1700 AD 1781: 1775: 1770: 1674:Mataco–Guaicuru 1471:Mura–Matanawí? 1315:Sechura–Catacao 1306:Pacific coast ( 1266:Pacific coast ( 817: 807: 751: 739:Tupian language 686: 652: 543:Candoshi-Shapra 456:Magdalena River 303:Puinave-Nadahup 179: 125: 113:Mayan languages 92: 71:Central America 52: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7343: 7333: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7300: 7299: 7297: 7296: 7291: 7289:Classification 7286: 7281: 7280: 7279: 7269: 7263: 7261: 7257: 7256: 7254: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7192: 7190: 7186: 7185: 7183: 7182: 7177: 7175:Mamoré–Guaporé 7172: 7166: 7164: 7158: 7157: 7155: 7154: 7149: 7147:Wamo–Chapakura 7144: 7139: 7134: 7129: 7127:Moseten–Chonan 7124: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7089: 7084: 7079: 7074: 7069: 7064: 7059: 7054: 7052:Macro-Chibchan 7049: 7047:Macro-Arawakan 7044: 7039: 7033: 7031: 7027: 7026: 7023: 7022: 7020: 7019: 7012: 7005: 6999: 6997: 6989: 6988: 6986: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6954: 6953: 6946: 6939: 6934: 6922: 6920: 6913: 6912: 6910: 6909: 6902: 6895: 6890: 6883: 6882: 6881: 6876: 6865: 6857: 6855: 6847: 6846: 6844: 6843: 6836: 6829: 6822: 6815: 6808: 6801: 6794: 6789: 6782: 6775: 6768: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6744: 6738: 6736: 6734:Mamoré–Guaporé 6730: 6729: 6727: 6726: 6719: 6718: 6717: 6710: 6702: 6701: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6678: 6676: 6669: 6668: 6666: 6665: 6664: 6663: 6658: 6647: 6640: 6633: 6626: 6619: 6612: 6605: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6575: 6573: 6562: 6561: 6559: 6558: 6557: 6556: 6549: 6538: 6532: 6530: 6522: 6521: 6519: 6518: 6511: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6486: 6484: 6476: 6475: 6473: 6472: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6454: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6432: 6424: 6422: 6403: 6402: 6400: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6372: 6365: 6357: 6355: 6343: 6342: 6339: 6338: 6336: 6335: 6330: 6323: 6316: 6310: 6308: 6298: 6297: 6290: 6285: 6278: 6271: 6270: 6269: 6262: 6255: 6242: 6236: 6234: 6223: 6222: 6220: 6219: 6212: 6205: 6198: 6191: 6184: 6177: 6170: 6163: 6156: 6149: 6142: 6135: 6128: 6123: 6117: 6115: 6114:Eastern Brazil 6111: 6110: 6107: 6106: 6104: 6103: 6095: 6088: 6081: 6074: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6036: 6034: 6025: 6024: 6017: 6009: 6007: 5998: 5997: 5989: 5987: 5981: 5980: 5961: 5960: 5953: 5946: 5938: 5932: 5931: 5930:. Version 1.0. 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5893: 5882: 5881:External links 5879: 5876: 5875: 5868: 5850: 5837: 5830: 5818:Campbell, Lyle 5809: 5776: 5758: 5743: 5725: 5671: 5650:(2): 236–247. 5630: 5604: 5597: 5577: 5570: 5543: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5536: 5535: 5532: 5529: 5526: 5522: 5519: 5516: 5513: 5510: 5507: 5504: 5501: 5498: 5495: 5492: 5489: 5486: 5483: 5480: 5477: 5474: 5471: 5468: 5465: 5460: 5457: 5456: 5455: 5440: 5425: 5412: 5405: 5398: 5387: 5380: 5344: 5337: 5330: 5323: 5316: 5301: 5287: 5272: 5257: 5242: 5223: 5220: 5219: 5218: 5211: 5210: 5209: 5199: 5198: 5197: 5187: 5186: 5185: 5184: 5183: 5182: 5181: 5171: 5166: 5149: 5146: 5145: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5078: 5077: 5074: 5071: 5068: 5064: 5063: 5060: 5057: 5054: 5040: 5039: 5036: 5033: 5030: 5016: 5015: 5012: 5009: 5006: 4992: 4991: 4988: 4985: 4982: 4968: 4967: 4964: 4961: 4958: 4944: 4943: 4940: 4937: 4934: 4920: 4919: 4916: 4913: 4910: 4896: 4895: 4892: 4889: 4886: 4872: 4871: 4868: 4865: 4862: 4848: 4847: 4844: 4841: 4838: 4824: 4823: 4820: 4817: 4814: 4800: 4799: 4796: 4793: 4790: 4776: 4775: 4772: 4769: 4766: 4750: 4747: 4742:Main article: 4739: 4736: 4655: 4652: 4589:post-positions 4473: 4470: 4460: 4457: 4454: 4453: 4436: 4430: 4429: 4424: 4418: 4417: 4392: 4386: 4385: 4352: 4346: 4345: 4320: 4314: 4313: 4296: 4290: 4289: 4284: 4278: 4277: 4248: 4242: 4241: 4228: 4222: 4221: 4212: 4206: 4205: 4124: 4118: 4117: 4072: 4066: 4065: 4052: 4046: 4045: 4040: 4034: 4033: 4028: 4022: 4021: 4003:Andoke-Urekena 4000: 3994: 3993: 3988: 3982: 3981: 3972: 3966: 3965: 3916: 3910: 3909: 3896: 3890: 3889: 3860: 3854: 3853: 3835:Andoke-Urekena 3832: 3826: 3825: 3820: 3814: 3813: 3792: 3786: 3785: 3768: 3762: 3761: 3732: 3726: 3725: 3720: 3714: 3713: 3700: 3694: 3693: 3688: 3682: 3681: 3644: 3638: 3637: 3612: 3606: 3605: 3588: 3582: 3581: 3576: 3570: 3569: 3532: 3526: 3525: 3512: 3506: 3505: 3476: 3470: 3469: 3456: 3450: 3449: 3436: 3430: 3429: 3388: 3382: 3381: 3352: 3346: 3345: 3316: 3310: 3309: 3292: 3286: 3285: 3280: 3274: 3273: 3240: 3234: 3233: 3192: 3186: 3185: 3160: 3154: 3153: 3148: 3142: 3141: 3136: 3130: 3129: 3064: 3058: 3057: 3040: 3034: 3033: 3012: 3006: 3005: 2972: 2966: 2965: 2920: 2914: 2913: 2900: 2894: 2893: 2880: 2874: 2873: 2868: 2862: 2861: 2832: 2826: 2825: 2820: 2814: 2813: 2780: 2774: 2773: 2760: 2754: 2753: 2736: 2730: 2729: 2704: 2698: 2697: 2692: 2686: 2685: 2664: 2658: 2657: 2652: 2646: 2645: 2628: 2622: 2621: 2608: 2602: 2601: 2576: 2570: 2569: 2564: 2558: 2557: 2528: 2522: 2521: 2484: 2478: 2477: 2448: 2442: 2441: 2428: 2422: 2421: 2400: 2394: 2393: 2364: 2358: 2357: 2324: 2318: 2317: 2312: 2306: 2305: 2284: 2278: 2277: 2144: 2138: 2137: 2092: 2086: 2085: 2076: 2074:Andoke-Urekena 2070: 2069: 2056: 2050: 2049: 2036: 2030: 2029: 2026: 2016: 2015: 2012: 2011: 2008: 2004: 2003: 2000: 1996: 1995: 1992: 1982: 1981: 1978: 1974: 1973: 1970: 1960: 1959: 1956: 1952: 1951: 1948: 1942: 1941: 1938: 1936:Central Brazil 1932: 1931: 1928: 1918: 1917: 1914: 1907: 1906: 1903: 1896: 1895: 1892: 1886: 1885: 1882: 1876: 1875: 1872: 1866: 1865: 1862: 1861:Central Amazon 1858: 1857: 1854: 1847: 1846: 1843: 1836: 1835: 1832: 1822: 1821: 1818: 1808: 1807: 1804: 1774: 1771: 1767: 1766: 1762: 1761: 1760: 1759: 1752: 1745: 1735: 1734: 1733: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1708: 1703: 1702: 1701: 1694: 1687: 1682: 1663: 1662: 1661: 1654: 1647: 1642: 1635: 1634: 1633: 1628: 1617: 1603: 1602: 1601: 1600: 1599: 1592: 1585: 1578: 1571: 1564: 1557: 1552: 1545: 1538: 1531: 1524: 1519: 1514: 1507: 1499:Mamoré–Guaporé 1495: 1494: 1493: 1486: 1485: 1484: 1477: 1469: 1468: 1467: 1462: 1441: 1440: 1439: 1438: 1437: 1432: 1421: 1414: 1407: 1400: 1393: 1386: 1379: 1372: 1367: 1362: 1357: 1341: 1340: 1339: 1338: 1337: 1336: 1335: 1328: 1317: 1303: 1302: 1301: 1294: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1263: 1262: 1261: 1254: 1249: 1244: 1239: 1238: 1237: 1232: 1221: 1199: 1198: 1197: 1192: 1187: 1182: 1177: 1170: 1163: 1151: 1150: 1149: 1148: 1147: 1142: 1135: 1128: 1117: 1110: 1105: 1098: 1091: 1090: 1089: 1081: 1074: 1061: 1042: 1041: 1040: 1039: 1038: 1031: 1024: 1017: 1010: 1003: 996: 989: 982: 975: 968: 961: 954: 947: 942: 935:Eastern Brazil 932: 931: 930: 929: 928: 920: 913: 906: 899: 892: 887: 882: 877: 872: 867: 857: 852: 840: 830: 806: 803: 779:Morris Swadesh 750: 747: 708:Macro-Chibchan 704:Macro-Arawakan 691:proto-language 685: 682: 651: 650:Classification 648: 647: 646: 636: 634:Rio das Mortes 618: 604: 594: 579: 572: 561: 550: 539: 532:Macro-Arawakan 528: 517: 506: 499: 488: 469: 459: 441: 440: 425: 410: 399: 388: 373: 354: 343: 332: 321: 310: 299: 288: 277: 266: 195:expanded from 178: 172: 124: 121: 91: 88: 51: 48: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7342: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7312: 7310: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7278: 7275: 7274: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7264: 7262: 7258: 7252: 7251:French Guiana 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7193: 7191: 7187: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7167: 7165: 7163: 7159: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7107:Je–Tupi–Carib 7105: 7103: 7102:Hibito–Cholon 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7082:Macro-Warpean 7080: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7034: 7032: 7028: 7018: 7017: 7013: 7011: 7010: 7006: 7004: 7001: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6990: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6952: 6951: 6947: 6945: 6944: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6929: 6928: 6924: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6914: 6908: 6907: 6903: 6901: 6900: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6888: 6884: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6871: 6870: 6866: 6864: 6863: 6859: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6848: 6842: 6841: 6837: 6835: 6834: 6830: 6828: 6827: 6823: 6821: 6820: 6816: 6814: 6813: 6809: 6807: 6806: 6802: 6800: 6799: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6787: 6783: 6781: 6780: 6776: 6774: 6773: 6769: 6767: 6766: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6749: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6739: 6737: 6735: 6731: 6725: 6724: 6720: 6716: 6715: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6705: 6703: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6685: 6684: 6680: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6670: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6653: 6652: 6648: 6646: 6645: 6641: 6639: 6638: 6634: 6632: 6631: 6627: 6625: 6624: 6620: 6618: 6617: 6613: 6611: 6610: 6606: 6604: 6603: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6586:Hibito–Cholon 6584: 6582: 6581: 6577: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6567: 6563: 6555: 6554: 6550: 6548: 6547:Cañari–Puruhá 6545: 6544: 6543: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6523: 6517: 6516: 6512: 6510: 6509: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6492: 6488: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6477: 6471: 6470: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6438: 6437: 6433: 6431: 6430: 6426: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6416: 6412: 6408: 6404: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6377: 6373: 6371: 6370: 6366: 6364: 6363: 6359: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6349: 6344: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6328: 6324: 6322: 6321: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6311: 6309: 6307: 6302: 6296: 6295: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6283: 6279: 6277: 6276: 6272: 6268: 6267: 6263: 6261: 6260: 6256: 6254: 6253: 6249: 6248: 6247: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6228: 6224: 6218: 6217: 6213: 6211: 6210: 6206: 6204: 6203: 6199: 6197: 6196: 6192: 6190: 6189: 6185: 6183: 6182: 6178: 6176: 6175: 6171: 6169: 6168: 6164: 6162: 6161: 6157: 6155: 6154: 6150: 6148: 6147: 6143: 6141: 6140: 6136: 6134: 6133: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6118: 6116: 6112: 6102: 6101: 6096: 6094: 6093: 6089: 6087: 6086: 6082: 6080: 6079: 6075: 6073: 6072: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6037: 6035: 6033: 6029: 6023: 6022: 6018: 6016: 6015: 6011: 6010: 6008: 6006: 6005:Je–Tupi–Carib 6002: 5996: 5995: 5991: 5990: 5988: 5982: 5976: 5975:Campbell 2012 5970: 5969:South America 5966: 5959: 5954: 5952: 5947: 5945: 5940: 5939: 5936: 5929: 5928: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5899: 5894: 5890: 5885: 5884: 5871: 5865: 5861: 5854: 5847: 5841: 5833: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5813: 5805: 5801: 5795: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5773: 5769: 5762: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5740: 5736: 5729: 5721: 5717: 5710: 5698: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5675: 5667: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5634: 5627: 5623: 5622: 5615: 5613: 5611: 5609: 5600: 5598:9789057891588 5594: 5590: 5589: 5581: 5573: 5571:9780511486852 5567: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5548: 5544: 5533: 5530: 5527: 5523: 5520: 5517: 5514: 5511: 5508: 5505: 5502: 5499: 5496: 5493: 5490: 5487: 5484: 5481: 5478: 5475: 5472: 5469: 5466: 5463: 5462: 5453: 5452:0-444-00155-7 5449: 5445: 5441: 5439:(7): 121-150. 5438: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5417: 5413: 5410: 5406: 5403: 5399: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5350: 5345: 5342: 5338: 5335: 5331: 5328: 5324: 5321: 5317: 5314: 5313:0-292-70414-3 5310: 5306: 5302: 5300: 5299:0-8047-1315-4 5296: 5292: 5288: 5285: 5284:1-55671-159-X 5281: 5277: 5273: 5270: 5269:0-521-57021-2 5266: 5262: 5258: 5255: 5254:0-19-509427-1 5251: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5230: 5226: 5225: 5217: 5216: 5212: 5208: 5205: 5204: 5203: 5200: 5196: 5193: 5192: 5191: 5188: 5180: 5177: 5176: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5161: 5160: 5157: 5156: 5155: 5152: 5151: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5084: 5083: 5075: 5072: 5069: 5066: 5065: 5061: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5042: 5041: 5037: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5028:French Guiana 5018: 5017: 5013: 5010: 5007: 5005: 4994: 4993: 4989: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4970: 4969: 4965: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4946: 4945: 4941: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4922: 4921: 4917: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4898: 4897: 4893: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4874: 4873: 4869: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4850: 4849: 4845: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4826: 4825: 4821: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4802: 4801: 4797: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4778: 4777: 4773: 4770: 4767: 4764: 4763: 4760: 4756: 4745: 4735: 4732: 4728: 4708: 4703: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4651: 4649: 4648:linking verbs 4645: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4620: 4618: 4613: 4609: 4604: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4552: 4550: 4546: 4545:reduplication 4542: 4538: 4534: 4529: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4514:Hibito–Cholon 4511: 4510:Je-Tupi-Carib 4507: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4469: 4466: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4431: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4419: 4416: 4412: 4411:Witoto-Okaina 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4387: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4347: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4318:Witoto-Okaina 4316: 4315: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4291: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4279: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4243: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4223: 4220: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4207: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4155:Mura-Matanawi 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4120: 4119: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4091:Witoto-Okaina 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4067: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4047: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4035: 4032: 4029: 4027: 4024: 4023: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3995: 3992: 3989: 3987: 3984: 3983: 3980: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3967: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3951:Mura-Matanawi 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3917: 3915: 3912: 3911: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3892: 3891: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3856: 3855: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3833: 3831: 3828: 3827: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3815: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3793: 3791: 3788: 3787: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3769: 3767: 3764: 3763: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3727: 3724: 3723:Witoto-Okaina 3721: 3719: 3716: 3715: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3701: 3699: 3696: 3695: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3683: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3645: 3643: 3640: 3639: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3607: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3589: 3587: 3584: 3583: 3580: 3577: 3575: 3572: 3571: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3533: 3531: 3528: 3527: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3513: 3511: 3508: 3507: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3477: 3475: 3474:Mura-Matanawi 3472: 3471: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3459:Cholon-Hibito 3457: 3455: 3452: 3451: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3437: 3435: 3432: 3431: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3411:Cholon-Hibito 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3389: 3387: 3384: 3383: 3380: 3376: 3375:Cholon-Hibito 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3353: 3351: 3348: 3347: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3317: 3315: 3312: 3311: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3293: 3291: 3288: 3287: 3284: 3281: 3279: 3276: 3275: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3263:Cholon-Hibito 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3241: 3239: 3236: 3235: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3215:Mura-Matanawi 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3193: 3191: 3188: 3187: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3161: 3159: 3156: 3155: 3152: 3149: 3147: 3144: 3143: 3140: 3137: 3135: 3132: 3131: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3115:Cholon-Hibito 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3065: 3063: 3060: 3059: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3041: 3039: 3036: 3035: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3013: 3011: 3008: 3007: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2983:Mura-Matanawi 2980: 2976: 2973: 2971: 2968: 2967: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2921: 2919: 2916: 2915: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2901: 2899: 2896: 2895: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2881: 2879: 2876: 2875: 2872: 2869: 2867: 2864: 2863: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2835:Cholon-Hibito 2833: 2831: 2828: 2827: 2824: 2821: 2819: 2816: 2815: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2781: 2779: 2776: 2775: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2761: 2759: 2756: 2755: 2752: 2748: 2747:Mura-Matanawi 2744: 2740: 2737: 2735: 2732: 2731: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2705: 2703: 2700: 2699: 2696: 2693: 2691: 2688: 2687: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2665: 2663: 2660: 2659: 2656: 2653: 2651: 2648: 2647: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2629: 2627: 2624: 2623: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2609: 2607: 2604: 2603: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2577: 2575: 2572: 2571: 2568: 2565: 2563: 2560: 2559: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2529: 2527: 2526:Cholon-Hibito 2524: 2523: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2507:Witoto-Okaina 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2485: 2483: 2480: 2479: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2449: 2447: 2444: 2443: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2429: 2427: 2424: 2423: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2401: 2399: 2396: 2395: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2379:Witoto-Okaina 2376: 2372: 2368: 2365: 2363: 2360: 2359: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2331:Cholon-Hibito 2328: 2325: 2323: 2320: 2319: 2316: 2313: 2311: 2308: 2307: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2285: 2283: 2280: 2279: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2259:Witoto-Okaina 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2219:Mura-Matanawi 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2145: 2143: 2140: 2139: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2111:Mura-Matanawi 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2093: 2091: 2088: 2087: 2084: 2080: 2077: 2075: 2072: 2071: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2057: 2055: 2052: 2051: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2037: 2035: 2032: 2031: 2027: 2024: 2023: 2020: 2009: 2006: 2005: 2001: 1998: 1997: 1993: 1991: 1987: 1984: 1983: 1979: 1976: 1975: 1971: 1969: 1965: 1962: 1961: 1957: 1955:Central Andes 1954: 1953: 1949: 1947: 1944: 1943: 1939: 1937: 1934: 1933: 1929: 1927: 1923: 1920: 1919: 1915: 1913: 1909: 1908: 1904: 1902: 1899:Lower/Middle 1898: 1897: 1893: 1891: 1888: 1887: 1883: 1881: 1878: 1877: 1873: 1871: 1868: 1867: 1863: 1860: 1859: 1855: 1853: 1849: 1848: 1844: 1842: 1838: 1837: 1833: 1831: 1827: 1824: 1823: 1819: 1817: 1813: 1810: 1809: 1805: 1802: 1801: 1798: 1797: 1796: 1793: 1790: 1786: 1780: 1765: 1758: 1757: 1753: 1751: 1750: 1746: 1744: 1741: 1740: 1739: 1736: 1732: 1729: 1727: 1724: 1722: 1719: 1717: 1714: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1700: 1699: 1695: 1693: 1692: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1677: 1675: 1672: 1671: 1670: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1659: 1655: 1653: 1652: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1629: 1627: 1624: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1615: 1611: 1610: 1609: 1606: 1605: 1604: 1598: 1597: 1593: 1591: 1590: 1586: 1584: 1583: 1579: 1577: 1576: 1572: 1570: 1569: 1565: 1563: 1562: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1551: 1550: 1546: 1544: 1543: 1539: 1537: 1536: 1532: 1530: 1529: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1518: 1515: 1513: 1512: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1502: 1501: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1482: 1478: 1476: 1473: 1472: 1470: 1466: 1463: 1461: 1458: 1457: 1455: 1454: 1453: 1451: 1447: 1442: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1420: 1419: 1415: 1413: 1412: 1408: 1406: 1405: 1401: 1399: 1398: 1394: 1392: 1391: 1387: 1385: 1384: 1380: 1378: 1377: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1360:Hibito–Cholon 1358: 1356: 1353: 1352: 1351: 1349: 1344: 1343: 1342: 1334: 1333: 1329: 1327: 1326:Cañari–Puruhá 1324: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1312: 1311: 1309: 1304: 1300: 1299: 1295: 1293: 1292: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1272: 1271: 1269: 1264: 1260: 1259: 1255: 1253: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1227: 1225: 1222: 1220: 1217: 1216: 1215: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1200: 1196: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1186: 1183: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1175: 1171: 1169: 1168: 1164: 1162: 1161: 1157: 1156: 1155: 1152: 1146: 1143: 1141: 1140: 1136: 1134: 1133: 1129: 1127: 1124: 1123: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1115: 1111: 1109: 1106: 1104: 1103: 1099: 1097: 1096: 1092: 1087: 1086: 1082: 1080: 1079: 1075: 1073: 1072: 1068: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1056: 1055: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1044: 1043: 1037: 1036: 1032: 1030: 1029: 1025: 1023: 1022: 1018: 1016: 1015: 1011: 1009: 1008: 1004: 1002: 1001: 997: 995: 994: 990: 988: 987: 983: 981: 980: 976: 974: 973: 969: 967: 966: 962: 960: 959: 955: 953: 952: 948: 946: 943: 941: 938: 937: 936: 933: 926: 925: 921: 919: 918: 914: 912: 911: 907: 905: 904: 900: 898: 897: 893: 891: 888: 886: 883: 881: 878: 876: 873: 871: 868: 866: 863: 862: 861: 858: 856: 853: 851: 848: 847: 846: 845: 844:Je–Tupi–Carib 841: 839: 836: 835: 834: 833: 829: 827: 823: 816: 812: 802: 800: 799:Lyle Campbell 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 771: 768: 764: 760: 756: 755:D. G. Brinton 746: 744: 740: 736: 733:family, even 732: 728: 722: 720: 716: 711: 709: 705: 700: 696: 692: 681: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 658: 645: 641: 637: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 616: 612: 608: 605: 603: 602:Lake Titicaca 599: 595: 592: 588: 584: 580: 577: 573: 570: 566: 562: 559: 555: 551: 548: 544: 540: 537: 533: 529: 526: 522: 521:Cholon-Hibito 518: 515: 511: 507: 504: 500: 497: 493: 489: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 468: 467:Orinoco Delta 464: 460: 457: 453: 449: 448: 447: 445: 438: 434: 430: 426: 423: 419: 415: 411: 408: 404: 400: 397: 393: 389: 386: 382: 378: 374: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 352: 348: 344: 341: 337: 333: 330: 326: 322: 319: 315: 311: 308: 307:Madeira River 304: 300: 297: 293: 289: 286: 282: 278: 275: 271: 267: 264: 260: 256: 252: 251: 250: 248: 241: 237: 232: 226: 222: 217: 213: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 189: 184: 176: 171: 167: 165: 161: 158: 154: 150: 146: 142: 138: 137:language arts 134: 131:published by 130: 120: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 98: 87: 85: 79: 76: 72: 68: 67:South America 60: 56: 47: 45: 40: 38: 34: 30: 21: 7137:Saparo–Yawan 7087:Arutani–Sape 7072:Macro-Panoan 7067:Macro-Paesan 7057:Macro-Jibaro 7042:Macro-Andean 7014: 7007: 6978:Lule–Vilelan 6948: 6941: 6904: 6897: 6885: 6860: 6838: 6831: 6824: 6817: 6810: 6803: 6796: 6784: 6777: 6770: 6763: 6746: 6721: 6712: 6651:Saparo–Yawan 6642: 6635: 6628: 6621: 6614: 6607: 6600: 6580:Pano–Tacanan 6578: 6551: 6513: 6506: 6489: 6483:and Ecuador) 6467: 6427: 6374: 6367: 6360: 6325: 6318: 6292: 6280: 6273: 6264: 6257: 6250: 6246:Arutani–Sape 6214: 6207: 6200: 6193: 6186: 6179: 6172: 6165: 6158: 6151: 6144: 6137: 6130: 6098: 6090: 6083: 6076: 6069: 6019: 6012: 5992: 5986:and isolates 5968: 5925: 5859: 5853: 5845: 5840: 5821: 5812: 5767: 5761: 5734: 5728: 5680: 5674: 5647: 5643: 5633: 5619: 5587: 5580: 5553: 5547: 5443: 5436: 5432: 5428: 5415: 5408: 5401: 5394: 5390: 5383: 5359: 5355: 5340: 5333: 5326: 5319: 5304: 5290: 5275: 5260: 5245: 5228: 5222:Bibliography 5213: 5081: 4758: 4731:pitch accent 4704: 4676: 4657: 4621: 4605: 4553: 4530: 4494:Pano-Tacanan 4475: 4462: 4403:Bora-Muinane 4335:Bora-Muinane 4131:Bora-Muinane 4111:Bora-Muinane 4026:Timote-Kuika 2767:Timote-Kuika 2595:Bora-Muinane 2519:Bora-Muinane 2362:Bora-Muinane 2151:Bora-Muinane 2017: 1890:Lower Amazon 1880:Upper Amazon 1794: 1782: 1763: 1754: 1747: 1737: 1726:Lule–Vilelan 1696: 1689: 1665: 1656: 1649: 1637: 1612: 1607: 1594: 1587: 1580: 1573: 1566: 1559: 1547: 1540: 1533: 1526: 1509: 1497: 1488: 1479: 1443: 1424:Saparo–Yawan 1416: 1409: 1402: 1395: 1388: 1381: 1374: 1355:Pano–Tacanan 1345: 1330: 1305: 1296: 1289: 1270:and Ecuador) 1265: 1256: 1201: 1172: 1165: 1158: 1153: 1137: 1130: 1112: 1100: 1093: 1083: 1076: 1069: 1064:Arutani–Sape 1046: 1033: 1026: 1019: 1012: 1005: 998: 991: 984: 977: 970: 963: 956: 949: 934: 922: 915: 908: 901: 894: 842: 825: 821: 818: 787:Eskimo-Aleut 772: 752: 731:Pano-Tacanan 723: 712: 687: 657:phylogenetic 653: 607:Proto-Tupian 600:: shores of 483:, and Upper 443: 442: 439:confluences) 396:Amazon River 387:confluences) 377:Pano-Takanan 372:confluences) 358:Bora-Muinane 247:Amazon River 244: 236:Amazon River 221:Amazon River 212:to America. 201:phylogenetic 186: 180: 174: 168: 159: 148: 147:in his work 136: 126: 93: 80: 64: 41: 28: 26: 7132:Quechumaran 7092:Bora–Witoto 6992:Far South ( 6893:Uru–Chipaya 6869:Quechumaran 6754:Nambikwaran 6436:Bora–Witoto 6333:Ticuna–Yuri 5705:|last= 5411:1: 430-436. 5070:391,131,800 4792:198,739,300 4684:palatalized 4679:Uru–Chipaya 4395:Saliba-Hodi 4367:Puinave-Kak 4246:Uru-Chipaya 4203:Puinave-Kak 4099:Tikuna-Yuri 4095:Saliba-Hodi 3998:Tikuna-Yuri 3871:Puinave-Kak 3830:Saliba-Hodi 3811:Uru-Chipaya 3730:Puinave-Kak 3686:Pano-Takana 3663:Uru-Chipaya 3439:Uru-Chipaya 3363:Uru-Chipaya 3331:Tikuna-Yuri 3327:Saliba-Hodi 3183:Uru-Chipaya 3083:Uru-Chipaya 2771:Puinave-Kak 2719:Uru-Chipaya 2591:Puinave-Kak 2435:Puinave-Kak 2299:Tikuna-Yuri 2275:Tikuna-Yuri 2271:Saliba-Hodi 2231:Pano-Takana 2131:Puinave-Kak 2083:Tikuna-Yuri 2079:Saliba-Hodi 1870:San Agustín 1645:Uru–Chipaya 1620:Quechumaran 1517:Nambikwaran 1450:Mato Grosso 1224:Bora–Witoto 1145:Ticuna–Yuri 797:(1994) and 693:. Also the 628:, from the 626:Mato Grosso 598:Uru-Chipaya 514:Daule River 424:confluence) 409:confluence) 353:confluence) 342:confluence) 320:confluence) 298:confluence) 287:confluence) 276:confluence) 270:Nambikwaran 265:confluence) 219:Map of the 160:Mithridates 7309:Categories 7003:Qawasqaran 6937:Guaicuruan 6906:Mapudungun 6742:Chapacuran 6656:Peba–Yagua 6591:Cahuapanan 6508:Yurumanguí 6092:Chiquitano 6065:Maxakalian 5973:(based on 5777:0804713154 5744:0879031077 5539:References 5082:See also: 5073:13,162,400 5056:16,601,700 4960:14,573,100 4936:40,913,600 4864:26,814,800 4840:29,547,000 4816:45,644,000 4753:See also: 4451:Peba-Yagua 4271:Mapudungun 3931:Jeoromitxi 3711:Nambikwara 3698:Peba-Yagua 3651:Mapudungun 3555:Peba-Yagua 3530:Nambikwara 3495:Jeoromitxi 3419:Mapudungun 3350:Mapudungun 3223:Peba-Yagua 3219:Nambikwara 3203:Jeoromitxi 3179:Mapudungun 3075:Mapudungun 2951:Jeoromitxi 2931:Nambikwara 2887:Nambikwara 2734:Jeoromitxi 2695:Nambikwara 2679:Nambikwara 2539:Mapudungun 2415:Nambikwara 2223:Nambikwara 2211:Mapudungun 2047:Nambikwara 1777:See also: 1743:Qawasqaran 1685:Guaicuruan 1658:Mapudungun 1505:Chapacuran 1430:Peba–Yagua 1365:Cahuapanan 1291:Yurumanguí 917:Chiquitano 890:Maxakalian 809:See also: 763:Paul Rivet 638:Pre-Proto- 613:and Upper 596:Pre-Proto- 581:Pre-Proto- 576:Mapudungun 574:Pre-Proto- 563:Pre-Proto- 558:Lake Junín 552:Pre-Proto- 541:Pre-Proto- 530:Pre-Proto- 519:Pre-Proto- 508:Pre-Proto- 501:Pre-Proto- 490:Pre-Proto- 461:Pre-Proto- 450:Pre-Proto- 429:Cahuapanan 427:Pre-Proto- 412:Pre-Proto- 401:Pre-Proto- 390:Pre-Proto- 356:Pre-Proto- 345:Pre-Proto- 334:Pre-Proto- 323:Pre-Proto- 312:Pre-Proto- 301:Pre-Proto- 290:Pre-Proto- 281:Peba-Yagua 279:Pre-Proto- 268:Pre-Proto- 257:(from the 253:Pre-Proto- 164:New Guinea 141:evangelize 101:Misumalpan 7267:Languages 7236:Venezuela 7196:Argentina 7189:Countries 7180:Amazonian 6792:Mosetenan 6786:Canichana 6698:Katukinan 6693:Harákmbut 6644:Tequiraca 6515:Esmeralda 6502:Barbacoan 6458:Guajiboan 6397:Jirajaran 6352:Venezuela 6288:Otomacoan 6240:Yanomaman 6231:Venezuela 6167:Pankararú 6085:Rikbaktsá 5794:cite book 5753:241806007 5697:cite book 5689:886673904 5666:1548-1433 5376:210985305 4932:Argentina 4912:6,995,700 4891:4,541,000 4888:9,827,500 4860:Venezuela 4843:4,045,700 4819:1,392,600 4700:Retroflex 4654:Phonology 4612:clusivity 4597:Yanomaman 4526:Tehuelche 4171:Harakmbet 3818:Rikbaktsa 3771:Harakmbet 3667:Harakmbet 3423:Kanichana 2959:Rikbaktsa 2866:Kanichana 2626:Harakmbet 2163:Harakmbet 1738:Far South 1555:Mosetenan 1549:Canichana 1418:Tequiraca 1298:Esmeralda 1285:Barbacoan 1247:Guajiboan 1195:Jirajaran 1108:Otomacoan 1059:Yanomaman 1052:Venezuela 986:Pankararú 910:Rikbaktsá 611:Roosevelt 567:: middle 503:Barbacoan 329:Rio Negro 318:Rio Negro 188:Urheimats 7246:Suriname 7226:Paraguay 7211:Colombia 6973:Huarpean 6968:Charruan 6963:Zamucoan 6958:Mascoyan 6932:Matacoan 6874:Quechuan 6798:Yuracaré 6765:Cayubaba 6759:Bororoan 6714:Matanawí 6661:Zaparoan 6630:Taushiro 6602:Candoshi 6596:Jivaroan 6491:Chibchan 6481:Colombia 6446:Witotoan 6429:Tucanoan 6411:Colombia 6392:Timotean 6387:Tiniguan 6348:Colombia 6174:Tarairiú 6153:Katembri 6121:Karirian 6060:Krenakan 6045:Jabutian 6032:Macro-Jê 5994:Arawakan 5786:13794661 5459:Lexicons 5418:(1986). 5148:See also 5004:Suriname 4908:Paraguay 4812:Colombia 4660:phonemes 4632:Aguaruna 4561:Tucanoan 4549:fusional 4541:Yuracaré 4522:Shelknam 4506:Macro-Jê 4490:Arawakan 4422:Yurakare 4350:Yanomami 4215:Barbakoa 4167:Yanomami 4151:Kayuvava 4107:Barbakoa 4031:Jirajara 3991:Taushiro 3986:Tekiraka 3975:Tekiraka 3970:Taushiro 3959:Yanomami 3899:Kayuvava 3875:Jirajara 3799:Kawapana 3759:Yanomami 3747:Jirajara 3675:Kandoshi 3619:Barbakoa 3443:Yurakare 3407:Barbakoa 3399:Kandoshi 3278:Macro-Jê 3251:Taushiro 3167:Kandoshi 3127:Kawapana 3111:Barbakoa 3095:Kandoshi 3038:Kayuvava 3023:Kandoshi 3010:Kawapana 2999:Yanomami 2927:Kawapana 2843:Kawapana 2830:Kandoshi 2803:Kandoshi 2795:Yanomami 2758:Jirajara 2683:Yanomami 2579:Yanomami 2555:Barbakoa 2547:Kandoshi 2455:Barbakoa 2411:Kayuvava 2322:Barbakoa 2315:Barbakoa 2203:Macro-Jê 2187:Kayuvava 2183:Kawapana 2119:Yanomami 1986:Putumayo 1922:Pantanal 1901:Paraguay 1852:Titicaca 1787:and the 1721:Huarpean 1716:Charruan 1711:Zamucoan 1706:Mascoyan 1680:Matacoan 1676: ? 1626:Quechuan 1622: ? 1561:Yuracaré 1528:Cayuvava 1522:Bororoan 1481:Matanawí 1446:Amazonas 1444:Amazon ( 1435:Zaparoan 1426: ? 1404:Taushiro 1376:Candoshi 1370:Jivaroan 1346:Amazon ( 1322: ? 1275:Chibchan 1268:Colombia 1235:Witotoan 1226: ? 1219:Tucanoan 1204:Colombia 1202:Amazon ( 1190:Timotean 1185:Tiniguan 1122: ? 1088:(Jukude) 1066: ? 993:Tarairiú 972:Katembri 940:Karirian 885:Krenakan 870:Jabutian 860:Macro-Jê 838:Arawakan 644:Pantanal 624: : 622:Macro-Jê 615:Aripuanã 591:Apurimac 587:Urubamba 554:Quechuan 547:Huallaga 545:: Upper 492:Tukanoan 485:Apaporis 479:, Upper 475:: Upper 454:: Lower 452:Chibchan 444:Urheimat 433:Huallaga 403:Zaparoan 392:Witotoan 325:Yanomami 314:Jivaroan 197:Rondônia 175:Urheimat 117:Campbell 84:dialects 75:Antilles 73:and the 7221:Ecuador 7201:Bolivia 7152:Amerind 6950:Payaguá 6919:–Pampas 6887:Puquina 6879:Aymaran 6850:Andes ( 6833:Irantxe 6772:Itonama 6637:Urarina 6623:Waorani 6616:Munichi 6609:Omurano 6553:Mochica 6542:Chimuan 6497:Chocoan 6469:Puinave 6463:Nadahup 6376:Andaquí 6346:Andes ( 6314:Sáliban 6252:Arutani 6227:Orinoco 6014:Cariban 5059:692,200 5032:221,500 5008:481,300 4984:772,300 4963:830,400 4956:Ecuador 4939:600,300 4915:103,300 4884:Bolivia 4867:536,900 4795:358,000 4765:Country 4707:Saliban 4668:Aymaran 4573:Mapuche 4533:Guarani 4498:Cariban 4472:Grammar 4439:Omurano 4415:Waorani 4379:Guahibo 4355:Irantxe 4303:Arutani 4282:Waorani 4239:Omurano 4226:Urarina 4199:Nadahup 4139:Irantxe 4075:Arutani 4063:Mochika 4011:Arutani 3919:Chibcha 3883:Arutani 3867:Chibcha 3743:Guahibo 3615:Chibcha 3591:Urarina 3586:Omurano 3543:Itonama 3539:Irantxe 3519:Guahibo 3510:Nadahup 3467:Mochika 3454:Muniche 3403:Muniche 3386:Mochika 3359:Mochika 3343:Arutani 3255:Urarina 3247:Omurano 3163:Mochika 3099:Muniche 3079:Mochika 2871:Mochika 2855:Mochika 2690:Itonama 2662:Irantxe 2587:Nadahup 2574:Guahibo 2567:Chibcha 2551:Muniche 2543:Mochika 2515:Chibcha 2487:Guahibo 2446:Chibcha 2431:Irantxe 2371:Guahibo 2355:Chibcha 2339:Mochika 2327:Atakame 2310:Atakame 2282:Arutani 2255:Urarina 2227:Omurano 2215:Mochika 2171:Irantxe 2155:Guahibo 2127:Nadahup 2063:Chibcha 1990:Caquetá 1968:Orinoco 1946:Ucayali 1926:Guaporé 1912:Orinoco 1910:Middle 1850:circum- 1841:Marañón 1839:circum- 1826:Caquetá 1812:Caquetá 1698:Payaguá 1669:–Pampas 1639:Puquina 1631:Aymaran 1596:Irantxe 1535:Itonama 1411:Urarina 1397:Waorani 1390:Munichi 1383:Omurano 1332:Mochica 1320:Chimuan 1280:Chocoan 1258:Puinave 1252:Nadahup 1174:Andaquí 1126:Sáliban 1071:Arutani 1048:Orinoco 927: ? 850:Cariban 826:italics 791:Na-Dene 783:Amerind 678:Quechua 674:Sirionó 632:to the 569:Mantaro 536:Ucayali 510:Mochica 496:Caquetá 477:Inírida 437:Marañón 422:Marañón 418:Ucayali 414:Urarina 394:(upper 305:(Lower 296:Madeira 285:Madeira 274:Tapajós 263:Tapajós 255:Cariban 50:Origins 7241:Guyana 7206:Brazil 7009:Yaghan 6983:Chonan 6943:Guachí 6812:Aikanã 6779:Movima 6723:Trumai 6688:Arawan 6673:Amazon 6566:Amazon 6419:Vaupés 6415:Japurá 6407:Amazon 6382:Paezan 6294:Yaruro 6202:Xukurú 6146:Baenan 6139:Gamela 6132:Taruma 6126:Purían 6055:Karajá 6050:Kamakã 6021:Tupian 5866: 5828: 5784: 5774: 5751: 5741: 5687: 5664: 5595: 5568: 5525:Press. 5450: 5374: 5362:(12). 5311: 5297: 5282: 5267: 5252: 5236: 5049: 5025: 5001: 4987:50,000 4980:Guyana 4977: 4953: 4929: 4905: 4881: 4857: 4833: 4809: 4788:Brazil 4785: 4692:Tacana 4664:Jaqaru 4640:Ticuna 4617:Movima 4601:Cocama 4577:Yaghan 4557:Witoto 4504:, and 4502:Tupian 4447:Kechua 4443:Arawak 4434:Zaparo 4399:Arawak 4390:Yaruro 4383:Jivaro 4359:Taruma 4343:Tukano 4331:Arawak 4327:Yaruro 4287:Yaruro 4267:Kechua 4255:Pukina 4231:Arawak 4195:Takana 4187:Karaja 4183:Bororo 4179:Arawak 4163:Trumai 4159:Taruma 4143:Jivaro 4087:Taruma 4070:Tukano 4050:Trumai 4043:Andaki 4019:Tukano 4007:Arawak 3955:Tukano 3943:Jivaro 3927:Arawak 3914:Taruma 3907:Arawak 3894:Takana 3879:Tukano 3851:Yaruro 3847:Tukano 3839:Arawak 3803:Kechua 3790:Pukina 3783:Karaja 3779:Arawak 3707:Zaparo 3691:Arawak 3679:Pukina 3671:Arawak 3659:Tukano 3647:Kechua 3631:Andaki 3627:Tukano 3599:Zaparo 3595:Arawak 3563:Bororo 3559:Arawak 3535:Aikanã 3491:Arawak 3483:Taruma 3463:Kechua 3415:Kechua 3395:Arawak 3391:Trumai 3379:Kechua 3367:Arawak 3303:Arawak 3295:Trumai 3283:Arawak 3271:Kechua 3259:Arawak 3227:Aikanã 3211:Jivaro 3199:Arawak 3195:Taruma 3175:Kechua 3123:Jivaro 3103:Pukina 3091:Arawak 3087:Zaparo 3062:Kechua 3051:Takana 3047:Bororo 3043:Arawak 3027:Pukina 3019:Arawak 3015:Kechua 3003:Arawak 2991:Taruma 2975:Jivaro 2955:Karaja 2947:Bororo 2943:Arawak 2935:Taruma 2898:Karaja 2891:Aikanã 2847:Kechua 2839:Jivaro 2791:Taruma 2783:Kechua 2778:Jivaro 2751:Taruma 2727:Pukina 2723:Arawak 2707:Kechua 2667:Arawak 2655:Arawak 2643:Arawak 2611:Bororo 2583:Arawak 2531:Kechua 2511:Yaruro 2499:Tukano 2475:Taruma 2451:Andaki 2398:Bororo 2387:Arawak 2383:Yaruro 2375:Tukano 2347:Tukano 2335:Kechua 2303:Tukano 2267:Zaparo 2263:Yaruro 2247:Taruma 2239:Takana 2191:Kechua 2142:Arawak 2123:Arawak 2115:Taruma 2099:Jivaro 2054:Andaki 2034:Aikanã 1816:Japurá 1806:Dates 1789:Amazon 1785:Andean 1764: 1749:Yaghan 1731:Chonan 1691:Guachí 1575:Aikanã 1542:Movima 1490:Trumai 1460:Arawan 1212:Vaupés 1208:Japurá 1180:Paezan 1114:Yaruro 1021:Xukurú 965:Baenan 958:Gamela 951:Taruma 945:Purían 880:Karajá 875:Kamakã 855:Tupian 743:tapuya 620:Proto- 617:basins 593:Rivers 560:region 538:basins 527:basins 487:basins 481:Vaupés 471:Proto- 458:Valley 375:Proto- 362:Japurá 336:Arawan 209:Panama 105:Lencan 7260:Lists 7216:Chile 7170:Chaco 7016:Chono 6994:Chile 6917:Chaco 6899:Kunza 6862:Culle 6840:Arara 6826:Kwazá 6819:Kanoê 6708:Muran 6441:Boran 6421:area) 6369:Camsá 6362:Cofán 6320:Betoi 6282:Guamo 6275:Warao 6188:Wamoé 6100:Guató 6078:Ofayé 6071:Jaikó 5372:S2CID 5352:(PDF) 5067:Total 5052:Chile 5035:5,000 5011:7,000 4696:Siona 4672:Campa 4662:: in 4407:Choko 4375:Arawa 4339:Choko 4323:Pijao 4299:Karib 4294:Warao 4251:Kunza 4219:Choko 4210:Umbra 4147:Karib 4135:Guato 4127:Arawa 4115:Choko 3963:Kwaza 3947:Karib 3939:Arawa 3863:Warao 3823:Karib 3735:Arawa 3718:Pijao 3703:Kwaza 3635:Kofan 3623:Choko 3574:Ofaye 3567:Karib 3551:Kwaza 3547:Kanoe 3515:Arawa 3503:Arawa 3479:Kwaza 3427:Kunza 3355:Kunza 3339:Arawa 3323:Warao 3307:Ofaye 3243:Kulle 3231:Kanoe 3207:Arawa 3190:Kwaza 3158:Kunza 3146:Kulle 3134:Kofan 3067:Kunza 3031:Karib 2939:Warao 2923:Guato 2918:Karib 2903:Karib 2883:Kwaza 2878:Kanoe 2851:Kunza 2823:Choko 2818:Kamsa 2811:Arawa 2787:Kwaza 2743:Kwaza 2739:Karib 2711:Kunza 2619:Karib 2606:Guato 2599:Choko 2503:Umbra 2491:Kamsa 2482:Choko 2459:Choko 2439:Arawa 2407:Karib 2403:Guato 2367:Choko 2351:Umbra 2295:Warao 2195:Kwaza 2179:Karib 2147:Arawa 2103:Kwaza 2090:Arawa 2043:Kwaza 2039:Kanoe 1964:Negro 1830:Negro 1756:Chono 1667:Chaco 1651:Kunza 1614:Culle 1589:Kwazá 1582:Kanoê 1475:Muran 1230:Boran 1214:area) 1167:Camsá 1160:Cofán 1132:Betoi 1102:Guamo 1095:Warao 1007:Wamoé 924:Guató 903:Ofayé 896:Jaikó 583:Kunza 525:Upano 516:basin 498:basin 463:Warao 385:Jutaí 370:Juruá 366:Jutaí 340:Purus 292:Kwaza 259:Xingu 7231:Peru 7037:Duho 6852:Peru 6805:Leco 6748:Mure 6570:Peru 6527:Peru 6350:and 6327:Hodï 6306:Duho 6266:Máku 6259:Sapé 6209:Yaté 6195:Xokó 6181:Tuxá 6160:Natú 5864:ISBN 5826:ISBN 5804:link 5800:link 5782:OCLC 5772:ISBN 5749:OCLC 5739:ISBN 5720:link 5716:link 5709:help 5685:OCLC 5662:ISSN 5593:ISBN 5566:ISBN 5448:ISBN 5309:ISBN 5295:ISBN 5280:ISBN 5265:ISBN 5250:ISBN 5234:ISBN 5076:420 4836:Peru 4798:177 4729:and 4727:Tone 4694:and 4626:and 4581:dual 4575:and 4537:Piro 4524:and 4492:and 4480:and 4371:Tupi 4311:Sape 4307:Máku 4263:Jaqi 4259:Pano 4235:Leko 4122:Tupi 4103:Pano 4083:Sape 4079:Paez 4059:Tupi 4015:Máku 3979:Leko 3935:Tupi 3903:Tupi 3887:Máku 3858:Sape 3843:Máku 3807:Pano 3795:Jaqi 3755:Tupi 3751:Sape 3642:Pano 3610:Paez 3603:Leko 3523:Tupi 3499:Tupi 3447:Pano 3371:Pano 3319:Sape 3314:Máku 3299:Tupi 3267:Jaqi 3238:Leko 3171:Jaqi 3151:Leko 3139:Paez 3119:Jaqi 3107:Pano 3071:Leko 3055:Tupi 2995:Tupi 2979:Máku 2963:Tupi 2911:Tupi 2859:Pano 2807:Tupi 2763:Sape 2715:Leko 2702:Jaqi 2671:Tupi 2639:Tupi 2631:Pano 2615:Tupi 2562:Duho 2535:Leko 2495:Paez 2471:Sape 2467:Paez 2463:Duho 2419:Tupi 2391:Tupi 2343:Paez 2291:Sape 2287:Máku 2251:Tupi 2235:Pano 2199:Leko 2175:Jaqi 2135:Tupi 2107:Máku 2059:Paez 1568:Leco 1511:Mure 1448:and 1348:Peru 1308:Peru 1139:Hodï 1120:Duho 1085:Máku 1078:Sapé 1028:Yaté 1014:Xokó 1000:Tuxá 979:Natú 822:bold 813:and 789:and 672:and 670:Aché 589:and 565:Jaqi 473:Duho 435:and 420:and 407:Napo 383:and 351:Tefé 238:and 223:and 155:and 103:and 27:The 6216:Otí 5967:of 5652:doi 5558:doi 5364:doi 4990:10 4966:13 4942:15 4918:18 4894:33 4870:36 4846:50 4822:68 4606:In 1924:of 1035:Otí 706:or 664:or 381:Içá 261:to 7311:: 6925:? 6867:? 6681:? 6649:? 6540:? 6434:? 6413:, 6304:? 6244:? 6097:? 6040:Jê 5796:}} 5792:{{ 5780:. 5747:. 5701:: 5699:}} 5695:{{ 5683:. 5660:. 5648:15 5646:. 5642:. 5607:^ 5564:. 5435:, 5393:. 5370:. 5360:13 5358:. 5354:. 5062:6 5038:7 5014:8 4713:, 4698:. 4559:, 4500:, 4449:, 4445:, 4441:, 4413:, 4409:, 4405:, 4401:, 4397:, 4381:, 4377:, 4373:, 4369:, 4365:, 4361:, 4357:, 4341:, 4337:, 4333:, 4329:, 4325:, 4309:, 4305:, 4301:, 4273:, 4269:, 4265:, 4261:, 4257:, 4253:, 4237:, 4233:, 4217:, 4201:, 4197:, 4193:, 4189:, 4185:, 4181:, 4177:, 4173:, 4169:, 4165:, 4161:, 4157:, 4153:, 4149:, 4145:, 4141:, 4137:, 4133:, 4129:, 4113:, 4109:, 4105:, 4101:, 4097:, 4093:, 4089:, 4085:, 4081:, 4077:, 4061:, 4057:, 4017:, 4013:, 4009:, 4005:, 3977:, 3961:, 3957:, 3953:, 3949:, 3945:, 3941:, 3937:, 3933:, 3929:, 3925:, 3921:, 3905:, 3901:, 3885:, 3881:, 3877:, 3873:, 3869:, 3865:, 3849:, 3845:, 3841:, 3837:, 3809:, 3805:, 3801:, 3797:, 3781:, 3777:, 3773:, 3757:, 3753:, 3749:, 3745:, 3741:, 3737:, 3709:, 3705:, 3677:, 3673:, 3669:, 3665:, 3661:, 3657:, 3653:, 3649:, 3633:, 3629:, 3625:, 3621:, 3617:, 3601:, 3597:, 3593:, 3565:, 3561:, 3557:, 3553:, 3549:, 3545:, 3541:, 3537:, 3521:, 3517:, 3501:, 3497:, 3493:, 3489:, 3485:, 3481:, 3465:, 3461:, 3445:, 3441:, 3425:, 3421:, 3417:, 3413:, 3409:, 3405:, 3401:, 3397:, 3393:, 3377:, 3373:, 3369:, 3365:, 3361:, 3357:, 3341:, 3337:, 3333:, 3329:, 3325:, 3321:, 3305:, 3301:, 3297:, 3269:, 3265:, 3261:, 3257:, 3253:, 3249:, 3245:, 3229:, 3225:, 3221:, 3217:, 3213:, 3209:, 3205:, 3201:, 3197:, 3181:, 3177:, 3173:, 3169:, 3165:, 3125:, 3121:, 3117:, 3113:, 3109:, 3105:, 3101:, 3097:, 3093:, 3089:, 3085:, 3081:, 3077:, 3073:, 3069:, 3053:, 3049:, 3045:, 3029:, 3025:, 3021:, 3017:, 3001:, 2997:, 2993:, 2989:, 2985:, 2981:, 2977:, 2961:, 2957:, 2953:, 2949:, 2945:, 2941:, 2937:, 2933:, 2929:, 2925:, 2909:, 2905:, 2889:, 2885:, 2857:, 2853:, 2849:, 2845:, 2841:, 2837:, 2809:, 2805:, 2801:, 2797:, 2793:, 2789:, 2785:, 2769:, 2765:, 2749:, 2745:, 2741:, 2725:, 2721:, 2717:, 2713:, 2709:, 2681:, 2677:, 2673:, 2669:, 2641:, 2637:, 2633:, 2617:, 2613:, 2597:, 2593:, 2589:, 2585:, 2581:, 2553:, 2549:, 2545:, 2541:, 2537:, 2533:, 2517:, 2513:, 2509:, 2505:, 2501:, 2497:, 2493:, 2489:, 2473:, 2469:, 2465:, 2461:, 2457:, 2453:, 2437:, 2433:, 2417:, 2413:, 2409:, 2405:, 2389:, 2385:, 2381:, 2377:, 2373:, 2369:, 2353:, 2349:, 2345:, 2341:, 2337:, 2333:, 2329:, 2301:, 2297:, 2293:, 2289:, 2273:, 2269:, 2265:, 2261:, 2257:, 2253:, 2249:, 2245:, 2241:, 2237:, 2233:, 2229:, 2225:, 2221:, 2217:, 2213:, 2209:, 2205:, 2201:, 2197:, 2193:, 2189:, 2185:, 2181:, 2177:, 2173:, 2169:, 2165:, 2161:, 2157:, 2153:, 2149:, 2133:, 2129:, 2125:, 2121:, 2117:, 2113:, 2109:, 2105:, 2101:, 2097:, 2081:, 2065:, 2061:, 2045:, 2041:, 1206:, 865:Jê 828:. 721:. 642:: 609:: 556:: 512:: 465:: 368:, 364:, 69:, 6996:) 6572:) 6568:( 6529:) 6417:– 6409:( 6354:) 6233:) 6229:( 5957:e 5950:t 5943:v 5900:. 5891:. 5872:. 5834:. 5806:) 5788:. 5755:. 5722:) 5711:) 5691:. 5668:. 5654:: 5628:. 5601:. 5574:. 5560:: 5454:. 5437:7 5378:. 5366:: 5315:. 5271:. 5256:. 5241:. 4666:( 4615:( 1988:- 1966:- 1828:- 1814:- 1452:) 1350:) 1310:) 1210:– 1054:) 1050:( 431:( 416:( 405:( 398:) 379:( 360:( 349:( 338:( 331:) 316:( 309:) 294:( 283:( 272:(

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

Indigenous languages of South America

Index